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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Brown_(bassist) | The Boo Radleys | ["1 Career","1.1 Beginnings","1.2 Wake Up! and beyond","1.3 Disbandment","1.4 Reunion and new music","2 Discography","2.1 Studio albums","2.2 Compilation albums","2.3 Extended plays","2.4 Singles","3 Members","3.1 Current lineup","3.2 Former members","3.3 Session musicians","3.4 Timeline","4 References","5 External links"] | English alternative rock band
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The Boo RadleysOriginWallasey, EnglandGenres
Alternative rock
shoegazing
dream pop
Britpop
noise pop
indie pop
neo-psychedelia
Years active1988–1999, 2021–presentLabels
Action
Creation
Rough Trade
Columbia (US)
Members
Tim Brown
Simon "Sice" Rowbottom
Rob Cieka
Past members
Martin Carr
Steve Hewitt
Websitewww.booradleys.co.uk
The Boo Radleys are an English alternative rock band who were associated with the shoegazing and Britpop movements in the 1990s. They originally formed in Wallasey, England, in 1988, with singer/guitarist Simon "Sice" Rowbottom, guitarist/songwriter Martin Carr, and bassist Timothy (Tim) Brown. Their name is taken from the character Boo Radley in Harper Lee's 1960 novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. The band split up in 1999.
In their 11-year-long career, the band had one top ten single, the 1995 single "Wake Up Boo!", which charted at no. 9; and a number one album, Wake Up!. The band reunited in 2021, without original guitarist Martin Carr, and released a single, "A Full Syringe and Memories of You", their first new music since 1998. Paul Banks of Interpol has cited the band as an influence.
Career
Beginnings
In 1990, the band's first album Ichabod and I was released on a small British indie label, Action Records. Although not a commercial success, this release brought the band to the attention of Rough Trade Records, to whom they signed. Around this time, Hewitt was replaced on drums by Rob Cieka. He then went on to drum for Placebo until 2007.
Almost immediately after the release of the Every Heaven EP in 1991, Rough Trade collapsed and the Boo Radleys were signed by Alan McGee's Creation Records. Their first for Creation was Everything's Alright Forever in 1992, and Giant Steps (1993) followed. Giant Steps was awarded 9/10 by the UK music magazine NME, which stated, "It's an intentional masterpiece, a throw-everything-at-the-wall bric-a-brac of sounds, colours and stolen ideas. That The Boo Radleys (of all people!) have decided to accept their own challenge and create a record as diverse and boundary-bending as this is, at first glance, staggering. Isn't this the job of the U2s and the leisured idols of rock, unable to do anything without the tacit approval of history? Fortunately not. The Boo Radleys are sifting through time (the mid-'60s, mostly) and conjuring up something that's as cut-up and ambitious as anything you'd care to mention". Reviewing the album's re-release in 2008, Sic Magazine wrote, "For 64 minutes they were the greatest band on the planet."
The Boo Radleys in 1993.
Giant Steps placed second to Debut by Björk in the 1993 NME album of the year list, voted by the paper's contributors, although it came in first place in the subsequent NME readers' poll. The now-defunct Select magazine declared Giant Steps their album of the year for 1993. The Boo Radleys also appear on the original motion picture soundtrack to the 1993 film So I Married An Axe Murderer with their cover of The La's song "There She Goes".
Wake Up! and beyond
Despite critical acclaim and a cult fanbase, the Boo Radleys were still largely unknown to the general public by the time the Britpop phenomenon broke into the mainstream in 1995. This changed when the band released the upbeat single "Wake Up Boo!" in the spring of that year. It made the Top 10 in the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 9. The single remained on the chart for two months, by far the band's longest run for any of its singles; later, on 26 October 2009, BFBS Forces Radio launched its live Afghanistan studio output with the track after it topped a listeners poll seeking a suitable first track. Carr describes writing the song watching The Big Breakfast after a night on acid. The follow-up release, "Find the Answer Within," was the band's only other single to chart for more than two weeks. Their fourth album Wake Up! (1995), was their commercial peak. Interviewed in 2005 by the BBC, Carr said: "I tried to have nothing to do with what was being called Britpop. Our whole career was spent trying not to 'fit in'. We just carried on doing what we had been doing. I didn't like most of the new bands or the flag-waving. I didn't like New Labour or idolise Paul Weller and I hated media-generated movements within music". The same year the band featured on Help with "Oh Brother", exclusive to that release. Help was a charity album aimed at raising funds for War Child, also featuring various other artists such as Radiohead and the Manic Street Preachers.
In 1996, the Boo Radleys released their fifth album C'mon Kids. As explained by Rowbottom in an interview in 2005: "We didn't want to scare away the hit-kids, we wanted to take them with us to somewhere that we'd not been before. All we wanted to do was make a different type of album than Wake Up... All we wanted to do was try something new - to keep ourselves fresh and interested. We were very surprised to find that it was seen as a deliberate attempt to scare away newly created fans. That would have been an extremely foolish thing to do."
The Boo Radleys' final album was 1998's Kingsize. One single was released from the album, "Free Huey!". The title track was due to have been released as a second single, but the band decided to split up. Sice later told Time Out magazine: "It was such a relief when Martin phoned me and said he didn't want to make any more records. We'd been wanting it to stop for quite a long time, but I couldn't do it – I didn't want to leave. I wanted the band to end and only Martin could have done that. There was always the fear if I left, that they would just get another singer in and I didn't want that. Never mind not having the heart to tour – I barely had the heart to go down to the studio while we were making Kingsize."
A compilation album, Find the Way Out, was released in 2005, and a further compilation The Best of the Boo Radleys appeared in 2007.
Disbandment
The Boo Radleys disbanded in early 1999. Brown built a popular recording studio before going on to John Moores University for teacher training. He progressed on to teaching information technology at St Louis's Grammar School in Kilkeel, County Down, in Ulster, and also taught at Park High School in Birkenhead.
Under the name Bravecaptain, Carr has since released six albums, including The Fingertip Saint Sessions Volume 1, Go with Yourself, Advertisements for Myself (2002) and All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace (2004). His most recent album was titled Distractions. Carr has since announced that he will be retiring the Bravecaptain name to work on new projects, but these will not include reforming the Boo Radleys. His first solo album Ye Gods (And Little Fishes) was released in mid 2009. Cieka is now a member of the band Domino Bones, alongside Mark "Bez" Berry, formerly of Happy Mondays.
After an album in 1996 (First Fruits) under the name Eggman, while still a member of the Boo Radleys, Rowbottom walked away from music for several years after the split. Then, following a guest vocal on Bravecaptain's, All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace, and also two songs with the Japanese musician Ryo Matsui's solo project, Meister, he formed Paperlung. The band featured Rowbottom on vocals, Simon Gardiner on bass, Ben Datlen on guitar and Guillaume Jambel of Transcargo on drums. They released two singles, "The Days That God Sold You" (2006) and "Do What Thou Will", and an album, Balance (2007).
Reunion and new music
In 2020, it was reported that some members of the Boo Radleys were coming together to record new music to mark 25 years since the band's heyday.
In July 2021, the band released their first new single in 23 years, "A Full Syringe and Memories of You", part of an EP of the same name. Upon the single's release, it was confirmed that original guitarist Martin Carr had not taken part in the reunion.
The band's seventh studio album, Keep on with Falling, was released on 11 March 2022. Eight was announced in January 2023 to be released on the same year alongside the new single "Seeker".
Discography
The Boo Radleys discographyStudio albums7Compilation albums3EPs6Singles18Soundtrack albums1
The discography of the Boo Radleys consists of seven studio albums, three compilation albums, six extended-plays, and eighteen singles one of which ("Lazarus") was released twice, along with remixes of the same song, and their final single ("Kingsize") which was cancelled before release.
Studio albums
Year
Information
Chart positions
UK
1990
Ichabod and I
Released: July 1990
Label: Action
–
1992
Everything's Alright Forever
Released: March 1992
Label: Creation
55
1993
Giant Steps
Released: August 1993
Label: Creation
17
1995
Wake Up!
Released: March 1995
Label: Creation
1
1996
C'mon Kids
Released: September 1996
Label: Creation
20
1998
Kingsize
Released: October 1998
Label: Creation
62
2022
Keep on with Falling
Released: March 2022
Label: Boostr
–
2023
Eight
Released: June 2023
Label: Boostr
–
Compilation albums
Year
Information
1992
Learning to Walk
Released: November 1992
Label: Rough Trade
2005
Find the Way Out
Released: July 2005
Label: Castle Music
2007
The Best of the Boo Radleys
Released: May 2007
Label: Camden
Extended plays
Year
Information
Chart positions
UK
1990
Kaleidoscope
Label: Rough Trade
–
1991
Every Heaven
Label: Rough Trade
–
Boo Up!
Label: Rough Trade
–
1992
Adrenalin (aka "Lazy Day" promo on Columbia in US)
Label: Creation
–
Boo! Forever (credited as a double A-side "Does This Hurt" / "Boo! Forever" for chart purposes)
Label: Creation
67
2021
"A full Syringe and Memories of You"
Label: Boostr
–
Singles
Year
Title
Chart positions
Album
UK
IE
NZ
US Alt
1992
"Lazy Day"
–
–
–
–
Everything's Alright Forever
"Does this Hurt?"
67
–
–
–
"Lazarus"
–
–
–
30
Giant Steps
1993
"I Hang Suspended"
–
–
–
–
"Wish I Was Skinny"
75
–
–
–
1994
"Barney (...and Me)"
48
–
–
30
"Lazarus" (remixes)
50
–
–
–
1995
"Wake Up Boo!"
9
25
35
–
Wake Up!
"Find the Answer Within"
37
–
–
–
"It's Lulu"
25
–
–
–
"From the Bench at Belvidere"
24
–
–
–
—
1996
"What's in the Box (See Whatcha Got)"
25
–
–
–
C'mon Kids
"C'mon Kids"
18
–
–
–
1997
"Ride the Tiger"
38
–
–
–
1998
"Free Huey"
54
–
–
–
Kingsize
"Kingsize" (cancelled)
–
–
–
–
2021
"A Full Syringe and Memories of You"
–
–
–
–
Keep on with Falling
"I've Had Enough I'm Out"
–
–
–
–
2022
"Keep on with Falling"
–
–
–
–
2023
"Seeker"
–
–
–
–
Eight
"The Unconscious"
–
–
–
–
Members
Current lineup
Simon "Sice" Rowbottom – vocals, guitar (1988–1999, 2021–present)
Tim Brown – bass, keyboards (1988–1999, 2021–present)
Rob Cieka – drums, percussion (1990–1999, 2021–present)
Former members
Martin Carr – guitar, vocals, keyboards (1988–1999)
Steve Hewitt – drums (1990)
Session musicians
Roddy Lorimer – flugelhorn, trumpet (1992)
Steve Kitchen – flugelhorn, trumpet (1993)
Chris Moore – trumpet (1993)
Lindsay Johnston – cello (1993)
Margaret Fielder – cello (1993)
Jackie Toy – clarinet, bass clarinet (1993)
Meriel Barham – vocals (1993)
Timeline
References
^ a b Strong, Martin C. (2000). The Great Rock Discography (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Mojo Books. pp. 106–107. ISBN 1-84195-017-3.
^ "Artist Chart History - Boo Radleys". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
^ "The Boo Radleys Release First New Song in 23 Years". Pitchfork.com. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
^ Everhart, John (23 April 2014). "Caught By The Buzz: A Look Back At Britpop's B-List". Stereogum. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
^ Moody, Paul. "The Next Big Thing". NME. Boo Radleys Official. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
^ "The Boo Radleys - Giant Steps, Deluxe Edition". Sicmagazine.net. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
^ Maconie, Stuart (19 January 1993). "Album of the Year". Select Magazine. Boo Radleys Official. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
^ "Retrochart for March 1995". Everyhit.com. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
^ "Live From Afghanistan". Bfbs-radio.com. Archived from the original on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
^ "Wake Up Boo!". Boo Radleys. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
^ Dowling, Stephen (18 August 2005). "I survived Britpop". BBC. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
^ "interview with Sice (ex. Boo Radleys, now PAPERLUNG)". Eardrums Music. 8 May 2006. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ "Paperlung". Mattpomroy.com. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ Bosman, Julie (24 May 2010). "A Classic Turns 50, and Parties Are Planned". The New York Times.
^ Rees, Paul, ed. (December 2003). "Where Are They Now?". Q (210): 42.
^ "Leave Them All Behind". 3:AM Magazine. 11 July 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ "Boo Radleys Frontman Is Back". Uncut. 9 August 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ "Boo Radleys bassist Tim Brown on moving from Top of the Pops to teaching". BBC. 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
^ "Listen to The Boo Radleys' 'A Full Syringe And Memories Of You', their first new song in 23 years". Nme.com. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
^ "The Boo Radleys share new single 'Seeker', reissue 'Giant Steps' and announce 2023 UK and Ireland tour". Nme.com. 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
^ a b c Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 70. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
External links
Official website
The Boo Radleys at AllMusic
The Boo Radleys discography at Discogs
The Boo Radleys discography at MusicBrainz
vteThe Boo Radleys
Timothy Brown
Rob Cieka
Sice Rowbottom
Martin Carr
Steve Hewitt
Studio albums
Ichabod and I
Everything's Alright Forever
Giant Steps
Wake Up!
C'mon Kids
Kingsize
Keep on with Falling
Eight
Compilations
Learning to Walk
Singles
"Wake Up Boo!"
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Artists
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Their name is taken from the character Boo Radley in Harper Lee's 1960 novel, To Kill a Mockingbird.[1] The band split up in 1999.In their 11-year-long career, the band had one top ten single, the 1995 single \"Wake Up Boo!\", which charted at no. 9; and a number one album, Wake Up!.[2] The band reunited in 2021, without original guitarist Martin Carr, and released a single, \"A Full Syringe and Memories of You\", their first new music since 1998.[3] Paul Banks of Interpol has cited the band as an influence.[4]","title":"The Boo Radleys"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ichabod and I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichabod_and_I"},{"link_name":"Rough Trade Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Trade_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Great_Rock_Discography-1"},{"link_name":"Placebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo_(band)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Alan McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_McGee"},{"link_name":"Creation Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_Records"},{"link_name":"Everything's Alright Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything%27s_Alright_Forever"},{"link_name":"Giant Steps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Steps_(The_Boo_Radleys_album)"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Boo_Radleys.jpg"},{"link_name":"Debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debut_(Bj%C3%B6rk_album)"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"Select","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Select_Magazine-7"},{"link_name":"So I Married An Axe Murderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_I_Married_An_Axe_Murderer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings","text":"In 1990, the band's first album Ichabod and I was released on a small British indie label, Action Records. Although not a commercial success, this release brought the band to the attention of Rough Trade Records, to whom they signed. Around this time, Hewitt was replaced on drums by Rob Cieka.[1] He then went on to drum for Placebo until 2007.[citation needed]Almost immediately after the release of the Every Heaven EP in 1991, Rough Trade collapsed and the Boo Radleys were signed by Alan McGee's Creation Records. Their first for Creation was Everything's Alright Forever in 1992, and Giant Steps (1993) followed. Giant Steps was awarded 9/10 by the UK music magazine NME, which stated, \"It's an intentional masterpiece, a throw-everything-at-the-wall bric-a-brac of sounds, colours and stolen ideas. That The Boo Radleys (of all people!) have decided to accept their own challenge and create a record as diverse and boundary-bending as this is, at first glance, staggering. Isn't this the job of the U2s and the leisured idols of rock, unable to do anything without the tacit approval of history? Fortunately not. The Boo Radleys are sifting through time (the mid-'60s, mostly) and conjuring up something that's as cut-up and ambitious as anything you'd care to mention\".[5] Reviewing the album's re-release in 2008, Sic Magazine wrote, \"For 64 minutes they were the greatest band on the planet.\"[6]The Boo Radleys in 1993.Giant Steps placed second to Debut by Björk in the 1993 NME album of the year list, voted by the paper's contributors, although it came in first place in the subsequent NME readers' poll. The now-defunct Select magazine declared Giant Steps their album of the year for 1993.[7] The Boo Radleys also appear on the original motion picture soundtrack to the 1993 film So I Married An Axe Murderer with their cover of The La's song \"There She Goes\".[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Britpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britpop"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Top 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"BFBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Forces_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Big Breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Breakfast"},{"link_name":"acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Wake Up!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Up!_(The_Boo_Radleys_album)"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-11"},{"link_name":"Help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Help_Album"},{"link_name":"War Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Child_(charity)"},{"link_name":"Radiohead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohead"},{"link_name":"Manic Street Preachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manic_Street_Preachers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"C'mon Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27mon_Kids"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kingsize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsize_(The_Boo_Radleys_album)"},{"link_name":"Time Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"compilation album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Wake Up! and beyond","text":"Despite critical acclaim and a cult fanbase, the Boo Radleys were still largely unknown to the general public by the time the Britpop phenomenon broke into the mainstream in 1995. This changed when the band released the upbeat single \"Wake Up Boo!\" in the spring of that year.[8] It made the Top 10 in the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 9. The single remained on the chart for two months, by far the band's longest run for any of its singles; later, on 26 October 2009, BFBS Forces Radio launched its live Afghanistan studio output with the track after it topped a listeners poll seeking a suitable first track.[9] Carr describes writing the song watching The Big Breakfast after a night on acid.[10] The follow-up release, \"Find the Answer Within,\" was the band's only other single to chart for more than two weeks. Their fourth album Wake Up! (1995), was their commercial peak. Interviewed in 2005 by the BBC, Carr said: \"I tried to have nothing to do with what was being called Britpop. Our whole career was spent trying not to 'fit in'. We just carried on doing what we had been doing. I didn't like most of the new bands or the flag-waving. I didn't like New Labour or idolise Paul Weller and I hated media-generated movements within music\".[11] The same year the band featured on Help with \"Oh Brother\", exclusive to that release. Help was a charity album aimed at raising funds for War Child, also featuring various other artists such as Radiohead and the Manic Street Preachers.[citation needed]In 1996, the Boo Radleys released their fifth album C'mon Kids. As explained by Rowbottom in an interview in 2005: \"We didn't want to scare away the hit-kids, we wanted to take them with us to somewhere that we'd not been before. All we wanted to do was make a different type of album than Wake Up... All we wanted to do was try something new - to keep ourselves fresh and interested. We were very surprised to find that it was seen as a deliberate attempt to scare away newly created fans. That would have been an extremely foolish thing to do.\"[12]The Boo Radleys' final album was 1998's Kingsize. One single was released from the album, \"Free Huey!\". The title track was due to have been released as a second single, but the band decided to split up. Sice later told Time Out magazine: \"It was such a relief when Martin phoned me and said he didn't want to make any more records. We'd been wanting it to stop for quite a long time, but I couldn't do it – I didn't want to leave. I wanted the band to end and only Martin could have done that. There was always the fear if I left, that they would just get another singer in and I didn't want that. Never mind not having the heart to tour – I barely had the heart to go down to the studio while we were making Kingsize.\"[13]A compilation album, Find the Way Out, was released in 2005, and a further compilation The Best of the Boo Radleys appeared in 2007.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"recording studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_studio"},{"link_name":"John Moores University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_John_Moores_University"},{"link_name":"information technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"Kilkeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkeel"},{"link_name":"County Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Down"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Bravecaptain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Carr"},{"link_name":"Mark \"Bez\" Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bez_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Happy Mondays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Mondays"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Disbandment","text":"The Boo Radleys disbanded in early 1999.[14] Brown built a popular recording studio before going on to John Moores University for teacher training. He progressed on to teaching information technology at St Louis's Grammar School in Kilkeel, County Down, in Ulster, and also taught at Park High School in Birkenhead.[15]Under the name Bravecaptain, Carr has since released six albums, including The Fingertip Saint Sessions Volume 1, Go with Yourself, Advertisements for Myself (2002) and All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace (2004). His most recent album was titled Distractions. Carr has since announced that he will be retiring the Bravecaptain name to work on new projects, but these will not include reforming the Boo Radleys. His first solo album Ye Gods (And Little Fishes) was released in mid 2009. Cieka is now a member of the band Domino Bones, alongside Mark \"Bez\" Berry, formerly of Happy Mondays.[citation needed]After an album in 1996 (First Fruits) under the name Eggman, while still a member of the Boo Radleys, Rowbottom walked away from music for several years after the split. Then, following a guest vocal on Bravecaptain's, All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace, and also two songs with the Japanese musician Ryo Matsui's solo project, Meister, he formed Paperlung.[16] The band featured Rowbottom on vocals, Simon Gardiner on bass, Ben Datlen on guitar and Guillaume Jambel of Transcargo on drums. They released two singles, \"The Days That God Sold You\" (2006) and \"Do What Thou Will\", and an album, Balance (2007).[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Keep on with Falling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_on_with_Falling"},{"link_name":"Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_(Boo_Radleys_album)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Reunion and new music","text":"In 2020, it was reported that some members of the Boo Radleys were coming together to record new music to mark 25 years since the band's heyday.[18]In July 2021, the band released their first new single in 23 years, \"A Full Syringe and Memories of You\", part of an EP of the same name. Upon the single's release, it was confirmed that original guitarist Martin Carr had not taken part in the reunion.[19]The band's seventh studio album, Keep on with Falling, was released on 11 March 2022. Eight was announced in January 2023 to be released on the same year alongside the new single \"Seeker\".[20]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The discography of the Boo Radleys consists of seven studio albums, three compilation albums, six extended-plays, and eighteen singles one of which (\"Lazarus\") was released twice, along with remixes of the same song, and their final single (\"Kingsize\") which was cancelled before release.[citation needed]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boo_Radleys&action=edit§ion=12"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boo_Radleys&action=edit§ion=13"},{"link_name":"Martin Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Carr"},{"link_name":"Steve Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hewitt"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boo_Radleys&action=edit§ion=14"},{"link_name":"Meriel Barham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_Saints"}],"text":"Current lineup[edit]\nSimon \"Sice\" Rowbottom – vocals, guitar (1988–1999, 2021–present)\nTim Brown – bass, keyboards (1988–1999, 2021–present)\nRob Cieka – drums, percussion (1990–1999, 2021–present)\nFormer members[edit]\nMartin Carr – guitar, vocals, keyboards (1988–1999)\nSteve Hewitt – drums (1990)\n\n\nSession musicians[edit]\nRoddy Lorimer – flugelhorn, trumpet (1992)\nSteve Kitchen – flugelhorn, trumpet (1993)\nChris Moore – trumpet (1993)\nLindsay Johnston – cello (1993)\nMargaret Fielder – cello (1993)\nJackie Toy – clarinet, bass clarinet (1993)\nMeriel Barham – vocals (1993)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","title":"Members"}] | [{"image_text":"The Boo Radleys in 1993.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/The_Boo_Radleys.jpg/220px-The_Boo_Radleys.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Strong, Martin C. (2000). The Great Rock Discography (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Mojo Books. pp. 106–107. ISBN 1-84195-017-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84195-017-3","url_text":"1-84195-017-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Artist Chart History - Boo Radleys\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 22 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/boo%20radleys/","url_text":"\"Artist Chart History - Boo Radleys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"The Boo Radleys Release First New Song in 23 Years\". Pitchfork.com. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/the-boo-radleys-release-first-new-song-in-23-years-listen/","url_text":"\"The Boo Radleys Release First New Song in 23 Years\""}]},{"reference":"Everhart, John (23 April 2014). \"Caught By The Buzz: A Look Back At Britpop's B-List\". Stereogum. Retrieved 21 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/1676549/caught-by-the-buzz-a-look-back-at-britpops-b-list/lists/","url_text":"\"Caught By The Buzz: A Look Back At Britpop's B-List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"}]},{"reference":"Moody, Paul. \"The Next Big Thing\". NME. Boo Radleys Official. Retrieved 11 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.booradleys.co.uk/giant_steps/press23.htm","url_text":"\"The Next Big Thing\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Boo Radleys - Giant Steps, Deluxe Edition\". Sicmagazine.net. Retrieved 4 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sicmagazine.net/articles/625/the-boo-radleys-giant-steps-deluxe-edition","url_text":"\"The Boo Radleys - Giant Steps, Deluxe Edition\""}]},{"reference":"Maconie, Stuart (19 January 1993). \"Album of the Year\". Select Magazine. Boo Radleys Official. Retrieved 11 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Maconie","url_text":"Maconie, Stuart"},{"url":"http://www.booradleys.co.uk/giant_steps/press35.htm","url_text":"\"Album of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Retrochart for March 1995\". Everyhit.com. Retrieved 4 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.everyhit.com/retrocharts/1995-March.html","url_text":"\"Retrochart for March 1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"Live From Afghanistan\". Bfbs-radio.com. Archived from the original on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091119203447/http://www.bfbs-radio.com/pages/extranet/live-from-afghanistan-i-1401.php","url_text":"\"Live From Afghanistan\""},{"url":"http://www.bfbs-radio.com/pages/extranet/live-from-afghanistan-i-1401.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wake Up Boo!\". Boo Radleys. Retrieved 4 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.booradleys.co.uk/lyrics.php?id=138","url_text":"\"Wake Up Boo!\""}]},{"reference":"Dowling, Stephen (18 August 2005). \"I survived Britpop\". BBC. Retrieved 11 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4134418.stm","url_text":"\"I survived Britpop\""}]},{"reference":"\"interview with Sice (ex. Boo Radleys, now PAPERLUNG)\". Eardrums Music. 8 May 2006. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120211132439/http://eardrumsmusic.com/2006/05/08/interview-with-sice-ex-boo-radleys-now/","url_text":"\"interview with Sice (ex. Boo Radleys, now PAPERLUNG)\""},{"url":"http://eardrumsmusic.com/2006/05/08/interview-with-sice-ex-boo-radleys-now/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Paperlung\". Mattpomroy.com. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mattpomroy.com/2016/04/02/paperlung/","url_text":"\"Paperlung\""}]},{"reference":"Bosman, Julie (24 May 2010). \"A Classic Turns 50, and Parties Are Planned\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/25/books/25mock.html","url_text":"\"A Classic Turns 50, and Parties Are Planned\""}]},{"reference":"Rees, Paul, ed. (December 2003). \"Where Are They Now?\". Q (210): 42.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)","url_text":"Q"}]},{"reference":"\"Leave Them All Behind\". 3:AM Magazine. 11 July 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/leave-them-all-behind/","url_text":"\"Leave Them All Behind\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3:AM_Magazine","url_text":"3:AM Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Boo Radleys Frontman Is Back\". Uncut. 9 August 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uncut.co.uk/news/boo-radleys-frontman-is-back-60853","url_text":"\"Boo Radleys Frontman Is Back\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut_(magazine)","url_text":"Uncut"}]},{"reference":"\"Boo Radleys bassist Tim Brown on moving from Top of the Pops to teaching\". BBC. 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-51508813","url_text":"\"Boo Radleys bassist Tim Brown on moving from Top of the Pops to teaching\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Listen to The Boo Radleys' 'A Full Syringe And Memories Of You', their first new song in 23 years\". Nme.com. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/listen-to-the-boo-radleys-a-full-syringe-and-memories-of-you-their-first-new-song-in-23-years-2988422","url_text":"\"Listen to The Boo Radleys' 'A Full Syringe And Memories Of You', their first new song in 23 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Boo Radleys share new single 'Seeker', reissue 'Giant Steps' and announce 2023 UK and Ireland tour\". Nme.com. 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/the-boo-radleys-share-new-single-seeker-reissue-giant-steps-and-announce-2023-uk-and-ireland-tour-3386911","url_text":"\"The Boo Radleys share new single 'Seeker', reissue 'Giant Steps' and announce 2023 UK and Ireland tour\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 70. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Boo+Radleys%22","external_links_name":"\"The Boo Radleys\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Boo+Radleys%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Boo+Radleys%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Boo+Radleys%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Boo+Radleys%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Boo+Radleys%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.booradleys.co.uk/","external_links_name":"www.booradleys.co.uk"},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/boo%20radleys/","external_links_name":"\"Artist Chart History - Boo Radleys\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/news/the-boo-radleys-release-first-new-song-in-23-years-listen/","external_links_name":"\"The Boo Radleys Release First New Song in 23 Years\""},{"Link":"https://www.stereogum.com/1676549/caught-by-the-buzz-a-look-back-at-britpops-b-list/lists/","external_links_name":"\"Caught By The Buzz: A Look Back At Britpop's B-List\""},{"Link":"http://www.booradleys.co.uk/giant_steps/press23.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Next Big Thing\""},{"Link":"http://www.sicmagazine.net/articles/625/the-boo-radleys-giant-steps-deluxe-edition","external_links_name":"\"The Boo Radleys - Giant Steps, Deluxe Edition\""},{"Link":"http://www.booradleys.co.uk/giant_steps/press35.htm","external_links_name":"\"Album of the Year\""},{"Link":"http://www.everyhit.com/retrocharts/1995-March.html","external_links_name":"\"Retrochart for March 1995\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091119203447/http://www.bfbs-radio.com/pages/extranet/live-from-afghanistan-i-1401.php","external_links_name":"\"Live From Afghanistan\""},{"Link":"http://www.bfbs-radio.com/pages/extranet/live-from-afghanistan-i-1401.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.booradleys.co.uk/lyrics.php?id=138","external_links_name":"\"Wake Up Boo!\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4134418.stm","external_links_name":"\"I survived Britpop\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120211132439/http://eardrumsmusic.com/2006/05/08/interview-with-sice-ex-boo-radleys-now/","external_links_name":"\"interview with Sice (ex. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_AF-S_DX_Nikkor_18-105mm_f/3.5-5.6G_ED_VR | Nikon AF-S DX Nikkor 18-105mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR | ["1 Performance","2 See also","3 Notes"] | Superzoom lens
Photographic lens
AF-S DX Nikkor 18-105mmf/3.5-5.6G ED VRCompact and fully extendedMakerNikonTechnical dataTypeZoomFocal length18-105mmCrop factor1.5Aperture (max/min)f/3.5 - f/22 (wide)Close focus distance0.45mMax. magnification1/6.2Diaphragm blades7 (rounded)Construction15 elements in 13 groupsFeaturesUltrasonic motor YesLens-based stabilization YesMacro capable NoApplicationSuperzoomPhysicalMax. length75.5 mm (@ 18mm)Diameter69mmWeight420 gFilter diameter67mmAccessoriesLens hoodHB-32Angle of viewDiagonal76° - 15°20°HistoryIntroductionAugust 2008
The AF-S DX Nikkor 18-105mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR is a superzoom lens manufactured by Nikon, introduced in August 2008 for use on Nikon DX format digital SLR cameras. This lens is sold as a kit lens for the Nikon D90, Nikon D7000, Nikon D5100, Nikon D5200 and Nikon D3200 cameras, but it also can be purchased separately from the camera body.
The lens includes vibration reduction to counter camera shake. To minimize chromatic aberrations the lens uses an extra-low dispersion glass element. The lens uses internal focusing and a silent wave motor to focus. Two switches are provided on the lens. One of them can be used to switch vibration reduction on/off and the other is used to switch between auto-focus and manual focus. Like all lenses in the DX format, the 18-105mm casts a smaller image circle than lenses for full-frame 35mm cameras and is therefore only compatible with cameras having APS-C-sized sensors (or vignetting will result).
There is no distance scale and, being a G lens, the AF-S 18-105 VR does not feature an aperture ring.
Three views of the lens with hood.
Performance
Digital Photography Review praised its high performance saying "The wide zoom range makes it suitable for shooting buildings and scenery while the telephoto zoom range is ideal for portraits".
See also
List of Nikon compatible lenses with integrated autofocus-motor
Nikon F-mount
Notes
^ "AF-S DX Nikkor 18-105mm f3.5-5.6G ED VR". Lenses. Nikon USA. 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
^ "Nikon launches AF-S DX NIKKOR 18-105MM F/3.5-5.6G ED VR lens".
Wikimedia Commons has media related to AF-S DX Nikkor 18-105mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR and Taken with AF-S DX NIKKOR 18-105 mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR.
vteNikon Nikkor lensesDSLRF-mount (FX)AF-S
17-35 f/2.8
24-70 f/2.8
24-120 f/3.5-5.6
24-120 f/4
105 f/2.8 Micro
AF
35-70 f/3.3-4.5
70-300 zooms
50 f/1.8
MF/AF
70-210 zooms
80-200 zooms
MF
28-45 f/4.5
13 f/5.6
PC 24 f/3.5
F-mount (DX)AF-S DX
10-24 f/3.5-4.5
12-24 f/4
16-85 f/3.5-5.6
17-55 f/2.8
18-55 f/3.5-5.6
18-70 f/3.5-4.5
18-105 f/3.5-5.6
18-140 f/3.5-5.6
18-200 f/3.5-5.6
18-300 f/3.5-5.6
18-300 f/3.5-6.3
55-200 f/4-5.6
55-300 f/4.5-5.6
35 f/1.8 (DX)
AF DX
10.5 f/2.8 Fisheye
MILCZ-mount (FX)MF
58mm f/0.95 S Noct
Nikon 1 (CX)
10-100 f/4.5-5.6 PD
Mounts
Nikon 1-mount
Nikon F-mount
Nikon S-mount
Nikon Z-mount
Related articles
List of Nikon F-mount lenses with integrated autofocus motor
Nikon F-mount teleconverter | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"superzoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superzoom"},{"link_name":"lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_lens"},{"link_name":"Nikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon"},{"link_name":"Nikon DX format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_DX_format"},{"link_name":"Nikon D90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D90"},{"link_name":"Nikon D7000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D7000"},{"link_name":"Nikon D5100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D5100"},{"link_name":"Nikon D5200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D5200"},{"link_name":"Nikon D3200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D3200"},{"link_name":"vibration reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_stabilization"},{"link_name":"chromatic aberrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_aberration"},{"link_name":"internal focusing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_focusing"},{"link_name":"silent wave motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_motor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AF-S_DX_NIKKOR_18-105mm_f3.5-5.6G_ED_VR_28-07-2012.jpg"}],"text":"Photographic lensThe AF-S DX Nikkor 18-105mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR is a superzoom lens manufactured by Nikon, introduced in August 2008 for use on Nikon DX format digital SLR cameras. This lens is sold as a kit lens for the Nikon D90, Nikon D7000, Nikon D5100, Nikon D5200 and Nikon D3200 cameras, but it also can be purchased separately from the camera body.The lens includes vibration reduction to counter camera shake. To minimize chromatic aberrations the lens uses an extra-low dispersion glass element. The lens uses internal focusing and a silent wave motor to focus. Two switches are provided on the lens. One of them can be used to switch vibration reduction on/off and the other is used to switch between auto-focus and manual focus. 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PD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_1_Nikkor_VR_10-100mm_f/4.5-5.6_PD-Zoom"},{"link_name":"Nikon 1-mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_1-mount"},{"link_name":"Nikon F-mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_F-mount"},{"link_name":"Nikon S-mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_S-mount"},{"link_name":"Nikon Z-mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_Z-mount"},{"link_name":"List of Nikon F-mount lenses with integrated autofocus motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nikon_F-mount_lenses_with_integrated_autofocus_motor"},{"link_name":"Nikon F-mount teleconverter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_F-mount_teleconverter"}],"text":"^ \"AF-S DX Nikkor 18-105mm f3.5-5.6G ED VR\". Lenses. Nikon USA. 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-24.\n\n^ \"Nikon launches AF-S DX NIKKOR 18-105MM F/3.5-5.6G ED VR lens\".Wikimedia Commons has media related to AF-S DX Nikkor 18-105mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR and Taken with AF-S DX NIKKOR 18-105 mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR.vteNikon Nikkor lensesDSLRF-mount (FX)AF-S\n17-35 f/2.8\n24-70 f/2.8\n24-120 f/3.5-5.6\n24-120 f/4\n105 f/2.8 Micro\nAF\n35-70 f/3.3-4.5\n70-300 zooms\n50 f/1.8\nMF/AF\n70-210 zooms\n80-200 zooms\nMF\n28-45 f/4.5\n13 f/5.6\nPC 24 f/3.5\nF-mount (DX)AF-S DX\n10-24 f/3.5-4.5\n12-24 f/4\n16-85 f/3.5-5.6\n17-55 f/2.8\n18-55 f/3.5-5.6\n18-70 f/3.5-4.5\n18-105 f/3.5-5.6\n18-140 f/3.5-5.6\n18-200 f/3.5-5.6\n18-300 f/3.5-5.6\n18-300 f/3.5-6.3\n55-200 f/4-5.6\n55-300 f/4.5-5.6\n35 f/1.8 (DX)\nAF DX\n10.5 f/2.8 Fisheye\nMILCZ-mount (FX)MF\n58mm f/0.95 S Noct\nNikon 1 (CX)\n10-100 f/4.5-5.6 PD\nMounts\nNikon 1-mount\nNikon F-mount\nNikon S-mount\nNikon Z-mount\nRelated articles\nList of Nikon F-mount lenses with integrated autofocus motor\nNikon F-mount teleconverter","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Three views of the lens with hood.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/AF-S_DX_NIKKOR_18-105mm_f3.5-5.6G_ED_VR_28-07-2012.jpg/400px-AF-S_DX_NIKKOR_18-105mm_f3.5-5.6G_ED_VR_28-07-2012.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Nikon compatible lenses with integrated autofocus-motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nikon_compatible_lenses_with_integrated_autofocus-motor"},{"title":"Nikon F-mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_F-mount"}] | [{"reference":"\"AF-S DX Nikkor 18-105mm f3.5-5.6G ED VR\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Boys:_The_Tribe | Lost Boys: The Tribe | ["1 Plot","1.1 Alternate endings","2 Cast","3 Development","3.1 Script","3.2 Casting","3.3 Production","4 Music","4.1 Track listing","5 Reception","6 Sequel","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | 2008 film by P. J. Pesce
Lost Boys: The TribeTheatrical release posterDirected byP. J. PesceWritten byHans RodionoffBased onCharactersby Janice FischerJames JeremiasProduced by
Basil Iwanyk
Phillip B. Goldfine
Starring
Tad Hilgenbrink
Angus Sutherland
Autumn Reeser
Corey Feldman
CinematographyBarry DonlevyEdited byAmanda I. KitpaulMusic byNathan BarrProductioncompanies
Thunder Road Pictures
Hollywood Media Bridge
Distributed byWarner PremiereRelease date
July 29, 2008 (2008-07-29)
Running time93 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Lost Boys: The Tribe is a 2008 American black comedy horror film directed by P. J. Pesce, which serves as a sequel to the 1987 film, The Lost Boys. The film stars Tad Hilgenbrink, Angus Sutherland, Autumn Reeser and Corey Feldman.
The film is followed by a sequel, Lost Boys: The Thirst (2010).
Plot
Chris Emerson, a young former surfing pro and his younger sister Nicole move to Luna Bay, California, following the death of their parents, to live in a house owned by their aunt Jillian. Chris leaves his address at the home of Edgar Frog, the town's surfboard shaper, in hopes of getting a job. Chris is approached at their new home by former pro surfer Shane Powers, who invites him to a party that night.
Chris and Nicole go to the party, where Shane and his friends Kyle, Erik, and Jon entertain themselves with the guests. Chris showers with a girl named Lisa, and Shane gets Nicole alone, chats with her for a bit, and then tricks her into drinking his blood. When Chris learns that Nicole has been with Shane, he angrily and protectively takes her home, where she begins to manifest vampiric strength and rage. But before Nicole can kill Chris, she is knocked out by Edgar, who reveals that he is a vampire hunter, and Nicole has been infected with vampirism. Chris throws Edgar out of the house. Then, Lisa shows up and pretends to chat with Chris for a bit before she finally tries to seduce and feed on him. In fending her off, he accidentally impales her on a mounted rack of antlers, killing her when she is petrified and explodes.
Finally convinced of the situation, Chris seeks Edgar's help. Edgar explains that Nicole is only half-vampire and will remain that way unless she feeds, and she can be turned human again if they kill the head vampire before that. Chris interrupts her just before she can feed on 22-year-old Evan Monroe, a nice young man who has been courting her, and explains what is happening to her, and Nicole is surprised at what she almost did (because she believes herself to be a vegetarian). However, Shane draws her to their lair, and they have sex.
Chris and Edgar - who lost an unnamed sibling to the vampires - plot for Chris to "join" the tribe of vampires in order to learn the location of their lair. He drinks Shane's blood and begins to develop vampire traits, but when the tribe (minus Shane and Nicole) feed on a group of girls, he refuses and kills Jon by impaling him with a stick in self-defense. Edgar joins him, and they go to the lair, killing Erik and Kyle. Chris impales Erik with a large drill, and Edgar kills Kyle by making his head explode with a holy water balloon.
Meanwhile, Shane goads Nicole to kill Evan, whom they have bound and gagged for her, but she refuses. With Chris' help, she impales Shane with a stake. Just as Shane attempts to pull Nicole onto the stake with him, Chris appears with a sword and decapitates him with it, returning them both to normal. They thank Edgar, who promises to bill them for his services, and Evan takes the opportunity to ask Nicole for a date. They are confronted by their aunt at home, who believes they have been doing drugs and promises zero tolerance.
In a mid-credits scene, Edgar encounters Sam Emerson, now a vampire. They exchange some dialogue and charge at each other as the credits resume.
Alternate endings
In one alternate ending, Edgar is cleaning up after the vampire hunt when Sam Emerson (who is not a vampire) knocks on his door. Sam warns him that his brother Alan is coming to settle the score. Edgar is reluctant to accept Sam's help, but Sam insists he needs it. The scene ends with vampiric Alan and a female companion driving wildly to confront Edgar.
Another alternate ending is a slightly extended version of the first, but with Sam wearing black sunglasses and showing Edgar bite marks on his neck.
Cast
Tad Hilgenbrink as Chris Emerson
Angus Sutherland as Shane Powers
Autumn Reeser as Nicole Emerson
Corey Feldman as Edgar Frog
Gabrielle Rose as Aunt Jillian
Shaun Sipos as Kyle
Merwin Mondesir as Erik
Kyle Cassie as Jon
Moneca Delain as Lisa
Greyston Holt as Evan Monroe
Tom Savini as David Van Etten
Daryl Shuttleworth as McGraw
Sarah Smyth as Hayden
Alexander Calvert as Grom
Corey Haim as Sam Emerson (during closing credits)
Jamison Newlander as Alan Frog (deleted scenes)
Development
Plans for a sequel to The Lost Boys had been in varying stage of development since the release of the original film. The director of the original film Joel Schumacher had wanted to do a sequel called The Lost Girls before the announcement of The Tribe, a film in which he had no input and did not believe should be made. In addition, a script called Lost Boys: Devil May Cry was also considered.
Script
Hans Rodionoff originally wrote a script about surfing werewolves titled The Tribe which was turned down by studios including Warner Bros. for its resemblance to The Lost Boys. Warner Bros. studio executives changed their mind when they decided on a sequel, who then persuaded Rodionoff to alter the script as a sequel, including changing the werewolves of the original to vampires.
Casting
Corey Feldman returns to play the role of one of the vampire slaying "Frog Brothers", Edgar but was initially reluctant to participate in the sequel. Newcomer Greyston Holt, as Evan, finds himself up against the vampire horde after he becomes close to the object of the head vampire's affection, Reeser. Merwin Mondesir, Shaun Sipos, and Kyle Cassie have been cast as the vampires led by Angus Sutherland's character, Shane. Moneca Delain has also been added to the cast.
Said Feldman on the film: "Warner Bros. has further developed the script — they brought on a great writer, Hans Rodionoff, who came up with a great story line. In the script, as it is today, I am one of the leads. My involvement is very close to what my involvement was in the first one. So I'm pretty much scattered throughout. Edgar was always an outcast, but here his close-knit family have drifted apart. They've had a major problem, and because of that problem, Edgar today is working alone. The film is about him trying to still carry the torch as it were, without the aid and assistance of his partners. That leaves him in an even lonelier and even more delicate place than he was in the first film being the outsider that he already was."
In an interview with Fangoria, Tom Savini said the following in regards to his role in the film: "I'm one of the first vampires you see in the movie, I'm a surfer who runs into the vampires at the beginning of the film, in a sequence that is shot very Sergio Leone-style. They're shooting The Tribe in Vancouver right now, and I'll be there September 11."
Jason Patric, who portrayed Michael in the first film, was rumored to be returning to the role for a small scene in the sequel; however, this was debunked in MTV's August 28, 2007, interview with Corey Feldman. Corey Haim briefly reprises his role as Sam Emerson, but only appears following a portion of the film's final credits, and in the two nearly identical alternative endings. Jamison Newlander is also listed in the film's credits, although he only appears very briefly as Alan Frog in the two alternative endings.
Production
The film was filmed in Canada from August to September 2007.
Music
Lost Boys: The Tribe (Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture)Soundtrack album by Various ArtistsReleasedJuly 22, 2008GenreSoundtrackLength1:02:44LabelAdrenalineThe Lost Boys soundtrack chronology
The Lost Boys(1987)
Lost Boys: The Tribe (Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture)(2008)
Nathan Barr composed the original score for the film. A soundtrack of songs by various artists was released by Adrenaline Records on July 22, 2008. The album includes a cover version of "Cry Little Sister" by Aiden.
Track listing
Aiden - "Cry Little Sister" (5:23)
Airbourne - "Too Much, Too Young, Too Fast" (3:42)
Eagles of Death Metal - "Don't Speak (I Came to Make a Bang)" (2:48)
Yeah Whatever - "Summertime" (3:38)
Seether - "Burrito" (live acoustic) (4:02)
Dave Gahan - "Kingdom" (4:34)
G. Love & Special Sauce - "Long Way Down" (4:10)
PJ & The Chile Rellenos - "Wish You Were Here" (3:16)
Starsailor - "In My Blood" (3:55)
The Von Bondies - "Only to Haunt You" (3:16)
Blind Melon - "For My Friends" (2:45)
The Hold Steady - "Knuckles" (3:47)
Styles of Beyond - "Nine Thou" (Grant Mohrman Superstars remix) (4:03)
Hindu Kush - "Day Fire" (4:05)
Jackpot - "Dizzy" (4:49)
Nathan Barr - "Suite" (4:32)
Reception
The film was Warner Premiere's highest selling DVD release of 2008, performing so impressively that Warner immediately greenlit a third installment. It covered its $5 million production cost in its first three weeks of release. As of January 2011, it has sold over 1,250,000 copies, a record for a direct-to-DVD release.
Despite the success of the DVD, the film received poor reviews. It currently has a 0% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 2.85/10.
Sequel
The third film, Lost Boys: The Thirst, was directed by Dario Piana (director of The Deaths of Ian Stone) and written by Evan Charnov. It was released direct-to-DVD on the Warner Premiere label.
Both Corey Feldman and Jamison Newlander reprised their respective roles as the Frog Brothers. Shooting began in November 2009 in South Africa and the South African super model Tanit Phoenix was cast as Gwen Lieber, an author of romantic vampire novels.
See also
Vampire film
References
^ Joel Schumacher: Lost Boys 2 Just Isn't Going To Work, People
^ "Lost Boys 2" Talk Continues
^ a b Godfrey, Alex (July 31, 2010). "American Pie 7 Donnie Darko 2". The Guardian.
^ Shocktillyoudrop.com
^ Announcement from Corey
^ First Lost Boys 2 Casting News!
^ "EXCL: Corey Haim Back in Lost Boys 2!" Accessed on February 22, 2008.
^ Corey Haim's Official Website
^ Greyston’s acting career takes off Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Wanna know who The Lost Boys are?". Moviehole. August 29, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
^ "Lost Boys 2 media release". Moviehole. September 3, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
^ a b Lost Boys are Back in Town
^ Savini Joins Cast Of 'Lost Boys' Sequel Archived August 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Jason Patric returns for Lost Boys 2, too?
^ "Lost Boys: The Tribe (Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture)". AllMusic. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
^ "The Numbers".
^ "Lost Boys: The Tribe (2008)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
^ Behind-the-Scenes Images: Lost Boys 3: The Thirst
^ Horror Nights '09: Corey Feldman & Jamison Newlander Talk 'Lost Boys: The Thirst'!
^ Lost Boys 3 Update: Tanit Phoenix Joins the Cast
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Lost Boys: The Tribe.
Lost Boys: The Tribe official site
Lost Boys: The Tribe at IMDb
Lost Boys: The Tribe at AllMovie
vteThe Lost BoysFilms
The Lost Boys (1987)
Lost Boys: The Tribe (2008)
Lost Boys: The Thirst (2010)
Characters
David Powers
Michael Emerson
Comics
Lost Boys: Reign of Frogs
The Lost Boys
Music
The Lost Boys
"Cry Little Sister"
Category
vteFilms directed by P. J. Pesce
The Desperate Trail (1994)
From Dusk Till Dawn 3: The Hangman's Daughter (1999)
Sniper 3 (2004)
Lost Boys: The Tribe (2008)
Smokin' Aces 2: Assassins' Ball (2010) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_comedy"},{"link_name":"horror film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"P. J. Pesce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Pesce"},{"link_name":"sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequel"},{"link_name":"The Lost Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Boys"},{"link_name":"Tad Hilgenbrink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad_Hilgenbrink"},{"link_name":"Angus Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Sutherland_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Autumn Reeser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_Reeser"},{"link_name":"Corey Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Feldman"},{"link_name":"Lost Boys: The Thirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Boys:_The_Thirst"}],"text":"Lost Boys: The Tribe is a 2008 American black comedy horror film directed by P. J. Pesce, which serves as a sequel to the 1987 film, The Lost Boys. The film stars Tad Hilgenbrink, Angus Sutherland, Autumn Reeser and Corey Feldman.The film is followed by a sequel, Lost Boys: The Thirst (2010).","title":"Lost Boys: The Tribe"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Chris Emerson, a young former surfing pro and his younger sister Nicole move to Luna Bay, California, following the death of their parents, to live in a house owned by their aunt Jillian. Chris leaves his address at the home of Edgar Frog, the town's surfboard shaper, in hopes of getting a job. Chris is approached at their new home by former pro surfer Shane Powers, who invites him to a party that night.Chris and Nicole go to the party, where Shane and his friends Kyle, Erik, and Jon entertain themselves with the guests. Chris showers with a girl named Lisa, and Shane gets Nicole alone, chats with her for a bit, and then tricks her into drinking his blood. When Chris learns that Nicole has been with Shane, he angrily and protectively takes her home, where she begins to manifest vampiric strength and rage. But before Nicole can kill Chris, she is knocked out by Edgar, who reveals that he is a vampire hunter, and Nicole has been infected with vampirism. Chris throws Edgar out of the house. Then, Lisa shows up and pretends to chat with Chris for a bit before she finally tries to seduce and feed on him. In fending her off, he accidentally impales her on a mounted rack of antlers, killing her when she is petrified and explodes.Finally convinced of the situation, Chris seeks Edgar's help. Edgar explains that Nicole is only half-vampire and will remain that way unless she feeds, and she can be turned human again if they kill the head vampire before that. Chris interrupts her just before she can feed on 22-year-old Evan Monroe, a nice young man who has been courting her, and explains what is happening to her, and Nicole is surprised at what she almost did (because she believes herself to be a vegetarian). However, Shane draws her to their lair, and they have sex.Chris and Edgar - who lost an unnamed sibling to the vampires - plot for Chris to \"join\" the tribe of vampires in order to learn the location of their lair. He drinks Shane's blood and begins to develop vampire traits, but when the tribe (minus Shane and Nicole) feed on a group of girls, he refuses and kills Jon by impaling him with a stick in self-defense. Edgar joins him, and they go to the lair, killing Erik and Kyle. Chris impales Erik with a large drill, and Edgar kills Kyle by making his head explode with a holy water balloon.Meanwhile, Shane goads Nicole to kill Evan, whom they have bound and gagged for her, but she refuses. With Chris' help, she impales Shane with a stake. Just as Shane attempts to pull Nicole onto the stake with him, Chris appears with a sword and decapitates him with it, returning them both to normal. They thank Edgar, who promises to bill them for his services, and Evan takes the opportunity to ask Nicole for a date. They are confronted by their aunt at home, who believes they have been doing drugs and promises zero tolerance.In a mid-credits scene, Edgar encounters Sam Emerson, now a vampire. They exchange some dialogue and charge at each other as the credits resume.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Alternate endings","text":"In one alternate ending, Edgar is cleaning up after the vampire hunt when Sam Emerson (who is not a vampire) knocks on his door. Sam warns him that his brother Alan is coming to settle the score. Edgar is reluctant to accept Sam's help, but Sam insists he needs it. The scene ends with vampiric Alan and a female companion driving wildly to confront Edgar.\nAnother alternate ending is a slightly extended version of the first, but with Sam wearing black sunglasses and showing Edgar bite marks on his neck.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tad Hilgenbrink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad_Hilgenbrink"},{"link_name":"Angus Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Sutherland_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Autumn Reeser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_Reeser"},{"link_name":"Corey Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Feldman"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Rose_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Shaun Sipos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Sipos"},{"link_name":"Merwin Mondesir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merwin_Mondesir"},{"link_name":"Greyston Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyston_Holt"},{"link_name":"Tom Savini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Savini"},{"link_name":"Daryl Shuttleworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Shuttleworth"},{"link_name":"Sarah Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Smyth"},{"link_name":"Alexander Calvert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Calvert"},{"link_name":"Corey Haim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Haim"},{"link_name":"Jamison Newlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamison_Newlander"}],"text":"Tad Hilgenbrink as Chris Emerson\nAngus Sutherland as Shane Powers\nAutumn Reeser as Nicole Emerson\nCorey Feldman as Edgar Frog\nGabrielle Rose as Aunt Jillian\nShaun Sipos as Kyle\nMerwin Mondesir as Erik\nKyle Cassie as Jon\nMoneca Delain as Lisa\nGreyston Holt as Evan Monroe\nTom Savini as David Van Etten\nDaryl Shuttleworth as McGraw\nSarah Smyth as Hayden\nAlexander Calvert as Grom\nCorey Haim as Sam Emerson (during closing credits)\nJamison Newlander as Alan Frog (deleted scenes)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joel Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Schumacher"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Plans for a sequel to The Lost Boys had been in varying stage of development since the release of the original film. The director of the original film Joel Schumacher had wanted to do a sequel called The Lost Girls before the announcement of The Tribe, a film in which he had no input and did not believe should be made.[1] In addition, a script called Lost Boys: Devil May Cry was also considered.[2]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Script","text":"Hans Rodionoff originally wrote a script about surfing werewolves titled The Tribe which was turned down by studios including Warner Bros. for its resemblance to The Lost Boys.[3] Warner Bros. studio executives changed their mind when they decided on a sequel, who then persuaded Rodionoff to alter the script as a sequel, including changing the werewolves of the original to vampires.[3][4]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corey Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Feldman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feldman-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shock-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corey_Haim's_Official_Website-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Merwin Mondesir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merwin_Mondesir"},{"link_name":"Shaun Sipos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Sipos"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-media-11"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv-12"},{"link_name":"Fangoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangoria_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Tom Savini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Savini"},{"link_name":"Sergio Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Leone"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jason Patric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Patric"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Corey Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Feldman"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Corey Haim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Haim"},{"link_name":"Jamison Newlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamison_Newlander"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Corey Feldman returns to play the role of one of the vampire slaying \"Frog Brothers\", Edgar[5][6][7] but was initially reluctant to participate in the sequel.[8] Newcomer Greyston Holt, as Evan, finds himself up against the vampire horde after he becomes close to the object of the head vampire's affection, Reeser.[9] Merwin Mondesir, Shaun Sipos, and Kyle Cassie have been cast as the vampires led by Angus Sutherland's character, Shane.[10] Moneca Delain has also been added to the cast.[11]Said Feldman on the film: \"Warner Bros. has further developed the script — they brought on a great writer, Hans Rodionoff, who came up with a great story line. In the script, as it is today, I am one of the leads. My involvement is very close to what my involvement was in the first one. So I'm pretty much scattered throughout. Edgar was always an outcast, but here his close-knit family have drifted apart. They've had a major problem, and because of that problem, Edgar today is working alone. The film is about him trying to still carry the torch as it were, without the aid and assistance of his partners. That leaves him in an even lonelier and even more delicate place than he was in the first film being the outsider that he already was.\"[12]In an interview with Fangoria, Tom Savini said the following in regards to his role in the film: \"I'm one of the first vampires you see in the movie, I'm a surfer who runs into the vampires at the beginning of the film, in a sequence that is shot very Sergio Leone-style. They're shooting The Tribe in Vancouver right now, and I'll be there September 11.\"[13]Jason Patric, who portrayed Michael in the first film, was rumored to be returning to the role for a small scene in the sequel; however, this was debunked in MTV's August 28, 2007, interview with Corey Feldman.[12][14] Corey Haim briefly reprises his role as Sam Emerson, but only appears following a portion of the film's final credits, and in the two nearly identical alternative endings. Jamison Newlander is also listed in the film's credits, although he only appears very briefly as Alan Frog in the two alternative endings.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Production","text":"The film was filmed in Canada from August to September 2007.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nathan Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Barr"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"cover version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Cry Little Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_Little_Sister"},{"link_name":"Aiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiden"}],"text":"Nathan Barr composed the original score for the film. A soundtrack of songs by various artists was released by Adrenaline Records on July 22, 2008.[15] The album includes a cover version of \"Cry Little Sister\" by Aiden.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiden"},{"link_name":"Cry Little Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_Little_Sister"},{"link_name":"Eagles of Death Metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_of_Death_Metal"},{"link_name":"Seether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seether"},{"link_name":"Dave Gahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Gahan"},{"link_name":"G. Love & Special Sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Love_%26_Special_Sauce"},{"link_name":"Starsailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starsailor_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Von Bondies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Von_Bondies"},{"link_name":"Blind Melon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Melon"},{"link_name":"The Hold Steady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hold_Steady"},{"link_name":"Styles of Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styles_of_Beyond"}],"sub_title":"Track listing","text":"Aiden - \"Cry Little Sister\" (5:23)\nAirbourne - \"Too Much, Too Young, Too Fast\" (3:42)\nEagles of Death Metal - \"Don't Speak (I Came to Make a Bang)\" (2:48)\nYeah Whatever - \"Summertime\" (3:38)\nSeether - \"Burrito\" (live acoustic) (4:02)\nDave Gahan - \"Kingdom\" (4:34)\nG. Love & Special Sauce - \"Long Way Down\" (4:10)\nPJ & The Chile Rellenos - \"Wish You Were Here\" (3:16)\nStarsailor - \"In My Blood\" (3:55)\nThe Von Bondies - \"Only to Haunt You\" (3:16)\nBlind Melon - \"For My Friends\" (2:45)\nThe Hold Steady - \"Knuckles\" (3:47)\nStyles of Beyond - \"Nine Thou\" (Grant Mohrman Superstars remix) (4:03)\nHindu Kush - \"Day Fire\" (4:05)\nJackpot - \"Dizzy\" (4:49)\nNathan Barr - \"Suite\" (4:32)","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The film was Warner Premiere's highest selling DVD release of 2008, performing so impressively that Warner immediately greenlit a third installment. It covered its $5 million production cost in its first three weeks of release.[16] As of January 2011, it has sold over 1,250,000 copies, a record for a direct-to-DVD release.Despite the success of the DVD, the film received poor reviews. It currently has a 0% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 2.85/10.[17]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lost Boys: The Thirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Boys:_The_Thirst"},{"link_name":"The Deaths of Ian Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deaths_of_Ian_Stone"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Tanit Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The third film, Lost Boys: The Thirst, was directed by Dario Piana (director of The Deaths of Ian Stone) and written by Evan Charnov. It was released direct-to-DVD on the Warner Premiere label.[18]Both Corey Feldman and Jamison Newlander reprised their respective roles as the Frog Brothers. Shooting began in November 2009 in South Africa[19] and the South African super model Tanit Phoenix was cast as Gwen Lieber, an author of romantic vampire novels.[20]","title":"Sequel"}] | [] | [{"title":"Vampire film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_film"}] | [{"reference":"Godfrey, Alex (July 31, 2010). \"American Pie 7 Donnie Darko 2\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jul/31/dvd-sequels-lost-boys-3","url_text":"\"American Pie 7 Donnie Darko 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wanna know who The Lost Boys are?\". Moviehole. August 29, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://moviehole.net/200711700wanna-know-who-the-lost-boys-are","url_text":"\"Wanna know who The Lost Boys are?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lost Boys 2 media release\". Moviehole. September 3, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://moviehole.net/200711721lost-boys-2-media-release","url_text":"\"Lost Boys 2 media release\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lost Boys: The Tribe (Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture)\". AllMusic. Retrieved April 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/lost-boys-the-tribe-mw0000790979","url_text":"\"Lost Boys: The Tribe (Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Numbers\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2008/0LOB2-DVD.php","url_text":"\"The Numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lost Boys: The Tribe (2008)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lost_boys_the_tribe","url_text":"\"Lost Boys: The Tribe (2008)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.cinematical.com/2007/02/05/joel-schumacher-lost-boys-2-just-isnt-going-to-work-people/","external_links_name":"Joel Schumacher: Lost Boys 2 Just Isn't Going To Work, People"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130121080351/http://www.darkhorizons.com/news04/040825b.php","external_links_name":"\"Lost Boys 2\" Talk Continues"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jul/31/dvd-sequels-lost-boys-3","external_links_name":"\"American Pie 7 Donnie Darko 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/topnews.php?id=4040","external_links_name":"Shocktillyoudrop.com"},{"Link":"http://coreyfeldman.wordpress.com/2007/08/15/announcement-from-corey/","external_links_name":"Announcement from Corey"},{"Link":"http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/topnews.php?id=1053","external_links_name":"First Lost Boys 2 Casting News!"},{"Link":"http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/topnews.php?id=4676","external_links_name":"\"EXCL: Corey Haim Back in Lost Boys 2!\""},{"Link":"http://www.coreyhaim.us/","external_links_name":"Corey Haim's Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.gulfislands.net/features.asp?ID=593","external_links_name":"Greyston’s acting career takes off"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010517/http://www.gulfislands.net/features.asp?ID=593","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://moviehole.net/200711700wanna-know-who-the-lost-boys-are","external_links_name":"\"Wanna know who The Lost Boys are?\""},{"Link":"http://moviehole.net/200711721lost-boys-2-media-release","external_links_name":"\"Lost Boys 2 media release\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1568457/20070828/story.jhtml","external_links_name":"Lost Boys are Back in Town"},{"Link":"http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/9685","external_links_name":"Savini Joins Cast Of 'Lost Boys' Sequel"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070822125925/http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/9685","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070830141401/http://www.moviehole.net/news/20070828_jason_patric_returns_for_lost.html","external_links_name":"Jason Patric returns for Lost Boys 2, too?"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/lost-boys-the-tribe-mw0000790979","external_links_name":"\"Lost Boys: The Tribe (Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture)\""},{"Link":"http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2008/0LOB2-DVD.php","external_links_name":"\"The Numbers\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lost_boys_the_tribe","external_links_name":"\"Lost Boys: The Tribe (2008)\""},{"Link":"http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/35242/behind-scenes-images-lost-boys-3-the-thirst","external_links_name":"Behind-the-Scenes Images: Lost Boys 3: The Thirst"},{"Link":"http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/17585","external_links_name":"Horror Nights '09: Corey Feldman & Jamison Newlander Talk 'Lost Boys: The Thirst'!"},{"Link":"http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/34634/lost-boys-3-update-tanit-phoenix-joins-cast","external_links_name":"Lost Boys 3 Update: Tanit Phoenix Joins the Cast"},{"Link":"http://lostboysthetribe.warnerbros.com/","external_links_name":"Lost Boys: The Tribe official site"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1031254/","external_links_name":"Lost Boys: The Tribe"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v413907","external_links_name":"Lost Boys: The Tribe"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAMX | KAMX | ["1 On-Air Staff","2 History","3 References","4 External links"] | Radio station in Luling–Austin, Texas
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KAMXLuling, TexasBroadcast areaGreater AustinFrequency94.7 MHzBrandingMix 94.7ProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishFormatHot adult contemporaryOwnershipOwnerAudacy, Inc.(Audacy License, LLC, as Debtor-in-Possession)Sister stationsKJCEKKMJHistoryFirst air dateMarch 22, 1987; 37 years ago (1987-03-22)Former call signsKAPT (1987–89)KATG (1989–92)KFGI (1992)KFGI-FM (1992–94)KPTY (1994–95)Call sign meaning"Austin's Mix"Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID48651ClassC0ERP99,000 watts(100,000 watts with beam tilt)HAAT398 meters (1,306 ft)Transmitter coordinates30°19′23″N 97°48′00″W / 30.323°N 97.800°W / 30.323; -97.800LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen live (via Audacy)Websitewww.audacy.com/mix947
KAMX (94.7 FM "Mix 94.7") is a commercial radio station licensed to Luling, Texas, and serving the Greater Austin radio market. It is owned by Audacy, Inc. and airs a hot adult contemporary radio format. The station has studios and offices on Westbank Drive, off Loop 360, near Westlake High School.
The transmitter is off Buchman Mountain Road in Austin, amid numerous towers for other FM and TV stations. KAMX broadcasts at 99,000 watts (100,000 with beam tilt), giving KAMX one of the best FM signals in the Austin market, audible from the northern suburbs of San Antonio to Killeen and Temple.
On-Air Staff
KAMX's air staff includes Booker, Alex and Sara in morning drive time (Brad Booker, Alex Franco, and Sara Osburn), midday host Heather Rivera and afternoon host Sean Mack.
History
On March 22, 1987, the station signed on as KAPT. It was owned by Mark Grubbs, who also served as general manager. The station debuted with a hybrid Top 40/Country music format under the name "Capital FM," with the call sign spelling out "Kapital." (Austin is the capital of Texas.)
KAPT found little initial success against established Top 40 stations KHFI and KBTS (now KGSR). The station experimented with other formats including beautiful music, country music "The Country Kat" KATG, oldies "Froggy 94" KFGI, and Dance/CHR "Party 94.7" KPTY.
In 1994, the Amaturo Radio Group bought the station for $2.5 million. On October 24, 1994, "Froggy 94" switched to "Party 94.7", removing the only oldies station at the time in Austin. On September 1, 1995, Amaturo changed the station's format to Modern Adult Contemporary as "Mix 94.7" with the call sign KAMX. In 1998, the station changed hands again, this time being acquired by Infinity Broadcasting. Infinity was later merged into CBS Radio.
Over time, KAMX moved from Modern AC to Hot AC. In 2006, CBS announced it would sell 15 radio stations across the country to Entercom, including KAMX. The ownership change became official on November 30, 2007. Coincidentally, CBS Radio merged into Entercom in 2017, with most of the former CBS Radio stations now owned by Entercom.
In the fall of 2008, morning duo J.B. & Sandy renewed their contracts with Entercom for five years, keeping them on the air through the end of 2013 at which time their contracts were not renewed.
References
^ "Facility Technical Data for KAMX". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ Majic.radio.com/contact-us
^ Radio-Locator.com/KAMX
^ Broadcasting Yearbook 1988 page B-277
^ Broadcasting Yearbook 1992 page A-345
^ Broadcasting Yearbook 1996 page B-416
^ Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 2000 page D-444
^ Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 2010 page D-535
External links
Official website
KAMX in the FCC FM station database
KAMX in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
vteRadio stations in the Austin metropolitan area (Texas)By AM frequency
590
970
10601
1120
1260
1300
1370
1440
1490
1530
1560
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By FM frequency
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89.5
89.9
90.5
91.7
KOOP
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92.1
92.5
93.3
93.7
94.7
95.5
96.7
98.1
98.9
99.3
100.7
101.5
102.3
103.5
104.3
104.9
105.9
106.3
107.1
107.7
LPFM
94.1
103.1
106.7
Translators
90.9
92.1
92.9
94.1
95.1
95.9
96.3
97.1
97.5
98.5
99.7
100.1
100.3
101.1
101.9
102.7
103.1
103.9
105.3
106.5
NOAA Weather Radiofrequency
162.4 (Austin)
Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
1490
89.5-1
90.5-1
90.5-2
90.5-3
93.3-1
93.3-2
93.3-3
93.7-1
93.7-2
95.5-1
95.5-2
95.5-3
96.7-1
96.7-2
98.1-1
98.9-1
98.9-2
98.9-3
100.7-1
100.7-2
102.3-1
102.3-2
103.5-1
103.5-2
103.5-3
104.9-1
104.9-3
104.9-4
105.9-1
105.9-2
107.1-1
107.1-3
107.7-1
107.7-2
By call sign
K215FD
K221GC
K225CA
K231CZ
K236AY
K240EL
K242DE
K246BD
K248CU
K253AN
K259AJ
K261DW
K262DG
K266CI
K270CO
K274AX
K276EL
K280GN
K287FG
K293BF
KAMX
KASE-FM
KAZI
KBPA
HD2
HD3
KDRP-LP
KELG
KFMK
HD2
KGSR
HD2
HD3
KGTN-LP
KHFI-FM
HD2
KIXL
KJCE
KJFK
KKMJ-FM
HD2
HD3
KLBJ
KLBJ-FM
HD2
KLJA
HD2
KLLR
KLQB
KLZT
HD3
KMFA
KMLR
KNLE-FM
KOAU-LP
KOKE
KOKE-FM
KOOP
KPEZ
HD2
KROX-FM
KTAE
KTSN1
KTSW
KTXW
KTXX-FM
HD3
HD4
KTXZ
KUT
HD2
HD3
KUTX
HD2
HD3
KVET
KVET-FM
KVLR
KVRX
KYLR
KZNX
WXK27
Defunct
KUOL (1470 AM)
Radio stations in Central Texas
Austin
Bryan-College Station
Kerrville-Fredericksburg
Killeen-Temple
Waco
Other nearby regions
Houston
San Antonio
Victoria
See also
List of radio stations in Texas
Notes
1. Daytime-only AM radio station.
vteAdult Contemporary radio stations in the state of TexasStations
KBBB - Bay City
KBWD – Brownwood
KDGE – Fort Worth-Dallas
KEYE-FM – Perryton
KFST – Fort Stockton
KGRO – Pampa
KIKZ – Seminole
KJAS – Jasper
KKMJ-FM – Austin
KLAK - Tom Bean
KLTR – Brenham
KMXJ-FM – Amarillo
KODA – Houston
KPTX – Pecos
KQHN - Waskom
KQXT-FM – San Antonio
KTSM-FM – El Paso
KVLY - Edinburg
KWSP-LP – Kerrville
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in Texas
vteAudacy, Inc.AM radio stations
KAMP
KCBS
KCSP
KDKA
KFH
KFXX
KIFM
KIKK
KILT
KJCE
KMBZ
KMOX
KMTT
KNSS
KNX
KRLD
KWOD
KXNT
KYW
KYYS
WAAF
WAMO**
WAOK
WAXY
WBBM
WBEN
WCBS
WCCO
WEEI
WFAN
WGR
WHLL
WILK
WINS
WJFK
WJZ
WLMZ
WMC
WMFS
WORD
WPHT
WQAM
WRNL
WROC
WRVA
WSCR
WSSP
WTEM
WTIC
WVEI
WWJ
WWKB
WWL
WWWL
WWWS
WXYT
WYRD
FM radio stations
KALC
KALV-FM
KAMX
KBZT
KCBS-FM
KDGS
KDKA-FM
KEYN-FM
KEZK-FM
KFBZ
KFRC-FM
KFRG
KFTK-FM
KGMZ-FM
KGON
KHMX
KHTP
KILT-FM
KISW
KITS
KJKK
KKDO
KKHH
KKMJ-FM
KKWF
KLLC
KLOL
KLUC-FM
KMBZ-FM
KMLE
KMNB
KMVK
KMXB
KNDD
KNRK
KNSS-FM
KNX-FM
KOOL-FM
KQKS
KQMT
KQRC-FM
KRBQ
KRBZ
KRLD-FM
KROQ-FM
KRSK
KRTH
KRXQ
KSEG
KSFM
KSON
KSPF
KSWD
KTWV
KUDL
KVIL (HD2)
KWFN
KWJJ-FM
KXFG
KXQQ-FM
KXSN
KYCH-FM
KYKY
KYXY
KZJK
KZPT
WBBM-FM
WBEB
WBEE-FM
WBGB
WBMX
WBTJ
WBZA
WBZZ
WCBS-FM
WCFS-FM
WCMF-FM
WDAF-FM
WDCH-FM†
WDOK
WDSY-FM
WDZH
WEEI-FM
WEZB
WFAN-FM
WFBC-FM
WFUN-FM
WGGY
WHHL
WIAD
WILK-FM
WINS-FM
WIP-FM
WJFK-FM
WJMH
WJZ-FM
WKBU
WKIS
WKRK-FM
WKRZ
WKSE
WKTK
WKXJ
WLFP
WLIF
WLKK
WLMG
WLMZ-FM
WLND
WLYF
WLZL
WMAS-FM
WMFS-FM
WMHX
WMJX
WMMM-FM
WMXJ
WMYX-FM
WNCX
WNEW-FM
WNVZ
WOCL
WOGL
WOLX-FM
WOMC
WOMX-FM
WPAW
WPGC-FM
WPHI-FM
WPOW
WPTE
WPXY-FM
WQAL
WQMG
WQMP
WRCH
WROQ
WRVQ
WRVR
WRXL
HD2
WRXR-FM
WSFS
WSKY-FM
WSMW
WSPA-FM
WSTR
WTDY-FM
WTIC-FM
WTPT
WTVR-FM
WUSN
WUSY
WVEE
WVEI-FM
WVKL
WWBX
WWDE-FM
WWEI
WWL-FM
WWMX
WXBK
WXRT
WXSS
WXYT-FM
WYCD
WYRD-FM
WZGC
WZMX
Radio Networks
BetQL Network
Infinity Sports Network*
Sabres Hockey Network
New York Yankees Radio
Channel Q
Digital properties
Audacy
Cadence13
Eventful
Pineapple Street Studios
Play.it
See also
CBS Radio
List of radio stations
* = Formerly CBS Sports Radio, Audacy operated as producer with distribution handled by Westwood One.
** = Audacy operates pursuant to a local marketing agreement with Martz Communications Group.
† = Operated by Bloomberg L.P. pursuant to a time brokerage agreement. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_radio"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"licensed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_license"},{"link_name":"Luling, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luling,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Greater Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Austin"},{"link_name":"radio market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_market"},{"link_name":"Audacy, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacy,_Inc."},{"link_name":"hot adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"radio format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_format"},{"link_name":"Loop 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_360_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Westlake High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlake_High_School_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"beam tilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_tilt"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Killeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killeen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple,_Texas"}],"text":"KAMX (94.7 FM \"Mix 94.7\") is a commercial radio station licensed to Luling, Texas, and serving the Greater Austin radio market. It is owned by Audacy, Inc. and airs a hot adult contemporary radio format. The station has studios and offices on Westbank Drive, off Loop 360, near Westlake High School.[2]The transmitter is off Buchman Mountain Road in Austin, amid numerous towers for other FM and TV stations.[3] KAMX broadcasts at 99,000 watts (100,000 with beam tilt), giving KAMX one of the best FM signals in the Austin market, audible from the northern suburbs of San Antonio to Killeen and Temple.","title":"KAMX"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drive time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_time"}],"text":"KAMX's air staff includes Booker, Alex and Sara in morning drive time (Brad Booker, Alex Franco, and Sara Osburn), midday host Heather Rivera and afternoon host Sean Mack.","title":"On-Air Staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signed on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign-on"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"Country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"KHFI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHFI"},{"link_name":"KGSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGSR"},{"link_name":"beautiful music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_music"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"oldies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies"},{"link_name":"Dance/CHR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_contemporary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Modern Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Adult_Contemporary"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"Infinity Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"CBS Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio"},{"link_name":"Hot AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_AC"},{"link_name":"Entercom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entercom"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On March 22, 1987, the station signed on as KAPT.[4] It was owned by Mark Grubbs, who also served as general manager. The station debuted with a hybrid Top 40/Country music format under the name \"Capital FM,\" with the call sign spelling out \"Kapital.\" (Austin is the capital of Texas.)KAPT found little initial success against established Top 40 stations KHFI and KBTS (now KGSR). The station experimented with other formats including beautiful music, country music \"The Country Kat\" KATG,[5] oldies \"Froggy 94\" KFGI, and Dance/CHR \"Party 94.7\" KPTY.In 1994, the Amaturo Radio Group bought the station for $2.5 million.[6] On October 24, 1994, \"Froggy 94\" switched to \"Party 94.7\", removing the only oldies station at the time in Austin. On September 1, 1995, Amaturo changed the station's format to Modern Adult Contemporary as \"Mix 94.7\" with the call sign KAMX. In 1998, the station changed hands again, this time being acquired by Infinity Broadcasting.[7] Infinity was later merged into CBS Radio.Over time, KAMX moved from Modern AC to Hot AC. In 2006, CBS announced it would sell 15 radio stations across the country to Entercom, including KAMX. The ownership change became official on November 30, 2007.[8] Coincidentally, CBS Radio merged into Entercom in 2017, with most of the former CBS Radio stations now owned by Entercom.In the fall of 2008, morning duo J.B. & Sandy renewed their contracts with Entercom for five years, keeping them on the air through the end of 2013 at which time their contracts were not renewed.","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for KAMX\". Licensing and Management System. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_H6B_Dubonnet_Xenia | Hispano-Suiza H6B Dubonnet Xenia | ["1 History","2 Specifications","2.1 Powertrain","2.2 Transmission","2.3 Suspension","2.4 Exterior features","3 Owners","4 References","5 External links"] | One-off luxury car manufactured by Spanish automobile manufacturer Hispano-Suiza
Motor vehicle
Hispano-Suiza H6B Dubonnet XeniaOverviewManufacturerHispano-SuizaProduction1938 (1 built)AssemblyFrance: Paris (Bois-Colombes factory)DesignerJacques SaoutchikJean AndreauBody and chassisClassLuxury carBody style2-door targa topLayoutFront mid-engine, rear-wheel-driveDoorsRear-hinged slidingRelatedHispano-Suiza H6PowertrainEngine8.0 L straight-6Transmission4-speed manualDimensionsWheelbase4,064 mm (160.0 in)Length5,664 mm (223.0 in)Width1,956 mm (77.0 in)Height1,575 mm (62.0 in)
The Hispano-Suiza H6B Dubonnet Xenia is a one-off luxury car made by Spanish automobile manufacturer Hispano-Suiza for French pilot and racing car driver André Dubonnet in 1938. The car was built on the chassis of the Hispano-Suiza H6B, however it uses the larger, more powerful engine from the H6C and an entirely new body design drawn by Jean Édouard Andreau and built by coachbuilder Saoutchik.
History
H6B Dubonnet Xenia side view
View of the teardrop shaped rear end from above
1929 Hispano-Suiza H6B
In the 1920s, André Dubonnet became involved with automobiles as a racing driver for Bugatti and Hispano-Suiza, participating in Grand Prix events like the 1926 Targa Florio and winning the 1922 Autumn Grand Prix at Monza. During this time, Dubonnet developed an automobile steering and suspension system, the système Dubonnet. The Dubonnet suspension featured an independent coil spring and shock absorber system that traded durability for a reduction of unsprung weight and increased comfort.
Dubonnet first installed this suspension system on a custom Hispano-Suiza H6B chassis in 1932. Following coachwork done by Carrosserie Vanvooren's Marius Daste, a prototype car was displayed to the public at the 1932 Paris Motor Show. This prototype was heavily based on the H6B, using the same engine, transmission, and brakes as the production car. It was presented in the sedan body style, with rear suicide doors and a long sweeping tail.
The success of his prototype at the Paris Motor Show was evident in the fact that he soon sold the Dubonnet suspension system to several major automobile manufacturers, including General Motors, Alfa Romeo, Fiat, and Delahaye. In the mid 1930s, Dubonnet's focus shifted from suspension to aerodynamics. In 1935, he partnered with aerodynamicist Jean Andreau to develop the Dubonnet Dolphin, a Ford-based prototype built by Letourneur et Marchand. At a test at the Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry in 1936, the Dolphin achieved a 35% higher top speed and 25% better fuel economy than a contemporary Ford with the same engine, demonstrating the importance of aerodynamics in design to the Automobile Club of France. The Dolphin prototype was eventually purchased by Henry Ford and shipped to the United States.
Dubonnet's second wife, Xenia Howard-Johnston, passed away prematurely in 1936 after four years of marriage. As a tribute to his late wife, Dubonnet decided to create a further development of his 1932 H6B prototype, a car he would call the Xenia in her memory. The Xenia showcased the Dubonnet independent suspension of the earlier model alongside the streamlined aerodynamics of the later Dolphin, resulting in a car again designed with the help of Andreau with a body built by French coachbuilder Saoutchik. The final product, which now differed substantially from the Hispano-Suiza H6B on which it was based, was finished in 1938.
Specifications
Powertrain
Although based on the chassis of the H6B, the Dubonnet Xenia uses the upgraded straight-6 engine from the H6C model. This 7,983 cc (487 cu in) SOHC engine utilized an aluminum block and a billet steel crankshaft for a lighter and stronger construction. The engine produced 160 hp (119 kW) at 3,050 rpm, able to propel the car to an estimated top speed of around 110 mph (177 km/h) thanks to the slippery aerodynamics of the body.
Transmission
The Dubonnet Xenia was built with a 4-speed manual transmission built by Hispano-Suiza. This is another difference from the production H6 models, all of which used 3-speed manuals.
Suspension
Dubonnet suspension
As a showcase of his own automotive inventions, the Dubonnet Xenia utilized Dubonnet's custom independent coil spring suspension at all four wheels. This design was intended to improve the comfort and smoothness of the ride, with Dubonnet claiming the system had "the suppleness of a cat", and likening the experience of driving the car to floating on air.
The Dubonnet Xenia used the standard brakes from the production H6B, which meant servo-assisted alloy brake drums at the front and rear axles.
Exterior features
Rear three-quarters view
The exterior of the Dubonnet Xenia features many aviation and Art Deco inspired details owing to the time period and Dubonnet's history as a fighter pilot in World War I. These details include the wraparound windshield, the large slatted grill extending below the long hood, and the unconventional rear-hinged doors that operated by sliding out and back towards the rear of the car.
Dubonnet's focus on aerodynamics can also be seen in the exterior design of the car. The flared front fenders taper off in a teardrop shape towards the rear, as does the tail of the car. Notably, the Dubonnet Xenia has fender skirts that cover almost the entirety of the rear wheels to reduce drag, a technique pioneered 10 years earlier on a land speed record attempt car.
Owners
The H6B Dubonnet Xenia began as André Dubonnet's personal car after it was finished in 1938. Upon the breakout of World War II and the subsequent invasion of France in 1940, the Dubonnet Xenia was hidden. It resurfaced again on June 9, 1946, where it led a parade commemorating the opening of a highway tunnel in Saint-Cloud. In the 1960s, the car was bought and restored by Alain Balleret, president of the French Hispano-Suiza Club. Dubonnet Xenia on display at the Petersen Automotive Museum in 2015 (far left)In 1999, the car again changed hands when it was bought by American collector Charles Morse.
After being restored again by its new owner, the Dubonnet Xenia was displayed at the 2000 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance where it won the award for 'Most Elegant Enclosed Car'. It subsequently won Best in Show at the 2001 Amelia Island Concours d'Elegance.
In 2003, the Dubonnet Xenia was purchased by American businessman Peter W. Mullin, the car's current owner. It has since been on display at the Mullin Automotive Museum in Oxnard, California, and has occasionally been loaned to other museums such as the Petersen Automotive Museum for exhibitions.
References
^ a b c d Ernst, Kurt (2018-06-21). "1938 Hispano-Suiza H6B Dubonnet Xenia earns Best of Show at Rodeo Drive Concours". Hemmings Daily.
^ Harvey, Ian (2016-10-30). "The Hispano-Suiza Dubonnet Xenia: A futuristic vintage luxury car from 1938". The Vintage News.
^ DE 644372, Dubonnet, André, "Lagerung fuer ein die Aussenseite des Lenkrades von Kraftfahrzeugen abdeckendes Verkleidungsblech ", published 1937-04-29 and DE 697702, Dubonnet, André, "Radabfederung, insbesondere fuer Kraftfahrzeuge ", published 1940-10-21
^ a b "Andre Dubonnet". As 14-18.
^ a b "Andre Dubonnet's 1932 Xenia I In Detail". The Old Motor. 2016-09-08.
^ "The 1938 Dubonnet Xenia...Where the restoration took place". D&D Classic.
^ a b Renault, Alex (2018-03-13). "Dubonnet Dolphin (1935)". L'automobile Ancienne.
^ Simanaitis, Dennis (2016-02-06). "ANDRÉ DUBONNET'S FLIGHT OF AUTOMOTIVE FANCY". Simanaitis Says.
^ "André Dubonnet". Geneanet.
^ Melissen, Wouter (2004-12-13). "Hispano Suiza H6C Monza". Ultimatecarpage.com.
^ a b c d e "Hispano-Suiza H6B Dubonnet Xenia 1938". Mullin Automotive Museum.
^ D, Nick (2016-04-06). "1938 Hispano-Suiza H6C Saoutchik Xenia Coupe". Supercars.net.
^ Schultz, Mort (October 1985). "Body/Chassis: a Century of Progress". Popular Mechanics: 59.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dubonnet Hispano-Suiza "Xenia".
Exhibit page at the Mullin Automotive Museum | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"one-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/one-off"},{"link_name":"luxury car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_car"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Hispano-Suiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Suiza"},{"link_name":"André Dubonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Dubonnet"},{"link_name":"Hispano-Suiza H6B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_H6"},{"link_name":"coachbuilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachbuilder"},{"link_name":"Saoutchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoutchik"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe Hispano-Suiza H6B Dubonnet Xenia is a one-off luxury car made by Spanish automobile manufacturer Hispano-Suiza for French pilot and racing car driver André Dubonnet in 1938. The car was built on the chassis of the Hispano-Suiza H6B, however it uses the larger, more powerful engine from the H6C and an entirely new body design drawn by Jean Édouard Andreau and built by coachbuilder Saoutchik.[1]","title":"Hispano-Suiza H6B Dubonnet Xenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1932_Hispano-Suiza_Xenia_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dubonnet_Xenia_Fastback_3260c.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hispano_Suiza_H6B_(1929)_Genf_2019_1Y7A5857.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bugatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugatti"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing"},{"link_name":"1926 Targa Florio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Targa_Florio"},{"link_name":"Monza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"système Dubonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubonnet_suspension"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"coil spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil_spring"},{"link_name":"shock absorber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber"},{"link_name":"unsprung weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsprung_mass"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Carrosserie Vanvooren's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrosserie_Vanvooren"},{"link_name":"Paris Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"suicide doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_door"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo"},{"link_name":"Fiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Automobiles"},{"link_name":"Delahaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delahaye"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Letourneur et Marchand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letourneur_et_Marchand"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodrome_de_Linas-Montlh%C3%A9ry"},{"link_name":"Automobile Club of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Club_of_France"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Henry Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"H6B Dubonnet Xenia side viewView of the teardrop shaped rear end from above1929 Hispano-Suiza H6BIn the 1920s, André Dubonnet became involved with automobiles as a racing driver for Bugatti and Hispano-Suiza, participating in Grand Prix events like the 1926 Targa Florio and winning the 1922 Autumn Grand Prix at Monza.[2] During this time, Dubonnet developed an automobile steering and suspension system, the système Dubonnet.[3] The Dubonnet suspension featured an independent coil spring and shock absorber system that traded durability for a reduction of unsprung weight and increased comfort.Dubonnet first installed this suspension system on a custom Hispano-Suiza H6B chassis in 1932.[4] Following coachwork done by Carrosserie Vanvooren's Marius Daste, a prototype car was displayed to the public at the 1932 Paris Motor Show.[5] This prototype was heavily based on the H6B, using the same engine, transmission, and brakes as the production car. It was presented in the sedan body style, with rear suicide doors and a long sweeping tail.[5]The success of his prototype at the Paris Motor Show was evident in the fact that he soon sold the Dubonnet suspension system to several major automobile manufacturers, including General Motors, Alfa Romeo, Fiat, and Delahaye.[6] In the mid 1930s, Dubonnet's focus shifted from suspension to aerodynamics. In 1935, he partnered with aerodynamicist Jean Andreau to develop the Dubonnet Dolphin, a Ford-based prototype built by Letourneur et Marchand.[7] At a test at the Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry in 1936, the Dolphin achieved a 35% higher top speed and 25% better fuel economy than a contemporary Ford with the same engine, demonstrating the importance of aerodynamics in design to the Automobile Club of France.[8] The Dolphin prototype was eventually purchased by Henry Ford and shipped to the United States.[7]Dubonnet's second wife, Xenia Howard-Johnston, passed away prematurely in 1936 after four years of marriage.[9] As a tribute to his late wife, Dubonnet decided to create a further development of his 1932 H6B prototype, a car he would call the Xenia in her memory.[4] The Xenia showcased the Dubonnet independent suspension of the earlier model alongside the streamlined aerodynamics of the later Dolphin, resulting in a car again designed with the help of Andreau with a body built by French coachbuilder Saoutchik. The final product, which now differed substantially from the Hispano-Suiza H6B on which it was based, was finished in 1938.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"straight-6 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-six_engine"},{"link_name":"SOHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOHC"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Powertrain","text":"Although based on the chassis of the H6B, the Dubonnet Xenia uses the upgraded straight-6 engine from the H6C model. This 7,983 cc (487 cu in) SOHC engine utilized an aluminum block and a billet steel crankshaft for a lighter and stronger construction.[10] The engine produced 160 hp (119 kW) at 3,050 rpm,[11] able to propel the car to an estimated top speed of around 110 mph (177 km/h) thanks to the slippery aerodynamics of the body.[12]","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manual transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmission"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"}],"sub_title":"Transmission","text":"The Dubonnet Xenia was built with a 4-speed manual transmission built by Hispano-Suiza.[11] This is another difference from the production H6 models, all of which used 3-speed manuals.","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dubonnet-Federung.JPG"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"servo-assisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_brakes"},{"link_name":"brake drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_brake"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"}],"sub_title":"Suspension","text":"Dubonnet suspensionAs a showcase of his own automotive inventions, the Dubonnet Xenia utilized Dubonnet's custom independent coil spring suspension at all four wheels. This design was intended to improve the comfort and smoothness of the ride, with Dubonnet claiming the system had \"the suppleness of a cat\", and likening the experience of driving the car to floating on air.[11]The Dubonnet Xenia used the standard brakes from the production H6B, which meant servo-assisted alloy brake drums at the front and rear axles.[1]","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1938_Hispano-Suiza_H6B_Dubonnet_Xenia_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Exterior features","text":"Rear three-quarters viewThe exterior of the Dubonnet Xenia features many aviation and Art Deco inspired details owing to the time period and Dubonnet's history as a fighter pilot in World War I. These details include the wraparound windshield, the large slatted grill extending below the long hood, and the unconventional rear-hinged doors that operated by sliding out and back towards the rear of the car.Dubonnet's focus on aerodynamics can also be seen in the exterior design of the car. The flared front fenders taper off in a teardrop shape towards the rear, as does the tail of the car. Notably, the Dubonnet Xenia has fender skirts that cover almost the entirety of the rear wheels to reduce drag, a technique pioneered 10 years earlier on a land speed record attempt car.[13]","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"invasion of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Saint-Cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Cloud"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Precious_Metals_Gallery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble_Beach_Concours_d%27Elegance"},{"link_name":"Amelia Island Concours d'Elegance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Island_Concours_d%27Elegance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"Peter W. Mullin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_W._Mullin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-11"},{"link_name":"Mullin Automotive Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullin_Automotive_Museum"},{"link_name":"Oxnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnard,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Petersen Automotive Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_Automotive_Museum"}],"text":"The H6B Dubonnet Xenia began as André Dubonnet's personal car after it was finished in 1938. Upon the breakout of World War II and the subsequent invasion of France in 1940, the Dubonnet Xenia was hidden. It resurfaced again on June 9, 1946, where it led a parade commemorating the opening of a highway tunnel in Saint-Cloud.[1] In the 1960s, the car was bought and restored by Alain Balleret, president of the French Hispano-Suiza Club.[11]Dubonnet Xenia on display at the Petersen Automotive Museum in 2015 (far left)In 1999, the car again changed hands when it was bought by American collector Charles Morse.After being restored again by its new owner, the Dubonnet Xenia was displayed at the 2000 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance where it won the award for 'Most Elegant Enclosed Car'. It subsequently won Best in Show at the 2001 Amelia Island Concours d'Elegance.[1]In 2003, the Dubonnet Xenia was purchased by American businessman Peter W. Mullin, the car's current owner.[11] It has since been on display at the Mullin Automotive Museum in Oxnard, California, and has occasionally been loaned to other museums such as the Petersen Automotive Museum for exhibitions.","title":"Owners"}] | [{"image_text":"H6B Dubonnet Xenia side view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1932_Hispano-Suiza_Xenia_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-1932_Hispano-Suiza_Xenia_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the teardrop shaped rear end from above","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dubonnet_Xenia_Fastback_3260c.jpg/220px-Dubonnet_Xenia_Fastback_3260c.jpg"},{"image_text":"1929 Hispano-Suiza H6B","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hispano_Suiza_H6B_%281929%29_Genf_2019_1Y7A5857.jpg/220px-Hispano_Suiza_H6B_%281929%29_Genf_2019_1Y7A5857.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dubonnet suspension","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dubonnet-Federung.JPG/185px-Dubonnet-Federung.JPG"},{"image_text":"Rear three-quarters view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/1938_Hispano-Suiza_H6B_Dubonnet_Xenia_1.jpg/220px-1938_Hispano-Suiza_H6B_Dubonnet_Xenia_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dubonnet Xenia on display at the Petersen Automotive Museum in 2015 (far left)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Precious_Metals_Gallery.jpg/243px-Precious_Metals_Gallery.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Ernst, Kurt (2018-06-21). \"1938 Hispano-Suiza H6B Dubonnet Xenia earns Best of Show at Rodeo Drive Concours\". Hemmings Daily.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2018/06/21/1938-hispano-suiza-h6b-dubonnet-xenia-earns-best-of-show-at-rodeo-drive-concours/","url_text":"\"1938 Hispano-Suiza H6B Dubonnet Xenia earns Best of Show at Rodeo Drive Concours\""}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Ian (2016-10-30). \"The Hispano-Suiza Dubonnet Xenia: A futuristic vintage luxury car from 1938\". The Vintage News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/10/30/the-hispano-suiza-dubonnet-xenia-a-futuristic-vintage-luxury-car-from-1938/","url_text":"\"The Hispano-Suiza Dubonnet Xenia: A futuristic vintage luxury car from 1938\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andre Dubonnet\". As 14-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.as14-18.net/Dubonnet","url_text":"\"Andre Dubonnet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andre Dubonnet's 1932 Xenia I In Detail\". The Old Motor. 2016-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://theoldmotor.com/?p=160073","url_text":"\"Andre Dubonnet's 1932 Xenia I In Detail\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 1938 Dubonnet Xenia...Where the restoration took place\". D&D Classic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ddclassic.com/news/Dubonnet/Dubonnet.html","url_text":"\"The 1938 Dubonnet Xenia...Where the restoration took place\""}]},{"reference":"Renault, Alex (2018-03-13). \"Dubonnet Dolphin (1935)\". L'automobile Ancienne.","urls":[{"url":"https://lautomobileancienne.com/dubonnet-dolphin-1936/","url_text":"\"Dubonnet Dolphin (1935)\""}]},{"reference":"Simanaitis, Dennis (2016-02-06). \"ANDRÉ DUBONNET'S FLIGHT OF AUTOMOTIVE FANCY\". Simanaitis Says.","urls":[{"url":"https://simanaitissays.com/2016/02/02/andre-dubonnets-flight-of-automotive-fancy/","url_text":"\"ANDRÉ DUBONNET'S FLIGHT OF AUTOMOTIVE FANCY\""}]},{"reference":"\"André Dubonnet\". Geneanet.","urls":[{"url":"https://gw.geneanet.org/bourelly?lang=en&iz=3&p=andre&n=dubonnet","url_text":"\"André Dubonnet\""}]},{"reference":"Melissen, Wouter (2004-12-13). \"Hispano Suiza H6C Monza\". Ultimatecarpage.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/2165/Hispano-Suiza-H6C-Monza.html","url_text":"\"Hispano Suiza H6C Monza\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hispano-Suiza H6B Dubonnet Xenia 1938\". Mullin Automotive Museum.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mullinautomotivemuseum.com/pdf.php?file=%2Fimages%2Fuploads%2Fresources%2Fbinder7.pdf&name=Hispano-Suiza+H6B","url_text":"\"Hispano-Suiza H6B Dubonnet Xenia 1938\""}]},{"reference":"D, Nick (2016-04-06). \"1938 Hispano-Suiza H6C Saoutchik Xenia Coupe\". Supercars.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supercars.net/blog/1938-hispano-suiza-h6c-saoutchik-xenia-coupe/","url_text":"\"1938 Hispano-Suiza H6C Saoutchik Xenia Coupe\""}]},{"reference":"Schultz, Mort (October 1985). \"Body/Chassis: a Century of Progress\". Popular Mechanics: 59.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2018/06/21/1938-hispano-suiza-h6b-dubonnet-xenia-earns-best-of-show-at-rodeo-drive-concours/","external_links_name":"\"1938 Hispano-Suiza H6B Dubonnet Xenia earns Best of Show at Rodeo Drive Concours\""},{"Link":"https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/10/30/the-hispano-suiza-dubonnet-xenia-a-futuristic-vintage-luxury-car-from-1938/","external_links_name":"\"The Hispano-Suiza Dubonnet Xenia: A futuristic vintage luxury car from 1938\""},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=DE644372","external_links_name":"DE 644372"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=DE697702","external_links_name":"DE 697702"},{"Link":"http://www.as14-18.net/Dubonnet","external_links_name":"\"Andre Dubonnet\""},{"Link":"http://theoldmotor.com/?p=160073","external_links_name":"\"Andre Dubonnet's 1932 Xenia I In Detail\""},{"Link":"http://www.ddclassic.com/news/Dubonnet/Dubonnet.html","external_links_name":"\"The 1938 Dubonnet Xenia...Where the restoration took place\""},{"Link":"https://lautomobileancienne.com/dubonnet-dolphin-1936/","external_links_name":"\"Dubonnet Dolphin (1935)\""},{"Link":"https://simanaitissays.com/2016/02/02/andre-dubonnets-flight-of-automotive-fancy/","external_links_name":"\"ANDRÉ DUBONNET'S FLIGHT OF AUTOMOTIVE FANCY\""},{"Link":"https://gw.geneanet.org/bourelly?lang=en&iz=3&p=andre&n=dubonnet","external_links_name":"\"André Dubonnet\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/2165/Hispano-Suiza-H6C-Monza.html","external_links_name":"\"Hispano Suiza H6C Monza\""},{"Link":"http://www.mullinautomotivemuseum.com/pdf.php?file=%2Fimages%2Fuploads%2Fresources%2Fbinder7.pdf&name=Hispano-Suiza+H6B","external_links_name":"\"Hispano-Suiza H6B Dubonnet Xenia 1938\""},{"Link":"https://www.supercars.net/blog/1938-hispano-suiza-h6c-saoutchik-xenia-coupe/","external_links_name":"\"1938 Hispano-Suiza H6C Saoutchik Xenia Coupe\""},{"Link":"http://www.mullinautomotivemuseum.com/#!/discovery/car/7/","external_links_name":"Exhibit page at the Mullin Automotive Museum"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III%27s_Louvre_expansion | Napoleon III's Louvre expansion | ["1 Project development","2 Description","3 Statuary","4 Later history","5 Influence","6 See also","7 Notes"] | Iconic Paris transformation project of the Second French Empire
"Cour Napoléon" redirects here. Not to be confused with Napoleon Square (Warsaw).
The Louvre's pavillon de l'Horloge, refaced in the 1850s at the eastern end of the Nouveau Louvre
The expansion of the Louvre under Napoleon III in the 1850s, known at the time and until the 1980s as the Nouveau Louvre or Louvre de Napoléon III, was an iconic project of the Second French Empire and a centerpiece of its ambitious transformation of Paris. Its design was initially produced by Louis Visconti and, after Visconti's death in late 1853, modified and executed by Hector-Martin Lefuel. It represented the completion of a centuries-long project, sometimes referred to as the grand dessein ("grand design"), to connect the old Louvre Palace around the Cour Carrée with the Tuileries Palace to the west. Following the Tuileries' arson at the end of the Paris Commune in 1871 and demolition a decade later, Napoleon III's nouveau Louvre became the eastern end of Paris's axe historique centered on the Champs-Élysées.
The project was initially intended for mixed ceremonial, museum, housing, military and administrative use, including the offices of the ministère d’Etat and ministère de la Maison de l'Empereur which after 1871 were attributed to the Finance Ministry. Since 1993, all its spaces have been used by the Louvre Museum.
Project development
Imperial eagle and Napoleonic ornamentation on the ceiling of Escalier Mollien
Following the French Revolution of 1848, the provisional government adopted a decree on the continuation of the rue de Rivoli toward the east and the completion of the Louvre Palace's north wing, building on the steps taken to that effect under Napoleon. Architect Louis Visconti and his disciple Émile Trélat produced a draft design for completing the entire palace and presented it to the Legislative Assembly in 1849.: 155 These plans were not implemented, however, until President Louis-Napoleon was in a position to prioritize them following his successful coup d'état on 2 December 1851, even before he would formally rebrand himself as Emperor Napoleon III. On Napoleon III's order, Minister François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca commissioned Visconti to design the new Louvre's plans on 30 January 1852, and the first stone was laid on 25 July 1852.: 155
After Visconti died of a heart attack on 29 December 1853, Hector-Martin Lefuel, by then the architect of the Palace of Fontainebleau, was appointed to replace him. Lefuel modified Visconti's project, keeping its broad architectural outlines but opting for a considerably more exuberant decoration program that came to define the nouveau Louvre in the eyes of many observers. Old houses and other buildings that still encroached on the central space of the Louvre-Tuileries complex, between the Cour Carrée and the place du Carrousel, were swept clear. The project was swiftly executed, under the close attention of Napoleon III who visited the works on multiple occasions.: 14-15 The new buildings were substantially completed at the time of their inauguration by the emperor on 14 August 1857. The next day, which was the National Day as the date of "Saint-Napoléon ", the public was invited to roam the new buildings.: 17
The young American architect Richard Morris Hunt, who had studied under Lefuel at the École des Beaux-Arts, worked on the Louvre as a junior architect between April 1854 and September 1855, as also did Italian architect Marco Treves from May 1854 to September 1857. Following Hunt's graduation, Lefuel made him inspector of the Louvre work and allowed him to design the façade of the Pavillon de la Bibliothèque facing the rue de Rivoli.
One of many earlier unrealized proposals for the completion of the Louvre, by Percier and Fontaine (1807 or 1808)
Plan of the unfinished Louvre by Charles Vasserot, showing the jumble of buildings on the location of the present-day Cour Napoléon (1830)
Design of the Louvre expansion by Louis Visconti (1853)
Visconti presents the plans for the Nouveau Louvre to Emperor Napoleon III and Empress Eugénie in 1853 at the Tuileries, painting by Jean-Baptiste-Ange Tissier (1865)
Engraving dedicated "to His Majesty the Emperor" showcasing Visconti's design, by Rudolf Pfnor (1853)
Celebratory tapestry cartoon showing the expanded Louvre between a cherub holding a ribbon inscribed with "LE LOUVRE DE NAPOLEON III" (lower left) and two angels holding the Emperor's profile (upper right), by Victor Chavet (1857); now at the Louvre
Description
The Nouveau Louvre mostly consists of two sets of buildings or wings, on the northern and southern sides of the central space that is now called the Cour Napoléon. The new buildings were structured around a sequence of pavilions that were given names of French statesmen from the Ancien Régime (North Wing) and the Napoleonic era (South Wing), still used to this day: from the northwest to the southwest, pavillon Turgot, pavillon Richelieu, pavillon Colbert, pavillon Sully (the project's new name for the pre-existing pavillon de l'Horloge), pavillon Daru topping the eponymous staircase, pavillon Denon, and pavillon Mollien also featuring a monumental staircase.: 155 (From 1989, the names of the three central pavilions have also been given to the entire respective wings of the Louvre museum complex. Thus, the Louvre's North Wing is now known as aile Richelieu, its eastern square of buildings around the Cour Carrée is the aile Sully, and the South Wing is the aile Denon.)
Lefuel created two octagonal gardens at the center of the Cour Napoléon (now replaced by the Louvre Pyramid). In multiple parts of the project, Napoleon III emphasized his role as continuator of the great French monarchs of the past, and as the one who completed their unfinished work. On both sides of the Pavillon Sully, black marble plaques bear gilded inscriptions that read, respectively: "1541. François Ier commence le Louvre. 1564. Catherine de Médicis commence les Tuileries," and "1852-1857. Napoléon III réunit les Tuileries au Louvre.": 156 Separately, Napoleon III created a Musée des Souverains in the Louvre's Colonnade Wing to similarly emphasize the continuity of his rule with the long legacy of French monarchy and thus bolster his legitimacy.
The Louvre expansion shortly after its completion, photographed by Édouard Baldus (late 1850s)
On the eastern side of the Cour Napoléon, the project entailed no new building but rather the exterior refacing of the pre-existing palace whose interior rooms were left unchanged. For the central pavillon de l'Horloge's new western façade, Visconti took inspiration from both its eastern side designed by Jacques Lemercier in the 1620s and from the central pavilion of the Tuileries Palace, itself influenced by Lemercier's. The same inspiration shaped the pavilions named after Richelieu and Denon on the Cour Napoléon's northern and southern sides. Lefuel transformed Visconti's understated original design and added a profusion of elaborate sculptural detail. Despite being criticized by a number of observers, e.g. by Ludovic Vitet, Prosper Mérimée and Horace de Viel-Castel,: 17-18 Lefuel's treatment of the square-dome-roofed pavilions became a seminal model for Second Empire architecture in France and elsewhere.
Inside the North Wing were prestige apartments for some of the regime's principal figures, including those of the Minister of State (long mistakenly attributed to the Duke of Morny and now known as the appartements Napoléon III),: 7 served by a monumental staircase later known as the escalier du ministre; administrative offices for the ministère d'Etat, the short-lived ministère de l'Algérie et des Colonies (1858-1860),: 18 the ministère de la Maison de l'Empereur (separated from the ministère d'Etat in 1860), and (briefly) the ministère des Beaux-Arts created in early 1870; the Directorate of Telegraphs;: 18 barracks for the Imperial Guard;: 35 and the Bibliothèque du Louvre (formerly bibliothèque impériale under Napoleon and bibliothèque du Cabinet du Roi under the Restoration: 20 ), personal property of the emperor but open to the public, on the upper floor between the Pavillon Richelieu and the rue de Rivoli.: 176 The latter was acceded by the monumental escalier de la Bibliothèque (known since the late 19th century as escalier Lefuel), with sculpted decoration by Lefuel's friend Marie-Noémi Cadiot. Initial plans to locate the Minister of the Interior in the North Wing's eastern half were abandoned in the late 1850s.: 24
The South Wing was largely devoted to a series of new spaces for the Louvre Museum that were dubbed the Nouveau Musée Impérial.: 22 These included, on the upper ground floor, a new entrance lobby flanked by two long stone-clad galleries, respectively named after Napoleon's ministers Pierre Daru (Galerie Daru) and Nicolas François, Count Mollien (Galerie Mollien), with the monumental staircases bearing those same names at both ends; and on the first floor, high-ceilinged exhibition rooms for large paintings, the Salle Daru and salle Mollien, with the Pavillon Denon in the middle, whose lavish interior decoration was completed in 1866.: 272 On the same floor, between the Pavillon Denon and the Grande Galerie, Lefuel created a large Estates Hall (Salle des États) for state events and ceremonies.
Below these prestige spaces was an extensive complex of stables for up to 149 horses and 34 carriages. At the center of it is the brick-and-stone salle du Manège, a monumental indoor space for horse-riding under the Salle des États, between two interior courts named after Caulaincourt (west) and Visconti (east). (The cour Caulaincourt was renamed after Lefuel following the architect's death in 1880.) The stables were nominally supervised by Great Equerry (grand écuyer) Émile Félix Fleury , whose spacious apartment was on the western side of the Cour Lefuel and adorned with a porticoed balcony. The South wing also included barracks for the Cent-gardes Squadron and lodgings for the palace's service personnel.: 158
North Wing
Escalier du Ministre
Escalier Lefuel
Escalier Colbert
Appartements Napoléon III
Appartements Napoléon III
Galerie Daru
Salle Daru
Pavillon Denon ceiling
Cour Lefuel with ramps to the salle du Manège
Interior of the salle du Manège
Pavillon de la Bibliothèque on the rue de Rivoli
Statuary
Plan of the Louvre with the 86 hommes illustres marked in red
Initially, Visconti's plan was to erect equestrian statues of Louis XIV and Napoleon I at the center of the Cour Napoléon's two octagonal gardens, and another one of Francis I in the Cour Carrée. This was ostensibly intended to emphasize his claim to legitimacy as the inheritor of France's two (royal and imperial) strands of monarchical development. This program, however, was not realized.: 155
Nevertheless, sculptural profusion was one of the defining features of Lefuel's approach. Arguably the most salient component is the series of 86 statues of celebrated figures (hommes illustres) from French history and culture, selected by Napoleon III himself, each one labelled with their name. These include, following the order of the wings from northwest to southwest:
North Wing, western side: Jean de La Fontaine, by Jean-Louis Jaley; Blaise Pascal, by François Lanno; François Eudes de Mézeray, by Louis-Joseph Daumas; Molière, by Bernard Seurre; Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, by Charles Émile Seurre; François Fénelon, by Jean-Marie Bonnassieux; François de La Rochefoucauld, by Noël-Jules Girard ; and Pierre Corneille, by Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire.
North Wing, southern side: Gregory of Tours, by Jean Marcellin ; François Rabelais, by Élias Robert (now a copy); François de Malherbe, by Jean-Jules Allasseur; Peter Abelard, by Pierre-Jules Cavelier; Jean-Baptiste Colbert, by Raymond Gayrard (copy); Cardinal Mazarin, by Pierre Hébert; Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, by Eugène André Oudiné; Jean Froissart, by Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, by Jean-Baptiste Farochon ; Montesquieu, by Charles-François Lebœuf; Mathieu Molé, by Charles-François Lebœuf; Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, by Pierre Travaux ; Bernard of Clairvaux, by François Jouffroy; Jean de La Bruyère, by Joseph-Stanislas Lescorné ; Suger, by Nicolas Raggi ; Jacques Auguste de Thou, by Auguste-Louis Deligand; Louis Bourdaloue, by Louis Desprez; Jean Racine, by Michel-Pascal ; Voltaire, by Antoine Desboeufs ; Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, by Louis Desprez; Marquis de Condorcet, by Pierre Loison ; Denis Papin, by Jean-François Soitoux ; Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully, by Vital-Dubray (copy); Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, by Gustave Crauck; Antoine Lavoisier, by Jacques-Léonard Maillet; and Jérôme Lalande, by Jean-Joseph Perraud
. * Eastern side of the Cour Napoléon: François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, by Aimé Millet; Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, by Pierre Hébert; Jean de Joinville, by Jean Marcellin ; Esprit Fléchier, by François Lanno; Philippe de Commines, by Eugène-Louis Lequesne; Jacques Amyot, by Pierre Travaux ; , by Debay fils ; Jean Baptiste Massillon, by François Jouffroy; Jacques I Androuet du Cerceau, by Georges Diebolt; Jean Goujon, by Bernard Seurre; Claude Lorrain, by Auguste-Hyacinthe Debay; André Grétry, by Victor Vilain ; Jean-François Regnard, by Théodore-Charles Gruyère; Jacques Cœur, by Élias Robert; Enguerrand de Marigny, by Nicolas Raggi ; André Chénier, by Antoine-Augustin Préault; Jean-Balthazar Keller , by Pierre Robinet ; and Antoine Coysevox, by Jules-Antoine Droz .
South Wing, northern side: Jean Cousin the Younger, by Napoléon Jacques ; André Le Nôtre, by Jean-Auguste Barre; Clodion, by Vital-Dubray ; Germain Pilon, by Louis Desprez; Ange-Jacques Gabriel, by Augustin Courtet ; Jean Le Pautre, by Bosio the Younger ; Michel de l'Hôpital, by Jean-Baptiste Claude Eugène Guillaume; Jacques Lemercier, by Antoine Laurent Dantan; René Descartes, by Gabriel Garraud; Ambroise Paré, by Michel-Pascal ; Cardinal Richelieu, by Jean-Auguste Barre; Michel de Montaigne, by Jean-François Soitoux ; Jean-Antoine Houdon, by François Rude (copy); Étienne Dupérac, by Jacques Ange Cordier; Jean de Brosse, by Auguste Ottin; César-François Cassini de Thury, by Hippolyte Maindron ; Henri François d'Aguesseau, by Louis-Denis Caillouette; Jules Hardouin-Mansart, by Jean-Joseph Perraud; Nicolas Poussin, by François Rude (copy); Gérard Audran, by Jacques-Léonard Maillet; Jacques Sarazin, by Honoré-Jean-Aristide Husson; Nicolas Coustou, by Augustin Courtet ; Eustache Le Sueur, by Honoré-Jean-Aristide Husson; Claude Perrault, by Auguste-Hyacinthe Debay; Philippe de Champaigne, by Louis-Adolphe Eude ; and Pierre Puget, by Antoine Étex.
South Wing, western side: Pierre Lescot, by Henri de Triqueti; Jean Bullant, by Pierre Robinet ; Charles Le Brun, by Jean-Claude Petit; Pierre Chambiges, by Jules-Antoine Droz ; Libéral Bruand, by Armand Toussaint; Philibert de l'Orme, by Jean-Pierre Dantan; Bernard Palissy, by Victor Huguenin; and Hyacinthe Rigaud, by Victor Thérasse .
Among the abundant architectural sculpture of the Nouveau Louvre, the pediments of the three main pavilions stand out:: 156
Pavillon Richelieu: "France distributing crowns to its worthiest children", by Francisque Joseph Duret (in which the figure of France has been viewed as a likeness of Empress Eugénie: 70 );
Pavillon Sully: "Napoleon I above History and Arts", by Antoine-Louis Barye and Pierre-Charles Simart;
Pavillon Denon: "Napoleon III surrounded by Agriculture, Industry, Commerce and the Fine Arts", by Simart.
The latter group includes the depiction of a steam locomotive, then representing cutting-edge technological progress, and the only surviving public portrayal of Napoleon III in Paris.
Pediment, Pavillon Richelieu
Pediment, Pavillon Sully
Pediment, Pavillon Denon
The South Wing's salle du Manège was another opportunity for Lefuel to foster a rich structural program, which was executed in 1861 after the Nouveau Louvre's inauguration. Outside in the Cour Lefuel, four bronze groups of wild animals by Pierre Louis Rouillard stand at the start of the two horse ramps : Chienne et ses petits, Loup et petit chien, Chien combattant un loup, and Chien combattant un sanglier. At the top of the ramps above the entrance to the manège, a monumental group, also by Rouillard, features three surging horses that echo Robert Le Lorrain's chevaux du soleil at the Hôtel de Rohan (Paris) . Inside, the idiosyncratic hunting-themed capitals feature heads of horses and other animals, by Emmanuel Frémiet, Pierre Louis Rouillard, Henri Alfred Jacquemart, Germain Demay , and Houguenade.
Rouillard's wild animals in the Cour Lefuel
Rouillard's "dog fighting a wolf"
Rouillard's "wolf and puppy"
Rouillard's three horses above the Manège's entrance
One of the capitals of the Salle du Manège
Later history
The pavillon de Flore photographed by Baldus in 1861 just before demolition (left) and Lefuel's reconstruction (right)
The Guichets du Carrousel, Baldus photography c.1857 (left) and Lefuel's reconstruction (right)
Barye's lions and Cain's lionesses, porte des Lions
Lefuel's Salle des Sessions in the southwestern wing was used from 1900 to display the Marie de' Medici cycle by Rubens, here shown in 1929.
Napoleon III's Louvre expansion surrounding the Louvre Pyramid, 2014
In 1861, the Pavillon de Flore was in serious disrepair. Following the successful completion of the Louvre expansion, Napoleon III endorsed Lefuel's plan to entirely demolish and rebuild both the Pavillon and the wing that connects it to the Nouveau Louvre's South Wing. The project involved the creation of a new ceremonial salle des Etats, closer to the Tuileries than Lefuel's previous Salle des États, in a protruding wing now referred to as the Pavillon des Sessions, with covered space for 16 carriages and 32 horse teams known as the cour de l'en-cas.: 70-71 As this structure took the full width of the building, the Grande Galerie was correspondingly cut short by about a third. The Southern façade was completely changed, as Lefuel disliked Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau's colossal order and replacing it with a replica of the earlier design attributed to Louis Métezeau further east. Between the Pavillon de Flore and the Pavillon des Sessions, Lefuel created a monumental passageway (then called the Guichet de l'Empereur,: 42 now Porte des Lions) between 1864 and 1869, adorned with two pairs of monumental lions by Antoine-Louis Barye to the south and lionesses by Auguste Cain to the north, with two additional lionesses by Cain in front of the nearby porte Jaujard. At the eastern end of the new project, Lefuel created three monumental archways for the thoroughfare connecting the Pont du Carrousel to the south with the rue de Rohan to the north, known as the guichets du Carrousel or grands guichets du Louvre. The project was completed in 1869 as an equestrian statue of Napoleon III by Barye was placed above the arches of the Grands Guichets.
That setting, however, did not last long, as the Second Empire came to its abrupt end. On 6 September 1870, days after the Emperor's capture at the Battle of Sedan, Barye's equestrian statue was topped and destroyed. At the end of the Paris Commune on 23 May 1871, the Tuileries Palace was burned down, as was the Bibliothèque du Louvre. Lefuel, together with Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, defended the option of repairing the ruins, but shortly after both died the French parliament decided to tear them down in 1882, largely for political motives associated with the termination of the monarchy. After the remains of the Tuileries were razed in 1883, the layout that had been created by Napoleon III and Lefuel was fundamentally altered.
In the context of the Grand Louvre project initiated by President François Mitterrand in the 1980s, the Ministry of the Economy and Finance was compelled to leave the Louvre's North Wing, in which it had been headquartered since 1871, to specially-built headquarters in the Bercy area. While most of the interior spaces were gutted and rebuilt, the more artistically and historically significant ones were preserved and renovated. These included three monumental staircases, the escalier Lefuel, escalier du ministre and escalier Colbert; the former ministerial office, rebranded as Café Richelieu; and the palatial suite of rooms created by Lefuel and his team for the Minister of State, rebranded as appartements Napoléon III. The Café Marly, located outside of the Louvre Museum in the same wing and opened in 1994, has been designed by Olivier Gagnère in a reinterpretation of the Second Empire style. Meanwhile, the Cour Napoléon was radically transformed with the erection of the Louvre Pyramid.
Influence
Old City Hall (Boston), 1865
See also: Napoleon III style and Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada
The nouveau Louvre was highly influential and became the exemplar of the Second Empire style architecture, subsequently adopted in numerous buildings in France as well as elsewhere in Europe and in the world. Prominent examples include the Crédit Lyonnais headquarters in Paris, the Saigon Governor's Palace in French Indochina, and in the United States, the Old City Hall in Boston (built 1862-1865), the State, War, and Navy Building in Washington DC (built 1871-1888), and the Philadelphia City Hall (built 1871-1901).
See also
Palais Garnier
Grand Louvre
Notes
^ Théodore de Banville (1857). Paris et le Nouveau Louvre. Paris. ISBN 1167342747.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b c d e f g h i Galignani's New Paris Guide, for 1870: Revised and Verified by Personal Inspection, and Arranged on an Entirely New Plan. Paris: A. and W. Galignani and Co. 1870.
^ Denise Bernard-Folliot (1984). Guide Bleu Paris. Paris: Hachette. p. 305.
^ a b c Karine Huguenaud. "Le Louvre de Napoléon III". Fondation Napoléon.
^ a b David H. Pinkney (June 1955). "Napoleon III's Transformation of Paris: The Origins and Development of the Idea". The Journal of Modern History. 27 (2). University of Chicago Press: 125–134. doi:10.1086/237781. JSTOR 1874987. S2CID 144533244.
^ a b c d e f g h Christiane Aulanier (1953). Le Nouveau Louvre de Napoléon III (PDF). Paris: Editions des Musées Nationaux.
^ "Histoire mouvementée d'un fonds d'archives exceptionnel" (PDF). Archives nationales.
^ William Roscoe Thayer, ed. (1893), "Richard Morris Hunt", The Harvard Graduates' Magazine, I, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Graduates' Magazine Association
^ L. Vitet (1882), Le Louvre et le Nouveau Louvre, Paris: Calmann-Lévy
^ a b Anne Dion-Tenenbaum (1993). Les appartements Napoléon III du musée du Louvre. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux.
^ Xavier Mauduit (2008). "Le ministère du faste : la Maison de l'Empereur Napoléon III". Parlement, Revue d'histoire politique.
^ a b Guy Vidal (January–February 1990). "Le Ministère des Finances de Rivoli à Bercy". La Revue administrative. 43 (253). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France: 71–77.
^ "Les prémices du Ministère: Tentatives éphémères d'une administration des Beaux Arts autonome à partir du Second Empire". Ministère de la Culture.
^ a b c Henri Verne (1923). Le Palais du Louvre: Comment l'ont terminé Louis XIV, Napoléon Ier et Napoléon III. Paris: Editions Albert Morancé. p. 30.
^ Louis Hautecoeur, Louis (1928). Histoire du Louvre: Le Château – Le Palais – Le Musée, des origines à nos jours, 1200–1928. Paris: L'Illustration. p. 102.
^ Jean-Claude Daufresne (1987). Louvre & Tuileries : Architectures de Papier. Brussels: Pierre Mardaga.
^ Frédéric Lewino; Anne-Sophie Jahn (16 May 2015). "Visite interdite du Louvre #4 : la magnifique rampe en fer à cheval de la cour des Écuries". Le Point.
^ "Nouveau Louvre Aile Mollien : Appartement du Grand Ecuyer". France Archives.
^ Guy Nicot (1993). Au Louvre : La Cour Napoléon transfigurée. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux. p. 48.
^ Georges Poisson (1994), "Quand Napoléon III bâtissait le Grand Louvre", Revue du Souvenir Napoléonien: 22–27
^ a b Jacques Hillairet. Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris. Vol. II. Paris: Editions de Minuit.
^ "Le Louvre et Napoléon III". Paris Autrement. 14 January 2014.
^ Geneviève Bresc-Bautier (1995), The Louvre: An Architectural History, New York: The Vendome Press, pp. 144, 154
^ Michèle Beaulieu (1946). "Les esquisses de la décoration du Louvre au Département des sculptures". Bulletin Monumental. 104.
^ Dominique Poiret (28 November 2012). "Les terres cuites d'Olivier Gagnère valorisent Vallauris". Libération.
vteThe Louvre and TuileriesMusée du LouvreBranch museums
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Palais du LouvreSections in detail
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Petite Galerie of the Louvre
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Pavillon de Flore
Cour Carrée
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Pavillon de Marsan
Louvre Colonnade
Napoleon III's Louvre expansion
Escalier Daru
Grand Louvre
Louvre Pyramid
Carrousel du Louvre
Louvre Inverted Pyramid
Architects
Raymond du Temple
Pierre Lescot
Pierre II Chambiges
Louis Métezeau
Jacques Androuet II Du Cerceau
Jacques Lemercier
Louis Le Vau
François d'Orbay
Claude Perrault
Ange-Jacques Gabriel
Jacques-Germain Soufflot
Maximilien Brebion
Auguste Cheval de Saint-Hubert
Jean-Arnaud Raymond
Charles Percier
Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine
Félix Louis Jacques Duban
Louis-Tullius-Joachim Visconti
Hector-Martin Lefuel
Edmond Jean Baptiste Guillaume
Gaston Redon
Victor-Auguste Blavette
Camille Lefèvre
Albert Ferran
I. M. Pei
Palais des TuileriesSections in detail
Pavillon de Flore
Pavillon de Marsan
Théâtre des Tuileries
Architects
Philibert de l'Orme
Jean Bullant
Louis Le Vau
Jardin des TuileriesSections in detail
Musée de l'Orangerie
Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume
Architects
André Le Nôtre | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Napoleon Square (Warsaw)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Square_(Warsaw)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavillon_Sully_du_Louvre_002.jpg"},{"link_name":"pavillon de l'Horloge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Horloge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galignani-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huguenaud-4"},{"link_name":"Second French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"transformation of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pinkney-5"},{"link_name":"Louis Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Hector-Martin Lefuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector-Martin_Lefuel"},{"link_name":"Louvre Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Palace"},{"link_name":"Cour Carrée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Tuileries Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuileries_Palace"},{"link_name":"Paris Commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"axe historique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axe_historique"},{"link_name":"Champs-Élysées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"Finance Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Economy_and_Finance_(France)"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"}],"text":"\"Cour Napoléon\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Napoleon Square (Warsaw).The Louvre's pavillon de l'Horloge, refaced in the 1850s at the eastern end of the Nouveau LouvreThe expansion of the Louvre under Napoleon III in the 1850s, known at the time and until the 1980s as the Nouveau Louvre[1][2][3] or Louvre de Napoléon III,[4] was an iconic project of the Second French Empire and a centerpiece of its ambitious transformation of Paris.[5] Its design was initially produced by Louis Visconti and, after Visconti's death in late 1853, modified and executed by Hector-Martin Lefuel. It represented the completion of a centuries-long project, sometimes referred to as the grand dessein (\"grand design\"), to connect the old Louvre Palace around the Cour Carrée with the Tuileries Palace to the west. Following the Tuileries' arson at the end of the Paris Commune in 1871 and demolition a decade later, Napoleon III's nouveau Louvre became the eastern end of Paris's axe historique centered on the Champs-Élysées.The project was initially intended for mixed ceremonial, museum, housing, military and administrative use, including the offices of the ministère d’Etat and ministère de la Maison de l'Empereur which after 1871 were attributed to the Finance Ministry. Since 1993, all its spaces have been used by the Louvre Museum.","title":"Napoleon III's Louvre expansion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escalier_Mollioen-Eagle.jpg"},{"link_name":"French Revolution of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"rue de Rivoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli"},{"link_name":"Louvre Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Palace"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Louis Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Émile Trélat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Tr%C3%A9lat"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1849_French_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galignani-2"},{"link_name":"Louis-Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"successful coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pinkney-5"},{"link_name":"François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Joseph_de_Casabianca"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aulanier4-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galignani-2"},{"link_name":"Hector-Martin Lefuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector-Martin_Lefuel"},{"link_name":"Palace of Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau"},{"link_name":"Cour Carrée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"place du Carrousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_du_Carrousel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aulanier4-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huguenaud-4"},{"link_name":"Saint-Napoléon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Napol%C3%A9on&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Napol%C3%A9on"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aulanier4-6"},{"link_name":"Richard Morris Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Morris_Hunt"},{"link_name":"École des Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"rue de Rivoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louvre_et_Tuileries_Percier_et_Fontaine_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Percier and Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%A9union_des_Tuileries_au_Louvre_1852%E2%80%931857_Getty_Museum_vol1_02_Plan_of_the_Louvre_by_Charles_Vasserot_1830_%E2%80%93_Getty_Museum_(crop).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%A9union_des_Tuileries_au_Louvre_1852%E2%80%931857_Getty_Museum_vol1_03_Plan_for_the_Nouveau_Louvre_by_Visconti_%E2%80%93_Getty_Museum_(crop).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Napol%C3%A9on_III_et_Visconti.JPG"},{"link_name":"Empress Eugénie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste-Ange Tissier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Ange_Tissier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%A9union_des_Tuileries_au_Louvre_1852%E2%80%931857_Getty_Museum_vol1_01_Vue_perspective_(adjusted).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Pfnor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Pfnor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lens_-_Inauguration_du_Louvre-Lens_le_4_d%C3%A9cembre_2012,_la_Galerie_du_Temps,_n%C2%B0_205.JPG"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huguenaud-4"},{"link_name":"Victor Chavet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Chavet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Chavet"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"}],"text":"Imperial eagle and Napoleonic ornamentation on the ceiling of Escalier MollienFollowing the French Revolution of 1848, the provisional government adopted a decree on the continuation of the rue de Rivoli toward the east and the completion of the Louvre Palace's north wing, building on the steps taken to that effect under Napoleon. Architect Louis Visconti and his disciple Émile Trélat produced a draft design for completing the entire palace and presented it to the Legislative Assembly in 1849.[2]: 155 These plans were not implemented, however, until President Louis-Napoleon was in a position to prioritize them following his successful coup d'état on 2 December 1851, even before he would formally rebrand himself as Emperor Napoleon III.[5] On Napoleon III's order, Minister François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca commissioned Visconti to design the new Louvre's plans on 30 January 1852,[6] and the first stone was laid on 25 July 1852.[2]: 155After Visconti died of a heart attack on 29 December 1853, Hector-Martin Lefuel, by then the architect of the Palace of Fontainebleau, was appointed to replace him. Lefuel modified Visconti's project, keeping its broad architectural outlines but opting for a considerably more exuberant decoration program that came to define the nouveau Louvre in the eyes of many observers. Old houses and other buildings that still encroached on the central space of the Louvre-Tuileries complex, between the Cour Carrée and the place du Carrousel, were swept clear. The project was swiftly executed, under the close attention of Napoleon III who visited the works on multiple occasions.[6]: 14-15 The new buildings were substantially completed at the time of their inauguration by the emperor on 14 August 1857.[4] The next day, which was the National Day as the date of \"Saint-Napoléon [fr]\", the public was invited to roam the new buildings.[6]: 17The young American architect Richard Morris Hunt, who had studied under Lefuel at the École des Beaux-Arts, worked on the Louvre as a junior architect between April 1854 and September 1855, as also did Italian architect Marco Treves from May 1854 to September 1857.[7] Following Hunt's graduation, Lefuel made him inspector of the Louvre work and allowed him to design the façade of the Pavillon de la Bibliothèque facing the rue de Rivoli.[8]One of many earlier unrealized proposals for the completion of the Louvre, by Percier and Fontaine (1807 or 1808)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlan of the unfinished Louvre by Charles Vasserot, showing the jumble of buildings on the location of the present-day Cour Napoléon (1830)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDesign of the Louvre expansion by Louis Visconti (1853)Visconti presents the plans for the Nouveau Louvre to Emperor Napoleon III and Empress Eugénie in 1853 at the Tuileries, painting by Jean-Baptiste-Ange Tissier (1865)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEngraving dedicated \"to His Majesty the Emperor\" showcasing Visconti's design, by Rudolf Pfnor (1853)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCelebratory tapestry cartoon[4] showing the expanded Louvre between a cherub holding a ribbon inscribed with \"LE LOUVRE DE NAPOLEON III\" (lower left) and two angels holding the Emperor's profile (upper right), by Victor Chavet [fr] (1857); now at the Louvre","title":"Project development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancien Régime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime"},{"link_name":"Turgot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot"},{"link_name":"Richelieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu"},{"link_name":"Colbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert"},{"link_name":"Sully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_de_B%C3%A9thune,_Duke_of_Sully"},{"link_name":"pavillon de l'Horloge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Horloge"},{"link_name":"Daru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre,_comte_Daru"},{"link_name":"eponymous staircase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalier_Daru"},{"link_name":"Denon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivant_Denon"},{"link_name":"Mollien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Count_Mollien"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galignani-2"},{"link_name":"Cour Carrée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Louvre Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galignani-2"},{"link_name":"Musée des Souverains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Souverains"},{"link_name":"Colonnade Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%89douard_Baldus,_The_Pavillon_Turgot,_Louvre,_Paris_-_Getty_Museum.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%89douard_Baldus,_Paris_-_Louvre,_between_1851_and_1870.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%89douard_Baldus,_The_Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_Seen_from_the_Tuileries,_Louvre,_Paris_-_Getty_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Édouard Baldus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Baldus"},{"link_name":"pavillon de l'Horloge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Horloge"},{"link_name":"Jacques Lemercier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lemercier"},{"link_name":"Tuileries Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuileries_Palace"},{"link_name":"Ludovic Vitet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_Vitet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Prosper Mérimée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Horace de Viel-Castel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_de_Viel-Castel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aulanier4-6"},{"link_name":"Second Empire architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture"},{"link_name":"Duke of Morny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Morny,_Duke_of_Morny"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dion-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aulanier4-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vidal-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aulanier4-6"},{"link_name":"Imperial Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_III)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verne-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aulanier4-6"},{"link_name":"rue de Rivoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galignani-2"},{"link_name":"Marie-Noémi Cadiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-No%C3%A9mi_Cadiot"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dion-10"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aulanier4-6"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Pierre Daru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre,_comte_Daru"},{"link_name":"Nicolas François, Count Mollien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Count_Mollien"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JCD-16"},{"link_name":"Grande Galerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Galerie"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Caulaincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Augustin-Louis_de_Caulaincourt"},{"link_name":"Émile Félix Fleury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_F%C3%A9lix_Fleury"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_F%C3%A9lix_Fleury"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Cent-gardes Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cent-gardes_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galignani-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louvre_aile_Richelieu.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escalier_du_ministre_(Louvre)_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escalier_Lefuel_(Louvre)_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escalier_Colbert_(Louvre).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Appartements_Napol%C3%A9on_III_4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_548_-_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galerie_Daru_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salle_Daru_du_Louvre_(30612872064).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roof,_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cour_Lefuel_(Louvre)_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palais_du_Louvre_-_Salle_du_Man%C3%A8ge_-0a.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_Louvre_Nordseite_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"rue de Rivoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli"}],"text":"The Nouveau Louvre mostly consists of two sets of buildings or wings, on the northern and southern sides of the central space that is now called the Cour Napoléon. The new buildings were structured around a sequence of pavilions that were given names of French statesmen from the Ancien Régime (North Wing) and the Napoleonic era (South Wing), still used to this day: from the northwest to the southwest, pavillon Turgot, pavillon Richelieu, pavillon Colbert, pavillon Sully (the project's new name for the pre-existing pavillon de l'Horloge), pavillon Daru topping the eponymous staircase, pavillon Denon, and pavillon Mollien also featuring a monumental staircase.[2]: 155 (From 1989, the names of the three central pavilions have also been given to the entire respective wings of the Louvre museum complex. Thus, the Louvre's North Wing is now known as aile Richelieu, its eastern square of buildings around the Cour Carrée is the aile Sully, and the South Wing is the aile Denon.)Lefuel created two octagonal gardens at the center of the Cour Napoléon (now replaced by the Louvre Pyramid). In multiple parts of the project, Napoleon III emphasized his role as continuator of the great French monarchs of the past, and as the one who completed their unfinished work. On both sides of the Pavillon Sully, black marble plaques bear gilded inscriptions that read, respectively: \"1541. François Ier commence le Louvre. 1564. Catherine de Médicis commence les Tuileries,\" and \"1852-1857. Napoléon III réunit les Tuileries au Louvre.\"[2]: 156 Separately, Napoleon III created a Musée des Souverains in the Louvre's Colonnade Wing to similarly emphasize the continuity of his rule with the long legacy of French monarchy and thus bolster his legitimacy.The Louvre expansion shortly after its completion, photographed by Édouard Baldus (late 1850s)On the eastern side of the Cour Napoléon, the project entailed no new building but rather the exterior refacing of the pre-existing palace whose interior rooms were left unchanged. For the central pavillon de l'Horloge's new western façade, Visconti took inspiration from both its eastern side designed by Jacques Lemercier in the 1620s and from the central pavilion of the Tuileries Palace, itself influenced by Lemercier's. The same inspiration shaped the pavilions named after Richelieu and Denon on the Cour Napoléon's northern and southern sides. Lefuel transformed Visconti's understated original design and added a profusion of elaborate sculptural detail. Despite being criticized by a number of observers, e.g. by Ludovic Vitet,[9] Prosper Mérimée and Horace de Viel-Castel,[6]: 17-18 Lefuel's treatment of the square-dome-roofed pavilions became a seminal model for Second Empire architecture in France and elsewhere.Inside the North Wing were prestige apartments for some of the regime's principal figures, including those of the Minister of State (long mistakenly attributed to the Duke of Morny and now known as the appartements Napoléon III),[10]: 7 served by a monumental staircase later known as the escalier du ministre; administrative offices for the ministère d'Etat, the short-lived ministère de l'Algérie et des Colonies (1858-1860),[6]: 18 the ministère de la Maison de l'Empereur (separated from the ministère d'Etat in 1860),[11] and (briefly) the ministère des Beaux-Arts created in early 1870;[12][13] the Directorate of Telegraphs;[6]: 18 barracks for the Imperial Guard;[14]: 35 and the Bibliothèque du Louvre (formerly bibliothèque impériale under Napoleon and bibliothèque du Cabinet du Roi under the Restoration[6]: 20 ), personal property of the emperor but open to the public, on the upper floor between the Pavillon Richelieu and the rue de Rivoli.[2]: 176 The latter was acceded by the monumental escalier de la Bibliothèque (known since the late 19th century as escalier Lefuel), with sculpted decoration by Lefuel's friend Marie-Noémi Cadiot.[15] Initial plans to locate the Minister of the Interior in the North Wing's eastern half were abandoned in the late 1850s.[10]: 24The South Wing was largely devoted to a series of new spaces for the Louvre Museum that were dubbed the Nouveau Musée Impérial.[6]: 22 These included, on the upper ground floor, a new entrance lobby flanked by two long stone-clad galleries, respectively named after Napoleon's ministers Pierre Daru (Galerie Daru) and Nicolas François, Count Mollien (Galerie Mollien), with the monumental staircases bearing those same names at both ends; and on the first floor, high-ceilinged exhibition rooms for large paintings, the Salle Daru and salle Mollien, with the Pavillon Denon in the middle, whose lavish interior decoration was completed in 1866.[16]: 272 On the same floor, between the Pavillon Denon and the Grande Galerie, Lefuel created a large Estates Hall (Salle des États) for state events and ceremonies.Below these prestige spaces was an extensive complex of stables for up to 149 horses and 34 carriages.[17] At the center of it is the brick-and-stone salle du Manège, a monumental indoor space for horse-riding under the Salle des États, between two interior courts named after Caulaincourt (west) and Visconti (east). (The cour Caulaincourt was renamed after Lefuel following the architect's death in 1880.) The stables were nominally supervised by Great Equerry (grand écuyer) Émile Félix Fleury [fr],[18] whose spacious apartment was on the western side of the Cour Lefuel and adorned with a porticoed balcony. The South wing also included barracks for the Cent-gardes Squadron and lodgings for the palace's service personnel.[2]: 158North Wing\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEscalier du Ministre\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEscalier Lefuel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEscalier Colbert\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAppartements Napoléon III\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAppartements Napoléon III\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGalerie Daru\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSalle Daru\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPavillon Denon ceiling\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCour Lefuel with ramps to the salle du Manège\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior of the salle du Manège\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPavillon de la Bibliothèque on the rue de Rivoli","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hommes_illustres_-_Palais_du_Louvre.svg"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"Napoleon I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Cour Carrée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verne-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galignani-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Jean de La Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis Jaley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Jaley"},{"link_name":"Blaise Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal"},{"link_name":"François Lanno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lanno"},{"link_name":"François Eudes de Mézeray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Eudes_de_M%C3%A9zeray"},{"link_name":"Louis-Joseph 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Petit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Petit_(sculptor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierre Chambiges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Chambiges"},{"link_name":"Jules-Antoine Droz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jules-Antoine_Droz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules-Antoine_Droz"},{"link_name":"Libéral Bruand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lib%C3%A9ral_Bruand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armand Toussaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Toussaint"},{"link_name":"Philibert de l'Orme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philibert_de_l%27Orme"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Dantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Dantan"},{"link_name":"Bernard Palissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Palissy"},{"link_name":"Victor Huguenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Huguenin"},{"link_name":"Hyacinthe Rigaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyacinthe_Rigaud"},{"link_name":"Victor Thérasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Th%C3%A9rasse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Th%C3%A9rasse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Fontaine_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pascal_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mezeray_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moliere_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boileau_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fenelon_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gregory_of_Tours_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabelais_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malherbe_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abelard_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colbert_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mazarin_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Froissart_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rousseau_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mathieu_Mole_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turgot_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Bernard_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Bruy%C3%A8re_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suger_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques-Auguste_de_Thou_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bourdaloue_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Racine_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condorcet_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denis_Papin_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sully_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vauban_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lavoisier_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lalande_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louvois_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint-Simon_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joinville_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flechier_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commynes_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amyot_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mignard_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ducerceau_cour_Napoleon_Louvre.jpg"},{"link_name":"architectural sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_sculpture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galignani-2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poisson-20"},{"link_name":"Francisque Joseph Duret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisque_Joseph_Duret"},{"link_name":"Empress Eugénie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hillairet-21"},{"link_name":"Antoine-Louis Barye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Louis_Barye"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Charles Simart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Simart"},{"link_name":"steam locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pediments_of_the_Pavillon_Richelieu_(PA00085992_431).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Napoleon_1er_dominant_l%E2%80%99Histoire_et_les_Arts.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9eLouvreDetFrt-042.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pierre Louis Rouillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Rouillard"},{"link_name":"Robert Le Lorrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Le_Lorrain"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Rohan (Paris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Rohan_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Rohan_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Frémiet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Fr%C3%A9miet"},{"link_name":"Pierre Louis Rouillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Rouillard"},{"link_name":"Henri Alfred Jacquemart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Alfred_Jacquemart"},{"link_name":"Germain Demay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germain_Demay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germain_Demay"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Riding_Hall,_Louvre_2014.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palais_du_Louvre_-_Cour_Lefuel_-04.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palais_du_Louvre_-_Cour_Lefuel_-09.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palais_du_Louvre_-_Cour_Lefuel_-01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palais_du_Louvre_-_Salle_du_Man%C3%A8ge_-2.JPG"}],"text":"Plan of the Louvre with the 86 hommes illustres marked in redInitially, Visconti's plan was to erect equestrian statues of Louis XIV and Napoleon I at the center of the Cour Napoléon's two octagonal gardens, and another one of Francis I in the Cour Carrée.[14] This was ostensibly intended to emphasize his claim to legitimacy as the inheritor of France's two (royal and imperial) strands of monarchical development. This program, however, was not realized.[2]: 155Nevertheless, sculptural profusion was one of the defining features of Lefuel's approach. Arguably the most salient component is the series of 86 statues of celebrated figures (hommes illustres) from French history and culture, selected by Napoleon III himself,[19] each one labelled with their name. These include, following the order of the wings from northwest to southwest:North Wing, western side: Jean de La Fontaine, by Jean-Louis Jaley; Blaise Pascal, by François Lanno; François Eudes de Mézeray, by Louis-Joseph Daumas; Molière, by Bernard Seurre; Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, by Charles Émile Seurre; François Fénelon, by Jean-Marie Bonnassieux; François de La Rochefoucauld, by Noël-Jules Girard [fr]; and Pierre Corneille, by Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire.\nNorth Wing, southern side: Gregory of Tours, by Jean Marcellin [fr]; François Rabelais, by Élias Robert (now a copy); François de Malherbe, by Jean-Jules Allasseur; Peter Abelard, by Pierre-Jules Cavelier; Jean-Baptiste Colbert, by Raymond Gayrard (copy); Cardinal Mazarin, by Pierre Hébert; Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, by Eugène André Oudiné; Jean Froissart, by Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, by Jean-Baptiste Farochon [fr]; Montesquieu, by Charles-François Lebœuf; Mathieu Molé, by Charles-François Lebœuf; Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, by Pierre Travaux [fr]; Bernard of Clairvaux, by François Jouffroy; Jean de La Bruyère, by Joseph-Stanislas Lescorné [fr]; Suger, by Nicolas Raggi [fr]; Jacques Auguste de Thou, by Auguste-Louis Deligand; Louis Bourdaloue, by Louis Desprez; Jean Racine, by Michel-Pascal [fr]; Voltaire, by Antoine Desboeufs [fr]; Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, by Louis Desprez; Marquis de Condorcet, by Pierre Loison [fr]; Denis Papin, by Jean-François Soitoux [fr]; Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully, by Vital-Dubray [fr] (copy); Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, by Gustave Crauck; Antoine Lavoisier, by Jacques-Léonard Maillet; and Jérôme Lalande, by Jean-Joseph Perraud. * Eastern side of the Cour Napoléon: François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, by Aimé Millet; Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, by Pierre Hébert; Jean de Joinville, by Jean Marcellin [fr]; Esprit Fléchier, by François Lanno; Philippe de Commines, by Eugène-Louis Lequesne; Jacques Amyot, by Pierre Travaux [fr]; [[Pierre Mignard], by Debay fils [fr]; Jean Baptiste Massillon, by François Jouffroy; Jacques I Androuet du Cerceau, by Georges Diebolt; Jean Goujon, by Bernard Seurre; Claude Lorrain, by Auguste-Hyacinthe Debay; André Grétry, by Victor Vilain [fr]; Jean-François Regnard, by Théodore-Charles Gruyère; Jacques Cœur, by Élias Robert; Enguerrand de Marigny, by Nicolas Raggi [fr]; André Chénier, by Antoine-Augustin Préault; Jean-Balthazar Keller [fr], by Pierre Robinet [fr]; and Antoine Coysevox, by Jules-Antoine Droz [fr].South Wing, northern side: Jean Cousin the Younger, by Napoléon Jacques [fr]; André Le Nôtre, by Jean-Auguste Barre; Clodion, by Vital-Dubray [fr]; Germain Pilon, by Louis Desprez; Ange-Jacques Gabriel, by Augustin Courtet [fr]; Jean Le Pautre, by Bosio the Younger [fr]; Michel de l'Hôpital, by Jean-Baptiste Claude Eugène Guillaume; Jacques Lemercier, by Antoine Laurent Dantan; René Descartes, by Gabriel Garraud; Ambroise Paré, by Michel-Pascal [fr]; Cardinal Richelieu, by Jean-Auguste Barre; Michel de Montaigne, by Jean-François Soitoux [fr]; Jean-Antoine Houdon, by François Rude (copy); Étienne Dupérac, by Jacques Ange Cordier; Jean de Brosse, by Auguste Ottin; César-François Cassini de Thury, by Hippolyte Maindron [fr]; Henri François d'Aguesseau, by Louis-Denis Caillouette; Jules Hardouin-Mansart, by Jean-Joseph Perraud; Nicolas Poussin, by François Rude (copy); Gérard Audran, by Jacques-Léonard Maillet; Jacques Sarazin, by Honoré-Jean-Aristide Husson; Nicolas Coustou, by Augustin Courtet [fr]; Eustache Le Sueur, by Honoré-Jean-Aristide Husson; Claude Perrault, by Auguste-Hyacinthe Debay; Philippe de Champaigne, by Louis-Adolphe Eude [fr]; and Pierre Puget, by Antoine Étex.\nSouth Wing, western side: Pierre Lescot, by Henri de Triqueti; Jean Bullant, by Pierre Robinet [fr]; Charles Le Brun, by Jean-Claude Petit; Pierre Chambiges, by Jules-Antoine Droz [fr]; Libéral Bruand, by Armand Toussaint; Philibert de l'Orme, by Jean-Pierre Dantan; Bernard Palissy, by Victor Huguenin; and Hyacinthe Rigaud, by Victor Thérasse [fr].Among the abundant architectural sculpture of the Nouveau Louvre, the pediments of the three main pavilions stand out:[2]: 156 [20]Pavillon Richelieu: \"France distributing crowns to its worthiest children\", by Francisque Joseph Duret (in which the figure of France has been viewed as a likeness of Empress Eugénie[21]: 70 );\nPavillon Sully: \"Napoleon I above History and Arts\", by Antoine-Louis Barye and Pierre-Charles Simart;\nPavillon Denon: \"Napoleon III surrounded by Agriculture, Industry, Commerce and the Fine Arts\", by Simart.The latter group includes the depiction of a steam locomotive, then representing cutting-edge technological progress, and the only surviving public portrayal of Napoleon III in Paris.[22]Pediment, Pavillon Richelieu\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPediment, Pavillon Sully\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPediment, Pavillon DenonThe South Wing's salle du Manège was another opportunity for Lefuel to foster a rich structural program, which was executed in 1861 after the Nouveau Louvre's inauguration. Outside in the Cour Lefuel, four bronze groups of wild animals by Pierre Louis Rouillard stand at the start of the two horse ramps : Chienne et ses petits, Loup et petit chien, Chien combattant un loup, and Chien combattant un sanglier. At the top of the ramps above the entrance to the manège, a monumental group, also by Rouillard, features three surging horses that echo Robert Le Lorrain's chevaux du soleil at the Hôtel de Rohan (Paris) [fr]. Inside, the idiosyncratic hunting-themed capitals feature heads of horses and other animals, by Emmanuel Frémiet, Pierre Louis Rouillard, Henri Alfred Jacquemart, Germain Demay [fr], and Houguenade.[23]Rouillard's wild animals in the Cour Lefuel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRouillard's \"dog fighting a wolf\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRouillard's \"wolf and puppy\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRouillard's three horses above the Manège's entrance\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOne of the capitals of the Salle du Manège","title":"Statuary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baldus_1861_Pavillon_de_Flore_%E2%80%93_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet_%E2%80%93_vergue(dot)com_(adjusted).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavillon_de_Flore_Tuileries_Louvre_(adjusted).jpg"},{"link_name":"pavillon de Flore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore"},{"link_name":"Baldus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Baldus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baldus._River_front_of_the_Grande_Galerie_of_the_Louvre_(detail)_%E2%80%93_Bautier_1995_p40%E2%80%9341.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_facade_of_the_Grands_Guichets_du_Louvre,_Paris_7_October_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baldus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Baldus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre-_Porte_des_Lions_(31319137901).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lionnes_-_1867_-_Auguste_Cain_-_Porte_des_Lions_-_Cour_du_Carroussel_-_Aile_de_Flore_-_Louvre_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louvre_1929_-_Histoire_de_Marie_de_Medicis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marie de' Medici cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici_cycle"},{"link_name":"Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louvre_Museum,_Paris_22_June_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louvre Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid"},{"link_name":"Pavillon de Flore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hillairet-21"},{"link_name":"Grande Galerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Galerie"},{"link_name":"Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_II_Androuet_du_Cerceau"},{"link_name":"colossal order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_order"},{"link_name":"Louis Métezeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_M%C3%A9tezeau"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verne-14"},{"link_name":"Porte des Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_des_Lions"},{"link_name":"Antoine-Louis Barye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Louis_Barye"},{"link_name":"Auguste Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Cain"},{"link_name":"Pont du Carrousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Carrousel"},{"link_name":"rue de Rohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rue_de_Rohan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/rue_de_Rohan"},{"link_name":"Second Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Paris Commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune"},{"link_name":"Tuileries Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuileries_Palace"},{"link_name":"Eugène Viollet-le-Duc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc"},{"link_name":"Grand Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Louvre"},{"link_name":"François Mitterrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand"},{"link_name":"Ministry of the Economy and Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Economy_and_Finance_(France)"},{"link_name":"specially-built headquarters in the Bercy area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Economy_and_Finance_building"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vidal-12"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"link_name":"Olivier Gagnère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivier_Gagn%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Gagn%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Second Empire style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_style"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Louvre Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid"}],"text":"The pavillon de Flore photographed by Baldus in 1861 just before demolition (left) and Lefuel's reconstruction (right)The Guichets du Carrousel, Baldus photography c.1857 (left) and Lefuel's reconstruction (right)Barye's lions and Cain's lionesses, porte des LionsLefuel's Salle des Sessions in the southwestern wing was used from 1900 to display the Marie de' Medici cycle by Rubens, here shown in 1929.Napoleon III's Louvre expansion surrounding the Louvre Pyramid, 2014In 1861, the Pavillon de Flore was in serious disrepair. Following the successful completion of the Louvre expansion, Napoleon III endorsed Lefuel's plan to entirely demolish and rebuild both the Pavillon and the wing that connects it to the Nouveau Louvre's South Wing. The project involved the creation of a new ceremonial salle des Etats, closer to the Tuileries than Lefuel's previous Salle des États, in a protruding wing now referred to as the Pavillon des Sessions, with covered space for 16 carriages and 32 horse teams known as the cour de l'en-cas.[21]: 70-71 As this structure took the full width of the building, the Grande Galerie was correspondingly cut short by about a third. The Southern façade was completely changed, as Lefuel disliked Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau's colossal order and replacing it with a replica of the earlier design attributed to Louis Métezeau further east. Between the Pavillon de Flore and the Pavillon des Sessions, Lefuel created a monumental passageway (then called the Guichet de l'Empereur,[14]: 42 now Porte des Lions) between 1864 and 1869, adorned with two pairs of monumental lions by Antoine-Louis Barye to the south and lionesses by Auguste Cain to the north, with two additional lionesses by Cain in front of the nearby porte Jaujard. At the eastern end of the new project, Lefuel created three monumental archways for the thoroughfare connecting the Pont du Carrousel to the south with the rue de Rohan [fr] to the north, known as the guichets du Carrousel or grands guichets du Louvre. The project was completed in 1869 as an equestrian statue of Napoleon III by Barye was placed above the arches of the Grands Guichets.That setting, however, did not last long, as the Second Empire came to its abrupt end. On 6 September 1870, days after the Emperor's capture at the Battle of Sedan, Barye's equestrian statue was topped and destroyed.[24] At the end of the Paris Commune on 23 May 1871, the Tuileries Palace was burned down, as was the Bibliothèque du Louvre. Lefuel, together with Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, defended the option of repairing the ruins, but shortly after both died the French parliament decided to tear them down in 1882, largely for political motives associated with the termination of the monarchy. After the remains of the Tuileries were razed in 1883, the layout that had been created by Napoleon III and Lefuel was fundamentally altered.In the context of the Grand Louvre project initiated by President François Mitterrand in the 1980s, the Ministry of the Economy and Finance was compelled to leave the Louvre's North Wing, in which it had been headquartered since 1871, to specially-built headquarters in the Bercy area.[12] While most of the interior spaces were gutted and rebuilt, the more artistically and historically significant ones were preserved and renovated. These included three monumental staircases, the escalier Lefuel, escalier du ministre and escalier Colbert; the former ministerial office, rebranded as Café Richelieu; and the palatial suite of rooms created by Lefuel and his team for the Minister of State, rebranded as appartements Napoléon III. The Café Marly, located outside of the Louvre Museum in the same wing and opened in 1994, has been designed by Olivier Gagnère [fr] in a reinterpretation of the Second Empire style.[25] Meanwhile, the Cour Napoléon was radically transformed with the erection of the Louvre Pyramid.","title":"Later history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harper%27s_weekly_(1865)_(14578749118).jpg"},{"link_name":"Old City Hall (Boston)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Boston)"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III_style"},{"link_name":"Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_the_United_States_and_Canada"},{"link_name":"Second Empire style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_style"},{"link_name":"Crédit Lyonnais headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Lyonnais_headquarters"},{"link_name":"Saigon Governor's Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigon_Governor%27s_Palace"},{"link_name":"French Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina"},{"link_name":"Old City Hall in Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Boston)"},{"link_name":"State, War, and Navy Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_Executive_Office_Building"},{"link_name":"Washington DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_DC"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall"}],"text":"Old City Hall (Boston), 1865See also: Napoleon III style and Second Empire architecture in the United States and CanadaThe nouveau Louvre was highly influential and became the exemplar of the Second Empire style architecture, subsequently adopted in numerous buildings in France as well as elsewhere in Europe and in the world. Prominent examples include the Crédit Lyonnais headquarters in Paris, the Saigon Governor's Palace in French Indochina, and in the United States, the Old City Hall in Boston (built 1862-1865), the State, War, and Navy Building in Washington DC (built 1871-1888), and the Philadelphia City Hall (built 1871-1901).","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1167342747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1167342747"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Galignani_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Galignani_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Galignani_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Galignani_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Galignani_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Galignani_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Galignani_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Galignani_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Galignani_2-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Huguenaud_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Huguenaud_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Huguenaud_4-2"},{"link_name":"\"Le Louvre de Napoléon III\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/paintings/le-louvre-de-napoleon-iii-2/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pinkney_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pinkney_5-1"},{"link_name":"David H. Pinkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Pinkney"},{"link_name":"\"Napoleon III's Transformation of Paris: The Origins and Development of the 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Vallauris\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//next.liberation.fr/design/2012/11/28/les-terres-cuites-d-olivier-gagnere-valorisent-vallauris_863811"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Louvre"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Louvre"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Louvre"},{"link_name":"Musée du Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre"},{"link_name":"The Louvre-Lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre-Lens"},{"link_name":"The Louvre Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Abu_Dhabi"},{"link_name":"Palais du Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Palace"},{"link_name":"Louvre Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Castle"},{"link_name":"Lescot Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lescot_Wing"},{"link_name":"Pavillon du Roi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavillon_du_Roi"},{"link_name":"Petite Galerie of the Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petite_Galerie_of_the_Louvre"},{"link_name":"Grande Galerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Galerie"},{"link_name":"Pavillon de Flore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore"},{"link_name":"Cour Carrée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_Carr%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Pavillon de l'Horloge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavillon_de_l%27Horloge"},{"link_name":"Galerie d'Apollon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_d%27Apollon"},{"link_name":"Salon Carré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_Carr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Pavillon de Marsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavillon_de_Marsan"},{"link_name":"Louvre Colonnade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III's Louvre expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Escalier Daru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalier_Daru"},{"link_name":"Grand Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Louvre"},{"link_name":"Louvre Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid"},{"link_name":"Carrousel du Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrousel_du_Louvre"},{"link_name":"Louvre Inverted Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Inverted_Pyramid"},{"link_name":"Raymond du Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_du_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierre Lescot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Lescot"},{"link_name":"Pierre II Chambiges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_II_Chambiges&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louis Métezeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_M%C3%A9tezeau"},{"link_name":"Jacques Androuet II Du Cerceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androuet_du_Cerceau"},{"link_name":"Jacques Lemercier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lemercier"},{"link_name":"Louis Le Vau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau"},{"link_name":"François d'Orbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orbay"},{"link_name":"Claude Perrault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Perrault"},{"link_name":"Ange-Jacques Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ange-Jacques_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Germain Soufflot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Germain_Soufflot"},{"link_name":"Maximilien Brebion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximilien_Brebion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Auguste Cheval de Saint-Hubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auguste_Cheval_de_Saint-Hubert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Arnaud Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Arnaud_Raymond"},{"link_name":"Charles Percier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Percier"},{"link_name":"Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_L%C3%A9onard_Fontaine"},{"link_name":"Félix Louis Jacques Duban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Duban"},{"link_name":"Louis-Tullius-Joachim Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Hector-Martin Lefuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Lefuel"},{"link_name":"Edmond Jean Baptiste Guillaume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Jean_Baptiste_Guillaume&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gaston Redon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Redon"},{"link_name":"Victor-Auguste Blavette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor-Auguste_Blavette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Camille Lefèvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camille_Lef%C3%A8vre_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Albert Ferran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Ferran&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"I. M. Pei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._M._Pei"},{"link_name":"Palais des Tuileries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuileries_Palace"},{"link_name":"Pavillon de Flore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavillon_de_Flore"},{"link_name":"Pavillon de Marsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavillon_de_Marsan"},{"link_name":"Théâtre des Tuileries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Tuileries"},{"link_name":"Philibert de l'Orme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philibert_de_l%27Orme"},{"link_name":"Jean Bullant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bullant"},{"link_name":"Louis Le Vau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau"},{"link_name":"Jardin des Tuileries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuileries_Palace"},{"link_name":"Musée de l'Orangerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Orangerie"},{"link_name":"Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_nationale_du_Jeu_de_Paume"},{"link_name":"André Le Nôtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre"}],"text":"^ Théodore de Banville (1857). Paris et le Nouveau Louvre. Paris. ISBN 1167342747.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Galignani's New Paris Guide, for 1870: Revised and Verified by Personal Inspection, and Arranged on an Entirely New Plan. Paris: A. and W. Galignani and Co. 1870.\n\n^ Denise Bernard-Folliot (1984). Guide Bleu Paris. Paris: Hachette. p. 305.\n\n^ a b c Karine Huguenaud. \"Le Louvre de Napoléon III\". Fondation Napoléon.\n\n^ a b David H. Pinkney (June 1955). \"Napoleon III's Transformation of Paris: The Origins and Development of the Idea\". The Journal of Modern History. 27 (2). University of Chicago Press: 125–134. doi:10.1086/237781. JSTOR 1874987. S2CID 144533244.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Christiane Aulanier (1953). Le Nouveau Louvre de Napoléon III (PDF). Paris: Editions des Musées Nationaux.\n\n^ \"Histoire mouvementée d'un fonds d'archives exceptionnel\" (PDF). Archives nationales.\n\n^ William Roscoe Thayer, ed. (1893), \"Richard Morris Hunt\", The Harvard Graduates' Magazine, I, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Graduates' Magazine Association\n\n^ L. Vitet (1882), Le Louvre et le Nouveau Louvre, Paris: Calmann-Lévy\n\n^ a b Anne Dion-Tenenbaum (1993). Les appartements Napoléon III du musée du Louvre. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux.\n\n^ Xavier Mauduit (2008). \"Le ministère du faste : la Maison de l'Empereur Napoléon III\". Parlement[s], Revue d'histoire politique.\n\n^ a b Guy Vidal (January–February 1990). \"Le Ministère des Finances de Rivoli à Bercy\". La Revue administrative. 43 (253). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France: 71–77.\n\n^ \"Les prémices du Ministère: Tentatives éphémères d'une administration des Beaux Arts autonome à partir du Second Empire\". Ministère de la Culture.\n\n^ a b c Henri Verne (1923). Le Palais du Louvre: Comment l'ont terminé Louis XIV, Napoléon Ier et Napoléon III. Paris: Editions Albert Morancé. p. 30.\n\n^ Louis Hautecoeur, Louis (1928). Histoire du Louvre: Le Château – Le Palais – Le Musée, des origines à nos jours, 1200–1928. Paris: L'Illustration. p. 102.\n\n^ Jean-Claude Daufresne (1987). Louvre & Tuileries : Architectures de Papier. Brussels: Pierre Mardaga.\n\n^ Frédéric Lewino; Anne-Sophie Jahn (16 May 2015). \"Visite interdite du Louvre #4 : la magnifique rampe en fer à cheval de la cour des Écuries\". Le Point.\n\n^ \"Nouveau Louvre Aile Mollien : Appartement du Grand Ecuyer\". France Archives.\n\n^ Guy Nicot (1993). Au Louvre : La Cour Napoléon transfigurée. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux. p. 48.\n\n^ Georges Poisson (1994), \"Quand Napoléon III bâtissait le Grand Louvre\", Revue du Souvenir Napoléonien: 22–27\n\n^ a b Jacques Hillairet. Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris. Vol. II. Paris: Editions de Minuit.\n\n^ \"Le Louvre et Napoléon III\". Paris Autrement. 14 January 2014.\n\n^ Geneviève Bresc-Bautier (1995), The Louvre: An Architectural History, New York: The Vendome Press, pp. 144, 154\n\n^ Michèle Beaulieu (1946). \"Les esquisses de la décoration du Louvre au Département des sculptures\". Bulletin Monumental. 104.\n\n^ Dominique Poiret (28 November 2012). \"Les terres cuites d'Olivier Gagnère valorisent Vallauris\". Libération.vteThe Louvre and TuileriesMusée du LouvreBranch museums\nThe Louvre-Lens\nThe Louvre Abu Dhabi\nPalais du LouvreSections in detail\nLouvre Castle\nLescot Wing\nPavillon du Roi\nPetite Galerie of the Louvre\nGrande Galerie\nPavillon de Flore\nCour Carrée\nPavillon de l'Horloge\nGalerie d'Apollon\nSalon Carré\nPavillon de Marsan\nLouvre Colonnade\nNapoleon III's Louvre expansion\nEscalier Daru\nGrand Louvre\nLouvre Pyramid\nCarrousel du Louvre\nLouvre Inverted Pyramid\nArchitects\nRaymond du Temple\nPierre Lescot\nPierre II Chambiges\nLouis Métezeau\nJacques Androuet II Du Cerceau\nJacques Lemercier\nLouis Le Vau\nFrançois d'Orbay\nClaude Perrault\nAnge-Jacques Gabriel\nJacques-Germain Soufflot\nMaximilien Brebion\nAuguste Cheval de Saint-Hubert\nJean-Arnaud Raymond\nCharles Percier\nPierre-François-Léonard Fontaine\nFélix Louis Jacques Duban\nLouis-Tullius-Joachim Visconti\nHector-Martin Lefuel\nEdmond Jean Baptiste Guillaume\nGaston Redon\nVictor-Auguste Blavette\nCamille Lefèvre\nAlbert Ferran\nI. M. Pei\nPalais des TuileriesSections in detail\nPavillon de Flore\nPavillon de Marsan\nThéâtre des Tuileries\nArchitects\nPhilibert de l'Orme\nJean Bullant\nLouis Le Vau\nJardin des TuileriesSections in detail\nMusée de l'Orangerie\nGalerie nationale du Jeu de Paume\nArchitects\nAndré Le Nôtre","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"The Louvre's pavillon de l'Horloge, refaced in the 1850s at the eastern end of the Nouveau Louvre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pavillon_Sully_du_Louvre_002.jpg/220px-Pavillon_Sully_du_Louvre_002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Imperial eagle and Napoleonic ornamentation on the ceiling of Escalier Mollien","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Escalier_Mollioen-Eagle.jpg/220px-Escalier_Mollioen-Eagle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plan of the Louvre with the 86 hommes illustres marked in red","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hommes_illustres_-_Palais_du_Louvre.svg/450px-Hommes_illustres_-_Palais_du_Louvre.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Lefuel's Salle des Sessions in the southwestern wing was used from 1900 to display the Marie de' Medici cycle by Rubens, here shown in 1929.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Louvre_1929_-_Histoire_de_Marie_de_Medicis.jpg/240px-Louvre_1929_-_Histoire_de_Marie_de_Medicis.jpg"},{"image_text":"Napoleon III's Louvre expansion surrounding the Louvre Pyramid, 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louvre_Museum%2C_Paris_22_June_2014.jpg/220px-Louvre_Museum%2C_Paris_22_June_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Old City Hall (Boston), 1865","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Harper%27s_weekly_%281865%29_%2814578749118%29.jpg/220px-Harper%27s_weekly_%281865%29_%2814578749118%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Palais Garnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Garnier"},{"title":"Grand Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Louvre"}] | [{"reference":"Théodore de Banville (1857). Paris et le Nouveau Louvre. Paris. ISBN 1167342747.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1167342747","url_text":"1167342747"}]},{"reference":"Galignani's New Paris Guide, for 1870: Revised and Verified by Personal Inspection, and Arranged on an Entirely New Plan. Paris: A. and W. Galignani and Co. 1870.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Denise Bernard-Folliot (1984). Guide Bleu Paris. Paris: Hachette. p. 305.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Karine Huguenaud. \"Le Louvre de Napoléon III\". Fondation Napoléon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/paintings/le-louvre-de-napoleon-iii-2/","url_text":"\"Le Louvre de Napoléon III\""}]},{"reference":"David H. Pinkney (June 1955). \"Napoleon III's Transformation of Paris: The Origins and Development of the Idea\". The Journal of Modern History. 27 (2). University of Chicago Press: 125–134. doi:10.1086/237781. JSTOR 1874987. S2CID 144533244.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Pinkney","url_text":"David H. Pinkney"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1874987","url_text":"\"Napoleon III's Transformation of Paris: The Origins and Development of the Idea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F237781","url_text":"10.1086/237781"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1874987","url_text":"1874987"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144533244","url_text":"144533244"}]},{"reference":"Christiane Aulanier (1953). Le Nouveau Louvre de Napoléon III (PDF). Paris: Editions des Musées Nationaux.","urls":[{"url":"https://excerpts.numilog.com/books/9782711877263.pdf","url_text":"Le Nouveau Louvre de Napoléon III"}]},{"reference":"\"Histoire mouvementée d'un fonds d'archives exceptionnel\" (PDF). Archives nationales.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/mm/media/download/FRAN_ANX_011603.pdf","url_text":"\"Histoire mouvementée d'un fonds d'archives exceptionnel\""}]},{"reference":"William Roscoe Thayer, ed. (1893), \"Richard Morris Hunt\", The Harvard Graduates' Magazine, I, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Graduates' Magazine Association","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Roscoe_Thayer","url_text":"William Roscoe Thayer"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BIEfAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22jonathan+hunt%22+paris&pg=PA93","url_text":"\"Richard Morris Hunt\""}]},{"reference":"L. Vitet (1882), Le Louvre et le Nouveau Louvre, Paris: Calmann-Lévy","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zJWXvgEACAAJ","url_text":"Le Louvre et le Nouveau Louvre"}]},{"reference":"Anne Dion-Tenenbaum (1993). Les appartements Napoléon III du musée du Louvre. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Xavier Mauduit (2008). \"Le ministère du faste : la Maison de l'Empereur Napoléon III\". Parlement[s], Revue d'histoire politique.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cairn.info/revue-parlements1-2008-3-page-69.htm","url_text":"\"Le ministère du faste : la Maison de l'Empereur Napoléon III\""}]},{"reference":"Guy Vidal (January–February 1990). \"Le Ministère des Finances de Rivoli à Bercy\". La Revue administrative. 43 (253). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France: 71–77.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Les prémices du Ministère: Tentatives éphémères d'une administration des Beaux Arts autonome à partir du Second Empire\". Ministère de la Culture.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.culture.gouv.fr/Nous-connaitre/Decouvrir-le-ministere/Histoire-du-ministere/L-histoire-du-ministere/Les-premices-du-Ministere","url_text":"\"Les prémices du Ministère: Tentatives éphémères d'une administration des Beaux Arts autonome à partir du Second Empire\""}]},{"reference":"Henri Verne (1923). Le Palais du Louvre: Comment l'ont terminé Louis XIV, Napoléon Ier et Napoléon III. Paris: Editions Albert Morancé. p. 30.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Louis Hautecoeur, Louis (1928). Histoire du Louvre: Le Château – Le Palais – Le Musée, des origines à nos jours, 1200–1928. Paris: L'Illustration. p. 102.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/histoiredulouvre00haut","url_text":"Histoire du Louvre: Le Château – Le Palais – Le Musée, des origines à nos jours, 1200–1928"}]},{"reference":"Jean-Claude Daufresne (1987). Louvre & Tuileries : Architectures de Papier. Brussels: Pierre Mardaga.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Frédéric Lewino; Anne-Sophie Jahn (16 May 2015). \"Visite interdite du Louvre #4 : la magnifique rampe en fer à cheval de la cour des Écuries\". Le Point.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lepoint.fr/culture/visite-interdite-du-louvre-4-la-magnifique-rampe-en-fer-a-cheval-de-la-cour-des-ecuries-16-05-2015-1928803_3.php","url_text":"\"Visite interdite du Louvre #4 : la magnifique rampe en fer à cheval de la cour des Écuries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nouveau Louvre Aile Mollien : Appartement du Grand Ecuyer\". France Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://francearchives.fr/facomponent/0a0e3195bd19f9baf7e6ccc3f5f5e78229b84d3b","url_text":"\"Nouveau Louvre Aile Mollien : Appartement du Grand Ecuyer\""}]},{"reference":"Guy Nicot (1993). Au Louvre : La Cour Napoléon transfigurée. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux. p. 48.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Georges Poisson (1994), \"Quand Napoléon III bâtissait le Grand Louvre\", Revue du Souvenir Napoléonien: 22–27","urls":[{"url":"https://www.napoleon.org/histoire-des-2-empires/articles/quand-napoleon-iii-batissait-le-grand-louvre/","url_text":"\"Quand Napoléon III bâtissait le Grand Louvre\""}]},{"reference":"Jacques Hillairet. Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris. Vol. II. Paris: Editions de Minuit.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Le Louvre et Napoléon III\". Paris Autrement. 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paris-autrement.paris/le-louvre-et-napoleon-iii/","url_text":"\"Le Louvre et Napoléon III\""}]},{"reference":"Geneviève Bresc-Bautier (1995), The Louvre: An Architectural History, New York: The Vendome Press, pp. 144, 154","urls":[]},{"reference":"Michèle Beaulieu (1946). \"Les esquisses de la décoration du Louvre au Département des sculptures\". Bulletin Monumental. 104.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/bulmo_0007-473x_1946_num_104_2_9367","url_text":"\"Les esquisses de la décoration du Louvre au Département des sculptures\""}]},{"reference":"Dominique Poiret (28 November 2012). \"Les terres cuites d'Olivier Gagnère valorisent Vallauris\". Libération.","urls":[{"url":"http://next.liberation.fr/design/2012/11/28/les-terres-cuites-d-olivier-gagnere-valorisent-vallauris_863811","url_text":"\"Les terres cuites d'Olivier Gagnère valorisent Vallauris\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/paintings/le-louvre-de-napoleon-iii-2/","external_links_name":"\"Le Louvre de Napoléon III\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1874987","external_links_name":"\"Napoleon III's Transformation of Paris: The Origins and Development of the Idea\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F237781","external_links_name":"10.1086/237781"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1874987","external_links_name":"1874987"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144533244","external_links_name":"144533244"},{"Link":"https://excerpts.numilog.com/books/9782711877263.pdf","external_links_name":"Le Nouveau Louvre de Napoléon III"},{"Link":"https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/mm/media/download/FRAN_ANX_011603.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Histoire mouvementée d'un fonds d'archives exceptionnel\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BIEfAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22jonathan+hunt%22+paris&pg=PA93","external_links_name":"\"Richard Morris Hunt\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zJWXvgEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Le Louvre et le Nouveau Louvre"},{"Link":"https://www.cairn.info/revue-parlements1-2008-3-page-69.htm","external_links_name":"\"Le ministère du faste : la Maison de l'Empereur Napoléon III\""},{"Link":"https://www.culture.gouv.fr/Nous-connaitre/Decouvrir-le-ministere/Histoire-du-ministere/L-histoire-du-ministere/Les-premices-du-Ministere","external_links_name":"\"Les prémices du Ministère: Tentatives éphémères d'une administration des Beaux Arts autonome à partir du Second Empire\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/histoiredulouvre00haut","external_links_name":"Histoire du Louvre: Le Château – Le Palais – Le Musée, des origines à nos jours, 1200–1928"},{"Link":"https://www.lepoint.fr/culture/visite-interdite-du-louvre-4-la-magnifique-rampe-en-fer-a-cheval-de-la-cour-des-ecuries-16-05-2015-1928803_3.php","external_links_name":"\"Visite interdite du Louvre #4 : la magnifique rampe en fer à cheval de la cour des Écuries\""},{"Link":"https://francearchives.fr/facomponent/0a0e3195bd19f9baf7e6ccc3f5f5e78229b84d3b","external_links_name":"\"Nouveau Louvre Aile Mollien : Appartement du Grand Ecuyer\""},{"Link":"https://www.napoleon.org/histoire-des-2-empires/articles/quand-napoleon-iii-batissait-le-grand-louvre/","external_links_name":"\"Quand Napoléon III bâtissait le Grand Louvre\""},{"Link":"http://www.paris-autrement.paris/le-louvre-et-napoleon-iii/","external_links_name":"\"Le Louvre et Napoléon III\""},{"Link":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/bulmo_0007-473x_1946_num_104_2_9367","external_links_name":"\"Les esquisses de la décoration du Louvre au Département des sculptures\""},{"Link":"http://next.liberation.fr/design/2012/11/28/les-terres-cuites-d-olivier-gagnere-valorisent-vallauris_863811","external_links_name":"\"Les terres cuites d'Olivier Gagnère valorisent Vallauris\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiput_language | Kiput language | ["1 Phonology","1.1 Vowels","1.2 Consonants","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"] | Austronesian language spoken in Sarawak, Malaysia
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KiputNative toMalaysiaRegionNorthern Sarawak, BorneoNative speakers(2,500 cited 1981)Language familyAustronesian
Malayo-PolynesianNorth BorneanNorth SarawakanBerawan–Lower BaramLower BaramKiput–BelaitKiputLanguage codesISO 639-3kyiGlottologkipu1237ELPKiputThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Kiput is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in northern Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia.
Phonology
While the Northern Sarawakan languages in general are known for unusual phonological developments, Kiput stands out from the rest.
Vowels
Kiput has eight monophthongs /i ɪ e u ʊ o ə a/, at least twelve diphthongs /iw ew uj oj əj əw aj aw iə̯ eə̯ uə̯ oə̯/ and two triphthongs /iə̯j iə̯w/.
Consonants
Kiput consonants
Labial
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Nasal
m
n
ɲ
ŋ
Plosive
Voiceless
p
t
c
k
ʔ
Voiced
b
d
(ɟ)
ɡ
Fricative
f
s
h
Liquid
Lateral
l
Rhotic
r
Semivowel
w
j
References
^ Kiput at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Blust 2005, p. 241.
Further reading
Blust, Robert (2002). "Kiput Historical Phonology". Oceanic Linguistics. 42 (2): 384–438. doi:10.1353/ol.2002.0004. S2CID 145323053.
Blust, Robert (2004). A Short Morphology, Phonology and Vocabulary of Kiput, Sarawak. Pacific Linguistics 546. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-546. hdl:1885/146714.
Blust, Robert A. (7 December 2005). "Must sound change be linguistically motivated?". Diachronica. 22 (2): 219–269. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.570.7803. doi:10.1075/dia.22.2.02blu. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022.
Ray, Sidney H. (1913). "The Languages of Borneo". The Sarawak Museum Journal. 1 (4): 1–196.
External links
Kaipuleohone archive includes written materials on Kiput
vteGreater North BorneoNorth Borneo *Northeast Sabah *
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Keningau
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Baduy
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Moken
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Lengilu
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Musi
Negeri Sembilan Malay
Orang Kanaq
Orang Seletar
Pahang Malay
Pekal
Perak Malay
Pontianak Malay
Reman Malay
Sarawak Malay
Temuan
Terengganu Malay
Urak Lawoi'
Sundanese
Sundanese
Old Sundanese †
Baduy
Bantenese
Cirebonese
Rejang ?
Rejang
Moklenic ?
Moken
Moklen
Sumatran *Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
Enggano ?
Gayo
Mentawai
Nias
Sikule
Simeulue
Batak
Alas
Angkola
Dairi
Karo
Simalungun
Toba
Mandailing
Nasal ?
Lampungic
Lampung
Lampung Nyo
Lampung Api
Komering
Javanese
Javanese
Kawi / Old Javanese †
Banyumasan
Osing
Tenggerese
Madurese
Madurese
Kangean
Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
Balinese
Sasak
Sumbawa
CelebicBungku–Tolaki
Bahonsuai
Bungku
Kodeoha
Kulisusu
Moronene
Mori Bawah
Mori Atas
Padoe
Rahambuu
Tolaki
Tomadino
Waru
Wawonii
Muna–Buton
Bonerate
Busoa
Cia-Cia
Kaimbulawa
Kumbewaha
Lasalimu
Liabuku
Muna
Pancana
Tukang Besi
Saluan–Banggai
Andio
Balantak
Banggai
Batui
Bobongko
Saluan
Tomini–Tolitoli *
Balaesang
Boano ?
Dampelas
Dondo
Lauje
Pendau
Taje
Tajio
Tomini
Totoli ?
Kaili–Wolio *Kaili–Pamona
Kaili
Mbelala
Moma
Pamona
Rampi
Sarudu
Sedoa
Topoiyo
Uma
Wotu–Wolio
Kalao
Kamaru
Laiyolo
Ledo Kaili *
Wolio
Wotu
South SulawesiBugis
Buginese
Campalagian
Embaloh
Taman
Makassar
Makassarese
Bentong
Coastal Konjo
Highland Konjo
Selayar
Seko–Badaic *Seko
Budong-Budong
Panasuan
Seko Padang
Seko Tengah
Badaic
Bada
Behoa
Napu
Northern
Mamuju
Mandar
Massenrempulu
Duri
Enrekang
Maiwa
Malimpung
Pitu Ulunna Salu
Aralle-Tabulahan
Bambam
Dakka
Pannei
Ulumandaʼ
Toraja
Kalumpang
Mamasa
Pattae'
Lawa
Talondoʼ ?
Toraja-Saʼdan
Lemolang
Isolates
Chamorro
Palauan
Central Malayo-Polynesian languagesBima
Bima
Sumba–FloresSumba–HawuSavu
Hawu
Dhao
Sumba
Kambera
Mamboru
Anakalangu
Wanukaka
Pondok
Baliledo
Wejewa
Lamboya
Kodi
Gaura
Western Flores
Komodo
Manggarai
Riung
Rembong
Rajong
Kepoʼ
Wae Rana
Palu'e
Ende
Lio
Nagé-Kéo
Ngadha
Rongga
Soʼa
Flores–Lembata
Sika
Kedang
Lamaholot
Lamaholot
Alorese
Lamatuka
Lewo Eleng
Levuka
South Lembata
Lamalera
Lewotobi
Adonara
Ile Ape
Mingar
Selaru
Selaru
Seluwasan
Kei–Tanimbar ?
Kei
Fordata
Yamdena
Onin
Sekar
Uruangnirin
Aru
Barakai
Batuley
Dobel
Karey
Koba
Kola
Lola
Lorang
Manombai
Mariri
Tarangan
Ujir
Timoric *
Helong
Tetum
Idalaka
Central Timor *
Kemak
Tukudede
Mambai
Bekais
Wetar–Galoli ?
Wetar
Galoli
Atauran
Kawaimina
Kairui
Waimoa
Midiki
Naueti ?
Habun ?
Luangic–Kisaric ?
Romang
Kisar
Leti
Luang
Makuva
Rote–Meto
Bilba
Dengka
Lole
Ringgou
Dela-Oenale
Termanu
Tii
Uab Meto
Amarasi
Babar
West Damar
Dawera-Daweloor
North Babar
Dai
Masela
Serili
Southeast Babar
Emplawas
Imroing
Telaʼa
Southwest Maluku
East Damar
Teun
Nila
Serua
Kowiai ?
Kowiai
Central Maluku *
Teor-Kur
West
Ambelau
Buru
Lisela
Hukumina †
Moksela †
Sula
Mangole
Taliabo
East
Banda
Bati
Geser
Watubela
Bobot
Masiwang
Hoti †
Benggoi
Salas
Liana
Nunusaku
Kayeli †
Nuaulu
Huaulu
Manusela
Wemale
Yalahatan
Piru Bay ?
Asilulu
Luhu
Manipa
Wakasihu
Boano
Sepa-Teluti
Paulohi
Kaibobo
Hitu
Tulehu
Laha
Seit-Kaitetu
Kamarian †
Haruku
Amahai
Nusa Laut
Saparua
Latu
Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languagesSHWNG
Tandia †
Mor
Waropen
Warembori ?
Yoke ?
Halmahera SeaAmbel–Biga
Ambel
Biga
Maya–Matbat
Ma'ya
Matbat
Maden
Maden
Fiawat
As
As
South Halmahera
Gane
Taba
Buli
Maba
Patani
Sawai
Gebe
CenderawasihBiakic
Biak
Dusner †
Meoswar
Roon
Yapen
Ambai
Ansus
Marau
Wamesa
Wooi
Munggui
Papuma
Pom
Serui-Laut
Kurudu
Wabo
Southwest
Yaur
Yerisiam
Umar
OceanicAdmiralty
Yapese ?
Eastern
Manus
Baluan-Pam
Lenkau
Lou
Nauna
Penchal
Western
Northern Kaniet †
Southern Kaniet †
Seimat
Wuvulu
Aua
Saint Matthias
Mussau-Emira
Tenis
TemotuUtupua
Amba
Asumboa
Tanimbili
Vanikoro
Teanu
Lovono
Tanema
Reefs–Santa Cruz
Äiwoo
Engdewu / Nanggu
Natügu / Santa Cruz
Nalögo
Noipx
SoutheastSolomonicGela–Guadalcanal
Bugotu
Gela
Lengo
Birao
Ghari
Malango
Talise
Malaita–San Cristobal
Longgu
Sa'a
Arosi
Fagani
Bauro
Kahua
Owa
Marau Wawa ? †
Toʼabaita
Baelelea
Baeggu
Fataleka
Lau
Kwara'ae
Wala
Gula'alaa
Kwaio
Dori'o
ꞋAreꞌare
Oroha
WesternOceanicMeso–MelanesianWillaumez
Bola
Bulu
Meramera
Nakanai
Bali-Vitu
Bali
Vitu
New Ireland–NorthwestSolomonicTungag–Nalik
Kara
Laxudumau
Nalik
Tiang
Tigak
Tungag
Tabar
Lihir
Madara
Notsi
Madak
Barok
Lavatbura–Lamusong
Madak
St. George
Bilur
Fanamaket
Guramalum †
Kandas
Konomala
Label
Lungalunga
Niwer Mil
Patpatar
Ramoaaina
Siar
Sursurunga
Tangga
Tolai
NorthwestSolomonic
Babatana
Bannoni
Blablanga
Cheke Holo
Gao
Ghanongga
Hahon
Hakö
Halia
Hoava
Kazukuru †
Kokota
Kusaghe
Laghu †
Lungga
Marovo
Mono-Alu
Nduke
Nehan
Papapana
Petats
Piva
Ririo
Roviana
Saposa
Simbo
Solos
Teop
Tinputz
Torau
Ughele
Uruava †
Vaghua
Vangunu
Varisi
Zabana
Zazao
Tomoip
NorthNew GuineaSarmi–Jayapura ?
Anus
Bonggo
Kayupulau
Liki
Masimasi
Ormu
Podena
Kaptiau
Sobei
Tarpia
Tobati
Wakde
Yamna
Schouten
Arop-Sissano
Sera
Sissano
Ulau-Suain
Tumleo
Yakamul
Kaiep
Kairiru
Terebu
Biem
Kis
Manam
Medebur
Sepa
Wogeo
Huon Gulf
Bukawa
Kela
Yabem
Aribwatsa †
Aribwaung
Adzera
Dangal
Duwet
Labu
Maralango
Mari
Musom
Nafi
Silisili
Wampar
Wampur
Hote
Iwal
Kapin
Kumalu
Mangga Buang
Mapos Buang
Mumeng
Piu
Vehes
Yamap
Numbami
Ngero–Vitiaz
Bariai
Gitua
Kove
Lusi
Malalamai
Mutu
Awad Bing
Bilibil
Gedaged
Marik
Matukar
Mindiri
Takia
Wab
Lamogai
Mouk-Aria
Aigon
Karore
Kaulong †
Miu
Sengseng
Aiklep
Akolet
Apalik
Avau
Bebeli
Gimi
Lesing-Gelimi
Mangseng
Solong
Lote
Mamusi
Mengen
Arop-Lukep
Karnai
Malasanga
Mur Pano
Mato
Ronji
Amara
Maleu
Mbula
Sio
Tami
Papuan TipNuclear
ʼAuhelawa
Buhutu
Bwanabwana
Oya'oya
Saliba
Suau
Unubahe
Wagawaga
Bwaidoka
Diodio
Iamalele
Iduna
Koluwawa
Maiadomu
Bunama
Boselewa
Dobu
Duau
Galeya
Molima
Mwatebu
Sewa Bay
Dawawa
Kakabai
Are
Arifama-Miniafia
Doga
Gapapaiwa
Ghayavi
Kaninuwa
Ubir
Gweda
Haigwai
Maiwala
Minaveha
Taupota
Tawala
Yakaikeke
Anuki
Gumawana
Kilivila–Misima
Budibud
Kilivila
Misima
Muyuw
Nimoa–Sudest
Nimoa
Sudest
SouthernOceanicNorthVanuatuTorres–Banks
Dorig
Hiw
Koro
Lakon
Lehali
Lemerig
Lo-Toga
Löyöp
Mota
Mwerlap
Mwesen
Mwotlap
Nume
Olrat
Vera’a
Volow
Vurës
Maewo–Ambae–North Pentecost
Baetora
Duidui
Northeast Ambae
Raga
Sun̄wadaga
Sun̄wadia
South Pentecost
Apma
Sa
Ske
Sowa †
Espiritu Santo
Akei
Aore †
Araki
Cape Cumberland
Nokuku
Kiai
M̈av̈ea
Merei-Tiale
Mores
Sakao
Shark Bay
Tamambo
Tangoa
Tasiriki
Tolomako
Tutuba
Wusi
NuclearSouthernOceanicCentral Vanuatu
North Efate
Nafsan
Efatese
Eton
Lelepa
Makura
Daakaka
Dalkalaen
Lonwolwol
Paamese
Port Vato
Southeast Ambrym
Epi
Baki
Bierebo
Bieria
Lamen
Lewo
Maii
Malakula
Aulua
Avava
Aveteian
Axamb
Big Nambas
Botovro
Burmbar
Bwenelang
Larëvat
Lendamboi
Litzlitz
Malfaxal
Malua Bay
Maskelynes
Nahavaq
Nasarian
Nasvang
Nāti
Navwien
Nese
Neve'ei
Neverver
Ninde
Nisvai
Nitita
Port Sandwich
Rerep
Sörsörian
Tape
Tirax
Unua
Northeast Malakula
Vao
Vivti
Rutan
Alovas
Najit
Njav
South VanuatuErromango
Erromanga / Sie
Sorung †
Ura
Utaha / Ifo †
Tanna
Kwamera / South Tanna
Lenakel / West Tanna
North Tanna
Southwest Tanna
Whitesands / East Tanna
Aneityum
Loyalties–New CaledoniaLoyalty Islands
Drehu
Iaai
Nengone
New CaledonianSouthern
Ajië
Arhâ
Arhö
Ndrumbea
Neku
Numèè
Orowe
Tîrî
Xârâcùù
Xârâgurè
Zire †
Northern
Bwatoo
Caac
Cèmuhî
Fwâi
Haeke
Haveke
Hmwaveke
Jawe
Kumak
Nemi
Nyâlayu
Paicî
Pije
Pwaamei
Pwapwâ
Vamale
Waamwang †
Yuanga
Micronesian
Nauruan
NuclearMicronesian
Gilbertese
Kosraean
Marshallese
Chuukic–PohnpeicChuukic
Carolinian
Chuukese
Mapia †
Mortlockese
Namonuito
Pááfang
Puluwatese
Satawalese
Sonsorol
Tanapag
Tobian
Ulithian
Woleaian
Pohnpeic
Mokilese
Ngatikese
Pingelapese
Pohnpeian
CentralPacificWest
Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua
Rotuman
Western Fijian
East
Fijian
Gone Dau
Lauan
Lomaiviti
PolynesianNuclearPolynesian
Kapingamarangi
Nuguria
Nukumanu
Nukuoro
Ontong Java
Sikaiana
Takuu
Tuvaluan
Samoic
Niuatoputapu †
Samoan
Tokelauan
Eastern
Austral
Cook Islands Māori
Hawaiian
Mangareva
Māori
Moriori †
Marquesan
Penrhyn
Rakahanga-Manihiki
Rapa
Rapa Nui
Tahitian
Tuamotuan
Futunic
Anuta
Emae
Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan
Futunan / East Futunan
Mele-Fila
Pukapukan
Rennellese
Tikopia
Wallisian / East Uvean
West Uvean
Tongic
Niuafoʻou ?
Niuean
Tongan
* indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct status
vte Languages of MalaysiaMainOfficial
Malaysian
English
comparison with British English
Families
Austroasiatic
Aslian
Austronesian
North Bornean
Kayan–Murik
Land Dayak
Malayic
Philippine
Sama–Bajaw
Tai-Kadai
Tai
Natives &IndigenousNationwide
Malay
PeninsularMalaysia
Batek
Cheq Wong
Duanoʼ
Jah Hut
Jahai
Jakun
Jedek
Judeo-Malay2
Kedah Malay
Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Kenaboi1
Kensiu
Kintaq
Kristang
Lanoh
Mah Meri
Minriq
Mintil
Negeri Sembilan Malay
Mos
Orang Kanaq
Orang Seletar
Pahang Malay
Perak Malay
Reman Malay
Sabüm1
Semai
Semaq Beri
Semelai
Semnam
Southern Thai
Temiar
Temoq2
Temuan
Terengganu Malay
Wila'1
EastMalaysia
Abai
Bahau
Bajau
Belait
Berawan
Biatah
Bintulu
Bonggi
Bookan
Bruneian/Kedayan Malay
Brunei Bisaya
Bukar–Sadong
Bukitan
Coastal Kadazan
Daro-Matu
Dumpas
Dusun
Eastern Kadazan
Ganaʼ
Iban
Ida'an
Jagoi
Jangkang
Kajaman
Kalabakan
Kanowit
Kayan
Kelabit
Kendayan
Keningau Murut
Kinabatangan
Kiput
Klias River Kadazan
Kota Marudu Talantang
Kuijau
Lahanan
Lelak1
Lengilu1
Lotud
Lun Bawang
Mainstream Kenyah
Melanau
Momogun
Murik Kayan
Narom
Nonukan Tidong
Okolod
Paluan
Papar
Punan Bah-Biau
Punan Batu2
Penan
Remun
Sa'ban
Sabah Bisaya
Sama
Sarawak Malay
Sebop
Sekapan
Selungai Murut
Sembakung
Seru1
Serudung
Sian
Sungai
Tagol
Timugon
Tombonuwo
Tring
Tringgus
Tutoh
Ukit2
Umaʼ Lasan
SignificantminorityChinese
Sino-Tibetan
Yue
Cantonese
Malaysian Cantonese
Hakka
Min
Eastern Min
Fuqing
Fuzhou
Hainanese
Pu-Xian Min
Southern Min
Hokkien
Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
Penang Hokkien
Chaoshan Min
Teochew
Mandarin Chinese
Malaysian Mandarin
Indian
Dravidian
Malayalam
Tamil
Malaysian Tamil
Telugu
Indo-European
Gujarati
Hindi
Punjabi
Urdu
Indonesianarchipelago
Acehnese
Banjar
Baweanese
Buginese
Javanese
Kerinci
Mandailing
Minangkabau
Rawa
Philippine
Philippine
Iranun
Maranao
Molbog
Suluk
Others
Cham
Creoles
Chavacano
Kristang
Manglish
Malay trade and creole languages
Baba Malay
Chetty Malay
Cocos Malay
Sabah Malay
Mixed & Others
Rojak
Tanglish
Esperanto
Immigrants
African
Arab
Bangladeshi
Burmese
Cambodian
East Timorese
Filipino
Indonesian
comparison with Malaysian
Iranian
Japanese
Korean
Laotian
Nepalese
Pakistani
Sri Lankan
Thai
Vietnamese
SignsMain
Malaysian Sign Language
Manually Coded Malay
By states
Penang Sign Language
Selangor Sign Language
1 Extinct languages
2 Nearly extinct languages
This Austronesian languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malayo-Polynesian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"}],"text":"Kiput is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in northern Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia.","title":"Kiput language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"example needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2005241-2"},{"link_name":"how?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"While the Northern Sarawakan languages in general are known for unusual phonological developments,[example needed] Kiput stands out from the rest.[2][how?]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monophthongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthongs"},{"link_name":"diphthongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong"},{"link_name":"triphthongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphthong"}],"sub_title":"Vowels","text":"Kiput has eight monophthongs /i ɪ e u ʊ o ə a/, at least twelve diphthongs /iw ew uj oj əj əw aj aw iə̯ eə̯ uə̯ oə̯/ and two triphthongs /iə̯j iə̯w/.","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Consonants","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blust, Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blust"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/ol.2002.0004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2002.0004"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"145323053","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145323053"},{"link_name":"Blust, Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blust"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.15144/PL-546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-546"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1885/146714","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/1885%2F146714"},{"link_name":"Blust, Robert A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blust"},{"link_name":"\"Must sound change be linguistically motivated?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.570.7803&rep=rep1&type=pdf"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.570.7803","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.570.7803"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1075/dia.22.2.02blu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.22.2.02blu"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220617212824/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.570.7803&rep=rep1&type=pdf"},{"link_name":"Ray, Sidney H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_H._Ray"}],"text":"Blust, Robert (2002). \"Kiput Historical Phonology\". Oceanic Linguistics. 42 (2): 384–438. doi:10.1353/ol.2002.0004. S2CID 145323053.\nBlust, Robert (2004). A Short Morphology, Phonology and Vocabulary of Kiput, Sarawak. Pacific Linguistics 546. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-546. hdl:1885/146714.\nBlust, Robert A. (7 December 2005). \"Must sound change be linguistically motivated?\". Diachronica. 22 (2): 219–269. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.570.7803. doi:10.1075/dia.22.2.02blu. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022.\nRay, Sidney H. (1913). \"The Languages of Borneo\". The Sarawak Museum Journal. 1 (4): 1–196.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Blust, Robert (2002). \"Kiput Historical Phonology\". Oceanic Linguistics. 42 (2): 384–438. doi:10.1353/ol.2002.0004. S2CID 145323053.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blust","url_text":"Blust, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2002.0004","url_text":"10.1353/ol.2002.0004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145323053","url_text":"145323053"}]},{"reference":"Blust, Robert (2004). A Short Morphology, Phonology and Vocabulary of Kiput, Sarawak. Pacific Linguistics 546. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-546. hdl:1885/146714.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blust","url_text":"Blust, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-546","url_text":"10.15144/PL-546"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F146714","url_text":"1885/146714"}]},{"reference":"Blust, Robert A. (7 December 2005). \"Must sound change be linguistically motivated?\". Diachronica. 22 (2): 219–269. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.570.7803. doi:10.1075/dia.22.2.02blu. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blust","url_text":"Blust, Robert A."},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.570.7803&rep=rep1&type=pdf","url_text":"\"Must sound change be linguistically motivated?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.570.7803","url_text":"10.1.1.570.7803"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.22.2.02blu","url_text":"10.1075/dia.22.2.02blu"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220617212824/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.570.7803&rep=rep1&type=pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ray, Sidney H. (1913). \"The Languages of Borneo\". The Sarawak Museum Journal. 1 (4): 1–196.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_H._Ray","url_text":"Ray, Sidney H."}]}] | [{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kipu1237","external_links_name":"kipu1237"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/9769","external_links_name":"Kiput"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/kyi/","external_links_name":"Kiput"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2002.0004","external_links_name":"10.1353/ol.2002.0004"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145323053","external_links_name":"145323053"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-546","external_links_name":"10.15144/PL-546"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F146714","external_links_name":"1885/146714"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.570.7803&rep=rep1&type=pdf","external_links_name":"\"Must sound change be linguistically motivated?\""},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.570.7803","external_links_name":"10.1.1.570.7803"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.22.2.02blu","external_links_name":"10.1075/dia.22.2.02blu"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220617212824/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.570.7803&rep=rep1&type=pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiput_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Notrealname1234 | User talk:Notrealname1234 | [] | Archives
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This page has archives. Sections older than 30 days may be automatically archived by ClueBot III. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"User talk:Notrealname1234"}] | [] | null | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability_training | Core stability | ["1 In practice","2 Research","3 Training methods","4 Exercise for strengthening of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine","4.1 Intra-abdominal pressure","4.2 Strengthening back musculature","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Inline citations","6.2 General references"] | For the concept of core stability in game theory, see Core (game theory).Ability of a person to control the position and movement of their torso
In kinesiology, core stability is a person's ability to stabilize their core (all parts of the body which are not limbs). Stability, in this context, should be considered as an ability to control the position and movement of the core. Thus, if a person has greater core stability, they have a greater level of control over the position and movement of this area of their body. The body's core is frequently involved in aiding other movements of the body, such as running; thus it is known that improving core stability also improves a person's ability to perform these other movements.
The body's core region is sometimes referred to as the torso or the trunk, although there are some differences in the muscles identified as constituting them. The major muscles involved in core stability include the pelvic floor muscles, transversus abdominis, multifidus, internal and external obliques, rectus abdominis, erector spinae (sacrospinalis) especially the longissimus thoracis, and the diaphragm. Notably, breathing, including the action of the diaphragm, can significantly influence the posture and movement of the core; this is especially apparent in regard to extreme ranges of inhalation and exhalation. On this basis, how a person is breathing may influence their ability to control their core.
Some researchers have argued that the generation of intra-abdominal pressure, caused by the activation of the core muscles and especially the transversus abdominis, may serve to lend support to the lumbar spine. One way in which intra-abdominal pressure can be increased is by the adoption of a deeper breathing pattern. In this case, and as considered by Hans Lindgren, 'The diaphragm performs its breathing function at a lower position to facilitate a higher IAP.' Thus, the adoption of a deeper breathing pattern may improve core stability.
Typically, the core is associated with the body's center of gravity (COG). In the 'standard anatomical position' the COG is identified as being anterior to the second sacral vertebrae. However, the precise location of a person's COG changes with every movement they make. Michael Yessis argues that it is the lumbar spine that is primarily responsible for posture and stability, and thus provides the strength and stability required for dynamic sports.
In practice
Further information: Kinesiology
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Whenever a person moves, to lift something or simply to move from one position to another, the core region is tensed first. This tension is usually made unconsciously and in conjunction with a change in breathing pattern. An example to try is to sit in a chair and to reach forward over a table to pick up a cup. This movement is first accompanied by a tension in the core region of the abdomen and can be felt by placing one hand on the abdomen as the movement is made.
As the load increases the key muscles contract around the viscera, which are in-compressible, to form a stable ball-like core region against which the forces are balanced in coordination with posture.
It is commonly believed that core stability is essential for the maintenance of an upright posture and especially for movements and lifts that require extra effort such as lifting a heavy weight from the ground to a table. Without core stability the lower back is not supported from inside and can be injured by strain caused by the exercise. It is also believed that insufficient core stability can result in lower back pain and lower limb injuries.
Research
There is little support in research for the core stability model and many of the benefits attributed to this method of exercise have not been demonstrated. At best core stability training has the same benefits as general, non-specific exercise (see review by Lederman 09) and walking. Trunk or core specific exercise have failed to demonstrate preventative benefits against injuries in sports or to improve sports performance.
Training methods
Training methods for developing and maintaining core stability include:
Pilates
Exercise ball, also known as a Swiss ball, stability ball, yoga ball, Pilates ball or fitness ball
Yoga
Exercise for strengthening of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine
The cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine is composed of a total of 24 presacral vertebrae and their main functions are to protect the spinal cord, provide an attachment site for many muscles of the body. They also function by distributing one's bodyweight when standing upright. Many injuries to the spine occur as a result of vehicle accidents, falling, and sports and recreation. While it is impossible to prevent such events from happening, increasing intra-abdominal pressure and strengthening the musculature in the back, along with keeping a neutral spine, can minimize injuries like hernias, strains, and sprains.
Intra-abdominal pressure
The correlation between having a significant amount of core strength and spinal health has been well documented by many studies in the past. Some of these studies were able to quantify the effects that antagonizing abdominal muscle had on stabilizing the lumbar spine by increasing the amount of intra-abdominal pressure in order to maintain a straight lumbar spine and to avoid rounding during physical activities and using simple techniques such as the “Valsalva maneuver”. A simple exercise used to strengthen the abdominals (rectus abdominis, internal/external obliques, and transverse abdominis) is using the isometric or “static” hold known as the plank.
Strengthening back musculature
Simply by working to keep a neutral spine and remembering to increase intra-abdominal pressure before performing a movement that could compromise the spine, you are able to drastically decrease your risk for sustaining a back injury. If you were looking for ways to both strengthen and increase stability of the musculature of the spine one could perform various body weight exercises, for instance the bird dog exercise.
See also
Human abdomen
Sit ups
Running
References
Inline citations
^ Kibler, W. B., Press, J., & Sciascia, A. (2006). The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports medicine, 36(3), 189-198.
^ P.W. Hodges, A.E.M. Eriksson, D. Shirley, S.C. Gandevia. 'Lumbar Spine Stiffness is Increased by Intra-Abdominal Pressure' <https://isbweb.org/images/conf/2001/Longabstracts/PDF/0300_0399/0314.pdf>
^ "Diaphragm function for core stability » Hans Lindgren DC".
^ "Centre of Gravity". Physiopedia. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
^ Michael Yessis (2000). Explosive Running. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 1st edition. ISBN 978-0-8092-9899-0.
^ Kriese M, et al Segmental stabilization in low back pain: a systematic review. Sportverletz Sportschaden. 2010 Mar;24(1):17-25. Epub 2010 Mar 16
^ Rackwitz B, et al Segmental stabilizing exercises and low back pain. What is the evidence? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rehabil. 2006 Jul;20(7):553-67
^ May S, Johnson R. Stabilisation exercises for low back pain: a systematic review. Physiotherapy.2008;94(3):179-189
^ Ferreira PH, Ferreira ML, Maher CG, et al. Specific stabilisation exercise for spinal and pelvic pain: a systematic review. Aust J Physiother 2006;52:79–88
^ Macedo LG, Maher CG, Latimer J et al 2009 Motor Control Exercise for Persistent, Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review PHYS THER Vol. 89, No. 1, January, pp. 9-25
^ Lederman, E. The myth of core stability. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2009, doi=10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.08.001
^ Smeets RJ. Do lumbar stabilising exercises reduce pain and disability in patients with recurrent low back pain? Aust J Physiother. 2009;55(2):138
^ Childs JD, et al Effects of Traditional Sit-up Training Versus Core Stabilization Exercises on Short-Term Musculoskeletal Injuries in US Army Soldiers: A Cluster Randomized Trial. Phys Ther. 2010 Jul 22
^ Helewa A, et al., 1999. Does strengthening the abdominal muscles prevent low back pain--a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 26 (8), 1808-1815
^ Nadler SF, et al., 2002. Hip muscle imbalance and low back pain in athletes: influence of core strengthening. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 34 (1), 9-16
^ Hibbs AE, et al Optimizing performance by improving core stability and core strength. Sports Med. 2008;38(12):995-1008. doi:10.2165/00007256-200838120-00004
^ "Vertebral column". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 16 Feb. 2015 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626589/vertebral-column>.
^ Gardner-Morse, M., & Stokes, I. (1998). The Effects of Abdominal Muscle Coactivation on Lumbar Spine Stability. Spine, 23(1), 86-91.
^ Goldish, MD, G., Quast, MD, J., Blow, MD, J., & Kuskowski, PhD, M. (1994). Postural Effects on Intra-Abdominal Pressure During Valsalva Maneuver. Arch Phys Mad Rehabil ,, Vol75, 324-327.
General references
Anderson, Stephen A.; Calais-Germain, Blandine (1993). Anatomy of movement. Chicago: Eastland Press. ISBN 0-939616-17-3.
Mel Cash (1999). Pocket Atlas of the Moving Body: For All Students of Human Biology, Medicine, Sports and Physical Therapy. North Pomfret, Vt: Trafalgar Square Publishing. ISBN 0-09-186512-3. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Core (game theory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_(game_theory)"},{"link_name":"kinesiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiology"},{"link_name":"core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body"},{"link_name":"limbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"control the position and movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_control"},{"link_name":"running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"torso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torso"},{"link_name":"pelvic floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_floor"},{"link_name":"transversus abdominis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversus_abdominis"},{"link_name":"multifidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multifidus"},{"link_name":"internal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_obliques"},{"link_name":"external obliques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_obliques"},{"link_name":"rectus abdominis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectus_abdominis"},{"link_name":"erector spinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erector_spinae"},{"link_name":"longissimus thoracis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longissimus_thoracis"},{"link_name":"diaphragm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm"},{"link_name":"breathing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing"},{"link_name":"posture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posture_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"lumbar spine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_spine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"center of gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_gravity"},{"link_name":"standard anatomical position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position"},{"link_name":"sacral vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral_vertebrae"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For the concept of core stability in game theory, see Core (game theory).Ability of a person to control the position and movement of their torsoIn kinesiology, core stability is a person's ability to stabilize their core (all parts of the body which are not limbs). Stability, in this context, should be considered as an ability to control the position and movement of the core. Thus, if a person has greater core stability, they have a greater level of control over the position and movement of this area of their body. The body's core is frequently involved in aiding other movements of the body, such as running; thus it is known that improving core stability also improves a person's ability to perform these other movements.[1]The body's core region is sometimes referred to as the torso or the trunk, although there are some differences in the muscles identified as constituting them. The major muscles involved in core stability include the pelvic floor muscles, transversus abdominis, multifidus, internal and external obliques, rectus abdominis, erector spinae (sacrospinalis) especially the longissimus thoracis, and the diaphragm. Notably, breathing, including the action of the diaphragm, can significantly influence the posture and movement of the core; this is especially apparent in regard to extreme ranges of inhalation and exhalation. On this basis, how a person is breathing may influence their ability to control their core.Some researchers have argued that the generation of intra-abdominal pressure, caused by the activation of the core muscles and especially the transversus abdominis, may serve to lend support to the lumbar spine.[2] One way in which intra-abdominal pressure can be increased is by the adoption of a deeper breathing pattern. In this case, and as considered by Hans Lindgren, 'The diaphragm [...] performs its breathing function at a lower position to facilitate a higher IAP.'[3] Thus, the adoption of a deeper breathing pattern may improve core stability.Typically, the core is associated with the body's center of gravity (COG). In the 'standard anatomical position' the COG is identified as being anterior to the second sacral vertebrae. However, the precise location of a person's COG changes with every movement they make.[4] Michael Yessis argues that it is the lumbar spine that is primarily responsible for posture and stability, and thus provides the strength and stability required for dynamic sports.[5]","title":"Core stability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kinesiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiology"},{"link_name":"tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_tone"},{"link_name":"posture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_spine"}],"text":"Further information: KinesiologyWhenever a person moves, to lift something or simply to move from one position to another, the core region is tensed first. This tension is usually made unconsciously and in conjunction with a change in breathing pattern. An example to try is to sit in a chair and to reach forward over a table to pick up a cup. This movement is first accompanied by a tension in the core region of the abdomen and can be felt by placing one hand on the abdomen as the movement is made.As the load increases the key muscles contract around the viscera, which are in-compressible, to form a stable ball-like core region against which the forces are balanced in coordination with posture.It is commonly believed that core stability is essential for the maintenance of an upright posture and especially for movements and lifts that require extra effort such as lifting a heavy weight from the ground to a table. Without core stability the lower back is not supported from inside and can be injured by strain caused by the exercise. It is also believed that insufficient core stability can result in lower back pain and lower limb injuries.","title":"In practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"There is little support in research for the core stability model and many of the benefits attributed to this method of exercise have not been demonstrated. At best core stability training has the same benefits as general, non-specific exercise[6][7][8][9][10] (see review by Lederman 09)[11] and walking.[12] Trunk or core specific exercise have failed to demonstrate preventative benefits against injuries in sports[13][14][15] or to improve sports performance.[16]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pilates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilates"},{"link_name":"Exercise ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_ball"},{"link_name":"yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga"},{"link_name":"Pilates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilates"},{"link_name":"Yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga"}],"text":"Training methods for developing and maintaining core stability include:Pilates\nExercise ball, also known as a Swiss ball, stability ball, yoga ball, Pilates ball or fitness ball\nYoga","title":"Training methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cervical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervix"},{"link_name":"thoracic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic"},{"link_name":"lumbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar"},{"link_name":"presacral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presacral"},{"link_name":"vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrae"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"vehicle accidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-vehicle_accident"},{"link_name":"falling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_(accident)"},{"link_name":"sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports"},{"link_name":"recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreation"},{"link_name":"hernias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernia"},{"link_name":"strains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(injury)"},{"link_name":"sprains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprains"}],"text":"The cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine is composed of a total of 24 presacral vertebrae and their main functions are to protect the spinal cord, provide an attachment site for many muscles of the body. They also function by distributing one's bodyweight when standing upright.[17] Many injuries to the spine occur as a result of vehicle accidents, falling, and sports and recreation. While it is impossible to prevent such events from happening, increasing intra-abdominal pressure and strengthening the musculature in the back, along with keeping a neutral spine, can minimize injuries like hernias, strains, and sprains.","title":"Exercise for strengthening of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Valsalva maneuver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"the plank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plank_(exercise)"}],"sub_title":"Intra-abdominal pressure","text":"The correlation between having a significant amount of core strength and spinal health has been well documented by many studies in the past. Some of these studies were able to quantify the effects that antagonizing abdominal muscle had on stabilizing the lumbar spine by increasing the amount of intra-abdominal pressure in order to maintain a straight lumbar spine and to avoid rounding during physical activities [18] and using simple techniques such as the “Valsalva maneuver”.[19] A simple exercise used to strengthen the abdominals (rectus abdominis, internal/external obliques, and transverse abdominis) is using the isometric or “static” hold known as the plank.","title":"Exercise for strengthening of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird dog exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_dog_(exercise)"}],"sub_title":"Strengthening back musculature","text":"Simply by working to keep a neutral spine and remembering to increase intra-abdominal pressure before performing a movement that could compromise the spine, you are able to drastically decrease your risk for sustaining a back injury. If you were looking for ways to both strengthen and increase stability of the musculature of the spine one could perform various body weight exercises, for instance the bird dog exercise.","title":"Exercise for strengthening of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine"}] | [] | [{"title":"Human abdomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_abdomen"},{"title":"Sit ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit_ups"},{"title":"Running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running"}] | [{"reference":"\"Diaphragm function for core stability » Hans Lindgren DC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://hanslindgren.com/articles/diaphragm-function-for-core-stability/","url_text":"\"Diaphragm function for core stability » Hans Lindgren DC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Centre of Gravity\". Physiopedia. Retrieved 29 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.physio-pedia.com/Centre_of_Gravity","url_text":"\"Centre of Gravity\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Yessis (2000). Explosive Running. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gaskin | Thomas Gaskin | ["1 Life","2 Works","3 Notes","4 External links"] | English clergyman and academic
Thomas Gaskin (1810–1887) was an English clergyman and academic, now known for contributions to mathematics.
Life
After being educated at Sedbergh School between 1822 and 1827, he was admitted a sizar of St John's College, Cambridge in 1827. He was Second Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos in 1831, behind Samuel Earnshaw. He was then a Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge from 1832 to 1842, when he married. He became a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1836, and of the Royal Society in 1839. In 1840 Gaskin and his fellow examiner J. Bowstead unilaterally abolished the Tripos system of viva voce examinations in Latin, which had become an obsolete formality.
Gaskin spent the latter part of his career as a private coach, moving to Cheltenham in 1855.
Works
Gaskin is now remembered for his work on the equation for the figure of the Earth, of Pierre-Simon Laplace. While it was important for geodesy, from a Cambridge point of view its introduction to the syllabus of the Tripos, as intended by William Whewell, proved troublesome. Whewell had George Biddell Airy write on it in his 1826 Tracts, but the solution of the equation appeared unmotivated. John Henry Pratt in Mathematical Principles of Mechanical Philosophy (1836) returned to the topic, clarifying it. Alexander John Ellis worked on the solution of the equation in 1836, as an undergraduate. Then in 1839 Gaskin produced a solution procedure by a differential operator method, setting the result of his investigation as a Tripos question. It immediately gained textbook status in the Differential Equations of John Hymers. The work proved seminal, influencing Robert Leslie Ellis to further developments of symbolic methods; and is credited with a stimulus to the On A General Method of Analysis (1844), the paper making the reputation of George Boole.
Gaskin published little original mathematics by the conventional route of the learned journal; but made his research public in Tripos questions (he was an examiner six times between 1835 and 1851). Later Edward Routh commented on the extensive adoption of Gaskin's problems into the common fund of understanding of the subject.
Notes
^ a b "Gaskin, Thomas (GSKN827T)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ Alex D. D. Craik, Mr Hopkins' Men: Cambridge Reform and British Mathematics in the 19th Century (2008), p. 4; Google Books.
^ Obituary: List of Fellows and Associates deceased Gaskin, Thomas, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 48, p. 163, Bibliographic Code: 1888MNRAS..48R.161; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS).
^ Craik, p. 90; Google Books.
^ A. J. Crilly, Arthur Cayley: mathematician laureate of the Victorian age (2006), p. 256;
^ James Gasser (editor), A Boole Anthology: Recent and classical studies in the logic of George Boole (2000), pp. 168-73; Google Books.
^ Andrew Warwick (2003), Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics, p. 156 with note 90, and p. 168.
External links
Works by or about Thomas Gaskin at Internet Archive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carter_(author) | John Carter (writer) | ["1 Biography","2 An Enquiry into the Nature of Certain Nineteenth Century Pamphlets","3 Writing, editing and bibliographical work","4 Selected works","5 References","6 Bibliography"] | English writer, diplomat, bibliographer, book-collector and antiquarian bookseller
John Waynflete Carter (10 May 1905 – 18 March 1975) was an English writer, diplomat, bibliographer, book-collector, antiquarian bookseller and president of the Bibliographical Society in 1968. He was recognized as one of the most important figures in the Anglo-American book world. He was the great-grandson of Canon T. T. Carter
Biography
After attending Eton College, he studied classics at King's College, Cambridge, where he gained a double first. He then joined Scrivner's working two periods 1927-1939 and 1946- 1953 building up the antiquarian bookselling side.
During World War II he worked for the Ministry of Information until 1943 and then moved to New York City to work for the British Information Services where he wrote Victory in Burma.
He held the Sandars Readership in Bibliography at Cambridge University in 1947 and lectured on Taste and technique in book collecting: a study of recent developments in Great Britain and the United States. The Sandars Readership is one of the major British bibliographical lecture series.
He returned to Scrivner's after the War until it closed its London Office in 1953. He then worked for Roger Makins, British Ambassador to the United States until 1955 and was made a CBE.
He then joined Sotheby's where he was associate director until 1972.
Carter was the husband of the writer and curator Ernestine Carter and the brother of the printer Will Carter (1912–2001) of the Rampant Lions Press, at which some of his smaller-scale works were published.
He was buried in the cemetery at Eton and Housman's poem, XLVII - FOR MY FUNERAL, "O thou that from thy mansion" was read at the service.
An Enquiry into the Nature of Certain Nineteenth Century Pamphlets
Carter's 1934 exposé, An Enquiry into the Nature of Certain Nineteenth Century Pamphlets, co-written with Graham Pollard, exposed the forgeries of books and pamphlets by Harry Buxton Forman, an editor of Keats and Shelley, and Thomas J. Wise, one of the world's most prominent book collectors.
Forman and Wise's crimes are generally regarded as one of the most notorious literary scandals of the twentieth century.
In 1983 he co-authored a sequel to the Enquiry.
Writing, editing and bibliographical work
Carter wrote seminal books on aspects of book collecting, notably ABC for Book Collectors, a classic which was published in many editions. Carter first published the ABC in 1952 and edited five editions. Nicholas Barker produced the sixth, seventh and eighth editions (1980) and was joined by co-editor, Simran Thadani, for the ninth.
He served on the board of directors of the journal, The Book Collector, published by Queen Anne Press, a company managed by Ian Fleming creator of James Bond.
In 1963 Carter was instrumental in organizing Printing and the Mind of Man, an exhibition of the contribution printing had made to the enlargement of human knowledge. The exhibit catalogue, printed by Oxford University Press was edited by John Carter, Stanley Morison, Percy Muir and others: Catalogue of a display of printing mechanisms and printed materials arranged to illustrate the history of Western civilization and the means of the multiplication of literary texts since the 15th century, organised in connection with the eleventh International Printing Machinery and Allied Trades Exhibition, under the title Printing and the Mind of Man, assembled at the British Museum and at Earls Court, London, 16–27 July 1963. Carter spoke at the Double Crown Club in honour of Morrison, "The wise affair: printing and the mind of man", in 1967.
Carter also edited the prose of the poet A. E. Housman and two editions of A.E. Housman: Bibliography.
He was also a humorist and writer of clerihews, whimsical, four-line biographical poems, some of which were printed by Will Carter at the Rampant Lions Press in 1938.
In 1975 he won the Gold Medal from the Bibliographical Society.
An auction of Carter's collection of printed books was held at Sotheby's in 1976.
Selected works
ABC for book collectors. 8th ed. edited by Nicolas Barker. New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll Press; London: British Library, 2004. ISBN 0-7123-4822-0 (British Library) ISBN 1-58456-112-2 (Oak Knoll); a classic, first published in 1952.
Taste and technique in book-collecting, with an epilogue. Pinner, Middlesex: Private Libraries Association, 1970 (The Sandars Lectures in Bibliography, 1947). ISBN 0-900002-30-1
Carter, John; Muir, Percy H. (1967). Printing and the Mind of Man: A Descriptive Catalogue Illustrating the Impact of Print on the Evolution of Western Civilization During Five Centuries. London: Cassell; New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. OCLC 576854.
Carter, John. 1934. New Paths in Book Collecting : Essays by Various Hands ; John Carter, John T. Winterlich, P.H. Muir . London: Constable & Co.
Binding variants in English publishing: 1820-1900. London: Constable; New York: Ray Long & Richard R. Smith, 1932.
More binding variants. London: Constable, 1938.
Publisher's cloth ... 1820-1900. New York: Bowker; London: Constable, 1935. Reprinted 1970.
References
^ Bibliographical Society of London. Past Presidents.
^ Dickinson, Donald C. 2004. John Carter : The Taste & Technique of a Bookman. 1st ed. New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll Press.
^ British Information Services. 1945. Victory in Burma. New York, N.Y.: Published by British Information Services, 30 Rockefeller Plaza.
^ Bowman, J.H. (1 October 2012). British Librarianship and Information Work 2001–2005. Ashgate. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-4094-8506-3.
^ Munby, A.N.L.(1975) "John Carter." The Book Collector 24 (summer): 202-216.
^ Munby, A.N.L.(1975) "John Carter." The Book Collector 24 (summer): 202-216.
^ Carter, John; Pollard, Graham (1934), An enquiry into the nature of certain nineteenth-century pamphlets, London New York: Constable & Co., C. Scribner's Sons, ISBN 978-0-8383-1261-2
^ Collins, John, Two Forgers: A Biography of Harry Buxton Forman and Thomas James Wise, Oak Knoll Press, New Castle, Del., 1992. ISBN 0-85967-754-0
^ Barker, Nicolas, John Collins, and John Carter. 1983. A Sequel to an Enquiry into the Nature of Certain Nineteenth Century Pamphlets by John Carter and Graham Pollard: The Forgeries of H. Buxton Forman & T.J. Wise Re-Examined. London: Scolar Press.
^ Richardson, John V. 1984. “Book Review: A Sequel to an Enquiry into the Nature of Certain Nineteenth Century Pamphlets by John Carter and Graham Pollard. The Forgeries of H. Buxton Forman & T.J. Wise Re-Examined.” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 16 (3): 344–45.
^ Dunkin, P. S. (1953). . The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, 23(4), 307–308.
^ Richard L.“John Carter’s ABC for Book Collectors, 9th Edition. Nicholas Barker and Simran Thadani, Eds. and Sidney E. Berger. The Dictionary of the Book: A Glossary for Book Collectors, Booksellers, Librarians, and Others.” RBM : A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage 20, no. 1 (2019): 54-.
^ Lycett, Andrew. Ian Fleming. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1995
^ Munby, A.N.L.(1975) "John Carter." The Book Collector 24 (summer): 202-216.
^ Double Crown Club, National Art Library (Great Britain). Double Crown Club Collection, and Hazell, Watson & Viney. 1968. S.M. An Original Member of the Double Crown Club : Observations on Stanley Morison by Five Members and a Guest, given at the Club’s 192nd Dinner, 29 November 1967. : .
^ Carter, John, and John Sparrow. 1982. A.E. Housman : Bibliography. 2. ed. rev. Foxbury Meadow : St. Paul’ Bibliographies.
^ Carter, John Waynflete. 1938. Clerihews.printed by Will Carter at the Rampant Lions Press Cambridge.
^ "Gold Medallists". The Bibliographical Society.
^ Sotheby Parke Bernet & Co. 1976. Catalogue of Valuable Collection of Printed Books, the Property of the Late John Carter, Esq., C.B.E., Past President and Gold Medallist of the Bibliographical Society Sometime Sandars Reader in Bibliography in the University of Cambridge ... : Which Will Be Sold by Auction by Sotheby Parke Bernet & Co. ... At Their Large Galleries, 34 & 35 New Bond Street, London W1A 2AA ... ; Day of Sale: Wednesday, 24th March, 1976. London: Sotheby Parke Bernet & Co.
Bibliography
Dickinson, Donald C., John Carter: the taste & technique of a bookman. Oak Knoll Press, New Castle, Del., 2004. ISBN 1-58456-137-8
Munby, A.N.L. (1975) "John Carter." The Book Collector 24 (summer): 202-216.
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Portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"book-collector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_collecting"},{"link_name":"bookseller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookseller"},{"link_name":"Bibliographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographical_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Canon T. T. Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Thellusson_Carter"}],"text":"John Waynflete Carter (10 May 1905 – 18 March 1975) was an English writer, diplomat, bibliographer, book-collector, antiquarian bookseller and president of the Bibliographical Society in 1968.[1] He was recognized as one of the most important figures in the Anglo-American book world. [2] He was the great-grandson of Canon T. T. 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He then joined Scrivner's working two periods 1927-1939 and 1946- 1953 building up the antiquarian bookselling side.During World War II he worked for the Ministry of Information until 1943 and then moved to New York City to work for the British Information Services where he wrote Victory in Burma. [3]He held the Sandars Readership in Bibliography at Cambridge University in 1947 and lectured on Taste and technique in book collecting: a study of recent developments in Great Britain and the United States. The Sandars Readership is one of the major British bibliographical lecture series. [4]He returned to Scrivner's after the War until it closed its London Office in 1953. He then worked for Roger Makins, British Ambassador to the United States until 1955 and was made a CBE.He then joined Sotheby's where he was associate director until 1972.[5]Carter was the husband of the writer and curator Ernestine Carter and the brother of the printer Will Carter (1912–2001) of the Rampant Lions Press, at which some of his smaller-scale works were published.He was buried in the cemetery at Eton and Housman's poem, XLVII - FOR MY FUNERAL, \"O thou that from thy mansion\" was read at the service.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graham Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Pollard"},{"link_name":"forgeries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgery"},{"link_name":"Harry Buxton Forman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Buxton_Forman"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Wise"},{"link_name":"book collectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_collecting"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Carter's 1934 exposé, An Enquiry into the Nature of Certain Nineteenth Century Pamphlets, co-written with Graham Pollard, exposed the forgeries of books and pamphlets by Harry Buxton Forman, an editor of Keats and Shelley, and Thomas J. Wise, one of the world's most prominent book collectors.[7]\nForman and Wise's crimes are generally regarded as one of the most notorious literary scandals of the twentieth century.[8]In 1983 he co-authored a sequel to the Enquiry.[9][10]","title":"An Enquiry into the Nature of Certain Nineteenth Century Pamphlets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Barker"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Book Collector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_Collector"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_Press"},{"link_name":"Ian Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Fleming"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Printing and the Mind of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_and_the_Mind_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Stanley Morison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Morison"},{"link_name":"Percy Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Muir"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Double Crown Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Crown_Club"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"A. E. Housman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Housman"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"clerihews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerihews"},{"link_name":"Rampant Lions Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampant_Lions_Press"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Carter wrote seminal books on aspects of book collecting, notably ABC for Book Collectors, a classic which was published in many editions.[11] Carter first published the ABC in 1952 and edited five editions. Nicholas Barker produced the sixth, seventh and eighth editions (1980) and was joined by co-editor, Simran Thadani, for the ninth. [12]He served on the board of directors of the journal, The Book Collector, published by Queen Anne Press, a company managed by Ian Fleming creator of James Bond.[13]In 1963 Carter was instrumental in organizing Printing and the Mind of Man, an exhibition of the contribution printing had made to the enlargement of human knowledge. The exhibit catalogue, printed by Oxford University Press was edited by John Carter, Stanley Morison, Percy Muir and others: Catalogue of a display of printing mechanisms and printed materials arranged to illustrate the history of Western civilization and the means of the multiplication of literary texts since the 15th century, organised in connection with the eleventh International Printing Machinery and Allied Trades Exhibition, under the title Printing and the Mind of Man, assembled at the British Museum and at Earls Court, London, 16–27 July 1963.[14] Carter spoke at the Double Crown Club in honour of Morrison, \"The wise affair: printing and the mind of man\", in 1967.[15]Carter also edited the prose of the poet A. E. Housman and two editions of A.E. Housman: Bibliography.[16]He was also a humorist and writer of clerihews, whimsical, four-line biographical poems, some of which were printed by Will Carter at the Rampant Lions Press in 1938.[17]In 1975 he won the Gold Medal from the Bibliographical Society.[18]An auction of Carter's collection of printed books was held at Sotheby's in 1976.[19]","title":"Writing, editing and bibliographical work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC for book collectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ilab.org/assets/documents/articles/documentation_center_files_29_2_20abc_20forbookcollectors_20bob_20fleck.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7123-4822-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7123-4822-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58456-112-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58456-112-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#Free_access"},{"link_name":"Private Libraries Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Libraries_Association"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-900002-30-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900002-30-1"},{"link_name":"Carter, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carter_(author)"},{"link_name":"Muir, Percy H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Muir"},{"link_name":"Printing and the Mind of Man: A Descriptive Catalogue Illustrating the Impact of Print on the Evolution of Western Civilization During Five Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_and_the_Mind_of_Man"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Cassell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassell_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Holt, Rinehart & Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_McDougal"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"576854","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/576854"}],"text":"ABC for book collectors. 8th ed. edited by Nicolas Barker. New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll Press; London: British Library, 2004. ISBN 0-7123-4822-0 (British Library) ISBN 1-58456-112-2 (Oak Knoll); a classic, first published in 1952. \nTaste and technique in book-collecting, with an epilogue. Pinner, Middlesex: Private Libraries Association, 1970 (The Sandars Lectures in Bibliography, 1947). ISBN 0-900002-30-1\nCarter, John; Muir, Percy H. (1967). Printing and the Mind of Man: A Descriptive Catalogue Illustrating the Impact of Print on the Evolution of Western Civilization During Five Centuries. London: Cassell; New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. OCLC 576854.\nCarter, John. 1934. New Paths in Book Collecting : Essays by Various Hands ; John Carter, John T. Winterlich, P.H. Muir [and Others]. London: Constable & Co.\nBinding variants in English publishing: 1820-1900. London: Constable; New York: Ray Long & Richard R. Smith, 1932.\nMore binding variants. London: Constable, 1938.\nPublisher's cloth ... 1820-1900. New York: Bowker; London: Constable, 1935. Reprinted 1970.","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58456-137-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58456-137-8"},{"link_name":"Authority control 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burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_burning"},{"link_name":"incidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings"},{"link_name":"Book curses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_curse"},{"link_name":"Book packaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_packaging"},{"link_name":"Book swapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_swapping"},{"link_name":"Book tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_tour"},{"link_name":"Conservation and restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera"},{"link_name":"Dog ears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_ears"},{"link_name":"History of books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_books"},{"link_name":"scroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll"},{"link_name":"codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex"},{"link_name":"Intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN"},{"link_name":"Novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_books"},{"link_name":"Preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)"},{"link_name":"The Philobiblon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philobiblon"},{"link_name":"World Book Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Book_Day"},{"link_name":"World Book Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Book_Capital"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_books"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Books"}],"text":"Dickinson, Donald C., John Carter: the taste & technique of a bookman. Oak Knoll Press, New Castle, Del., 2004. ISBN 1-58456-137-8\nMunby, A.N.L. (1975) \"John Carter.\" The Book Collector 24 (summer): 202-216.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nCroatia\nNetherlands\nPoland\nPortugal\nVatican\nPeople\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRefvteBooksProduction\nBinding\nCovers\ndust jackets\nDesign\nEditing\nIllustration\nIlluminated manuscripts\nPrinting\nedition\nhistory\nincunabula\ninstant book\nlimited edition\nPublishing\nadvance copy\nhardcover\npaperback\nSize\nTypesetting\nVolume (bibliography)\nCollection (publishing)\nBook series\nConsumption\nAwards\nBestsellers\nlist\nBibliography\nBibliomania (tsundoku)\nBibliophilia\nBibliotherapy\nBookmarks\nBookselling\nblurbs\nbook towns\nhistory\nused\nCensorship\nClubs\nCollecting\nDigitizing\nBookworm (insect)\nFurniture\nbookcases\nbookends\nLibrary\nPrint culture\nReading\nliteracy\nReviews\nBy country\nBrazil\nFrance\nGermany\nItaly\nJapan\nNetherlands\nPakistan\nSpain\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nOther\nGenres\nfictional\nminiature\npop-up\ntextbook\nGrimoire\nFormats\naudiobooks\nEbooks\nFolio\nCoffee table book\nRelated\nBanned books\nBook burning\nincidents\nNazi\nBook curses\nBook packaging\nBook swapping\nBook tour\nConservation and restoration\nDog ears\nHistory of books\nscroll\ncodex\nIntellectual property\nISBN\nNovel\nOutline\nPreservation\nThe Philobiblon\nWorld Book Day\nWorld Book Capital\n\n Outline\n Category\n Portal","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Carter, John; Muir, Percy H. (1967). Printing and the Mind of Man: A Descriptive Catalogue Illustrating the Impact of Print on the Evolution of Western Civilization During Five Centuries. London: Cassell; New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. OCLC 576854.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carter_(author)","url_text":"Carter, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Muir","url_text":"Muir, Percy H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_and_the_Mind_of_Man","url_text":"Printing and the Mind of Man: A Descriptive Catalogue Illustrating the Impact of Print on the Evolution of Western Civilization During Five Centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassell_(publisher)","url_text":"Cassell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_McDougal","url_text":"Holt, Rinehart & Winston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/576854","url_text":"576854"}]},{"reference":"Bowman, J.H. (1 October 2012). British Librarianship and Information Work 2001–2005. Ashgate. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-4094-8506-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gfeiJ0SoeGAC&pg=PA157","url_text":"British Librarianship and Information Work 2001–2005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8506-3","url_text":"978-1-4094-8506-3"}]},{"reference":"Carter, John; Pollard, Graham (1934), An enquiry into the nature of certain nineteenth-century pamphlets, London New York: Constable & Co., C. Scribner's Sons, ISBN 978-0-8383-1261-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carter_(author)","url_text":"Carter, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Pollard","url_text":"Pollard, Graham"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/enquiryintonatur00cart","url_text":"An enquiry into the nature of certain nineteenth-century pamphlets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_%26_Co.","url_text":"Constable & Co."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Scribner%27s_Sons","url_text":"C. Scribner's Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8383-1261-2","url_text":"978-0-8383-1261-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold Medallists\". The Bibliographical Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bibsoc.org.uk/content/gold-medallists","url_text":"\"Gold Medallists\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ilab.org/assets/documents/articles/documentation_center_files_29_2_20abc_20forbookcollectors_20bob_20fleck.pdf","external_links_name":"ABC for book collectors"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/576854","external_links_name":"576854"},{"Link":"https://bibsoc.org.uk/about/officers/past-presidents","external_links_name":"Bibliographical Society of London"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gfeiJ0SoeGAC&pg=PA157","external_links_name":"British Librarianship and Information Work 2001–2005"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/enquiryintonatur00cart","external_links_name":"An enquiry into the nature of certain nineteenth-century pamphlets"},{"Link":"http://www.bibsoc.org.uk/content/gold-medallists","external_links_name":"\"Gold Medallists\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/11437/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109010270","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/51831533","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrcjjH7myQytckqxPHV4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90917060","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1141541","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13185451m","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13185451m","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/124796508","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBNV032081","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259460905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14715126","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50033943","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000049407&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00435429","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990001349&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35704462","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000470174&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068512686","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810657176005606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1559212","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/173975","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1050290","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gj00vw","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/035378123","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Moir | Roy Moir | ["1 References"] | Australian politician
Albert Roy Moir (23 December 1897 – 16 September 1964) was an Australian politician who represented the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Norwood from 1941 to 1944 and 1947 to 1953 for the Liberal and Country League.
In local politics, he served as mayor of the Town of Kensington and Norwood from 1946 to 1951.
References
^ "Albert Roy Moir". Former members of the Parliament of South Australia. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
^ Matthews, Penny (1986), South Australia, the civic record, 1836-1986, Wakefield Press, pp. 250–255, ISBN 978-0-949268-82-2
South Australian House of Assembly
Preceded byFrank Nieass
Member for Norwood 1941–1944
Succeeded byFrank Nieass
Preceded byFrank Nieass
Member for Norwood 1947–1953
Succeeded byDon Dunstan
This article about an Australian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Australian House of Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_House_of_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Norwood"},{"link_name":"Liberal and Country League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_and_Country_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SA_parl-1"},{"link_name":"Town of Kensington and Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Kensington_and_Norwood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b1986-2"}],"text":"Albert Roy Moir (23 December 1897 – 16 September 1964) was an Australian politician who represented the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Norwood from 1941 to 1944 and 1947 to 1953 for the Liberal and Country League.[1]In local politics, he served as mayor of the Town of Kensington and Norwood from 1946 to 1951.[2]","title":"Roy Moir"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Albert Roy Moir\". Former members of the Parliament of South Australia. Retrieved 5 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/Search/Member?type=member&id=3685","url_text":"\"Albert Roy Moir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Australia","url_text":"Parliament of South Australia"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Penny (1986), South Australia, the civic record, 1836-1986, Wakefield Press, pp. 250–255, ISBN 978-0-949268-82-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-949268-82-2","url_text":"978-0-949268-82-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/Search/Member?type=member&id=3685","external_links_name":"\"Albert Roy Moir\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy_Moir&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_(South_Korean_TV_series) | Run (South Korean TV series) | ["1 Overview","2 Cast","2.1 Main","2.2 Special appearances","3 Results","4 Production","5 Ratings","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | Korean television program
The name of this television reality uses a disambiguation style that does not follow WP:NCTV or WP:NCBC and needs attention. If you are removing this template without fixing the naming style to one supported by WP:NCTV, please add the article to Category:Television articles with disputed naming style.
RunPromotional posterGenreRealityVariety showDirected byKim Hyun-silStarringJi SungKang Ki-youngHwang HeeLee Tae-sunCountry of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of episodes4ProductionProduction locationsSouth KoreaItalyCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning time69–78 minutesOriginal releaseNetworktvNReleaseJanuary 2 (2020-01-02) –January 23, 2020 (2020-01-23)
Run (stylized as RUN) is a 2020 South Korean television entertainment program starring Ji Sung, Kang Ki-young, Hwang Hee and Lee Tae-sun. It aired on tvN on Thursdays at 23:00 (KST) in January 2020.
Overview
Four actors exercise in Seoul, Milan and Florence with the goal of running the full 42.195 km of the 36th Florence Marathon.
Cast
Main
Ji Sung
Kang Ki-young
Hwang Hee
Lee Tae-sun
Special appearances
Kim Jae-joong (Ep. 1)
Lee Bong-ju (Ep. 3)
Results
Name
Result
Time
Ref.
Ji Sung
Completed the marathon
4 hours, 9 minutes and 16 seconds
Kang Ki-young
Stopped after 30 km
-
Hwang Hee
Completed the marathon
5 hours, 10 minutes and 7 seconds
Lee Tae-sun
Completed the marathon
4 hours, 38 minutes and 3 seconds
Production
The filming started in Bukchon Hanok Village, Seoul in October 2019, less than a month before the marathon day.
Ratings
In this table, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.
Ep.
Original broadcast date
Title
Average audience share
Nielsen Korea
1
January 2, 2020
Runner
1.022%
2
January 9, 2020
Running Together(함께 달린다는 건)
0.723%
3
January 16, 2020
How to Cheer Myself On(나를 응원하는 법)
0.566%
4
January 23, 2020
42,195km, the Road Not Taken(42.195km, 가보지 않은 길)
0.800%
Notes
^ The original title is in English.
References
^ Park, Soo-in (November 16, 2019). "지성-강기영-황희-이태선 러닝 예능 'RUN' 내년 1월 첫방송(공식)". Newsen (in Korean). Naver. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
^ Park, Jung-sun (December 6, 2019). "지성→이태선 달리기 예능 'RUN', 1월 2일 첫 방송 확정". Is Plus (in Korean). Naver. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
^ Lim, Ra-ra (January 22, 2020). "김재중-지성, '보스를 지켜라' 인연→러닝 메이트까지…훈훈한 우정". Top Star News (in Korean). Retrieved April 13, 2020.
^ Entertainment Team (January 16, 2020). "'RUN', 런티스트 멤버들X레전드 마라토너 이봉주 만남". Hankyung (in Korean). Retrieved April 13, 2020.
^ Kim, Hwi-jung (January 24, 2020). "종영 'RUN' 지성→황희, 한계 극복하고 마라톤 '완주' ". Xports News (in Korean). Retrieved April 13, 2020.
^ Hong, Shin-ik (January 24, 2020). " 'RUN' 종영, 런티스트 4인방이 만들어간 웰메이드 드라마". Is Plus (in Korean). Retrieved April 13, 2020.
^ Jo, Yoon-sun (January 23, 2020). "'RUN' 지성 "마라톤 첫 경험, 낯설면서 설레는 기분"". Sports Chosun (in Korean). Retrieved April 13, 2020.
^ "Nielsen Korea". AGB Nielsen Media Research (in Korean). Retrieved February 24, 2020.
External links
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Newsen (in Korean). Naver. Retrieved April 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000204073","url_text":"\"지성-강기영-황희-이태선 러닝 예능 'RUN' 내년 1월 첫방송(공식)\""}]},{"reference":"Park, Jung-sun (December 6, 2019). \"지성→이태선 달리기 예능 'RUN', 1월 2일 첫 방송 확정\". Is Plus (in Korean). Naver. Retrieved April 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=241&aid=0002986115","url_text":"\"지성→이태선 달리기 예능 'RUN', 1월 2일 첫 방송 확정\""}]},{"reference":"Lim, Ra-ra (January 22, 2020). \"김재중-지성, '보스를 지켜라' 인연→러닝 메이트까지…훈훈한 우정\". Top Star News (in Korean). Retrieved April 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topstarnews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=723545","url_text":"\"김재중-지성, '보스를 지켜라' 인연→러닝 메이트까지…훈훈한 우정\""}]},{"reference":"Entertainment Team (January 16, 2020). \"'RUN', 런티스트 멤버들X레전드 마라토너 이봉주 만남\". Hankyung (in Korean). Retrieved April 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hankyung.com/entertainment/article/202001163292k","url_text":"\"'RUN', 런티스트 멤버들X레전드 마라토너 이봉주 만남\""}]},{"reference":"Kim, Hwi-jung (January 24, 2020). \"종영 'RUN' 지성→황희, 한계 극복하고 마라톤 '완주' [전일야화]\". Xports News (in Korean). Retrieved April 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xportsnews.com/?ac=article_view&entry_id=1227188","url_text":"\"종영 'RUN' 지성→황희, 한계 극복하고 마라톤 '완주' [전일야화]\""}]},{"reference":"Hong, Shin-ik (January 24, 2020). \"[리뷰IS] 'RUN' 종영, 런티스트 4인방이 만들어간 웰메이드 드라마\". Is Plus (in Korean). Retrieved April 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://isplus.live.joins.com/news/article/article.asp?total_id=23689714","url_text":"\"[리뷰IS] 'RUN' 종영, 런티스트 4인방이 만들어간 웰메이드 드라마\""}]},{"reference":"Jo, Yoon-sun (January 23, 2020). \"'RUN' 지성 \"마라톤 첫 경험, 낯설면서 설레는 기분\"\". Sports Chosun (in Korean). Retrieved April 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=202001230100165190010504&servicedate=20200123","url_text":"\"'RUN' 지성 \"마라톤 첫 경험, 낯설면서 설레는 기분\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen Korea\". AGB Nielsen Media Research (in Korean). Retrieved February 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nielsenkorea.co.kr/tv_terrestrial_day.asp?menu=Tit_1&sub_menu=2_1&area=00&begin_date=20200224","url_text":"\"Nielsen Korea\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000204073","external_links_name":"\"지성-강기영-황희-이태선 러닝 예능 'RUN' 내년 1월 첫방송(공식)\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=241&aid=0002986115","external_links_name":"\"지성→이태선 달리기 예능 'RUN', 1월 2일 첫 방송 확정\""},{"Link":"http://www.topstarnews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=723545","external_links_name":"\"김재중-지성, '보스를 지켜라' 인연→러닝 메이트까지…훈훈한 우정\""},{"Link":"https://www.hankyung.com/entertainment/article/202001163292k","external_links_name":"\"'RUN', 런티스트 멤버들X레전드 마라토너 이봉주 만남\""},{"Link":"http://www.xportsnews.com/?ac=article_view&entry_id=1227188","external_links_name":"\"종영 'RUN' 지성→황희, 한계 극복하고 마라톤 '완주' [전일야화]\""},{"Link":"http://isplus.live.joins.com/news/article/article.asp?total_id=23689714","external_links_name":"\"[리뷰IS] 'RUN' 종영, 런티스트 4인방이 만들어간 웰메이드 드라마\""},{"Link":"http://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=202001230100165190010504&servicedate=20200123","external_links_name":"\"'RUN' 지성 \"마라톤 첫 경험, 낯설면서 설레는 기분\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.nielsenkorea.co.kr/tv_terrestrial_day.asp?menu=Tit_1&sub_menu=2_1&area=00&begin_date=20200224","external_links_name":"\"Nielsen Korea\""},{"Link":"http://program.m.tving.com/tvn/run/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendra_Kassebaum | Kendra Kassebaum | ["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Wicked and other Pre-Come from Away projects","2.2 Come from Away","3 References","4 External links"] | American theatre actress (born 1973)
Kendra KassebaumBorn (1973-05-12) May 12, 1973 (age 51)St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.NationalityAmericanOccupationStage actress
Kendra Kassebaum (born May 12, 1973) is an American theatre actress, who has performed in many different musicals (both Broadway and non-Broadway), and is perhaps best remembered for playing the role of Glinda in the first national tour, Broadway, and San Francisco casts of the blockbuster musical Wicked.
Early life
Kassebaum was born on May 12, 1973, in St Louis, Missouri. Her parents are Susie and Dave Kassebaum, and she has one brother, Nicholas. Kendra went to St. Martin of Tours Catholic Elementary School for grades kindergarten to eighth grade. Kendra pursued sports and dancing and did not begin performing until she entered Notre Dame High School. She graduated from high school in 1991. On her graduation day, she received the "Best Actress" award.
Career
Kassebaum then attended Southwest Missouri State University (now Missouri State University), where she received her B.F.A. in Performing Arts. Afterwards, she toured with Grease briefly before moving to New York City. She received her Equity card while on a regional tour of "A Chorus Line" at the Gateway Playhouse and began to pursue acting, but she also earned money by working as a nanny.
Kassebaum debuted on Broadway on September 5, 2000 in Rent (as Mark's Mom, understudying Maureen Johnson). She was also in the 2004 Broadway revival of Assassins, and has toured with Grease and A Chorus Line. She has performed in numerous regional shows.
Wicked and other Pre-Come from Away projects
Kassebaum originated the role of "Glinda" in the first national tour of Wicked. She was nominated for a Helen Hayes Award for Best Actress in a Regional Performance for her role in Wicked, but lost to then co-star Stephanie J. Block. Kassebaum left the tour in September 2006 after spending a year and a half in the role and was replaced by Megan Hilty.
Kassebaum played "Amy" in the Seattle production of the Stephen Sondheim musical Company at the 5th Avenue Theatre, starring alongside actor Hugh Panaro. The production ran from October 17, 2006 through November 5, 2006.
On January 9, 2007, Kassebaum reprised her role as Glinda in the Broadway production of Wicked, replacing Kate Reinders, alongside her former co-stars Julia Murney, Sebastian Arcelus, David Garrison, and Logan Lipton. She and co-star Julia Murney had their final performances with the Broadway company on October 7, 2007. Kassebaum was replaced by Annaleigh Ashford.
Kassebaum appeared as Lorraine in the Adam Bock play The Receptionist with former Wicked co-star, Jayne Houdyshell. The show ran Off-Broadway at stage 1 of the Manhattan Theater Club. The Receptionist opened October 30, 2007, and closed on December 30, 2007.
On May 13, 2008, Kassebaum once again returned to the role of Glinda in the Broadway company of Wicked where she starred alongside former Wicked tour co-star Stephanie J. Block and then Kerry Ellis. She ended her run on November 9, 2008 and was succeeded by former Broadway Glinda standby Alli Mauzey.
Kassebaum reprised the role of Glinda in the San Francisco production of Wicked originally alongside Teal Wicks, and then Eden Espinosa as Elphaba. The production began performances January 27, 2009, with an opening night of February 6, 2009, at the Orpheum Theatre. She left the production on June 26, 2010 and was once again succeeded by Alli Mauzey. The San Francisco production gave its final bow on September 5, 2010.
She was seen as the Fairy Godmother in Seattle's 5th Avenue Theatre production of Cinderella, which ran from November 25 - to December 31, 2011. The following year, she appeared as Jovie in the theatre's production of Elf: The Musical.
Kassebaum played the role of Sam in the musical Leap of Faith, opposite Brooke Shields and Raul Esparza at the Ahmanson Theatre, for an out-of-town tryout running from September 11 through October 24, 2010. The show then transferred to Broadway at the St. James Theatre in April 2012.
Kassebaum played the role of Diana Goodman in Next to Normal at the Arizona Theatre Company in Tucson, Arizona from September 15 through October 6, 2012, in Phoenix, Arizona from October 11 to October 28, 2012, and in San Jose from January 10, 2013 to February 3. This production was a joint production with the San Jose Repertory Theatre.
In October 2013, Kassebaum co-starred in Seattle's now-defunct Balagan Theatre production of Carrie: The Musical as high school physical education teacher Ms. Gardener, a chimera of Ms. Desjardin in the original novel, and Miss Collins in the original film adaptation. The show was staged at the Moore Theatre, and also included Alice Ripley as Margaret White and Keaton Whittaker as the titular teenager.
Come from Away
She next appeared as Janice in the new musical Come from Away, which opened on Broadway at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre in February 2017, following pre-Broadway engagements in Washington, D.C. at the Ford's Theatre and Toronto at the Royal Alexandra Theatre. She departed the company on August 27, 2017.
Kassebaum then starred in the roles of Mother and Donna Sheridan in the 5th Avenue Theatre's productions of Ragtime and Mamma Mia!, respectively.
References
^ News Desk. "Photo Flash: 'Company' at 5th Avenue Theatre" broadwayworld.com, October 3, 2006
^ "Murney, Kassebaum and Arcelus Join Broadway Wicked 1/9" broadwayworld.com, December 15, 2006
^ News Desk. "Stephanie J. Block & Annaleigh Ashford Join 'Wicked' 10/9" broadwayworld.com, August 28, 2007
^ News Desk. " 'The Receptionist' Extends at MTC thru 12/30 broadwayworld.com, November 27, 2007, accessed November 24, 2016
^ "Houdyshell to Return to Broadway's Wicked June 17; Kassebaum Is Back May 14" playbill.com, April 18, 2008
^ "Ellis Makes Broadway Debut in Wicked June 17; Houdyshell Returns" playbill.com, June 17, 2008
^ "Dodd, Mauzey, Kern, Brightman and O'Malley to Join Broadway's Wicked" Archived 2008-11-19 at the Wayback Machine 'Playbill 11/3/08
^ "Wicks and Kassebaum Head WICKED SF Return, Opens at Orpheum 1/27" Broadwayworld.com 1/27/09
^ The CINDERELLA Files: Alli Mauzey
^ "Kendra Kassebaum, Jennifer Paz to Lead 5th Avenue's 'Cinderella'; Full Cast Announced!" broadwayworld.com, October 28, 2011
^ 5th Avenue's Elf, With Matt Owen, Kendra Kassebaum and Kim Huber, Unwrapped in Seattle Nov. 30 Playbill, November 30, 2012
^ Gans, Andrew. " Wicked's Kassebaum Will Join Esparza and Shields in 'Leap of Faith' Musical" Playbill, June 22, 2010, accessed November 24, 2016
^ Jones, Kenneth. " Leap of Faith's Broadway Launch Will Be April 3; Jessica Phillips, Raul Esparza, Kendra Kassebaum Star" Playbill, January 12, 2012, accessed November 24, 2016
^ News Desk. "Kendra Kassebaum & Joe Cassidy to Lead 'Next To Normal' at Arizona Theatre Company & San Jose Repertory Theatre" broadwayworld.com, August 28, 2012, accessed November 24, 2016
^ Blank, Matthew. "Photo Call: 'Carrie', Starring Alice Ripley, Keaton Whittaker and Kendra Kassebaum, Plays Seattle's Balagan Theatre" Playbill, October 15, 2013
^ Come from Away Playbill (vault), accessed November 25, 2016
^ Levitt, Hayley. " 'Come From Away' Extends Pre-Broadway Run" theatermania.com, September 13, 2016
^ Clement, Olivia. " Seattle Ragtime, Starring Come From Away and Wicked Alum Kendra Kassebaum, Kicks Off October 13" Playbill.com, October 13, 2017
^ Gans, Andrew. "Come From Away and Wicked’s Kendra Kassebaum Stars in Seattle Mamma Mia! Beginning February 2" Playbill.com, February 2, 2018
External links
Kendra Kassebaum at IMDb
Kendra Kassebaum at the Internet Broadway Database
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Glinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glinda"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Wicked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_(musical)"}],"text":"Kendra Kassebaum (born May 12, 1973) is an American theatre actress, who has performed in many different musicals (both Broadway and non-Broadway), and is perhaps best remembered for playing the role of Glinda in the first national tour, Broadway, and San Francisco casts of the blockbuster musical Wicked.","title":"Kendra Kassebaum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Louis"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_High_School_(St._Louis)"}],"text":"Kassebaum was born on May 12, 1973, in St Louis, Missouri. Her parents are Susie and Dave Kassebaum, and she has one brother, Nicholas. Kendra went to St. Martin of Tours Catholic Elementary School for grades kindergarten to eighth grade. Kendra pursued sports and dancing and did not begin performing until she entered Notre Dame High School. She graduated from high school in 1991. On her graduation day, she received the \"Best Actress\" award.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missouri State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_University"},{"link_name":"Grease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(musical)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association"},{"link_name":"A Chorus Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Chorus_Line"},{"link_name":"Gateway Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"Rent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Assassins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassins_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Grease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(musical)"},{"link_name":"A Chorus Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Chorus_Line"}],"text":"Kassebaum then attended Southwest Missouri State University (now Missouri State University), where she received her B.F.A. in Performing Arts. Afterwards, she toured with Grease briefly before moving to New York City. She received her Equity card while on a regional tour of \"A Chorus Line\" at the Gateway Playhouse and began to pursue acting, but she also earned money by working as a nanny.Kassebaum debuted on Broadway on September 5, 2000 in Rent (as Mark's Mom, understudying Maureen Johnson). She was also in the 2004 Broadway revival of Assassins, and has toured with Grease and A Chorus Line. She has performed in numerous regional shows.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wicked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Helen Hayes Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Hayes_Award"},{"link_name":"Stephanie J. Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_J._Block"},{"link_name":"Megan Hilty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Hilty"},{"link_name":"Stephen Sondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim"},{"link_name":"5th Avenue Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Avenue_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Hugh Panaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Panaro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kate Reinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Reinders"},{"link_name":"Julia Murney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Murney"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Arcelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Arcelus"},{"link_name":"David Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrison"},{"link_name":"Julia Murney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Murney"},{"link_name":"Annaleigh Ashford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaleigh_Ashford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Adam Bock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Bock"},{"link_name":"Jayne Houdyshell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne_Houdyshell"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Theater Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Theater_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Stephanie J. Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_J._Block"},{"link_name":"Kerry Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Ellis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Alli Mauzey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alli_Mauzey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Glinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glinda"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Teal Wicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teal_Wicks"},{"link_name":"Eden Espinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Espinosa"},{"link_name":"Orpheum Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheum_Theatre_(San_Francisco)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Alli Mauzey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alli_Mauzey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"5th Avenue Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Avenue_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(Rodgers_and_Hammerstein_musical)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Elf: The Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf:_The_Musical"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Leap of Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_of_Faith_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Brooke Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Shields"},{"link_name":"Raul Esparza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Esparza"},{"link_name":"Ahmanson Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmanson_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"St. James Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Next to Normal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_to_Normal"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Carrie: The Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_(musical)"},{"link_name":"original novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_(novel)"},{"link_name":"original film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"Moore Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Alice Ripley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Ripley"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Wicked and other Pre-Come from Away projects","text":"Kassebaum originated the role of \"Glinda\" in the first national tour of Wicked. She was nominated for a Helen Hayes Award for Best Actress in a Regional Performance for her role in Wicked, but lost to then co-star Stephanie J. Block. Kassebaum left the tour in September 2006 after spending a year and a half in the role and was replaced by Megan Hilty.Kassebaum played \"Amy\" in the Seattle production of the Stephen Sondheim musical Company at the 5th Avenue Theatre, starring alongside actor Hugh Panaro. The production ran from October 17, 2006 through November 5, 2006.[1]On January 9, 2007, Kassebaum reprised her role as Glinda in the Broadway production of Wicked, replacing Kate Reinders, alongside her former co-stars Julia Murney, Sebastian Arcelus, David Garrison, and Logan Lipton. She and co-star Julia Murney had their final performances with the Broadway company on October 7, 2007. Kassebaum was replaced by Annaleigh Ashford.[2][3]Kassebaum appeared as Lorraine in the Adam Bock play The Receptionist with former Wicked co-star, Jayne Houdyshell. The show ran Off-Broadway at stage 1 of the Manhattan Theater Club. The Receptionist opened October 30, 2007, and closed on December 30, 2007.[4]On May 13, 2008, Kassebaum once again returned to the role of Glinda in the Broadway company of Wicked where she starred alongside former Wicked tour co-star Stephanie J. Block and then Kerry Ellis.[5][6] She ended her run on November 9, 2008 and was succeeded by former Broadway Glinda standby Alli Mauzey.[7]Kassebaum reprised the role of Glinda in the San Francisco production of Wicked originally alongside Teal Wicks, and then Eden Espinosa as Elphaba. The production began performances January 27, 2009, with an opening night of February 6, 2009, at the Orpheum Theatre.[8] She left the production on June 26, 2010 and was once again succeeded by Alli Mauzey.[9] The San Francisco production gave its final bow on September 5, 2010.She was seen as the Fairy Godmother in Seattle's 5th Avenue Theatre production of Cinderella, which ran from November 25 - to December 31, 2011.[10] The following year, she appeared as Jovie in the theatre's production of Elf: The Musical.[11]Kassebaum played the role of Sam in the musical Leap of Faith, opposite Brooke Shields and Raul Esparza at the Ahmanson Theatre, for an out-of-town tryout running from September 11 through October 24, 2010.[12] The show then transferred to Broadway at the St. James Theatre in April 2012.[13]Kassebaum played the role of Diana Goodman in Next to Normal at the Arizona Theatre Company in Tucson, Arizona from September 15 through October 6, 2012, in Phoenix, Arizona from October 11 to October 28, 2012, and in San Jose from January 10, 2013 to February 3. This production was a joint production with the San Jose Repertory Theatre.[14]In October 2013, Kassebaum co-starred in Seattle's now-defunct Balagan Theatre production of Carrie: The Musical as high school physical education teacher Ms. Gardener, a chimera of Ms. Desjardin in the original novel, and Miss Collins in the original film adaptation. The show was staged at the Moore Theatre, and also included Alice Ripley as Margaret White and Keaton Whittaker as the titular teenager.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Come from Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_from_Away"},{"link_name":"Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Schoenfeld_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ford's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ragtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Mamma Mia!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamma_Mia!_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Come from Away","text":"She next appeared as Janice in the new musical Come from Away, which opened on Broadway at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre in February 2017,[16] following pre-Broadway engagements in Washington, D.C. at the Ford's Theatre and Toronto at the Royal Alexandra Theatre.[17] She departed the company on August 27, 2017.Kassebaum then starred in the roles of Mother and Donna Sheridan in the 5th Avenue Theatre's productions of Ragtime and Mamma Mia!, respectively.[18][19]","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Photo-Flash-Company-at-5th-Avenue-Theatre-20061003","external_links_name":"\"Photo Flash: 'Company' at 5th Avenue Theatre\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Murney-Kassebaum-and-Arcelus-Join-Broadway-Wicked-19-page1","external_links_name":"\"Murney, Kassebaum and Arcelus Join Broadway Wicked 1/9\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Stephanie-J-Block-Annaleigh-Ashford-Join-Wicked-109-20070828","external_links_name":"\"Stephanie J. Block & Annaleigh Ashford Join 'Wicked' 10/9\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/off-broadway/article/The-Receptionist-Extends-at-MTC-thru-1230-20071127","external_links_name":"\" 'The Receptionist' Extends at MTC thru 12/30"},{"Link":"https://www.playbill.com/article/houdyshell-to-return-to-broadways-wicked-june-17-kassebaum-is-back-may-14-com-149269","external_links_name":"\"Houdyshell to Return to Broadway's Wicked June 17; Kassebaum Is Back May 14\""},{"Link":"https://www.playbill.com/article/ellis-makes-broadway-debut-in-wicked-june-17-houdyshell-returns-com-150955","external_links_name":"\"Ellis Makes Broadway Debut in Wicked June 17; Houdyshell Returns\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/122981.html","external_links_name":"\"Dodd, Mauzey, Kern, Brightman and O'Malley to Join Broadway's Wicked\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081119040629/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/122981.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Wicks_and_Kassebaum_Head_WICKED_SF_Return_Opens_at_Orpheum_127_20090127","external_links_name":"\"Wicks and Kassebaum Head WICKED SF Return, Opens at Orpheum 1/27\""},{"Link":"http://nashville.broadwayworld.com/article/The_CINDERELLA_Files_Alli_Mauzey_20010101","external_links_name":"The CINDERELLA Files: Alli Mauzey"},{"Link":"http://broadwayworld.com/article/Kendra-Kassebaum-Jennifer-Paz-to-Lead-5th-Avenues-CINDERELLA-Full-Cast-Announced-20111028","external_links_name":"\"Kendra Kassebaum, Jennifer Paz to Lead 5th Avenue's 'Cinderella'; Full Cast Announced!\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/5th-avenues-elf-with-matt-owen-kendra-kassebaum-and-kim-huber-unwrapped-in-seattle-nov-30-com-200201","external_links_name":"5th Avenue's Elf, With Matt Owen, Kendra Kassebaum and Kim Huber, Unwrapped in Seattle Nov. 30"},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/wickeds-kassebaum-will-join-esparza-and-shields-in-leap-of-faith-musical-com-169516#","external_links_name":"\" Wicked's Kassebaum Will Join Esparza and Shields in 'Leap of Faith' Musical\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/leap-of-faiths-broadway-launch-will-be-april-3-jessica-phillips-raul-esparza-kendra-kassebaum-star-com-186420#","external_links_name":"\" Leap of Faith's Broadway Launch Will Be April 3; Jessica Phillips, Raul Esparza, Kendra Kassebaum Star\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Kendra-Kassebaum-Joe-Cassidy-to-Lead-NEXT-TO-NORMAL-at-Arizona-Theatre-Company-San-Jose-Repertory-Theatre-2012082","external_links_name":"\"Kendra Kassebaum & Joe Cassidy to Lead 'Next To Normal' at Arizona Theatre Company & San Jose Repertory Theatre\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/photo-call-carrie-starring-alice-ripley-keaton-whittaker-and-kendra-kassebaum-plays-seattles-balagan-theatre-com-210594#","external_links_name":"\"Photo Call: 'Carrie', Starring Alice Ripley, Keaton Whittaker and Kendra Kassebaum, Plays Seattle's Balagan Theatre\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/production/come-from-away-2016-2017#","external_links_name":"Come from Away"},{"Link":"http://www.theatermania.com/broadway/news/come-from-away-extends-at-fords-theatre_78400.html","external_links_name":"\" 'Come From Away' Extends Pre-Broadway Run\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/seattle-ragtime-starring-come-from-away-and-wicked-alum-kendra-kassebaum-kicks-off-october-13","external_links_name":"\" Seattle Ragtime, Starring Come From Away and Wicked Alum Kendra Kassebaum, Kicks Off October 13\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/come-from-away-and-wickeds-kendra-kassebaum-stars-in-seattle-mamma-mia-beginning-february-2","external_links_name":"\"Come From Away and Wicked’s Kendra Kassebaum Stars in Seattle Mamma Mia! Beginning February 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1990899/","external_links_name":"Kendra Kassebaum"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/109823","external_links_name":"Kendra Kassebaum"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000399917646","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/295296902","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx8Bt6mtDqwW6Bv8QhWDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013007054","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_State_Ballet | Vienna State Ballet | ["1 2010–2011 season","2 2011–2012 season","3 2012–2013 season","4 2013–2014 season","5 2014–2015 season","6 2015–2016 season","7 2016–2017 season","8 2017–2018 season","9 2018–2019 season","10 2019–2020 season","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"] | Ballet company in Austria
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Vienna State Ballet dancers Olga Esina and Roman Lazik perform "Donauwalzer" in the Belvedere Palace, Vienna, Austria, on 31 December 2011
Vienna State Ballet, Wiener Staatsballett, is considered one of the world's top ballet companies. It was formerly named the Vienna State Opera Ballet as it is based at the Vienna State Opera building. In 2005 the ballets of the Vienna State Opera and the Vienna Volksoper were merged under the name Das Ballett der Wiener Staatsoper und Volksoper and Gyula Harangozo became the artistic director. On 1 September 2010, a further name change was accompanied by a change in leadership. Manuel Legris, former principal dancer with the Paris Opera Ballet, succeeded as the artistic director.
2010–2011 season
In his first season Legris created all together eight premieres, including the triple bill evening "Juwelen der Neuen Welt" (Jewels of the New World) featuring ballets by George Balanchine (Theme and Variations, Rubies), Twyla Tharp (Variations on a Theme by Haydn) and William Forsythe (The Vertiginous Thrill of Exactitude), Schritte und Spuren (Steps and Traces) with choreographies by Jorma Elo (Glow – Stop), Jiří Bubeníček (Le Souffle de l´Esprit), Paul Lightfoot and Sol León (Skew-Whiff) and Jiří Kylián (Bella Figura), Don Quixote by Rudolf Nureyev after Marius Petipa, and Hommage an Jerome Robbins (Homage to Jerome Robbins) including his ballets Glass Pieces, In the Night and The Concert and the Nureyev Gala 2011 at the Vienna State Opera. At the Vienna Volksoper he brought Patrick de Bana's Marie Antoinette, Maurice Béjart's Le Concours and the ballet evening "Junge Talente des Wiener Staatsballetts" (Young Talents of the Vienna State Ballet).
2011–2012 season
In the second season three premieres followed in the Vienna State Opera: Pierre Lacotte's La Sylphide, the triple bill evening "Meisterwerke des 20. Jahrhunderts" (Masterpieces of the 20th Century) with Serge Lifar's Suite en Blanc, Nils Christe's Before Nightfall, and Roland Petit's L’Arlésienne, and the Nureyev Gala 2012. At the Vienna Volksoper he presented a triple bill evening with Vesna Orlic's Carmina Burana, Boris Nebyla's Nachmittag eines Fauns (Afternoon of a Faun) and András Lukács' Bolero.
2012–2013 season
During the third season three premieres were staged at the Vienna State Opera: Rudolf Nureyev's Der Nussknacker (The Nutcracker), the quadruple bill evening "Tanzperspektiven" (Dance Perspectives) with David Dawson's A Million Kisses to My Skin, Helen Pickett's Eventide, Patrick de Bana's Windspiele (Wind Chimes) and Jean-Christophe Maillot's Vers un pays sage, and the Nuryev Gala 2013. At the Vienna Volksoper there were also three premieres with Stephan Thoss‘ Blaubarts Geheimnis (Bluebeard‘s Secret), Jorma Elo's Ein Sommernachtstraum (A Midsummernight's Dream), and the ballet evening "Kreation und Tradition" (Creation and Tradition).
2013–2014 season
The fourth season brought the three premieres: "Ballett-Hommage" (Ballet Homage) with William Forsythe's The Second Detail, Natalia Horecna's Contra Clockwise Witness and Harald Lander's Études, Swan Lake by Rudolf Nureyev after Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov, and the Nureyev Gala 2014. At the Vienna Volksoper there were two premieres: the double bill evening "Märchenwelt Ballett" with Vesna Orlic's Tausendundeine Nacht (One Thousand and One Nights), and Andrey Kaydanovskiy's Das hässliche Entlein (The Ugly Duckling), and Ein Reigen by Ashley Page.
2014–2015 season
In the fifth season three premieres followed at the Vienna State Opera: John Neumeier's Verklungene Feste and Josephs Legende, a triple bill evening with Hans van Manen's Adagio Hammerklavier, Alexander Ekman's Cacti, and Jiří Kylián's Bella Figura and the Nureyev Gala 2015. Three premieres followed also at the Vienna Volksoper: the double bill evening Mozart à 2 / Don Juan by Thierry Malandain, Giselle Rouge (Red Giselle) by Boris Eifman, and "Junge Talente des Wiener Staatsballetts II" (Young Talents of the Vienna State Ballet II).
2015–2016 season
The sixth season brought another three premieres at the Vienna State Opera: a triple bill evening with Stephan Thoss' Blaubarts Geheimnis (excerpt) ("Bluebeard's Secret"), Christopher Wheeldon's Fool’s Paradise, and Jerome Robbins' The Four Seasons, as well as Manuel Legris' own choreography of Le Corsaire and the Nureyev Gala 2016. At the Vienna Volksoper Michael Corder's Die Schneekönigin ("The Snow Queen") had its premiere.
2016–2017 season
In his seventh season Manuel Legris showed three premieres at the Vienna State Opera: a triple bill evening with George Balanchine's Symphonie in C, Edwaard Liang's Murmuration, and Daniel Proietto's Blanc; a double bill evening with John Neumeier's Le Pavillon d'Armide and Le Sacre, and the Nureyev Gala 2017. At the Vienna Volksoper two premieres followed: Thierry Malandain's Cendrillon (Cinderella), and a triple bill evening with Andrey Kaydanovskiy's Der Feuervogel (The Firebird), Eno Peci's Petruschka and András Lukács' Movements to Stravinsky.
2017–2018 season
In his eighth season Legris presented three premieres at the Vienna State Opera: a triple bill evening with Kenneth MacMillan's Concerto, Wayne McGregor's EDEN | EDEN, and Frederick Ashton's Marguerite and Armand; Edward Clug's Peer Gynt, and the Nureyev Gala 2018. At the Vienna Volksoper one premiere followed: Davide Bombana's Roméo et Juliette.
2018–2019 season
In his ninth season he showed three premieres at the Vienna State Opera: his own choreography Sylvia, a quadruple bill evening with William Forsythe's Artifact Suite, Hans van Manen's Trois Gnossiennes and Solo, and Jiří Kylián's Psalmensymphonie, and the Nureyev Gala 2019. At the Vienna Volksoper two premieres followed: Pierre Lacotte's Coppélia, and Vesna Orlic's Peter Pan.
2019–2020 season
In his tenth and last season at the Wiener Staatsballett Manuel Legris presents three premieres at the Vienna State Opera: George Balanchine's Jewels, the triple bill evening with András Lucács' Movements to Stravinsky, Pontus Lidberg's world premiere Between Dogs and Wolves, and Nacho Duato's White Darkness, and the Nureyev Gala 2020. At the Vienna Volksoper two more premieres are going to follow: Mauro Bigonzetti's La Piaf, and the triple bill Appassionato - Bach und Vivaldi with Boris Nebyla's Il Prete Rosso, Eno Peci's Monkey Mind, and Martin Winter's Not Another Now.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wiener Staatsballett.
See also
List of productions of Swan Lake derived from its 1895 revival
References
^ Schmid, Rebecca (11 April 2018). "On Stage: Debuts, Celebrations and Collaborations". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
^ Wildman, Sarah (5 January 2012). "36 Hours: Vienna". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
External links
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Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olga_Esina_and_Roman_Lazik,_Belvedere,_Vienna.jpg"},{"link_name":"Olga Esina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Esina"},{"link_name":"Belvedere Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvedere_Palace"},{"link_name":"ballet companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_company"},{"link_name":"Vienna State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"Vienna Volksoper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Volksoper"},{"link_name":"Manuel Legris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Legris"},{"link_name":"Paris Opera Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Opera_Ballet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Vienna State Ballet dancers Olga Esina and Roman Lazik perform \"Donauwalzer\" in the Belvedere Palace, Vienna, Austria, on 31 December 2011Vienna State Ballet, Wiener Staatsballett, is considered one of the world's top ballet companies. It was formerly named the Vienna State Opera Ballet as it is based at the Vienna State Opera building. In 2005 the ballets of the Vienna State Opera and the Vienna Volksoper were merged under the name Das Ballett der Wiener Staatsoper und Volksoper and Gyula Harangozo became the artistic director. On 1 September 2010, a further name change was accompanied by a change in leadership. Manuel Legris, former principal dancer with the Paris Opera Ballet, succeeded as the artistic director.[1][2]","title":"Vienna State Ballet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Balanchine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Balanchine"},{"link_name":"Theme and Variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_and_Variations_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Rubies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewels_(ballet)#Rubies"},{"link_name":"Twyla Tharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twyla_Tharp"},{"link_name":"William Forsythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Forsythe_(choreographer)"},{"link_name":"The Vertiginous Thrill of Exactitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vertiginous_Thrill_of_Exactitude"},{"link_name":"Jorma Elo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorma_Elo"},{"link_name":"Paul Lightfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lightfoot"},{"link_name":"Sol León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Jiří Kylián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Kyli%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Bella Figura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Figura"},{"link_name":"Don Quixote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Nureyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Nureyev"},{"link_name":"Marius Petipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Petipa"},{"link_name":"Jerome Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Robbins"},{"link_name":"Glass Pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_Pieces"},{"link_name":"In the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Night_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"The Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concert_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Maurice Béjart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_B%C3%A9jart"}],"text":"In his first season Legris created all together eight premieres, including the triple bill evening \"Juwelen der Neuen Welt\" (Jewels of the New World) featuring ballets by George Balanchine (Theme and Variations, Rubies), Twyla Tharp (Variations on a Theme by Haydn) and William Forsythe (The Vertiginous Thrill of Exactitude), Schritte und Spuren (Steps and Traces) with choreographies by Jorma Elo (Glow – Stop), Jiří Bubeníček (Le Souffle de l´Esprit), Paul Lightfoot and Sol León (Skew-Whiff) and Jiří Kylián (Bella Figura), Don Quixote by Rudolf Nureyev after Marius Petipa, and Hommage an Jerome Robbins (Homage to Jerome Robbins) including his ballets Glass Pieces, In the Night and The Concert and the Nureyev Gala 2011 at the Vienna State Opera. At the Vienna Volksoper he brought Patrick de Bana's Marie Antoinette, Maurice Béjart's Le Concours and the ballet evening \"Junge Talente des Wiener Staatsballetts\" (Young Talents of the Vienna State Ballet).","title":"2010–2011 season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serge Lifar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Lifar"},{"link_name":"Roland Petit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Petit"}],"text":"In the second season three premieres followed in the Vienna State Opera: Pierre Lacotte's La Sylphide, the triple bill evening \"Meisterwerke des 20. Jahrhunderts\" (Masterpieces of the 20th Century) with Serge Lifar's Suite en Blanc, Nils Christe's Before Nightfall, and Roland Petit's L’Arlésienne, and the Nureyev Gala 2012. At the Vienna Volksoper he presented a triple bill evening with Vesna Orlic's Carmina Burana, Boris Nebyla's Nachmittag eines Fauns (Afternoon of a Faun) and András Lukács' Bolero.","title":"2011–2012 season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Dawson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dawson_(choreographer)"},{"link_name":"Helen Pickett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Pickett"},{"link_name":"Jean-Christophe Maillot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Maillot"},{"link_name":"Jorma Elo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorma_Elo"}],"text":"During the third season three premieres were staged at the Vienna State Opera: Rudolf Nureyev's Der Nussknacker (The Nutcracker), the quadruple bill evening \"Tanzperspektiven\" (Dance Perspectives) with David Dawson's A Million Kisses to My Skin, Helen Pickett's Eventide, Patrick de Bana's Windspiele (Wind Chimes) and Jean-Christophe Maillot's Vers un pays sage, and the Nuryev Gala 2013. At the Vienna Volksoper there were also three premieres with Stephan Thoss‘ Blaubarts Geheimnis (Bluebeard‘s Secret), Jorma Elo's Ein Sommernachtstraum (A Midsummernight's Dream), and the ballet evening \"Kreation und Tradition\" (Creation and Tradition).","title":"2012–2013 season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Forsythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Forsythe_(choreographer)"},{"link_name":"Harald Lander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Lander"},{"link_name":"Swan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Lake_(1895)"},{"link_name":"Lev Ivanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Ivanov"},{"link_name":"Ashley Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Page"}],"text":"The fourth season brought the three premieres: \"Ballett-Hommage\" (Ballet Homage) with William Forsythe's The Second Detail, Natalia Horecna's Contra Clockwise Witness and Harald Lander's Études, Swan Lake by Rudolf Nureyev after Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov, and the Nureyev Gala 2014. At the Vienna Volksoper there were two premieres: the double bill evening \"Märchenwelt Ballett\" with Vesna Orlic's Tausendundeine Nacht (One Thousand and One Nights), and Andrey Kaydanovskiy's Das hässliche Entlein (The Ugly Duckling), and Ein Reigen by Ashley Page.","title":"2013–2014 season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Neumeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Neumeier"},{"link_name":"Hans van Manen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_van_Manen"},{"link_name":"Adagio Hammerklavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adagio_Hammerklavier"},{"link_name":"Alexander Ekman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ekman"},{"link_name":"Boris Eifman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Eifman"}],"text":"In the fifth season three premieres followed at the Vienna State Opera: John Neumeier's Verklungene Feste and Josephs Legende, a triple bill evening with Hans van Manen's Adagio Hammerklavier, Alexander Ekman's Cacti, and Jiří Kylián's Bella Figura and the Nureyev Gala 2015. Three premieres followed also at the Vienna Volksoper: the double bill evening Mozart à 2 / Don Juan by Thierry Malandain, Giselle Rouge (Red Giselle) by Boris Eifman, and \"Junge Talente des Wiener Staatsballetts II\" (Young Talents of the Vienna State Ballet II).","title":"2014–2015 season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christopher Wheeldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wheeldon"},{"link_name":"The Four Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Le Corsaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corsaire"},{"link_name":"Michael Corder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Corder"}],"text":"The sixth season brought another three premieres at the Vienna State Opera: a triple bill evening with Stephan Thoss' Blaubarts Geheimnis (excerpt) (\"Bluebeard's Secret\"), Christopher Wheeldon's Fool’s Paradise, and Jerome Robbins' The Four Seasons, as well as Manuel Legris' own choreography of Le Corsaire and the Nureyev Gala 2016. At the Vienna Volksoper Michael Corder's Die Schneekönigin (\"The Snow Queen\") had its premiere.","title":"2015–2016 season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Symphonie in C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_in_C_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Edwaard Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwaard_Liang"},{"link_name":"Le Pavillon d'Armide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pavillon_d%27Armide"}],"text":"In his seventh season Manuel Legris showed three premieres at the Vienna State Opera: a triple bill evening with George Balanchine's Symphonie in C, Edwaard Liang's Murmuration, and Daniel Proietto's Blanc; a double bill evening with John Neumeier's Le Pavillon d'Armide and Le Sacre, and the Nureyev Gala 2017. At the Vienna Volksoper two premieres followed: Thierry Malandain's Cendrillon (Cinderella), and a triple bill evening with Andrey Kaydanovskiy's Der Feuervogel (The Firebird), Eno Peci's Petruschka and András Lukács' Movements to Stravinsky.","title":"2016–2017 season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wayne McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Edward Clug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Clug"},{"link_name":"Davide Bombana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davide_Bombana"}],"text":"In his eighth season Legris presented three premieres at the Vienna State Opera: a triple bill evening with Kenneth MacMillan's Concerto, Wayne McGregor's EDEN | EDEN, and Frederick Ashton's Marguerite and Armand; Edward Clug's Peer Gynt, and the Nureyev Gala 2018. At the Vienna Volksoper one premiere followed: Davide Bombana's Roméo et Juliette.","title":"2017–2018 season"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In his ninth season he showed three premieres at the Vienna State Opera: his own choreography Sylvia, a quadruple bill evening with William Forsythe's Artifact Suite, Hans van Manen's Trois Gnossiennes and Solo, and Jiří Kylián's Psalmensymphonie, and the Nureyev Gala 2019. At the Vienna Volksoper two premieres followed: Pierre Lacotte's Coppélia, and Vesna Orlic's Peter Pan.","title":"2018–2019 season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pontus Lidberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_Karl_Johan_Lidberg"},{"link_name":"Nacho Duato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacho_Duato"},{"link_name":"Mauro Bigonzetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Bigonzetti"},{"link_name":"Wiener Staatsballett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wiener_Staatsballett"}],"text":"In his tenth and last season at the Wiener Staatsballett Manuel Legris presents three premieres at the Vienna State Opera: George Balanchine's Jewels, the triple bill evening with András Lucács' Movements to Stravinsky, Pontus Lidberg's world premiere Between Dogs and Wolves, and Nacho Duato's White Darkness, and the Nureyev Gala 2020. At the Vienna Volksoper two more premieres are going to follow: Mauro Bigonzetti's La Piaf, and the triple bill Appassionato - Bach und Vivaldi with Boris Nebyla's Il Prete Rosso, Eno Peci's Monkey Mind, and Martin Winter's Not Another Now.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wiener Staatsballett.","title":"2019–2020 season"}] | [{"image_text":"Vienna State Ballet dancers Olga Esina and Roman Lazik perform \"Donauwalzer\" in the Belvedere Palace, Vienna, Austria, on 31 December 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Olga_Esina_and_Roman_Lazik%2C_Belvedere%2C_Vienna.jpg/220px-Olga_Esina_and_Roman_Lazik%2C_Belvedere%2C_Vienna.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of productions of Swan Lake derived from its 1895 revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_productions_of_Swan_Lake_derived_from_its_1895_revival"}] | [{"reference":"Schmid, Rebecca (11 April 2018). \"On Stage: Debuts, Celebrations and Collaborations\". The New York Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Gallaher_Trophy | Dave Gallaher Trophy | ["1 History","2 Challenges and defences","3 Matches","4 Results","5 Other trophies","6 Notes and references","7 External links"] | Rugby competition between France and New Zealand
Dave Gallaher TrophySportRugby unionInstituted2000Number of teams2Country France New ZealandHolders France (2021)Most titles New Zealand (13 titles)The Dave Gallaher Trophy is a rugby union perpetual trophy contested between France and New Zealand. It is named after Dave Gallaher, the 1905–06 All Black captain who was killed in Belgium during World War I.
History
Main article: History of rugby union matches between France and New Zealand
When it comes to rugby, France and New Zealand have a very rich common history. France played their first ever test match in 1906 against the famous "Originals" New Zealand team, on their way home after an eventful tour of the British Isles.
Between 1906 and 1999 both teams met a total of 34 times, New Zealand winning 25 times and France 9, including two games in the Rugby World Cup with New Zealand winning the 1987 final and France taking their revenge in the semi-final 12 years later in what remains one of the most famous upsets in the sport's history.
In 2000 it was decided that a new trophy would be created to emphasize the two teams' great rivalry. The trophy would be named after Dave Gallaher, the charismatic captain of the 1906 New Zealand team, who died 11 years later during the Battle of Broodseinde in World War I.
Challenges and defences
The Dave Gallaher Trophy is based on a challenge system, the holding union must defend the trophy in challenge matches, and if the other union defeats them, they become the new holder of the trophy. If both teams draw then the holder retains the trophy.
Rugby World Cup games between both teams - such as the 2003 RWC 3rd place play-off won by New Zealand or the 2007 RWC quarter final won by France and 2011 RWC final won by NZL - do not qualify as challenge matches.
France won the 2009 challenge 37–36 on aggregate score over two matches, having won the first test 27–22 and lost the second 10–14. The New Zealand team had assumed the series would be drawn if each team won one test, and were upset to discover that aggregate was taken into account, which their coaching staff had deliberately withheld from them.
New Zealand would retain the trophy for 12 years until being defeated 40–25 by France in Paris.
Matches
Details
P
France
New Zealand
D
France points
New Zealand points
France
11
2
8
1
216
359
New Zealand
12
1
11
0
153
411
Overall
23
3
19
1
369
770
Results
ST – Summer Test
AI – Autumn International
Year
Date
Venue
Home
Score
Away
Trophywinner
2000
11 November
Stade de France, Paris
France
26–39
New Zealand
18 November
Stade Vélodrome, Marseille
42–33
2001
30 June
Westpac Stadium, Wellington
New Zealand
37–12
France
2002
16 November
Stade de France, Paris
France
20–20
New Zealand
Draw
2003
28 June
Lancaster Park, Christchurch
New Zealand
31–23
France
2004
27 November
Stade de France, Paris
France
6–45
New Zealand
2006
11 November
Stade de Gerland, Lyon
France
3–47
New Zealand
18 November
Stade de France, Paris
11–23
2007
2 June
Eden Park, Auckland
New Zealand
42–11
France
9 June
Westpac Stadium, Wellington
61–10
2009
13 June
Carisbrook, Dunedin
New Zealand
22–27
France
20 June
Westpac Stadium, Wellington
14–10
2009
28 November
Stade Vélodrome, Marseille
France
12–39
New Zealand
2013
8 June
Eden Park, Auckland
New Zealand
23–13
France
15 June
Rugby League Park, Christchurch
30–0
22 June
Yarrow Stadium, New Plymouth
24–9
2013
9 November
Stade de France, Paris
France
19–26
New Zealand
2016
26 November
Stade de France, Paris
France
19–24
New Zealand
2017
11 November
Stade de France, Paris
France
18–38
New Zealand
2018
9 June
Eden Park, Auckland
New Zealand
52–11
France
16 June
Westpac Stadium, Wellington
26–13
23 June
Forsyth Barr Stadium, Dunedin
49–14
2021
20 November
Stade de France, Paris
France
40–25
New Zealand
Other trophies
The All Blacks compete with three other nations for the attribution of a similar kind of trophy. The Bledisloe Cup, versus Australia, being the most famous. The other two are the Freedom Cup against South Africa and the Hillary Shield against England.
As for France, they compete with Australia for the Trophée des Bicentenaires and with Italy for the Garibaldi Trophy.
Notes and references
^ Robson, Toby (22 June 2009). "When a win's not a win". The Dominion Post. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
External links
The Dave Gallaher Trophy results
vteRugby union national trophies and awardsSix Nations ChampionshipAuld Alliance Trophy
France vs. Scotland 2023
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Australia vs. Ireland 2022
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South Africa vs. Wales 2022
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Australia vs. British and Irish Lions 2013
Trophée des Bicentenaires
Australia vs. France 2022
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History
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Home stadiums
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Competitions
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Related teams
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MatchesWorld Cup finals
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By opponent
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South Africa
Wales
See also
British Lions (1989)
ToursArgentina
1949
1954
1960
1974
1977
1985
1986
1988
1992
1996
1998
2002
2003
2012
2016
2024
Asia
1978
Australia
1961
1968
1972
1981
1986
1990
1997
2002
2005
2008
2014
2021
Fiji
1979
1998
Japan
2022
New Zealand
1961
1968
1979
1984
1986
1989
1994
1999
2001
2003
2007
2013
2018
North America
1978
1991
1994
2004
Oceania
1999
Romania
2006
South Africa
1958
1964
1967
1971
1975
1980
1993
2001
2005
2006
2017
South America
1954
1974
1985
1988
vteNew Zealand national rugby union team
New Zealand Rugby
History and Records
The Original All Blacks
Player records
Players
All players
Tries by Christian Cullen
Tries by Jonah Lomu
Competitions and trophies
Rugby World Cup
The Rugby Championship
Bledisloe Cup
Freedom Cup
Dave Gallaher Trophy
Hillary Shield
Related teams
ANZAC XV
Sevens
Junior All Blacks
Māori All Blacks
Heartland XV
Classic All Blacks
U21s
U20s
U19s
Schoolboys
New Zealand Cavaliers
MatchesWorld Cup finals
1987
1995
2011
2015
2023
By opponent
Argentina
Australia
Barbarians
British & Irish Lions
England
France
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Munster
Scotland
South Africa
Wales
See also
1888–89 matches
Rhodesia (1949)
Barbarians (1973)
NZRFU Centenary Matches
South Africa (1992)
ToursAustralia
1884
1893
1897
1903
1905
1907
1910
1914
1920
1922
1924
1925
1926
1929
1932
1934
1938
1947
1951
1957
1960
1962
1968
1974
1979
1980
1984
1988
1991
1992
South Africa
1928
1949
1960
1970
1976
1992
1996
Europe
1905–06
1924–25
1935–36
1953–54
1963–64
1967
1972–73
1974
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1983
1986
1989
1990
1993
1995
1997
2000
2001
2002
2004
2005
2006
2008
Asia and Oceania
1968
1974
1980
1984
1987
Americas
US (1906)
US & Canada 1913)
Canada (1925)
Canada (1936)
US & Canada (1954)
Canada (1964)
Canada (1967)
Canada (1972)
Uruguay & Argentina (1976)
US & Canada (1980)
Argentina (1985)
Canada (1989)
Argentina (1991)
Argentina (2001)
Argentina (2006)
Māori All Blacks tours
1888–89
1926–27
1949
1982
2012
2013
2014
See also
"All Blacks" term
Alone it Stands
Invictus
Old Scores
Sonny Wool | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"perpetual trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_trophies_and_awards"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Dave Gallaher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Gallaher"},{"link_name":"1905–06 All Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Original_All_Blacks"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"The Dave Gallaher Trophy is a rugby union perpetual trophy contested between France and New Zealand. It is named after Dave Gallaher, the 1905–06 All Black captain who was killed in Belgium during World War I.","title":"Dave Gallaher Trophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_in_sports"},{"link_name":"Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1987 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Rugby_World_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"12 years later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_in_sports"},{"link_name":"Dave Gallaher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Gallaher"},{"link_name":"Battle of Broodseinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Broodseinde"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"When it comes to rugby, France and New Zealand have a very rich common history. France played their first ever test match in 1906 against the famous \"Originals\" New Zealand team, on their way home after an eventful tour of the British Isles.Between 1906 and 1999 both teams met a total of 34 times, New Zealand winning 25 times and France 9, including two games in the Rugby World Cup with New Zealand winning the 1987 final and France taking their revenge in the semi-final 12 years later in what remains one of the most famous upsets in the sport's history.In 2000 it was decided that a new trophy would be created to emphasize the two teams' great rivalry. The trophy would be named after Dave Gallaher, the charismatic captain of the 1906 New Zealand team, who died 11 years later during the Battle of Broodseinde in World War I.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2003 RWC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2007 RWC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"aggregate score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_score"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_2522446-1"}],"text":"The Dave Gallaher Trophy is based on a challenge system, the holding union must defend the trophy in challenge matches, and if the other union defeats them, they become the new holder of the trophy. If both teams draw then the holder retains the trophy.Rugby World Cup games between both teams - such as the 2003 RWC 3rd place play-off won by New Zealand or the 2007 RWC quarter final won by France and 2011 RWC final won by NZL - do not qualify as challenge matches.France won the 2009 challenge 37–36 on aggregate score over two matches, having won the first test 27–22 and lost the second 10–14. The New Zealand team had assumed the series would be drawn if each team won one test, and were upset to discover that aggregate was taken into account, which their coaching staff had deliberately withheld from them.[1]New Zealand would retain the trophy for 12 years until being defeated 40–25 by France in Paris.","title":"Challenges and defences"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Summer Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_rugby_union_Tests"},{"link_name":"Autumn International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_rugby_union_internationals"}],"text":"ST – Summer Test\nAI – Autumn International","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bledisloe Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bledisloe_Cup"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Freedom Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Cup"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Hillary Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Shield"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Trophée des Bicentenaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troph%C3%A9e_des_Bicentenaires"},{"link_name":"Garibaldi Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_Trophy"}],"text":"The All Blacks compete with three other nations for the attribution of a similar kind of trophy. The Bledisloe Cup, versus Australia, being the most famous. The other two are the Freedom Cup against South Africa and the Hillary Shield against England.As for France, they compete with Australia for the Trophée des Bicentenaires and with Italy for the Garibaldi Trophy.","title":"Other trophies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stuff.co.nz_2522446_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"When a win's not a win\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/2522446/When-a-wins-not-a-win"},{"link_name":"The Dominion Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)"}],"text":"^ Robson, Toby (22 June 2009). \"When a win's not a win\". The Dominion Post. Retrieved 27 September 2011.","title":"Notes and references"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Robson, Toby (22 June 2009). \"When a win's not a win\". The Dominion Post. Retrieved 27 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/2522446/When-a-wins-not-a-win","url_text":"\"When a win's not a win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)","url_text":"The Dominion Post"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/2522446/When-a-wins-not-a-win","external_links_name":"\"When a win's not a win\""},{"Link":"http://www.lassen.co.nz/pickandgo.php?&teama=NZL&tourn=DG","external_links_name":"The Dave Gallaher Trophy results"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reigate_(hundred) | Reigate Hundred | ["1 Scope","2 Demise","3 Modern settlements and administration","4 See also","5 References"] | Coordinates: 51°12′14″N 0°11′31″W / 51.204°N 0.192°W / 51.204; -0.192
Reigate was a hundred in the historic county of Surrey, England. It was geographically consonant with the southern two thirds of the current Borough of Reigate and Banstead together with two parishes in Tandridge and fractions of former parishes in the London Borough of Croydon and Borough of Crawley, West Sussex. Accordingly, it included the medieval-established town of Reigate with its motte castle and land which became the towns of Redhill and Horley.
Scope
The Reigate hundred included the parishes of: Betchworth, Burstow, Buckland, Charlwood, Chipstead, Gatton, Horley, Leigh, Merstham, Nutfield and Reigate.
In the Domesday Book of 1086, the hundred was known as Cherchefelle, comprised 222 households and included Reigate, the Nutfields, Buckland, the Mersthams, Chipstead, Gatton and Worth; in 1199 it became known as Reigate.
Reigate Castle lay within the Reigate hundred
Demise
The Hundred never had a significant administrative roles which were carried out by various urban and rural sanitary districts alongside earlier poor law unions which were organised to reflect the Industrial Revolution in a less manorial and parochial, patchy way in the 19th century. By the end of that century, civil parishes had subsumed the remaining civil functions of the vestry of each parish in the region, and many new functions such as road laying were passed to Surrey County Council which, with central government bodies, took on their remaining purpose, that of national and local poor relief taxation.
Modern settlements and administration
The division of land amounts to the southern two-thirds of the modern borough of Reigate and Banstead subjected to reduced boundaries losing approximately 4.7 square kilometres (plus the loss of outlying easterly Burstow and Nutfield to Tandridge and loss of Gatwick Airport to West Sussex much of which was in Horley and Charlwood) — in 1933 a relatively large 269 acres (1.09 km2) of Chipstead and 884 acres (3.58 km2) of Merstham in the north were lost to elevated Coulsdon within Greater London. As with Chipstead, Coulsdon is in an upper valley and plateau of the North Downs however has more railway stations and is a post town. It is the least dense former parish in the London Borough of Croydon.
Horley has become the town of the south of the borough and one of the four towns shown the borough logo — Reigate and Redhill are in the historic hundred, leaving Banstead to the north which was not.
The post and railway town of Redhill (RH postcode area) which did not exist in the early 19th century resulting from the Brighton railway being opened in 1841 and the Reading-Ashford line in 1844. It has become during the 20th century and beyond a major town on land formerly in Reigate and Merstham, expanding into the latter into the 21st century with little buffer between the three settlements today; the three forming a conurbation keeping boundaries close to the far side of the Greensand Ridge and North Downs, to the south and north respectively. Even in the 19th century rural and a rotten borough, Gatton apart from Upper Gatton within the M25 has become part of Reigate and of Redhill, indivisible from those towns while retaining Gatton Park occupied by a co-educational independent school, The Royal Alexandra and Albert School. A fraction of its land has been opened up to the public by the National Trust but is now approximately half residential land in Reigate and Redhill.
Burstow's main settlement and 'village' today has become what was once its medium-sized hamlet or neighbourhood of 'Smallfield' and it has spawned an entirely independent village since the early 20th century, Outwood, Surrey.
Salfords and Earlswood are a village and suburb to Redhill-Reigate, which occupy former fields and woodland of Horley and Reigate. Brockham, from the 1900s a hamlet of village size, was formally created a civil parish from the western 1,181 acres (4.78 km2) of Betchworth in 1933.
See also
Medieval Surrey
Surrey hundreds
Charlwood and Horley Act 1974 consequent upon Gatwick Airport re-affirming the expansion of West Sussex implemented that year.
References
^ British History online
^ "Opne Domesday: Reigate Hundred". Retrieved 23 January 2024.
^ "Open Domesday: Reigate". Retrieved 23 January 2024.
^ Mapping the Hundreds of England and Wales in GIS, UK: University of Cambridge Department of Geography, 6 June 2008, retrieved 12 October 2011.
^ Chipstead CP at Vision of Britain The History of Parliament Trust, University of Portsmouth and others.
^ Merstham CP at Vision of Britain The History of Parliament Trust, University of Portsmouth and others.
51°12′14″N 0°11′31″W / 51.204°N 0.192°W / 51.204; -0.192 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Reigate and Banstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reigate_and_Banstead"},{"link_name":"Tandridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandridge_District"},{"link_name":"motte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motte"}],"text":"Reigate was a hundred in the historic county of Surrey, England. It was geographically consonant with the southern two thirds of the current Borough of Reigate and Banstead together with two parishes in Tandridge and fractions of former parishes in the London Borough of Croydon and Borough of Crawley, West Sussex. Accordingly, it included the medieval-established town of Reigate with its motte castle and land which became the towns of Redhill and Horley.","title":"Reigate Hundred"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Betchworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betchworth"},{"link_name":"Burstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burstow"},{"link_name":"Buckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckland,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Charlwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlwood"},{"link_name":"Chipstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipstead,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Gatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatton,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Horley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horley"},{"link_name":"Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Merstham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merstham"},{"link_name":"Nutfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutfield,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Reigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reigate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Park_Reigate_02.JPG"}],"text":"The Reigate hundred included the parishes of: Betchworth, Burstow, Buckland, Charlwood, Chipstead, Gatton, Horley, Leigh, Merstham, Nutfield and Reigate.[1]In the Domesday Book of 1086, the hundred was known as Cherchefelle, comprised 222 households and included Reigate, the Nutfields, Buckland, the Mersthams, Chipstead, Gatton and Worth;[2][3] in 1199 it became known as Reigate.Reigate Castle lay within the Reigate hundred","title":"Scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sanitary districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_district"},{"link_name":"poor law unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_law_union"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"manorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"vestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestry"},{"link_name":"Surrey County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Hundred never had a significant administrative roles which were carried out by various urban and rural sanitary districts alongside earlier poor law unions which were organised to reflect the Industrial Revolution in a less manorial and parochial, patchy way in the 19th century. By the end of that century, civil parishes had subsumed the remaining civil functions of the vestry of each parish in the region, and many new functions such as road laying were passed to Surrey County Council which, with central government bodies, took on their remaining purpose, that of national and local poor relief taxation.[4]","title":"Demise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reigate and Banstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reigate_and_Banstead"},{"link_name":"Tandridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandridge_District"},{"link_name":"Gatwick Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatwick_Airport"},{"link_name":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Coulsdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulsdon"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"North Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Croydon"},{"link_name":"Redhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhill,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Greensand Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensand_Ridge"},{"link_name":"North Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs"},{"link_name":"a rotten borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Gatton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatton_Park"},{"link_name":"The Royal Alexandra and Albert School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Alexandra_and_Albert_School"},{"link_name":"Outwood, Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outwood,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Salfords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salfords"},{"link_name":"Earlswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earlswood"},{"link_name":"Brockham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockham,_Surrey"}],"text":"The division of land amounts to the southern two-thirds of the modern borough of Reigate and Banstead subjected to reduced boundaries losing approximately 4.7 square kilometres (plus the loss of outlying easterly Burstow and Nutfield to Tandridge and loss of Gatwick Airport to West Sussex much of which was in Horley and Charlwood) — in 1933 a relatively large 269 acres (1.09 km2) of Chipstead and 884 acres (3.58 km2) of Merstham in the north were lost to elevated Coulsdon within Greater London.[5][6] As with Chipstead, Coulsdon is in an upper valley and plateau of the North Downs however has more railway stations and is a post town. It is the least dense former parish in the London Borough of Croydon.Horley has become the town of the south of the borough and one of the four towns shown the borough logo — Reigate and Redhill are in the historic hundred, leaving Banstead to the north which was not.The post and railway town of Redhill (RH postcode area) which did not exist in the early 19th century resulting from the Brighton railway being opened in 1841 and the Reading-Ashford line in 1844. It has become during the 20th century and beyond a major town on land formerly in Reigate and Merstham, expanding into the latter into the 21st century with little buffer between the three settlements today; the three forming a conurbation keeping boundaries close to the far side of the Greensand Ridge and North Downs, to the south and north respectively. Even in the 19th century rural and a rotten borough, Gatton apart from Upper Gatton within the M25 has become part of Reigate and of Redhill, indivisible from those towns while retaining Gatton Park occupied by a co-educational independent school, The Royal Alexandra and Albert School. A fraction of its land has been opened up to the public by the National Trust but is now approximately half residential land in Reigate and Redhill.Burstow's main settlement and 'village' today has become what was once its medium-sized hamlet or neighbourhood of 'Smallfield' and it has spawned an entirely independent village since the early 20th century, Outwood, Surrey.Salfords and Earlswood are a village and suburb to Redhill-Reigate, which occupy former fields and woodland of Horley and Reigate. Brockham, from the 1900s a hamlet of village size, was formally created a civil parish from the western 1,181 acres (4.78 km2) of Betchworth in 1933.","title":"Modern settlements and administration"}] | [{"image_text":"Reigate Castle lay within the Reigate hundred","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Park_Reigate_02.JPG/220px-Park_Reigate_02.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Medieval Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey#Medieval_Surrey"},{"title":"Surrey hundreds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hundreds_of_England"},{"title":"Charlwood and Horley Act 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlwood_and_Horley_Act_1974"},{"title":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex"}] | [{"reference":"\"Opne Domesday: Reigate Hundred\". Retrieved 23 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://opendomesday.org/hundred/reigate/","url_text":"\"Opne Domesday: Reigate Hundred\""}]},{"reference":"\"Open Domesday: Reigate\". Retrieved 23 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://opendomesday.org/place/TQ2549/reigate/","url_text":"\"Open Domesday: Reigate\""}]},{"reference":"Mapping the Hundreds of England and Wales in GIS, UK: University of Cambridge Department of Geography, 6 June 2008, retrieved 12 October 2011","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/occupations/hundredmapping/","url_text":"Mapping the Hundreds of England and Wales in GIS"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Reigate_Hundred¶ms=51.204_N_0.192_W_region:GB_scale:100000","external_links_name":"51°12′14″N 0°11′31″W / 51.204°N 0.192°W / 51.204; -0.192"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=42949&strquery=reigate%20hundred","external_links_name":"British History online"},{"Link":"https://opendomesday.org/hundred/reigate/","external_links_name":"\"Opne Domesday: Reigate Hundred\""},{"Link":"https://opendomesday.org/place/TQ2549/reigate/","external_links_name":"\"Open Domesday: Reigate\""},{"Link":"http://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/occupations/hundredmapping/","external_links_name":"Mapping the Hundreds of England and Wales in GIS"},{"Link":"http://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10128869","external_links_name":"Chipstead CP at Vision of Britain"},{"Link":"http://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10058752","external_links_name":"Merstham CP at Vision of Britain"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Reigate_Hundred¶ms=51.204_N_0.192_W_region:GB_scale:100000","external_links_name":"51°12′14″N 0°11′31″W / 51.204°N 0.192°W / 51.204; -0.192"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_River_Trail_(Illinois) | Fox River Trail (Illinois) | ["1 Route","2 Trail connections","3 Points of interest","3.1 Fox River Trolley Museum","3.2 Fabyan Park Forest Preserve","3.3 Batavia Depot Museum","3.4 C.B.&Q. roundhouse","3.5 Valley Model Railroad Club","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°58′37″N 88°12′18″W / 41.97685°N 88.20511°W / 41.97685; -88.20511Long-distance hiking trail in the USA
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Fox River Trail" Illinois – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Fox River Trail - IllinoisTruss bridge over the Fox River, a part of the trail which is shared with the Virgil L. Gilman TrailLength64 kilometres (40 miles)LocationIllinoisUseHikingElevation gain/loss390 m (1,280 ft)DifficultyMediumTrail mapFox River Trail highlighted in red
The Fox River Trail is a multi-use path in Illinois along the Fox River. Largely in Kane County, the trail connects the communities of (North to South) Algonquin, Carpentersville, Dundee, Elgin, South Elgin, St. Charles, Geneva, Batavia, North Aurora, Aurora, Montgomery, and Oswego.
Route
The trail begins at the McHenry County line in Algonquin and runs south just over 38 miles (61.2 kilometres) to Oswego in Kendall County. A 1 mile (1.6 kilometres) gap in Aurora was closed in 2016 by a new protected bike lane. From St. Charles south most of the route is next to Illinois Route 25 on the east side of the river or Route 31 on the west side. The trail crosses the river in several places and between Batavia and North Aurora the trail splits and runs parallel along both sides.
Some of the trail is dedicated-use on the former right of way of the A.,E.&F.R.E.Co. interurban railroad and the C.&N.W.Ry. railroad, but some has been purpose-built along the riverbanks. Using the railroad right of ways allows long sections with little grade change and wide curves, while the purpose-built sections can be closer to the river. Dedicated-use sections are asphalt paved. Limited portions require a user to travel across intersections or directly on public streets.
Trail connections
The Fox River Trail provides several direct and indirect connections to other local and regional trails, including:
Illinois Prairie Path in four places, Elgin, Geneva, Batavia, and Aurora.
Great Western Trail in St. Charles.
Virgil Gilman Trail in Aurora.
Prairie Trail in Algonquin.
Numerous forest preserve and local trails.
The section connecting the Prairie Trail in Algonquin and the Illinois Prairie Path in Elgin is part of the Grand Illinois Trail, linking over 500 miles of trails together throughout Illinois.
Points of interest
Fox River Trolley Museum
Main article: Fox River Trolley Museum
South of South Elgin, this operating museum is the only remaining section of the interurban with rail operations. The trail runs along the side until the end of the track, where the path goes onto the right of way. It then crosses the river on a bridge built on the original 1896 interurban piers.
Fabyan Park Forest Preserve
Windmill at Fabyan Park
Named after eccentric businessman Colonel George Fabyan, it is south of Geneva. On the east side the trail passes a “Dutch” style windmill from the 1850s that was moved to the river site and refurbished in 1914. The trail can cross the river on a small island with a lighthouse built as a joke. The west side of the preserve has a Frank Lloyd Wright designed "Villa", gardens, greenhouses, pools, and other attractions.
Batavia Depot Museum
Main article: Batavia Depot Museum
Batavia Depot Museum
In Batavia the west side trail follows a former C.&N.W.Ry. right of way past the Depot Museum. An 1854 station from the C.B.&Q.R.R. on the east side was moved across the river to its present location in 1973, as was a caboose. Both are used as exhibits, and the museum has been expanded since.
C.B.&Q. roundhouse
Main article: Two Brothers Roundhouse
In Aurora a short distance up the connecting Illinois Prairie Path is a large railroad roundhouse. One of two built in the 1850s, it was abandoned in 1974. By 1985 one roundhouse was demolished, the remaining one was refurbished and commercially developed.
Valley Model Railroad Club
In South Elgin at Kenyon Rd. The Valley Model Railroad Club moved into the old Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railway Clintonville Station in 1953 and has been there since. Clintonville Substation was built in 1902 and put into service as a power distribution center to convert AC power to 600 volt DC needed to operate the trains which received this electric current via a third rail. The Valley Model Railroad club is a non-profit member only association. The HO scale trains are run with a state of the art signal and DCC control system developed by one of the members who is an electrical engineer. The club hosts many public events year round. The washroom and soda vending machine are available for public use when the club is open.
References
^ "Party Time, Excellent! Aurora, Illinois, Now Has a Curb-Protected Bike Lane – Streetsblog Chicago". February 27, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
^ a b DuPage & Kane Counties streetguide (57 ed.). Rand McNally. 2009. ISBN 978-0-528-87430-7.
^ a b "Kane and Northern Kendall Counties Bicycle Planning Map" (PDF). Kane Cty. DOT., Forest Preserve Dist. Of Kane Cty., Kane/Kendall Council of Mayors, Local Park Dists. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 20, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
^ "GIT User's Guide" (PDF). Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources. p. 19–20, p. 29. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
^ "Trolley Times 2014 Visitor's Guide" (PDF). Fox River Trolley Museum. 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
^ Laukaitis, John J. (2004). Geneva in Vintage Postcards. Arcadia Pub. pp. 55–66. ISBN 978-0-7385-3347-6.
^ Buisseret, David (1990). Historic Illinois From The Air. The University of Illinois. p. 114–115. ISBN 0-226-07989-9.
^ "Fabyan Forest Preserve". Forest Preserve Dist. Of Kane Cty. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
^ "Depot Museum". Batavia Historical Society. 2000. Archived from the original on August 10, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
^ Buisseret (1990), pp. 138–139.
^ "Chicago Burlington & Quincy Railroad Roundhouse". American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ Montilla, Joe. "President". Valley Model Railroad.
External links
Kane County Bike Map
Map of the Fox River Trail and local links
41°58′37″N 88°12′18″W / 41.97685°N 88.20511°W / 41.97685; -88.20511
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Wauponsee Glacial Trail | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multi-use path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-use_path"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Fox River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_River_(Illinois_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Kane County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Algonquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquin,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Carpentersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentersville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Elgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"South Elgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Elgin,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"St. Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Charles,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Batavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"North Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Aurora,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Oswego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswego,_Illinois"}],"text":"Long-distance hiking trail in the USAThe Fox River Trail is a multi-use path in Illinois along the Fox River. Largely in Kane County, the trail connects the communities of (North to South) Algonquin, Carpentersville, Dundee, Elgin, South Elgin, St. Charles, Geneva, Batavia, North Aurora, Aurora, Montgomery, and Oswego.","title":"Fox River Trail (Illinois)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McHenry County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McHenry_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Kendall County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rm-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanebike-3"},{"link_name":"A.,E.&F.R.E.Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Elgin_and_Fox_River_Electric_Company"},{"link_name":"interurban railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interurban"},{"link_name":"C.&N.W.Ry.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_and_North_Western_Transportation_Company"}],"text":"The trail begins at the McHenry County line in Algonquin and runs south just over 38 miles (61.2 kilometres) to Oswego in Kendall County. A 1 mile (1.6 kilometres) gap in Aurora was closed in 2016 by a new protected bike lane.[1] From St. Charles south most of the route is next to Illinois Route 25 on the east side of the river or Route 31 on the west side. The trail crosses the river in several places and between Batavia and North Aurora the trail splits and runs parallel along both sides.[2][3]Some of the trail is dedicated-use on the former right of way of the A.,E.&F.R.E.Co. interurban railroad and the C.&N.W.Ry. railroad, but some has been purpose-built along the riverbanks. Using the railroad right of ways allows long sections with little grade change and wide curves, while the purpose-built sections can be closer to the river. Dedicated-use sections are asphalt paved. Limited portions require a user to travel across intersections or directly on public streets.","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illinois Prairie Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Prairie_Path"},{"link_name":"Great Western Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Trail_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"Prairie Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Trail"},{"link_name":"Grand Illinois Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Illinois_Trail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rm-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanebike-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Fox River Trail provides several direct and indirect connections to other local and regional trails, including:Illinois Prairie Path in four places, Elgin, Geneva, Batavia, and Aurora.\nGreat Western Trail in St. Charles.\nVirgil Gilman Trail in Aurora.\nPrairie Trail in Algonquin.\nNumerous forest preserve and local trails.The section connecting the Prairie Trail in Algonquin and the Illinois Prairie Path in Elgin is part of the Grand Illinois Trail, linking over 500 miles of trails together throughout Illinois.[2][3][4]","title":"Trail connections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Fox River Trolley Museum","text":"South of South Elgin, this operating museum is the only remaining section of the interurban with rail operations. The trail runs along the side until the end of the track, where the path goes onto the right of way. It then crosses the river on a bridge built on the original 1896 interurban piers.[5]","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dutch_Mill_Batavia_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"a “Dutch” style windmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabyan_Windmill"},{"link_name":"Frank Lloyd Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Fabyan Park Forest Preserve","text":"Windmill at Fabyan ParkNamed after eccentric businessman Colonel George Fabyan, it is south of Geneva. On the east side the trail passes a “Dutch” style windmill from the 1850s that was moved to the river site and refurbished in 1914. The trail can cross the river on a small island with a lighthouse built as a joke. The west side of the preserve has a Frank Lloyd Wright designed \"Villa\", gardens, greenhouses, pools, and other attractions.[6][7][8]","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicago,_Burlington,_and_Quincy_Railroad_Depot_(Batavia,_IL)_04.JPG"},{"link_name":"C.B.&Q.R.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Burlington_and_Quincy_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Batavia Depot Museum","text":"Batavia Depot MuseumIn Batavia the west side trail follows a former C.&N.W.Ry. right of way past the Depot Museum. An 1854 station from the C.B.&Q.R.R. on the east side was moved across the river to its present location in 1973, as was a caboose. Both are used as exhibits, and the museum has been expanded since.[9]","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuisseret1990138%E2%80%93139-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"C.B.&Q. roundhouse","text":"In Aurora a short distance up the connecting Illinois Prairie Path is a large railroad roundhouse. One of two built in the 1850s, it was abandoned in 1974. By 1985 one roundhouse was demolished, the remaining one was refurbished and commercially developed.[10][11]","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Valley Model Railroad Club","text":"In South Elgin at Kenyon Rd. The Valley Model Railroad Club moved into the old Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railway Clintonville Station in 1953 and has been there since. Clintonville Substation was built in 1902 and put into service as a power distribution center to convert AC power to 600 volt DC needed to operate the trains which received this electric current via a third rail. The Valley Model Railroad club is a non-profit member only association. The HO scale trains are run with a state of the art signal and DCC control system developed by one of the members who is an electrical engineer. The club hosts many public events year round. The washroom and soda vending machine are available for public use when the club is open.[12]","title":"Points of interest"}] | [{"image_text":"Windmill at Fabyan Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dutch_Mill_Batavia_crop.jpg/170px-Dutch_Mill_Batavia_crop.jpg"},{"image_text":"Batavia Depot Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chicago%2C_Burlington%2C_and_Quincy_Railroad_Depot_%28Batavia%2C_IL%29_04.JPG/170px-Chicago%2C_Burlington%2C_and_Quincy_Railroad_Depot_%28Batavia%2C_IL%29_04.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Party Time, Excellent! Aurora, Illinois, Now Has a Curb-Protected Bike Lane – Streetsblog Chicago\". February 27, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://chi.streetsblog.org/2016/02/26/party-time-aurora-now-has-a-curb-protected-bike-lane/","url_text":"\"Party Time, Excellent! 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Retrieved May 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150220031134/http://kdot.countyofkane.org/Planning%20Documents/Bicycle%20Planning/Kane_Bike_Map.pdf","url_text":"\"Kane and Northern Kendall Counties Bicycle Planning Map\""},{"url":"http://kdot.countyofkane.org/Planning%20Documents/Bicycle%20Planning/Kane_Bike_Map.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GIT User's Guide\" (PDF). Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources. p. 19–20, p. 29. Retrieved May 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnr.illinois.gov/recreation/greenwaysandtrails/Documents/gitusersguide.pdf","url_text":"\"GIT User's Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trolley Times 2014 Visitor's Guide\" (PDF). Fox River Trolley Museum. 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxtrolley.org/Resources/Documents/VisGuide2014pdfforweb.pdf","url_text":"\"Trolley Times 2014 Visitor's Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Laukaitis, John J. (2004). Geneva in Vintage Postcards. Arcadia Pub. pp. 55–66. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pearson_(astronomer) | William Pearson (astronomer) | ["1 Biography","2 Family","3 Works","4 Green Plaque","5 References"] | Portrait of William Pearson (1767-1847) from History of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1820–1920.
William Pearson FRS (23 April 1767–6 September 1847) was an English schoolmaster, astronomer, and a founder of the Astronomical Society of London. He authored Practical Astronomy (2 vols., 1825 and 1829).
Biography
William Pearson was born at Whitbeck in Cumberland on 23 April 1767. After graduating from Hawkshead Grammar School near to Lake Windermere, Westmorland, Pearson began his career as a schoolmaster at Hawkshead. After which, moving to Lincoln as undermaster of the Free Grammar School. Through Pearson's interest in astronomy, Pearson constructed an astronomical clock and an orrery, which was probably used for public lectures. Although enrolled at Cambridge University, he does not appear to have earned a degree. He was admitted as a sizar at Clare College in 1793, but may not have gained residence.
An original proprietor of the Royal Institution, Pearson finished a planetarium in 1803 that illustrated Dr. Thomas Young's lectures. On 10 January 1810 Pearson was presented to the rectory of Perivale in Middlesex. On 15 March 1817, Lord-chancellor Eldon presented Pearson to the rectory of South Kilworth in Leicestershire.
He acquired the Temple Grove School, a large private institution at East Sheen in 1810. After establishing an observatory there, he measured the diameters of the sun and moon during the partial solar eclipse of 7 September 1820, with one of John Dollond's divided object-glass micrometers.
The foundation of the Astronomical Society of London (now known as the Royal Astronomical Society) was largely due to his efforts. In 1812 and 1816, he began development of the society that formally took shape during a meeting at the Freemasons' Tavern on 12 January 1820. Pearson helped write the rules and served as treasurer during the society's first ten years. In 1819, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and received an honorary LL.D.
Orrery designed by William Pearson (1767-1847), 1813-1822 now in the Science Museum, London. Made by Robert Fidler.
After leaving East Sheen in 1821, William erected an observatory at South Kilworth that possessed a 36-inch focal-length altazimuth telescope, originally constructed by Edward Troughton for the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The observatory was also equipped with a 42-inch focal-length achromatic refractor by Tulley, a transit circle by William Simms, and a clock by Hardy.
While at South Kilworth, Pearson observed the occultations of the Pleiades in July and October 1821. In 1824 and 1829, he published the two quarto volumes of his Introduction to Practical Astronomy. The first volume mainly contained tables for the processes of reduction. The second volume included elaborate descriptions and engravings of various astronomical instruments (drawn by John Farey, Jr, and engraved by Edmund Turrell) along with instructions for their use. Pearson received the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (then known as the Astronomical Society of London) on 13 February 1829 for the publication, which Sir John Herschel called ‘one of the most important and extensive works on that subject which has ever issued from the press’.
In 1830, the Royal Observatory nominated Pearson to its new board of visitors. Assisted by a village mathematician named Ambrose Clarke, Pearson began the reobservation and computation of the 520 stars tabulated for occultations in his Practical Astronomy during the same year. He presented the resulting catalogue to the Royal Astronomical Society on 11 June 1841.
Pearson observed Halley's comet on 29 October 1835, and in 1839 he deduced a value for the obliquity of the ecliptic from his own research.
He died on 6 September 1847 at South Kilworth, and a tablet honoring his memory in the church recognizes the respect earned by his exemplary conduct as a clergyman and magistrate.
Family
William Pearson married Frances Low on 22 February 1796 at St Swithun, East Retford, Nottinghamshire. Their daughter, Frances, was born in 1797 in Lincoln. Frances Pearson, née Low, died on 10 October 1831, aged 61 years and was buried at South Kilworth.
He married Eliza Sarah Hunter on 10 November 1832 at St George, Hanover Square, Middlesex. Eliza Sarah Pearson, née Hunter, died in Tunbridge Wells, Kent in 1878, aged 82.
Works
His textbook, Selected Speeches for the Young Gentlemen of the Seminary (1801), taught Rhetoric.
Introduction to Practical Astronomy, Vol 1, 1824, and Vol 2, 1829, contained 31 plates drawn by John Farey, Jr, and engraved by Edmund Turrell.
Pearson contributed 63 articles to Rees's Cyclopædia on practical astronomy, which included Astronomical, Chronometrical, Optical etc. Instruments, Horology, Planetary Machines, and Watch. The full list is in Gurman and Harratt, p290.
He wrote the article on Planetary Machines in the Edinburgh Encyclopædia
He authored numerous articles in Nicholson's Journal, the Philosophical Magazine, and periodicals published by the Royal Astronomical Society. The full list is in Gurman and Harratt, p289.
Green Plaque
A plaque at the Rectory, South Kilworth, commemorating the astronomer William Pearson.
On 16 January, 2020, a green plaque was unveiled at the Rectory, South Kilworth, Leicestershire. William Pearson lived there from 1821 until his death in 1847.
It was 200 years and four days after the dinner on 12 January, 1820 at the Freemason's Tavern, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, which led to the formation of the Astronomical Society of London. In 1831 this became the Royal Astronomical Society.
William Pearson's grave was restored in 2019 to coincide with this event, with funding from South Kilworth Parish Council and the Royal Astronomical Society.
References
^ a b c Gurman, S. J. & Harratt, S. R. (1994). "Revd Dr William Pearson (1767–1847): a Founder of the Royal Astronomical Society". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 35 (3): 271–292. Bibcode:1994QJRAS..35..271G. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
^ "The Rev. William Pearson". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 8 (4): 69–74. 1848. Bibcode:1848MNRAS...8...69.. doi:10.1093/mnras/8.4.57. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
^ "Pearson, William (PR793W)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ Frost, Mike (2006). "Reverend Doctor William Pearson in South Kilworth, Leicestershire". The Antiquarian Astronomer. 3. Society for the History of Astronomy: 49–56. Bibcode:2006AntAs...3...49F. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
^ "History of Temple Grove School" (PDF). Retrieved 20 April 2012.
^ Herschel, John F. W. (1831). "An Address Delivered at the Annual General Meeting of the Astronomical Society of London, on February 13, 1829, on Presenting the Honorary Medals to the Rev. William Pearson, Professor Bessel, and Professor Schumacher". Memoirs of the Astronomical Society of London. 4. Astronomical Society of London: 215–217. Bibcode:1831MmRAS...4..215H. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
^ Nottinghamshire marriages index 1528-1929 Transcription (Available at find my past. Subscription required.)
^ England & Wales deaths 1837-2007. Her surname is that of her second husband, Thomas Pochin. Transcription at find my past (Subscription required.)
^ 1861 census, 26, Highfield Road, Edgbaston, Kings Norton, Warwickshire, as Thomas Pochin's widow. She is at the house of Thomas Pochin's daughter by his first wife.
^ Leicestershire burials Image. (Available at find my past. Subscription required.)
^ Westminster Marriages Image. (Available at find my past. Subscription required.)
^ England & Wales deaths 1837-2007 Transcription. (Available at find my past. Subscription required.)
^ Green Plaque unveiled in honour of pioneering astronomer
^ Royal Astronomical Society - A brief history
^ GREEN PLAQUE awarded by LEICESTERSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Pearson, William". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Astronomical Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GurmanHarratt-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_mnras-2"}],"text":"William Pearson FRS (23 April 1767–6 September 1847) was an English schoolmaster, astronomer, and a founder of the Astronomical Society of London. He authored Practical Astronomy (2 vols., 1825 and 1829).[1][2]","title":"William Pearson (astronomer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitbeck,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland"},{"link_name":"Hawkshead Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkshead_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Lake Windermere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Windermere"},{"link_name":"Hawkshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkshead"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_England"},{"link_name":"sizar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizar"},{"link_name":"Clare College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution"},{"link_name":"Thomas Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frost2006-4"},{"link_name":"Temple Grove School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Grove_School"},{"link_name":"East Sheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sheen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Dollond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dollond"},{"link_name":"Astronomical Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"Royal Astronomical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orrery_designed_by_William_Pearson,_made_by_Robert_Fidler,1813-1822.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward Troughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Troughton"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"transit circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_circle"},{"link_name":"William Simms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Simms_(instrument_maker)"},{"link_name":"Pleiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades"},{"link_name":"John Farey, Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Farey,_Jr"},{"link_name":"Edmund Turrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Turrell"},{"link_name":"Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society"},{"link_name":"John Herschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Herschel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldmedalras-6"},{"link_name":"Halley's comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_comet"},{"link_name":"ecliptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic"}],"text":"William Pearson was born at Whitbeck in Cumberland on 23 April 1767. After graduating from Hawkshead Grammar School near to Lake Windermere, Westmorland, Pearson began his career as a schoolmaster at Hawkshead. After which, moving to Lincoln as undermaster of the Free Grammar School. Through Pearson's interest in astronomy, Pearson constructed an astronomical clock and an orrery, which was probably used for public lectures. Although enrolled at Cambridge University, he does not appear to have earned a degree. He was admitted as a sizar at Clare College in 1793, but may not have gained residence.[3]An original proprietor of the Royal Institution, Pearson finished a planetarium in 1803 that illustrated Dr. Thomas Young's lectures. On 10 January 1810 Pearson was presented to the rectory of Perivale in Middlesex. On 15 March 1817, Lord-chancellor Eldon presented Pearson to the rectory of South Kilworth in Leicestershire.[4]He acquired the Temple Grove School, a large private institution at East Sheen[5] in 1810. After establishing an observatory there, he measured the diameters of the sun and moon during the partial solar eclipse of 7 September 1820, with one of John Dollond's divided object-glass micrometers.The foundation of the Astronomical Society of London (now known as the Royal Astronomical Society) was largely due to his efforts. In 1812 and 1816, he began development of the society that formally took shape during a meeting at the Freemasons' Tavern on 12 January 1820. Pearson helped write the rules and served as treasurer during the society's first ten years. In 1819, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and received an honorary LL.D.Orrery designed by William Pearson (1767-1847), 1813-1822 now in the Science Museum, London. Made by Robert Fidler.After leaving East Sheen in 1821, William erected an observatory at South Kilworth that possessed a 36-inch focal-length altazimuth telescope, originally constructed by Edward Troughton for the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The observatory was also equipped with a 42-inch focal-length achromatic refractor by Tulley, a transit circle by William Simms, and a clock by Hardy.While at South Kilworth, Pearson observed the occultations of the Pleiades in July and October 1821. In 1824 and 1829, he published the two quarto volumes of his Introduction to Practical Astronomy. The first volume mainly contained tables for the processes of reduction. The second volume included elaborate descriptions and engravings of various astronomical instruments (drawn by John Farey, Jr, and engraved by Edmund Turrell) along with instructions for their use. Pearson received the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (then known as the Astronomical Society of London) on 13 February 1829 for the publication, which Sir John Herschel called ‘one of the most important and extensive works on that subject which has ever issued from the press’.[6]In 1830, the Royal Observatory nominated Pearson to its new board of visitors. Assisted by a village mathematician named Ambrose Clarke, Pearson began the reobservation and computation of the 520 stars tabulated for occultations in his Practical Astronomy during the same year. He presented the resulting catalogue to the Royal Astronomical Society on 11 June 1841.Pearson observed Halley's comet on 29 October 1835, and in 1839 he deduced a value for the obliquity of the ecliptic from his own research.He died on 6 September 1847 at South Kilworth, and a tablet honoring his memory in the church recognizes the respect earned by his exemplary conduct as a clergyman and magistrate.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"William Pearson married Frances Low on 22 February 1796 at St Swithun, East Retford, Nottinghamshire.[7] Their daughter, Frances, was born in 1797[8] in Lincoln.[9] Frances Pearson, née Low, died on 10 October 1831, aged 61 years and was buried at South Kilworth.[10]He married Eliza Sarah Hunter on 10 November 1832 at St George, Hanover Square, Middlesex.[11] Eliza Sarah Pearson, née Hunter, died in Tunbridge Wells, Kent in 1878, aged 82.[12]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"Introduction to Practical Astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012306222"},{"link_name":"31 plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ariail2/id/227"},{"link_name":"John Farey, Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Farey,_Jr"},{"link_name":"Edmund Turrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Turrell"},{"link_name":"Rees's Cyclopædia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rees%27s_Cyclop%C3%A6dia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GurmanHarratt-1"},{"link_name":"Planetary Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ien.35556000687889;view=1up;seq=717"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Encyclopædia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Encyclop%C3%A6dia"},{"link_name":"Nicholson's Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholson%27s_Journal"},{"link_name":"Philosophical Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GurmanHarratt-1"}],"text":"His textbook, Selected Speeches for the Young Gentlemen of the Seminary (1801), taught Rhetoric.\nIntroduction to Practical Astronomy, Vol 1, 1824, and Vol 2, 1829, contained 31 plates drawn by John Farey, Jr, and engraved by Edmund Turrell.\nPearson contributed 63 articles to Rees's Cyclopædia on practical astronomy, which included Astronomical, Chronometrical, Optical etc. Instruments, Horology, Planetary Machines, and Watch. The full list is in Gurman and Harratt,[1] p290.\nHe wrote the article on Planetary Machines in the Edinburgh Encyclopædia\nHe authored numerous articles in Nicholson's Journal, the Philosophical Magazine, and periodicals published by the Royal Astronomical Society. The full list is in Gurman and Harratt,[1] p289.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_pearson_green_plaque_south_kilworth.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Freemason's Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason%27s_Tavern"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"A plaque at the Rectory, South Kilworth, commemorating the astronomer William Pearson.On 16 January, 2020, a green plaque was unveiled at the Rectory, South Kilworth, Leicestershire.[13] William Pearson lived there from 1821 until his death in 1847.It was 200 years and four days after the dinner on 12 January, 1820 at the Freemason's Tavern, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, which led to the formation of the Astronomical Society of London. In 1831 this became the Royal Astronomical Society.[14]William Pearson's grave was restored in 2019 to coincide with this event, with funding from South Kilworth Parish Council and the Royal Astronomical Society.[15]","title":"Green Plaque"}] | [{"image_text":"Portrait of William Pearson (1767-1847) from History of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1820–1920.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Portrait_of_William_Pearson_%281767-1847%29_from_History_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society%2C_1820-1920.png/220px-Portrait_of_William_Pearson_%281767-1847%29_from_History_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society%2C_1820-1920.png"},{"image_text":"Orrery designed by William Pearson (1767-1847), 1813-1822 now in the Science Museum, London. Made by Robert Fidler.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Orrery_designed_by_William_Pearson%2C_made_by_Robert_Fidler%2C1813-1822.jpg/220px-Orrery_designed_by_William_Pearson%2C_made_by_Robert_Fidler%2C1813-1822.jpg"},{"image_text":"A plaque at the Rectory, South Kilworth, commemorating the astronomer William Pearson.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/William_pearson_green_plaque_south_kilworth.jpg/220px-William_pearson_green_plaque_south_kilworth.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Gurman, S. J. & Harratt, S. R. (1994). \"Revd Dr William Pearson (1767–1847): a Founder of the Royal Astronomical Society\". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 35 (3): 271–292. Bibcode:1994QJRAS..35..271G. Retrieved 1 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1994QJRAS..35..271G","url_text":"\"Revd Dr William Pearson (1767–1847): a Founder of the Royal Astronomical Society\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society","url_text":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994QJRAS..35..271G","url_text":"1994QJRAS..35..271G"}]},{"reference":"\"The Rev. William Pearson\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 8 (4): 69–74. 1848. Bibcode:1848MNRAS...8...69.. doi:10.1093/mnras/8.4.57. Retrieved 1 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1848MNRAS...8...69.","url_text":"\"The Rev. 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Bibcode:2006AntAs...3...49F. Retrieved 1 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2006AntAs...3...49F","url_text":"\"Reverend Doctor William Pearson in South Kilworth, Leicestershire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Antiquarian_Astronomer","url_text":"The Antiquarian Astronomer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_History_of_Astronomy","url_text":"Society for the History of Astronomy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AntAs...3...49F","url_text":"2006AntAs...3...49F"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Temple Grove School\" (PDF). Retrieved 20 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.templegrove.org.uk/UserFiles/File/TG%20History%20Nov%2009.pdf","url_text":"\"History of Temple Grove School\""}]},{"reference":"Herschel, John F. W. (1831). \"An Address Delivered at the Annual General Meeting of the Astronomical Society of London, on February 13, 1829, on Presenting the Honorary Medals to the Rev. William Pearson, Professor Bessel, and Professor Schumacher\". Memoirs of the Astronomical Society of London. 4. Astronomical Society of London: 215–217. Bibcode:1831MmRAS...4..215H. Retrieved 2 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Herschel","url_text":"Herschel, John F. W."},{"url":"http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1831MmRAS...4..215H","url_text":"\"An Address Delivered at the Annual General Meeting of the Astronomical Society of London, on February 13, 1829, on Presenting the Honorary Medals to the Rev. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa%C3%ADas_Samakuva | Isaías Samakuva | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"] | Leader of União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola,
Isaías Henrique Ngola SamakuvaPresident of UNITAIn office20 June 2003 – 14 November 2019Preceded byPaulo Lukamba GatoSucceeded byAdalberto Costa Júnior
Personal detailsBorn (1946-07-08) 8 July 1946 (age 77)Kunje, Portuguese AngolaPolitical partyUNITAChildren5
Isaías Henrique Ngola Samakuva (born 8 July 1946) is an Angolan politician who was the President of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) from June 2003 to November 2019.
After UNITA leader, Jonas Savimbi and his immediate successor António Dembo died from injuries sustained in a February 2002 firefight with Angolan government troops, Samakuva was elected as President of UNITA, which had transformed itself into a peaceful opposition party, in 2003.
Biography
Son of Henrique Ngola Samakuva and Rosália Ani Samakuva, Samakuva was born in Silva Porto-Gare (present Kunji), Bié Province.
In 1970, he was a professor at the Evangelical Mission House and then took a course in theology at the Seminary of Dondi, where he became an evangelical pastor. He formally joined UNITA in 1974 and, a year later, he was admitted as an official of the Ministry of Labour in the Transitional Government of Angola.
In 1976, due to political insecurity, he retired to the bush, settling in one of the bases of UNITA in the Military Region 25, moving then to Region 45, where he served as chief of staff of the command. Two years later, Samakuva was transferred to Region 11 to head the office of the leader of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, thence to the region Kubango, which began coordinating the logistics of UNITA in the so-called on South front.
In 1979 he was a delegate to the 12th Annual Conference of UNITA and elected member of the Central Committee, having been transferred to South Africa as representative of the movement led by Jonas Savimbi in that country.
In 1984, he was appointed vice-president of the Foreign Affairs Committee of UNITA, and in 1986, at the party's sixth congress, he was elected to the permanent secretariat and to the direction of the cabinet of Jonas Savimbi. He was an official UNITA ambassador in Europe from 1989 to 1994 and again from 1998 to 2002. Between 1989 and 1993, he was the representative of UNITA in the United Kingdom; later he was delegated to Europe.
After the failed peace agreement signed in Lisbon (1991) and the Lusaka Protocol (1994), Samakuva led a party delegation to the Joint Commission established to monitor the implementation of the Lusaka Protocol.
In 2000, he was appointed head of the external mission of UNITA and, following the death of Jonas Savimbi in combat on February 22, 2002, he returned to Angola to discuss a cease-fire.
Samakuva was elected as President of UNITA in 2003 at the party's ninth congress. In 2007, at the tenth congress, he was re-elected to the post, defeating Abel Chivukuvuku.
Samakuva was the first candidate on UNITA's national list in the September 2008 legislative election. He was elected to a seat in the National Assembly in that election, but UNITA performed poorly, winning only 16 out of 220 seats. Despite the party's objections to problems in the electoral process, Samakuva announced on 8 September 2008 that UNITA accepted the election results. The UNITA Permanent Committee subsequently met to consider the outcome of the election and Samakuva's leadership, and on 19 September 2008 it said in a statement that it "reaffirm its confidence" in Samakuva, blaming the party's poor showing primarily on abuses by the governing Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).
He resigned as UNITA leader in November 2019 and was succeeded by Adalberto Costa Júnior.
References
^ "Angola: Samakuva Elected New President of UNITA". allAfrica. 23 June 2003.
^ "Três "tubarões" vão disputar o XII Congresso da UNITA" (in Portuguese). Novo Jornal. 4 November 2015.
^ a b c d "Biografia de Isaías Samakuva, candidato à presidência do partido" (in Portuguese). SAPONOTÍCAS. 15 December 2011.
^ List of deputies elected in the 2008 election, CNE website (in Portuguese).
^ "Angolan opposition party accepts defeat", Sapa-Associated Press (IOL), September 9, 2008.
^ "Angolan opposition retains leader despite poll rout" Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback Machine, AFP, September 20, 2008.
External links
Biography on Africa Confidential
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"National Union for the Total Independence of Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNITA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jonas Savimbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Savimbi"},{"link_name":"António Dembo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Dembo"}],"text":"Isaías Henrique Ngola Samakuva (born 8 July 1946) is an Angolan politician who was the President of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) from June 2003 to November 2019.[1]After UNITA leader, Jonas Savimbi and his immediate successor António Dembo died from injuries sustained in a February 2002 firefight with Angolan government troops, Samakuva was elected as President of UNITA, which had transformed itself into a peaceful opposition party, in 2003.","title":"Isaías Samakuva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kunji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunji"},{"link_name":"Bié Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9_(province)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"UNITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNITA"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biografia_de_Isa%C3%ADas_Samakuva,_candidato_%C3%A0_presid%C3%AAncia_do_partido-3"},{"link_name":"Jonas Savimbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Savimbi"},{"link_name":"UNITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNITA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biografia_de_Isa%C3%ADas_Samakuva,_candidato_%C3%A0_presid%C3%AAncia_do_partido-3"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biografia_de_Isa%C3%ADas_Samakuva,_candidato_%C3%A0_presid%C3%AAncia_do_partido-3"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biografia_de_Isa%C3%ADas_Samakuva,_candidato_%C3%A0_presid%C3%AAncia_do_partido-3"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Lusaka Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusaka_Protocol"},{"link_name":"Abel Chivukuvuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Chivukuvuku"},{"link_name":"September 2008 legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Angolan_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Angola"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPLA"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Adalberto Costa Júnior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalberto_Costa_J%C3%BAnior"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Son of Henrique Ngola Samakuva and Rosália Ani Samakuva, Samakuva was born in Silva Porto-Gare (present Kunji), Bié Province.[2]In 1970, he was a professor at the Evangelical Mission House and then took a course in theology at the Seminary of Dondi, where he became an evangelical pastor. He formally joined UNITA in 1974 and, a year later, he was admitted as an official of the Ministry of Labour in the Transitional Government of Angola.[3]In 1976, due to political insecurity, he retired to the bush, settling in one of the bases of UNITA in the Military Region 25, moving then to Region 45, where he served as chief of staff of the command. Two years later, Samakuva was transferred to Region 11 to head the office of the leader of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, thence to the region Kubango, which began coordinating the logistics of UNITA in the so-called on South front.[3]In 1979 he was a delegate to the 12th Annual Conference of UNITA and elected member of the Central Committee, having been transferred to South Africa as representative of the movement led by Jonas Savimbi in that country.[3]In 1984, he was appointed vice-president of the Foreign Affairs Committee of UNITA, and in 1986, at the party's sixth congress, he was elected to the permanent secretariat and to the direction of the cabinet of Jonas Savimbi. He was an official UNITA ambassador in Europe from 1989 to 1994 and again from 1998 to 2002. Between 1989 and 1993, he was the representative of UNITA in the United Kingdom; later he was delegated to Europe.[3]After the failed peace agreement signed in Lisbon (1991) and the Lusaka Protocol (1994), Samakuva led a party delegation to the Joint Commission established to monitor the implementation of the Lusaka Protocol.In 2000, he was appointed head of the external mission of UNITA and, following the death of Jonas Savimbi in combat on February 22, 2002, he returned to Angola to discuss a cease-fire.Samakuva was elected as President of UNITA in 2003 at the party's ninth congress. In 2007, at the tenth congress, he was re-elected to the post, defeating Abel Chivukuvuku.Samakuva was the first candidate on UNITA's national list in the September 2008 legislative election. He was elected to a seat in the National Assembly in that election, but UNITA performed poorly, winning only 16 out of 220 seats.[4] Despite the party's objections to problems in the electoral process, Samakuva announced on 8 September 2008 that UNITA accepted the election results.[5] The UNITA Permanent Committee subsequently met to consider the outcome of the election and Samakuva's leadership, and on 19 September 2008 it said in a statement that it \"reaffirm[ed] its confidence\" in Samakuva, blaming the party's poor showing primarily on abuses by the governing Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).[6]He resigned as UNITA leader in November 2019 and was succeeded by Adalberto Costa Júnior.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Angola: Samakuva Elected New President of UNITA\". allAfrica. 23 June 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://allafrica.com/stories/200306300154.html","url_text":"\"Angola: Samakuva Elected New President of UNITA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Três \"tubarões\" vão disputar o XII Congresso da UNITA\" (in Portuguese). Novo Jornal. 4 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.novojornal.co.ao/politica/interior/tres-tubaroes-vao-disputar-o-xii-congresso-da-unita-714.html","url_text":"\"Três \"tubarões\" vão disputar o XII Congresso da UNITA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biografia de Isaías Samakuva, candidato à presidência do partido\" (in Portuguese). SAPONOTÍCAS. 15 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://noticias.sapo.mz/lusa/artigo/13488898.html","url_text":"\"Biografia de Isaías Samakuva, candidato à presidência do partido\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://allafrica.com/stories/200306300154.html","external_links_name":"\"Angola: Samakuva Elected New President of UNITA\""},{"Link":"http://www.novojornal.co.ao/politica/interior/tres-tubaroes-vao-disputar-o-xii-congresso-da-unita-714.html","external_links_name":"\"Três \"tubarões\" vão disputar o XII Congresso da UNITA\""},{"Link":"http://noticias.sapo.mz/lusa/artigo/13488898.html","external_links_name":"\"Biografia de Isaías Samakuva, candidato à presidência do partido\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080919225300/http://www.cne.ao/listadep.html","external_links_name":"List of deputies elected in the 2008 election"},{"Link":"http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20080909093837927C731323","external_links_name":"\"Angolan opposition party accepts defeat\""},{"Link":"http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jIRMTCn2ElwBxRg1LgK73njibP1g","external_links_name":"\"Angolan opposition retains leader despite poll rout\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520171723/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jIRMTCn2ElwBxRg1LgK73njibP1g","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.africa-confidential.com/whos-who-profile/id/1067","external_links_name":"Biography on Africa Confidential"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/30146635709041982598","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rolfe_(director) | Alfred Rolfe (director) | ["1 Biography","1.1 Alfred Dampier","1.2 England","1.3 Philip Lytton","1.4 Filmmaker","1.5 Australian Photo-Play Company","1.6 Fraser Films","1.7 Australasian Films","1.8 Retirement","2 Appraisal","3 Personal life","4 Select filmography","4.1 Dramatic films","4.2 Industrial films","5 Select theatre credits","5.1 Holloway Dramatic Company","5.2 George Darrell Company and Others","5.3 Alfred Dampier Company","5.4 Maggie Moore Company","5.5 W. Elton Company","5.6 Alfred Dampier Company","5.7 England performances","5.8 Alfred Dampier Company","5.9 Replacements","5.10 Philip Lytton Company","6 References","7 External links"] | Australian stage and film director and actor
Alfred RolfePortrait of Alfred Rolfe (published in 1922).BornAlfred Roker1862Fitzroy, Victoria, AustraliaDied9 September 1943 (aged 81)North Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaOccupation(s)stage and screen actor, stage and screen directorSpouseKatherine Annabel Ely ('Lily') DampierParentArthur Roker & Mary Ann (née Holman)
Alfred Rolfe, real name Alfred Roker (1862– 9 September 1943), was an Australian stage and film director and actor, best known for being the son-in-law of the celebrated actor-manager Alfred Dampier, with whom he appeared frequently on stage, and for his prolific output as a director during Australia's silent era, including Captain Midnight, the Bush King (1911), Captain Starlight, or Gentleman of the Road (1911) and The Hero of the Dardanelles (1915). Only one of his films as director survives today.
Biography
Alfred Roker was born in 1862 in the Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy, the son of Arthur Roker & Mary Ann (née Holman).
He used the stage-name 'Alfred Rolfe' when he began working as an actor. Rolfe joined Charles Holloway's acting company, where he acted alongside Richard Stewart and Essie Jenyns.
In 1888 Rolfe toured New Zealand in George Darrell's company.
Alfred Dampier
He then joined the Alfred Dampier Company in 1890, first appearing in Robbery Under Arms. He mostly played smaller parts but in 1892 was promoted to the role of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet. The following year Rolfe married Dampier's daughter Lily. Rolfe acted opposite his wife and father-in-law numerous times around the country throughout the 1890s and early 1900s, most commonly playing juvenile leads.
England
In November 1897, Rolfe sailed for London with his wife and her parents. While there they managed to get work in two plays which toured all over the country and ended up staying for twelve months.
They returned in 1899 and rejoined the Alfred Dampier Company. Among the plays in which Rolfe most frequently appeared opposite his wife and father in law were The Bush King, Robbery Under Arms, and East Lynne.
According to New Zealand's Stage magazine, Rolfe was "an actor of brilliancy on a somewhat wide range, a little overshadowed, perhaps, by the stars with whom he has been so long associated, but by no means obscured."
In February 1907 Rolfe left for London with Lily Dampier and her parents once again. Once again, they worked for a period over there. Alfred Dampier came home, seriously ill, meaning his company was unable to continue. Rolfe was reported as "walking through his vast estates, plantations, and so on" in his spare time. He and Lily also briefly took over the lead in a play with another company. Dampier died in May 1908.
Philip Lytton
In early 1909, Rolfe was credited as "general manager" on a series of advertisements throughout New South Wales for a £5,000 film depicting the fight between Tommy Burns and Jack Johnson. It is possible this meant Rolfe directed the movie, or was in charge of its distribution.
In August 1910 it was announced Rolfe and Lily were joining Philip Lytton's company for a tour of country Australia and New Zealand. They played several of the Dampier repertoire, including Robbery Under Arms. In September 1910 he and Lily headed Lytton's company, where the line-up of plays included Robbery Under Arms (play)|Robbery Under Arms, The Bush King and The Fatal Wedding; all three would soon be turned into films by Charles Cozens Spencer with Rolfe directing and acting in the first two.
Filmmaker
In 1910 Rolfe received an offer to direct three films for Charles Cozens Spencer, all adaptations of productions performed by his father-in-law's and Lytton's company: Captain Midnight, the Bush King, Captain Starlight, or the Gentleman of the Road (an adaptation of Robbery Under Arms), and The Life of Rufus Dawes. Rolfe and his wife also appeared in all three films, the first two especially which appear to have been very successful critically and commercially. He was assisted on the films by Raymond Longford, who later claimed to have directed the movies. He also appears to have directed Dan Morgan for Spencer.
When Rolfe left Spencer, the producer then hired Longford to make his directorial debut with a film adaptation of The Fatal Wedding.
Australian Photo-Play Company
Rolfe left Spencer to take up an offer from Stanley Crick to work at a new film production company, the Australian Photo-Play Company. Rolfe ended up making an estimated 25 features for them, including Australia's first war movie (Mates of the Murrumbidgee (1911)), and first film to deal with aboriginal Australians (Moora Neya, or The Message of the Spear (1911)).
Rolfe seems to have worked less as an actor during this time, although he would occasionally appear in the films. He directed almost every one of Australian Photo-Play's films.
Fraser Films
After the demise of the Australian Photo-Play Company, Rolfe moved over to Fraser Films, where his movies included adaptations of the popular play The Sunny South (1914) and the poem The Day.
In November 1914 it was reported Rolfe and Lily Dampier were "wandering the globe".
Australasian Films
Fraser Films soon ceased production. From 1915 to 1916 Rolfe worked for Australasian Films, directing shorts, industrial films and features. He was directing a film in Sydney in February 1915 when his wife Lily died in Melbourne.
Rolfe's feature work for Australasian Films included two immensely popular war films, Will they Never Come? (1915) and its sequel, The Hero of the Dardanelles (1915). A movie about the Eureka Rebellion, The Loyal Rebel (1915), was less successful. He then made two more World War I-related movies, How We Beat the Emden (1915) and A Man – That's All (1916); these were used to recruit soldiers.
In May 1916 it was reported that Rolfe had "produced more Australian pictures than any other Australian director". Rolfe said at the same time the greatest difficulty for Australian filmmakers is they are unable to market their films in America or England. "If this could be remedied", said Mr. Rolfe, "as many as fifty copies of any picture would be required and the production would then show a 'worth-while' profit." But in 1916 Australia only four copies could be disposed of "which does not make much of an inducement to intending manufacturers."
In July 1916 it was reported Rolfe had just finished directing a series of educational films for Australasian Pictures, each one about one reel long, adding up to 15,000 feet of film in all.
In November 1916 it was announced in the trade press that Rolfe had "severed his connection with Australasian Films after a long period of service. He has just completed a big industrial subject for this film dealing with practically every Australian industry of note."
Retirement
Rolfe eventually retired from show business, although he did direct one more film, for charity – the Red Cross sponsored feature Cupid Camouflaged (1918). As Lily Dampier's widower, he appears to have inherited the rights to Alfred Dampier's plays, particularly Robbery Under Arms and The Bush King, and authorized various stage productions of these. In 1920 he registered a new script based on The Bush King for copyright, but no film of this was made.
Rolfe had been involved in amateur athletics for a number of years, particularly the East Sydney Amateur Athletics Company, but focused on it increasingly from 1917 through the 1920s.
Rolfe lived in Sydney towards the end of his life. He and Lily had a son, Sidney Alfred Rolfe, who was an artist. He also occasionally appeared on stage and managed a warehouse.
Appraisal
Only one of Rolfe's films survives today, The Hero of the Dardanelles, but according to film historians Graham Shirley and Brian Adams:
It indicates a director skilled in the type of visual and naturalistic sophistication later attributed to Raymond Longford. The conventions of spectacle melodrama so favoured in late nineteenth century Australian theatre, with their realistic settings and real chases on horsebacks and trainwrecks, played a large role in the films he made for Australian Photo-Play in 1911–12... If... reviews of other films are an indication, Rolfe's work for Spencer and Australian Photo-Play had helped refine the achievement of naturalistic performances for the screen, not to say the basis of a screen grammar that vividly captured setting and spectacle.
Personal life
In the 1890s, Rolfe backed the race horse Cremorne.
Select filmography
Dramatic films
Captain Midnight, the Bush King (1911) – also acted
Captain Starlight, or Gentleman of the Road (1911) – also acted
The Life of Rufus Dawes (1911) – also acted
Dan Morgan (1911) – also acted
Moora Neya, or The Message of the Spear (1911)
The Lady Outlaw (1911)
Mates of the Murrumbidgee (1911)
In the Nick of Time (1911)
Way Outback (1911)
What Women Suffer (1911) – also acted
The Cup Winner (1911)
Caloola, or The Adventures of a Jackeroo (1911)
The Miner's Curse (1911)
King of the Coiners (1912)
Do Men Love Women? (1912)
The Sin of a Woman (1912)
The Crime and the Criminal (1912)
Cooee and the Echo (1912)
The Love Tyrant (1912)
The Cheat (1912)
Won on the Post (1912)
Whose Was the Hand? (1912)
The Moira, or Mystery of the Bush (1912)
The Day (1914)
The Sunny South or The Whirlwind of Fate (1915)
Will they Never Come? (1915)
The Hero of the Dardanelles (1915)
The Loyal Rebel (1915)
How We Beat the Emden (1915)
A Man – That's All (1916)
Cupid Camouflaged (1918)
Industrial films
The Burns-Johnson Fight (1908) – Rolfe was "general manager"
Australia – a Nation (1916) – series of industrial films about the Australian war effort for Australasian Films shot by Lacey Percival – include one on the Murrumbidgee area, one on Burrinjuck Darm, and one on Bundaberg
Select theatre credits
Holloway Dramatic Company
The Naked Truth by George Darrell (May, 1883) – world premiere – Opera House, Melbourne – Darrell starred
Queen's Evidence/Lights o' London/ Much Ado About Nothing/ The Two Orphans (Aug-Oct 1883) – Theatre Royal, Brisbane
Lights o' London (October 1883) – Newcastle
Othello by William Shakespeare (February 1884) – Launceston
The Wages of Sin by Frank Harvey (March, 1884) – Melbourne
Lights o' London/ The Silver King/ Much Ado About Nothing (June-Aug 1884) – Queensland tour, including Brisbane
Clouds/ Jane Shore/ Love's Sacrifice/ Bluebeard (Nov-Dec 1884) – Christchurch, Wellington, Napier
A Ring of Iron by Frank Harvey/Romeo and Juliet/A Mad Marriage by Frank Harvey/Hamlet/ Ingomar/Cymbeline/Much Ado About Nothing (Feb-April 1886) – tour of Tasmania – mostly Launceston, Hobart
A Ring of Iron (May, 1886) – Goulbourn
A Ring of Iron/Ingomar/Saints and Sinners by H.A. Jones/Hamlet/Cymbeline (June-Sept 1886) – Brisbane
Saints and Sinners/Hamlet/A Mad Marriage/Cymbeline (Jan-March 1887) – Tasmania tour
Cymbeline/Romeo and Juliet (April 1887) – Bendigo
A Ring of Iron/Guiltless by Arthur Shirley/Wages of Sin/Heroes by Conward Edwards (June-Aug 1887) – Queensland tour, including Brisbane, Gympie
Romeo and Juliet/Twelfth Night/The Merchant of Venice/Much Ado About Nothing/Cymbeline/Leah the Jewish Maiden by Mosnethal (Sept-Dec 1887) – Sydney
Hoodman Blind/The Ring of Iron (Dec 1887) – Newcastle
Romeo and Juliet/Ingomar (Jan-March 1888) – Melbourne
Hoodman Blind/Twelfth Night/The Merchant of Venice/The Magistrate (May 1888) – Tasmania tour
The Merchant of Venice/ Twelfth Night/ Ingomar/ Pygmalion and Galatea/ Romeo and Juliet/ Hamlet (Jun 1888)
The Merchant of Venice/ Twelfth Night (July 1988) – Newcastle
Pygmalion and Galatea (Aug 1888) – Adelaide
The Merchant of Venice/Much Ado About Nothing/Pygmalion and Galatea/Romeo and Juliet/Cymbeline (Aug-Oct 1888) – Melbourne
George Darrell Company and Others
The Sunny South (Jan 1889) – New Zealand tour
The Sunny South /Barnes of New York by George Darrell/ Huế and Cry by George Darrell (May 1889) – Newcastle – Rolfe later filmed this
Othello (Sep 1889) – Melbourne – George Miln Company
Eileen Ogre/Arrah-na-Pogue (June 1890) – Adelaide – Grattan Riggs Company
Alfred Dampier Company
Robbery Under Arms/Monte Cristo/The Flying Dutchman/The Workman/The Lyons Courier/Jess (Sept 1890 – April 1891) – Melbourne
The Count of Monte Cristo (Sept 1891) – Broken Hill
Faust/Romeo and Juliet/ Wilful Murder (April–May 1892) – Melbourne
Romeo and Juliet (Aug 1892) – Tasmania tour
The Green Lanes of England (May 1893) – Sydney
Maggie Moore Company
Forty Nine (Dec 1894) – Melbourne – with Maggie Moore's company
Struck Oil/ The Circus Queen by Tom Taylor (Feb 1895) – Theatre Royal, Adelaide – March 1895 Broken Hill
W. Elton Company
The Guv'nor/ She Stoops to Conquer/ The Flying Scud (May 1895) – Adelaide with Lily Dampier
Alfred Dampier Company
Robbery Under Arms/ For the Term of His Natural Life/ The Green Lanes of England/ The Royal Pardon (Nov 1895) – His Majesty's, Sydney – December went to Newcastle where Rolfe was stage manager
To the West by Dampier and Kenneth Mackay/ Monte Cristo (February, 1896) – Sydney, Her Majesty's Theatre
To the West/ A Transvaal Heroine (April, 1896) – Bendigo
Monte Cristo/ The Green Lanes of England/ Robbery Under Arms/ A Transvaal Heroine/ To the West (Jun-Aug 1896) – Queensland tour
A Transvaal Heroine (Sept 1896) – Maitland
Robbery Under Arms/Monte Cristo/ Thou Shalt Not Steal by Dampier (Oct-Dec 1896) – Alexandra Theatre, Melbourne – Rolfe was stage manager
Robbery Under Arms/ A Transvaal Heroine/ Monte Cristo/ Thou Shalt Not Steal/ Camille/ It's Never Too Late to Mend/The Green Lanes of England/ Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde/ The New Magdalen by Wilkie Collins (Dec 1896-Jan 1897) – Tasmania Tour
Robbery Under Arms/ Monte Cristo/ It's Never Too Late to Mend/ Hamlet (Jan-Feb 1897) – Adelaide
Robbery Under Arms/ Monte Cristo/ It's Never Too Late to Mend/ Hamlet/ Camille (Feb-March 1897) – Broken Hill
Monte Cristo/ It's Never Too Late to Mend/ The Green Lanes of England/ Robbery Under Arms/ Hamlet/ East Lynne/ A Royal Pardon (April–June 1897) – West Australia Tour
Robbery Under Arms/ East Lynne/ Monte Cristo/ A Transvaal Heroine (July-Sept 1897) – NSW tour: Wagga Wagga, Bathurst, Dubbo, Newcastle
Robbery Under Arms/ Monte Cristo/ The Merchant of Venice (Sept 1897) – Lyceum, Sydney
East Lynne/ Robbery Under Arms/ Monte Cristo (Oct 1897) – country NSW and Victoria
England performances
Human Nature (March–July 1898) – tour of provinces for Drury Lane Syndicate
Honor Bright by Ronald Grahame and E. T. de Bauzie (Aug-Oct 1898) – Queens Theatre, Longten – with Lily Dampier
Alfred Dampier Company
New East Lynne/ The Duchess of Coolgardie/ It's Never Too Late to Mend/ The Three Musketeers/ Robbery Under Arms/ A Royal Pardon/ Every Day London (March–May, 1899) – Adelaide – with Lily – first performance back
His Natural Life/ The Three Musketeers/ Robbery Under Arms/ East Lynne/ Every Day London (Sept-Oct 1899) – Queensland tour
Briton and Boer by Adam Pierre/ For the Term of His Natural Life/ The New East Lynne/ Briton and Boer/ Robbery Under Arms/ Merchant of Venice (Dec 1899-Jan 1900) – Theatre Royal, Hobart; Launceston
Robbery Under Arms/ Briton and Boer/ The Three Musketeers/ The Merchant of Venice/ Hamlet/ East Lynne (Feb-April 1900) – Melbourne
Robbery Under Arms/ East Lynne/ Briton and Boer/ The Merchant of Venice/ For the Term of His Natural Life/ The Duke's Motto/ The Green Lanes of England/ Hamlet/ The Power of Wealth by W. J. Lincoln/ Drink by Charles Reade/ Macbeth/ The Penalty of Crime by Lewis Gilbert/ All for Gold/ The Black Flag/ Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde/ The Three Musketeers/ A Royal Pardon/ Monte Cristo/ The Bush King/ It's Never Too Late to Mend/ Brought to Justice/ Shamus O'Brien (April 1900-April 1901) – Criterion Theatre, Sydney
The Power of Wealth/ The Black Flag/ Robbery Under Arms/ Hamlet/ For the Term of His Natural Life/ East Lynne/ MacBeth/ Shamus O'Brien (May–July 1901) – Bijou Theatre, Melbourne
Robbery Under Arms/ The Merchant of Venice/ For the Term of His Natural Life/ The Bush King/ East Lynne/ Escape from Portland/ (Sept-Nov 1901) – Perth, then Kalgoorlie
Monte Cristo/Escaped from Portland/Robbery Under Arms/The Bush King/The Merchant of Venice/ Green Lanes of England/ The Power of Wealth/ The Penalty of Crime/ East Lynne/ For the Term of His Natural Life (Dec 1901 to Jan 1902) – Theatre Royal, Hobart
Robbery Under Arms (Feb 1902) – Geelong
Robbery Under Arms/ The Bush King/ Monte Cristo/ Strangers of Paris (Aug-Sept 1902) – Newcastle
The Bush King/ Monte Cristo/ For the Term of His Natural Life/ East Lynne/ The Power of Wealth/ Robbery Under Arms (Oct-Nov 1902) – Brisbane, Townsville
For the Term of His Natural Life (Dec 1902) – Maitland, Wagga Wagga
The Bush King/ Robbery Under Arms/ For the Term of His Natural Life/ The Power of Wealth/ The Merchant of Venice/ The Count of Monte Cristo/ East Lynne/ From Clue to Capture/ The Stranglers of Paris/ For the Term of His Natural Life (Dec 1902 – Feb 1903) – Adelaide
The Bush King/ The Power of Wealth/ The Term of His Natural Life (March 1903) – Broken Hill
Robbery Under Arms (Sept 1903) – Sydney
The Bush King/ It's Never too Late to Mend/ Second to None/ Vendetta/ For the Term of His Natural Life/ The Merchant of Venice/ East Lynne/ Monte Cristo/ The Growing of the Rata (a New Zealand set play by Charles Owen and Adam Pierre)/ Green Lanes of England (Nov 1903 – April 1904) – New Zealand
Second to None/ The Merchant of Venice/ Camille/ It's Never Too Late to Mend/ The Unseen Hand by Adam Pierre/ The Power of Wealth/ The Bush King (June-Sept 1904) – Brisbane and Queensland
The Bush King/ Robbery Under Arms/ Second to None (Oct-Nov 1904) – Maitland, Bathurst
The Bush King / It's Never Too Late to Mend/For the Term of His Natural Life/ The Black Flag/ East Lynne/ Robbery Under Arms/ Camille/ The Green Lanes of England (Dec 1904-March 1905) – Adelaide, then Gawler, Port Pirie
The Bush King/ Robbery Under Arms/ His Natural Life/ East Lynne/ The Postmistress of the Czar (Oct – Dec 1905) – Sydney (Alfred Dampier made a re-appearance after a lengthy illness)
Robbery Under Arms/ East Lynne/ Camille (Dec 1905-Jan 1906) – Bendigo
Replacements
The Power of the Cross (April 1910) – Sydney
Philip Lytton Company
The Fatal Wedding/ The Bush King/ Robbery Under Arms/ What Women Suffer/ The Fighting Parson (Aug–Nov 1910) – country tour of towns in New South Wales – left for New Zealand in October
References
^ Vagg, S., & Reynaud, D. (2016). Alfred Rolfe: Forgotten pioneer Australian film director. Studies in Australasian Cinema, 10(2),184-198. doi:10.1080/17503175.2016.1170950
^ Victorian birth registration: Alfred Roker; reg. no. 7598/1862.
^ "Celebrated Australian Theatrical Family". The Mail. Adelaide. 18 July 1914. p. 8. Retrieved 19 November 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Mems about Mummers". Quiz and The Lantern. Adelaide. 25 February 1897. p. 15. Retrieved 15 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Advertising". The Argus. Melbourne. 27 September 1890. p. 12. Retrieved 31 March 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Theatrical Topics". Telegraph. Brisbane. 25 May 1892. p. 7. Retrieved 31 March 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Mems about Mummers". Quiz and The Lantern. Adelaide. 4 November 1897. p. 15. Retrieved 15 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "General Gossip". The Referee. Sydney. 22 March 1899. p. 10. Retrieved 15 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
^ The Play and Players Star, Issue 6457, 11 April 1899, Page 3, accessed 1 December 2014
^ The Stage. New Zealand Illustrated Magazine, 1 January 1904, Page 322 accessed 1 December 2014
^ "General Gossip". The Referee. Sydney. 21 February 1906. p. 12. Retrieved 20 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
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^ Andrew Pike and Ross Cooper, Australian Film 1900–1977: A Guide to Feature Film Production, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1998, 14
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^ Richard Fotheringham, "Introduction", Robbery Under Arms by Alfred Dampier and Garnet Walch, Currency Press 1985 p60
^ "SOME OF THE OFFICIALS AT THE BOYS' SPORTS". The Referee. Sydney. 10 October 1928. p. 14. Retrieved 19 November 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
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^ The bulletin, John Haynes and J.F. Archibald, 1880, retrieved 15 March 2019
^ Graham Shirley and Brian Adams, Australian Cinema: The First Eighty Years, Currency Pres 1989 p 40
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^ "Advertising". The Argus. Melbourne. 15 March 1884. p. 16. Retrieved 2 September 2013 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Theatre Royal. Star, Issue 5152, 6 November 1884, Page 3 accessed 1 December 2015
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^ "Theatre Royal". The Mercury. Hobart, Tasmania. 18 March 1886. p. 2. Retrieved 14 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
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External links
Alfred Rolfe at IMDb
Alfred Rolfe at the National Film and Sound Archive
Alfred Rolfe's Australian theatre credits at AusStage
Alfred Rolfe at AustLit
vteFilms directed by Alfred Rolfe
Captain Midnight, the Bush King (1911)
Captain Starlight, or Gentleman of the Road (1911)
The Life of Rufus Dawes (1911)
Dan Morgan (1911)
Moora Neeya, or The Message of the Spear (1911)
The Lady Outlaw (1911)
Mates from the Murrumbidgee (1911)
In the Nick of Time (1911)
Way Outback (1911)
What Women Suffer (1911)
The Cup Winner (1911)
Caloola, or The Adventures of a Jackeroo (1911)
The Miner's Curse (1911)
King of the Coiners (1912)
Do Men Love Women? (1912)
The Sin of a Woman (1912)
The Crime and the Criminal (1912)
Cooee and the Echo (1912)
The Love Tyrant (1912)
The Cheat (1912)
Won on the Post (1912)
Whose Was the Hand? (1912)
The Moira, or Mystery of the Bush (1912)
The Day (1914)
The Sunny South or The Whirlwind of Fate (1915)
Will They Never Come? (1915)
The Hero of the Dardanelles (1915)
The Loyal Rebel (1915)
How We Beat the Emden (1915)
A Man - That's All (1916)
For the Honour of Australia (1916)
Cupid Camouflaged (1918)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred Dampier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dampier"},{"link_name":"Captain Midnight, the Bush King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Midnight,_the_Bush_King"},{"link_name":"Captain Starlight, or Gentleman of the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Starlight,_or_Gentleman_of_the_Road"},{"link_name":"The Hero of the Dardanelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hero_of_the_Dardanelles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Alfred Rolfe, real name Alfred Roker (1862– 9 September 1943), was an Australian stage and film director and actor, best known for being the son-in-law of the celebrated actor-manager Alfred Dampier, with whom he appeared frequently on stage, and for his prolific output as a director during Australia's silent era, including Captain Midnight, the Bush King (1911), Captain Starlight, or Gentleman of the Road (1911) and The Hero of the Dardanelles (1915). Only one of his films as director survives today.[1]","title":"Alfred Rolfe (director)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Holloway_(stage)"},{"link_name":"Essie Jenyns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essie_Jenyns"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"George Darrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Darrell"}],"text":"Alfred Roker was born in 1862 in the Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy, the son of Arthur Roker & Mary Ann (née Holman).[2]He used the stage-name 'Alfred Rolfe' when he began working as an actor. Rolfe joined Charles Holloway's acting company, where he acted alongside Richard Stewart and Essie Jenyns.[3][4]In 1888 Rolfe toured New Zealand in George Darrell's company.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred Dampier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dampier"},{"link_name":"Robbery Under Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery_Under_Arms_(play)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Dampier"}],"sub_title":"Alfred Dampier","text":"He then joined the Alfred Dampier Company in 1890, first appearing in Robbery Under Arms.[5] He mostly played smaller parts but in 1892 was promoted to the role of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet.[6] The following year Rolfe married Dampier's daughter Lily. Rolfe acted opposite his wife and father-in-law numerous times around the country throughout the 1890s and early 1900s, most commonly playing juvenile leads.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Bush King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bush_King"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cross-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"England","text":"In November 1897, Rolfe sailed for London with his wife and her parents.[7] While there they managed to get work in two plays which toured all over the country and ended up staying for twelve months.[8]They returned in 1899 and rejoined the Alfred Dampier Company. Among the plays in which Rolfe most frequently appeared opposite his wife and father in law were The Bush King, Robbery Under Arms, and East Lynne.[9]According to New Zealand's Stage magazine, Rolfe was \"an actor of brilliancy on a somewhat wide range, a little overshadowed, perhaps, by the stars with whom he has been so long associated, but by no means obscured.\"[10]In February 1907 Rolfe left for London with Lily Dampier and her parents once again.[11] Once again, they worked for a period over there.[12][13] Alfred Dampier came home, seriously ill, meaning his company was unable to continue.[14] Rolfe was reported as \"walking through his vast estates, plantations, and so on\" in his spare time.[15] He and Lily also briefly took over the lead in a play with another company.[16] Dampier died in May 1908.[17]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the fight between Tommy Burns and Jack Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burns-Johnson_Contest"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Philip Lytton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Lytton"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Bush King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bush_King"},{"link_name":"The Fatal Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fatal_Wedding"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Charles Cozens Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cozens_Spencer"}],"sub_title":"Philip Lytton","text":"In early 1909, Rolfe was credited as \"general manager\" on a series of advertisements throughout New South Wales for a £5,000 film depicting the fight between Tommy Burns and Jack Johnson.[18] It is possible this meant Rolfe directed the movie, or was in charge of its distribution.In August 1910 it was announced Rolfe and Lily were joining Philip Lytton's company for a tour of country Australia and New Zealand. They played several of the Dampier repertoire, including Robbery Under Arms.[19] In September 1910 he and Lily headed Lytton's company, where the line-up of plays included Robbery Under Arms (play)|Robbery Under Arms, The Bush King and The Fatal Wedding;[20] all three would soon be turned into films by Charles Cozens Spencer with Rolfe directing and acting in the first two.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Cozens Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cozens_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Captain Midnight, the Bush King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Midnight,_the_Bush_King"},{"link_name":"Captain Starlight, or the Gentleman of the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Starlight,_or_the_Gentleman_of_the_Road"},{"link_name":"Robbery Under Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery_Under_Arms"},{"link_name":"The Life of Rufus Dawes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_of_Rufus_Dawes"},{"link_name":"Raymond Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Longford"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Dan Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Morgan_(film)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rolfe-22"},{"link_name":"The Fatal Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fatal_Wedding"}],"sub_title":"Filmmaker","text":"In 1910 Rolfe received an offer to direct three films for Charles Cozens Spencer, all adaptations of productions performed by his father-in-law's and Lytton's company: Captain Midnight, the Bush King, Captain Starlight, or the Gentleman of the Road (an adaptation of Robbery Under Arms), and The Life of Rufus Dawes. Rolfe and his wife also appeared in all three films, the first two especially which appear to have been very successful critically and commercially. He was assisted on the films by Raymond Longford, who later claimed to have directed the movies.[21] He also appears to have directed Dan Morgan for Spencer.[22]When Rolfe left Spencer, the producer then hired Longford to make his directorial debut with a film adaptation of The Fatal Wedding.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanley Crick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Crick"},{"link_name":"Australian Photo-Play Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Photo-Play_Company"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rolfe-22"},{"link_name":"Mates of the Murrumbidgee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mates_of_the_Murrumbidgee"},{"link_name":"Moora Neya, or The Message of the Spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moora_Neya,_or_The_Message_of_the_Spear"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Australian Photo-Play Company","text":"Rolfe left Spencer to take up an offer from Stanley Crick to work at a new film production company, the Australian Photo-Play Company.[22] Rolfe ended up making an estimated 25 features for them, including Australia's first war movie (Mates of the Murrumbidgee (1911)), and first film to deal with aboriginal Australians (Moora Neya, or The Message of the Spear (1911)).Rolfe seems to have worked less as an actor during this time, although he would occasionally appear in the films. He directed almost every one of Australian Photo-Play's films.[23]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fraser Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Films"},{"link_name":"The Sunny South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunny_South_or_The_Whirlwind_of_Fate"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Fraser Films","text":"After the demise of the Australian Photo-Play Company, Rolfe moved over to Fraser Films, where his movies included adaptations of the popular play The Sunny South (1914) and the poem The Day.In November 1914 it was reported Rolfe and Lily Dampier were \"wandering the globe\".[24]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australasian Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Films"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Will they Never Come?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_they_Never_Come%3F"},{"link_name":"The Hero of the Dardanelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hero_of_the_Dardanelles"},{"link_name":"Eureka Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"The Loyal Rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loyal_Rebel"},{"link_name":"How We Beat the Emden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_We_Beat_the_Emden"},{"link_name":"A Man – That's All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_%E2%80%93_That%27s_All"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Australasian Films","text":"Fraser Films soon ceased production. From 1915 to 1916 Rolfe worked for Australasian Films, directing shorts, industrial films and features. He was directing a film in Sydney in February 1915 when his wife Lily died in Melbourne.[25]Rolfe's feature work for Australasian Films included two immensely popular war films, Will they Never Come? (1915) and its sequel, The Hero of the Dardanelles (1915). A movie about the Eureka Rebellion, The Loyal Rebel (1915), was less successful. He then made two more World War I-related movies, How We Beat the Emden (1915) and A Man – That's All (1916); these were used to recruit soldiers.In May 1916 it was reported that Rolfe had \"produced more Australian pictures than any other Australian director\". Rolfe said at the same time the greatest difficulty for Australian filmmakers is they are unable to market their films in America or England. \"If this could be remedied\", said Mr. Rolfe, \"as many as fifty copies of any picture would be required and the production would then show a 'worth-while' profit.\" But in 1916 Australia only four copies could be disposed of \"which does not make much of an inducement to intending manufacturers.\"[26]In July 1916 it was reported Rolfe had just finished directing a series of educational films for Australasian Pictures, each one about one reel long, adding up to 15,000 feet of film in all.[27]In November 1916 it was announced in the trade press that Rolfe had \"severed his connection with Australasian Films after a long period of service. He has just completed a big industrial subject for this film dealing with practically every Australian industry of note.\"[28]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Cupid Camouflaged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupid_Camouflaged"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"The Bush King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bush_King"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Retirement","text":"Rolfe eventually retired from show business, although he did direct one more film, for charity – the Red Cross sponsored feature Cupid Camouflaged (1918). As Lily Dampier's widower, he appears to have inherited the rights to Alfred Dampier's plays, particularly Robbery Under Arms and The Bush King, and authorized various stage productions of these.[29][30] In 1920 he registered a new script based on The Bush King for copyright, but no film of this was made.Rolfe had been involved in amateur athletics for a number of years, particularly the East Sydney Amateur Athletics Company,[31] but focused on it increasingly from 1917 through the 1920s.[32][33][34][35][36][37]Rolfe lived in Sydney towards the end of his life. He and Lily had a son, Sidney Alfred Rolfe, who was an artist.[38] He also occasionally appeared on stage[39][40] and managed a warehouse.[41]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raymond Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Longford"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shirley-42"}],"text":"Only one of Rolfe's films survives today, The Hero of the Dardanelles, but according to film historians Graham Shirley and Brian Adams:It indicates a director skilled in the type of visual and naturalistic sophistication later attributed to Raymond Longford. The conventions of spectacle melodrama so favoured in late nineteenth century Australian theatre, with their realistic settings and real chases on horsebacks and trainwrecks, played a large role in the films he made for Australian Photo-Play in 1911–12... If... reviews of other films are an indication, Rolfe's work for [Charles Cozens] Spencer and Australian Photo-Play had helped refine the achievement of naturalistic performances for the screen, not to say the basis of a screen grammar that vividly captured setting and spectacle.[42]","title":"Appraisal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"In the 1890s, Rolfe backed the race horse Cremorne.[43]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Select filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain Midnight, the Bush King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Midnight,_the_Bush_King"},{"link_name":"Captain Starlight, or Gentleman of the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Starlight,_or_Gentleman_of_the_Road"},{"link_name":"The Life of Rufus Dawes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_of_Rufus_Dawes"},{"link_name":"Dan Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Morgan_(film)"},{"link_name":"Moora Neya, or The Message of the Spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moora_Neya,_or_The_Message_of_the_Spear"},{"link_name":"The Lady Outlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lady_Outlaw"},{"link_name":"Mates of the Murrumbidgee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mates_of_the_Murrumbidgee"},{"link_name":"In the Nick of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Nick_of_Time_(1911_film)"},{"link_name":"Way Outback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_Outback"},{"link_name":"What Women Suffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Women_Suffer"},{"link_name":"The Cup Winner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cup_Winner"},{"link_name":"Caloola, or The Adventures of a Jackeroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloola,_or_The_Adventures_of_a_Jackeroo"},{"link_name":"The Miner's Curse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miner%27s_Curse"},{"link_name":"King of the Coiners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Coiners"},{"link_name":"Do Men Love Women?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Men_Love_Women%3F"},{"link_name":"The Sin of a Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sin_of_a_Woman"},{"link_name":"The Crime and the Criminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crime_and_the_Criminal"},{"link_name":"Cooee and the Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooee_and_the_Echo"},{"link_name":"The Love Tyrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Tyrant"},{"link_name":"The Cheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cheat_(1912_film)"},{"link_name":"Won on the Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Won_on_the_Post"},{"link_name":"Whose Was the Hand?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whose_Was_the_Hand%3F"},{"link_name":"The Moira, or Mystery of the Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moira,_or_Mystery_of_the_Bush"},{"link_name":"The Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_(1914_film)"},{"link_name":"The Sunny South or The Whirlwind of Fate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunny_South_or_The_Whirlwind_of_Fate"},{"link_name":"Will they Never Come?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_they_Never_Come%3F"},{"link_name":"The Hero of the Dardanelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hero_of_the_Dardanelles"},{"link_name":"The Loyal Rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loyal_Rebel"},{"link_name":"How We Beat the Emden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_We_Beat_the_Emden"},{"link_name":"A Man – That's All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_%E2%80%93_That%27s_All"},{"link_name":"Cupid Camouflaged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupid_Camouflaged"}],"sub_title":"Dramatic films","text":"Captain Midnight, the Bush King (1911) – also acted\nCaptain Starlight, or Gentleman of the Road (1911) – also acted\nThe Life of Rufus Dawes (1911) – also acted\nDan Morgan (1911) – also acted\nMoora Neya, or The Message of the Spear (1911)\nThe Lady Outlaw (1911)\nMates of the Murrumbidgee (1911)\nIn the Nick of Time (1911)\nWay Outback (1911)\nWhat Women Suffer (1911) – also acted\nThe Cup Winner (1911)\nCaloola, or The Adventures of a Jackeroo (1911)\nThe Miner's Curse (1911)\nKing of the Coiners (1912)\nDo Men Love Women? (1912)\nThe Sin of a Woman (1912)\nThe Crime and the Criminal (1912)\nCooee and the Echo (1912)\nThe Love Tyrant (1912)\nThe Cheat (1912)\nWon on the Post (1912)\nWhose Was the Hand? (1912)\nThe Moira, or Mystery of the Bush (1912)\nThe Day (1914)\nThe Sunny South or The Whirlwind of Fate (1915)\nWill they Never Come? (1915)\nThe Hero of the Dardanelles (1915)\nThe Loyal Rebel (1915)\nHow We Beat the Emden (1915)\nA Man – That's All (1916)\nCupid Camouflaged (1918)","title":"Select filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Burns-Johnson Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burns-Johnson_Fight"},{"link_name":"Lacey Percival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacey_Percival"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Industrial films","text":"The Burns-Johnson Fight (1908) – Rolfe was \"general manager\"\nAustralia – a Nation (1916) – series of industrial films about the Australian war effort for Australasian Films shot by Lacey Percival[44] – include one on the Murrumbidgee area,[45] one on Burrinjuck Darm,[46] and one on Bundaberg[47]","title":"Select filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Select theatre credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Darrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Darrell"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Holloway Dramatic Company","text":"The Naked Truth by George Darrell (May, 1883) – world premiere – Opera House, Melbourne – Darrell starred[48]\nQueen's Evidence/Lights o' London/ Much Ado About Nothing/ The Two Orphans (Aug-Oct 1883) – Theatre Royal, Brisbane[49]\nLights o' London (October 1883) – Newcastle[50]\nOthello by William Shakespeare (February 1884) – Launceston[51]\nThe Wages of Sin by Frank Harvey (March, 1884) – Melbourne[52]\nLights o' London/ The Silver King/ Much Ado About Nothing (June-Aug 1884) – Queensland tour, including Brisbane\nClouds/ Jane Shore/ Love's Sacrifice/ Bluebeard (Nov-Dec 1884) – Christchurch, Wellington, Napier[53]\nA Ring of Iron by Frank Harvey/Romeo and Juliet/A Mad Marriage by Frank Harvey/Hamlet/ Ingomar/Cymbeline/Much Ado About Nothing (Feb-April 1886) – tour of Tasmania – mostly Launceston, Hobart[54][55][56]\nA Ring of Iron (May, 1886) – Goulbourn[57]\nA Ring of Iron/Ingomar/Saints and Sinners by H.A. Jones/Hamlet/Cymbeline (June-Sept 1886) – Brisbane[58]\nSaints and Sinners/Hamlet/A Mad Marriage/Cymbeline (Jan-March 1887) – Tasmania tour\nCymbeline/Romeo and Juliet (April 1887) – Bendigo[59]\nA Ring of Iron/Guiltless by Arthur Shirley/Wages of Sin/Heroes by Conward Edwards (June-Aug 1887) – Queensland tour, including Brisbane, Gympie[60][61]\nRomeo and Juliet/Twelfth Night/The Merchant of Venice/Much Ado About Nothing/Cymbeline/Leah the Jewish Maiden by Mosnethal (Sept-Dec 1887) – Sydney[62][63]\nHoodman Blind/The Ring of Iron (Dec 1887) – Newcastle[64]\nRomeo and Juliet/Ingomar (Jan-March 1888) – Melbourne\nHoodman Blind/Twelfth Night/The Merchant of Venice/The Magistrate (May 1888) – Tasmania tour\nThe Merchant of Venice/ Twelfth Night/ Ingomar/ Pygmalion and Galatea/ Romeo and Juliet/ Hamlet (Jun 1888)[65]\nThe Merchant of Venice/ Twelfth Night (July 1988) – Newcastle\nPygmalion and Galatea (Aug 1888) – Adelaide\nThe Merchant of Venice/Much Ado About Nothing/Pygmalion and Galatea/Romeo and Juliet/Cymbeline (Aug-Oct 1888) – Melbourne[66]","title":"Select theatre credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Arrah-na-Pogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrah-na-Pogue"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"George Darrell Company and Others","text":"The Sunny South (Jan 1889) – New Zealand tour\nThe Sunny South /Barnes of New York by George Darrell/ Huế and Cry by George Darrell (May 1889) – Newcastle – Rolfe later filmed this[67][68][69]\nOthello (Sep 1889) – Melbourne – George Miln Company[70]\nEileen Ogre/Arrah-na-Pogue (June 1890) – Adelaide – Grattan Riggs Company[71]","title":"Select theatre credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"Alfred Dampier Company","text":"Robbery Under Arms/Monte Cristo/The Flying Dutchman/The Workman/The Lyons Courier/Jess (Sept 1890 – April 1891) – Melbourne[72][73][74][75][76]\nThe Count of Monte Cristo (Sept 1891) – Broken Hill[77]\nFaust/Romeo and Juliet/ Wilful Murder (April–May 1892) – Melbourne[78][79]\nRomeo and Juliet (Aug 1892) – Tasmania tour\nThe Green Lanes of England (May 1893) – Sydney[80]","title":"Select theatre credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maggie Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Moore"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Struck Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struck_Oil"},{"link_name":"Tom Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"Maggie Moore Company","text":"Forty Nine (Dec 1894) – Melbourne – with Maggie Moore's company[81]\nStruck Oil/ The Circus Queen by Tom Taylor (Feb 1895) – Theatre Royal, Adelaide[82] – March 1895 Broken Hill","title":"Select theatre credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"She Stoops to Conquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Stoops_to_Conquer"},{"link_name":"Lily Dampier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Dampier"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"W. Elton Company","text":"The Guv'nor/ She Stoops to Conquer/ The Flying Scud (May 1895) – Adelaide with Lily Dampier[83][84]","title":"Select theatre credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Wilkie Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkie_Collins"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"Alfred Dampier Company","text":"Robbery Under Arms/ For the Term of His Natural Life/ The Green Lanes of England/ The Royal Pardon (Nov 1895) – His Majesty's, Sydney[85][86] – December went to Newcastle where Rolfe was stage manager\nTo the West by Dampier and Kenneth Mackay/ Monte Cristo (February, 1896) – Sydney, Her Majesty's Theatre[87]\nTo the West/ A Transvaal Heroine (April, 1896) – Bendigo[88]\nMonte Cristo/ The Green Lanes of England/ Robbery Under Arms/ A Transvaal Heroine/ To the West (Jun-Aug 1896) – Queensland tour\nA Transvaal Heroine (Sept 1896) – Maitland\nRobbery Under Arms/Monte Cristo/ Thou Shalt Not Steal by Dampier (Oct-Dec 1896) – Alexandra Theatre, Melbourne – Rolfe was stage manager[89]\nRobbery Under Arms/ A Transvaal Heroine/ Monte Cristo/ Thou Shalt Not Steal/ Camille/ It's Never Too Late to Mend/The Green Lanes of England/ Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde/ The New Magdalen by Wilkie Collins (Dec 1896-Jan 1897) – Tasmania Tour[90][91]\nRobbery Under Arms/ Monte Cristo/ It's Never Too Late to Mend/ Hamlet (Jan-Feb 1897) – Adelaide\nRobbery Under Arms/ Monte Cristo/ It's Never Too Late to Mend/ Hamlet/ Camille (Feb-March 1897) – Broken Hill\nMonte Cristo/ It's Never Too Late to Mend/ The Green Lanes of England/ Robbery Under Arms/ Hamlet/ East Lynne/ A Royal Pardon (April–June 1897) – West Australia Tour[92][93]\nRobbery Under Arms/ East Lynne/ Monte Cristo/ A Transvaal Heroine (July-Sept 1897) – NSW tour: Wagga Wagga, Bathurst, Dubbo, Newcastle\nRobbery Under Arms/ Monte Cristo/ The Merchant of Venice (Sept 1897) – Lyceum, Sydney[94]\nEast Lynne/ Robbery Under Arms/ Monte Cristo (Oct 1897) – country NSW and Victoria","title":"Select theatre credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"sub_title":"England performances","text":"Human Nature (March–July 1898) – tour of provinces for Drury Lane Syndicate[95][96]\nHonor Bright by Ronald Grahame and E. T. de Bauzie (Aug-Oct 1898) – Queens Theatre, Longten – with Lily Dampier[97]","title":"Select theatre credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"The Power of Wealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_Wealth"},{"link_name":"W. J. Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._J._Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"The Merchant of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"Alfred Dampier Company","text":"New East Lynne/ The Duchess of Coolgardie/ It's Never Too Late to Mend/ The Three Musketeers/ Robbery Under Arms/ A Royal Pardon/ Every Day London (March–May, 1899) – Adelaide – with Lily – first performance back[98]\nHis Natural Life/ The Three Musketeers/ Robbery Under Arms/ East Lynne/ Every Day London (Sept-Oct 1899) – Queensland tour\nBriton and Boer by Adam Pierre/ For the Term of His Natural Life/ The New East Lynne/ Briton and Boer/ Robbery Under Arms/ Merchant of Venice (Dec 1899-Jan 1900) – Theatre Royal, Hobart; Launceston[99][100][101]\nRobbery Under Arms/ Briton and Boer/ The Three Musketeers/ The Merchant of Venice/ Hamlet/ East Lynne (Feb-April 1900) – Melbourne\nRobbery Under Arms/ East Lynne/ Briton and Boer/ The Merchant of Venice/ For the Term of His Natural Life/ The Duke's Motto/ The Green Lanes of England/ Hamlet/ The Power of Wealth by W. J. Lincoln/ Drink by Charles Reade/ Macbeth/ The Penalty of Crime by Lewis Gilbert/ All for Gold/ The Black Flag/ Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde/ The Three Musketeers/ A Royal Pardon/ Monte Cristo/ The Bush King/ It's Never Too Late to Mend/ Brought to Justice/ Shamus O'Brien (April 1900-April 1901) – Criterion Theatre, Sydney[102]\nThe Power of Wealth/ The Black Flag/ Robbery Under Arms/ Hamlet/ For the Term of His Natural Life/ East Lynne/ MacBeth/ Shamus O'Brien (May–July 1901) – Bijou Theatre, Melbourne\nRobbery Under Arms/ The Merchant of Venice/ For the Term of His Natural Life/ The Bush King/ East Lynne/ Escape from Portland/ (Sept-Nov 1901) – Perth, then Kalgoorlie\nMonte Cristo/Escaped from Portland/Robbery Under Arms/The Bush King/The Merchant of Venice/ Green Lanes of England/ The Power of Wealth/ The Penalty of Crime/ East Lynne/ For the Term of His Natural Life (Dec 1901 to Jan 1902) – Theatre Royal, Hobart\nRobbery Under Arms (Feb 1902) – Geelong\nRobbery Under Arms/ The Bush King/ Monte Cristo/ Strangers of Paris (Aug-Sept 1902) – Newcastle\nThe Bush King/ Monte Cristo/ For the Term of His Natural Life/ East Lynne/ The Power of Wealth/ Robbery Under Arms (Oct-Nov 1902) – Brisbane, Townsville\nFor the Term of His Natural Life (Dec 1902) – Maitland, Wagga Wagga\nThe Bush King/ Robbery Under Arms/ For the Term of His Natural Life/ The Power of Wealth/ The Merchant of Venice/ The Count of Monte Cristo/ East Lynne/ From Clue to Capture/ The Stranglers of Paris/ For the Term of His Natural Life (Dec 1902 – Feb 1903) – Adelaide\nThe Bush King/ The Power of Wealth/ The Term of His Natural Life (March 1903) – Broken Hill\nRobbery Under Arms (Sept 1903) – Sydney\nThe Bush King/ It's Never too Late to Mend/ Second to None/ Vendetta/ For the Term of His Natural Life/ The Merchant of Venice/ East Lynne/ Monte Cristo/ The Growing of the Rata (a New Zealand set play by Charles Owen and Adam Pierre)/ Green Lanes of England (Nov 1903 – April 1904) – New Zealand\nSecond to None/ The Merchant of Venice/ Camille/ It's Never Too Late to Mend/ The Unseen Hand by Adam Pierre/ The Power of Wealth/ The Bush King (June-Sept 1904) – Brisbane and Queensland\nThe Bush King/ Robbery Under Arms/ Second to None (Oct-Nov 1904) – Maitland, Bathurst\nThe Bush King / It's Never Too Late to Mend/For the Term of His Natural Life/ The Black Flag/ East Lynne/ Robbery Under Arms/ Camille/ The Green Lanes of England (Dec 1904-March 1905) – Adelaide, then Gawler, Port Pirie\nThe Bush King/ Robbery Under Arms/ His Natural Life/ East Lynne/ The Postmistress of the Czar (Oct – Dec 1905) – Sydney (Alfred Dampier made a re-appearance after a lengthy illness)[103]\nRobbery Under Arms/ East Lynne/ Camille (Dec 1905-Jan 1906) – Bendigo","title":"Select theatre credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cross-16"}],"sub_title":"Replacements","text":"The Power of the Cross (April 1910) – Sydney[16]","title":"Select theatre credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Fatal Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fatal_Wedding"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"Philip Lytton Company","text":"The Fatal Wedding/ The Bush King/ Robbery Under Arms/ What Women Suffer/ The Fighting Parson (Aug–Nov 1910) – country tour of towns in New South Wales[104][105] – left for New Zealand in October","title":"Select theatre credits"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Celebrated Australian Theatrical Family\". The Mail. Adelaide. 18 July 1914. p. 8. Retrieved 19 November 2014 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59738430","url_text":"\"Celebrated Australian Theatrical Family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mail_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Mail"}]},{"reference":"\"Mems about Mummers\". Quiz and The Lantern. Adelaide. 25 February 1897. p. 15. Retrieved 15 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166457259","url_text":"\"Mems about Mummers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiz_and_The_Lantern","url_text":"Quiz and The Lantern"}]},{"reference":"\"Advertising\". The Argus. Melbourne. 27 September 1890. p. 12. Retrieved 31 March 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article8437773","url_text":"\"Advertising\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Argus"}]},{"reference":"\"Theatrical Topics\". Telegraph. Brisbane. 25 May 1892. p. 7. Retrieved 31 March 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article173290892","url_text":"\"Theatrical Topics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_(Brisbane)","url_text":"Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Mems about Mummers\". Quiz and The Lantern. Adelaide. 4 November 1897. p. 15. Retrieved 15 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166956058","url_text":"\"Mems about Mummers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiz_and_The_Lantern","url_text":"Quiz and The Lantern"}]},{"reference":"\"General Gossip\". The Referee. Sydney. 22 March 1899. p. 10. 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The Newsletter: an Australian Paper for Australian People. Sydney. 24 August 1907. p. 3. Retrieved 20 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article103249183","url_text":"\"The Strutter's Page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Newsletter:_an_Australian_Paper_for_Australian_People","url_text":"The Newsletter: an Australian Paper for Australian People"}]},{"reference":"\"Theatrical Tit-bits\". Sydney Sportsman. Surry Hills, NSW. 1 January 1908. p. 2. Retrieved 20 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166735871","url_text":"\"Theatrical Tit-bits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Sportsman","url_text":"Sydney Sportsman"}]},{"reference":"\"Theatrical Tit-bits\". Sydney Sportsman. Surry Hills, NSW. 5 February 1908. p. 8. 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The Muswellbrook Chronicle. NSW. 16 January 1909. p. 7. Retrieved 20 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107722525","url_text":"\"Advertising\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muswellbrook_Chronicle","url_text":"The Muswellbrook Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"WESTS PICTURES\". Sydney Sportsman. Surry Hills, NSW. 17 August 1910. p. 3. Retrieved 20 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166737068","url_text":"\"WESTS PICTURES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Sportsman","url_text":"Sydney Sportsman"}]},{"reference":"\"Theatrical Gossip\". The Newsletter: an Australian Paper for Australian People. Sydney. 17 September 1910. p. 2. 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Adelaide. 14 April 1917. p. 2. Retrieved 20 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5578249","url_text":"\"Advertising\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"\"Advertising\". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 11 May 1918. p. 2. Retrieved 23 November 2014 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5553030","url_text":"\"Advertising\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"\"Athletics\". The Referee. Sydney. 17 February 1915. p. 6. Retrieved 19 November 2014 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article129354488","url_text":"\"Athletics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Referee_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Referee"}]},{"reference":"\"Athletics\". The Arrow. Sydney. 23 June 1917. p. 8. 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Qld. 5 October 1937. p. 3. Retrieved 19 November 2014 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article62159027","url_text":"\"ACTORS I HAVE KNOWN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsville_Daily_Bulletin","url_text":"Townsville Daily Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"The bulletin, John Haynes and J.F. Archibald, 1880, retrieved 15 March 2019","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-617709333","url_text":"The bulletin"}]},{"reference":"\"Sports and Sportsmen\". Table Talk. Melbourne. 30 October 1896. p. 14. Retrieved 15 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article145932183","url_text":"\"Sports and Sportsmen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_Talk_(magazine)","url_text":"Table Talk"}]},{"reference":"\"Untitled\". The Sunday Times. Sydney. 7 May 1916. p. 16. 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The Brisbane Courier. 14 August 1883. p. 5. Retrieved 2 September 2013 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3420983","url_text":"\"HOLLOWAY'S DRAMATIC SEASON\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier","url_text":"The Brisbane Courier"}]},{"reference":"\"Advertising\". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate. 5 October 1883. p. 3. Retrieved 14 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article135955446","url_text":"\"Advertising\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Morning_Herald_and_Miners%27_Advocate","url_text":"Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate"}]},{"reference":"\"Advertising\". Launceston Examiner. Tas. 25 February 1884. p. 4. 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The Brisbane Courier. 30 July 1886. p. 1. Retrieved 14 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4484229","url_text":"\"Classified Advertising\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier","url_text":"The Brisbane Courier"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Princess Theatre\". Bendigo Advertiser. Vic. 23 April 1887. p. 3. Retrieved 14 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article88928043","url_text":"\"Royal Princess Theatre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendigo_Advertiser","url_text":"Bendigo Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"\"Amusements\". The Queenslander. 13 August 1887. p. 258. 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The Sydney Morning Herald. 19 December 1887. p. 8. Retrieved 2 September 2013 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13681204","url_text":"\"Criterion Theatre —\"The Merchant of Venice\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Victoria Theatre\". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate. 27 December 1887. p. 5. Retrieved 19 November 2014 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article135982544","url_text":"\"Victoria Theatre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Morning_Herald_and_Miners%27_Advocate","url_text":"Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate"}]},{"reference":"\"Amusements\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 28 June 1888. p. 8. 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The Advertiser. Adelaide. 3 May 1895. p. 6. Retrieved 15 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34509102","url_text":"\"Amusements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"\"Amusements\". South Australian Register. Adelaide. 18 May 1895. p. 6. Retrieved 2 September 2013 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article54460334","url_text":"\"Amusements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Register","url_text":"South Australian Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Before the CURTAIN\". The Sunday Times. Sydney. 3 November 1895. p. 7. 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Bendigo Advertiser. Vic. 16 April 1896. p. 2. Retrieved 2 September 2013 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article88895537","url_text":"\"ROYAL PRINCESS' THEATRE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendigo_Advertiser","url_text":"Bendigo Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"\"Advertising\". The Argus. Melbourne. 16 October 1896. p. 8. Retrieved 15 February 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article9190148","url_text":"\"Advertising\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Argus"}]},{"reference":"\"Theatre Royal\". The Mercury. Hobart, Tasmania. 2 January 1897. p. 3. Retrieved 2 September 2013 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article9388765","url_text":"\"Theatre Royal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mercury_(Hobart)","url_text":"The Mercury"}]},{"reference":"\"Theatre Royal\". The Mercury. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechraa_Houari_Boumedienne | Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne | ["1 Etymology","2 Geography","3 Climate","4 Economy","5 Infrastructure and housing","6 Transportation","7 Education","8 Health","9 Religion","10 References"] | Coordinates: 30°55′56″N 2°44′15″W / 30.93222°N 2.73750°W / 30.93222; -2.73750Commune and town in Béchar Province, AlgeriaMéchraâ Houari Boumédienne
مشرع ھوارى بومدينCommune and townLocation of Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne commune within Béchar ProvinceMéchraâ Houari BoumédienneLocation of Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne within AlgeriaCoordinates: 30°55′56″N 2°44′15″W / 30.93222°N 2.73750°W / 30.93222; -2.73750Country AlgeriaProvinceBéchar ProvinceDistrictAbadla DistrictArea • Total2,820 km2 (1,090 sq mi)Elevation572 m (1,877 ft)Population (2008) • Total3,091 • Density1.1/km2 (2.8/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne (Arabic: مشرع ھوارى بومدين) is a town and commune in Abadla District, Béchar Province, in western Algeria. According to the 2008 census its population is 3,091, down from 3,133 in 1998, with an annual growth rate of -0.1%. The commune covers an area of 2,820 square kilometres (1,090 sq mi).
Etymology
The town is named after Houari Boumediene, a former president of Algeria.
Geography
Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne lies at an elevation of 572m to the west of the Oued Guir, an intermittent wadi, and just south of the town of Abadla. From here through Abadla to Erg Ferradj is the site of an extensive 3000 hectare palm plantation.
Climate
See also: Climate of Abadla
Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne has a hot desert climate, with extremely hot summers and cool winters, and very little precipitation throughout the year.
Economy
Agriculture is the main industry in Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne. The commune has a total of 2,030 hectares (5,000 acres) of arable land, of which 1,856 hectares (4,590 acres) is irrigated. There are a total of 41,850 date palms planted in the commune. As of 2009 there were 791 sheep, 2,986 goats, 1,636 camels, and 10 cattle. There were also 14,600 chickens in 6 buildings.
Infrastructure and housing
100% of Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne's population is connected to drinking water, 99% is connected to the sewerage system, and 83% (including 555 buildings) have access to electricity. There are no fuel service stations in the town; the nearest is in Abadla.
Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne has a total of 759 houses, of which 511 are occupied, giving an occupation rate of 6.0 inhabitants per occupied building.
Transportation
Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne is on the N6 national highway between Béchar to the northeast and Adrar to the southeast. The town of Abadla is on the highway to the north, while to the south the towns of Igli, Béni Abbès and others can be accessed. The N50 highway leaves the N6 to the west just to the north of Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne; it eventually leads to Tindouf, passing Hamaguir and Tinfouchy on the way.
Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne is 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Abadla, and 111 kilometres (69 mi) from the provincial capital, Béchar.
There is a total length of 147 kilometres (91 mi) of roads in the commune.
Education
There are 2 elementary schools, with 24 classrooms including 14 in use. There are a total of 732 school students.
3.6% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 13.8% has competed secondary education. The overall literacy rate is 63.9%, and is 70.2% among males and 57.7% among females. The rate for males is the lowest in the province, and the rates overall and for females are the second lowest.
Health
Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne has a hospital, which is a central focus of healthcare for Abadla district and Tabelbala. There are also a polyclinic, a room care facility, and a medical operating theatre.
Religion
Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne has 2 operational mosques.
References
Algeria portal
^ a b "Population, Area and Density per Commune" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
^ a b c "Population: Béchar Wilaya" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
^ "Algeria Communes". Statoids. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ a b "Presentation" (in French). Site Officiel de la Wilaya de Béchar. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
^ "Distribution of Agricultural Land" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Plant Productions" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Animal Production" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Drinking Water" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Sewerage Networks" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Electrification" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Fuel Distribution" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Housing" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Density Kilometres" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "School Infrastructure" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Number of Pupils" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Structure relative de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs âgée de 6 ans et plus selon le niveau d'instruction et la commune de résidence" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
^ "Taux d'analphabétisme et taux d'alphabétisation de la population âgée de 15 ans et plus, selon le sexe et la commune de résidence " (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
^ "Health Facilities by Commune" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Mosques and Koranic Rooms" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
Neighbouring towns and cities
Places adjacent to Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne
Erg Ferradj
Abadla
Béchar
HamaguirMerzouga (Morocco)
Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne
Oued GuirTaghit
Tindouf
Tabelbala
IgliBéni AbbèsAdrar
vte Béchar ProvinceCapital: BécharBéchar District
Béchar
Benzireg
Abadla District
Erg Ferradj
Hammaguir
Abadla
Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne
Béni Abbès District
Béni Abbès
Ougarta
Zerhamra
Tamtert
Béchir
Idigh
Marhouma
Béni Ounif District
Béni Ounif
Fendi
Zoubia
El Ouata District
El Ouata
Aguedal
Ammas
Bouhadid
El Beïda
El Maffa
Igli District
Igli
Mazzer
Kénadsa District
Kénadsa
Méridja
Kerzaz District
Kerzaz
Zaouia el Kbira
Béni Ikhlef
Guerzim
Timoudi
Boutarfaya
Lahmar District
Lahmar
Sfissifa
Boukaïs
Mogheul
El Menabha
Ouled Khodeïr District
Ouled Khoudir
El Ksar
Meslila
Ouled Rafaa
Ksabi
Bent Cherk
Hassi Abdallah
Timgharine
Tabelbala District
Tabelbala
Taghit District
Taghit
Berrabi Bakhti
Zaouia Foukania | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Abadla District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadla_District"},{"link_name":"Béchar Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9char_Province"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2008-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2008-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-area-1"}],"text":"Commune and town in Béchar Province, AlgeriaMéchraâ Houari Boumédienne (Arabic: مشرع ھوارى بومدين) is a town and commune in Abadla District, Béchar Province, in western Algeria. According to the 2008 census its population is 3,091,[2] down from 3,133 in 1998,[3] with an annual growth rate of -0.1%.[2] The commune covers an area of 2,820 square kilometres (1,090 sq mi).[1]","title":"Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houari Boumediene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boumediene"}],"text":"The town is named after Houari Boumediene, a former president of Algeria.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oued Guir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oued_Guir"},{"link_name":"wadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi"},{"link_name":"Abadla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadla"},{"link_name":"Erg Ferradj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erg_Ferradj"},{"link_name":"palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_(plant)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-distances-4"}],"text":"Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne lies at an elevation of 572m to the west of the Oued Guir, an intermittent wadi, and just south of the town of Abadla. From here through Abadla to Erg Ferradj is the site of an extensive 3000 hectare palm plantation.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Climate of Abadla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadla#Climate"},{"link_name":"desert climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_climate"}],"text":"See also: Climate of AbadlaMéchraâ Houari Boumédienne has a hot desert climate, with extremely hot summers and cool winters, and very little precipitation throughout the year.","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"arable land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land"},{"link_name":"irrigated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigated"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"date palms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palms"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"camels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel"},{"link_name":"cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle"},{"link_name":"chickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Agriculture is the main industry in Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne. The commune has a total of 2,030 hectares (5,000 acres) of arable land, of which 1,856 hectares (4,590 acres) is irrigated.[5] There are a total of 41,850 date palms planted in the commune.[6] As of 2009 there were 791 sheep, 2,986 goats, 1,636 camels, and 10 cattle. There were also 14,600 chickens in 6 buildings.[7]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Abadla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadla"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"100% of Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne's population is connected to drinking water,[8] 99% is connected to the sewerage system,[9] and 83% (including 555 buildings) have access to electricity.[10] There are no fuel service stations in the town; the nearest is in Abadla.[11]Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne has a total of 759 houses, of which 511 are occupied, giving an occupation rate of 6.0 inhabitants per occupied building.[12]","title":"Infrastructure and housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Béchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9char"},{"link_name":"Adrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrar,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Abadla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadla"},{"link_name":"Igli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igli,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Béni Abbès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ni_Abb%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Tindouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tindouf"},{"link_name":"Hamaguir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamaguir"},{"link_name":"Tinfouchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinfouchy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-distances-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne is on the N6 national highway between Béchar to the northeast and Adrar to the southeast. The town of Abadla is on the highway to the north, while to the south the towns of Igli, Béni Abbès and others can be accessed. The N50 highway leaves the N6 to the west just to the north of Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne; it eventually leads to Tindouf, passing Hamaguir and Tinfouchy on the way.Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne is 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Abadla, and 111 kilometres (69 mi) from the provincial capital, Béchar.[4]There is a total length of 147 kilometres (91 mi) of roads in the commune.[13]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"There are 2 elementary schools, with 24 classrooms including 14 in use.[14] There are a total of 732 school students.[15]3.6% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 13.8% has competed secondary education.[16] The overall literacy rate is 63.9%, and is 70.2% among males and 57.7% among females. The rate for males is the lowest in the province, and the rates overall and for females are the second lowest.[17]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tabelbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabelbala"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne has a hospital, which is a central focus of healthcare for Abadla district and Tabelbala. There are also a polyclinic, a room care facility, and a medical operating theatre.[18]","title":"Health"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosques"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne has 2 operational mosques.[19]","title":"Religion"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Population, Area and Density per Commune\" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_batter | Batter (cooking) | ["1 Methods","2 Beer batter","3 Cuisine and batters","4 References","5 External links"] | Flour mixture used before frying
For the deep-fried left over batter sometimes served with chips, see Scraps (batter).
A thin batter for English pancakes
Wheat batter mixed with fenugreek leaves for making dosa
Batter is a flour mixture with liquid and other ingredients such as sugar, salt, and leavening used for cooking. It usually contains more liquid than dough, which is also a mixture of flour and liquid. Batters are usually a pourable consistency that cannot be kneaded. The batter is most often used for pancakes, light cakes, and as a coating for fried foods. It is also used for a variety of batter breads.
The word batter comes from the French word battre, which means to beat, as many batters require vigorous beating or whisking in their preparation.
Methods
Many batters are made by combining dry flour with liquids such as water, milk, or eggs. Batters can also be made by soaking grains in water and grinding them wet. Often a leavening agent such as baking powder is included to aerate and fluff up the batter as it cooks, or the mixture may be naturally fermented for this purpose as well as to add flavour. Carbonated water or another carbonated liquid such as beer may instead be used to aerate the batter in some recipes, such as for Fanta cake. Other substitutes for water are wine, or flavored liquors like curaçao, brandy, and maraschino.
The viscosity of batter may range from very "heavy" (adhering to an upturned spoon) to "thin" (similar to single cream, enough to pour or drop from a spoon and sometimes called "drop batter"). Heat is applied to the batter, usually by frying, baking, or steaming, to cook the ingredients and to "set" the batter into a solid form. Batters may be sweet or savoury, often with either sugar or salt added (sometimes both). Many other flavourings such as herbs, spices, fruits, or vegetables may be added to the mixture.
Crêpe batter
Batter with a batter spoon
Close-up view of angel food cake batter
Beer batter
Fish and chips prepared with beer batter
Beer is a popular ingredient in batters used to coat foods before frying. One reason is that a basic batter can be made from merely flour, beer, and some salt. The purpose of using beer is so the bubbles in the beer will add body and lightness to the batter. Depending on the type and quality of the beer, it may also add colour or some flavour to the batter. The practice of beer battering is popular in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Britain, Ireland, Germany, Iceland and Russia. Foods that are commonly beer-battered and fried include fish, chips, and onion rings.
Cuisine and batters
Batters are used in many cuisines under many names. Tempura in Japan, pakoda and dosa in India, galapong in the Philippines, spoonbread in the US, and many other examples are all types of batters. The ideal batter for fried foods is to be thick enough to adhere to the food, but not so thick as to become heavy.
Batters made with wheat flour thicken with every second that passes after mixing because of the development of gluten. Strategies to reduce this effect include the use of ice water when mixing, alcohol (which does not mix with the flour to produce gluten), and making it at the last possible moment before use.
References
^ McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. New York, New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-80001-1.
^ www.askoxford.com. "AskOxford.com". AskOxford.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2004. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
^ Gibbs, W. Wayt; Myhrvold, Nathan (1 February 2011). "Beer Batter Is Better". Scientific American. 304 (2): 25. Bibcode:2011SciAm.304b..25G. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0211-25b.
^ Augustin J, Augustin E, Cutrufelli RL, Hagen SR, Teitzel C (1992). "Alcohol Retention in Food Preparation". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 92 (4): 486–8. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(21)00661-1. PMID 1556354. S2CID 33678259.
^ The Oxford Companion to Food (2nd Edition), Alan Davidson, Oxford University Press, 2006)
^ The Science of Good Cooking, America's Test Kitchen, 2012
External links
Media related to Batter (cooking) at Wikimedia Commons
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Authority control databases: National
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Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scraps (batter)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scraps_(batter)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batter_for_pancakes.jpg"},{"link_name":"English pancakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_pancake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86.JPG"},{"link_name":"dosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosa_(food)"},{"link_name":"flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour"},{"link_name":"leavening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leavening_agent"},{"link_name":"dough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dough"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"pancakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake"},{"link_name":"cakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cake"},{"link_name":"batter breads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batter_bread"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wwwaskoxfordcom-2"},{"link_name":"whisking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisk"}],"text":"For the deep-fried left over batter sometimes served with chips, see Scraps (batter).A thin batter for English pancakesWheat batter mixed with fenugreek leaves for making dosaBatter is a flour mixture with liquid and other ingredients such as sugar, salt, and leavening used for cooking. It usually contains more liquid than dough, which is also a mixture of flour and liquid. Batters are usually a pourable consistency that cannot be kneaded.[1] The batter is most often used for pancakes, light cakes, and as a coating for fried foods. It is also used for a variety of batter breads.The word batter comes from the French word battre, which means to beat,[2] as many batters require vigorous beating or whisking in their preparation.","title":"Batter (cooking)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flours"},{"link_name":"milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk"},{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_as_food"},{"link_name":"leavening agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leavening_agent"},{"link_name":"baking powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baking_powder"},{"link_name":"aerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerate"},{"link_name":"fermented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)"},{"link_name":"Carbonated water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonated_water"},{"link_name":"beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer"},{"link_name":"Fanta cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanta_cake"},{"link_name":"curaçao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)"},{"link_name":"brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy"},{"link_name":"maraschino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraschino"},{"link_name":"viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity"},{"link_name":"single cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_cream"},{"link_name":"frying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frying"},{"link_name":"baking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baking"},{"link_name":"steaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steaming"},{"link_name":"savoury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umami"},{"link_name":"herbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb"},{"link_name":"spices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice"},{"link_name":"fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"vegetables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crepesteig_040.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crêpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batter_spatula.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angel_food_cake_batter_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"angel food cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_food_cake"}],"text":"Many batters are made by combining dry flour with liquids such as water, milk, or eggs. Batters can also be made by soaking grains in water and grinding them wet. Often a leavening agent such as baking powder is included to aerate and fluff up the batter as it cooks, or the mixture may be naturally fermented for this purpose as well as to add flavour. Carbonated water or another carbonated liquid such as beer may instead be used to aerate the batter in some recipes, such as for Fanta cake. Other substitutes for water are wine, or flavored liquors like curaçao, brandy, and maraschino.The viscosity of batter may range from very \"heavy\" (adhering to an upturned spoon) to \"thin\" (similar to single cream, enough to pour or drop from a spoon and sometimes called \"drop batter\"). Heat is applied to the batter, usually by frying, baking, or steaming, to cook the ingredients and to \"set\" the batter into a solid form. Batters may be sweet or savoury, often with either sugar or salt added (sometimes both). Many other flavourings such as herbs, spices, fruits, or vegetables may be added to the mixture.Crêpe batter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBatter with a batter spoon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose-up view of angel food cake batter","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beer_Battered_Fish_and_Chips.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fish and chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_fries"},{"link_name":"onion rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_rings"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Fish and chips prepared with beer batterBeer is a popular ingredient in batters used to coat foods before frying. One reason is that a basic batter can be made from merely flour, beer, and some salt. The purpose of using beer is so the bubbles in the beer will add body and lightness to the batter.[3] Depending on the type and quality of the beer, it may also add colour or some flavour to the batter. The practice of beer battering is popular in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Britain, Ireland, Germany, Iceland and Russia. Foods that are commonly beer-battered and fried include fish, chips, and onion rings.[4]","title":"Beer batter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tempura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempura"},{"link_name":"pakoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakoda"},{"link_name":"dosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosa_(food)"},{"link_name":"galapong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapong"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"spoonbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoonbread"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"gluten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Batters are used in many cuisines under many names. Tempura in Japan, pakoda and dosa in India, galapong in the Philippines, spoonbread in the US, and many other examples are all types of batters. [5] The ideal batter for fried foods is to be thick enough to adhere to the food, but not so thick as to become heavy.Batters made with wheat flour thicken with every second that passes after mixing because of the development of gluten. Strategies to reduce this effect include the use of ice water when mixing, alcohol (which does not mix with the flour to produce gluten), and making it at the last possible moment before use.[6]","title":"Cuisine and batters"}] | [{"image_text":"A thin batter for English pancakes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Batter_for_pancakes.jpg/220px-Batter_for_pancakes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wheat batter mixed with fenugreek leaves for making dosa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86.JPG/220px-%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86.JPG"},{"image_text":"Fish and chips prepared with beer batter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Beer_Battered_Fish_and_Chips.jpg/220px-Beer_Battered_Fish_and_Chips.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"McGee, Harold (2004). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_Piyango_%C4%B0daresi | Millî Piyango İdaresi | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Turkish national lottery body
Millî Piyango İdaresiRegionTurkeyNorthern CyprusFirst draw1939Shown onMPI websiteWebsitewww.mpi.gov.tr
Millî Piyango İdaresi (MPI, English: National Lottery Administration) is the Turkish national lottery body.
Established on 1 June 1993, it operates a variety of games besides the main Millî Piyango , including Sayısal Loto (6/49) , Süper Loto (6/54) , Şans Topu (5/34 + 1/14) , and On Numara (22/80) .
An attempt to privatise it was cancelled in 2008 after bidders failed to meet the government's $1.6bn valuation.
Milli Piyango has arranged some sports sponsorship, including of the Maliye Milli Piyango SK and Milli Piyango Curling Arena.
References
^ Loto Türkiye
^ Today's Zaman, 4 August 2009, Gov't to lose millions if lottery privatization postponed
External links
www.millipiyango.gov.tr
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This gambling-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"lottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottery"},{"link_name":"Millî Piyango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mill%C3%AE_Piyango&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_Piyango"},{"link_name":"Sayısal Loto (6/49)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say%C4%B1sal_Loto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_Loto"},{"link_name":"Süper Loto (6/54)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCper_Loto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Loto"},{"link_name":"Şans Topu (5/34 + 1/14)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eans_Topu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eans_Topu"},{"link_name":"On Numara (22/80)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_Numara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Numara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Maliye Milli Piyango SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliye_Milli_Piyango_SK"},{"link_name":"Milli Piyango Curling Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_Piyango_Curling_Arena"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Millî Piyango İdaresi (MPI, English: National Lottery Administration) is the Turkish national lottery body.Established on 1 June 1993, it operates a variety of games besides the main Millî Piyango [tr], including Sayısal Loto (6/49) [tr], Süper Loto (6/54) [tr], Şans Topu (5/34 + 1/14) [tr], and On Numara (22/80) [tr].[1]An attempt to privatise it was cancelled in 2008 after bidders failed to meet the government's $1.6bn valuation.[2]Milli Piyango has arranged some sports sponsorship, including of the Maliye Milli Piyango SK and Milli Piyango Curling Arena.[citation needed]","title":"Millî Piyango İdaresi"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.mpi.gov.tr/","external_links_name":"www.mpi.gov.tr"},{"Link":"http://www.lototurkiye.com/","external_links_name":"Loto Türkiye"},{"Link":"http://todayszaman.com/news-182947-govt-to-lose-millions-if-lottery-privatization-postponed.html","external_links_name":"Gov't to lose millions if lottery privatization postponed"},{"Link":"http://www.millipiyango.gov.tr/","external_links_name":"www.millipiyango.gov.tr"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/148580855","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98047323","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mill%C3%AE_Piyango_%C4%B0daresi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity_effect | Ambiguity effect | ["1 Example","2 Explanation","3 See also","4 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ambiguity effect" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Cognitive bias
The ambiguity effect is a cognitive tendency where decision making is affected by a lack of information, or "ambiguity". The effect implies that people tend to select options for which the probability of a favorable outcome is known, over an option for which the probability of a favorable outcome is unknown. The effect was first described by Daniel Ellsberg in 1961.
Example
As an example, consider a bucket containing 30 balls. The balls are either red, black or white. Ten of the balls are red, and the remaining 20 are either black or white, with all combinations of black and white being equally likely. In option X, drawing a red ball wins a person $100, and in option Y, drawing a black ball wins them $100. The probability of picking a winning ball is the same for both options X and Y. In option X, the probability of selecting a winning ball is 1 in 3 (10 red balls out of 30 total balls). In option Y, despite the fact that the number of black balls is uncertain, the probability of selecting a winning ball is also 1 in 3. This is because the number of black balls is equally distributed among all possibilities between 0 and 20. The difference between the two options is that in option X, the probability of a favorable outcome is known, but in option Y, the probability of a favorable outcome is unknown ("ambiguous").
In spite of the equal probability of a favorable outcome, people have a greater tendency to select a ball under option X, where the probability of selecting a winning ball is perceived to be more certain. The uncertainty as to the number of black balls means that option Y tends to be viewed less favorably. Despite the fact that there could possibly be twice as many black balls as red balls, people tend not to want to take the opposing risk that there may be fewer than 10 black balls. The "ambiguity" behind option Y means that people tend to favor option X, even when the probability is the same.
Explanation
One possible explanation of the effect is that people have a rule of thumb (heuristic) to avoid options where information is missing. This will often lead them to seek out the missing information. In many cases, though, the information cannot be obtained. The effect is often the result of calling some particular missing piece of information to the person's attention.
See also
Ambiguity aversion
Black swan theory
Choice under uncertainty
Ellsberg paradox
Prospect theory
Risk aversion
References
^ Croskerry, Pat; Cosby, Karen S. (2009). Patient Safety in Emergency Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-7817-7727-8.
^ Borcherding, Katrin; Laričev, Oleg Ivanovič; Messick, David M. (1990). Contemporary Issues in Decision Making. North-Holland. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-444-88618-7.
^ Frisch, Deborah; Baron, Jonathan (1988). "Ambiguity and rationality". Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. 1 (3): 149–157. doi:10.1002/bdm.3960010303.
^ Ritov, Ilana; Baron, Jonathan (1990). "Reluctance to vaccinate: Omission bias and ambiguity". Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. 3 (4): 263–277. doi:10.1002/bdm.3960030404.
vteBiasesCognitive biases
Acquiescence
Ambiguity
Affinity
Anchoring
Attentional
Attribution
Actor–observer
Correspondence
Authority
Automation
Availability
Mean world
Belief
Blind spot
Choice-supportive
Commitment
Confirmation
Compassion fade
Congruence
Cultural
Distinction
Dunning–Kruger
Egocentric
Curse of knowledge
Emotional
Extrinsic incentives
Fading affect
Framing
Frequency
Frog pond effect
Halo effect
Hindsight
Horn effect
Hostile attribution
Impact
Implicit
In-group
Illusion of transparency
Mean world syndrome
Mere-exposure effect
Negativity
Normalcy
Omission
Optimism
Out-group homogeneity
Outcome
Overton window
Precision
Present
Pro-innovation
Response
Restraint
Self-serving
Social comparison
Social influence bias
Spotlight
Status quo
Substitution
Time-saving
Trait ascription
Turkey illusion
von Restorff effect
Zero-risk
In animals
Statistical biases
Estimator
Forecast
Healthy user
Information
Psychological
Lead time
Length time
Non-response
Observer
Omitted-variable
Participation
Recall
Sampling
Selection
Self-selection
Social desirability
Spectrum
Survivorship
Systematic error
Systemic
Verification
Wet
Other biases
Academic
Basking in reflected glory
Funding
FUTON
Inductive
Infrastructure
Inherent
In education
Liking gap
Media
False balance
Vietnam War
Norway
South Asia
Sweden
United States
Arab–Israeli conflict
Ukraine
Net
Political bias
Publication
Reporting
White hat
Bias reduction
Cognitive bias mitigation
Debiasing
Heuristics in judgment and decision-making
Lists: General
Memory | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decision making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_making"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CroskerryCosby2009-1"},{"link_name":"probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability"},{"link_name":"Daniel Ellsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Cognitive biasThe ambiguity effect is a cognitive tendency where decision making is affected by a lack of information, or \"ambiguity\".[1] The effect implies that people tend to select options for which the probability of a favorable outcome is known, over an option for which the probability of a favorable outcome is unknown. The effect was first described by Daniel Ellsberg in 1961.[2]","title":"Ambiguity effect"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As an example, consider a bucket containing 30 balls. The balls are either red, black or white. 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The difference between the two options is that in option X, the probability of a favorable outcome is known, but in option Y, the probability of a favorable outcome is unknown (\"ambiguous\").In spite of the equal probability of a favorable outcome, people have a greater tendency to select a ball under option X, where the probability of selecting a winning ball is perceived to be more certain. The uncertainty as to the number of black balls means that option Y tends to be viewed less favorably. Despite the fact that there could possibly be twice as many black balls as red balls, people tend not to want to take the opposing risk that there may be fewer than 10 black balls. 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The effect is often the result of calling some particular missing piece of information to the person's attention.","title":"Explanation"}] | [] | [{"title":"Ambiguity aversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity_aversion"},{"title":"Black swan theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_swan_theory"},{"title":"Choice under uncertainty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_theory#Choice_under_uncertainty"},{"title":"Ellsberg paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsberg_paradox"},{"title":"Prospect theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_theory"},{"title":"Risk aversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_aversion"}] | [{"reference":"Croskerry, Pat; Cosby, Karen S. (2009). Patient Safety in Emergency Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 220. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altyn_Air | Air Kyrgyzstan | ["1 History","2 Destinations","3 Codeshare agreements","4 Fleet","4.1 Current fleet","5 Accidents","6 References","7 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Air Kyrgyzstan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Airline of Kyrgyzstan
JSC "Air Kyrgyzstan"«Эйр Кыргызстан» Авиакомпаниясы»ОАО «Эйр Кыргызстан»
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
QH
LYN
ALTYN AVIA
Founded2001Ceased operations2018HubsManas International AirportOsh AirportFleet size1Destinations3Parent companyAl Sayegh AirlinesHeadquartersBishkekKey peopleKaleev Pysbek,
Kazybekov SonkolWebsitehttps://airkyrgyzstan.kg
Now-retired Antonov An-24 of Kyrgyzstan Air Company, March 2010
Tupolev Tu-154 of Kyrgyzstan Air Company, 2006
Kyrgyzstan Air Company, operating as Air Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz: Эйр Кыргызстан Авиакомпаниясы, Eýr Kyrgyzstan Aviakompaniýasy; Russian: Авиакомпания «Эйр Кыргызстан», Aviakompaniya «Air Kyrgyzstan»), was the flag carrier of Kyrgyzstan, based in Bishkek. It operated scheduled domestic and international services to 13 destinations, as well as charter services. Its main hub was Manas International Airport in Bishkek, with a hub at Osh Airport in Osh.
The owner of 100% of the shares was the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic, represented by the Fund for State Property Management under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. During its operations, the airline was on the list of air carriers banned in the European Union, along with all airlines based in Kyrgyzstan.
This airline is currently inactive with 0 flights since 2019.
History
Boeing 737-300 (EX-37301) in current livery of Air Kyrgyzstan, 2015
The airline was founded in April 2001 as Altyn Air. It was rebranded as Kyrgyzstan Air Company on 28 July 2006, after taking over former national carrier Kyrgyzstan Airlines. On December 5, 2013, the airline was re-registered as ”Air Kyrgyzstan” Open Joint Stock Company.
On 26 October 2017, the airline suspended all operations after its sole aircraft, a Boeing 737-500 registered as EX-37501, was put into storage after a birdstrike accident. Following the incident, the airline's CEO Zholdoshbek Bekturganov said that the airline was looking to resume operations in December 2017 after repairing the aircraft. The airline ceased operations on 29 September 2018 after its Air Operator's Certificate (AOC) was revoked by the Kyrgyz government.
Destinations
Air Kyrgyzstan OJSC had 60 frequencies and licenses in the following areas:
No.
Route
Frequencies
1.
Bishkek-Saint Petersburg
2
2.
Bishkek-Yekaterinburg
1
3.
Bishkek-Krasnoyarsk
2
4.
Bishkek-Surgut
2
5.
Bishkek-Krasnodar
2
6.
Bishkek-Belgorod
2
7.
Bishkek-Minvody
2
8.
Bishkek-Chelyabinsk
2
9.
Bishkek-Irkutsk
3
10.
Bishkek-Abakan
2
11.
Osh-Moscow
5
12.
Osh-Novosibirsk
2
13.
Osh-Yekaterinburg
2
14.
Osh-Krasnoyarsk
1
15.
Osh-Surgut
2
16.
Osh-Krasnodar
2
17.
Osh-Tyumen
2
18.
Osh-Abakan
3
19.
Bishkek-Dushanbe
1
20.
Bishkek-Kurgan-Tyube
2
21.
Bishkek-Khujant
1
22.
Osh-Dushanbe
2
23.
Osh-Kurgan-Tyube
2
24.
Bishkek-Istanbul
3
25.
Bishkek-Dubai
2
26.
Bishkek-Sharjah
2
27.
Bishkek-Ürümqi
2
Total
60
In 2011, the entire fleet of Soviet-made aircraft was disabled and Boeing 737-400 and 737-500 aircraft were purchased to replace them for regular flights.
Country
City
Airport
Notes
Ref
Kyrgyzstan
Bishkek
Manas International Airport
Osh
Osh Airport
Hub
Russia
Abakan
Abakan International Airport
Codeshare agreements
Air Kyrgyzstan had codeshare agreements with the following airlines at April 2014:
Turkish Airlines (Star Alliance)
Fleet
Current fleet
The Air Kyrgyzstan fleet consisted of the following aircraft:
1 Boeing 737-300
1 Boeing 737-500
1 Boeing 757-300
Antonov An-24
Tupolev Tu-134
Tupolev Tu-154
1 Tupolev Tu-154M
Yakovlev Yak-40
1 Airbus A320
Accidents
On December 28, 2011, Air Kyrgyzstan Tupolev Tu-134, registration EX-020, operating flight QH3 from Bishkek to Osh, Kyrgyzstan, with 73 passengers and 6 crew suffered a hard landing on Osh's runway 12 resulting in the collapse of the right main gear, right wing separation and the aircraft rolling on its back in fog and low visibility. The aircraft came to a stop on soft ground about 10 meters off the right runway edge. A fuel leak from the left wing led to a fire erupting which was quickly extinguished by airport emergency services. One passenger received serious injuries and 24 people received minor injuries (concussions, bruises), of which 16 were taken to local hospitals.
References
^ "✈ russianplanes.net ✈ наша авиация". russianplanes.net. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
^ Home page. Kyrgyzstan Aircompany. Retrieved on 28 December 2011. "Кыргызстан, г. Бишкек, Проспект Манаса 12а"
^ a b "Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 2007-04-03. p. 103.
^ "State Owned airline Air Kyrgyzstan does not have any Staffs or Serviceable Aircraft , Only Director and Accountant on PayRoll !". fl360aero.com. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
^ "Air Kyrgyzstan suspends ops after only plane grounded". ch-aviation. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
^ a b "Manas Airport time table". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
^ Liu, Jim (1 December 2016). "Air Kyrgyzstan adds new Abakan service from Nov 2016". Routesonline. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ "Global Airline Guide 2017 (Part One)". Airliner World (October 2020): 19.
^ a b "Global Airline Guide 2016". Airliner World (October 2016): 19.
External links
(in Russian) Official website
(in Russian) "28 декабря Ту-134А-3 EX020." Interstate Aviation Committee
Portals: Asia Aviation
vteAirlines of KyrgyzstanCurrent
Aero Nomad Airlines
Avia Traffic Company
TezJet
Defunct
Air Bishkek
Air Kyrgyzstan
Air Manas
Anikay Air
Botir-Avia
British Gulf International Airlines
Click Airways
Eastok Avia
Esen Air
Galaxy Air
Golden Rule Airlines
Inter Trans Avia
Itek Air
Kyrgyz Air
Kyrgyz International Airlines
Kyrgyz Trans Avia
Kyrgyzstan Airlines
Manas Air
MAXavia
Osh-Avia
Pegasus Asia
Phoenix Aviation
Sky Bishkek
Sky KG Airlines | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kyrgyzstan_Air_Antonov_AN-24_prepares_for_flight_QH6_to_Bishkek,_Jalal-Abad_Airport,_Kyrgyzstan,_March_7,_2010.JPG"},{"link_name":"Antonov An-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kyrgyzstan_(Altyn_Air)_Tupolev_Tu-154M_Misko.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-154"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%9C%88_russianplanes.net_%E2%9C%88_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-1"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"flag carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_carrier"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Bishkek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Manas International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Osh Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osh_Airport"},{"link_name":"Osh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"list of air carriers banned in the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_air_carriers_banned_in_the_European_Union"}],"text":"Airline of KyrgyzstanNow-retired Antonov An-24 of Kyrgyzstan Air Company, March 2010Tupolev Tu-154 of Kyrgyzstan Air Company, 2006[1]Kyrgyzstan Air Company, operating as Air Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz: Эйр Кыргызстан Авиакомпаниясы, Eýr Kyrgyzstan Aviakompaniýasy; Russian: Авиакомпания «Эйр Кыргызстан», Aviakompaniya «Air Kyrgyzstan»), was the flag carrier of Kyrgyzstan, based in Bishkek.[2] It operated scheduled domestic and international services to 13 destinations, as well as charter services. Its main hub was Manas International Airport in Bishkek, with a hub at Osh Airport in Osh.[3]The owner of 100% of the shares was the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic, represented by the Fund for State Property Management under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic.[citation needed] During its operations, the airline was on the list of air carriers banned in the European Union, along with all airlines based in Kyrgyzstan.This airline is currently inactive with 0 flights since 2019.","title":"Air Kyrgyzstan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_737-500_%E2%80%9CAIR_KYRGYZSTAN%E2%80%9D.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Kyrgyzstan,_EX-37301,_Boeing_737-382_(21354865102).jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-300"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI-3"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Air Operator's Certificate (AOC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_operator%27s_certificate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Boeing 737-300 (EX-37301) in current livery of Air Kyrgyzstan, 2015The airline was founded in April 2001 as Altyn Air. It was rebranded as Kyrgyzstan Air Company on 28 July 2006,[3] after taking over former national carrier Kyrgyzstan Airlines. On December 5, 2013, the airline was re-registered as ”Air Kyrgyzstan” Open Joint Stock Company.On 26 October 2017, the airline suspended all operations after its sole aircraft, a Boeing 737-500 registered as EX-37501, was put into storage after a birdstrike accident.[4][5] Following the incident, the airline's CEO Zholdoshbek Bekturganov said that the airline was looking to resume operations in December 2017 after repairing the aircraft. The airline ceased operations on 29 September 2018 after its Air Operator's Certificate (AOC) was revoked by the Kyrgyz government.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OJSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_joint-stock_company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_737-500.jpg"}],"text":"Air Kyrgyzstan OJSC had 60 frequencies and licenses in the following areas:In 2011, the entire fleet of Soviet-made aircraft was disabled and Boeing 737-400 and 737-500 aircraft were purchased to replace them for regular flights.","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"codeshare agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeshare_agreements"},{"link_name":"Turkish Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Star Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Alliance"}],"text":"Air Kyrgyzstan had codeshare agreements with the following airlines at April 2014:Turkish Airlines (Star Alliance)","title":"Codeshare agreements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic"},{"link_name":"Boeing 757-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Antonov An-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-24"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-134"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-154"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-154M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-154"},{"link_name":"Yakovlev Yak-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-40"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320"}],"sub_title":"Current fleet","text":"The Air Kyrgyzstan fleet consisted of the following aircraft:[8]1 Boeing 737-300[9]\n1 Boeing 737-500\n1 Boeing 757-300[9]\nAntonov An-24\nTupolev Tu-134\nTupolev Tu-154\n1 Tupolev Tu-154M\nYakovlev Yak-40\n1 Airbus A320","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-134"},{"link_name":"Bishkek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"On December 28, 2011, Air Kyrgyzstan Tupolev Tu-134, registration EX-020, operating flight QH3 from Bishkek to Osh, Kyrgyzstan, with 73 passengers and 6 crew suffered a hard landing on Osh's runway 12 resulting in the collapse of the right main gear, right wing separation and the aircraft rolling on its back in fog and low visibility. The aircraft came to a stop on soft ground about 10 meters off the right runway edge. A fuel leak from the left wing led to a fire erupting which was quickly extinguished by airport emergency services. One passenger received serious injuries and 24 people received minor injuries (concussions, bruises), of which 16 were taken to local hospitals.[citation needed]","title":"Accidents"}] | [{"image_text":"Now-retired Antonov An-24 of Kyrgyzstan Air Company, March 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kyrgyzstan_Air_Antonov_AN-24_prepares_for_flight_QH6_to_Bishkek%2C_Jalal-Abad_Airport%2C_Kyrgyzstan%2C_March_7%2C_2010.JPG/220px-Kyrgyzstan_Air_Antonov_AN-24_prepares_for_flight_QH6_to_Bishkek%2C_Jalal-Abad_Airport%2C_Kyrgyzstan%2C_March_7%2C_2010.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tupolev Tu-154 of Kyrgyzstan Air Company, 2006[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kyrgyzstan_%28Altyn_Air%29_Tupolev_Tu-154M_Misko.jpg/220px-Kyrgyzstan_%28Altyn_Air%29_Tupolev_Tu-154M_Misko.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Boeing_737-500_%E2%80%9CAIR_KYRGYZSTAN%E2%80%9D.jpg/220px-Boeing_737-500_%E2%80%9CAIR_KYRGYZSTAN%E2%80%9D.jpg"},{"image_text":"Boeing 737-300 (EX-37301) in current livery of Air Kyrgyzstan, 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Air_Kyrgyzstan%2C_EX-37301%2C_Boeing_737-382_%2821354865102%29.jpg/220px-Air_Kyrgyzstan%2C_EX-37301%2C_Boeing_737-382_%2821354865102%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"In 2011, the entire fleet of Soviet-made aircraft was disabled and Boeing 737-400 and 737-500 aircraft were purchased to replace them for regular flights.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_737-500.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_737-500.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"✈ russianplanes.net ✈ наша авиация\". russianplanes.net. Retrieved 2018-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://russianplanes.net/airline/Air_KG","url_text":"\"✈ russianplanes.net ✈ наша авиация\""}]},{"reference":"\"Directory: World Airlines\". Flight International. 2007-04-03. p. 103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"}]},{"reference":"\"State Owned airline Air Kyrgyzstan does not have any Staffs or Serviceable Aircraft , Only Director and Accountant on PayRoll !\". fl360aero.com. Retrieved 2024-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://fl360aero.com/detail/state-owned-airline-air-kyrgyzstan-does-not-have-any-staffs-or-serviceable-aircraft-only-director-and-accountant-on-payroll/1125","url_text":"\"State Owned airline Air Kyrgyzstan does not have any Staffs or Serviceable Aircraft , Only Director and Accountant on PayRoll !\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Kyrgyzstan suspends ops after only plane grounded\". ch-aviation. Retrieved 2024-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/62055-air-kyrgyzstan-suspends-ops-after-only-plane-grounded","url_text":"\"Air Kyrgyzstan suspends ops after only plane grounded\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manas Airport time table\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722132054/http://timetable.airport.kg/CSP/adp/rasra.csp?CSPCHD=0000000100051737esui002271726084","url_text":"\"Manas Airport time table\""},{"url":"http://timetable.airport.kg/CSP/adp/rasra.csp?CSPCHD=0000000100051737esui002271726084","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Liu, Jim (1 December 2016). \"Air Kyrgyzstan adds new Abakan service from Nov 2016\". Routesonline. Retrieved 1 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/270164/air-kyrgyzstan-adds-new-abakan-service-from-nov-2016/","url_text":"\"Air Kyrgyzstan adds new Abakan service from Nov 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global Airline Guide 2017 (Part One)\". Airliner World (October 2020): 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Global Airline Guide 2016\". Airliner World (October 2016): 19.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Air+Kyrgyzstan%22","external_links_name":"\"Air Kyrgyzstan\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Air+Kyrgyzstan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Air+Kyrgyzstan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Air+Kyrgyzstan%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Air+Kyrgyzstan%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Air+Kyrgyzstan%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://airkyrgyzstan.kg/","external_links_name":"https://airkyrgyzstan.kg"},{"Link":"https://russianplanes.net/airline/Air_KG","external_links_name":"\"✈ russianplanes.net ✈ наша авиация\""},{"Link":"http://www.air.kg/","external_links_name":"Home page"},{"Link":"https://fl360aero.com/detail/state-owned-airline-air-kyrgyzstan-does-not-have-any-staffs-or-serviceable-aircraft-only-director-and-accountant-on-payroll/1125","external_links_name":"\"State Owned airline Air Kyrgyzstan does not have any Staffs or Serviceable Aircraft , Only Director and Accountant on PayRoll !\""},{"Link":"https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/62055-air-kyrgyzstan-suspends-ops-after-only-plane-grounded","external_links_name":"\"Air Kyrgyzstan suspends ops after only plane grounded\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722132054/http://timetable.airport.kg/CSP/adp/rasra.csp?CSPCHD=0000000100051737esui002271726084","external_links_name":"\"Manas Airport time table\""},{"Link":"http://timetable.airport.kg/CSP/adp/rasra.csp?CSPCHD=0000000100051737esui002271726084","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/270164/air-kyrgyzstan-adds-new-abakan-service-from-nov-2016/","external_links_name":"\"Air Kyrgyzstan adds new Abakan service from Nov 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.air.kg/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170212184422/http://www.mak.ru/russian/investigations/2011/tu-134a-3_ex-020.html","external_links_name":"28 декабря Ту-134А-3 EX020"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragraptidae | Tetragraptidae | ["1 Genera","2 References"] | Extinct family of graptolites
TetragraptidaeTemporal range: Floian–Darriwilian
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Hemichordata
Class:
Graptolithina
Order:
Graptoloidea
Family:
TetragraptidaeFrech, 1897
Tetragraptidae is an extinct family of graptolites from the Floian to Darriwilian epochs of the Ordovician Period.
Genera
List of genera from Maletz (2014):
†Corymbograptus Obut & Sobolevskaya, 1964
†Paratetragraptus Obut, 1957
†Pendeograptus Bouček & Přibyl, 1951
†Phyllograptus Hall, 1858
†Pseudophyllograptus Cooper & Fortey, 1982
†Pseudotrigonograptus Mu & Lee, 1958
†Tetragraptus Salter, 1863
†Tristichograptus Jackson & Bulman, 1970
References
^ Maletz, Jörg (2017). Graptolite Paleobiology. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781118515617.
^ Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3): 477–540. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1465. ISSN 1214-1119.
This hemichordate-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graptolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graptolite"},{"link_name":"Floian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floian"},{"link_name":"Darriwilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darriwilian"},{"link_name":"Ordovician Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician_Period"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maletzgp-1"}],"text":"Tetragraptidae is an extinct family of graptolites from the Floian to Darriwilian epochs of the Ordovician Period.[1]","title":"Tetragraptidae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maletzclass-2"},{"link_name":"Corymbograptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corymbograptus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paratetragraptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paratetragraptus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pendeograptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pendeograptus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phyllograptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllograptus"},{"link_name":"Pseudophyllograptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudophyllograptus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pseudotrigonograptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudotrigonograptus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tetragraptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragraptus"},{"link_name":"Tristichograptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristichograptus&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"List of genera from Maletz (2014):[2]†Corymbograptus Obut & Sobolevskaya, 1964\n†Paratetragraptus Obut, 1957\n†Pendeograptus Bouček & Přibyl, 1951\n†Phyllograptus Hall, 1858\n†Pseudophyllograptus Cooper & Fortey, 1982\n†Pseudotrigonograptus Mu & Lee, 1958\n†Tetragraptus Salter, 1863\n†Tristichograptus Jackson & Bulman, 1970","title":"Genera"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Maletz, Jörg (2017). Graptolite Paleobiology. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781118515617.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Graptolite+Paleobiology-p-9781118515617","url_text":"Graptolite Paleobiology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118515617","url_text":"9781118515617"}]},{"reference":"Maletz, Jörg (2014). \"The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)\". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3): 477–540. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1465. ISSN 1214-1119.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3140%2Fbull.geosci.1465","url_text":"\"The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3140%2Fbull.geosci.1465","url_text":"10.3140/bull.geosci.1465"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1214-1119","url_text":"1214-1119"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Graptolite+Paleobiology-p-9781118515617","external_links_name":"Graptolite Paleobiology"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3140%2Fbull.geosci.1465","external_links_name":"\"The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3140%2Fbull.geosci.1465","external_links_name":"10.3140/bull.geosci.1465"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1214-1119","external_links_name":"1214-1119"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetragraptidae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Tabanera | Teófilo Tabanera | ["1 Biography"] | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (April 2012) Click for important translation instructions.
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Teófilo Tabanera
Teófilo Tabanera (1909–1981) was an Argentine engineer and air force officer and an instrumental figure in space exploration.
Biography
Born in 1909 in the province of Mendoza, Tabanera moved to the capital of the province of Buenos Aires to study at the National University of La Plata, where he graduated in 1936. He went on study trips to the United States and Europe. He was a member of the British Interplanetary Society and the American Society of Rockets. He began working as a draftsman for Ferrocarriles Argentinos and YPF.
His interest in aerospace activity led him to found the Association Interplanetary Argentina in 1948 (which later was renamed Space Sciences Association of Argentina) where he dedicated himself to promoting the Argentine space program. He was present at the First International Astronautical Congress, held at the Sorbonne University in Paris. He was vice president of the International Astronautical Federation (IAF), for five consecutive terms, and president of the CNIE, founded in 1960 by a decree of the government of Arturo Frondizi (1958-1962). He was a member of the British Interplanetary Society and the American Society of Rockets. He was the only person in all of Latin America to author a weekly publication dedicated to space issues. This publication lasted for ten years.
This article about an Argentine engineer, inventor or industrial designer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Te%C3%B3filo_Tabanera.JPG"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"}],"text":"Teófilo TabaneraTeófilo Tabanera (1909–1981) was an Argentine engineer and air force officer and an instrumental figure in space exploration.","title":"Teófilo Tabanera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza_Province"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province"},{"link_name":"National University of La Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_La_Plata"},{"link_name":"British Interplanetary Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society"},{"link_name":"Ferrocarriles Argentinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocarriles_Argentinos"},{"link_name":"YPF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YPF"},{"link_name":"International Astronautical Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronautical_Congress"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbonne_University"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"International Astronautical Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronautical_Federation"},{"link_name":"Arturo Frondizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engineering.png"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Te%C3%B3filo_Tabanera&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Argentina-engineer-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Argentina-engineer-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Argentina-engineer-stub"}],"text":"Born in 1909 in the province of Mendoza, Tabanera moved to the capital of the province of Buenos Aires to study at the National University of La Plata, where he graduated in 1936. He went on study trips to the United States and Europe. He was a member of the British Interplanetary Society and the American Society of Rockets. He began working as a draftsman for Ferrocarriles Argentinos and YPF.His interest in aerospace activity led him to found the Association Interplanetary Argentina in 1948 (which later was renamed Space Sciences Association of Argentina) where he dedicated himself to promoting the Argentine space program. He was present at the First International Astronautical Congress, held at the Sorbonne University in Paris. He was vice president of the International Astronautical Federation (IAF), for five consecutive terms, and president of the CNIE, founded in 1960 by a decree of the government of Arturo Frondizi (1958-1962). He was a member of the British Interplanetary Society and the American Society of Rockets. He was the only person in all of Latin America to author a weekly publication dedicated to space issues. This publication lasted for ten years.This article about an Argentine engineer, inventor or industrial designer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Biography"}] | [{"image_text":"Teófilo Tabanera","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Te%C3%B3filo_Tabanera.JPG/220px-Te%C3%B3filo_Tabanera.JPG"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fes.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTe%C3%B3filo_Tabanera&sl=es&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Te%C3%B3filo_Tabanera&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_airship_Dixmude | Dixmude (airship) | ["1 Name","2 History","3 Specifications","4 Citations","5 Sources and references"] | French Navy Zeppelin LZ 114 airship
For other ships with the same name, see French ship Dixmude.
Dixmude (ex-LZ 114) Zeppelin LZ-114General informationRolereconnaissance/bomberNational originGermanyManufacturerZeppelin LuftschiffbauDesigner Ludwig Dürr ServiceFrench NavyHistoryFirst flight9 July 1920Last flight21 December 1923FateDestroyed after crash and explosion
The Dixmude was a Zeppelin airship built for the Imperial German Navy as L 72 (c/n LZ 114) and unfinished at the end of the First World War, when it was given to France as war reparations and recommissioned in French Navy service and renamed Dixmude. It was lost when it exploded in mid-air on 21 December 1923 off the coast of Sicily, killing all 52 (42 crew and ten passengers) on board. This was one of the earliest of the great airship disasters, preceded by the crash of the British R38 in 1921 (44 dead) and the US airship Roma in 1922 (34 dead), and followed by the destruction of the USS Shenandoah in 1925 (14 dead) the British R101 in 1930 (48 dead), the USS Akron in 1933 (73 dead) and the German Hindenburg in 1937 (36 dead).
Name
The ship was named after the Belgian city of Diksmuide (French: Dixmude), and specifically, in honour of the Fusiliers Marins at the battle of Diksmuide. It was the first of three ships named Dixmude.
History
Completed after the end of the First World War, the L 72 was the third and final Zeppelin of the X class built for the Imperial German Navy. The L 72 was originally built with the intention to bomb New York City, a mission never carried out due to the end of the war. The Zeppelin Company still wanted to fly the L 72 to New York as a demonstration of the Zeppelin's capabilities, but again, the flight was never undertaken due to political reasons. Instead, the British airship R34 became the first aircraft to make the first east-west-east transatlantic flight in July, 1919. The L 72 made its first flight on 9 July 1920 and was surrendered to the French authorities four days later, when the airship was flown by a German civilian crew from Friedrichshafen to Maubeuge and was rechristened Dixmude in honour of the French marines who had died in the defence of Diksmuide in 1914. Under the command of lieutenant Jean du Plessis de Grenédan it was then flown across France to the naval air base at Cuers-Pierrefeu near Toulon.
Dixmude remained in its hangar for the next three years. An attempt was made to reinflate the airship in 1921, revealing that the original gasbags had deteriorated too much for this to be possible. Although new gasbags could have soon been purchased by the Zeppelin company, the French preferred to have their own made in France, resulting in a two-year delay while the technique of using gold beater's skin was mastered. These were delivered in June 1923 and proved less than satisfactory; many small tears appeared, possibly due to the use of an inferior quality of cotton. An ambitious plan to fly across the Sahara to Dakar was approved, and in order to prepare for this a program of trials was begun.
On 2 August 1923, Dixmude made an 18-hour trip to Corsica. Between 30 August and 2 September, it made a 2,800 km (1,700 mi) trip to North Africa, passing over Algiers, Tunis and Bizerte, and returning via Sardinia and Corsica.
On 25 September 1923 at 07:55 Dixmude left Cuers, crossing the Mediterranean to Algiers and then turned westwards, following the coast to Bizerta and then turning south, flying over Sousse and Sfax where it turned inland towards Touggourt. The return flight over the Mediterranean was delayed by a storm which initially caused du Plessis to turn back to Bizerte, but after the weather cleared a successful crossing was made. On reaching Cuers conditions were so favourable that the flight was continued to Bordeaux and then to Paris, which was reached during the morning of 28 September. It then returned to Cuers, which was reached at 8 pm, but, still having fuel on board, then flew to Nice and back, finally mooring at Cuers at 06:30 on 29 September. The flight had lasted 118 hours and 41 minutes and covered 7,100 km (4,400 mi)
This was followed between 17 and 19 October by a flight undertaken for publicity purposes in which it overflew cities in the south and west of France including Toulouse, Nantes, Bordeaux and Lyon.
On 18 December, Dixmude left Cuers with the intention of making a return flight to In Salah, an oasis deep in the Sahara, carrying a crew of 40 and 10 passengers. In Salah was reached at 4 pm on the 19 December; the airship did not land, but dropped a bag of mail from the crew. The intention had been to make a stop at the Baraki airfield near Algiers; a north-west headwind caused du Plessis to alter course to the east, and the airship was seen crossing Tunisia on the evening of the 20th. The last radio message received from Dixmude was sent at 02:08, the airship reporting that it was reeling in its radio antenna due to a thunderstorm.
Railway workers in Sciacca, Sicily, were preparing to take out a train due to leave at 02:30 when they saw a bright flash in the western sky followed by a red glow that sank out of sight behind a hill, while a hunter on the seashore, watching the thunderstorm, saw a flash of lightning strike a cloud, followed by a red glare inside the cloud and four burning objects falling from the cloud. In the morning two aluminium fuel tanks were washed up, bearing the numbers "75 L-72" and "S-2-48 LZ-113" and various other debris, including charred scraps of fabric and fragments of the duralumin girders. However, reports of these events did not reach the outside world for several days; the French government, unwilling to admit the possibility of the airship's loss for political reasons, apparently suppressed these reports and issued its own series of false reports of rumoured sightings of Dixmude, suggesting that it had been blown inland over Africa. It was not until 26 December, when fishermen found the body of du Plessis, identified by documents found in the coat pockets, that the loss of Dixmude was publicly acknowledged. The captain's watch was stopped at 02:27. Only one other body was recovered, that of radioman Antoine Guillaume, which was recovered four months later. The loss of the Dixmude was the deadliest airship accident in history at the time, surpassed by the destruction of USS Akron in 1933, which killed 73 crewmen.
Specifications
Data from Robinson 1973, p. 341.General characteristics
Length: 226.52 m (743 ft 2 in)
Diameter: 23.90 m (78 ft 5 in)
Volume: 68,490 m3 (2,418,700 cu ft)
Powerplant: 6 × Maybach Mb IVa 6-cylinder water-cooled piston engine, 175 kW (235 hp) each
Performance
Citations
^ Robinson 1973, p.347.
^ "The Missing Dixmude." Times 28 Dec. 1923: 8. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 10 July 2013.
^ Historique: : Le dirigeable
^ Robinson 1973, p. 341.
^ Naming Dirigibles in FranceFlight 30 September 1920, p. 1037.
^ Robinson 1973 pp. 345-6.
^ French Airship's Record Voyage Flight 11 October 1923
^ Robinson 1973 p. 348.
^ AAHS 1964, p.99.
Sources and references
Robinson, Douglas H., Giants in the Sky. Henley-on Thames: Foulis, 1973 ISBN 0-85429-145-8
Robinson, Douglas H., Mystery of the Dixmunde. Journal of the American Aviation Historical Society, Summer 1964
Dixmude : l'histoire oubliée d'un dirigeable de la Marine
Le Dixmude
Cuers-Pierrefeu Aerodrome with Dixmude Memorial
vteZeppelin aircraftLighter-than-air(airships)ManufacturerhullnumbersA Class
LZ 1
B Class
LZ 2
LZ 3
C Class
LZ 4
LZ 5
D Class
LZ 6
E Class
LZ 7
LZ 8
F Class
LZ 9
LZ 10
LZ 12
G Class
LZ 11
LZ 13
H Class
LZ 14
LZ 15
LZ 16
LZ 17
LZ 19
LZ 20
I Class
LZ 18
J Class
skipped
K Class
LZ 21
L Class
LZ 22
LZ 23
M Class
LZ 24
LZ 25
LZ 27
LZ 28
LZ 29
LZ 30
LZ 31
LZ 32
LZ 33
LZ 34
LZ 35
LZ 37
N Class
LZ 26
O Class
LZ 36
LZ 39
P Class
LZ 38
LZ 40
LZ 41
LZ 42
LZ 43
LZ 44
LZ 45
LZ 46
LZ 47
LZ 48
LZ 49
LZ 50
LZ 51
LZ 52
LZ 53
LZ 54
LZ 55
LZ 56
LZ 57
LZ 58
LZ 60
LZ 63
Q Class
LZ 59
LZ 61
LZ 64
LZ 65
LZ 66
LZ 67
LZ 68
LZ 69
LZ 71
LZ 73
LZ 77
LZ 81
R Class
LZ 62
LZ 72
LZ 74
LZ 75
LZ 76
LZ 78
LZ 79
LZ 80
LZ 82
LZ 83
LZ 84
LZ 85
LZ 86
LZ 87
LZ 88
LZ 89
LZ 90
S Class
LZ 91
LZ 92
T Class
LZ 93
LZ 94
U Class
LZ 95
LZ 96
LZ 97
LZ 98
LZ 99
V Class
LZ 100
LZ 101
LZ 103
LZ 105
LZ 106
LZ 107
LZ 108
LZ 109
LZ 110
LZ 111
W Class
LZ 102
LZ 104
X Class
LZ 112
LZ 113
LZ 114
Post-war
LZ 120
LZ 121
LZ 126
LZ 127
LZ 129
LZ 130
Unbuilt
LZ 70
LZ 115–LZ 119
LZ 122–LZ 125
LZ 128
LZ 131–LZ 132
Operator'sidentificationNames
Bodensee
Deutschland
Deutschland II
Dixmude
Esperia
Graf Zeppelin
Graf Zeppelin II
Hindenburg
Hansa
USS Los Angeles
Méditerranée
Nordstern
Sachsen
Schwaben
Viktoria Luise
Army Zdesignations1
Z I
Ersatz Z I
Ersatz Z I (2)
Z II
Ersatz Z II
Z III
Z IV
Z V
Z VI
Z VII
Z VIII
Z IX
Z X
Z XI
Z XII
Army LZdesignations2
LZ 34
LZ 35
LZ 37
LZ 38
LZ 39
LZ 72
LZ 74
LZ 77
LZ 79
LZ 81
LZ 85
LZ 86
LZ 87
LZ 88
LZ 90
LZ 93
LZ 95
LZ 97
LZ 98
LZ 101
LZ 103
LZ 107
LZ 111
LZ 113
LZ 120
Navy Ldesignations
L 1
L 2
L 3
L 4
L 5
L 6
L 7
L 8
L 9
L 10
L 11
L 12
L 13
L 14
L 15
L 16
L 17
L 18
L 19
L 20
L 21
L 22
L 23
L 24
L 30
L 31
L 32
L 33
L 34
L 35
L 36
L 37
L 38
L 39
L 40
L 41
L 42
L 43
L 44
L 45
L 46
L 47
L 48
L 49
L 50
L 51
L 52
L 53
L 54
L 55
L 56
L 57
L 58
L 59
L 60
L 61
L 62
L 63
L 64
L 65
L 70
L 71
L 72
Heavier-than-air(aeroplanes)Zeppelin-Staaken
L
8301
VGO.I
VGO.II
VGO.III
R.IV
R.V
R.VI
R.VII
R.XIV
R.XV
R.XVI
E.4/20
Zeppelin-Lindau
CL.I
CL.II
CS.I
D.I
Rs.I
Rs.II
Rs.III
Rs.IV
V1
Zeppelin Flugzeugebau
C.I
C.II
C.IV
Other
L 1
Rammer
Fliegende Panzerfaust
ZMe 323
ZMe 423
ZSO 523
1Early Army designations, used pre-war. 2Wartime Army LZ designations were not always matched to Zeppelin's LZ hull number.
vteAviation accidents and incidents in the 1920s
Dec 14, 1920 Golders Green O/400 crash
Aug 23, 1921 R38 Airship crash
Aug 26, 1921 SNETA Farman Goliath ditching
Feb 21, 1922 Airship Roma crash
Mar 31, 1922 1922 Beijing-Han Airlines crash
Apr 7, 1922 Picardie mid-air collision
Jan 13, 1923 Aeromarine 75 Columbus incident
May 14, 1923 Air Union Farman Goliath crash
Aug 27, 1923 Air Union Farman Goliath crash
Sep 14, 1923 Daimler Airway DH.34 crash
Dec 21, 1923 Airship Dixmude crash
Apr 24, 1924 KLM Fokker F.III disappearance
Dec 24, 1924 Imperial Airways DH.34 crash
Sep 3, 1925 USS Shenandoah crash
Jun 25, 1925 KLM Fokker F.III Forêt de Mormal crash
Aug 18, 1926 Air Union Blériot 155 crash
Oct 2, 1926 Air Union Blériot 155 crash
Apr 16, 1927 Fokker C-2 America crash
Apr 26, 1927 Wooster and Davis's Pathfinder crash
May 8, 1927 L'Oiseau Blanc disappearance
Aug 16, 1927 Dole Air Race crashes
Aug 22, 1927 KLM Fokker F.VIII crash
Aug 31, 1927 St Raphael disappearance
Jan 10, 1928 Moncrieff and Hood disappearance
May 25, 1928 Airship Italia crash
Jul 13, 1928 Imperial Airways Vulcan crash
Jul 14, 1928 KLM Fokker F.III Waalhaven crash
Dec 3, 1928 1928 Dornier J Santos Dumont crash
Jun 17, 1929 Imperial Airways W.10 crash
Sep 6, 1929 Imperial Airways Hercules crash
Nov 6, 1929 Luft Hansa Junkers G 24 crash
Before 1920 ◀
▶ 1930
vteAviation accidents and incidents in ItalyBefore 1900
Francesco Zambeccari (September 1812)
1900s-1940s
Jorge Chávez (September 1910)
Verona Caproni Ca.48 crash (August 1919)
Dixmude (December 1923)
1945 Avro York crash (February 1945)
Superga air disaster (May 1949)
1950s
BOAC Flight 115 (October 1952)
Mediterranean Sea mid-air collision (January 1953)
BOAC Flight 781 (January 1954)
South African Airways Flight 201 (April 1954)
Sabena Flight 503 (February 1955)
British European Airways Flight 142 (October 1958)
TWA Flight 891 (June 1959)
1970s
RAF Hercules crash (November 1971)
Alitalia Flight 112 (May 1972)
Argo 16 (November 1973)
Rome airport attacks and hijacking (December 1973)
Alitalia Flight 4128 (December 1978)
Aero Trasporti Italiani Flight 12 (September 1979)
1980s
Itavia Flight 870 (June 1980)
Aero Trasporti Italiani Flight 460 (October 1987)
Uganda Airlines Flight 775 (October 1988)
1990s
Italian Air Force MB-326 crash (December 1990)
Banat Air Flight 166 (December 1995)
Air Littoral Flight 701 (July 1997)
Cavalese cable car crash (February 1998)
2000s
Linate Airport disaster (October 2001)
Pirelli Tower crash (April 2002)
Tuninter Flight 1153 (August 2005)
Air Algérie Flight 2208 (August 2006)
2010s
ASL Airlines Hungary Flight 7332 (August 2016) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French ship Dixmude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Dixmude"},{"link_name":"Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"airship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"war reparations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reparations"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"great airship disasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airship_accidents"},{"link_name":"R38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R38"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_(airship)"},{"link_name":"USS Shenandoah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Shenandoah_(ZR-1)"},{"link_name":"R101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R101"},{"link_name":"USS Akron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Akron"},{"link_name":"Hindenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindenburg_disaster"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see French ship Dixmude.The Dixmude was a Zeppelin airship built for the Imperial German Navy as L 72 (c/n LZ 114) and unfinished at the end of the First World War, when it was given to France as war reparations and recommissioned in French Navy service and renamed Dixmude. It was lost when it exploded in mid-air on 21 December 1923 off the coast of Sicily, killing all 52 (42 crew and ten passengers) on board.[1][2] This was one of the earliest of the great airship disasters, preceded by the crash of the British R38 in 1921 (44 dead) and the US airship Roma in 1922 (34 dead), and followed by the destruction of the USS Shenandoah in 1925 (14 dead) the British R101 in 1930 (48 dead), the USS Akron in 1933 (73 dead) and the German Hindenburg in 1937 (36 dead).","title":"Dixmude (airship)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diksmuide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diksmuide"},{"link_name":"Fusiliers Marins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusiliers_Marins"},{"link_name":"battle of Diksmuide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yser"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"three ships named Dixmude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Dixmude"}],"text":"The ship was named after the Belgian city of Diksmuide (French: Dixmude), and specifically, in honour of the Fusiliers Marins at the battle of Diksmuide.[3] It was the first of three ships named Dixmude.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"R34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R33_class_airship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Friedrichshafen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichshafen"},{"link_name":"Maubeuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maubeuge"},{"link_name":"Diksmuide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diksmuide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jean du Plessis de Grenédan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_du_Plessis_de_Gren%C3%A9dan"},{"link_name":"Toulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulon"},{"link_name":"gold beater's skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_beater%27s_skin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Bizerte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizerte"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"Bizerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizerta"},{"link_name":"Sousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousse"},{"link_name":"Sfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfax"},{"link_name":"Touggourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touggourt"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"In Salah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Salah"},{"link_name":"oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis"},{"link_name":"Sciacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciacca"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"USS Akron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Akron"}],"text":"Completed after the end of the First World War, the L 72 was the third and final Zeppelin of the X class built for the Imperial German Navy. The L 72 was originally built with the intention to bomb New York City, a mission never carried out due to the end of the war. The Zeppelin Company still wanted to fly the L 72 to New York as a demonstration of the Zeppelin's capabilities, but again, the flight was never undertaken due to political reasons. Instead, the British airship R34 became the first aircraft to make the first east-west-east transatlantic flight in July, 1919. The L 72 made its first flight on 9 July 1920 and was surrendered to the French authorities four days later,[4] when the airship was flown by a German civilian crew from Friedrichshafen to Maubeuge and was rechristened Dixmude in honour of the French marines who had died in the defence of Diksmuide in 1914.[5] Under the command of lieutenant Jean du Plessis de Grenédan it was then flown across France to the naval air base at Cuers-Pierrefeu near Toulon.Dixmude remained in its hangar for the next three years. An attempt was made to reinflate the airship in 1921, revealing that the original gasbags had deteriorated too much for this to be possible. Although new gasbags could have soon been purchased by the Zeppelin company, the French preferred to have their own made in France, resulting in a two-year delay while the technique of using gold beater's skin was mastered. These were delivered in June 1923 and proved less than satisfactory; many small tears appeared, possibly due to the use of an inferior quality of cotton.[6] An ambitious plan to fly across the Sahara to Dakar was approved, and in order to prepare for this a program of trials was begun.On 2 August 1923, Dixmude made an 18-hour trip to Corsica. Between 30 August and 2 September, it made a 2,800 km (1,700 mi) trip to North Africa, passing over Algiers, Tunis and Bizerte, and returning via Sardinia and Corsica.On 25 September 1923 at 07:55 Dixmude left Cuers, crossing the Mediterranean to Algiers and then turned westwards, following the coast to Bizerta and then turning south, flying over Sousse and Sfax where it turned inland towards Touggourt. The return flight over the Mediterranean was delayed by a storm which initially caused du Plessis to turn back to Bizerte, but after the weather cleared a successful crossing was made. On reaching Cuers conditions were so favourable that the flight was continued to Bordeaux and then to Paris, which was reached during the morning of 28 September. It then returned to Cuers, which was reached at 8 pm, but, still having fuel on board, then flew to Nice and back, finally mooring at Cuers at 06:30 on 29 September. The flight had lasted 118 hours and 41 minutes and covered 7,100 km (4,400 mi)[7]This was followed between 17 and 19 October by a flight undertaken for publicity purposes in which it overflew cities in the south and west of France including Toulouse, Nantes, Bordeaux and Lyon.On 18 December, Dixmude left Cuers with the intention of making a return flight to In Salah, an oasis deep in the Sahara, carrying a crew of 40 and 10 passengers. In Salah was reached at 4 pm on the 19 December; the airship did not land, but dropped a bag of mail from the crew. The intention had been to make a stop at the Baraki airfield near Algiers; a north-west headwind caused du Plessis to alter course to the east, and the airship was seen crossing Tunisia on the evening of the 20th. The last radio message received from Dixmude was sent at 02:08, the airship reporting that it was reeling in its radio antenna due to a thunderstorm.Railway workers in Sciacca, Sicily, were preparing to take out a train due to leave at 02:30 when they saw a bright flash in the western sky followed by a red glow that sank out of sight behind a hill, while a hunter on the seashore, watching the thunderstorm, saw a flash of lightning strike a cloud, followed by a red glare inside the cloud and four burning objects falling from the cloud. In the morning two aluminium fuel tanks were washed up, bearing the numbers \"75 L-72\" and \"S-2-48 LZ-113\" and various other debris, including charred scraps of fabric and fragments of the duralumin girders. However, reports of these events did not reach the outside world for several days; the French government, unwilling to admit the possibility of the airship's loss for political reasons, apparently suppressed these reports and issued its own series of false reports of rumoured sightings of Dixmude, suggesting that it had been blown inland over Africa.[8] It was not until 26 December, when fishermen found the body of du Plessis, identified by documents found in the coat pockets, that the loss of Dixmude was publicly acknowledged. The captain's watch was stopped at 02:27. Only one other body was recovered, that of radioman Antoine Guillaume, which was recovered four months later.[9] The loss of the Dixmude was the deadliest airship accident in history at the time, surpassed by the destruction of USS Akron in 1933, which killed 73 crewmen.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maybach Mb IVa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybach_Mb_IVa"}],"text":"Data from Robinson 1973, p. 341.General characteristicsLength: 226.52 m (743 ft 2 in)\nDiameter: 23.90 m (78 ft 5 in)\nVolume: 68,490 m3 (2,418,700 cu ft)\nPowerplant: 6 × Maybach Mb IVa 6-cylinder water-cooled piston engine, 175 kW (235 hp) eachPerformance","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Historique: : Le dirigeable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bpc.dixmude.free.fr/historiquedirigeable.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Naming Dirigibles in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1920/1920%20-%201035.html"},{"link_name":"Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"French Airship's Record Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1923/1923%20-%200630.html"},{"link_name":"Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ Robinson 1973, p.347.\n\n^ \"The Missing Dixmude.\" Times [London, England] 28 Dec. 1923: 8. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 10 July 2013.\n\n^ Historique: : Le dirigeable\n\n^ Robinson 1973, p. 341.\n\n^ Naming Dirigibles in FranceFlight 30 September 1920, p. 1037.\n\n^ Robinson 1973 pp. 345-6.\n\n^ French Airship's Record Voyage Flight 11 October 1923\n\n^ Robinson 1973 p. 348.\n\n^ AAHS 1964, p.99.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85429-145-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85429-145-8"},{"link_name":"Dixmude : l'histoire oubliée d'un dirigeable de la Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091222054749/http://secretdefense.blogs.liberation.fr/defense/2009/12/dixmude-lhistoire-oubli%C3%A9e-dun-dirigeable-de-la-marine.html"},{"link_name":"Le Dixmude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pagesperso-orange.fr/c.i.e.l/dixmude.htm"},{"link_name":"Cuers-Pierrefeu Aerodrome with Dixmude 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disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superga_air_disaster"},{"link_name":"BOAC Flight 115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOAC_Flight_115"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea mid-air collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Mediterranean_Sea_mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"BOAC Flight 781","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOAC_Flight_781"},{"link_name":"South African Airways Flight 201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_201"},{"link_name":"Sabena Flight 503","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabena_Flight_503"},{"link_name":"British European Airways Flight 142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_European_Airways_Flight_142"},{"link_name":"TWA Flight 891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_891"},{"link_name":"RAF Hercules crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_RAF_Hercules_crash"},{"link_name":"Alitalia Flight 112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alitalia_Flight_112"},{"link_name":"Argo 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argo_16"},{"link_name":"Rome airport attacks and hijacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Rome_airport_attacks_and_hijacking"},{"link_name":"Alitalia Flight 4128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alitalia_Flight_4128"},{"link_name":"Aero Trasporti Italiani Flight 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_Trasporti_Italiani_Flight_12"},{"link_name":"Itavia Flight 870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870"},{"link_name":"Aero Trasporti Italiani Flight 460","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_Trasporti_Italiani_Flight_460"},{"link_name":"Uganda Airlines Flight 775","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Airlines_Flight_775"},{"link_name":"Italian Air Force MB-326 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Italian_Air_Force_MB-326_crash"},{"link_name":"Banat Air Flight 166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat_Air_Flight_166"},{"link_name":"Air Littoral Flight 701","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Littoral_Flight_701"},{"link_name":"Cavalese cable car crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Cavalese_cable_car_crash"},{"link_name":"Linate Airport disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linate_Airport_disaster"},{"link_name":"Pirelli Tower crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Pirelli_Tower_airplane_crash"},{"link_name":"Tuninter Flight 1153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuninter_Flight_1153"},{"link_name":"Air Algérie Flight 2208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Alg%C3%A9rie_Flight_2208"},{"link_name":"ASL Airlines Hungary Flight 7332","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASL_Airlines_Hungary_Flight_7332"}],"text":"Robinson, Douglas H., Giants in the Sky. Henley-on Thames: Foulis, 1973 ISBN 0-85429-145-8\nRobinson, Douglas H., Mystery of the Dixmunde. Journal of the American Aviation Historical Society, Summer 1964\nDixmude : l'histoire oubliée d'un dirigeable de la Marine\nLe Dixmude\nCuers-Pierrefeu Aerodrome with Dixmude MemorialvteZeppelin aircraftLighter-than-air(airships)ManufacturerhullnumbersA Class\nLZ 1\nB Class\nLZ 2\nLZ 3\nC Class\nLZ 4\nLZ 5\nD Class\nLZ 6\nE Class\nLZ 7\nLZ 8\nF Class\nLZ 9\nLZ 10\nLZ 12\nG Class\nLZ 11\nLZ 13\nH Class\nLZ 14\nLZ 15\nLZ 16\nLZ 17\nLZ 19\nLZ 20\nI Class\nLZ 18\nJ Class\nskipped\nK Class\nLZ 21\nL Class\nLZ 22\nLZ 23\nM Class\nLZ 24\nLZ 25\nLZ 27\nLZ 28\nLZ 29\nLZ 30\nLZ 31\nLZ 32\nLZ 33\nLZ 34\nLZ 35\nLZ 37\nN Class\nLZ 26\nO Class\nLZ 36\nLZ 39\nP Class\nLZ 38\nLZ 40\nLZ 41\nLZ 42\nLZ 43\nLZ 44\nLZ 45\nLZ 46\nLZ 47\nLZ 48\nLZ 49\nLZ 50\nLZ 51\nLZ 52\nLZ 53\nLZ 54\nLZ 55\nLZ 56\nLZ 57\nLZ 58\nLZ 60\nLZ 63\nQ Class\nLZ 59\nLZ 61\nLZ 64\nLZ 65\nLZ 66\nLZ 67\nLZ 68\nLZ 69\nLZ 71\nLZ 73\nLZ 77\nLZ 81\nR Class\nLZ 62\nLZ 72\nLZ 74\nLZ 75\nLZ 76\nLZ 78\nLZ 79\nLZ 80\nLZ 82\nLZ 83\nLZ 84\nLZ 85\nLZ 86\nLZ 87\nLZ 88\nLZ 89\nLZ 90\nS Class\nLZ 91\nLZ 92\nT Class\nLZ 93\nLZ 94\nU Class\nLZ 95\nLZ 96\nLZ 97\nLZ 98\nLZ 99\nV Class\nLZ 100\nLZ 101\nLZ 103\nLZ 105\nLZ 106\nLZ 107\nLZ 108\nLZ 109\nLZ 110\nLZ 111\nW Class\nLZ 102\nLZ 104\nX Class\nLZ 112\nLZ 113\nLZ 114\nPost-war\nLZ 120\nLZ 121\nLZ 126\nLZ 127\nLZ 129\nLZ 130\nUnbuilt\nLZ 70\nLZ 115–LZ 119\nLZ 122–LZ 125\nLZ 128\nLZ 131–LZ 132\nOperator'sidentificationNames\nBodensee\nDeutschland\nDeutschland II\nDixmude\nEsperia\nGraf Zeppelin\nGraf Zeppelin II\nHindenburg\nHansa\nUSS Los Angeles\nMéditerranée\nNordstern\nSachsen\nSchwaben\nViktoria Luise\nArmy Zdesignations1\nZ I\nErsatz Z I\nErsatz Z I (2)\nZ II\nErsatz Z II\nZ III\nZ IV\nZ V\nZ VI\nZ VII\nZ VIII\nZ IX\nZ X\nZ XI\nZ XII\nArmy LZdesignations2\nLZ 34\nLZ 35\nLZ 37\nLZ 38\nLZ 39\nLZ 72\nLZ 74\nLZ 77\nLZ 79\nLZ 81\nLZ 85\nLZ 86\nLZ 87\nLZ 88\nLZ 90\nLZ 93\nLZ 95\nLZ 97\nLZ 98\nLZ 101\nLZ 103\nLZ 107\nLZ 111\nLZ 113\nLZ 120\nNavy Ldesignations\nL 1\nL 2\nL 3\nL 4\nL 5\nL 6\nL 7\nL 8\nL 9\nL 10\nL 11\nL 12\nL 13\nL 14\nL 15\nL 16\nL 17\nL 18\nL 19\nL 20\nL 21\nL 22\nL 23\nL 24\nL 30\nL 31\nL 32\nL 33\nL 34\nL 35\nL 36\nL 37\nL 38\nL 39\nL 40\nL 41\nL 42\nL 43\nL 44\nL 45\nL 46\nL 47\nL 48\nL 49\nL 50\nL 51\nL 52\nL 53\nL 54\nL 55\nL 56\nL 57\nL 58\nL 59\nL 60\nL 61\nL 62\nL 63\nL 64\nL 65\nL 70\nL 71\nL 72\nHeavier-than-air(aeroplanes)Zeppelin-Staaken\nL\n8301\nVGO.I\nVGO.II\nVGO.III\nR.IV\nR.V\nR.VI\nR.VII\nR.XIV\nR.XV\nR.XVI\nE.4/20\nZeppelin-Lindau\nCL.I\nCL.II\nCS.I\nD.I\nRs.I\nRs.II\nRs.III\nRs.IV\nV1\nZeppelin Flugzeugebau\nC.I\nC.II\nC.IV\nOther\nL 1\nRammer\nFliegende Panzerfaust\nZMe 323\nZMe 423\nZSO 523\n1Early Army designations, used pre-war. 2Wartime Army LZ designations were not always matched to Zeppelin's LZ hull number.vteAviation accidents and incidents in the 1920s\nDec 14, 1920 Golders Green O/400 crash\nAug 23, 1921 R38 Airship crash\nAug 26, 1921 SNETA Farman Goliath ditching\nFeb 21, 1922 Airship Roma crash\nMar 31, 1922 1922 Beijing-Han Airlines crash\nApr 7, 1922 Picardie mid-air collision\nJan 13, 1923 Aeromarine 75 Columbus incident\nMay 14, 1923 Air Union Farman Goliath crash\nAug 27, 1923 Air Union Farman Goliath crash\nSep 14, 1923 Daimler Airway DH.34 crash\nDec 21, 1923 Airship Dixmude crash\nApr 24, 1924 KLM Fokker F.III disappearance\nDec 24, 1924 Imperial Airways DH.34 crash\nSep 3, 1925 USS Shenandoah crash\nJun 25, 1925 KLM Fokker F.III Forêt de Mormal crash\nAug 18, 1926 Air Union Blériot 155 crash\nOct 2, 1926 Air Union Blériot 155 crash\nApr 16, 1927 Fokker C-2 America crash\nApr 26, 1927 Wooster and Davis's Pathfinder crash\nMay 8, 1927 L'Oiseau Blanc disappearance\nAug 16, 1927 Dole Air Race crashes\nAug 22, 1927 KLM Fokker F.VIII crash\nAug 31, 1927 St Raphael disappearance\nJan 10, 1928 Moncrieff and Hood disappearance\nMay 25, 1928 Airship Italia crash\nJul 13, 1928 Imperial Airways Vulcan crash\nJul 14, 1928 KLM Fokker F.III Waalhaven crash\nDec 3, 1928 1928 Dornier J Santos Dumont crash\nJun 17, 1929 Imperial Airways W.10 crash\nSep 6, 1929 Imperial Airways Hercules crash\nNov 6, 1929 Luft Hansa Junkers G 24 crash\nBefore 1920 ◀ \n▶ 1930vteAviation accidents and incidents in ItalyBefore 1900\nFrancesco Zambeccari (September 1812)\n1900s-1940s\nJorge Chávez (September 1910)\nVerona Caproni Ca.48 crash (August 1919)\nDixmude (December 1923)\n1945 Avro York crash (February 1945)\nSuperga air disaster (May 1949)\n1950s\nBOAC Flight 115 (October 1952)\nMediterranean Sea mid-air collision (January 1953)\nBOAC Flight 781 (January 1954)\nSouth African Airways Flight 201 (April 1954)\nSabena Flight 503 (February 1955)\nBritish European Airways Flight 142 (October 1958)\nTWA Flight 891 (June 1959)\n1970s\nRAF Hercules crash (November 1971)\nAlitalia Flight 112 (May 1972)\nArgo 16 (November 1973)\nRome airport attacks and hijacking (December 1973)\nAlitalia Flight 4128 (December 1978)\nAero Trasporti Italiani Flight 12 (September 1979)\n1980s\nItavia Flight 870 (June 1980)\nAero Trasporti Italiani Flight 460 (October 1987)\nUganda Airlines Flight 775 (October 1988)\n1990s\nItalian Air Force MB-326 crash (December 1990)\nBanat Air Flight 166 (December 1995)\nAir Littoral Flight 701 (July 1997)\nCavalese cable car crash (February 1998)\n2000s\nLinate Airport disaster (October 2001)\nPirelli Tower crash (April 2002)\nTuninter Flight 1153 (August 2005)\nAir Algérie Flight 2208 (August 2006)\n2010s\nASL Airlines Hungary Flight 7332 (August 2016)","title":"Sources and references"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://bpc.dixmude.free.fr/historiquedirigeable.htm","external_links_name":"Historique: : Le dirigeable"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1920/1920%20-%201035.html","external_links_name":"Naming Dirigibles in France"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1923/1923%20-%200630.html","external_links_name":"French Airship's Record Voyage"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091222054749/http://secretdefense.blogs.liberation.fr/defense/2009/12/dixmude-lhistoire-oubli%C3%A9e-dun-dirigeable-de-la-marine.html","external_links_name":"Dixmude : l'histoire oubliée d'un dirigeable de la Marine"},{"Link":"http://pagesperso-orange.fr/c.i.e.l/dixmude.htm","external_links_name":"Le Dixmude"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111003213039/http://www.warwingsart.com/LTA/cuers.html","external_links_name":"Cuers-Pierrefeu Aerodrome with Dixmude Memorial"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Antarctic_Craton | East Antarctic Shield | ["1 Background","2 Interaction with supercontinents","2.1 Rodinia: 1100–750 Ma","2.2 Gondwana: 550–320 Ma","2.3 Pangea: 320–160 Ma","2.4 Post Pangea: 160 Ma–present","3 See also","4 References"] | Cratonic rock body which makes up most of the continent Antarctica
Figure 1. Map of East and West Antarctica separated by the Transantarctic Mountain Range
The East Antarctic Shield or Craton is a cratonic rock body that covers 10.2 million square kilometers or roughly 73% of the continent of Antarctica. The shield is almost entirely buried by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet that has an average thickness of 2200 meters but reaches up to 4700 meters in some locations. East Antarctica is separated from West Antarctica by the 100–300 kilometer wide Transantarctic Mountains, which span nearly 3,500 kilometers from the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea. The East Antarctic Shield is then divided into an extensive central craton (Mawson craton) that occupies most of the continental interior and various other marginal cratons that are exposed along the coast.
Background
The blue line represents the path traveled by the East Antarctic Shield over the past 550 million years. Red numbers indicate the time (millions of years ago); the yellow dot represents the south pole.
Over the past 1 billion years, East Antarctica has traveled from tropical (to subtropical) southerly latitudes to its current location with the entire East Antarctic Shield positioned south of the Antarctic Circle. Despite its relative lack of motion over the past 75 million years, the East Antarctic Shield has played a significant role in the arrangement and motion of its surrounding plates during the amalgamation and separation of the supercontinents, Rodinia, Gondwana, and Pangea. Because the surface of the shield is covered by ice and therefore not directly accessible, the information about its tectonic history comes primarily from seismic and core-sample data. Geologists have used this data to define the rock types present, age the rocks using radioactive dating techniques, unveil the climate history from isotope ratios, and trace the shield's motion based on varying magnetic properties. Unfortunately, there are only a few places where data can be collected directly from the basement rock, and even at these locations, the exposed areas of the central craton can be misleading due to factors such as reworking during high-grade late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian deformation, variable overprinting by Cambrian tectonics, and the presence of younger metasediments. However, it has been determined that the East Antarctic Shield has a Precambrian to Ordovician basement of igneous and sedimentary rocks that are deformed and metamorphosed to varying degrees, and intruded by syn- to post-tectonic granites. The basement is locally overlain by undeformed Devonian to Jurassic sediments, and intruded by Jurassic tholeiitic plutonic and volcanic rocks. This knowledge of the shield's structural features and compositions leads to the development of a tectonic history. The traditional models of East Antarctic Shield geology typically involve a three-stage tectonic history that includes:
the stabilization of various Archean to Paleoproterozoic cratons before 1600 Ma
the development of a high-grade late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic (1300-900 Ma) mobile belt that roughly follows the modern coast of East Antarctica, and
low- to high-grade late Neoproterozoic to Ordovician (550-450 Ma) tectonism in the Ross orogen, situated at the present-day Transantarctic Mountains, coupled with a static thermal overprint in much of the craton interior.
Interaction with supercontinents
Rodinia: 1100–750 Ma
East Antarctica comprises Archean and Proterozoic-Cambrian terranes that amalgamated during Precambrian and Cambrian times. In the time of the supercontinent Rodinia, western Australia and East Antarctica were linked by the two-stage Albany-Fraser-Wilkes orogen, which occurred between 1350 and 1260 Ma and 1210-1140 Ma, and also the older, Mawson craton. It is estimated that Rodinia formed between 1100 Ma and 1000 Ma. During this time, there was tectonism occurring from Coats Land to the Windmill Islands of East Antarctica. This was taken as evidence for a continuous, late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic mobile belt skirting across the coast of the East Antarctic Shield. This Grenville-age belt is commonly called the Wegener-Mawson Mobile Belt, or the Circum East Antarctic Mobile Belt, and can be extended to formerly adjacent continents. The Maud Province correlates with the Namaqua-Natal Province of South Africa. Rocks in the Rayner Complex and northern Prince Charles Mountains are an extension of the Eastern Ghats of India. Lastly, relationships in the Bunger Hills-Windmill Islands correspond closely to those in the Albany-Fraser Orogen of western Australia. This region of Grenville-age tectonism is interpreted as a suture between the Central Antarctic-South Australian craton (the Mawson continent) and the marginal cratons that make up most of southern Africa, India and western Australia. This tectonism continued until 900 Ma and by 750 Ma, the supercontinent Rodinia had begun to break up. The rupture might have resulted from the opening of an equatorial ocean basin between West Laurentia and West Australia-East Antarctica.
Gondwana: 550–320 Ma
The configuration of the continents during the time of Gondwana. The location of the Pan-African Orogeny, Lutzow Holm belt and many other features caused by the interaction between the East Antarctic Shield and the surrounding plates.
Then came Gondwana. The amalgamation of East and West Gondwana occurred by the closure of the Mozambique Ocean. This collision occurred between 700 and 500 Ma and resulted in the East African Orogeny. The protracted Pan-African tectonic period was one of the most spectacular mountain building episodes in Earth's history. Gondwana incorporated all of Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, Arabia, India and East Antarctica along with most of South America and Australia. In the late Cambrian, Gondwana stretched from polar (NW Africa) to subtropical southerly latitudes with East Antarctica around the equator. The Pan-African orogenies that stabilized the East Antarctic Shield took place in two main zones; a broad region between the Shackleton Mountain Range, caused by the collision with South Africa, and India, and along the Transantarctic Mountains (Ross Orogeny).
The Ross Orogen comprises a deformed sequence of Neoproterozoic to Cambrian sediments. These sediments were deposited at a passive margin that likely developed during the rifting of North America from the East Antarctic Shield, and were subsequently deformed and metamorphosed at a low- to medium-grade and intruded by syn- and post-tectonic granitoids. Plutonism and metamorphism commenced at about 550 Ma with peak metamorphism at 540-535 Ma. At this time, two more high-grade Cambrian mobile belts formed in East Antarctica, the Lutzow Holm Belt and the Prydz Belt. Tectonism was relatively synchronous between the two from 550 to 515 Ma and both belts overprinted late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic, Grenville-age magmatic and metamorphosed rocks. The Lutzow Holm Belt separates the Grenville-age Maud and Rayner Provinces and is the southernmost segment of the East African Orogeny, which extended from East Africa to the Shackleton Range. Evidence for ocean closure is well-documented in the East African Orogen and this is supported by the occurrence of ophiolite material in the Shackleton Range. Further evidence for ocean closure along the Lutzow Holm Belt is provided by the different ages of Grenville-age tectonism in the Maud and Rayner Provinces of either side of the inferred suture. The climax of activity in both the Lutzow Holm and Prydz Belts was at 530 Ma, but the possibility of two-near-simultaneous collisions cannot be discounted and would mean that East Antarctica comprise three major crustal fragments that did not combine until the Cambrian.
Pangea: 320–160 Ma
Animation of the rifting of Pangaea
From 320 Ma onward, Gondwana, Laurussia, and intervening terranes merged to form the supercontinent Pangea. Pangea's main amalgamation occurred during the Carboniferous but continents continued to be added and rifted away in the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic. Pangea ruptured during the Jurassic, preceded by and associated with widespread magmatic activity, including the Karoo flood basalts and related dyke swarms in South Africa and the Ferrar Province in East Antarctica.
Post Pangea: 160 Ma–present
In the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, the East Antarctic Shield began to move southward at a faster rate than Africa and South America, resulting in seafloor spreading between the two sub-blocks of Gondwana in the Weddell Sea, Riiser-Larsen Sea, Mozambique and Somali basins. A long phase of extension and rifting took place in the southern Weddell Sea before the onset of seafloor spreading, dated around 147 Ma. During the mid-Cretaceous, seafloor spreading propagated eastward from the Riiser-Larsen Sea to the Enderby basin between East Antarctica and India. At 50 Ma, the inception of rapid northward drift of the Australian plate caused rapid accretion of oceanic crust on the East Antarctic Shield. Relative extension between West Australia and East Antarctica commenced in the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary, but oceanic crust between these two plates was formed only between 45 and 30 Ma in the Adare Trough of the Ross Sea.
See also
Geology of Antarctica – Geologic composition of Antarctica
References
^ a b Drewry, David J. (November 1976). "Sedimentary basins of the east antarctic craton from geophysical evidence". Tectonophysics. 36 (1–3): 301–314. Bibcode:1976Tectp..36..301J. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(76)90023-8.
^ a b c d e f g h i Torsvik, T. H.; Gaina, C.; Redfield, T. F. (2008). "Antarctica and Global Paleogeography: From Rodinia, Through Gondwanaland and Pangea, to the Birth of the Southern Ocean and the Opening of Gateways". Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World. pp. 125–140. doi:10.17226/12168. ISBN 978-0-309-11854-5.
^ a b c d e f Fitzsimons, I. C. W. (2000). "A review of tectonic events in the East Antarctic Shield and their implications for Gondwana and earlier supercontinents". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 31 (1): 3–23. Bibcode:2000JAfES..31....3F. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(00)00069-5.
^ Boger, S. D.; Fanning, C. J. L.; Fanning, C. M. (2001). "Early Paleozoic tectonism within the East Antarctic craton: The final suture between east and west Gondwana?". Geology. 29 (5): 463–466. Bibcode:2001Geo....29..463B. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0463:EPTWTE>2.0.CO;2.
^ Harley, S. C. (2003). "Archaean-Cambrian crustal development of East Antarctica: Metamorphic characteristics and tectonic implication". Geological Society of London, Special Publications. Proterozoic East Gondwana: Supercontinent Assembly and Breakup (206): 203–230. Bibcode:2003GSLSP.206..203H. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.206.01.11. S2CID 128667053.
^ Fitzsimons, I. C. E. (2003). "Proterozoic basement provinces of southern and southwestern Australia, and their correlations with Antarctica". Geological Society of London, Special Publications. Proterozoic East Gondwana: Supercontinent Assembly and Breakup (206): 93–130. Bibcode:2003GSLSP.206...93F. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.206.01.07. S2CID 129929345.
^ a b Kamanev, E. N. (1993). "Structure and evolution of the Antarctic shield in Precambrian". Gondwana Eight: Assembly, Evolution and Dispersal: 141–151.
^ Shackleton, R. M. (1986). "Precambrian collision tectonics in Africa". Geological Society of London, Special Publications. Collision Tectonics (19): 329–349. Bibcode:1986GSLSP..19..329S. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.019.01.19. S2CID 131080096.
^ Stump, E. (1995). The Ross Orogen of the Transantarctic Mountains. Cambridge University Press. p. 284. ISBN 9780521019996.
^ Goodje, J. W.; Walker, N. W.; Hansel, V. L. (1993). "Neoproterozoic-Cambrian basement-involved orogenesis within the Antarctic margin of Gondwana". Geology. 21 (1): 37–40. Bibcode:1993Geo....21...37G. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0037:NCBIOW>2.3.CO;2.
^ Stern, R. J. (1994). "Arc assembly and continental collision in the Neoproterozoic East African Orogen: implications for the consolidation of Gondwanaland". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 22: 319–351. Bibcode:1994AREPS..22..319S. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.001535. S2CID 4999945.
^ Grunow, A.; Hanson, R.; Wilson, T. (1996). "Were aspects of Pan-African deformation linked to lapetus opening?". Geology. 24 (12): 1063–1066. Bibcode:1996Geo....24.1063G. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<1063:WAOPAD>2.3.CO;2.
^ Torsvik, T. H.; Cocks, L. R. M. (2004). "Earth geography from 400–250 million years: A paleomagnetic, faunal and facies review". Journal of the Geological Society of London. 161 (4): 555–572. doi:10.1144/0016-764903-098. S2CID 128812370.
^ Torsvik, T. H.; Smethurst, M. A.; Burke, K.; Steinberg, B. (2006). "Large Igneous Provinces generated from the margins of the Large Low Velocity Provinces in the deep mantle". Geophysical Journal International. 167 (3): 1447–1460. Bibcode:2006GeoJI.167.1447T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03158.x.
^ König, M.; Jokat, W. (2006). "The Mesozoic breakup of the Weddell Sea". Journal of Geophysical Research. 111 (B12): 12102. Bibcode:2006JGRB..11112102K. doi:10.1029/2005JB004035.
^ Gaina, C.; Müller, R. D.; Brown, B.; Ishihara, T.; Ivanov, K.S. (2007). "Breakup and early seafloor spreading between India and Antarctica". Geophysical Journal International. 170 (1): 151–169. Bibcode:2007GeoJI.170..151G. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03450.x.
^ Whittaker, J. M.; Müller, R. D.; Laitchenkov, G.; Stagg, H.; Sdrolias, M.; Gaina, C.; Goncharov, A. (2007). "Major Australia-Antarctica plate reorganization at Hawaiian-Emperor bend time". Science. 318 (5847): 83–87. Bibcode:2007Sci...318...83W. doi:10.1126/science.1143769. PMID 17916729. S2CID 129191964.
^ Cande, S. C.; Stock, J.; Müller, R. D.; Ishihara, T. (2000). "Cenozoic motion between East and West Antarctica". Nature. 404 (6774): 145–150. Bibcode:2000Natur.404..145C. doi:10.1038/35004501. PMID 10724159. S2CID 4399729.
vteAntarcticaGeography
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vteContinents of Earth
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Greenland
Indian Subcontinent
See also: World portalRegions of the worldContinental fragment CategoryChronology of continents | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_McMurdo-South_Pole_highway.jpg"},{"link_name":"cratonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craton"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drewry-1"},{"link_name":"shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_(geology)"},{"link_name":"East Antarctic Ice Sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet"},{"link_name":"East Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"West Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Transantarctic Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Weddell Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddell_Sea"},{"link_name":"Ross Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Sea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torsvik2008-2"},{"link_name":"Mawson craton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawson_craton"}],"text":"Figure 1. Map of East and West Antarctica separated by the Transantarctic Mountain RangeThe East Antarctic Shield or Craton is a cratonic rock body that covers 10.2 million square kilometers or roughly 73% of the continent of Antarctica.[1] The shield is almost entirely buried by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet that has an average thickness of 2200 meters but reaches up to 4700 meters in some locations. East Antarctica is separated from West Antarctica by the 100–300 kilometer wide Transantarctic Mountains, which span nearly 3,500 kilometers from the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea.[2] The East Antarctic Shield is then divided into an extensive central craton (Mawson craton) that occupies most of the continental interior and various other marginal cratons that are exposed along the coast.","title":"East Antarctic Shield"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_motion_of_the_East_Antarctic_Shield.svg"},{"link_name":"East Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Circle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torsvik2008-2"},{"link_name":"supercontinents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercontinents"},{"link_name":"Rodinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodinia"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"Pangea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea"},{"link_name":"shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_(geology)"},{"link_name":"radioactive dating techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_dating"},{"link_name":"isotope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope"},{"link_name":"Neoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"metasediments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasediment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torsvik2008-2"},{"link_name":"Precambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian"},{"link_name":"Ordovician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician"},{"link_name":"basement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement_(geology)"},{"link_name":"igneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rock"},{"link_name":"sedimentary rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock"},{"link_name":"granites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICWFitzsimons-3"},{"link_name":"Devonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"tholeiitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholeiitic_magma_series"},{"link_name":"plutonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drewry-1"},{"link_name":"Archean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archean"},{"link_name":"Paleoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"cratons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craton"},{"link_name":"Mesoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"Neoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"East Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Neoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"Ordovician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician"},{"link_name":"tectonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics"},{"link_name":"Transantarctic Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICWFitzsimons-3"}],"text":"The blue line represents the path traveled by the East Antarctic Shield over the past 550 million years. Red numbers indicate the time (millions of years ago); the yellow dot represents the south pole.Over the past 1 billion years, East Antarctica has traveled from tropical (to subtropical) southerly latitudes to its current location with the entire East Antarctic Shield positioned south of the Antarctic Circle.[2] Despite its relative lack of motion over the past 75 million years, the East Antarctic Shield has played a significant role in the arrangement and motion of its surrounding plates during the amalgamation and separation of the supercontinents, Rodinia, Gondwana, and Pangea. Because the surface of the shield is covered by ice and therefore not directly accessible, the information about its tectonic history comes primarily from seismic and core-sample data. Geologists have used this data to define the rock types present, age the rocks using radioactive dating techniques, unveil the climate history from isotope ratios, and trace the shield's motion based on varying magnetic properties. Unfortunately, there are only a few places where data can be collected directly from the basement rock, and even at these locations, the exposed areas of the central craton can be misleading due to factors such as reworking during high-grade late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian deformation, variable overprinting by Cambrian tectonics, and the presence of younger metasediments.[2] However, it has been determined that the East Antarctic Shield has a Precambrian to Ordovician basement of igneous and sedimentary rocks that are deformed and metamorphosed to varying degrees, and intruded by syn- to post-tectonic granites.[3] The basement is locally overlain by undeformed Devonian to Jurassic sediments, and intruded by Jurassic tholeiitic plutonic and volcanic rocks.[1] This knowledge of the shield's structural features and compositions leads to the development of a tectonic history. The traditional models of East Antarctic Shield geology typically involve a three-stage tectonic history that includes:the stabilization of various Archean to Paleoproterozoic cratons before 1600 Ma\nthe development of a high-grade late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic (1300-900 Ma) mobile belt that roughly follows the modern coast of East Antarctica, and\nlow- to high-grade late Neoproterozoic to Ordovician (550-450 Ma) tectonism in the Ross orogen, situated at the present-day Transantarctic Mountains, coupled with a static thermal overprint in much of the craton interior.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Interaction with supercontinents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Archean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archean"},{"link_name":"Proterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterozoic"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"terranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrane"},{"link_name":"Precambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boger-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harley-5"},{"link_name":"supercontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercontinent"},{"link_name":"Rodinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodinia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"East Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICEFitzsimons-6"},{"link_name":"Rodinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodinia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torsvik2008-2"},{"link_name":"tectonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics"},{"link_name":"Coats Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coats_Land"},{"link_name":"Windmill Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill_Islands"},{"link_name":"East Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Mesoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"Neoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamenev-7"},{"link_name":"Grenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenville_orogeny"},{"link_name":"Maud Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Prince Charles Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Eastern Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ghats"},{"link_name":"Bunger Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunger_Hills"},{"link_name":"Windmill Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill_Islands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICWFitzsimons-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamenev-7"},{"link_name":"suture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suture_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Mawson continent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawson_continent"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICWFitzsimons-3"},{"link_name":"supercontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercontinent"},{"link_name":"Rodinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodinia"},{"link_name":"Laurentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torsvik2008-2"}],"sub_title":"Rodinia: 1100–750 Ma","text":"East Antarctica comprises Archean and Proterozoic-Cambrian terranes that amalgamated during Precambrian and Cambrian times.[4][5] In the time of the supercontinent Rodinia, western Australia and East Antarctica were linked by the two-stage Albany-Fraser-Wilkes orogen, which occurred between 1350 and 1260 Ma and 1210-1140 Ma, and also the older, Mawson craton.[6] It is estimated that Rodinia formed between 1100 Ma and 1000 Ma.[2] During this time, there was tectonism occurring from Coats Land to the Windmill Islands of East Antarctica. This was taken as evidence for a continuous, late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic mobile belt skirting across the coast of the East Antarctic Shield.[7] This Grenville-age belt is commonly called the Wegener-Mawson Mobile Belt, or the Circum East Antarctic Mobile Belt, and can be extended to formerly adjacent continents. The Maud Province correlates with the Namaqua-Natal Province of South Africa. Rocks in the Rayner Complex and northern Prince Charles Mountains are an extension of the Eastern Ghats of India. Lastly, relationships in the Bunger Hills-Windmill Islands correspond closely to those in the Albany-Fraser Orogen of western Australia.[3][7] This region of Grenville-age tectonism is interpreted as a suture between the Central Antarctic-South Australian craton (the Mawson continent) and the marginal cratons that make up most of southern Africa, India and western Australia.[3] This tectonism continued until 900 Ma and by 750 Ma, the supercontinent Rodinia had begun to break up. The rupture might have resulted from the opening of an equatorial ocean basin between West Laurentia and West Australia-East Antarctica.[2]","title":"Interaction with supercontinents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuunga2.png"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"East African Orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Orogeny"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shackleton-8"},{"link_name":"Pan-African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_orogeny"},{"link_name":"mountain building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_formation"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"East Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torsvik2008-2"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"East Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"Shackleton Mountain Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shackleton_Range"},{"link_name":"collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_collision"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Transantarctic Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torsvik2008-2"},{"link_name":"Neoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stump-9"},{"link_name":"rifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"granitoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitoid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICWFitzsimons-3"},{"link_name":"Plutonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonism"},{"link_name":"metamorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodge-10"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"East Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Tectonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics"},{"link_name":"Mesoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"Neoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"Grenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenville_orogeny"},{"link_name":"East African Orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Orogeny"},{"link_name":"Shackleton Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shackleton_Range"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICWFitzsimons-3"},{"link_name":"ophiolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiolite"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stern-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grunow-12"}],"sub_title":"Gondwana: 550–320 Ma","text":"The configuration of the continents during the time of Gondwana. The location of the Pan-African Orogeny, Lutzow Holm belt and many other features caused by the interaction between the East Antarctic Shield and the surrounding plates.Then came Gondwana. The amalgamation of East and West Gondwana occurred by the closure of the Mozambique Ocean. This collision occurred between 700 and 500 Ma and resulted in the East African Orogeny.[8] The protracted Pan-African tectonic period was one of the most spectacular mountain building episodes in Earth's history. Gondwana incorporated all of Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, Arabia, India and East Antarctica along with most of South America and Australia.[2] In the late Cambrian, Gondwana stretched from polar (NW Africa) to subtropical southerly latitudes with East Antarctica around the equator. The Pan-African orogenies that stabilized the East Antarctic Shield took place in two main zones; a broad region between the Shackleton Mountain Range, caused by the collision with South Africa, and India, and along the Transantarctic Mountains (Ross Orogeny).[2]The Ross Orogen comprises a deformed sequence of Neoproterozoic to Cambrian sediments.[9] These sediments were deposited at a passive margin that likely developed during the rifting of North America from the East Antarctic Shield, and were subsequently deformed and metamorphosed at a low- to medium-grade and intruded by syn- and post-tectonic granitoids.[3] Plutonism and metamorphism commenced at about 550 Ma with peak metamorphism at 540-535 Ma.[10] At this time, two more high-grade Cambrian mobile belts formed in East Antarctica, the Lutzow Holm Belt and the Prydz Belt. Tectonism was relatively synchronous between the two from 550 to 515 Ma and both belts overprinted late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic, Grenville-age magmatic and metamorphosed rocks. The Lutzow Holm Belt separates the Grenville-age Maud and Rayner Provinces and is the southernmost segment of the East African Orogeny, which extended from East Africa to the Shackleton Range.[3] Evidence for ocean closure is well-documented in the East African Orogen and this is supported by the occurrence of ophiolite material in the Shackleton Range.[11] Further evidence for ocean closure along the Lutzow Holm Belt is provided by the different ages of Grenville-age tectonism in the Maud and Rayner Provinces of either side of the inferred suture. The climax of activity in both the Lutzow Holm and Prydz Belts was at 530 Ma, but the possibility of two-near-simultaneous collisions cannot be discounted and would mean that East Antarctica comprise three major crustal fragments that did not combine until the Cambrian.[12]","title":"Interaction with supercontinents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pangea_animation_03.gif"},{"link_name":"Laurussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurussia"},{"link_name":"supercontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercontinent"},{"link_name":"Pangea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torsvik2008-2"},{"link_name":"Carboniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous"},{"link_name":"Paleozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torsvik2004-13"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Karoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoo-Ferrar"},{"link_name":"flood basalts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_basalt"},{"link_name":"dyke swarms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dike_swarm"},{"link_name":"Ferrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoo-Ferrar"},{"link_name":"East Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torsvik2006-14"}],"sub_title":"Pangea: 320–160 Ma","text":"Animation of the rifting of PangaeaFrom 320 Ma onward, Gondwana, Laurussia, and intervening terranes merged to form the supercontinent Pangea.[2] Pangea's main amalgamation occurred during the Carboniferous but continents continued to be added and rifted away in the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic.[13] Pangea ruptured during the Jurassic, preceded by and associated with widespread magmatic activity, including the Karoo flood basalts and related dyke swarms in South Africa and the Ferrar Province in East Antarctica.[14]","title":"Interaction with supercontinents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"seafloor spreading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafloor_spreading"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"Weddell Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddell_Sea"},{"link_name":"Riiser-Larsen Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torsvik2008-2"},{"link_name":"rifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift"},{"link_name":"Weddell Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddell_Sea"},{"link_name":"seafloor spreading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafloor_spreading"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Konig-15"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Riiser-Larsen Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea"},{"link_name":"East Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaina-16"},{"link_name":"Australian plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate"},{"link_name":"accretion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion_(geology)"},{"link_name":"oceanic crust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_crust"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whittaker-17"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Tertiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cande-18"}],"sub_title":"Post Pangea: 160 Ma–present","text":"In the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, the East Antarctic Shield began to move southward at a faster rate than Africa and South America, resulting in seafloor spreading between the two sub-blocks of Gondwana in the Weddell Sea, Riiser-Larsen Sea, Mozambique and Somali basins.[2] A long phase of extension and rifting took place in the southern Weddell Sea before the onset of seafloor spreading, dated around 147 Ma.[15] During the mid-Cretaceous, seafloor spreading propagated eastward from the Riiser-Larsen Sea to the Enderby basin between East Antarctica and India.[16] At 50 Ma, the inception of rapid northward drift of the Australian plate caused rapid accretion of oceanic crust on the East Antarctic Shield.[17] Relative extension between West Australia and East Antarctica commenced in the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary, but oceanic crust between these two plates was formed only between 45 and 30 Ma in the Adare Trough of the Ross Sea.[18]","title":"Interaction with supercontinents"}] | [{"image_text":"Figure 1. Map of East and West Antarctica separated by the Transantarctic Mountain Range","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_McMurdo-South_Pole_highway.jpg/300px-Map_of_the_McMurdo-South_Pole_highway.jpg"},{"image_text":"The blue line represents the path traveled by the East Antarctic Shield over the past 550 million years. Red numbers indicate the time (millions of years ago); the yellow dot represents the south pole.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Map_of_motion_of_the_East_Antarctic_Shield.svg/345px-Map_of_motion_of_the_East_Antarctic_Shield.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The configuration of the continents during the time of Gondwana. The location of the Pan-African Orogeny, Lutzow Holm belt and many other features caused by the interaction between the East Antarctic Shield and the surrounding plates.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kuunga2.png/313px-Kuunga2.png"},{"image_text":"Animation of the rifting of Pangaea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Pangea_animation_03.gif"}] | [{"title":"Geology of Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Antarctica"}] | [{"reference":"Drewry, David J. (November 1976). \"Sedimentary basins of the east antarctic craton from geophysical evidence\". Tectonophysics. 36 (1–3): 301–314. Bibcode:1976Tectp..36..301J. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(76)90023-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Tectp..36..301J","url_text":"1976Tectp..36..301J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-1951%2876%2990023-8","url_text":"10.1016/0040-1951(76)90023-8"}]},{"reference":"Torsvik, T. H.; Gaina, C.; Redfield, T. F. (2008). \"Antarctica and Global Paleogeography: From Rodinia, Through Gondwanaland and Pangea, to the Birth of the Southern Ocean and the Opening of Gateways\". Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World. pp. 125–140. doi:10.17226/12168. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Pena | Carlos Peña | ["1 Early life","2 Professional career","2.1 Texas Rangers","2.2 Oakland Athletics","2.3 Detroit Tigers","2.4 New York Yankees","2.5 Boston Red Sox","2.6 Tampa Bay Devil Rays","2.7 Chicago Cubs","2.8 Second stint with the Tampa Bay Rays","2.9 Houston Astros","2.10 Kansas City Royals","2.11 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim","2.12 Second stint with the Rangers","3 Broadcasting","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Dominican baseball player (born 1978)
For other people named Carlos Peña, see Carlos Peña (disambiguation).
Baseball player
Carlos PeñaPeña broadcasting 2019 Major League Baseball All-Star GameFirst basemanBorn: (1978-05-17) May 17, 1978 (age 46)Santo Domingo, Dominican RepublicBatted: LeftThrew: LeftMLB debutSeptember 5, 2001, for the Texas RangersLast MLB appearanceJuly 12, 2014, for the Texas RangersMLB statisticsBatting average.232Home runs286Runs batted in818
Teams
Texas Rangers (2001)
Oakland Athletics (2002)
Detroit Tigers (2002–2005)
Boston Red Sox (2006)
Tampa Bay Devil Rays / Rays (2007–2010)
Chicago Cubs (2011)
Tampa Bay Rays (2012)
Houston Astros (2013)
Kansas City Royals (2013)
Texas Rangers (2014)
Career highlights and awards
All-Star (2009)
Gold Glove Award (2008)
Silver Slugger Award (2007)
AL Comeback Player of the Year (2007)
AL home run leader (2009)
Carlos Felipe Peña (born May 17, 1978) is a Dominican former professional baseball first baseman and current broadcaster. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers, Oakland Athletics, Detroit Tigers, Boston Red Sox, Tampa Bay Devil Rays/Rays, Chicago Cubs, Houston Astros, and Kansas City Royals.
Although Peña was born in Santo Domingo and his family is from San Francisco de Macorís, he spent a significant portion of his childhood in the United States.
Early life
Peña is the second-oldest of five children born to Felipe and Juana Marisela Peña. The family moved to the United States from the Dominican Republic when Peña was 12, initially living with one of his uncles.
Peña graduated from Haverhill High School in Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 1995. He initially went to Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, but returned home after one year and attended Northeastern University in Boston; there, Peña studied electrical engineering. As a collegiate player, he competed in the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL), which showcases top amateur prospects every summer. Peña was a member of the Harwich Mariners in 1996 and the Wareham Gatemen in 1997. In 1997, he was named CCBL league MVP and was inducted into the CCBL Hall of Fame in 2003. During his time at Northeastern, Peña led the Northeastern Huskies to one NCAA tournament. Peña's career batting average at Northeastern was .324 and he finished with 24 home runs in two seasons.
Professional career
Texas Rangers
Peña was selected in the first round (10th pick overall) by the Texas Rangers in the 1998 Major League Baseball draft.
Peña played for three different Rangers affiliates in 1998. Prior to the 1999 season, Peña was named by Baseball America as the 93rd prospect in their top 100 prospects list. In 1999, Peña played for the Charlotte Rangers, the Rangers Advanced Single-A team. He batted .255 with 18 home runs in 138 games.
Peña was promoted to the Double-A Tulsa Drillers in 2000, where he batted .299 with 28 home runs and 105 RBI in 138 games.
Peña appeared in Baseball America's top 100 prospect list in 2001, this time at number eleven and was the Rangers' top prospect. He advanced another level in 2001, this time playing for the Oklahoma Redhawks, the Rangers' Triple-A affiliate. He played in 119 games for the Redhawks, in which he batted .288 with 23 home runs and 74 RBIs. Peña was also a Triple-A All-Star in 2001.
Following the 2001 minor league season, the Rangers called Peña up to the big leagues during September, when rosters expand. He made his big league debut on September 5, starting at first base, wearing number 15, and going hitless in three at-bats. Peña finished the 2001 season with a .258 batting average and three home runs in 22 games played.
Oakland Athletics
On January 14, 2002, along with Mike Venafro, Peña was traded by the Rangers to the Oakland Athletics for Jason Hart, Gerald Laird, Ryan Ludwick, and Mario Ramos.
In 40 games with the A's, Peña hit .218 with seven home runs and 16 RBIs. During a stint with Triple-A Sacramento from July 2–5, he hit .438 with two home runs and six RBIs.
Peña was mentioned several times in Michael Lewis' book Moneyball and was a minor character in the film based on the book. He is portrayed in the film by actor Adrian Bellani.
Detroit Tigers
Peña was involved in a three team deal on July 6, 2002. The Athletics sent Peña, a player to be named later (later named as Jeremy Bonderman), and Franklyn Germán to the Detroit Tigers. The New York Yankees sent Ted Lilly, John-Ford Griffin, and Jason Arnold to the Athletics. The Tigers sent Jeff Weaver to the Yankees and cash to the Athletics.
The Tigers acquired Peña due to a season-ending injury to designated hitter Dmitri Young and the first baseman at the time of the trade for the Tigers, Randall Simon, immediately became the Tigers' designated hitter following Peña's acquisition.
Peña made his Tigers' debut the next day against the Boston Red Sox, as he went 3–4 with 2 doubles and 2 RBIs. Peña played in 75 games for the Tigers in 2002 and batted .253 with 12 home runs and 36 RBIs. Overall, he batted .242 with 19 home runs and 52 RBIs in 115 games. His 2002 season included a 12-game hitting streak from September 8–21, which tied teammate Omar Infante for the longest hitting streak for an American League rookie in 2002.
Peña played in his first full season in 2003 as the Tigers' everyday first baseman. On May 19, against the Cleveland Indians, he established career highs with 3 home runs and 7 RBIs. Peña also missed nearly a month in June when he suffered a left calf strain. He played in 131 games for the Tigers in 2003 and batted .248 with 18 home runs and 59 RBIs.
In 2004, Peña established career highs in games played (142), at bats (481), hits (116), doubles (22), home runs (27), runs scored (89), RBIs (82), total bases (227), stolen bases (7), walks (70), and strikeouts (146). Peña also batted .241 in 2004.
On May 27, 2004, against the Kansas City Royals, Peña matched a Tigers' nine-inning, single-game record with a career-high six hits. He became the fifth player in franchise history to do so and the first since Damion Easley on August 8, 2001, against the Texas Rangers. He batted in the eighth spot in the batting order and his six hits were the most from the eighth spot since Wilbert Robinson of the Baltimore Orioles collected seven hits on June 10, 1892 against St. Louis.
Peña began the 2005 season as the Tigers' starting first baseman. After playing in 40 games in which he batted .181 with three home runs and 14 RBIs, Peña was demoted to the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens, where he played in 71 games for the Mud Hens and batted .311 with 12 home runs and 71 RBIs. Following an injury to shortstop Carlos Guillén, Peña was recalled on August 17. Following his recall, he hit 15 home runs in 38 games. Overall, he played in 79 games for the Tigers in 2005, and batted .235 with 18 home runs and 44 RBIs.
In Spring training during 2006, Peña batted .160 with one home run and four RBIs in 17 games for the Tigers, and the Tigers released him on March 26, 2006.
While with the Tigers, Peña hit the longest home run, a 461-foot blast, in Comerica Park history.
New York Yankees
Peña signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees on April 15, 2006. He played at the Triple-A level for the Columbus Clippers. Playing in 105 games, Peña batted .260 with 19 home runs and 66 RBIs. He exercised a clause in his contract and became a free agent on August 16.
Boston Red Sox
On August 17, 2006, Peña signed a minor league contract with the Red Sox and was assigned to Triple-A Pawtucket. At Pawtucket, Peña played in 11 games and batted .459 with 4 home runs and 8 RBIs. His contract was purchased on August 28. On September 4, Peña hit his only home run of the season. He was a defensive replacement and when he batted in the bottom of the ninth, he hit a walk-off home run off Brandon McCarthy of the Chicago White Sox.
Peña ended up playing in 18 games for the Red Sox in 2006. He batted .273 with 1 home run and three RBIs. Following the season, he opted for free agency.
Tampa Bay Devil Rays
Peña signed a minor league contract with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays on February 1, 2007 with an invitation to spring training. The Rays reassigned Peña to minor league camp. With a knee injury to Greg Norton on the last day of spring training, the Rays re-signed him, this time to a Major League contract on April 1.
Peña is congratulated by Carl Crawford and Akinori Iwamura after hitting a three-run home run against the Yankees on April 4, 2008
Peña was on the Rays' active roster throughout the 2007 season. Peña had a slow start to his 2007 season, batting .213 with four home runs in the month of April as a backup player. Peña hit .356 with six home runs and 15 RBIs in May as an everyday player and was the Rays' first baseman for the rest of the season. He had four multi-home run games from August 26 to September 22.
Peña would go on to have the best season of his career in 2007 and set numerous career highs. He finished the season with a .282 batting average, 46 home runs and 121 RBIs. His batting average, home runs, and RBIs were career highs, as well as games played (148), at bats (490), runs scored (99), doubles (29), total bases (307), on-base percentage (.411), slugging percentage (.627), walks (103), and strikeouts (142). He was second in the American League in home runs to Alex Rodriguez' 54, and first in at bats per home run (10.7). His home run, RBI, slugging percentage, on-base percentage and walk totals also set Rays franchise records. In 2007, he had the lowest range factor of all AL league first basemen, 8.73. Peña's season led to his being named the 2007 American League Comeback Player of the Year and he was considered as an AL MVP candidate. He also was named the Player's Choice AL Comeback Player of the Year by fellow players. Peña was allowed to donate $20,000 to Dominican youth under the poverty line.
In 2008, Peña had .227 batting average and 11 home runs in 207 at-bats through June 4, 2008. A day after going 2-for-3 with a home run and three runs batted in against the Boston Red Sox, Peña was placed on the fifteen-day disabled placed on June 4, 2008 due to a broken finger. He returned to action from the disabled list on June 27, and finished the season with a .247 batting average, 31 home runs, and 102 RBIs. Peña homered once every 15.8 at-bats, the highest ratio on the Rays. One of his home runs, on September 19 against the Minnesota Twins, was the result of the first call overturned by instant replay in MLB history. After the 2008 season ended, he was awarded his first (and also the first for a Tampa Bay Rays franchise player) AL Gold Glove.
Peña was elected for the 2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, replacing Dustin Pedroia and participated in the 2009 Home Run Derby where he lost in a bat-off against Albert Pujols in the first round. On September 7, 2009, Peña suffered two broken fingers after getting hit by a pitch, which put him out for the rest of the 2009 season. Despite missing the last few weeks of the season, he still finished tied for the lead for home runs in the American League at 39 with Mark Teixeira of the New York Yankees. He also led the AL in at bats per home run (12.1) despite having the lowest batting average of all qualified hitters (.227). Peña's three-year contract with the Rays, reported by the St. Petersburg Times as worth $24.125 million, expired at the end of the 2010 season.
In 2010 with the Rays, Peña hit 28 home runs drove in 84 runs and finished the season with a .196 batting average (below the Mendoza line), the lowest average of anyone in the Majors who qualified for the batting title. He also started 135 games at first base for the Rays and played in 144 games.
In the 2010 American League Division Series against Texas, Peña got his first triple of the year off Rangers starter Tommy Hunter in Game 4 on October 10, helping the Rays even the playoff series at two games apiece. The day before, he had gone 2-for-3 with a home run. The Rays would lose the series, 3–2.
Chicago Cubs
On December 8, 2010, Peña signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Cubs worth $10 million. He received $5 million in 2011 and $5 million in January 2012, counted against the 2011 payroll. In 153 games, Peña hit .225 with 28 home runs and 80 RBIs as Chicago's starting first baseman.
Second stint with the Tampa Bay Rays
Peña with the Rays in 2012
On January 20, 2012, Peña returned to the Rays for a second stint, signing a 1-year, $7.25 million deal. He was introduced four days later on January 24 after passing a physical earlier in the day. He returned to his #23 uniform number he had in his previous tenure with the Rays.
During opening day on April 6, 2012 against the Yankees, Peña hit a grand slam off of CC Sabathia in his first at-bat and later, the game-winning hit off of Mariano Rivera to seal a 7–6 victory for the Rays.
Peña played in 160 games, serving as the primary first baseman and occasional DH. He finished the 2012 season with a .197 average (lowest among all qualified MLB batters), 19 home runs, and 61 RBI.
Houston Astros
On December 17, 2012, Peña signed a one-year deal with the Houston Astros, worth $2.9 million with another $1.4 million in incentives, to be their designated hitter in their inaugural American League season. On July 21, 2013, Peña was designated for assignment. He was released by the Astros on July 31, 2013.
Kansas City Royals
Peña was signed to a minor league contract by the Kansas City Royals on August 28, 2013. He played in 4 games for the Royals with three hitless at bats before the end of the season.
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
On January 28, 2014, Peña along with Brennan Boesch, signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. The contract included an invitation to spring training. On March 23, Peña was released by the Angels.
Second stint with the Rangers
Peña with the Rangers in 2014
On June 17, 2014, Peña signed a minor league deal to return to the Rangers. He was called up on June 24. He played 18 games for the Rangers, batting .136/.190/.237 with 2 RBI in 59 at bats before being designated for assignment on July 17. On August 17, Peña was officially released by the Rangers.
After remaining out of the game for over a year, failing to find another team to play for, Peña signed a one-day contract with the Tampa Bay Rays so he could officially retire as a member of the team.
Broadcasting
In December 2014, MLB Network announced that Peña had joined its team as a studio analyst.
In September 2017, Peña appeared on New England Sports Network (NESN) as a studio analyst, and also worked as a color commentator with Jerry Remy and play-by-play announcer Dave O'Brien during the Red Sox' final series of the regular season, against the Houston Astros.
In 2018, Peña was featured on a Season 7 episode of Impractical Jokers during a punishment for Joe Gatto, one of the Jokers.
In February 2019, Peña was announced as part of the NESN broadcast team for the Red Sox' 2019 season, to fill in when regular color commentators Jerry Remy and Dennis Eckersley are not available.
Peña also contributes to Cubs Postgame Live on Marquee Sports Network. In January 2024, Peña was announced as part of the Detroit Tigers Bally Sports Detroit broadcast team for the Tigers' 2024 season, to handle color commentary for multiple games alongside play-by-play announcers Jason Benetti and Dan Dickerson.
Personal life
In the wake of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Peña donated food and medical supplies to the victims and made fundraising appearances, which he described as, "people uniting for a good cause, people showing their good heart". Peña is also a spokesman for Big Brothers Big Sisters of America and, in 2008, was the Rays' nominee for the Roberto Clemente Award, given for exemplifying on-field achievement and sportsmanship with off-field community service. He has also worked with Uncork for a Cause and "Rays on the Runway" charity event held by his former team. Carlos and his wife, Pamela, have three children.
See also
Biography portalBaseball portalDominican Republic portal
List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders
References
^ "Carlos Pena". Baseball America. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
^ "CCBL Alumni Year Drafted | Wareham Gateman Players in MLB". Cape Cod Baseball League. April 16, 2007. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
^ Garner, Jr., John (June 8, 2003). "Cape Cod Baseball League Hall of Fame News | Eleven Legends to be Inducted into CCBL Hall of Fame". capecodbaseball.org. Cape Cod Baseball League. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
^ "Baseball – Baseball Career statistics, 1962–present". nuhuskies.com. Northwestern Wildcats. 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
^ "Minnesota Twins 12, Texas Rangers 2". Retrosheet. September 5, 2001.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Carlos Pena Stats". Baseball-Reference.com.
^ "Offseason trades". Sports Illustrated. January 30, 2002. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2010.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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^ "Rays' Pena awarded homer in instant replay's first reversal". ESPN. Associated Press. September 19, 2008. Archived from the original on September 23, 2008. Retrieved September 23, 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Rays' Peña breaks 2 fingers; out for season". MLB.com/Sporting News. Associated Press. September 7, 2009. Archived from the original on October 9, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Player Batting Stats – 2009". ESPN. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ a b c Topkin, Marc (April 20, 2010). "Pena a slugger with heart". St. Petersburg Times. Eagle-Tribune. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "2010 MLB Player Batting Stats | ESPN". ESPN. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
^ Levine, Bruce (December 9, 2010). "Cubs, Carlos Pena agree on deal". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Roach, Brian (January 20, 2012). "Report: Carlos Pena Agrees To One-Year Deal With Tampa Bay Rays". NESN. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
^ Borelli, Stephen (January 20, 2012). "Carlos Pena, Rays agree on one-year deal". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 23, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Topkin, Marc (January 24, 2012). "Pena: "This is where I belong"". tampabay.com. Archived from the original on January 27, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Topkin, Marc. Marc Topkin on Twitter. Retrieved on January 24, 2012.
^ "Carlos Pena hits grand slam, then game-winning single in return to Tampa". ESPN. April 6, 2012. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
^ "2012 MLB Batting Stats | ESPN". ESPN. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
^ Knobler, Danny (December 17, 2012). "Carlos Pena agrees to terms with Astros". CBS Sports. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Wilmoth, Charlie (July 31, 2013). "Astros Release Carlos Pena". MLB Trade Rumors. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
^ Perry, Dayn (August 28, 2013). "Royals sign Carlos Pena to minor-league contract". CBS Sports. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Kilpatrick, Bryan (January 28, 2014). "MLB roundup: Yuniesky Betancourt signs with Japanese club". SB Nation. Archived from the original on April 30, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Carlos Pena, Brennan Boesch signed". ESPN.com. Associated Press. January 28, 2014. Archived from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Angels release Carlos Pena, Chad Tracy, Torrealba". ESPN.com. Associated Press. March 23, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Rangers sign Carlos Peña for possible help at 1B". ESPN.com. Associated Press. June 17, 2014. Archived from the original on June 21, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Rangers bring back catchers Soto, Arencibia". ESPN.com. Associated Press. July 18, 2014. Archived from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "The Rangers released veteran first baseman Carlos Peña". Sports Illustrated. August 18, 2014. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
^ Gleeman, Aaron (September 16, 2015). "Carlos Pena is signing with the Rays ... to retire". NBC Sports. Archived from the original on September 17, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
^ "Carlos Pena joins MLB Network as studio analyst". MLB.com (Press release). December 1, 2014.
^ "NESN will use the three-man booth on 30 Red Sox games this season". The Boston Globe. February 20, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019 – via Boston.com.
^ "Pena's wine to help families of fallen officers". MLB.com. September 24, 2010. Archived from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Chastain, Bill (June 10, 2012). "Rays to take fashion runway for children's charity". MLB.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Jacobs, Angela (February 11, 2011). "A tough goodbye: Carlos Pena heads to the Cubs". WTSP. Archived from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carlos Peña.
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet
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1989: McGriff
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1993: González
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1965: Cash
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1976: Ellis
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vteAmerican League First Baseman Gold Glove Award
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1969: Pepitone
1970: Spencer
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1972: Scott
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1975: Scott
1976: Scott
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1978: Chambliss
1979: Cooper
1980: Cooper
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1982: Murray
1983: Murray
1984: Murray
1985: Mattingly
1986: Mattingly
1987: Mattingly
1988: Mattingly
1989: Mattingly
1990: McGwire
1991: Mattingly
1992: Mattingly
1993: Mattingly
1994: Mattingly
1995: Snow
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1997: Palmeiro
1998: Palmeiro
1999: Palmeiro
2000: Olerud
2001: Mientkiewicz
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2003: Olerud
2004: Erstad
2005: Teixeira
2006: Teixeira
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2008: Peña
2009: Teixeira
2010: Teixeira
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlos Peña (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Pe%C3%B1a_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"first baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Devil Rays/Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Devil_Rays"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"San Francisco de Macorís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_de_Macor%C3%ADs"}],"text":"For other people named Carlos Peña, see Carlos Peña (disambiguation).Baseball playerCarlos Felipe Peña (born May 17, 1978) is a Dominican former professional baseball first baseman and current broadcaster. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers, Oakland Athletics, Detroit Tigers, Boston Red Sox, Tampa Bay Devil Rays/Rays, Chicago Cubs, Houston Astros, and Kansas City Royals.Although Peña was born in Santo Domingo and his family is from San Francisco de Macorís, he spent a significant portion of his childhood in the United States.","title":"Carlos Peña"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haverhill High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverhill_High_School"},{"link_name":"Haverhill, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wright State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_State_University"},{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Northeastern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"Harwich Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich_Mariners"},{"link_name":"Wareham Gatemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wareham_Gatemen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"CCBL Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Baseball_League#Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Northeastern Huskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies_baseball"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_runs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Peña is the second-oldest of five children born to Felipe and Juana Marisela Peña. The family moved to the United States from the Dominican Republic when Peña was 12, initially living with one of his uncles.Peña graduated from Haverhill High School in Haverhill, Massachusetts,[1] in 1995. He initially went to Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, but returned home after one year and attended Northeastern University in Boston; there, Peña studied electrical engineering. As a collegiate player, he competed in the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL), which showcases top amateur prospects every summer. Peña was a member of the Harwich Mariners in 1996 and the Wareham Gatemen in 1997.[2] In 1997, he was named CCBL league MVP and was inducted into the CCBL Hall of Fame in 2003.[3] During his time at Northeastern, Peña led the Northeastern Huskies to one NCAA tournament. Peña's career batting average at Northeastern was .324 and he finished with 24 home runs in two seasons.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"1998 Major League Baseball draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"Baseball America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_America"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Rangers"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"Tulsa Drillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_Drillers"},{"link_name":"RBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Redhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Redhawks"},{"link_name":"first base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaseballRefStats-6"}],"sub_title":"Texas Rangers","text":"Peña was selected in the first round (10th pick overall) by the Texas Rangers in the 1998 Major League Baseball draft.Peña played for three different Rangers affiliates in 1998. Prior to the 1999 season, Peña was named by Baseball America as the 93rd prospect in their top 100 prospects list. In 1999, Peña played for the Charlotte Rangers, the Rangers Advanced Single-A team. He batted .255 with 18 home runs in 138 games.Peña was promoted to the Double-A Tulsa Drillers in 2000, where he batted .299 with 28 home runs and 105 RBI in 138 games.Peña appeared in Baseball America's top 100 prospect list in 2001, this time at number eleven and was the Rangers' top prospect. He advanced another level in 2001, this time playing for the Oklahoma Redhawks, the Rangers' Triple-A affiliate. He played in 119 games for the Redhawks, in which he batted .288 with 23 home runs and 74 RBIs. Peña was also a Triple-A All-Star in 2001.Following the 2001 minor league season, the Rangers called Peña up to the big leagues during September, when rosters expand. He made his big league debut on September 5, starting at first base, wearing number 15, and going hitless in three at-bats.[5] Peña finished the 2001 season with a .258 batting average and three home runs in 22 games played.[6]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Venafro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Venafro"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Jason Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Hart_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Gerald Laird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Laird"},{"link_name":"Ryan Ludwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Ludwick"},{"link_name":"Mario Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Ramos"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaseballRefStats-6"},{"link_name":"Michael Lewis'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Moneyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneyball"},{"link_name":"film based on the book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneyball_(film)"},{"link_name":"Adrian Bellani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Bellani"}],"sub_title":"Oakland Athletics","text":"On January 14, 2002, along with Mike Venafro, Peña was traded by the Rangers to the Oakland Athletics for Jason Hart, Gerald Laird, Ryan Ludwick, and Mario Ramos.[7]In 40 games with the A's, Peña hit .218 with seven home runs and 16 RBIs.[6] During a stint with Triple-A Sacramento from July 2–5, he hit .438 with two home runs and six RBIs.Peña was mentioned several times in Michael Lewis' book Moneyball and was a minor character in the film based on the book. He is portrayed in the film by actor Adrian Bellani.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"player to be named later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_to_be_named_later"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Bonderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bonderman"},{"link_name":"Franklyn Germán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklyn_Germ%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Ted Lilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Lilly"},{"link_name":"John-Ford Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Ford_Griffin"},{"link_name":"Jeff Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Weaver"},{"link_name":"designated hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_hitter"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Young"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Randall Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Simon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaseballRefStats-6"},{"link_name":"Omar Infante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Infante"},{"link_name":"hitting streak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitting_streak"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaseballRefStats-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaseballRefStats-6"},{"link_name":"Damion Easley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damion_Easley"},{"link_name":"Wilbert Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbert_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles_(19th_century)"},{"link_name":"Toledo Mud Hens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Mud_Hens"},{"link_name":"shortstop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortstop"},{"link_name":"Carlos Guillén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Guill%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaseballRefStats-6"},{"link_name":"Spring training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_training"},{"link_name":"home run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"Comerica Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comerica_Park"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Detroit Tigers","text":"Peña was involved in a three team deal on July 6, 2002. The Athletics sent Peña, a player to be named later (later named as Jeremy Bonderman), and Franklyn Germán to the Detroit Tigers. The New York Yankees sent Ted Lilly, John-Ford Griffin, and Jason Arnold to the Athletics. The Tigers sent Jeff Weaver to the Yankees and cash to the Athletics.The Tigers acquired Peña due to a season-ending injury to designated hitter Dmitri Young[citation needed] and the first baseman at the time of the trade for the Tigers, Randall Simon, immediately became the Tigers' designated hitter following Peña's acquisition.Peña made his Tigers' debut the next day against the Boston Red Sox, as he went 3–4 with 2 doubles and 2 RBIs. Peña played in 75 games for the Tigers in 2002 and batted .253 with 12 home runs and 36 RBIs. Overall, he batted .242 with 19 home runs and 52 RBIs in 115 games.[6] His 2002 season included a 12-game hitting streak from September 8–21, which tied teammate Omar Infante for the longest hitting streak for an American League rookie in 2002.Peña played in his first full season in 2003 as the Tigers' everyday first baseman. On May 19, against the Cleveland Indians, he established career highs with 3 home runs and 7 RBIs. Peña also missed nearly a month in June when he suffered a left calf strain. He played in 131 games for the Tigers in 2003 and batted .248 with 18 home runs and 59 RBIs.[6]In 2004, Peña established career highs in games played (142), at bats (481), hits (116), doubles (22), home runs (27), runs scored (89), RBIs (82), total bases (227), stolen bases (7), walks (70), and strikeouts (146). Peña also batted .241 in 2004.[6]On May 27, 2004, against the Kansas City Royals, Peña matched a Tigers' nine-inning, single-game record with a career-high six hits. He became the fifth player in franchise history to do so and the first since Damion Easley on August 8, 2001, against the Texas Rangers. He batted in the eighth spot in the batting order and his six hits were the most from the eighth spot since Wilbert Robinson of the Baltimore Orioles collected seven hits on June 10, 1892 against St. Louis.Peña began the 2005 season as the Tigers' starting first baseman. After playing in 40 games in which he batted .181 with three home runs and 14 RBIs, Peña was demoted to the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens, where he played in 71 games for the Mud Hens and batted .311 with 12 home runs and 71 RBIs. Following an injury to shortstop Carlos Guillén, Peña was recalled on August 17. Following his recall, he hit 15 home runs in 38 games. Overall, he played in 79 games for the Tigers in 2005, and batted .235 with 18 home runs and 44 RBIs.[6]In Spring training during 2006, Peña batted .160 with one home run and four RBIs in 17 games for the Tigers, and the Tigers released him on March 26, 2006.While with the Tigers, Peña hit the longest home run, a 461-foot blast, in Comerica Park history.[8]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbus Clippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Clippers"}],"sub_title":"New York Yankees","text":"Peña signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees on April 15, 2006. He played at the Triple-A level for the Columbus Clippers. Playing in 105 games, Peña batted .260 with 19 home runs and 66 RBIs. He exercised a clause in his contract and became a free agent on August 16.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Pawtucket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawtucket_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Brandon McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaseballRefStats-6"}],"sub_title":"Boston Red Sox","text":"On August 17, 2006, Peña signed a minor league contract with the Red Sox and was assigned to Triple-A Pawtucket. At Pawtucket, Peña played in 11 games and batted .459 with 4 home runs and 8 RBIs. His contract was purchased on August 28. On September 4, Peña hit his only home run of the season. He was a defensive replacement and when he batted in the bottom of the ninth, he hit a walk-off home run off Brandon McCarthy of the Chicago White Sox.Peña ended up playing in 18 games for the Red Sox in 2006. He batted .273 with 1 home run and three RBIs.[6] Following the season, he opted for free agency.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Devil Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Devil_Rays"},{"link_name":"spring training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_training"},{"link_name":"Greg Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Norton_(baseball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:136_TampaBayRays.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carl Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Akinori Iwamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akinori_Iwamura"},{"link_name":"Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"2007 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Tampa_Bay_Devil_Rays_season"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaseballRefStats-6"},{"link_name":"Alex Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"Rays franchise records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays_team_records"},{"link_name":"range factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_factor"},{"link_name":"Comeback Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Comeback_Player_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"AL MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"Player's Choice AL Comeback Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Players_Choice_Award"},{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaseballRefStats-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"instant replay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_replay"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays"},{"link_name":"2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"Dustin Pedroia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Pedroia"},{"link_name":"2009 Home Run Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Home_Run_Derby"},{"link_name":"Albert Pujols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Pujols"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mark Teixeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Teixeira"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bay-14"},{"link_name":"Mendoza line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza_line"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2010 American League Division Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_American_League_Division_Series"},{"link_name":"Tommy Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Hunter_(baseball)"}],"sub_title":"Tampa Bay Devil Rays","text":"Peña signed a minor league contract with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays on February 1, 2007 with an invitation to spring training. The Rays reassigned Peña to minor league camp. With a knee injury to Greg Norton on the last day of spring training, the Rays re-signed him, this time to a Major League contract on April 1.Peña is congratulated by Carl Crawford and Akinori Iwamura after hitting a three-run home run against the Yankees on April 4, 2008Peña was on the Rays' active roster throughout the 2007 season. Peña had a slow start to his 2007 season, batting .213 with four home runs in the month of April as a backup player. Peña hit .356 with six home runs and 15 RBIs in May as an everyday player and was the Rays' first baseman for the rest of the season. He had four multi-home run games from August 26 to September 22.Peña would go on to have the best season of his career in 2007 and set numerous career highs. He finished the season with a .282 batting average, 46 home runs and 121 RBIs. His batting average, home runs, and RBIs were career highs, as well as games played (148), at bats (490), runs scored (99), doubles (29), total bases (307), on-base percentage (.411), slugging percentage (.627), walks (103), and strikeouts (142).[6] He was second in the American League in home runs to Alex Rodriguez' 54, and first in at bats per home run (10.7). His home run, RBI, slugging percentage, on-base percentage and walk totals also set Rays franchise records. In 2007, he had the lowest range factor of all AL league first basemen, 8.73. Peña's season led to his being named the 2007 American League Comeback Player of the Year and he was considered as an AL MVP candidate. He also was named the Player's Choice AL Comeback Player of the Year by fellow players. Peña was allowed to donate $20,000 to Dominican youth under the poverty line.[9]In 2008, Peña had .227 batting average and 11 home runs in 207 at-bats through June 4, 2008. A day after going 2-for-3 with a home run and three runs batted in against the Boston Red Sox, Peña was placed on the fifteen-day disabled placed on June 4, 2008 due to a broken finger. He returned to action from the disabled list on June 27, and finished the season with a .247 batting average, 31 home runs, and 102 RBIs.[6] Peña homered once every 15.8 at-bats, the highest ratio on the Rays.[10] One of his home runs, on September 19 against the Minnesota Twins, was the result of the first call overturned by instant replay in MLB history.[11] After the 2008 season ended, he was awarded his first (and also the first for a Tampa Bay Rays franchise player) AL Gold Glove.Peña was elected for the 2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, replacing Dustin Pedroia and participated in the 2009 Home Run Derby where he lost in a bat-off against Albert Pujols in the first round. On September 7, 2009, Peña suffered two broken fingers after getting hit by a pitch, which put him out for the rest of the 2009 season.[12] Despite missing the last few weeks of the season, he still finished tied for the lead for home runs in the American League at 39 with Mark Teixeira of the New York Yankees. He also led the AL in at bats per home run (12.1) despite having the lowest batting average of all qualified hitters (.227).[13] Peña's three-year contract with the Rays, reported by the St. Petersburg Times as worth $24.125 million, expired at the end of the 2010 season.[14]In 2010 with the Rays, Peña hit 28 home runs drove in 84 runs and finished the season with a .196 batting average (below the Mendoza line), the lowest average of anyone in the Majors who qualified for the batting title.[15] He also started 135 games at first base for the Rays and played in 144 games.In the 2010 American League Division Series against Texas, Peña got his first triple of the year off Rangers starter Tommy Hunter in Game 4 on October 10, helping the Rays even the playoff series at two games apiece. The day before, he had gone 2-for-3 with a home run. The Rays would lose the series, 3–2.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Chicago Cubs","text":"On December 8, 2010, Peña signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Cubs worth $10 million. He received $5 million in 2011 and $5 million in January 2012, counted against the 2011 payroll.[16] In 153 games, Peña hit .225 with 28 home runs and 80 RBIs as Chicago's starting first baseman.[17]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CarlosPena2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"CC Sabathia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CC_Sabathia"},{"link_name":"Mariano Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Rivera"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Second stint with the Tampa Bay Rays","text":"Peña with the Rays in 2012On January 20, 2012, Peña returned to the Rays for a second stint, signing a 1-year, $7.25 million deal.[18] He was introduced four days later on January 24 after passing a physical earlier in the day.[19] He returned to his #23 uniform number he had in his previous tenure with the Rays.[20]During opening day on April 6, 2012 against the Yankees, Peña hit a grand slam off of CC Sabathia in his first at-bat and later, the game-winning hit off of Mariano Rivera to seal a 7–6 victory for the Rays.[21]Peña played in 160 games, serving as the primary first baseman and occasional DH. He finished the 2012 season with a .197 average (lowest among all qualified MLB batters), 19 home runs, and 61 RBI.[22]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Houston Astros","text":"On December 17, 2012, Peña signed a one-year deal with the Houston Astros, worth $2.9 million with another $1.4 million in incentives, to be their designated hitter in their inaugural American League season.[23] On July 21, 2013, Peña was designated for assignment. He was released by the Astros on July 31, 2013.[24]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Kansas City Royals","text":"Peña was signed to a minor league contract by the Kansas City Royals on August 28, 2013.[25] He played in 4 games for the Royals with three hitless at bats before the end of the season.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brennan Boesch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennan_Boesch"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_of_Anaheim"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim","text":"On January 28, 2014, Peña along with Brennan Boesch,[26] signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. The contract included an invitation to spring training.[27] On March 23, Peña was released by the Angels.[28]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carlos_Pena_rangers(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Second stint with the Rangers","text":"Peña with the Rangers in 2014On June 17, 2014, Peña signed a minor league deal to return to the Rangers.[29] He was called up on June 24. He played 18 games for the Rangers, batting .136/.190/.237 with 2 RBI in 59 at bats before being designated for assignment on July 17.[30] On August 17, Peña was officially released by the Rangers.[31]After remaining out of the game for over a year, failing to find another team to play for, Peña signed a one-day contract with the Tampa Bay Rays so he could officially retire as a member of the team.[32]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MLB Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_Network"},{"link_name":"studio analyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_analyst"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"New England Sports Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"color commentator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_commentator"},{"link_name":"Jerry Remy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Remy"},{"link_name":"play-by-play announcer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_commentator"},{"link_name":"Dave O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_O%27Brien_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"Impractical Jokers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impractical_Jokers"},{"link_name":"Joe Gatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gatto_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Eckersley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Eckersley"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Marquee Sports Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquee_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"Bally Sports Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bally_Sports_Detroit"},{"link_name":"Jason Benetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Benetti"},{"link_name":"Dan Dickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dickerson"}],"text":"In December 2014, MLB Network announced that Peña had joined its team as a studio analyst.[33]In September 2017, Peña appeared on New England Sports Network (NESN) as a studio analyst, and also worked as a color commentator with Jerry Remy and play-by-play announcer Dave O'Brien during the Red Sox' final series of the regular season, against the Houston Astros.In 2018, Peña was featured on a Season 7 episode of Impractical Jokers during a punishment for Joe Gatto, one of the Jokers.In February 2019, Peña was announced as part of the NESN broadcast team for the Red Sox' 2019 season, to fill in when regular color commentators Jerry Remy and Dennis Eckersley are not available.[34]Peña also contributes to Cubs Postgame Live on Marquee Sports Network. In January 2024, Peña was announced as part of the Detroit Tigers Bally Sports Detroit broadcast team for the Tigers' 2024 season, to handle color commentary for multiple games alongside play-by-play announcers Jason Benetti and Dan Dickerson.","title":"Broadcasting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 Haiti earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bay-14"},{"link_name":"Big Brothers Big Sisters of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brothers_Big_Sisters_of_America"},{"link_name":"Roberto Clemente Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Clemente_Award"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bay-14"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"In the wake of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Peña donated food and medical supplies to the victims and made fundraising appearances, which he described as, \"people uniting for a good cause, people showing their good heart\".[14] Peña is also a spokesman for Big Brothers Big Sisters of America and, in 2008, was the Rays' nominee for the Roberto Clemente Award, given for exemplifying on-field achievement and sportsmanship with off-field community service.[14] He has also worked with Uncork for a Cause[35] and \"Rays on the Runway\" charity event held by his former team.[36] Carlos and his wife, Pamela, have three children.[37]","title":"Personal life"}] | [{"image_text":"Peña is congratulated by Carl Crawford and Akinori Iwamura after hitting a three-run home run against the Yankees on April 4, 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/136_TampaBayRays.jpg/300px-136_TampaBayRays.jpg"},{"image_text":"Peña with the Rays in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/CarlosPena2012.jpg/200px-CarlosPena2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"Peña with the Rangers in 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Carlos_Pena_rangers%282%29.jpg/150px-Carlos_Pena_rangers%282%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Baseball portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseball"},{"title":"Dominican Republic portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dominican_Republic"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_home_run_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_home_run_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_single-game_hits_leaders"}] | [{"reference":"\"Carlos Pena\". Baseball America. Retrieved January 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseballamerica.com/players/23496/carlos-pena/","url_text":"\"Carlos Pena\""}]},{"reference":"\"CCBL Alumni Year Drafted | Wareham Gateman Players in MLB\". Cape Cod Baseball League. April 16, 2007. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080214064939/http://www.capecodbaseball.org/archives/Arc2004/Alumni/AlumniTeams/AlumniWareham.htm","url_text":"\"CCBL Alumni Year Drafted | Wareham Gateman Players in MLB\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Baseball_League","url_text":"Cape Cod Baseball League"},{"url":"http://www.capecodbaseball.org/archives/Arc2004/Alumni/AlumniTeams/AlumniWareham.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Garner, Jr., John (June 8, 2003). \"Cape Cod Baseball League Hall of Fame News | Eleven Legends to be Inducted into CCBL Hall of Fame\". capecodbaseball.org. Cape Cod Baseball League. Retrieved September 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://capecodbaseball.org/news/hofnews/?article_id=236","url_text":"\"Cape Cod Baseball League Hall of Fame News | Eleven Legends to be Inducted into CCBL Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Baseball_League","url_text":"Cape Cod Baseball League"}]},{"reference":"\"Baseball – Baseball Career statistics, 1962–present\". nuhuskies.com. Northwestern Wildcats. 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nuhuskies.com/sports/2010/4/27/BB_0427102321.aspx?id=873","url_text":"\"Baseball – Baseball Career statistics, 1962–present\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Wildcats","url_text":"Northwestern Wildcats"}]},{"reference":"\"Minnesota Twins 12, Texas Rangers 2\". Retrosheet. September 5, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2001/B09050TEX2001.htm","url_text":"\"Minnesota Twins 12, Texas Rangers 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"Retrosheet"}]},{"reference":"\"Carlos Pena Stats\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/p/penaca01.shtml","url_text":"\"Carlos Pena Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Offseason trades\". Sports Illustrated. January 30, 2002. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121103122624/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/baseball/news/2002/01/20/offseason_trades/","url_text":"\"Offseason trades\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"Cathey, Larry (September 26, 2005). \"Meche lasts 2 innings in loss to Tigers\". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on April 10, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140410204756/http://seattletimes.com/html/sports/2002520763_mari26.html","url_text":"\"Meche lasts 2 innings in loss to Tigers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times","url_text":"The Seattle Times"}]},{"reference":"Chastain, Bill (October 2, 2007). \"Peña named AL Comeback Player\". MLB.com. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143116/http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20071001&content_id=2244713&vkey=news_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb","url_text":"\"Peña named AL Comeback Player\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"Chuck, Bill (April 2, 2009). \"100 random things about the Red Sox, Rays, and Yankees\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 5, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090405115602/http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/extras/100_random_things_2009/","url_text":"\"100 random things about the Red Sox, Rays, and Yankees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"\"Rays' Pena awarded homer in instant replay's first reversal\". ESPN. Associated Press. September 19, 2008. Archived from the original on September 23, 2008. Retrieved September 23, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080923043903/http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=3598488","url_text":"\"Rays' Pena awarded homer in instant replay's first reversal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Rays' Peña breaks 2 fingers; out for season\". MLB.com/Sporting News. Associated Press. September 7, 2009. Archived from the original on October 9, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091009052618/http://www.sportingnews.com/mlb/article/2009-09-07/rays-pena-leaves-game-after-pitch-hits-hand","url_text":"\"Rays' Peña breaks 2 fingers; out for season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_News","url_text":"Sporting News"}]},{"reference":"\"Player Batting Stats – 2009\". ESPN. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106054258/http://espn.go.com/mlb/stats/batting/_/seasontype/2/count/115/qualified/true","url_text":"\"Player Batting Stats – 2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Topkin, Marc (April 20, 2010). \"Pena a slugger with heart\". St. Petersburg Times. Eagle-Tribune. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140618022046/http://www.eagletribune.com/sports/x154912273/Pena-a-slugger-with-heart","url_text":"\"Pena a slugger with heart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times","url_text":"St. Petersburg Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle-Tribune","url_text":"Eagle-Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 MLB Player Batting Stats | ESPN\". ESPN. Retrieved March 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/stats/player/_/season/2010/seasontype/2","url_text":"\"2010 MLB Player Batting Stats | ESPN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Levine, Bruce (December 9, 2010). \"Cubs, Carlos Pena agree on deal\". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140323225741/http://sports.espn.go.com/chicago/mlb/news/story?id=5898142","url_text":"\"Cubs, Carlos Pena agree on deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPN.com"}]},{"reference":"Roach, Brian (January 20, 2012). \"Report: Carlos Pena Agrees To One-Year Deal With Tampa Bay Rays\". NESN. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://nesn.com/2012/01/report-carlos-pena-agrees-to-one-year-deal-with-tampa-bay-rays/","url_text":"\"Report: Carlos Pena Agrees To One-Year Deal With Tampa Bay Rays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NESN","url_text":"NESN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190825000044/https://nesn.com/2012/01/report-carlos-pena-agrees-to-one-year-deal-with-tampa-bay-rays/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Borelli, Stephen (January 20, 2012). \"Carlos Pena, Rays agree on one-year deal\". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 23, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120123043406/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/dailypitch/post/2012/01/carlos-pena-rays-sign-one-year-/1","url_text":"\"Carlos Pena, Rays agree on one-year deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Topkin, Marc (January 24, 2012). \"Pena: \"This is where I belong\"\". tampabay.com. Archived from the original on January 27, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120127043439/http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/rays/content/pena-where-i-belong","url_text":"\"Pena: \"This is where I belong\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times","url_text":"tampabay.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Carlos Pena hits grand slam, then game-winning single in return to Tampa\". ESPN. April 6, 2012. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId=320406130","url_text":"\"Carlos Pena hits grand slam, then game-winning single in return to Tampa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022054/https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId=320406130","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2012 MLB Batting Stats | ESPN\". ESPN. Retrieved March 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/stats/player/_/season/2012/seasontype/2","url_text":"\"2012 MLB Batting Stats | ESPN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Knobler, Danny (December 17, 2012). \"Carlos Pena agrees to terms with Astros\". CBS Sports. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130130004026/http://www.cbssports.com/mlb/blog/danny-knobler/21414171/carlos-pena-agrees-to-terms-with-astros","url_text":"\"Carlos Pena agrees to terms with Astros\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports","url_text":"CBS Sports"}]},{"reference":"Wilmoth, Charlie (July 31, 2013). \"Astros Release Carlos Pena\". MLB Trade Rumors. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2013/07/astros-designate-carlos-pena-ronny-cedeno-1.html","url_text":"\"Astros Release Carlos Pena\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130802223008/http://www.mlbtraderumors.com:80/2013/07/astros-designate-carlos-pena-ronny-cedeno-1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Perry, Dayn (August 28, 2013). \"Royals sign Carlos Pena to minor-league contract\". CBS Sports. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140502033050/http://www.cbssports.com/mlb/eye-on-baseball/23363582/royals-sign-carlos-pena-to-minorleague-contract","url_text":"\"Royals sign Carlos Pena to minor-league contract\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports","url_text":"CBS Sports"}]},{"reference":"Kilpatrick, Bryan (January 28, 2014). \"MLB roundup: Yuniesky Betancourt signs with Japanese club\". SB Nation. Archived from the original on April 30, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140430051850/http://www.sbnation.com/mlb/2014/1/28/5355864/mlb-news-yuniesky-betancourt-signs-orix-buffaloes-npb-japan","url_text":"\"MLB roundup: Yuniesky Betancourt signs with Japanese club\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB_Nation","url_text":"SB Nation"}]},{"reference":"\"Carlos Pena, Brennan Boesch signed\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. January 28, 2014. Archived from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140129214737/http://espn.go.com/los-angeles/mlb/story/_/id/10367248/los-angeles-angels-sign-carlos-pena-brennan-boesch","url_text":"\"Carlos Pena, Brennan Boesch signed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPN.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Angels release Carlos Pena, Chad Tracy, Torrealba\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. March 23, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. 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July 18, 2014. Archived from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140718015341/http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=mlb&id=11229768","url_text":"\"Rangers bring back catchers Soto, Arencibia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPN.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"The Rangers released veteran first baseman Carlos Peña\". Sports Illustrated. August 18, 2014. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/mlb/2014/08/18/texas-rangers-release-carlos-pena","url_text":"\"The Rangers released veteran first baseman Carlos Peña\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201118063848/https://www.si.com/mlb/2014/08/18/texas-rangers-release-carlos-pena","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gleeman, Aaron (September 16, 2015). \"Carlos Pena is signing with the Rays ... to retire\". NBC Sports. Archived from the original on September 17, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mlb.nbcsports.com/2015/09/16/carlos-pena-is-signing-with-the-rays-to-retire/","url_text":"\"Carlos Pena is signing with the Rays ... to retire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Sports","url_text":"NBC Sports"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150917183650/http://mlb.nbcsports.com/2015/09/16/carlos-pena-is-signing-with-the-rays-to-retire/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Carlos Pena joins MLB Network as studio analyst\". MLB.com (Press release). December 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.mlb.com/news/article/102853268/carlos-pena-joins-mlb-network-as-studio-analyst/","url_text":"\"Carlos Pena joins MLB Network as studio analyst\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"\"NESN will use the three-man booth on 30 Red Sox games this season\". The Boston Globe. February 20, 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearly_God | Nearly God | ["1 Recording","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Charts","6 References","7 External links"] | 1996 studio album by Nearly GodNearly GodStudio album by Nearly GodReleasedFebruary 1996Genre
Trip hop
experimental
lo-fi
Length64:44LabelIslandProducerTrickyTricky chronology
Maxinquaye(1995)
Nearly God(1996)
Pre-Millennium Tension(1996)
Nearly God is the unofficial second album by English rapper and producer Tricky. It was released in February 1996 under the pseudonym "Nearly God", which originated from an interview during which Tricky was asked "so how does it feel to be God... well, nearly God."
Described by Tricky as a compilation of exceptional yet unfinished demos, Nearly God was the result of a clause in his recording contract with Island Records, which allowed him to release an album once a year under a name other than his own. According to Tricky, "I needed it to come out, but Island would never let me release two Tricky albums in the same year"; his official second album Pre-Millennium Tension was released in September 1996.
An austerely produced trip hop record, Nearly God was well received by critics and featured collaborations between Tricky and artists such as Alison Moyet, Björk, Neneh Cherry, Terry Hall, and Martina Topley-Bird, who had worked with him on his previous album Maxinquaye (1995).
Recording
Nearly God was recorded in three weeks during the summer, in New York and London, and Tricky himself describes it as "a collection of brilliant, incomplete demos". The tracks were re-worked & mixed in London by Ian Caple & Tricky.
Originally, Nearly God also included a song with Blur frontman Damon Albarn, but it was removed at the last minute, with Tricky expressing displeasure at Albarn's working methods, saying: "He wants to work on something for like two months and then do the vocals again and again and again, and I don't work like that." The song was later recorded again with former Madness singer Suggs, but this version ("I'll pass right through you") was not released either. Four of ten rumoured songs with Neneh Cherry were released on her singles "Woman", "Kootchi" and "Feel it" in 1996 and 1997. Tricky also recorded another song with Cath Coffey, a cover of the Grease song "Summer Nights" which was released in 1997 on her first album Mind the Gap (released only in Japan so far).
The final product contains collaborations with Terry Hall (singer of The Specials), Alison Moyet, Cath Coffey, Neneh Cherry, Björk and Martina Topley-Bird. The first track is a cover of "Tattoo", a b-side of popular post-punk band Siouxsie and the Banshees. Scott McKeating of Stylus Magazine describes Nearly God as a much darker-sounding album than Maxinquaye, calling it a "dark, zoned out, Class-A substance damaged lo-fi affair which still manages to force melody through dark mesh. Realistically though, this isn’t a dyspeptic, career destroying Metal Machine Music themed 'fuck you'. Because while the songs forms are barely scratched in, never mind being fleshed out; Tricky makes the sound of dark nights, of want and solitude just as engaging as anything on his debut."
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicAlternative Press5/5Chicago TribuneEntertainment WeeklyAThe GuardianLos Angeles TimesNME7/10Rolling StoneSelect4/5Spin8/10
Nearly God received positive reviews from critics. James Hunter of Rolling Stone found the music gripping, "recalling the early intimacy of Laurie Anderson, the raw aggression of Public Image Ltd. and the spaced oddities of Scott Walker". Spin magazine's Terri Sutton was impressed by Tricky's production and the record's "obsession with debilitating stasis", comparing it favourably to Sly & the Family Stone's 1971 album There's a Riot Goin' On: "Nearly God is most indebted to Riot for the idea that an attention to details, a precise awareness, can capture from entropy's numbing flow small gifts of nuance and emotional resonance." Roger Morton from NME was less enthusiastic: "The loopy loops and dysfunctional mantras of Tricky's smoked-out backing tracks are less structured and more spartan than on Maxinquaye. Sometimes it sound like he's just kicked the sequencer and walked out. The onus is heavily on the singers to carry the weight, and it doesn't always work." In Melody Maker, Taylor Parkes deemed it "a mess, albeit a hugely affecting one, a stop-gap, when three more months spent on arrangements and production would have fastered a masterpiece to surpass Maxinquaye".
At the end of 1996, Nearly God was voted the 19th best album of the year in the Pazz & Jop, an annual poll of American critics nationwide, published by The Village Voice. Robert Christgau, the poll's creator, later gave it a one-star honorable mention, indicating "a worthy effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well like". He cited "Together Now" and "Children's Story" as highlights and felt the record indulged in a sluggishness "true Tricky albums only play with".
As of September 2003 it has sold 54,000 copies in United States according to Nielsen SoundScan. In naming it trip hop's eighteenth greatest album, John Twells and Laurent Fintoni of FACT Magazine wrote: "What sounds like it could have been a self-indulgent victory lap for (back then) one of the UK’s most notorious stars is somehow a coherent, exemplary document of a peculiar time in British music."
The music video for Poems won a D&AD Pencil Award. Directed by Pinko for Stark2 Films with Nick Verden producing, the video was filmed on location at Paddington Basin London.
Track listing
"Tattoo" (Siouxsie Sioux, Steven Severin, Budgie)
"Poems" (with Terry Hall and Martina Topley-Bird)
"Together Now" (with Neneh Cherry)
"Keep Your Mouth Shut" (with Björk)
"I Be the Prophet" (with Martina Topley-Bird)
"Make a Change" (with Alison Moyet)
"Black Coffee" (Paul Francis Webster, Sonny Burke) (with Martina Topley-Bird)
"Bubbles" (with Terry Hall)
"I Sing for You" (with Cath Coffey and Dedi Madden)
"Yoga" (with Björk)
"Judas'" (US Release) (with Martina Topley-Bird) (Cover of Depeche Mode)
"Children's Story" (US Release) (with Martina Topley-Bird) (Cover of Slick Rick)
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
Art direction and design – Cally On Art Island
Co-producer – Pete Briquette (tracks: 1, 6, 8)
Photography – Moi Lucas
Recording, Programming & Mixing - Ian Caple
Producer – Tricky
Sleeve (concept) – Tricky
Vocals – Bjork (tracks: 4, 10), Martina Topley Bird (tracks: 2, 5, 7), Terry Hall (tracks: 2, 8), Tricky (tracks: 1 to 5, 7, 8, 10)
Songwriting – Bjork (tracks: 4, 10), Terry Hall (tracks: 2, 8), Tricky (tracks: 2 to 6, 8 to 10)
Charts
Chart performance for Nearly God
Chart (1996)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (ARIA)
77
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
35
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
90
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
48
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
34
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
27
UK Albums (OCC)
10
References
^ Idowu, Omoronke. "Tricky - Pre-Millennium Tension". Vibe Magazine. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
^ a b McKeating, Scott (12 January 2004). "Tricky: An Incredible Weed-Smoking, Trip-Hop Denying, Paranoid, Schizophrenic". Stylus Magazine. p. 2. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
^ a b c d Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Nearly God – Nearly God / Tricky". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
^ a b c Franklin, Wayne (21 August 2002). "Tricky: A Ruff Guide". PopMatters. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
^ a b "The Face - April 96". Moon-palace.de.
^ "Official Biography". Tricky. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
^ "Raygun - October 96". Moon-palace.de.
^ Boyd, Brian. "He Be The Prophet". The Irish Times. 24 May 1996. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ "Nearly God: Nearly God". Alternative Press (99). Cleveland: 96–97. October 1996.
^ Kot, Greg (12 September 1996). "Tricky: Nearly God (Durban Poison/Island)". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
^ Mirkin, Steven (16 August 1996). "Nearly God". Entertainment Weekly. New York. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
^ Garratt, Sheryl (19 April 1996). "Nearly God: Nearly God (Durban Poison)". The Guardian. London.
^ Romero, Dennis (18 August 1996). "Are We in the Mood for Tricky's Bleak Side?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
^ a b Morton, Roger (20 April 1996). "May the Thaws Be with You". NME. London.
^ a b Hunter, James (22 August 1996). "Nearly God: Nearly God". Rolling Stone. New York.
^ Morris, Mark (May 1996). "Nearly God: Nearly God". Select (71). London.
^ a b Sutton, Terri (September 1996). "Nearly God: Nearly God". Spin. 12 (6). New York: 150. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
^ Parkes, Taylor (5 April 1996). "Second Coming". Melody Maker. London.
^ "Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1996: Critics Poll". Robertchristgau.com.
^ Christgau, Robert (2000). "Nearly God". Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s. Macmillan Publishers. pp. xvi, 223. ISBN 0312245602. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
^ Group, Vibe Media (September 2003). "Vibe".
^ Twells, John; Fintoni, Laurent (30 July 2015). "The 50 best trip-hop albums of all time". Fact Mag. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
^ Anon. (1996). Nearly God (CD liner notes). Nearly God. Durban Poison, 4th & B'way Records. DPCD 1001 / 524 245-2.
^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 200.
^ "Ultratop.be – Nearly God – Nearly God" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Nearly God – Nearly God" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
^ "Charts.nz – Nearly God – Nearly God". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Nearly God – Nearly God". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
^ "Swedishcharts.com – Nearly God – Nearly God". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
External links
Nearly God at Discogs (list of releases)
vteTrickyStudio albums
Maxinquaye (1995)
Nearly God (1996)
Pre-Millennium Tension (1996)
Angels With Dirty Faces (1998)
Juxtapose (1999)
Blowback (2001)
Vulnerable (2003)
Knowle West Boy (2008)
Mixed Race (2010)
False Idols (2013)
Adrian Thaws (2014)
Skilled Mechanics (2016)
Ununiform (2017)
Fall to Pieces (2020)
EPs
The Hell E.P. (1995)
Compilations
A Ruff Guide
Related articles
Martina Topley-Bird
Massive Attack
"Meditate"
The Fifth Element
Authority control databases
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but Island would never let me release two Tricky albums in the same year\";[5] his official second album Pre-Millennium Tension was released in September 1996.[3]An austerely produced trip hop record, Nearly God was well received by critics and featured collaborations between Tricky and artists such as Alison Moyet, Björk, Neneh Cherry, Terry Hall, and Martina Topley-Bird, who had worked with him on his previous album Maxinquaye (1995).[4]","title":"Nearly God"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OB-6"},{"link_name":"Ian Caple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Caple"},{"link_name":"Blur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blur_(band)"},{"link_name":"Damon Albarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_Albarn"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madness_(band)"},{"link_name":"Neneh Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neneh_Cherry"},{"link_name":"Cath Coffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_Coffey"},{"link_name":"Grease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(film)"},{"link_name":"Terry Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Hall_(singer)"},{"link_name":"The Specials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Specials"},{"link_name":"Alison Moyet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Moyet"},{"link_name":"Cath Coffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_Coffey"},{"link_name":"Neneh Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neneh_Cherry"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"Martina Topley-Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_Topley-Bird"},{"link_name":"Tattoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo_(Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees_song)"},{"link_name":"b-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-side"},{"link_name":"post-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie and the Banshees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Stylus Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus_Magazine"},{"link_name":"lo-fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-fi_music"},{"link_name":"Metal Machine Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Machine_Music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKeating-2"}],"text":"Nearly God was recorded in three weeks during the summer, in New York and London, and Tricky himself describes it as \"a collection of brilliant, incomplete demos\".[6] The tracks were re-worked & mixed in London by Ian Caple & Tricky.Originally, Nearly God also included a song with Blur frontman Damon Albarn, but it was removed at the last minute, with Tricky expressing displeasure at Albarn's working methods, saying: \"He wants to work on something for like two months and then do the vocals again and again and again, and I don't work like that.\" [7] The song was later recorded again with former Madness singer Suggs, but this version (\"I'll pass right through you\") was not released either. Four of ten rumoured songs with Neneh Cherry were released on her singles \"Woman\", \"Kootchi\" and \"Feel it\" in 1996 and 1997. Tricky also recorded another song with Cath Coffey, a cover of the Grease song \"Summer Nights\" which was released in 1997 on her first album Mind the Gap (released only in Japan so far).The final product contains collaborations with Terry Hall (singer of The Specials), Alison Moyet, Cath Coffey, Neneh Cherry, Björk and Martina Topley-Bird. The first track is a cover of \"Tattoo\", a b-side of popular post-punk band Siouxsie and the Banshees.[8] Scott McKeating of Stylus Magazine describes Nearly God as a much darker-sounding album than Maxinquaye, calling it a \"dark, zoned out, Class-A substance damaged lo-fi affair which still manages to force melody through dark mesh. Realistically though, this isn’t a dyspeptic, career destroying Metal Machine Music themed 'fuck you'. Because while the songs forms are barely scratched in, never mind being fleshed out; Tricky makes the sound of dark nights, of want and solitude just as engaging as anything on his debut.\"[2]","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franklin-4"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Laurie Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Public Image Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Image_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Scott Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Walker_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-15"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Sly & the Family Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly_%26_the_Family_Stone"},{"link_name":"There's a Riot Goin' On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s_a_Riot_Goin%27_On"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spin-17"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morton-14"},{"link_name":"Melody Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker"},{"link_name":"Taylor Parkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Parkes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Pazz & Jop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazz_%26_Jop"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG-20"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"FACT Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FACT_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Nearly God received positive reviews from critics.[4] James Hunter of Rolling Stone found the music gripping, \"recalling the early intimacy of Laurie Anderson, the raw aggression of Public Image Ltd. and the spaced oddities of Scott Walker\".[15] Spin magazine's Terri Sutton was impressed by Tricky's production and the record's \"obsession with debilitating stasis\", comparing it favourably to Sly & the Family Stone's 1971 album There's a Riot Goin' On: \"Nearly God is most indebted to Riot for the idea that an attention to details, a precise awareness, can capture from entropy's numbing flow small gifts of nuance and emotional resonance.\"[17] Roger Morton from NME was less enthusiastic: \"The loopy loops and dysfunctional mantras of Tricky's smoked-out backing tracks are less structured and more spartan than on Maxinquaye. Sometimes it sound like he's just kicked the sequencer and walked out. The onus is heavily on the singers to carry the weight, and it doesn't always work.\"[14] In Melody Maker, Taylor Parkes deemed it \"a mess, albeit a hugely affecting one, a stop-gap, when three more months spent on arrangements and production would have fastered a masterpiece to surpass Maxinquaye\".[18]At the end of 1996, Nearly God was voted the 19th best album of the year in the Pazz & Jop, an annual poll of American critics nationwide, published by The Village Voice.[19] Robert Christgau, the poll's creator, later gave it a one-star honorable mention, indicating \"a worthy effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well like\". He cited \"Together Now\" and \"Children's Story\" as highlights and felt the record indulged in a sluggishness \"true Tricky albums only play with\".[20]As of September 2003 it has sold 54,000 copies in United States according to Nielsen SoundScan.[21] In naming it trip hop's eighteenth greatest album, John Twells and Laurent Fintoni of FACT Magazine wrote: \"What sounds like it could have been a self-indulgent victory lap for (back then) one of the UK’s most notorious stars is somehow a coherent, exemplary document of a peculiar time in British music.\"[22]The music video for Poems won a D&AD Pencil Award. Directed by Pinko for Stark2 Films with Nick Verden producing, the video was filmed on location at Paddington Basin London.","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tattoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo_(Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees_song)"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux"},{"link_name":"Steven Severin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Severin"},{"link_name":"Budgie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgie_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Terry Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Hall_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Martina Topley-Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_Topley-Bird"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"Black Coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Coffee_(1948_song)"},{"link_name":"Paul Francis Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Francis_Webster"},{"link_name":"Sonny Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Burke"},{"link_name":"Depeche Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depeche_Mode"},{"link_name":"Slick Rick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slick_Rick"}],"text":"\"Tattoo\" (Siouxsie Sioux, Steven Severin, Budgie)\n\"Poems\" (with Terry Hall and Martina Topley-Bird)\n\"Together Now\" (with Neneh Cherry)\n\"Keep Your Mouth Shut\" (with Björk)\n\"I Be the Prophet\" (with Martina Topley-Bird)\n\"Make a Change\" (with Alison Moyet)\n\"Black Coffee\" (Paul Francis Webster, Sonny Burke) (with Martina Topley-Bird)\n\"Bubbles\" (with Terry Hall)\n\"I Sing for You\" (with Cath Coffey and Dedi Madden)\n\"Yoga\" (with Björk)\n\"Judas'\" (US Release) (with Martina Topley-Bird) (Cover of Depeche Mode)\n\"Children's Story\" (US Release) (with Martina Topley-Bird) (Cover of Slick Rick)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liner notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liner_notes"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Pete Briquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Briquette"},{"link_name":"Ian Caple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Caple"}],"text":"Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.[23]Art direction and design – Cally On Art Island\nCo-producer – Pete Briquette (tracks: 1, 6, 8)\nPhotography – Moi Lucas\nRecording, Programming & Mixing - Ian Caple\nProducer – Tricky\nSleeve (concept) – Tricky\nVocals – Bjork (tracks: 4, 10), Martina Topley Bird (tracks: 2, 5, 7), Terry Hall (tracks: 2, 8), Tricky (tracks: 1 to 5, 7, 8, 10)\nSongwriting – Bjork (tracks: 4, 10), Terry Hall (tracks: 2, 8), Tricky (tracks: 2 to 6, 8 to 10)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Idowu, Omoronke. \"Tricky - Pre-Millennium Tension\". Vibe Magazine. Retrieved 15 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QSwEAAAAMBAJ&q=nearly+god+experimental&pg=PA181","url_text":"\"Tricky - Pre-Millennium Tension\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_Magazine","url_text":"Vibe Magazine"}]},{"reference":"McKeating, Scott (12 January 2004). \"Tricky: An Incredible Weed-Smoking, Trip-Hop Denying, Paranoid, Schizophrenic\". Stylus Magazine. p. 2. Retrieved 2 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://stylusmagazine.com/feature_ID_790.html","url_text":"\"Tricky: An Incredible Weed-Smoking, Trip-Hop Denying, Paranoid, Schizophrenic\""}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Nearly God – Nearly God / Tricky\". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas"},{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/nearly-god-mw0000072431","url_text":"\"Nearly God – Nearly God / Tricky\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Franklin, Wayne (21 August 2002). \"Tricky: A Ruff Guide\". PopMatters. Retrieved 5 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/review/tricky-ruffguide/","url_text":"\"Tricky: A Ruff Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters","url_text":"PopMatters"}]},{"reference":"\"The Face - April 96\". Moon-palace.de.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moon-palace.de/tricky/face96.html","url_text":"\"The Face - April 96\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Biography\". Tricky. Retrieved 14 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trickysite.com/biog/","url_text":"\"Official Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raygun - October 96\". Moon-palace.de.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moon-palace.de/tricky/raygun96.html","url_text":"\"Raygun - October 96\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nearly God: Nearly God\". Alternative Press (99). Cleveland: 96–97. October 1996.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(magazine)","url_text":"Alternative Press"}]},{"reference":"Kot, Greg (12 September 1996). \"Tricky: Nearly God (Durban Poison/Island)\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 5 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kot","url_text":"Kot, Greg"},{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-09-12/features/9609120218_1_slick-rick-oblique-auteur","url_text":"\"Tricky: Nearly God (Durban Poison/Island)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Mirkin, Steven (16 August 1996). \"Nearly God\". Entertainment Weekly. New York. Retrieved 5 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ew.com/article/1996/08/16/nearly-god/","url_text":"\"Nearly God\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Garratt, Sheryl (19 April 1996). \"Nearly God: Nearly God (Durban Poison)\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Romero, Dennis (18 August 1996). \"Are We in the Mood for Tricky's Bleak Side?\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-08-18/entertainment/ca-35284_1_tricky-s-lyrics","url_text":"\"Are We in the Mood for Tricky's Bleak Side?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Morton, Roger (20 April 1996). \"May the Thaws Be with You\". NME. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Hunter, James (22 August 1996). \"Nearly God: Nearly God\". Rolling Stone. New York.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Mark (May 1996). \"Nearly God: Nearly God\". Select (71). London.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_(magazine)","url_text":"Select"}]},{"reference":"Sutton, Terri (September 1996). \"Nearly God: Nearly God\". Spin. 12 (6). New York: 150. Retrieved 5 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fsRC10LkbN0C&pg=PA150","url_text":"\"Nearly God: Nearly God\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":"Parkes, Taylor (5 April 1996). \"Second Coming\". Melody Maker. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Parkes","url_text":"Parkes, Taylor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker","url_text":"Melody Maker"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1996: Critics Poll\". Robertchristgau.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pjres96.php","url_text":"\"Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1996: Critics Poll\""}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (2000). \"Nearly God\". Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s. Macmillan Publishers. pp. xvi, 223. ISBN 0312245602. Retrieved 1 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?id=3395&name=Nearly+God","url_text":"\"Nearly God\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Consumer_Guide:_Albums_of_the_%2790s","url_text":"Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312245602","url_text":"0312245602"}]},{"reference":"Group, Vibe Media (September 2003). \"Vibe\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3iYEAAAAMBAJ&q=nearly+god+tricky+54%2C000&pg=PA163","url_text":"\"Vibe\""}]},{"reference":"Twells, John; Fintoni, Laurent (30 July 2015). \"The 50 best trip-hop albums of all time\". Fact Mag. Retrieved 2 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.factmag.com/2015/07/30/50-best-trip-hop-albums/","url_text":"\"The 50 best trip-hop albums of all time\""}]},{"reference":"Anon. (1996). Nearly God (CD liner notes). Nearly God. Durban Poison, 4th & B'way Records. DPCD 1001 / 524 245-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricky_(musician)","url_text":"Nearly God"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_%26_B%27way_Records","url_text":"4th & B'way Records"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 200.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QSwEAAAAMBAJ&q=nearly+god+experimental&pg=PA181","external_links_name":"\"Tricky - Pre-Millennium Tension\""},{"Link":"http://stylusmagazine.com/feature_ID_790.html","external_links_name":"\"Tricky: An Incredible Weed-Smoking, Trip-Hop Denying, Paranoid, Schizophrenic\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/nearly-god-mw0000072431","external_links_name":"\"Nearly God – Nearly God / Tricky\""},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/review/tricky-ruffguide/","external_links_name":"\"Tricky: A Ruff Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.moon-palace.de/tricky/face96.html","external_links_name":"\"The Face - April 96\""},{"Link":"http://www.trickysite.com/biog/","external_links_name":"\"Official Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.moon-palace.de/tricky/raygun96.html","external_links_name":"\"Raygun - October 96\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/he-be-the-prophet-1.52173","external_links_name":"\"He Be The Prophet\""},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-09-12/features/9609120218_1_slick-rick-oblique-auteur","external_links_name":"\"Tricky: Nearly God (Durban Poison/Island)\""},{"Link":"http://ew.com/article/1996/08/16/nearly-god/","external_links_name":"\"Nearly God\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-08-18/entertainment/ca-35284_1_tricky-s-lyrics","external_links_name":"\"Are We in the Mood for Tricky's Bleak Side?\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fsRC10LkbN0C&pg=PA150","external_links_name":"\"Nearly God: Nearly God\""},{"Link":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pjres96.php","external_links_name":"\"Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1996: Critics Poll\""},{"Link":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?id=3395&name=Nearly+God","external_links_name":"\"Nearly God\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3iYEAAAAMBAJ&q=nearly+god+tricky+54%2C000&pg=PA163","external_links_name":"\"Vibe\""},{"Link":"https://www.factmag.com/2015/07/30/50-best-trip-hop-albums/","external_links_name":"\"The 50 best trip-hop albums of all time\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Nearly+God&titel=Nearly+God&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Ultratop.be – Nearly God – Nearly God\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Nearly+God&titel=Nearly+God&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Dutchcharts.nl – Nearly God – Nearly God\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Nearly+God&titel=Nearly+God&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Charts.nz – Nearly God – Nearly God\""},{"Link":"https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Nearly+God&titel=Nearly+God&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Norwegiancharts.com – Nearly God – Nearly God\""},{"Link":"https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Nearly+God&titel=Nearly+God&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swedishcharts.com – Nearly God – Nearly God\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/19960428/7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/95108","external_links_name":"Nearly God"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/744e6bca-0dad-31ec-b044-ffec4758d561","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_200_(CART) | Indy 200 at Mid-Ohio | ["1 Race history","1.1 Race scheduling","1.2 Course layout","2 Past winners","3 Support race winners","4 Race summaries","4.1 Formula 5000","4.2 CART PPG Indy Car World Series","4.3 CART FedEx Championship Series","4.4 Indy Racing League / IndyCar Series","5 See also","6 References"] | IndyCar Series race
Honda Indy 200IndyCar SeriesVenueMid-Ohio Sports Car CourseCorporate sponsorHondaFirst race1970First ICS race2007Distance203.22 mi (327.05 km)Laps90Previous namesRed Roof Inns 250k (1980)Escort Radar Warning 200 (1983–1988)Red Roof Inns 200 (1989)Red Roof Inns 200 Presented by Budweiser (1990)Pioneer Electronics 200 Presented by Budweiser (1991–1992)Pioneer Electronics 200 Presented by Miller Genuine Draft (1993)Miller Genuine Draft 200 (1994–1995)Miller 200 (1996–1997)Miller Lite 200 (1998–2001)CART Grand Prix of Mid-Ohio (2002)Champ Car Grand Prix of Mid-Ohio (2003)Honda 200 at Mid-Ohio Presented by Westfield Insurance (2007)Honda Indy Grand Prix at Mid-Ohio (2008)Most wins (driver)Scott Dixon (6)Most wins (team)Chip Ganassi Racing (12), Team Penske (12)Most wins (manufacturer)Chassis: Dallara (13)Engine: Honda (17)
The Honda Indy 200 at Mid-Ohio is an IndyCar Series race held at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course in Lexington, Ohio. Professional open wheel races at the facility date back to 1970. The U.S. Formula 5000 series ran from 1970 to 1976, and the revived Can-Am series ran from 1977 to 1980.
The CART series debuted at the track in 1980, and continued to race there from 1983 to 2003. In 2007, American open wheel racing returned to the venue, when the Indy Racing League IndyCar Series held an event. The race used to be part of a doubleheader with the American Le Mans Series, however in ALMS chose not to return to the track during its final year, 2013.
The history of open-wheel races has a unique footnote. The race has been won consecutively on seven occasions, including four times in a row from 1991 to 1997. It is also one of only a few Indy car races to be won by two sets of fathers & sons. (Mario & Michael Andretti and Bobby & Graham Rahal).
Since 2007, the race has been sponsored by Honda. The sponsorship arrangement complements the track's proximity to the manufacturer's assembly plants in Marysville, East Liberty, and Anna.
Race history
Indy car racing first visited Mid-Ohio in 1980. In late 1981, Truesports owner Jim Trueman purchased the Mid-Ohio facility, and early rumors had the track returning for the 1982 CART season. However, a race did not happen until 1983. CART then appeared annually through 2003. The race was well-attended, drawing fans from two major markets nearby, Columbus and Cleveland. Crowds topped 75,000-80,000 at the peak of its popularity. The race schedule usually included a large slate of support races including Indy Lights, Atlantics, and SCCA.
In mid-2003, CART president Chris Pook hinted at dropping Mid-Ohio from the CART schedule going forward, citing various issues. For many years, Mid-Ohio was on the schedule alongside the Grand Prix of Cleveland, and Pook stated it was not viable to have two races in such close proximity, and favored keeping the race at Cleveland instead. In addition, some observers felt that the powerful CART/Champ Cars had "outgrown" the narrow, winding course, citing a lack of passing and competition over the previous several years. Though the decision was generally unpopular with fans, Mid-Ohio was dropped from the Champ Car schedule for 2004.
In late 2006, it was announced that the race would be revived as part of the Indy Racing League. Restarting in 2007, the race would be sponsored by IRL engine supplier Honda, which has a prominent manufacturing presence in the central Ohio area.
Through much of its history, the track has been considered the hometown venue for first Truesports (1980s) and later Rahal Letterman Racing (1990s-present). Jim Trueman and the Trueman family owned the track from 1981 to 2007. Truesports scored two poles and two wins, while Rahal Letterman Racing has scored one pole and one win.
Chip Ganassi Racing leads with eleven total victories, with driver Scott Dixon scoring six of those wins. Penske has the most poles (12). Mario and Michael Andretti have combined for three wins and five poles, and Bobby and Graham Rahal have a combined three wins and two poles.
Race scheduling
Two-time Mid-Ohio winner Bobby Rahal at the 1996 race.
In early years of the event under CART, the race was scheduled for Labor Day weekend. In 1990, it was pushed back two weeks into mid-September. Rain and cooler temperatures, however, prompted officials to move the race to the summer. For 1994, it was situated in early to mid-August, the weekend after the Brickyard 400.
When the race was revived by the Indy Racing League in 2007, it was placed in July. Carried by ABC, it immediately followed final round coverage of the British Open. Such a lead-in usually created a strong television audience, but it was at the risk of the golf tournament running long due to a playoff, as it did in 2007. Starting in 2009, the race was moved back to its early August slot.
In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the race originally scheduled for August 16 was moved up to the weekend of August 8–9 and was expanded to a doubleheader. It was to be the final race prior to the Indianapolis 500. Days later, however, it was postponed until a later date. Eventually, the doubleheader was rescheduled for the weekend of September 12–13. In 2021, the race was moved to July 4, and was held as a television doubleheader with the NASCAR Cup Series race at Road America.
Course layout
Through 1989, the race utilized the original full 2.4-mile track layout, which included the chicane (turns 2 and 3) just before the keyhole (turn 4). During a track repaving project in early 1990, a straightaway segment was paved to create an alternate layout which bypasses the chicane. The alternate layout measured 2.25 miles. Since the 1990 race, the Indy cars have utilized the alternate course, bypassing the chicane and creating a passing zone going into the keyhole.
In all years except for 1980, the Indy cars have utilized the auxiliary starting line located at the midpoint of the backstretch. This allows the entire field to properly assemble into the grid formation, and start the race heading towards the best passing zone on the circuit. The pace car pulls off into the pits as normal, and allow the pole position car to pace the field all the way to the backstretch. Since the start/finish line at the pit straight is immediately proceeded by the tight and slow carousel, it does not allow for optimum racing into the first turn. The finish line and all other scoring is done at the line on the pit straight. Over the years, restarts after caution periods were previously done at the pit straight, but since 2017, sometimes those too have been moved to the auxiliary starting line.
The first lap of the race is not officially scored until the cars cross the auxiliary start line on the backstretch. This removes approximately one mile from the first lap's distance, although teams still must factor in the distance in fuel calculations. From 1983 to 1989, the 84-lap race on the 2.4-mile circuit had an official distance of 200.25 miles. Likewise in 1990, the race distance for the 89-lap race on the 2.25 mile circuit was 199.3 miles. Though the race distance in laps has changed over the years, a similar deduction is still made in official race distance with respect to the race mileage.
Past winners
Season
Date
Driver
Team
Chassis
Engine
Race Distance
Race Time
Average Speed(mph)
Report
Laps
Miles (km)
Formula A/Formula 5000 history
1970
September 27
George Follmer
O'Neil Racing
Lotus
Ford
42
100.8 (162.221)
1:03:21
95.464
Report
1971
July 5
Sam Posey
Champ Carr Inc.
Surtees
Chevrolet
60
144 (231.745)
1:31:11
94.75
Report
1973
June 3
Jody Scheckter
Taylor-Entin
Trojan
Chevrolet
42
100.8 (162.221)
1:02:32
96.708
Report
1974
June 2
Brian Redman
Haas Racing
Lola
Chevrolet
42
100.8 (162.221)
1:01:04
99.023
Report
1975
August 10
Brian Redman
Carl Haas/Jim Hall
Lola
Chevrolet
42
100.8 (162.221)
1:04:51
93.24
Report
1976
August 8
Brian Redman
Carl Haas/Jim Hall
Lola
Chevrolet
42
100.8 (162.221)
0:59:07
102.29
Report
CART Champ Car history
1980
July 13
Johnny Rutherford
Chaparral Cars
Chaparral
Cosworth
65
156 (251.057)
1:48:04
86.601
Report
1981–1982
Not held
1983
September 11
Teo Fabi
Forsythe Racing
March
Cosworth
84
201.6 (324.443)
2:01:49
98.755
Report
1984
September 3
Mario Andretti
Newman/Haas Racing
Lola
Cosworth
84
201.6 (324.443)
1:59:50
100.388
Report
1985
September 1
Bobby Rahal
TrueSports
March
Cosworth
84
201.6 (324.443)
1:52:23
107.041
Report
1986
August 31
Bobby Rahal
TrueSports
March
Cosworth
84
201.6 (324.443)
1:56:18
103.43
Report
1987
September 6
Roberto Guerrero
Andy Granatelli
March
Cosworth
84
201.6 (324.443)
1:51:58
107.431
Report
1988
September 4
Emerson Fittipaldi
Patrick Racing
Lola
Chevrolet-Ilmor
84
201.6 (324.443)
2:14:18
89.57
Report
1989
September 3
Teo Fabi
Porsche
March
Porsche
84
201.6 (324.443)
1:54:46
105.395
Report
1990
September 16
Michael Andretti
Newman/Haas Racing
Lola
Chevrolet-Ilmor
89
200.25 (322.271)
2:19:27
85.751
Report
1991
September 15
Michael Andretti
Newman/Haas Racing
Lola
Chevrolet-Ilmor
89
200.25 (322.271)
1:59:49
99.789
Report
1992
September 13
Emerson Fittipaldi
Penske Racing
Penske
Chevrolet-Ilmor
89
200.25 (322.271)
1:51:23
107.352
Report
1993
September 12
Emerson Fittipaldi
Penske Racing
Penske
Chevrolet-Ilmor
89
200.25 (322.271)
1:56:59
102.704
Report
1994
August 14
Al Unser Jr.
Penske Racing
Penske
Ilmor
83*
185.754 (298.942)
1:40:59
110.387
Report
1995
August 13
Al Unser Jr.
Penske Racing
Penske
Mercedes-Benz
83
186.75 (300.544)
1:44:04
107.11
Report
1996
August 11
Alex Zanardi
Chip Ganassi Racing
Reynard
Honda
83
186.75 (300.544)
1:46:49
104.358
Report
1997
August 10
Alex Zanardi
Chip Ganassi Racing
Reynard
Honda
83
187.414 (301.613)
1:41:16
110.456
Report
1998
August 9
Adrián Fernández
Patrick Racing
Reynard
Ford-Cosworth
83
187.414 (301.613)
1:53:39
98.428
Report
1999
August 15
Juan Montoya
Chip Ganassi Racing
Reynard
Honda
83
187.414 (301.613)
1:42:08
109.606
Report
2000
August 13
Hélio Castroneves
Penske Racing
Reynard
Honda
83
187.414 (301.613)
1:44:59
106.558
Report
2001
August 12
Hélio Castroneves
Penske Racing
Reynard
Honda
83
187.414 (301.613)
1:44:54
106.627
Report
2002
August 11
Patrick Carpentier
Forsythe Racing
Reynard
Ford-Cosworth
92
207.736 (334.318)
1:56:17
106.68
Report
2003
August 10
Paul Tracy
Forsythe Racing
Lola
Ford-Cosworth
92
207.736 (334.318)
1:56:45
106.251
Report
2004–2006
Not held
IRL/IndyCar Series history
2007
July 22
Scott Dixon
Chip Ganassi Racing
Dallara
Honda
85
191.93 (308.881)
1:47:24
107.222
Report
2008
July 20
Ryan Briscoe
Penske Racing
Dallara
Honda
85
191.93 (308.881)
2:01:23
94.873
Report
2009
August 9
Scott Dixon
Chip Ganassi Racing
Dallara
Honda
85
191.93 (308.881)
1:46:06
108.541
Report
2010
August 8
Dario Franchitti
Chip Ganassi Racing
Dallara
Honda
85
191.93 (308.881)
1:54:32
100.542
Report
2011
August 7
Scott Dixon
Chip Ganassi Racing
Dallara
Honda
85
191.93 (308.881)
1:48:47
105.861
Report
2012
August 5
Scott Dixon
Chip Ganassi Racing
Dallara
Honda
85
191.93 (308.881)
1:39:49
115.379
Report
2013
August 4
Charlie Kimball
Chip Ganassi Racing
Dallara
Honda
90
203.22 (327.05)
1:43:29
117.825
Report
2014
August 3
Scott Dixon
Chip Ganassi Racing
Dallara
Chevrolet
90
203.22 (327.05)
1:52:45
108.14
Report
2015
August 2
Graham Rahal
Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing
Dallara
Honda
90
203.22 (327.05)
1:55:20
105.72
Report
2016
July 31
Simon Pagenaud
Team Penske
Dallara
Chevrolet
90
203.22 (327.05)
1:50:00
110.853
Report
2017
July 30
Josef Newgarden
Team Penske
Dallara
Chevrolet
90
203.22 (327.05)
1:46:20
114.677
Report
2018
July 29
Alexander Rossi
Andretti Autosport
Dallara
Honda
90
203.22 (327.05)
1:44:15
116.957
Report
2019
July 28
Scott Dixon
Chip Ganassi Racing
Dallara
Honda
90
203.22 (327.05)
1:45:15
115.837
Report
2020
September 12
Will Power
Team Penske
Dallara
Chevrolet
75
169.35 (272.54)
1:29:08
113.978
Report
September 13
Colton Herta
Andretti Harding Steinbrenner Autosport
Dallara
Honda
75
169.35 (272.54)
1:34:17
107.763
2021
July 4
Josef Newgarden
Team Penske
Dallara
Chevrolet
80
180.64 (290.71)
1:39:58
108.405
Report
2022
July 3
Scott McLaughlin
Team Penske
Dallara
Chevrolet
80
180.64 (290.71)
1:46:43
101.557
Report
2023
July 2
Álex Palou
Chip Ganassi Racing
Dallara
Honda
80
180.64 (290.71)
1:37:31
111.125
Report
1994: Race shortened due to time limit.
2020: Race postponed and made into a doubleheader (75 laps each) due to COVID-19 pandemic.
Support race winners
USAC Mini-Indy series
Season
Date
Winning Driver
1980
July 13
Dave McMillan
American Racing Series
1986
August 31
Steve Millen
1987
September 6
Juan Manuel Fangio II
1988
September 4
Jon Beekhuis
1989
September 3
P. J. Jones
1990
September 16
Paul Tracy
CART Indy Lights series
1991
September 15
Brian Till
1992
September 13
Robbie Groff
1993
September 12
Bryan Herta
1994
August 14
André Ribeiro
2000
September 13
Townsend Bell
2001
September 12
Townsend Bell
Indy Pro/Indy Lights series
2007
July 22
Richard Antinucci
2008
July 19
Raphael Matos
2008
July 20
James Davison
2009
August 9
James Davison
2010
August 8
Martin Plowman
2013
August 4
Gabby Chaves
2014
August 2
Jack Harvey
August 3
Jack Harvey
2015
August 1
R.C. Enerson
August 2
Sean Rayhall
2016
July 30
Santiago Urrutia
July 31
Santiago Urrutia
2017
July 29
Santiago Urrutia
July 30
Nico Jamin
2018
July 28
Patricio O'Ward
July 29
Patricio O'Ward
2019
July 27
Oliver Askew
July 28
Oliver Askew
2021
July 3
Kyle Kirkwood
July 4
Kyle Kirkwood
October 2
Kyle Kirkwood
October 3
Linus Lundqvist
2022
July 3
Hunter McElrea
Indy NXT
2023
July 2
Louis Foster
Formula Ford 2000
Season
Date
Winning Driver
1993
June 12
Chris Simmons
1995
August 12
Memo Gidley
October 8
Jeret Schroeder
1996
August 10
Steve Knapp
1997
August 9
Zak Morioka
1998
June 14
David Besnard
August 8
David Besnard
1999
June 5
Dan Wheldon
August 14
Jeff Wright
2001
June 9
Tõnis Kasemets
June 10
Doug Bell
June 11
Jason LaPoint
Formula Ford Zetec
2002
June 30
Tõnis Kasemets
August 10
Bryan Sellers
August 11
Ross Fonferko
2003
June 28
Tõnis Kasemets
June 29
Westley Barber
August 9
Jonathan Bomarito
August 10
Jonathan Bomarito
2004
June 26
Andrew Prendeville
June 27
Adam Pecorari
August 7
Adam Pecorari
August 8
Adam Pecorari
U.S. F2000 National Championship
2011
August 6
Petri Suvanto
August 7
Petri Suvanto
2012
August 4
Spencer Pigot
August 5
Scott Anderson
2013
August 3
Neil Alberico
Neil Alberico
August 4
Garett Grist
2014
August 1
R. C. Enerson
August 2
Jake Eidson
August 3
Florian Latorre
2015
August 1
Nico Jamin
August 2
Nico Jamin
Nico Jamin
2016
July 29
Anthony Martin
July 30
Anthony Martin
July 31
Anthony Martin
2017
July 28
Oliver Askew
July 29
Parker Thompson
2018
July 27
Kyle Kirkwood
July 28
Kyle Kirkwood
July 29
Kyle Kirkwood
2019
July 27
Christian Rasmussen
July 28
Hunter McElrea
2020*
July 29
Christian Rasmussen
July 30
Christian Rasmussen
Christian Rasmussen
September 12
Michael d'Orlando
Reece Gold
September 13
Christian Rasmussen
2021
July 3
Michael d'Orlando
Kiko Porto
July 4
Michael d'Orlando
October 3
Yuven Sundaramoorthy
October 4
Josh Green
2022
July 1
Myles Rowe
July 2
Myles Rowe
Michael d'Orlando
2023
June 30
Evagoras Papasavvas
July 1
Mac Clark
Simon Sikes
Source:
Formula Atlantic/Atlantic Championship
Season
Date
Winning Driver
1986
September 27
Scott Goodyear
1987
September 6
Calvin Fish
1988
September 4
Steve Shelton
September 24
Steve Shelton
1989
June 4
Jocko Cunningham
July 16
Colin Trueman
1991
September 14
Jimmy Vasser
1992
September 14
Stuart Crow
1993
September 11
Jacques Villeneuve
1994
August 14
Colin Trueman
1995
August 13
Richie Hearn
1996
August 10
Patrick Carpentier
1997
August 10
Alex Barron
1998
August 9
Lee Bentham
1999
August 15
Kenny Wilden
2003
August 17
Michael Valiante
2009
August 8
Jonathan Summerton
Pro Mazda Championship
Season
Date
Winning Driver
2013
August 3
Matthew Brabham
August 4
Matthew Brabham
2014
August 2
Nicolas Costa
August 3
Garett Grist
2015
August 1
Santiago Urrutia
August 2
Neil Alberico
2016
July 30
Nico Jamin
Nico Jamin
2017
July 28
Anthony Martin
July 29
Victor Franzoni
July 30
Anthony Martin
2018
July 28
Rinus VeeKay
July 29
Rinus VeeKay
Indy Pro 2000 Championship
2019
July 27
Kyle Kirkwood
July 28
Kyle Kirkwood
2020*
July 29
Braden Eves
July 30
Artem Petrov
Sting Ray Robb
September 12
Manuel Sulaimán
September 13
Sting Ray Robb
2021
July 3
Christian Rasmussen
July 4
Hunter McElrea
October 2
Christian Rasmussen
October 3
James Roe Jr.
2022
July 2
Louis Foster
July 3
Kiko Porto
USF Pro 2000 Championship
2023
July 1
Michael d'Orlando
July 2
Myles Rowe
Stadium Super Trucks
Season
Date
Winning Driver
Ref
2019
July 27
Cole Potts
July 28
Gavin Harlien
2021
July 3
Matthew Brabham
July 4
Matthew Brabham
2022
July 2
Gavin Harlien
July 3
Max Gordon
Indy Pro 2000 and U.S. F2000 ran two weekends at the track in 2020 and to make up for races canceled by the COVID-19 pandemic. The first weekend was run as a standalone event on the originally scheduled IndyCar race weekend, while the second was run in support of the IndyCar Series on their rescheduled date. The two series, and Indy Lights, ran two weekends at the track in 2021. The first weekend was on the IndyCar Series weekend, and the second in October was run to replace the Toronto races cancelled by Ontario restrictions.
Race summaries
Formula 5000
Mid-Ohio course layout (red) used through 1989.
1970: The first major open wheel race at Mid-Ohio saw the SCCA Continental Championship, contested with Formula A machines. George Follmer took the lead at the start and led all 42 laps. Follmer, driving the only Ford in the field, beat second place John Cannon by nearly one minute. Mark Donohue, who crashed his car in practice on Friday, charged from last place to 3rd at the finish.
1971: The event, part of the 1971 SCCA L&M Continental 5000 Championship, was run in two 30-lap heats on Monday, the day after Independence Day. In the first heat, Sam Posey started on the pole position and led the first 28 laps. David Hobbs passed Posey on lap 29 and held on to win the first heat by 0.2 seconds. In the second heat, Posey dominated, leading 28 laps. He beat Hobbs to the finish by 18 seconds, and by virtue of the larger margin of victory, was declared the overall winner. Hobbs was caught up in a battle for second with Eppie Wietzes. Hobbs made the pass for second place with two laps to go, but was too far behind to catch Posey for the win.
1973: Jody Scheckter held off Brian Redman to win the 100-mile Formula 5000 L&M Championship race. Scheckter pulled out to a 29-second advantage at one point, but his lead shrunk after rain showers entered the area. He found himself stuck behind several slow backmarker cars, and Redman charged to close the gap. Suffering from brake problems, and a brief miscommunication with his crew, Scheckter was even seen shaking his first angrily at the lapped cars blocking him. Redman and Schekter touched wheels when Redman tried to take the lead, but he put two wheels off the track, and Scheckter held the position. At the checkered flag, Scheckter won by 0.791 seconds over Redman, with Mark Donohue coming home third.
1975: Brian Redman won the 42-lap, 100-mile, Buckeye Cup Formula 5000 race, his second consecutive victory in the event. Redman took the lead on lap 31 after Mario Andretti's car broke down. Redman won by 27.22 seconds over Al Unser. The race was marred by a first lap crash involving B.J. Swanson. At the start, going into turn one, Swanson suffered a stuck throttle, and crashed head-on into a guardrail and bridge. Swanson died from head injuries three days later.
CART PPG Indy Car World Series
1980: The Indy cars visited Mid-Ohio for the first time in 1980, under the USAC/CART CRL banner. Brothers Al and Bobby Unser started on the front row, but both would drop out early with mechanical problems. A rather disjointed start saw the ragged field come out of the carousel and be met with a yellow flag at the starter's stand. The field checked up, and Al Unser went spinning into the grass in turn one. It took a few laps to reassemble the field, and the race finally was started. Rick Mears took the lead for the first time on lap 13, with Johnny Rutherford close behind in second. The two cars battled for the lead over many laps, with Mears holding off Rutherford's challenges. Late in the race, Rutherford made his final pit stop, leaving Mears in the lead by about 20 seconds. Mears, however, was suffering from the heat, which caused him to spin out in turn 12. Mears lost a lap, handing the lead to Rutherford in the Chaparral 2K. Moments later, Mears tangled with the spinning car of Rick Muther, and he was out of the race. Johnny Rutherford cruised to victory over the final 19 laps, beating Gordon Johncock by 23.07 seconds. Only seven cars were running at the finish.
1983: The Indy cars returned to Mid-Ohio for the second time, as part of the CART PPG Indy Car World Series. Polesitter and hometown favorite Bobby Rahal led the first 18 laps, but was forced to pit with a fuel pickup problem. Teo Fabi assumed the lead on lap 27, and never relinquished it. Contenders John Paul Jr. and Al Unser Jr. both fell by the wayside, while second place Mario Andretti was never able to mount a strong challenge on Fabi. Fabi stretched out to a 45-second lead at one point, and made his final pit stop without losing the lead. Fabi won by 25 seconds over Andretti. Despite two unscheduled pit stops, Bobby Rahal still managed to come home in third.
1984: The race was moved to Labor Day weekend beginning in 1984. On a hot, 90° day, Mario Andretti dominated the race, leading 76 of the 84 laps. He lapped all but second place Bobby Rahal, who finished 37.9 seconds behind. The hot conditions took a toll on the field, with numerous drivers, including Andretti, complaining of exhaustion and heat-related fatigue. No driver was able to mount any sort of challenge for the win, and Andretti only relinquished the lead during pit stops. Rahal gave up the chase with about 14 laps to go, and third place Danny Sullivan was more than a lap down, allowing Andretti to cruise to victory.
Bobby Rahal celebrates victory in the 1985 race.
1985: Hometown favorite Bobby Rahal won the pole position with a new track record (114.791 mph), and led 83 of the 84 laps, en route to a dominating victory. It was Rahal's first Indy car win at Mid-Ohio, in his third attempt. Mario Andretti was running second with just over one lap to go when he blew a tire down the backstretch and skidded to a halt in the grass. Andretti dropped to seventh at the finish, while Danny Sullivan came home in second place.
1986: Bobby Rahal was victorious again, winning one of the more exciting races thus far at Mid-Ohio. Mario Andretti started from the pole position and led the first 12 laps until he dropped out with exhaust problems. Danny Sullivan led 60 of the next 61 laps, with Rahal close behind. The two cars battled for the lead most of the day, with Sullivan able to hold off Rahal. Coming out of the keyhole with nine laps to go, Sullivan's car shockingly began to sputter and Rahal blew by to take the lead on the backstretch. Sullivan pitted for fuel, and wound up third. Rahal now held a seven-second lead over Roberto Guerrero, but it quickly evaporated when Rahal became mired in traffic. Guerrero was right on the back bumper of Rahal with six laps to go at the start/finish line. But as the leaders exited turn one, Josele Garza touched wheels with Randy Lewis just behind them. Garza's car flipped into the guardrail, catapulted into the crossover bridge, and tumbled back onto the track near turn one. Garza suffered a broken leg, but was not critically injured in the horrendous crash. The race finished under caution, with Rahal becoming the first back-to-back winner at Mid-Ohio.
1987: Bobby Rahal was looking to win his third-consecutive Indy car race at Mid-Ohio - and fifth race overall (he had won in IROC and IMSA) - but with 11 laps to go, a collision took away the chance for victory. Rahal led 66 laps, and was ahead by half a lap when he was working through traffic on lap 74. Rahal tangled with the lapped car of Rick Miaskiewicz, forcing him to pit with a punctured tire. Roberto Guerrero blew by the limping car of Rahal to take the lead, and pulled away for the victory. Rahal climbed back up to second, and avoided a major blow when Michael Andretti - his closest competitor in the points championship - blew his engine in the closing laps. Four days later, Guerrero would be injured during a tire test at Indianapolis. He was struck in the head by a tire, leaving him in a coma, and sidelined for the remainder of the season.
1988: The race started in rain, with Danny Sullivan on the pole. On lap 3, Michael Andretti tapped Sullivan at the end of the backstretch, sending the two cars, along with Al Unser Jr., spinning into the grass. Andretti dropped out, but Unser and Sullivan were able to continue. Emerson Fittipaldi started 7th, but was quickly up the lead by lap 7. Fittipaldi led 62 laps, stretching out to a 31-second margin at one point. After the final sequence of pit stops, Fittipaldi took the lead for good on lap 70, and won his first race at Mid-Ohio.
1989: Teo Fabi started from the pole position and won the race, the first and only victory for the Porsche Indy Car program. Fabi took the lead at the start, and led 45 of the first 47 laps, with Al Unser Jr. in pursuit. Unser caught and passed Fabi for the lead on lap 48. After the second round of pit stops, Fabi was back in the lead pulling out to a sizable margin. Fabi's crew, however, had not been able to fill the car with fuel on the second stop, and Fabi would be forced to make a third splash-and-go pit stop to make it to the finish. With the light fuel load, Fabi pulled out to a 21-second advantage, allowing him to pit for fuel with nine laps to go and still hold the lead. Fabi became the second two-time winner at Mid-Ohio, and this would be the final Indy car race held on the original 2.4-mile layout.
1990: During the offseason, a new straightaway segment was paved to bypass the chicane (turns 2–3), and the track layout now measured 2.25 miles. Heavy rain in the morning made for a damp track at the start. Michael Andretti led the first 45 laps. During his first scheduled pit stop, Andretti's crew insisted he stay on wet tires, while his father Mario Andretti switched to slicks. Two laps later, Michael Andretti slid off-course in the keyhole, allowing Mario to take the lead. Michael dropped to third, with Eddie Cheever now up to second. On lap 57, Michael tried to pass Cheever for second at the end of the backstretch, but lost control and clipped Cheever's tire. Cheever's tire was punctured, and Michael's front wing was damaged. Moments later, a downpour put the race under caution, and the entire field pitted for wets. When the green came out, Michael quickly reeled in his father Mario, and took the lead for good on lap 71. Michael Andretti led the rest of the way and cruised to victory, with Mario finishing second.
1991: Michael Andretti dominated the race, leading 88 of the 89 laps, and held on for a crucial victory, his second-consecutive win at Mid-Ohio. Andretti started from the pole and led most of the day with ease, giving up the lead only during a pit stop. But late in the race, his tires started to go away. On lap 66, Emerson Fittipaldi passed Bobby Rahal for second place and began charging to catch Andretti. Fittipaldi closed to within one second with five laps to go. Andretti and Fittipaldi encountered lapped traffic on lap 86, and Andretti was able to get by cleanly. Fittipaldi, however, got caught behind the slower cars and could not get by. Andretti held on to win the race, taking the points lead as a result. It was a critical win that helped Andretti on the way to winning the 1991 CART championship.
Emerson Fittipaldi navigates the Keyhole section of the course in a Penske Racing IndyCar in 1992
1992: Michael Andretti led 50 of the first 51 laps, ahead of Penske teammates Emerson Fittipaldi and Paul Tracy, who were in close pursuit. Andretti, going for three in a row at Mid-Ohio, however, dropped out with low oil pressure. Fittipaldi took over the lead and won the race, with Tracy coming home second. Hometown favorite Bobby Rahal, two-time Mid-Ohio winner, and the series points leader going into the race, had an embarrassing crash in turn one on the third lap. Battling poor handling, he hit the concrete curbing, lost control, and spun into the barrier.
1993: Series points leader Nigel Mansell started from the pole position. At the start, Paul Tracy from the outside of the front row, clipped Mansell's car, breaking the front wing, and forcing Mansell to the pits for repairs. Tracy took the lead, and pulled out to a 21-second advantage. On lap 21, however, he locked up the brakes attempting to lap the car of Scott Pruett, and slid off the track head-on into a tire barrier. Later in the race, Emerson Fittipaldi battled with Scott Goodyear and Al Unser Jr. for the race lead. On lap 31, Unser tried to pass Fittipaldi for the lead in the esses, but ran out of room and slid off into the grass. Unser veered back onto the pavement, clipping Goodyear in the right rear. Unser's nosecone broke off, sending him to the pits and out of contention for the win. Fittipaldi became the third driver to win at Mid-Ohio in consecutive seasons, and the second in a row to do so. Nigel Mansell charged from two laps down to come home 12th.
1994: Beginning in 1994, the race was moved to mid-August. On lap 53, Paul Tracy was leading, just ahead of Al Unser Jr., when Teo Fabi spun out in the Keyhole. A local yellow was put out as a safety truck was dispatched to tow Fabi out of the sandtrap. Tracy came upon the car of Robby Gordon coming out of turn one. In the keyhole, Gordon went too hot into the corner, and the back end nearly came around. The car slid high out of the groove, and he avoided contact with the safety truck. Tracy locked up the brakes, and ducked underneath Gordon to get by. Moments later, CART officials put out the black flag and issued Tracy a stop-and-go penalty for passing under the yellow. The penalty cost Tracy the lead. Despite the controversial penalty, Penske teammates Unser, Tracy, and Emerson Fittipaldi swept the podium, finishing 1-2-3.
1995: After an up-and-down day, Al Unser Jr. was victorious, becoming the third driver in a row to win back-to-back races at Mid-Ohio (and fourth overall). During the pace lap, Unser was forced to pit with a punctured tire. He pitted out of sequence with the leaders, which necessitated a late-race pit stop for a splash of fuel. Unser inherited the lead after Michael Andretti blew an engine with four laps to go.
1996: Ganassi teammates Alex Zanardi and Jimmy Vasser finished 1st-2nd, with Zanardi leading 79 of the 83 laps. Zanardi held a comfortable lead most of the race, but two late yellows bunched the field for Vasser. Zanardi was able to withstand the two late restarts. Two crashes on the final lap took out four cars. Greg Moore made contact with André Ribeiro in the keyhole, while Al Unser Jr. tangled with Parker Johnstone at the end of the backstretch. Unser, who entered the race second in points, was running 10th, but fell out of the points.
1997: Alex Zanardi became the fourth driver in a row to win consecutive races at Mid-Ohio, and the fifth overall. Zanardi took the lead for the first time on lap 19 after polesitter Bryan Herta blew a tire. Zanardi pulled out to a large lead over Greg Moore. Late in the race, the Ganassi team determined that Zanardi was one lap short of making the distance on fuel. The team encouraged Zanardi to speed up and put some distance between himself and second place. On lap 70, he had pulled out to a 30-second lead when a yellow came out. He ducked into the pits for a splash-and-go stop for fuel, and came out still holding the lead. Zanardi cruised to the win, and Moore finished second 4.8 seconds behind. Bobby Rahal charged from 16th starting position to finish third.
CART FedEx Championship Series
1998: Much of the attention for the day focused on Bobby Rahal, who was making his final start at Mid-Ohio before his retirement at the end of the season. Rahal would finish a strong third. In a race full of crashes, Adrián Fernández led the final 26 laps, holding off teammate Scott Pruett for the victory. A crash on the first lap took out Bryan Herta, Dario Franchitti, and Jimmy Vasser. Greg Moore, who led 23 laps, dropped out after contact in the pits damaged his suspension. The most serious crash of the day occurred on lap 58. P. J. Jones ran over a piece of debris from JJ Lehto's car, locking up his steering at the end of the backstretch. Michael Andretti and Mark Blundell came upon the scene, and Andretti, attempting to pass, touched wheels with Jones. Andretti's car was sent barrel-rolling off the end of the backstretch at 190 mph, landing upright in a sand trap. Later in the race, Alex Zanardi was fined $50,000 for contact with Hélio Castroneves.
1999: Juan Pablo Montoya started 8th, and after a fast pit stop on lap 30, came out in third place. Trailing race leader Dario Franchitti by 17 seconds, Montoya began charging and over the next twenty laps, closed to within two seconds of the lead. Franchitti made his second pit stop a few laps early due to a punctured tire, handing the lead to Paul Tracy. The lead was short-lived, as Montoya passed Tracy one lap later. On a restart with 18 laps to go, Montoya was able to get a jump, and set a stunning pace over the final stint. Montoya cruised to victory by a margin of 10.9 seconds over Tracy. Franchitti came home third.
2000: Penske Racing teammates Hélio Castroneves and Gil de Ferran dominated the weekend. The duo swept the front row in qualifying, and led all 83 laps en route to a 1-2 finish. At the start, de Ferran took the lead from the pole position, and led the first 28 laps. He made his first pit stop on lap 29, handing the lead to Castroneves. One lap later, Castroneves pitted, and with a faster stop came out ahead of de Ferran. Castroneves led the final 55 laps to win.
2001: For the second consecutive year, Hélio Castroneves and Gil de Ferran finished 1-2 for Penske. In a near-repeat of the 2000 race, de Ferran started from the pole position, and led until the first round of pit stops. On lap 29, de Ferran pitted, but was mired in traffic after he exited the pit area. Castroneves pitted one lap later, and with a clear track maintained the lead after his stop. Moments later, Rahal teammates Kenny Bräck and Max Papis tangled in the Esses dropping both from contention. Early contenders Jimmy Vasser and Dario Franchitti both dropped out, while Michael Andretti blew his engine back on lap 6. Castroneves led 44 of the final 55 laps to win, and became the sixth different driver to win at Mid-Ohio in consecutive seasons.
2002: Patrick Carpentier started from the pole position and led 89 of the 92 laps on his way to victory. Cristiano da Matta was in close pursuit of Carpentier much of the race, and closed to within a car length on lap 70. Going down the backstretch, da Matta tucked in behind, and ducked low looking to make a pass for the lead going into turn 5. Carpentier turned in, and da Matta's car got caught in dirty air, locked the rear brakes, and spun into the gravel trap.
2003: The final CART series race at Mid-Ohio was won by Paul Tracy. Tracy won an Indy/Champ car race at Mid-Ohio for the first time in eleven tries, and it was his first win on the course since an Indy Lights victory in 1990. Tracy led 69 of the 92 laps, and finished 0.51 seconds ahead of second place Patrick Carpentier.
Indy Racing League / IndyCar Series
Scott Dixon has won a record six times at Mid-Ohio.
The start/finish and pit straight in preparations for the 2012 race.
2007: Indy car racing made a popular return to Mid-Ohio after a three-year absence. Helio Castroneves won the pole position, hs sixth pole of the year, tying Billy Boat's record for most poles in a season, set in 1998. On the first lap, Andretti Green teammates Danica Patrick, Tony Kanaan, and Marco Andretti tangled, resulting in Andretti's car flipping over Kanaan's rear tire and landing upside-down. Andretti was uninjured. On the final fuel stop, Scott Dixon's Chip Ganassi Racing crew was able to short-fill and get him out ahead of rivals Dario Franchitti and Castroneves. Dixon won by 2.6917 seconds, his first of multiple wins at Mid-Ohio.
2008: A pre-race rain shower prompted teams to start the race on rain tires. But once the race started, the track began to dry quickly, and teams were faced with a decision as to when to switch to slicks. Ryan Briscoe started second, but quickly dropped to sixth. He was among the last of the leaders to pit for slicks (on lap 7), and lost considerable track position in doing so, falling as low as 17th. Pitting off-sequence for the rest of the race, however, allowed Briscoe to move to the front owing to two fortuitous caution periods. Briscoe was able to run full throttle to the finish, while others were running fuel conservation strategies.
2009: Scott Dixon earns his 20th Indy Racing League IndyCar Series victory, making him the most successful driver in series history.
2010: A full-course caution came out for a spin by Francesco Dracone, setting up a restart with 13 laps to go. Dario Franchitti led Will Power and Helio Castroneves. With two laps to go, Power was right on the tail of Franchitti. The two cars were nose-to-tail on the final lap, with Franchitti holding off Power by 0.5234 seconds.
2011: Scott Dixon edged teammate Dario Franchitti down the backstretch on a restart on lap 61, and held on to win at Mid-Ohio for the third time in five seasons. Will Power dropped to 14th after getting caught out under a full-course caution during a sequence of pit stops.
2012: Will Power won the pole position, followed by Dario Franchitti, Simon Pagenaud and Scott Dixon. Dixon picks up his second win of the season, leading the final 16 laps, and fourth win overall at Mid-Ohio. Power, who led the first 57 laps, came home second.
2013: Charlie Kimball led a race-high 46 laps, and earned his first victory in Indy car competition. In a race that went caution-free, Kimball set an all-time Mid-Ohio record with an average speed of 117.825 mph. Kimball took the lead for good on lap 73 of 90, and won even after crashing his primary car earlier in the weekend. Some drivers in the field were attempting to execute a two-stop strategy, but in doing so, fuel-saving measures were needed. Kimball's team elected a three-stop run, which allowed a much faster pace, and he pulled away to a commanding victory.
2014: Scott Dixon won at Mid-Ohio for the fifth time in eight seasons. Polesitter Sébastien Bourdais led the early stages of the race, and Dixon, who started last after spinning out during qualifying, worked his way to the front off-sequence in pit stops from the other leaders. Dixon capitalized on an error by Josef Newgarden during his final pit stop. Newgarden ran over an air hose, tripping a crew member, and was penalized for hitting pit equipment. Series points leader Hélio Castroneves suffered throttle problems on the grid, and joined the race four laps down, and finished a lowly 19th.
2015: Hometown favorite Graham Rahal won the race, thirty years after his father Bobby Rahal won at Mid-Ohio. On lap 66, Rahal made his final pit stop, just as the yellow came out for a controversial spin by Sage Karam at the end of the backstretch. Rahal led the rest of the way, holding off Justin Wilson on a restart with 6 laps to go.
2016: Simon Pagenaud started from the pole position, and took the lead at the start, with Will Power and Josef Newgarden running 2nd-3rd. Several teams attempted alternate pit strategies in the first half of the race, shuffling the standings often. After a restart on lap 19, Power clipped the rear bumper pod on Newgarden's car, forcing Newgarden to pit for a rear wing assembly change. Later, Mikhail Aleshin emerged as the leader, and began to pull away to a sizable margin. On lap 61, the second caution of the race occurred when Jack Hawksworth went wide on entry to turn one, causing him to lose control and hit the wall. All of the leaders headed to the pits for their final stops. Race leader Aleshin was released directly into the path of Newgarden, causing the two to make contact and ending Aleshin's day. Conor Daly elected to stay out, and took over the lead, while Will Power emerged in second, and Pagenaud third. Daly would be unable to make it to the finish on fuel, meaning the battle for the lead would ultimately be between Power and Pagenaud. On lap 66, Pagenaud began to put heavy pressure on Power and in turn 12 was able to get by. This would prove to be the winning move of the race, as Pagenaud would take the lead on lap 84 and win by 4.1620 seconds.
2017: Josef Newgarden was leading the race by 12 seconds when the final sequence of pit stops began on lap 62. Newgaren emerged as the leader, but on lap 67 the first and only caution of the race came out when Ed Jones spun in turn 9. On the restart on lap 71, the lapped car of Esteban Gutiérrez was wedged between Newgarden and second place Will Power. This allowed Newgarden to easily pull away score his third win of the season.
2018: Alexander Rossi started from the pole and led 66 of the 90 laps to victory. Rossi's team gambled by executing a two pit stop strategy, while all of the other leaders made three pit stops. Rossi was able to make mileage in his first stint, and made his second and final pit stop on lap 59. Robert Wickens pitted on lap 65, handing the lead to Rossi, who stretched out to a 12.8285 second margin at the finish.
2019: Scott Dixon won his record sixth Mid-Ohio Indy car race, but not before one of the best last-lap battles in Mid-Ohio history. The race went caution-free, and the leaders cycled through their final pit stops by lap 66. Scott Dixon held a commanding 9-second lead over teammate Felix Rosenqvist. Ryan Hunter-Reay was running third, an additional 11 seconds back. Rosenqvist steadily began trimming the deficit, as was Hunter-Reay, and it was becoming evident that Dixon's tires were starting to go away. Dixon was on the alternate red tires, while Rosenqvist and Hunter-Reay were on the primary blacks. With Dixon backing off, nursing his car to the finish, Rosenqvist was charging, and worked his way past the lapped cars between himself and Dixon. On the final lap, Rosenqvist made a move for the lead in the Keyhole, but clipped the inside curb and Dixon maintained the position. At the finish line, Dixon held off Rosenqvist by 0.0934 seconds, the closest finish in Mid-Ohio history, and third-closest road course finish in Indy car history.
2020 (Saturday): The first race of the 2020 doubleheader weekend was held on Saturday September 12. The race was shortened from its normal 90-lap distance to 75 laps. Will Power won the pole position, his milestone 60th career pole. Power took the lead at the start and led 66 laps, en route to a dominating victory. With the shorter distance, the pit strategy was altered slightly, as every car would be able to make it to the finish with only two stops. Power employed an all-out, fast-paced strategy, and did not worry about fuel-saving measures. In a race that went without a caution, Power's hard-charging effort put him out in front after both rounds of pit stops. Power won by 7.4523 seconds over Penske teammate Josef Newgarden, with storm clouds approaching over the final few laps. Alexander Rossi came home third, executing first an "overcut", and later an "undercut" strategy, which helped move him gain two positions. Points leader Scott Dixon started way down in 17th, and finished only 10th.
2020 (Sunday): The second race of the 2020 doubleheader weekend was held Sunday September 13. Colton Herta won the race, leading a 1st-2nd-3rd sweep of the podium by Andretti Autosport. Herta started from the pole position and led 57 laps, but was not without incident. At the start, Herta and Santino Ferrucci started on the front row. Going side by side into turn 4, Herta did not give much room on the outside, forcing Ferrucci into the grass. Ferrucci's car came back onto the track and collided with his Dale Coyne Racing teammate Álex Palou and Felix Rosenqvist. Both Palou and Rosenqvist were eliminated, while Ferrucci was penalized for avoidable contact. Later in the race, Dalton Kellett, Scott Dixon, and Marco Andretti each went off-course in turn one in separate incidents. All were able to continue, but Dixon for the second day in a row, managed only a 10th-place finish. After the final round of pit stops, Herta held off Alexander Rossi by 1.3826 second, with Ryan Hunter-Reay close behind in third.
2021: The race was scheduled for 80 laps for 2021. In addition, it was moved to July 4 weekend. Josef Newgarden took his third consecutive pole position ahead of Colton Herta, Alex Palou, and Scott Dixon. Newgarden dominated the race leading 73 of the 80 laps. Newgarden made his final pit stop on lap 53, and emerged with about a 6-7 second lead over Marcus Ericsson. In the closing laps, however, Ericsson started using push-to-pass, while Newgarden encountered slower traffic. The lead shrunk to less than 2 seconds with two laps to go. On the final lap, the two cars were nose-tail, but Newgarden held off Ericsson by 0.879 seconds. It was the first race win of the season for Penske Racing, and came on the 50th anniversary of Penske's first Indy car win. Álex Palou rounded out the podium.
2022: Pato O'Ward qualified for the pole position. O'Ward and Scott McLaughlin traded the lead during the first half until O'Ward's car started losing power. On lap 54, the car finally quit exiting the pits, and his day was finished. McLaughlin took the lead for the first time on lap 31, and led 45 of the final 52 laps. McLaughlin held off Álex Palou and Will Power - who charged from 21st starting position (and a half-spin on the opening lap), to finish third. The story of the race, however, was an uncharacteristic six yellows for multiple spins and contact. On lap 59, teammates Romain Grosjean and Alexander Rossi tangled going side-by-side in the keyhole, drawing the ire of the team. In total, three avoidable contact penalties were handed out during the race. Colton Herta experienced bad luck on two occasions. On lap 54, his crew neglected to call him in for a pit stop as a caution was about to come out. Seconds later, he wound up trapped out on the track, the only car not having pit yet. Then with 17 laps to go, he too tangled with Grosjean, going briefly off-course in the keyhole.
2023: Alex Palou, the winner at Detroit and Road America, made it three victories in a row by winning at Mid-Ohio. Colton Herta and Graham Rahal started 1st-2nd, respectively, and the led the early segment of the race. On their first pit stops, Herta and Rahal both took on primary "black" tires, while Palou took on alternate "reds". Palou charged into the lead, and pulled out to an 8-second advantage. On the second and final sequence of pit stops, both Herta and Rahal experienced trouble. Herta broke the pit road speed limit while exiting, then Rahal's crew had difficulty with the left rear tire. That left Palou with a comfortable lead, and he cruised to victory. Marcus Ericsson, who entered the race second in the points standings, crashed on the opening lap. He ran over teammate Felix Rosenqvist, and finished last. Ericsson slipped to fourth in the season standings, while Palou stretched his championship lead to a staggering 110 points. Simon Pagenaud sat out the race with a concussion after a spectacular barrel-roll crash at the end of the backstretch during practice on Saturday.
2024: The 2024 Honda Indy 200 would be a milestone race for IndyCar racing, as it would be the first IndyCar race to feature IndyCar's new supercapacitor based hybrid KERS system..
See also
Sports Car Challenge at Mid-Ohio
References
^ Note: The Grand Prix of Cleveland was won by two sets of fathers and sons (Al Unser Sr./Al Unser Jr. and Mario Andretti/Michael Andretti). The Milwaukee 200 was won by two sets of fathers and sons (Al Unser Sr./Al Unser Jr. and Mario Andretti/Michael Andretti).
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^ Robinson, Mark (July 30, 2017). "Newgarden dominates at Mid-Ohio to rack up second straight win of 2017". IndyCar.com. Brickyard Trademarks, Inc. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
^ Horrall, Zach (September 12, 2020). "Power goes all out at Mid-Ohio to cruise to first victory of the season". IndyCar.com. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
^ Horrall, Zach (September 12, 2020). "Herta leads Andretti Autosport podium sweep at Mid-Ohio". IndyCar.com. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
^ Martin, Bruce (September 14, 2020). "Andretti Autosport exhales with joy, determination after podium sweep at Mid-Ohio". IndyCar.com. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
http://www.indycar.com
MyF5000.com
Ultimate Racing History: Mid-Ohio archive
Champ Car Stats: Mid-Ohio archive
Preceded byGrand Prix of Road America
IndyCar SeriesIndy 200 at Mid-Ohio
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vteRaces of the IndyCar SeriesCurrent (2024)Ovals
Indianapolis
Iowa
Gateway
Milwaukee
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Barber
Indianapolis
Road America
Laguna Seca
Mid-Ohio
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Detroit
Toronto
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Atlanta
Charlotte
Chicagoland
Dover
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Surfers Paradise | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IndyCar Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndyCar_Series"},{"link_name":"Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Ohio_Sports_Car_Course"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"open wheel races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_wheel_car"},{"link_name":"Formula 5000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_5000"},{"link_name":"Can-Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can-Am"},{"link_name":"CART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_Car"},{"link_name":"American Le Mans Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Le_Mans_Series"},{"link_name":"Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Bobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"Graham Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Rahal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda"},{"link_name":"Marysville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marysville_Auto_Plant"},{"link_name":"East Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Liberty_Auto_Plant"},{"link_name":"Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Honda Indy 200 at Mid-Ohio is an IndyCar Series race held at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course in Lexington, Ohio. Professional open wheel races at the facility date back to 1970. The U.S. Formula 5000 series ran from 1970 to 1976, and the revived Can-Am series ran from 1977 to 1980.The CART series debuted at the track in 1980, and continued to race there from 1983 to 2003. In 2007, American open wheel racing returned to the venue, when the Indy Racing League IndyCar Series held an event. The race used to be part of a doubleheader with the American Le Mans Series, however in ALMS chose not to return to the track during its final year, 2013.The history of open-wheel races has a unique footnote. The race has been won consecutively on seven occasions, including four times in a row from 1991 to 1997. It is also one of only a few Indy car races to be won by two sets of fathers & sons. (Mario & Michael Andretti and Bobby & Graham Rahal).[1]Since 2007, the race has been sponsored by Honda. The sponsorship arrangement complements the track's proximity to the manufacturer's assembly plants in Marysville, East Liberty, and Anna.[2]","title":"Indy 200 at Mid-Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_CART_PPG_Indy_Car_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Truesports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truesports"},{"link_name":"Jim Trueman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Trueman"},{"link_name":"1982 CART season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_CART_PPG_Indy_Car_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star11-22-1981pg84-3"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star08-11-1997-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star08-10-1998a-5"},{"link_name":"Indy Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"Atlantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"SCCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix of Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Champ_Car_season"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Honda_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"presence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marysville_Auto_Plant"},{"link_name":"Truesports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truesports"},{"link_name":"Rahal Letterman Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahal_Letterman_Lanigan_Racing"},{"link_name":"Jim Trueman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Trueman"},{"link_name":"Chip Ganassi Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Ganassi_Racing"},{"link_name":"Scott Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Penske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Penske"},{"link_name":"Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Bobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"Graham Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Rahal"}],"text":"Indy car racing first visited Mid-Ohio in 1980. In late 1981, Truesports owner Jim Trueman purchased the Mid-Ohio facility, and early rumors had the track returning for the 1982 CART season.[3] However, a race did not happen until 1983. CART then appeared annually through 2003. The race was well-attended, drawing fans from two major markets nearby, Columbus and Cleveland. Crowds topped 75,000-80,000 at the peak of its popularity.[4][5] The race schedule usually included a large slate of support races including Indy Lights, Atlantics, and SCCA.In mid-2003, CART president Chris Pook hinted at dropping Mid-Ohio from the CART schedule going forward, citing various issues. For many years, Mid-Ohio was on the schedule alongside the Grand Prix of Cleveland, and Pook stated it was not viable to have two races in such close proximity, and favored keeping the race at Cleveland instead. In addition, some observers felt that the powerful CART/Champ Cars had \"outgrown\" the narrow, winding course, citing a lack of passing and competition over the previous several years.[6][7] Though the decision was generally unpopular with fans, Mid-Ohio was dropped from the Champ Car schedule for 2004.In late 2006, it was announced that the race would be revived as part of the Indy Racing League. Restarting in 2007, the race would be sponsored by IRL engine supplier Honda, which has a prominent manufacturing presence in the central Ohio area.Through much of its history, the track has been considered the hometown venue for first Truesports (1980s) and later Rahal Letterman Racing (1990s-present). Jim Trueman and the Trueman family owned the track from 1981 to 2007. Truesports scored two poles and two wins, while Rahal Letterman Racing has scored one pole and one win.Chip Ganassi Racing leads with eleven total victories, with driver Scott Dixon scoring six of those wins. Penske has the most poles (12). Mario and Michael Andretti have combined for three wins and five poles, and Bobby and Graham Rahal have a combined three wins and two poles.","title":"Race history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bobby-rahal_mid-ohio_08-10-1996.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"Labor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Brickyard 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickyard_400"},{"link_name":"Indy Racing League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Racing_League"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"British Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Championship"},{"link_name":"in 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Open_Championship"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"NASCAR Cup Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series"},{"link_name":"Road America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_America"}],"sub_title":"Race scheduling","text":"Two-time Mid-Ohio winner Bobby Rahal at the 1996 race.In early years of the event under CART, the race was scheduled for Labor Day weekend.[8] In 1990, it was pushed back two weeks into mid-September. Rain and cooler temperatures, however, prompted officials to move the race to the summer. For 1994, it was situated in early to mid-August, the weekend after the Brickyard 400.When the race was revived by the Indy Racing League in 2007, it was placed in July. Carried by ABC, it immediately followed final round coverage of the British Open. Such a lead-in usually created a strong television audience, but it was at the risk of the golf tournament running long due to a playoff, as it did in 2007. Starting in 2009, the race was moved back to its early August slot.In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the race originally scheduled for August 16 was moved up to the weekend of August 8–9 and was expanded to a doubleheader. It was to be the final race prior to the Indianapolis 500. Days later, however, it was postponed until a later date.[9] Eventually, the doubleheader was rescheduled for the weekend of September 12–13. In 2021, the race was moved to July 4, and was held as a television doubleheader with the NASCAR Cup Series race at Road America.","title":"Race history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Course layout","text":"Through 1989, the race utilized the original full 2.4-mile track layout, which included the chicane (turns 2 and 3) just before the keyhole (turn 4). During a track repaving project in early 1990, a straightaway segment was paved to create an alternate layout which bypasses the chicane. The alternate layout measured 2.25 miles. Since the 1990 race, the Indy cars have utilized the alternate course, bypassing the chicane and creating a passing zone going into the keyhole.In all years except for 1980, the Indy cars have utilized the auxiliary starting line located at the midpoint of the backstretch. This allows the entire field to properly assemble into the grid formation, and start the race heading towards the best passing zone on the circuit. The pace car pulls off into the pits as normal, and allow the pole position car to pace the field all the way to the backstretch. Since the start/finish line at the pit straight is immediately proceeded by the tight and slow carousel, it does not allow for optimum racing into the first turn. The finish line and all other scoring is done at the line on the pit straight. Over the years, restarts after caution periods were previously done at the pit straight, but since 2017, sometimes those too have been moved to the auxiliary starting line.The first lap of the race is not officially scored until the cars cross the auxiliary start line on the backstretch. This removes approximately one mile from the first lap's distance, although teams still must factor in the distance in fuel calculations. From 1983 to 1989, the 84-lap race on the 2.4-mile circuit had an official distance of 200.25 miles. Likewise in 1990, the race distance for the 89-lap race on the 2.25 mile circuit was 199.3 miles. Though the race distance in laps has changed over the years, a similar deduction is still made in official race distance with respect to the race mileage.","title":"Race history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"text":"1994: Race shortened due to time limit.\n2020: Race postponed and made into a doubleheader (75 laps each) due to COVID-19 pandemic.","title":"Past winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Dave McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_McMillan"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_American_Racing_Series_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Steve Millen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Millen"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_American_Racing_Series_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel Fangio II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Fangio_II"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_American_Racing_Series_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Jon Beekhuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Beekhuis"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_American_Racing_Series_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"P. J. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Jones"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_American_Racing_Series_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Paul Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tracy"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Indy_Lights_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Brian Till","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Till"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Indy_Lights_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Robbie Groff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Groff"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Indy_Lights_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bryan Herta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Herta"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Indy_Lights_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"André Ribeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ribeiro_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Indy_Lights_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Townsend Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_Bell"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Indy_Lights_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Townsend Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_Bell"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Indy_Pro_Series_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Richard Antinucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Antinucci"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Indy_Lights_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Raphael Matos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Matos"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Indy_Lights_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"James Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Davison"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Indy_Lights_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"James Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Davison"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Indy_Lights_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Martin Plowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Plowman"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Indy_Lights_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Gabby Chaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabby_Chaves"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Indy_Lights_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Jack Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Harvey_(racing_driver)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Jack Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Harvey_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Indy_Lights_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"R.C. Enerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.C._Enerson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Sean Rayhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Rayhall"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Indy_Lights_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Santiago Urrutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Urrutia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Santiago Urrutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Urrutia"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Indy_Lights"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Santiago Urrutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Urrutia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Nico Jamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Jamin"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Indy_Lights"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Patricio O'Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricio_O%27Ward"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Patricio O'Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricio_O%27Ward"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Indy_Lights"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Oliver Askew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Askew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Oliver Askew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Askew"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Indy_Lights"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kyle Kirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Kirkwood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kyle Kirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Kirkwood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kyle Kirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Kirkwood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Linus Lundqvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Lundqvist"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Indy_Lights"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Hunter McElrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_McElrea"},{"link_name":"Indy NXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_NXT"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Indy_NXT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Louis Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Foster"},{"link_name":"Formula Ford 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._F2000_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993_USAC_FF2000_Eastern_Division_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chris Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Simmons_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_U.S._F2000_National_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Memo Gidley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memo_Gidley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jeret Schroeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeret_Schroeder"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996_U.S._F2000_National_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Steve Knapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Knapp"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_U.S._F2000_National_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Zak Morioka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak_Morioka"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_U.S._F2000_National_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"David Besnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Besnard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"David Besnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Besnard"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1999_U.S._F2000_National_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Dan Wheldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Wheldon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2001_U.S._F2000_National_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Tõnis Kasemets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5nis_Kasemets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jason LaPoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_LaPoint"},{"link_name":"Formula Ford Zetec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._F2000_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Formula_Ford_Zetec_Championship_Series&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Tõnis Kasemets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5nis_Kasemets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bryan Sellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Sellers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Formula_Ford_Zetec_Championship_Series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Tõnis Kasemets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5nis_Kasemets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Westley Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westley_Barber"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Bomarito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Bomarito"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jonathan 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Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1994_Formula_Atlantic_season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Colin Trueman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colin_Trueman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Formula_Atlantic_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Richie Hearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Hearn"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Formula_Atlantic_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Patrick Carpentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Carpentier"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Formula_Atlantic_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Alex Barron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Barron_(driver)"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Formula_Atlantic_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Lee Bentham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Bentham"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Formula_Atlantic_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Kenny Wilden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenny_Wilden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Formula_Atlantic_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Michael Valiante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Valiante"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Atlantic_Championship_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jonathan 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Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Martin_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Pro_Mazda_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Rinus VeeKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinus_VeeKay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Rinus VeeKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinus_VeeKay"},{"link_name":"Indy Pro 2000 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Pro_2000_Championship"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Indy_Pro_2000_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kyle Kirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Kirkwood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kyle Kirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Kirkwood"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Indy_Pro_2000_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Braden Eves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braden_Eves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Artem Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artem_Petrov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Sting Ray Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_Ray_Robb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Manuel Sulaimán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Sulaim%C3%A1n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Sting Ray Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_Ray_Robb"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Indy_Pro_2000_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Christian Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Rasmussen_(racing_driver)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Hunter McElrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_McElrea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Christian Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Rasmussen_(racing_driver)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"James Roe Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Roe_Jr."},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Indy_Pro_2000_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Louis Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Foster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Kiko Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiko_Porto"},{"link_name":"USF Pro 2000 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USF_Pro_2000_Championship"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_USF_Pro_2000_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Michael d'Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_d%27Orlando"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Myles Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Rowe"},{"link_name":"Stadium Super Trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_Super_Trucks"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Stadium_Super_Trucks_Series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cole Potts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cole_Potts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Gavin Harlien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Harlien"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Stadium_Super_Trucks_Series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Matthew Brabham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Brabham"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Matthew Brabham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Brabham"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Stadium_Super_Trucks_Series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Gavin Harlien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Harlien"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Max Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Gordon_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Indy_Toronto"}],"text":"USAC Mini-Indy series\n\n\nSeason\n\nDate\n\nWinning Driver\n\n\n1980\n\nJuly 13\n\n Dave McMillan\n\n\nAmerican Racing Series\n\n\n1986\n\nAugust 31\n\n Steve Millen\n\n\n1987\n\nSeptember 6\n\n Juan Manuel Fangio II\n\n\n1988\n\nSeptember 4\n\n Jon Beekhuis\n\n\n1989\n\nSeptember 3\n\n P. J. Jones\n\n\n1990\n\nSeptember 16\n\n Paul Tracy\n\n\nCART Indy Lights series\n\n\n1991\n\nSeptember 15\n\n Brian Till\n\n\n1992\n\nSeptember 13\n\n Robbie Groff\n\n\n1993\n\nSeptember 12\n\n Bryan Herta\n\n\n1994\n\nAugust 14\n\n André Ribeiro\n\n\n2000\n\nSeptember 13\n\n Townsend Bell\n\n\n2001\n\nSeptember 12\n\n Townsend Bell\n\n\nIndy Pro/Indy Lights series\n\n\n2007\n\nJuly 22\n\n Richard Antinucci\n\n\n2008\n\nJuly 19\n\n Raphael Matos\n\n\n2008\n\nJuly 20\n\n James Davison\n\n\n2009\n\nAugust 9\n\n James Davison\n\n\n2010\n\nAugust 8\n\n Martin Plowman\n\n\n2013\n\nAugust 4\n\n Gabby Chaves\n\n\n2014\n\nAugust 2\n\n Jack Harvey\n\n\nAugust 3\n\n Jack Harvey\n\n\n2015\n\nAugust 1\n\n R.C. Enerson\n\n\nAugust 2\n\n Sean Rayhall\n\n\n2016\n\nJuly 30\n\n Santiago Urrutia\n\n\nJuly 31\n\n Santiago Urrutia\n\n\n2017\n\nJuly 29\n\n Santiago Urrutia\n\n\nJuly 30\n\n Nico Jamin\n\n\n2018\n\nJuly 28\n\n Patricio O'Ward\n\n\nJuly 29\n\n Patricio O'Ward\n\n\n2019\n\nJuly 27\n\n Oliver Askew\n\n\nJuly 28\n\n Oliver Askew\n\n\n2021\n\nJuly 3\n\n Kyle Kirkwood\n\n\nJuly 4\n\n Kyle Kirkwood\n\n\nOctober 2\n\n Kyle Kirkwood\n\n\nOctober 3\n\n Linus Lundqvist\n\n\n2022\n\nJuly 3\n\n Hunter McElrea\n\n\nIndy NXT\n\n\n2023\n\nJuly 2\n\n Louis Foster\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFormula Ford 2000\n\n\nSeason\n\nDate\n\nWinning Driver\n\n\n1993\n\nJune 12\n\n Chris Simmons\n\n\n1995\n\nAugust 12\n\n Memo Gidley\n\n\nOctober 8\n\n Jeret Schroeder\n\n\n1996\n\nAugust 10\n\n Steve Knapp\n\n\n1997\n\nAugust 9\n\n Zak Morioka\n\n\n1998\n\nJune 14\n\n David Besnard\n\n\nAugust 8\n\n David Besnard\n\n\n1999\n\nJune 5\n\n Dan Wheldon\n\n\nAugust 14\n\n Jeff Wright\n\n\n2001\n\nJune 9\n\n Tõnis Kasemets\n\n\nJune 10\n\n Doug Bell\n\n\nJune 11\n\n Jason LaPoint\n\n\nFormula Ford Zetec\n\n\n2002\n\nJune 30\n\n Tõnis Kasemets\n\n\nAugust 10\n\n Bryan Sellers\n\n\nAugust 11\n\n Ross Fonferko\n\n\n2003\n\nJune 28\n\n Tõnis Kasemets\n\n\nJune 29\n\n Westley Barber\n\n\nAugust 9\n\n Jonathan Bomarito\n\n\nAugust 10\n\n Jonathan Bomarito\n\n\n2004\n\nJune 26\n\n Andrew Prendeville\n\n\nJune 27\n\n Adam Pecorari\n\n\nAugust 7\n\n Adam Pecorari\n\n\nAugust 8\n\n Adam Pecorari\n\n\nU.S. F2000 National Championship\n\n\n2011\n\nAugust 6\n\n Petri Suvanto\n\n\nAugust 7\n\n Petri Suvanto\n\n\n2012\n\nAugust 4\n\n Spencer Pigot\n\n\nAugust 5\n\n Scott Anderson\n\n\n2013\n\nAugust 3\n\n Neil Alberico\n\n\n Neil Alberico\n\n\nAugust 4\n\n Garett Grist\n\n\n2014\n\nAugust 1\n\n R. C. Enerson\n\n\nAugust 2\n\n Jake Eidson\n\n\nAugust 3\n\n Florian Latorre\n\n\n2015\n\nAugust 1\n\n Nico Jamin\n\n\nAugust 2\n\n Nico Jamin\n\n\n Nico Jamin\n\n\n2016\n\nJuly 29\n\n Anthony Martin\n\n\nJuly 30\n\n Anthony Martin\n\n\nJuly 31\n\n Anthony Martin\n\n\n2017\n\nJuly 28\n\n Oliver Askew\n\n\nJuly 29\n\n Parker Thompson\n\n\n2018\n\nJuly 27\n\n Kyle Kirkwood\n\n\nJuly 28\n\n Kyle Kirkwood\n\n\nJuly 29\n\n Kyle Kirkwood\n\n\n2019\n\nJuly 27\n\n Christian Rasmussen\n\n\nJuly 28\n\n Hunter McElrea\n\n\n2020*\n\nJuly 29\n\n Christian Rasmussen\n\n\nJuly 30\n\n Christian Rasmussen\n\n\n Christian Rasmussen\n\n\nSeptember 12\n\n Michael d'Orlando\n\n\n Reece Gold\n\n\nSeptember 13\n\n Christian Rasmussen\n\n\n2021\n\nJuly 3\n\n Michael d'Orlando\n\n\n Kiko Porto\n\n\nJuly 4\n\n Michael d'Orlando\n\n\nOctober 3\n\n Yuven Sundaramoorthy\n\n\nOctober 4\n\n Josh Green\n\n\n2022\n\nJuly 1\n\n Myles Rowe\n\n\nJuly 2\n\n Myles Rowe\n\n\n Michael d'Orlando\n\n\n2023\n\nJune 30\n\n Evagoras Papasavvas\n\n\nJuly 1\n\n Mac Clark\n\n\n Simon Sikes\n\n\nSource:[10]Formula Atlantic/Atlantic Championship\n\n\nSeason\n\nDate\n\nWinning Driver\n\n\n1986\n\nSeptember 27\n\n Scott Goodyear\n\n\n1987\n\nSeptember 6\n\n Calvin Fish\n\n\n1988\n\nSeptember 4\n\n Steve Shelton\n\n\nSeptember 24\n\n Steve Shelton\n\n\n1989\n\nJune 4\n\n Jocko Cunningham\n\n\nJuly 16\n\n Colin Trueman\n\n\n1991\n\nSeptember 14\n\n Jimmy Vasser\n\n\n1992\n\nSeptember 14\n\n Stuart Crow\n\n\n1993\n\nSeptember 11\n\n Jacques Villeneuve\n\n\n1994\n\nAugust 14\n\n Colin Trueman\n\n\n1995\n\nAugust 13\n\n Richie Hearn\n\n\n1996\n\nAugust 10\n\n Patrick Carpentier\n\n\n1997\n\nAugust 10\n\n Alex Barron\n\n\n1998\n\nAugust 9\n\n Lee Bentham\n\n\n1999\n\nAugust 15\n\n Kenny Wilden\n\n\n2003\n\nAugust 17\n\n Michael Valiante\n\n\n2009\n\nAugust 8\n\n Jonathan Summerton\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPro Mazda Championship\n\n\nSeason\n\nDate\n\nWinning Driver\n\n\n2013\n\nAugust 3\n\n Matthew Brabham\n\n\nAugust 4\n\n Matthew Brabham\n\n\n2014\n\nAugust 2\n\n Nicolas Costa\n\n\nAugust 3\n\n Garett Grist\n\n\n2015\n\nAugust 1\n\n Santiago Urrutia\n\n\nAugust 2\n\n Neil Alberico\n\n\n2016\n\nJuly 30\n\n Nico Jamin\n\n\n Nico Jamin\n\n\n2017\n\nJuly 28\n\n Anthony Martin\n\n\nJuly 29\n\n Victor Franzoni\n\n\nJuly 30\n\n Anthony Martin\n\n\n2018\n\nJuly 28\n\n Rinus VeeKay\n\n\nJuly 29\n\n Rinus VeeKay\n\n\nIndy Pro 2000 Championship\n\n\n2019\n\nJuly 27\n\n Kyle Kirkwood\n\n\nJuly 28\n\n Kyle Kirkwood\n\n\n2020*\n\nJuly 29\n\n Braden Eves\n\n\nJuly 30\n\n Artem Petrov\n\n\n Sting Ray Robb\n\n\nSeptember 12\n\n Manuel Sulaimán\n\n\nSeptember 13\n\n Sting Ray Robb\n\n\n2021\n\nJuly 3\n\n Christian Rasmussen\n\n\nJuly 4\n\n Hunter McElrea\n\n\nOctober 2\n\n Christian Rasmussen\n\n\nOctober 3\n\n James Roe Jr.\n\n\n2022\n\nJuly 2\n\n Louis Foster\n\n\nJuly 3\n\n Kiko Porto\n\n\nUSF Pro 2000 Championship\n\n\n2023\n\nJuly 1\n\n Michael d'Orlando\n\n\nJuly 2\n\n Myles RoweStadium Super Trucks\n\n\nSeason\n\nDate\n\nWinning Driver\n\nRef\n\n\n2019\n\nJuly 27\n\n Cole Potts\n\n[11]\n\n\nJuly 28\n\n Gavin Harlien\n\n[12]\n\n\n2021\n\nJuly 3\n\n Matthew Brabham\n\n[13]\n\n\nJuly 4\n\n Matthew Brabham\n\n[14]\n\n\n2022\n\nJuly 2\n\n Gavin Harlien\n\n[15]\n\n\nJuly 3\n\n Max Gordon\n\n[16]Indy Pro 2000 and U.S. F2000 ran two weekends at the track in 2020 and to make up for races canceled by the COVID-19 pandemic. The first weekend was run as a standalone event on the originally scheduled IndyCar race weekend, while the second was run in support of the IndyCar Series on their rescheduled date. The two series, and Indy Lights, ran two weekends at the track in 2021. The first weekend was on the IndyCar Series weekend, and the second in October was run to replace the Toronto races cancelled by Ontario restrictions.","title":"Support race winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mid-Ohio_track.gif"},{"link_name":"open wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-wheel_car"},{"link_name":"SCCA Continental Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCCA_Continental_Championship"},{"link_name":"Formula A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_A"},{"link_name":"George Follmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Follmer"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"John Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cannon_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Mark Donohue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Donohue"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE09-28-1970pg55-17"},{"link_name":"1971 SCCA L&M Continental 5000 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_SCCA_L%26M_Continental_5000_Championship"},{"link_name":"Independence Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Sam Posey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Posey"},{"link_name":"David Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hobbs_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Eppie Wietzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eppie_Wietzes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE07-06-1971pg23-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MNJ07-06-1971pg17-19"},{"link_name":"Jody Scheckter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Scheckter"},{"link_name":"Brian Redman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Redman"},{"link_name":"Formula 5000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_5000"},{"link_name":"L&M Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_SCCA_L%26M_Championship"},{"link_name":"Mark Donohue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Donohue"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MNJ06-04-1973pg11-20"},{"link_name":"Brian Redman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Redman"},{"link_name":"Mario Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Al Unser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News08-11-1975pg22-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News08-14-1975pg38-22"}],"sub_title":"Formula 5000","text":"Mid-Ohio course layout (red) used through 1989.1970: The first major open wheel race at Mid-Ohio saw the SCCA Continental Championship, contested with Formula A machines. George Follmer took the lead at the start and led all 42 laps. Follmer, driving the only Ford in the field, beat second place John Cannon by nearly one minute. Mark Donohue, who crashed his car in practice on Friday, charged from last place to 3rd at the finish.[17]\n1971: The event, part of the 1971 SCCA L&M Continental 5000 Championship, was run in two 30-lap heats on Monday, the day after Independence Day. In the first heat, Sam Posey started on the pole position and led the first 28 laps. David Hobbs passed Posey on lap 29 and held on to win the first heat by 0.2 seconds. In the second heat, Posey dominated, leading 28 laps. He beat Hobbs to the finish by 18 seconds, and by virtue of the larger margin of victory, was declared the overall winner. Hobbs was caught up in a battle for second with Eppie Wietzes. Hobbs made the pass for second place with two laps to go, but was too far behind to catch Posey for the win.[18][19]\n1973: Jody Scheckter held off Brian Redman to win the 100-mile Formula 5000 L&M Championship race. Scheckter pulled out to a 29-second advantage at one point, but his lead shrunk after rain showers entered the area. He found himself stuck behind several slow backmarker cars, and Redman charged to close the gap. Suffering from brake problems, and a brief miscommunication with his crew, Scheckter was even seen shaking his first angrily at the lapped cars blocking him. Redman and Schekter touched wheels when Redman tried to take the lead, but he put two wheels off the track, and Scheckter held the position. At the checkered flag, Scheckter won by 0.791 seconds over Redman, with Mark Donohue coming home third.[20]\n1975: Brian Redman won the 42-lap, 100-mile, Buckeye Cup Formula 5000 race, his second consecutive victory in the event. Redman took the lead on lap 31 after Mario Andretti's car broke down. Redman won by 27.22 seconds over Al Unser. The race was marred by a first lap crash involving B.J. Swanson. At the start, going into turn one, Swanson suffered a stuck throttle, and crashed head-on into a guardrail and bridge. Swanson died from head injuries three days later.[21][22]","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_CART_PPG_Indy_Car_World_Series"},{"link_name":"CART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_USAC_Championship_Car_season"},{"link_name":"Al","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser"},{"link_name":"Bobby Unser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Unser"},{"link_name":"Rick Mears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Mears"},{"link_name":"Johnny Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"Chaparral 2K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral_Cars#2K"},{"link_name":"Rick Muther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Muther"},{"link_name":"Gordon Johncock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Johncock"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star07-14-1980-23"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"Teo Fabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teo_Fabi"},{"link_name":"John Paul Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jr._(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Al Unser Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser_Jr."},{"link_name":"Mario Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-12-1983-24"},{"link_name":"Labor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day"},{"link_name":"Mario Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"Danny Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-03-1984-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BobbyRahalMidOhio1985.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"Mario Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Danny Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-02-1985-26"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"Mario Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Danny Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Roberto Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Josele Garza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josele_Garza"},{"link_name":"Randy Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Lewis_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-01-1986a-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-01-1986b-28"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"IROC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IROC_XI"},{"link_name":"IMSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Car_Challenge_of_Mid-Ohio"},{"link_name":"Rick Miaskiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Miaskiewicz"},{"link_name":"Roberto Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-07-1987a-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-07-1987b-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-11-1987a-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-11-1987b-32"},{"link_name":"Danny Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Al Unser Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser_Jr."},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-05-1988a-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-05-1988b-34"},{"link_name":"Teo Fabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teo_Fabi"},{"link_name":"Porsche Indy Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_in_motorsport#Indycars"},{"link_name":"Al Unser Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser_Jr."},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-04-1989a-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-04-1989b-36"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Mario Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Eddie Cheever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Cheever"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-17-1990-37"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"1991 CART championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_CART_PPG_Indy_Car_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-16-1991-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emerson-fittipaldi_mid-ohio_keyhole.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Paul Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-14-1992-39"},{"link_name":"Nigel Mansell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Mansell"},{"link_name":"Paul Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Scott Pruett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pruett"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Scott Goodyear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Goodyear"},{"link_name":"Al Unser Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser_Jr."},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-13-1993a-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star09-13-1993b-41"},{"link_name":"Paul Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Al Unser Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser_Jr."},{"link_name":"Teo Fabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teo_Fabi"},{"link_name":"Robby Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robby_Gordon"},{"link_name":"black flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_flags#Black_flag"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star08-15-1994a-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star08-15-1994b-43"},{"link_name":"Al Unser Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser_Jr."},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star08-14-1995a-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star08-14-1995b-45"},{"link_name":"Ganassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Ganassi_Racing"},{"link_name":"Alex Zanardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Zanardi"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Vasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Vasser"},{"link_name":"Greg Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Moore_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"André Ribeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ribeiro_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Al Unser Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Unser_Jr."},{"link_name":"Parker Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Johnstone"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star08-12-1996a-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star08-12-1996b-47"},{"link_name":"Alex Zanardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Zanardi"},{"link_name":"Bryan Herta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Herta"},{"link_name":"Greg Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Moore_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Ganassi team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Ganassi_Racing"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star08-11-1997-4"}],"sub_title":"CART PPG Indy Car World Series","text":"1980: The Indy cars visited Mid-Ohio for the first time in 1980, under the USAC/CART CRL banner. Brothers Al and Bobby Unser started on the front row, but both would drop out early with mechanical problems. A rather disjointed start saw the ragged field come out of the carousel and be met with a yellow flag at the starter's stand. The field checked up, and Al Unser went spinning into the grass in turn one. It took a few laps to reassemble the field, and the race finally was started. Rick Mears took the lead for the first time on lap 13, with Johnny Rutherford close behind in second. The two cars battled for the lead over many laps, with Mears holding off Rutherford's challenges. Late in the race, Rutherford made his final pit stop, leaving Mears in the lead by about 20 seconds. Mears, however, was suffering from the heat, which caused him to spin out in turn 12. Mears lost a lap, handing the lead to Rutherford in the Chaparral 2K. Moments later, Mears tangled with the spinning car of Rick Muther, and he was out of the race. Johnny Rutherford cruised to victory over the final 19 laps, beating Gordon Johncock by 23.07 seconds. Only seven cars were running at the finish.[23]\n1983: The Indy cars returned to Mid-Ohio for the second time, as part of the CART PPG Indy Car World Series. Polesitter and hometown favorite Bobby Rahal led the first 18 laps, but was forced to pit with a fuel pickup problem. Teo Fabi assumed the lead on lap 27, and never relinquished it. Contenders John Paul Jr. and Al Unser Jr. both fell by the wayside, while second place Mario Andretti was never able to mount a strong challenge on Fabi. Fabi stretched out to a 45-second lead at one point, and made his final pit stop without losing the lead. Fabi won by 25 seconds over Andretti. Despite two unscheduled pit stops, Bobby Rahal still managed to come home in third.[24]\n1984: The race was moved to Labor Day weekend beginning in 1984. On a hot, 90° day, Mario Andretti dominated the race, leading 76 of the 84 laps. He lapped all but second place Bobby Rahal, who finished 37.9 seconds behind. The hot conditions took a toll on the field, with numerous drivers, including Andretti, complaining of exhaustion and heat-related fatigue. No driver was able to mount any sort of challenge for the win, and Andretti only relinquished the lead during pit stops. Rahal gave up the chase with about 14 laps to go, and third place Danny Sullivan was more than a lap down, allowing Andretti to cruise to victory.[25]Bobby Rahal celebrates victory in the 1985 race.1985: Hometown favorite Bobby Rahal won the pole position with a new track record (114.791 mph), and led 83 of the 84 laps, en route to a dominating victory. It was Rahal's first Indy car win at Mid-Ohio, in his third attempt. Mario Andretti was running second with just over one lap to go when he blew a tire down the backstretch and skidded to a halt in the grass. Andretti dropped to seventh at the finish, while Danny Sullivan came home in second place.[26]\n1986: Bobby Rahal was victorious again, winning one of the more exciting races thus far at Mid-Ohio. Mario Andretti started from the pole position and led the first 12 laps until he dropped out with exhaust problems. Danny Sullivan led 60 of the next 61 laps, with Rahal close behind. The two cars battled for the lead most of the day, with Sullivan able to hold off Rahal. Coming out of the keyhole with nine laps to go, Sullivan's car shockingly began to sputter and Rahal blew by to take the lead on the backstretch. Sullivan pitted for fuel, and wound up third. Rahal now held a seven-second lead over Roberto Guerrero, but it quickly evaporated when Rahal became mired in traffic. Guerrero was right on the back bumper of Rahal with six laps to go at the start/finish line. But as the leaders exited turn one, Josele Garza touched wheels with Randy Lewis just behind them. Garza's car flipped into the guardrail, catapulted into the crossover bridge, and tumbled back onto the track near turn one. Garza suffered a broken leg, but was not critically injured in the horrendous crash. The race finished under caution, with Rahal becoming the first back-to-back winner at Mid-Ohio.[27][28]\n1987: Bobby Rahal was looking to win his third-consecutive Indy car race at Mid-Ohio - and fifth race overall (he had won in IROC and IMSA) - but with 11 laps to go, a collision took away the chance for victory. Rahal led 66 laps, and was ahead by half a lap when he was working through traffic on lap 74. Rahal tangled with the lapped car of Rick Miaskiewicz, forcing him to pit with a punctured tire. Roberto Guerrero blew by the limping car of Rahal to take the lead, and pulled away for the victory. Rahal climbed back up to second, and avoided a major blow when Michael Andretti - his closest competitor in the points championship - blew his engine in the closing laps.[29][30] Four days later, Guerrero would be injured during a tire test at Indianapolis. He was struck in the head by a tire, leaving him in a coma, and sidelined for the remainder of the season.[31][32]\n1988: The race started in rain, with Danny Sullivan on the pole. On lap 3, Michael Andretti tapped Sullivan at the end of the backstretch, sending the two cars, along with Al Unser Jr., spinning into the grass. Andretti dropped out, but Unser and Sullivan were able to continue. Emerson Fittipaldi started 7th, but was quickly up the lead by lap 7. Fittipaldi led 62 laps, stretching out to a 31-second margin at one point. After the final sequence of pit stops, Fittipaldi took the lead for good on lap 70, and won his first race at Mid-Ohio.[33][34]\n1989: Teo Fabi started from the pole position and won the race, the first and only victory for the Porsche Indy Car program. Fabi took the lead at the start, and led 45 of the first 47 laps, with Al Unser Jr. in pursuit. Unser caught and passed Fabi for the lead on lap 48. After the second round of pit stops, Fabi was back in the lead pulling out to a sizable margin. Fabi's crew, however, had not been able to fill the car with fuel on the second stop, and Fabi would be forced to make a third splash-and-go pit stop to make it to the finish. With the light fuel load, Fabi pulled out to a 21-second advantage, allowing him to pit for fuel with nine laps to go and still hold the lead. Fabi became the second two-time winner at Mid-Ohio, and this would be the final Indy car race held on the original 2.4-mile layout.[35][36]\n1990: During the offseason, a new straightaway segment was paved to bypass the chicane (turns 2–3), and the track layout now measured 2.25 miles. Heavy rain in the morning made for a damp track at the start. Michael Andretti led the first 45 laps. During his first scheduled pit stop, Andretti's crew insisted he stay on wet tires, while his father Mario Andretti switched to slicks. Two laps later, Michael Andretti slid off-course in the keyhole, allowing Mario to take the lead. Michael dropped to third, with Eddie Cheever now up to second. On lap 57, Michael tried to pass Cheever for second at the end of the backstretch, but lost control and clipped Cheever's tire. Cheever's tire was punctured, and Michael's front wing was damaged. Moments later, a downpour put the race under caution, and the entire field pitted for wets. When the green came out, Michael quickly reeled in his father Mario, and took the lead for good on lap 71. Michael Andretti led the rest of the way and cruised to victory, with Mario finishing second.[37]\n1991: Michael Andretti dominated the race, leading 88 of the 89 laps, and held on for a crucial victory, his second-consecutive win at Mid-Ohio. Andretti started from the pole and led most of the day with ease, giving up the lead only during a pit stop. But late in the race, his tires started to go away. On lap 66, Emerson Fittipaldi passed Bobby Rahal for second place and began charging to catch Andretti. Fittipaldi closed to within one second with five laps to go. Andretti and Fittipaldi encountered lapped traffic on lap 86, and Andretti was able to get by cleanly. Fittipaldi, however, got caught behind the slower cars and could not get by. Andretti held on to win the race, taking the points lead as a result. It was a critical win that helped Andretti on the way to winning the 1991 CART championship.[38]Emerson Fittipaldi navigates the Keyhole section of the course in a Penske Racing IndyCar in 19921992: Michael Andretti led 50 of the first 51 laps, ahead of Penske teammates Emerson Fittipaldi and Paul Tracy, who were in close pursuit. Andretti, going for three in a row at Mid-Ohio, however, dropped out with low oil pressure. Fittipaldi took over the lead and won the race, with Tracy coming home second. Hometown favorite Bobby Rahal, two-time Mid-Ohio winner, and the series points leader going into the race, had an embarrassing crash in turn one on the third lap. Battling poor handling, he hit the concrete curbing, lost control, and spun into the barrier.[39]\n1993: Series points leader Nigel Mansell started from the pole position. At the start, Paul Tracy from the outside of the front row, clipped Mansell's car, breaking the front wing, and forcing Mansell to the pits for repairs. Tracy took the lead, and pulled out to a 21-second advantage. On lap 21, however, he locked up the brakes attempting to lap the car of Scott Pruett, and slid off the track head-on into a tire barrier. Later in the race, Emerson Fittipaldi battled with Scott Goodyear and Al Unser Jr. for the race lead. On lap 31, Unser tried to pass Fittipaldi for the lead in the esses, but ran out of room and slid off into the grass. Unser veered back onto the pavement, clipping Goodyear in the right rear. Unser's nosecone broke off, sending him to the pits and out of contention for the win. Fittipaldi became the third driver to win at Mid-Ohio in consecutive seasons, and the second in a row to do so. Nigel Mansell charged from two laps down to come home 12th.[40][41]\n1994: Beginning in 1994, the race was moved to mid-August. On lap 53, Paul Tracy was leading, just ahead of Al Unser Jr., when Teo Fabi spun out in the Keyhole. A local yellow was put out as a safety truck was dispatched to tow Fabi out of the sandtrap. Tracy came upon the car of Robby Gordon coming out of turn one. In the keyhole, Gordon went too hot into the corner, and the back end nearly came around. The car slid high out of the groove, and he avoided contact with the safety truck. Tracy locked up the brakes, and ducked underneath Gordon to get by. Moments later, CART officials put out the black flag and issued Tracy a stop-and-go penalty for passing under the yellow. The penalty cost Tracy the lead. Despite the controversial penalty, Penske teammates Unser, Tracy, and Emerson Fittipaldi swept the podium, finishing 1-2-3.[42][43]\n1995: After an up-and-down day, Al Unser Jr. was victorious, becoming the third driver in a row to win back-to-back races at Mid-Ohio (and fourth overall). During the pace lap, Unser was forced to pit with a punctured tire. He pitted out of sequence with the leaders, which necessitated a late-race pit stop for a splash of fuel. Unser inherited the lead after Michael Andretti blew an engine with four laps to go.[44][45]\n1996: Ganassi teammates Alex Zanardi and Jimmy Vasser finished 1st-2nd, with Zanardi leading 79 of the 83 laps. Zanardi held a comfortable lead most of the race, but two late yellows bunched the field for Vasser. Zanardi was able to withstand the two late restarts. Two crashes on the final lap took out four cars. Greg Moore made contact with André Ribeiro in the keyhole, while Al Unser Jr. tangled with Parker Johnstone at the end of the backstretch. Unser, who entered the race second in points, was running 10th, but fell out of the points.[46][47]\n1997: Alex Zanardi became the fourth driver in a row to win consecutive races at Mid-Ohio, and the fifth overall. Zanardi took the lead for the first time on lap 19 after polesitter Bryan Herta blew a tire. Zanardi pulled out to a large lead over Greg Moore. Late in the race, the Ganassi team determined that Zanardi was one lap short of making the distance on fuel. The team encouraged Zanardi to speed up and put some distance between himself and second place. On lap 70, he had pulled out to a 30-second lead when a yellow came out. He ducked into the pits for a splash-and-go stop for fuel, and came out still holding the lead. Zanardi cruised to the win, and Moore finished second 4.8 seconds behind. Bobby Rahal charged from 16th starting position to finish third.[4]","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"Adrián Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adri%C3%A1n_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Scott Pruett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pruett"},{"link_name":"Bryan Herta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Herta"},{"link_name":"Dario Franchitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Franchitti"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Vasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Vasser"},{"link_name":"Greg Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Moore_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"P. J. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Jones"},{"link_name":"JJ Lehto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JJ_Lehto"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Mark Blundell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Blundell"},{"link_name":"Alex Zanardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Zanardi"},{"link_name":"Hélio Castroneves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lio_Castroneves"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star08-10-1998a-5"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star08-10-1998b-48"},{"link_name":"Juan Pablo Montoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Montoya"},{"link_name":"Dario Franchitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Franchitti"},{"link_name":"Paul Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tracy"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star08-16-1999a-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star08-16-1999b-50"},{"link_name":"Penske Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Racing"},{"link_name":"Hélio Castroneves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lio_Castroneves"},{"link_name":"Gil de Ferran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_de_Ferran"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star05-14-2000a-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star05-14-2000b-52"},{"link_name":"Hélio Castroneves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lio_Castroneves"},{"link_name":"Gil de Ferran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_de_Ferran"},{"link_name":"Penske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Racing"},{"link_name":"Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahal_Letterman_Lanigan_Racing"},{"link_name":"Kenny Bräck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Br%C3%A4ck"},{"link_name":"Max Papis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Papis"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Vasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Vasser"},{"link_name":"Dario Franchitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Franchitti"},{"link_name":"Michael Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andretti"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star08-13-2001-53"},{"link_name":"Patrick Carpentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Carpentier"},{"link_name":"Cristiano da Matta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_da_Matta"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star08-12-2002-54"},{"link_name":"Paul Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Indy Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"Patrick Carpentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Carpentier"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star08-11-2003-55"}],"sub_title":"CART FedEx Championship Series","text":"1998: Much of the attention for the day focused on Bobby Rahal, who was making his final start at Mid-Ohio before his retirement at the end of the season. Rahal would finish a strong third. In a race full of crashes, Adrián Fernández led the final 26 laps, holding off teammate Scott Pruett for the victory. A crash on the first lap took out Bryan Herta, Dario Franchitti, and Jimmy Vasser. Greg Moore, who led 23 laps, dropped out after contact in the pits damaged his suspension. The most serious crash of the day occurred on lap 58. P. J. Jones ran over a piece of debris from JJ Lehto's car, locking up his steering at the end of the backstretch. Michael Andretti and Mark Blundell came upon the scene, and Andretti, attempting to pass, touched wheels with Jones. Andretti's car was sent barrel-rolling off the end of the backstretch at 190 mph, landing upright in a sand trap. Later in the race, Alex Zanardi was fined $50,000 for contact with Hélio Castroneves.[5][48]\n1999: Juan Pablo Montoya started 8th, and after a fast pit stop on lap 30, came out in third place. Trailing race leader Dario Franchitti by 17 seconds, Montoya began charging and over the next twenty laps, closed to within two seconds of the lead. Franchitti made his second pit stop a few laps early due to a punctured tire, handing the lead to Paul Tracy. The lead was short-lived, as Montoya passed Tracy one lap later. On a restart with 18 laps to go, Montoya was able to get a jump, and set a stunning pace over the final stint. Montoya cruised to victory by a margin of 10.9 seconds over Tracy. Franchitti came home third.[49][50]\n2000: Penske Racing teammates Hélio Castroneves and Gil de Ferran dominated the weekend. The duo swept the front row in qualifying, and led all 83 laps en route to a 1-2 finish. At the start, de Ferran took the lead from the pole position, and led the first 28 laps. He made his first pit stop on lap 29, handing the lead to Castroneves. One lap later, Castroneves pitted, and with a faster stop came out ahead of de Ferran. Castroneves led the final 55 laps to win.[51][52]\n2001: For the second consecutive year, Hélio Castroneves and Gil de Ferran finished 1-2 for Penske. In a near-repeat of the 2000 race, de Ferran started from the pole position, and led until the first round of pit stops. On lap 29, de Ferran pitted, but was mired in traffic after he exited the pit area. Castroneves pitted one lap later, and with a clear track maintained the lead after his stop. Moments later, Rahal teammates Kenny Bräck and Max Papis tangled in the Esses dropping both from contention. Early contenders Jimmy Vasser and Dario Franchitti both dropped out, while Michael Andretti blew his engine back on lap 6. Castroneves led 44 of the final 55 laps to win, and became the sixth different driver to win at Mid-Ohio in consecutive seasons.[53]\n2002: Patrick Carpentier started from the pole position and led 89 of the 92 laps on his way to victory. Cristiano da Matta was in close pursuit of Carpentier much of the race, and closed to within a car length on lap 70. Going down the backstretch, da Matta tucked in behind, and ducked low looking to make a pass for the lead going into turn 5. Carpentier turned in, and da Matta's car got caught in dirty air, locked the rear brakes, and spun into the gravel trap.[54]\n2003: The final CART series race at Mid-Ohio was won by Paul Tracy. Tracy won an Indy/Champ car race at Mid-Ohio for the first time in eleven tries, and it was his first win on the course since an Indy Lights victory in 1990. Tracy led 69 of the 92 laps, and finished 0.51 seconds ahead of second place Patrick Carpentier.[55]","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scott_Dixon_2009_Indy_500_Carb_Day.JPG"},{"link_name":"Scott Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Dixon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mid-Ohio_Sports_Car_Course_(16168219601).jpg"},{"link_name":"Helio Castroneves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helio_Castroneves"},{"link_name":"Billy Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Boat"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Indy_Racing_League"},{"link_name":"Andretti Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andretti_Autosport"},{"link_name":"Danica Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danica_Patrick"},{"link_name":"Tony Kanaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Kanaan"},{"link_name":"Marco Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Scott Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Chip Ganassi Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Ganassi_Racing"},{"link_name":"Dario Franchitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Franchitti"},{"link_name":"Ryan Briscoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Briscoe"},{"link_name":"Scott Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Indy Racing League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Racing_League"},{"link_name":"IndyCar Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndyCar_Series"},{"link_name":"Francesco Dracone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Dracone"},{"link_name":"Dario Franchitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Franchitti"},{"link_name":"Will Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Power"},{"link_name":"Helio Castroneves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helio_Castroneves"},{"link_name":"Scott Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Dario Franchitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Franchitti"},{"link_name":"Will Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Power"},{"link_name":"Will Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Power"},{"link_name":"Dario Franchitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Franchitti"},{"link_name":"Simon Pagenaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Pagenaud"},{"link_name":"Scott Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Charlie Kimball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Kimball"},{"link_name":"Scott Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Bourdais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Bourdais"},{"link_name":"Josef Newgarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Newgarden"},{"link_name":"Hélio Castroneves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lio_Castroneves"},{"link_name":"Graham Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Rahal"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rahal"},{"link_name":"Justin Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Wilson_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Simon Pagenaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Pagenaud"},{"link_name":"Will Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Power"},{"link_name":"Josef Newgarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Newgarden"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Aleshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Aleshin"},{"link_name":"Jack Hawksworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hawksworth"},{"link_name":"Conor Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conor_Daly"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pagenaud_fights_back,_beats_Power_in_Mid-Ohio-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Josef Newgarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Newgarden"},{"link_name":"Ed Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Jones_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Esteban Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"Will Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Power"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Alexander Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Robert Wickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wickens"},{"link_name":"Scott Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Felix Rosenqvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Rosenqvist"},{"link_name":"Ryan Hunter-Reay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Hunter-Reay"},{"link_name":"Will Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Power"},{"link_name":"Penske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Penske"},{"link_name":"Josef Newgarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Newgarden"},{"link_name":"Alexander Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Scott Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Dixon"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Colton Herta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colton_Herta"},{"link_name":"Andretti Autosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andretti_Autosport"},{"link_name":"Santino Ferrucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santino_Ferrucci"},{"link_name":"Dale Coyne Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Coyne_Racing"},{"link_name":"Álex Palou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lex_Palou"},{"link_name":"Felix Rosenqvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Rosenqvist"},{"link_name":"Dalton Kellett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_Kellett"},{"link_name":"Scott Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Marco Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Alexander Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Ryan Hunter-Reay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Hunter-Reay"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Alex Palou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Palou"},{"link_name":"Marcus Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Ericsson"},{"link_name":"Álex Palou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lex_Palou"},{"link_name":"Pato O'Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato_O%27Ward"},{"link_name":"Scott McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_McLaughlin_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Álex Palou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lex_Palou"},{"link_name":"Will Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Power"},{"link_name":"Romain Grosjean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Grosjean"},{"link_name":"Alexander Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Colton Herta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colton_Herta"},{"link_name":"Alex Palou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Palou"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chevrolet_Detroit_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Road America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Sonsio_Grand_Prix_at_Road_America"},{"link_name":"Colton Herta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colton_Herta"},{"link_name":"Graham Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Rahal"},{"link_name":"Marcus Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Ericsson"},{"link_name":"Felix Rosenqvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Rosenqvist"},{"link_name":"Simon Pagenaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Pagenaud"}],"sub_title":"Indy Racing League / IndyCar Series","text":"Scott Dixon has won a record six times at Mid-Ohio.The start/finish and pit straight in preparations for the 2012 race.2007: Indy car racing made a popular return to Mid-Ohio after a three-year absence. Helio Castroneves won the pole position, hs sixth pole of the year, tying Billy Boat's record for most poles in a season, set in 1998. On the first lap, Andretti Green teammates Danica Patrick, Tony Kanaan, and Marco Andretti tangled, resulting in Andretti's car flipping over Kanaan's rear tire and landing upside-down. Andretti was uninjured. On the final fuel stop, Scott Dixon's Chip Ganassi Racing crew was able to short-fill and get him out ahead of rivals Dario Franchitti and Castroneves. Dixon won by 2.6917 seconds, his first of multiple wins at Mid-Ohio.2008: A pre-race rain shower prompted teams to start the race on rain tires. But once the race started, the track began to dry quickly, and teams were faced with a decision as to when to switch to slicks. Ryan Briscoe started second, but quickly dropped to sixth. He was among the last of the leaders to pit for slicks (on lap 7), and lost considerable track position in doing so, falling as low as 17th. Pitting off-sequence for the rest of the race, however, allowed Briscoe to move to the front owing to two fortuitous caution periods. Briscoe was able to run full throttle to the finish, while others were running fuel conservation strategies.2009: Scott Dixon earns his 20th Indy Racing League IndyCar Series victory, making him the most successful driver in series history.2010: A full-course caution came out for a spin by Francesco Dracone, setting up a restart with 13 laps to go. Dario Franchitti led Will Power and Helio Castroneves. With two laps to go, Power was right on the tail of Franchitti. The two cars were nose-to-tail on the final lap, with Franchitti holding off Power by 0.5234 seconds.2011: Scott Dixon edged teammate Dario Franchitti down the backstretch on a restart on lap 61, and held on to win at Mid-Ohio for the third time in five seasons. Will Power dropped to 14th after getting caught out under a full-course caution during a sequence of pit stops.2012: Will Power won the pole position, followed by Dario Franchitti, Simon Pagenaud and Scott Dixon. Dixon picks up his second win of the season, leading the final 16 laps, and fourth win overall at Mid-Ohio. Power, who led the first 57 laps, came home second.2013: Charlie Kimball led a race-high 46 laps, and earned his first victory in Indy car competition. In a race that went caution-free, Kimball set an all-time Mid-Ohio record with an average speed of 117.825 mph. Kimball took the lead for good on lap 73 of 90, and won even after crashing his primary car earlier in the weekend. Some drivers in the field were attempting to execute a two-stop strategy, but in doing so, fuel-saving measures were needed. Kimball's team elected a three-stop run, which allowed a much faster pace, and he pulled away to a commanding victory.2014: Scott Dixon won at Mid-Ohio for the fifth time in eight seasons. Polesitter Sébastien Bourdais led the early stages of the race, and Dixon, who started last after spinning out during qualifying, worked his way to the front off-sequence in pit stops from the other leaders. Dixon capitalized on an error by Josef Newgarden during his final pit stop. Newgarden ran over an air hose, tripping a crew member, and was penalized for hitting pit equipment. Series points leader Hélio Castroneves suffered throttle problems on the grid, and joined the race four laps down, and finished a lowly 19th.2015: Hometown favorite Graham Rahal won the race, thirty years after his father Bobby Rahal won at Mid-Ohio. On lap 66, Rahal made his final pit stop, just as the yellow came out for a controversial spin by Sage Karam at the end of the backstretch. Rahal led the rest of the way, holding off Justin Wilson on a restart with 6 laps to go.2016: Simon Pagenaud started from the pole position, and took the lead at the start, with Will Power and Josef Newgarden running 2nd-3rd. Several teams attempted alternate pit strategies in the first half of the race, shuffling the standings often. After a restart on lap 19, Power clipped the rear bumper pod on Newgarden's car, forcing Newgarden to pit for a rear wing assembly change. Later, Mikhail Aleshin emerged as the leader, and began to pull away to a sizable margin. On lap 61, the second caution of the race occurred when Jack Hawksworth went wide on entry to turn one, causing him to lose control and hit the wall. All of the leaders headed to the pits for their final stops. Race leader Aleshin was released directly into the path of Newgarden, causing the two to make contact and ending Aleshin's day. Conor Daly elected to stay out, and took over the lead, while Will Power emerged in second, and Pagenaud third. Daly would be unable to make it to the finish on fuel, meaning the battle for the lead would ultimately be between Power and Pagenaud. On lap 66, Pagenaud began to put heavy pressure on Power and in turn 12 was able to get by. This would prove to be the winning move of the race, as Pagenaud would take the lead on lap 84 and win by 4.1620 seconds.[56][57][58]2017: Josef Newgarden was leading the race by 12 seconds when the final sequence of pit stops began on lap 62. Newgaren emerged as the leader, but on lap 67 the first and only caution of the race came out when Ed Jones spun in turn 9. On the restart on lap 71, the lapped car of Esteban Gutiérrez was wedged between Newgarden and second place Will Power. This allowed Newgarden to easily pull away score his third win of the season.[59][60][61]2018: Alexander Rossi started from the pole and led 66 of the 90 laps to victory. Rossi's team gambled by executing a two pit stop strategy, while all of the other leaders made three pit stops. Rossi was able to make mileage in his first stint, and made his second and final pit stop on lap 59. Robert Wickens pitted on lap 65, handing the lead to Rossi, who stretched out to a 12.8285 second margin at the finish.2019: Scott Dixon won his record sixth Mid-Ohio Indy car race, but not before one of the best last-lap battles in Mid-Ohio history. The race went caution-free, and the leaders cycled through their final pit stops by lap 66. Scott Dixon held a commanding 9-second lead over teammate Felix Rosenqvist. Ryan Hunter-Reay was running third, an additional 11 seconds back. Rosenqvist steadily began trimming the deficit, as was Hunter-Reay, and it was becoming evident that Dixon's tires were starting to go away. Dixon was on the alternate red tires, while Rosenqvist and Hunter-Reay were on the primary blacks. With Dixon backing off, nursing his car to the finish, Rosenqvist was charging, and worked his way past the lapped cars between himself and Dixon. On the final lap, Rosenqvist made a move for the lead in the Keyhole, but clipped the inside curb and Dixon maintained the position. At the finish line, Dixon held off Rosenqvist by 0.0934 seconds, the closest finish in Mid-Ohio history, and third-closest road course finish in Indy car history.2020 (Saturday): The first race of the 2020 doubleheader weekend was held on Saturday September 12. The race was shortened from its normal 90-lap distance to 75 laps. Will Power won the pole position, his milestone 60th career pole. Power took the lead at the start and led 66 laps, en route to a dominating victory. With the shorter distance, the pit strategy was altered slightly, as every car would be able to make it to the finish with only two stops. Power employed an all-out, fast-paced strategy, and did not worry about fuel-saving measures. In a race that went without a caution, Power's hard-charging effort put him out in front after both rounds of pit stops. Power won by 7.4523 seconds over Penske teammate Josef Newgarden, with storm clouds approaching over the final few laps. Alexander Rossi came home third, executing first an \"overcut\", and later an \"undercut\" strategy, which helped move him gain two positions. Points leader Scott Dixon started way down in 17th, and finished only 10th.[62]2020 (Sunday): The second race of the 2020 doubleheader weekend was held Sunday September 13. Colton Herta won the race, leading a 1st-2nd-3rd sweep of the podium by Andretti Autosport. Herta started from the pole position and led 57 laps, but was not without incident. At the start, Herta and Santino Ferrucci started on the front row. Going side by side into turn 4, Herta did not give much room on the outside, forcing Ferrucci into the grass. Ferrucci's car came back onto the track and collided with his Dale Coyne Racing teammate Álex Palou and Felix Rosenqvist. Both Palou and Rosenqvist were eliminated, while Ferrucci was penalized for avoidable contact. Later in the race, Dalton Kellett, Scott Dixon, and Marco Andretti each went off-course in turn one in separate incidents. All were able to continue, but Dixon for the second day in a row, managed only a 10th-place finish. After the final round of pit stops, Herta held off Alexander Rossi by 1.3826 second, with Ryan Hunter-Reay close behind in third.[63][64]2021: The race was scheduled for 80 laps for 2021. In addition, it was moved to July 4 weekend. Josef Newgarden took his third consecutive pole position ahead of Colton Herta, Alex Palou, and Scott Dixon. Newgarden dominated the race leading 73 of the 80 laps. Newgarden made his final pit stop on lap 53, and emerged with about a 6-7 second lead over Marcus Ericsson. In the closing laps, however, Ericsson started using push-to-pass, while Newgarden encountered slower traffic. The lead shrunk to less than 2 seconds with two laps to go. On the final lap, the two cars were nose-tail, but Newgarden held off Ericsson by 0.879 seconds. It was the first race win of the season for Penske Racing, and came on the 50th anniversary of Penske's first Indy car win. Álex Palou rounded out the podium.2022: Pato O'Ward qualified for the pole position. O'Ward and Scott McLaughlin traded the lead during the first half until O'Ward's car started losing power. On lap 54, the car finally quit exiting the pits, and his day was finished. McLaughlin took the lead for the first time on lap 31, and led 45 of the final 52 laps. McLaughlin held off Álex Palou and Will Power - who charged from 21st starting position (and a half-spin on the opening lap), to finish third. The story of the race, however, was an uncharacteristic six yellows for multiple spins and contact. On lap 59, teammates Romain Grosjean and Alexander Rossi tangled going side-by-side in the keyhole, drawing the ire of the team. In total, three avoidable contact penalties were handed out during the race. Colton Herta experienced bad luck on two occasions. On lap 54, his crew neglected to call him in for a pit stop as a caution was about to come out. Seconds later, he wound up trapped out on the track, the only car not having pit yet. Then with 17 laps to go, he too tangled with Grosjean, going briefly off-course in the keyhole.2023: Alex Palou, the winner at Detroit and Road America, made it three victories in a row by winning at Mid-Ohio. Colton Herta and Graham Rahal started 1st-2nd, respectively, and the led the early segment of the race. On their first pit stops, Herta and Rahal both took on primary \"black\" tires, while Palou took on alternate \"reds\". Palou charged into the lead, and pulled out to an 8-second advantage. On the second and final sequence of pit stops, both Herta and Rahal experienced trouble. Herta broke the pit road speed limit while exiting, then Rahal's crew had difficulty with the left rear tire. That left Palou with a comfortable lead, and he cruised to victory. Marcus Ericsson, who entered the race second in the points standings, crashed on the opening lap. He ran over teammate Felix Rosenqvist, and finished last. Ericsson slipped to fourth in the season standings, while Palou stretched his championship lead to a staggering 110 points. Simon Pagenaud sat out the race with a concussion after a spectacular barrel-roll crash at the end of the backstretch during practice on Saturday.2024: The 2024 Honda Indy 200 would be a milestone race for IndyCar racing, as it would be the first IndyCar race to feature IndyCar's new supercapacitor based hybrid KERS system..","title":"Race summaries"}] | [{"image_text":"Two-time Mid-Ohio winner Bobby Rahal at the 1996 race.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bobby-rahal_mid-ohio_08-10-1996.jpg/250px-Bobby-rahal_mid-ohio_08-10-1996.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mid-Ohio course layout (red) used through 1989.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mid-Ohio_track.gif/220px-Mid-Ohio_track.gif"},{"image_text":"Bobby Rahal celebrates victory in the 1985 race.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BobbyRahalMidOhio1985.jpg/220px-BobbyRahalMidOhio1985.jpg"},{"image_text":"Emerson Fittipaldi navigates the Keyhole section of the course in a Penske Racing IndyCar in 1992","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Emerson-fittipaldi_mid-ohio_keyhole.jpg/300px-Emerson-fittipaldi_mid-ohio_keyhole.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scott Dixon has won a record six times at Mid-Ohio.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Scott_Dixon_2009_Indy_500_Carb_Day.JPG/220px-Scott_Dixon_2009_Indy_500_Carb_Day.JPG"},{"image_text":"The start/finish and pit straight in preparations for the 2012 race.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mid-Ohio_Sports_Car_Course_%2816168219601%29.jpg/220px-Mid-Ohio_Sports_Car_Course_%2816168219601%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Sports Car Challenge at Mid-Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Car_Challenge_at_Mid-Ohio"}] | [{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190322/http://www.motorsport.com/news/article.asp?ID=239166&FS=IRL","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.motorsport.com/news/article.asp?ID=239166&FS=IRL","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Robin (November 22, 1981). \"'82 CART schedule a big one\". The Indianapolis Star. p. 84. Retrieved June 21, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Miller_(journalist)","url_text":"Miller, Robin"},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20128555/","url_text":"\"'82 CART schedule a big one\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Robin (August 11, 1997). \"Zanardi turns towards dominance by winning another CART race\". The Indianapolis Star. p. 22. Retrieved August 29, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Miller_(journalist)","url_text":"Miller, Robin"},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6418139//","url_text":"\"Zanardi turns towards dominance by winning another CART race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Robin (August 10, 1998). \"Fernandez takes the prize; Zanardi suffers the penalty (Part 1)\". The Indianapolis Star. p. 15. Retrieved August 29, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Miller_(journalist)","url_text":"Miller, Robin"},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6418296//","url_text":"\"Fernandez takes the prize; Zanardi suffers the penalty (Part 1)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Robin (November 12, 2002). \"Robin Miller answers user mail\". rpm.ESPN.com. Archived from the original on 2017-01-23. Retrieved September 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://a.espncdn.com/rpm/milleranswers/1112.html","url_text":"\"Robin Miller answers user mail\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170123043925/http://a.espncdn.com/rpm/milleranswers/1112.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumors\". AutoRacing1.com. Archived from the original on 2016-09-29. Retrieved September 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autoracing1.com/Archives/rumors/2003/0116_0131.asp","url_text":"\"Rumors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160929095145/http://www.autoracing1.com/Archives/rumors/2003/0116_0131.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1984 Escort Radar Warning 200\". racing-reference.info. 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Retrieved December 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://stadiumsupertrucks.com/2019-mid-ohio-race-1/","url_text":"\"Round 9 – Mid-Ohio – 7/27/19\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_Super_Trucks","url_text":"Stadium Super Trucks"}]},{"reference":"\"Round 10 – Mid-Ohio – 7/28/19\". Stadium Super Trucks. Retrieved December 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://stadiumsupertrucks.com/2019-mid-ohio-race-2/","url_text":"\"Round 10 – Mid-Ohio – 7/28/19\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_Super_Trucks","url_text":"Stadium Super Trucks"}]},{"reference":"\"Round 5 – Mid-Ohio – 7/3/21\". Stadium Super Trucks. Retrieved July 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://stadiumsupertrucks.com/2021-mid-ohio-race-1-2/","url_text":"\"Round 5 – Mid-Ohio – 7/3/21\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_Super_Trucks","url_text":"Stadium Super Trucks"}]},{"reference":"\"Round 6 – Mid-Ohio – 7/4/21\". Stadium Super Trucks. 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Retrieved July 28, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56264814/1970-mid-ohio/","url_text":"\"Follmer Runs Away at Mid-Ohio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Posey First At Mansfield\". The Cincinnati Enquirer. July 6, 1971. p. 23. Retrieved July 28, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56266029/mid-ohio-1971/","url_text":"\"Posey First At Mansfield\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Posey Edges Britisher\". Mansfield News-Journal. July 6, 1971. p. 17. Retrieved July 28, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56266651/1971-mid-ohio/","url_text":"\"Posey Edges Britisher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Scheckter Posts Third Straight Victory\". 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Retrieved July 17, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33954638/","url_text":"\"Swanson Dies Of Crash Injuries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Overpeck, Dave (July 14, 1980). \"Rutherford Road Races To First\". The Indianapolis Star. p. 20. Retrieved August 10, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6183366//","url_text":"\"Rutherford Road Races To First\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Robin (September 12, 1983). \"Terrific Teo wins again\". The Indianapolis Star. p. 27. Archived from the original on 2016-09-11. Retrieved August 22, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Miller_(journalist)","url_text":"Miller, Robin"},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6336075/1983_cart_midohio/","url_text":"\"Terrific Teo wins again\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160911021524/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6336075/1983_cart_midohio/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Overpeck, Dave (September 3, 1984). \"Andretti beats field, heat\". The Indianapolis Star. p. 27. Archived from the original on 2016-09-11. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWZ-029 | PWZ-029 | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Chemical compound
PWZ-029Identifiers
IUPAC name
8-chloro-3-(methoxymethyl)-5-methyl-4H-imidazobenzodiazepin-6-one
PubChem CID9971547ChemSpider8147139 NChEMBLChEMBL45346 NCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID801028421 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC14H14ClN3O2Molar mass291.74 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image
SMILES
ClC1=CC=C2C(C(N(CC3=C(COC)N=CN32)C)=O)=C1
InChI
InChI=1S/C14H14ClN3O2/c1-17-6-13-11(7-20-2)16-8-18(13)12-4-3-9(15)5-10(12)14(17)19/h3-5,8H,6-7H2,1-2H3 NKey:FXIDXTIMKAEBGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N N
NY (what is this?) (verify)
PWZ-029 is a benzodiazepine derivative drug with nootropic effects developed by WiSys, It acts as a subtype-selective, mixed agonist-inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABAA receptor, acting as a partial inverse agonist at the α5 subtype and a weak partial agonist at the α3 subtype. This gives it a mixed pharmacological profile, producing at low doses memory-enhancing effects but with no convulsant or anxiogenic effects or muscle weakness, although at higher doses it produces some sedative effects.
See also
GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulator
GABAA receptor § Ligands
GL-II-73
References
^ US Patent application US2006/258643 A1
^ Savić MM, Clayton T, Furtmüller R, Gavrilović I, Samardzić J, Savić S, Huck S, Sieghart W, Cook JM (May 2008). "PWZ-029, a compound with moderate inverse agonist functional selectivity at GABA(A) receptors containing alpha5 subunits, improves passive, but not active, avoidance learning in rats". Brain Research. 1208: 150–9. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.020. PMC 2577822. PMID 18394590.
vteGABA receptor modulatorsIonotropicGABAATooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor
Agonists: (+)-Catechin
Bamaluzole
Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital)
Beta-Alanine
BL-1020
DAVA
Dihydromuscimol
GABA
Gabamide
GABOB
Gaboxadol (THIP)
Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS)
Ibotenic acid
iso-THAZ
iso-THIP
Isoguvacine
Isomuscimol
Isonipecotic acid
Kojic amine
L-838,417
Lignans (e.g., honokiol)
Methylglyoxal
Monastrol
Muscimol
Nefiracetam
Neuroactive steroids (e.g., allopregnanolone)
Org 20599
PF-6372865
Phenibut
Picamilon
P4S
Progabide
Propofol
Quisqualamine
SL-75102
Taurine
TACA
TAMP
Terpenoids (e.g., borneol)
Thiomuscimol
Tolgabide
ZAPA
Positive modulators (abridged; see here for a full list): α-EMTBL
Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B)
Anabolic steroids
Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin)
Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital)
Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam)
Bromide compounds (e.g., potassium bromide)
Carbamates (e.g., meprobamate)
Carbamazepine
Chloralose
Chlormezanone
Clomethiazole
Dihydroergolines (e.g., ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine))
Etazepine
Etifoxine
Fenamates (e.g., mefenamic acid)
Flavonoids (e.g., apigenin, hispidulin)
Fluoxetine
Flupirtine
Imidazoles (e.g., etomidate)
Kava constituents (e.g., kavain)
Lanthanum
Loreclezole
Monastrol
Neuroactive steroids (e.g., allopregnanolone, cholesterol, THDOC)
Niacin
Niacinamide
Nonbenzodiazepines (e.g., β-carbolines (e.g., abecarnil), cyclopyrrolones (e.g., zopiclone), imidazopyridines (e.g., zolpidem), pyrazolopyrimidines (e.g., zaleplon))
Norfluoxetine
Petrichloral
Phenols (e.g., propofol)
Phenytoin
Piperidinediones (e.g., glutethimide)
Propanidid
Pyrazolopyridines (e.g., etazolate)
Quinazolinones (e.g., methaqualone)
Retigabine (ezogabine)
ROD-188
Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin)
Stiripentol
Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal))
Topiramate
Valerian constituents (e.g., valerenic acid)
Volatiles/gases (e.g., chloral hydrate, chloroform, diethyl ether, paraldehyde, sevoflurane)
Antagonists: Bicuculline
Coriamyrtin
Dihydrosecurinine
Gabazine (SR-95531)
Hydrastine
Hyenachin (mellitoxin)
PHP-501
Pitrazepin
Securinine
Sinomenine
SR-42641
SR-95103
Thiocolchicoside
Tutin
Negative modulators: 1,3M1B
3M2B
11-Ketoprogesterone
17-Phenylandrostenol
α3IA
α5IA (LS-193,268)
β-CCB
β-CCE
β-CCM
β-CCP
β-EMGBL
Anabolic steroids
Amiloride
Anisatin
β-Lactams (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems)
Basmisanil
Bemegride
Bicyclic phosphates (TBPS, TBPO, IPTBO)
BIDN
Bilobalide
Bupropion
CHEB
Chlorophenylsilatrane
Cicutoxin
Cloflubicyne
Cyclothiazide
DHEA
DHEA-S
Dieldrin
(+)-DMBB
DMCM
DMPC
EBOB
Etbicyphat
FG-7142 (ZK-31906)
Fiproles (e.g., fipronil)
Flavonoids (e.g., amentoflavone, oroxylin A)
Flumazenil
Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin)
Flurothyl
Furosemide
Golexanolone
Iomazenil (123I)
IPTBO
Isopregnanolone (sepranolone)
L-655,708
Laudanosine
Lindane
MaxiPost
Morphine
Morphine-3-glucuronide
MRK-016
Naloxone
Naltrexone
Nicardipine
Nonsteroidal antiandrogens (e.g., apalutamide, bicalutamide, enzalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide)
Oenanthotoxin
Pentylenetetrazol (pentetrazol)
Phenylsilatrane
Picrotoxin (i.e., picrotin, picrotoxinin and dihydropicrotoxinin)
Pregnenolone sulfate
Propybicyphat
PWZ-029
Radequinil
Ro 15-4513
Ro 19-4603
RO4882224
RO4938581
Sarmazenil
SCS
Suritozole
TB-21007
TBOB
TBPS
TCS-1105
Terbequinil
TETS
Thujone
U-93631
Zinc
ZK-93426
GABAA-ρTooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A-rho receptor
Agonists: BL-1020
CACA
CAMP
Homohypotaurine
GABA
GABOB
Ibotenic acid
Isoguvacine
Muscimol
N4-Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside
Picamilon
Progabide
TACA
TAMP
Thiomuscimol
Tolgabide
Positive modulators: Allopregnanolone
Alphaxolone
ATHDOC
Lanthanides
Antagonists: (S)-2-MeGABA
(S)-4-ACPBPA
(S)-4-ACPCA
2-MeTACA
3-APMPA
4-ACPAM
4-GBA
cis-3-ACPBPA
CGP-36742 (SGS-742)
DAVA
Gabazine (SR-95531)
Gaboxadol (THIP)
I4AA
Isonipecotic acid
Loreclezole
P4MPA
P4S
SKF-97541
SR-95318
SR-95813
TPMPA
trans-3-ACPBPA
ZAPA
Negative modulators: 5α-Dihydroprogesterone
Bilobalide
Loreclezole
Picrotoxin (picrotin, picrotoxinin)
Pregnanolone
ROD-188
THDOC
Zinc
MetabotropicGABABTooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor
Agonists: 1,4-Butanediol
3-APPA
4-Fluorophenibut
Aceburic acid
Arbaclofen
Arbaclofen placarbil
Baclofen
BL-1020
GABA
Gabamide
GABOB
GBL
GHB
GHBAL
GHV
GVL
Isovaline
Lesogaberan
Phenibut
Picamilon
Progabide
Sodium oxybate
SKF-97,541
SL 75102
Tolgabide
Tolibut
Positive modulators: ADX-71441
BHF-177
BHFF
BSPP
CGP-7930
CGP-13501
GS-39783
rac-BHFF
KK-92A
Antagonists: 2-Hydroxysaclofen
CGP-35348
CGP-46381
CGP-52432
CGP-54626
CGP-55845
CGP-64213
DAVA
Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS)
Phaclofen
Saclofen
SCH-50911
SKF-97541
Negative modulators: Compound 14
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
GABAA receptor positive modulators
GABA metabolism/transport modulators
vteBenzodiazepines1,4-Benzodiazepines
2-Oxoquazepam
3-Hydroxyphenazepam
Bromazepam
BMS-906024*
Camazepam
Carburazepam
Chlordiazepoxide
Cinazepam
Cinolazepam
Clonazepam
Cloniprazepam
Clorazepate
Cyprazepam
Delorazepam
Demoxepam
Desmethylflunitrazepam
Devazepide*
Diazepam
Diclazepam
Difludiazepam
Doxefazepam
Elfazepam
Ethyl carfluzepate
Ethyl dirazepate
Ethyl loflazepate
Flubromazepam
Fletazepam
Fludiazepam
Flunitrazepam
Flurazepam
Flutemazepam
Flutoprazepam
Fosazepam
Gidazepam
Halazepam
Iclazepam
Irazepine*
Kenazepine
Ketazolam
Lorazepam
Lormetazepam
Lufuradom*
Meclonazepam
Medazepam
Menitrazepam
Metaclazepam
Motrazepam
N-Desalkylflurazepam
Nifoxipam
Nimetazepam
Nitemazepam
Nitrazepam
Nitrazepate
Nordazepam
Nortetrazepam
Oxazepam
Phenazepam
Pinazepam
Pivoxazepam
Prazepam
Proflazepam
Quazepam
QH-II-66
Reclazepam
RO4491533*
Ro05-4082
Ro5-4864*
Ro07-5220
Ro07-9749
Ro20-8065
Ro20-8552
SH-I-048A
Sulazepam
Temazepam
Tetrazepam
Tifluadom*
Timelotem*
Tolufazepam
Triflunordazepam
Tuclazepam
Uldazepam
1,5-Benzodiazepines
Arfendazam
Clobazam
CP-1414S
Lofendazam
Triflubazam
2,3-Benzodiazepines*
Girisopam
GYKI-52466
GYKI-52895
Nerisopam
Talampanel
Tofisopam
Triazolobenzodiazepines
Adinazolam
Alprazolam
Balovaptan*
Bromazolam
Clonazolam
Estazolam
Fluadinazolam
Flualprazolam
Flubromazolam
Flunitrazolam
Nitrazolam
Phenazolam
Pyrazolam
Rilmazolam (active metabolite of Rilmazafone)
Triazolam
Imidazobenzodiazepines
Bretazenil
Climazolam
EVT-201
FG-8205
Flumazenil
GL-II-73
Imidazenil
123I-Iomazenil
L-655,708
Loprazolam
Midazolam
PWZ-029
Remimazolam
Ro15-4513
Ro48-6791
Ro48-8684
Ro4938581
Sarmazenil
SH-053-R-CH3-2′F
Oxazolobenzodiazepines
Cloxazolam
Flutazolam
Haloxazolam
Mexazolam
Oxazolam
Thienodiazepines
Bentazepam
Clotiazepam
Ro09-9212
Thienotriazolodiazepines
α-Hydroxyetizolam
Apafant*
Brotizolam
Ciclotizolam
Clotizolam
Deschloroclotizolam
Deschloroetizolam
Etizolam
Flubrotizolam
Fluclotizolam
Fluetizolam
Israpafant*
JQ1*
Metizolam
Thienobenzodiazepines*
Olanzapine
Telenzepine
Pyridodiazepines
Lopirazepam
Pyridotriazolodiazepines
Zapizolam
Pyrazolodiazepines
Razobazam*
Ripazepam
Zolazepam
Zomebazam
Zometapine*
Pyrrolodiazepines
Premazepam
Tetrahydroisoquinobenzodiazepines
Clazolam
Pyrrolobenzodiazepines*
Anthramycin
Benzodiazepine prodrugs
Alprazolam triazolobenzophenone
Avizafone
Rilmazafone
* atypical activity profile (not GABAA receptor ligands)
This drug article relating to the nervous system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"benzodiazepine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine"},{"link_name":"nootropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"benzodiazepine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine"},{"link_name":"GABAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA_A_receptor"},{"link_name":"receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"inverse agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_agonist"},{"link_name":"α5 subtype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRA5"},{"link_name":"partial agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_agonist"},{"link_name":"α3 subtype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRA3"},{"link_name":"convulsant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsant"},{"link_name":"anxiogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiogenic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18394590-2"}],"text":"PWZ-029 is a benzodiazepine derivative drug with nootropic effects developed by WiSys,[1] It acts as a subtype-selective, mixed agonist-inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABAA receptor, acting as a partial inverse agonist at the α5 subtype and a weak partial agonist at the α3 subtype. This gives it a mixed pharmacological profile, producing at low doses memory-enhancing effects but with no convulsant or anxiogenic effects or muscle weakness, although at higher doses it produces some sedative effects.[2]","title":"PWZ-029"}] | [] | [{"title":"GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_negative_allosteric_modulator"},{"title":"GABAA receptor § Ligands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor#Ligands"},{"title":"GL-II-73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GL-II-73"}] | [{"reference":"Savić MM, Clayton T, Furtmüller R, Gavrilović I, Samardzić J, Savić S, Huck S, Sieghart W, Cook JM (May 2008). \"PWZ-029, a compound with moderate inverse agonist functional selectivity at GABA(A) receptors containing alpha5 subunits, improves passive, but not active, avoidance learning in rats\". Brain Research. 1208: 150–9. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.020. PMC 2577822. PMID 18394590.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2577822","url_text":"\"PWZ-029, a compound with moderate inverse agonist functional selectivity at GABA(A) receptors containing alpha5 subunits, improves passive, but not active, avoidance learning in rats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2008.02.020","url_text":"10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2577822","url_text":"2577822"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18394590","url_text":"18394590"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9971547","external_links_name":"9971547"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.8147139.html","external_links_name":"8147139"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL45346","external_links_name":"ChEMBL45346"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID801028421","external_links_name":"DTXSID801028421"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=ClC1%3DCC%3DC2C%28C%28N%28CC3%3DC%28COC%29N%3DCN32%29C%29%3DO%29%3DC1","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=424715425&page2=PWZ-029","external_links_name":"(verify)"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2577822","external_links_name":"\"PWZ-029, a compound with moderate inverse agonist functional selectivity at GABA(A) receptors containing alpha5 subunits, improves passive, but not active, avoidance learning in rats\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2008.02.020","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.020"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2577822","external_links_name":"2577822"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18394590","external_links_name":"18394590"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PWZ-029&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graveyard_of_the_Atlantic_Museum | Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum | ["1 Exhibits","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 35°12′23″N 75°42′14″W / 35.2063°N 75.7040°W / 35.2063; -75.7040Museum in North Carolina
Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum, Hatteras, North Carolina, June 2007
The Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum is a maritime museum that focuses on the maritime history and shipwrecks of the Outer Banks of North Carolina. The museum is located in Hatteras Village, the southernmost community on Hatteras Island, North Carolina, and opened in 2002.
Exhibits
The Graveyard of the Atlantic refers to the coastal region of the Outer Banks that contain the remains of hundreds of ships that were sunk due to war, piracy or weather. The museum's exhibits feature many artifacts recovered from shipwrecks, including a German Enigma machine from the German submarine U-85 that was sunk in 1942. One gallery focuses on the discovery and exploration of shipwrecks, and the science of preserving these ships and artifacts.
Other exhibits include ship models, exhibits about General Billy Mitchell and his ship bombing demonstrations off the Cape Hatteras coast in 1921, explorers and colonists, lifesaving and rescue operations, and piracy and famous area pirates including Edward Low, and Blackbeard. Maritime military displays include American Civil War blockade runners and the sinking of the USS Monitor ironclad warship, and World War II submarine attacks off the coast.
The museum is a branch museum of the North Carolina Museum of History.
Admission is free, and the museum is open Monday through Saturday.
See also
List of maritime museums in the United States
References
^ http://www.visitob.com/outer_banks/todo/do/do009.htm Archived 2009-03-10 at the Wayback Machine Outer Banks Vacation Guide
^ Miles Hadley, Naval Historical Center. Home Found for “Enigmatic” WW II U-boat Relic Archived 2009-09-04 at the Wayback Machine. April 5, 2003.
^ http://www.graveyardoftheatlantic.com/ShipwrecksDiscoveryResearchInterpretation/ShipwrecksDiscoveryResearchInterpretation.html Archived 2008-06-02 at the Wayback Machine Shipwrecks: Discovery, Research and Interpretation
External links
Official website
35°12′23″N 75°42′14″W / 35.2063°N 75.7040°W / 35.2063; -75.7040
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GraveyardoftheAtlanticMuseum.JPG"},{"link_name":"maritime museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_museum"},{"link_name":"shipwrecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"Outer Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Banks"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Hatteras Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Village"},{"link_name":"Hatteras Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Island"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Museum in North CarolinaGraveyard of the Atlantic Museum, Hatteras, North Carolina, June 2007The Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum is a maritime museum that focuses on the maritime history and shipwrecks of the Outer Banks of North Carolina. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzcut | Buzz cut | ["1 Overview","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | For the song, see Buzzcut (song).
Variety of short hairstyles
Hockey player David Perron with a buzz cut
A buzz cut, or wiffle cut, is a variety of short hairstyles, especially where the length of hair is the same on all parts of the head. Rising to prominence initially with the advent of manual hair clippers, buzz cuts became increasingly popular in places where strict grooming conventions applied. In several nations, buzz cuts are often given to new recruits in the armed forces or newly incarcerated inmates. However, buzz cuts are also used for stylistic reasons.
Overview
The buzz cut rose to popularity with the advent of manual hair clippers by the Serbian inventor Nikola Bizumić in the late 19th century. These clippers were widely used by barbers to chop hair close and fast. The clipper accumulates hair in locks to rapidly remove the hair from the head. This type of haircut was normal where strict grooming conventions were in effect. Buzz cut styles today include the brush cut, crew cut, and flattop.
The top of a buzz cut style may be clipped a uniform short length, producing a butch cut, or into one of several geometric shapes that include the crew cut, flattop, and other short styles. Also known as a fade haircut, the back and sides are tapered short, semi-short, or medium, corresponding with different clipper guard sizes. Buzz cuts can make the face look more defined and are popular with men and boys who want a short, low-maintenance hairstyle, as well as those with thinning or receding hairlines. However, thanks to the popularization by public figures like Sinead O'Connor, Natalie Portman, Amber Rose, and Willow Smith, the buzz cut has also become a popular haircut amongst women. It has also become a symbol of protest - going against society's standards of feminine beauty.
In countries such as Australia, China, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, military recruits are given buzz cuts when they enter training; this was originally done to prevent the spread of head lice, but is now done for ease of maintenance, cooling, and uniformity.
A Naval Academy midshipman with a buzz cut
See also
List of hairstyles
Brush cut
Crew cut
Hair removal
Hair § Social role
Head shaving
High and tight
Mohawk hairstyle
Shape-Up
References
^ Scali-Sheahan, Maura; Roste, Leslie; Linquest, Linnea; Burness, Amy; Mitchell, Dennis (2017). Milady Standard Barbering (6th ed.). New York: Cengage Learning. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-305-10055-8.
^ Goodman, James (2020-08-01). "50 Best Buzz Cut Styles For Men". MHT. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
^ Chris, Wright (2020-08-01). "Men's Fade Haircuts". MHN. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
^ Victoria Sherrow (2006), Encyclopedia of hair, Greenwood Publishing, ISBN 9780313331459
^ L.Sherman Trusty (1971). The Art and Science of Barbering. Wolfer Printing Co.
^ Dolan, Leah (2023-07-28). "The last beauty taboo: A history of the buzzcut". CNN. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
^ Stephan Talty (April 19, 1998), "Crew Cuts Forever", The New York Times
^ Peter Thompson (February 2003), The Real Insider's Guide to Military Basic Training, Universal-Publishers, ISBN 9781581125979
^ The Men 300,000 New Sailors Will Make Navy Their Career Life Oct. 28 1940. Includes photos of WWII Era Navy Induction Crew Cut, Great Lakes Training Center., 28 October 1940
External links
The dictionary definition of buzz cut at Wiktionary
vteHuman hairClassificationby type
Lanugo
Body
Terminal
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by location
Body
Ear
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Eyelash
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Head hairstyles(list)
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Japanese women
Jewfro
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1950s
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Part
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list
Hair fetishism | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buzzcut (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzcut_(song)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davidperron.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Perron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Perron"},{"link_name":"manual hair clippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_clipper"}],"text":"For the song, see Buzzcut (song).Variety of short hairstylesHockey player David Perron with a buzz cutA buzz cut, or wiffle cut, is a variety of short hairstyles, especially where the length of hair is the same on all parts of the head. Rising to prominence initially with the advent of manual hair clippers, buzz cuts became increasingly popular in places where strict grooming conventions applied. In several nations, buzz cuts are often given to new recruits in the armed forces or newly incarcerated inmates. However, buzz cuts are also used for stylistic reasons.","title":"Buzz cut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manual hair clippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_clipper"},{"link_name":"Nikola Bizumić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Bizumi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"brush cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_cut"},{"link_name":"crew cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crew_cut"},{"link_name":"flattop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattop"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_haircut#Short"},{"link_name":"semi-short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_haircut#Semi-short"},{"link_name":"medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_haircut#Medium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eoh-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"thinning or receding hairlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_loss"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"head lice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_lice"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Male_buzzcut.jpg"},{"link_name":"Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"}],"text":"The buzz cut rose to popularity with the advent of manual hair clippers by the Serbian inventor Nikola Bizumić in the late 19th century.[1] These clippers were widely used by barbers to chop hair close and fast. The clipper accumulates hair in locks to rapidly remove the hair from the head. This type of haircut was normal where strict grooming conventions were in effect. Buzz cut styles today include the brush cut, crew cut, and flattop.[2]The top of a buzz cut style may be clipped a uniform short length, producing a butch cut, or into one of several geometric shapes that include the crew cut, flattop, and other short styles. Also known as a fade haircut, the back and sides are tapered short, semi-short, or medium, corresponding with different clipper guard sizes.[3][4][5] Buzz cuts can make the face look more defined and are popular with men and boys who want a short, low-maintenance hairstyle, as well as those with thinning or receding hairlines. However, thanks to the popularization by public figures like Sinead O'Connor, Natalie Portman, Amber Rose, and Willow Smith, the buzz cut has also become a popular haircut amongst women. It has also become a symbol of protest - going against society's standards of feminine beauty.[6]In countries such as Australia, China, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, military recruits are given buzz cuts when they enter training; this was originally done to prevent the spread of head lice,[7] but is now done for ease of maintenance, cooling, and uniformity.[8][9]A Naval Academy midshipman with a buzz cut","title":"Overview"}] | [{"image_text":"Hockey player David Perron with a buzz cut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Davidperron.jpg/320px-Davidperron.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Naval Academy midshipman with a buzz cut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Male_buzzcut.jpg/220px-Male_buzzcut.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of hairstyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hairstyles"},{"title":"Brush cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_cut"},{"title":"Crew cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crew_cut"},{"title":"Hair removal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_removal"},{"title":"Hair § Social role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair#Social_role"},{"title":"Head shaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_shaving"},{"title":"High and tight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_and_tight"},{"title":"Mohawk hairstyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle"},{"title":"Shape-Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape-Up"}] | [{"reference":"Scali-Sheahan, Maura; Roste, Leslie; Linquest, Linnea; Burness, Amy; Mitchell, Dennis (2017). Milady Standard Barbering (6th ed.). New York: Cengage Learning. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-305-10055-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengage_Learning","url_text":"Cengage Learning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-10055-8","url_text":"978-1-305-10055-8"}]},{"reference":"Goodman, James (2020-08-01). \"50 Best Buzz Cut Styles For Men\". MHT. Retrieved 2020-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.menshairstylestoday.com/buzz-cut/","url_text":"\"50 Best Buzz Cut Styles For Men\""}]},{"reference":"Chris, Wright (2020-08-01). \"Men's Fade Haircuts\". MHN. Retrieved 2020-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.menshairstylesnow.com/mens-fade-haircuts/","url_text":"\"Men's Fade Haircuts\""}]},{"reference":"Victoria Sherrow (2006), Encyclopedia of hair, Greenwood Publishing, ISBN 9780313331459","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z6vCGbf66YC&pg=PA75","url_text":"Encyclopedia of hair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313331459","url_text":"9780313331459"}]},{"reference":"L.Sherman Trusty (1971). The Art and Science of Barbering. Wolfer Printing Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dolan, Leah (2023-07-28). \"The last beauty taboo: A history of the buzzcut\". CNN. Retrieved 2023-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/style/sinead-oconnor-buzzcut-history/index.html","url_text":"\"The last beauty taboo: A history of the buzzcut\""}]},{"reference":"Stephan Talty (April 19, 1998), \"Crew Cuts Forever\", The New York Times","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/19/style/view-crew-cuts-forever.html?pagewanted=1","url_text":"\"Crew Cuts Forever\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Peter Thompson (February 2003), The Real Insider's Guide to Military Basic Training, Universal-Publishers, ISBN 9781581125979","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s6WHuw7_L3UC&pg=PA94","url_text":"The Real Insider's Guide to Military Basic Training"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781581125979","url_text":"9781581125979"}]},{"reference":"The Men 300,000 New Sailors Will Make Navy Their Career Life Oct. 28 1940. Includes photos of WWII Era Navy Induction Crew Cut, Great Lakes Training Center., 28 October 1940","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KkoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA89","url_text":"The Men 300,000 New Sailors Will Make Navy Their Career Life Oct. 28 1940. Includes photos of WWII Era Navy Induction Crew Cut, Great Lakes Training Center."}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.menshairstylestoday.com/buzz-cut/","external_links_name":"\"50 Best Buzz Cut Styles For Men\""},{"Link":"https://www.menshairstylesnow.com/mens-fade-haircuts/","external_links_name":"\"Men's Fade Haircuts\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z6vCGbf66YC&pg=PA75","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of hair"},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/style/sinead-oconnor-buzzcut-history/index.html","external_links_name":"\"The last beauty taboo: A history of the buzzcut\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/19/style/view-crew-cuts-forever.html?pagewanted=1","external_links_name":"\"Crew Cuts Forever\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s6WHuw7_L3UC&pg=PA94","external_links_name":"The Real Insider's Guide to Military Basic Training"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KkoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA89","external_links_name":"The Men 300,000 New Sailors Will Make Navy Their Career Life Oct. 28 1940. Includes photos of WWII Era Navy Induction Crew Cut, Great Lakes Training Center."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapani | Trapani | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Economy","3.1 Fishing","3.2 Coral processing","3.3 Saltworks","4 Culture","5 Folklore","6 Transport","7 Sport","8 Climate","9 International relations","9.1 Twin towns and Sister cities","10 Identification as Ithaca","11 Gallery","12 See also","13 References","14 Bibliography","15 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°01′03″N 12°30′54″E / 38.01750°N 12.51500°E / 38.01750; 12.51500For the surname, see Trapani (surname).
"Drepanon" and "Drepane" redirect here. For Drepanon in Bithynia, see Helenopolis, Bithynia. For the genus of fishes, see Drepane (fish).
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Comune in Sicily, ItalyTrapani
Tràpani (Sicilian)ComuneComune di TrapaniTrapani seen from Erice. The islands of Favignana (left) and Levanzo (right) can be seen in the background
FlagCoat of armsThe comune of Trapani within the province of TrapaniLocation of Trapani
TrapaniLocation of Trapani in ItalyShow map of ItalyTrapaniTrapani (Sicily)Show map of SicilyCoordinates: 38°01′03″N 12°30′54″E / 38.01750°N 12.51500°E / 38.01750; 12.51500CountryItalyRegionSicilyProvinceTrapani (TP)FrazioniMarausa, Xitta, Palma, Fontanasalsa, Guarrato, Fulgatore, Salinagrande, Locogrande, Rilievo, Borgo Fazio, UmmariGovernment • MayorGiacomo Tranchida (PD)Area • Total271 km2 (105 sq mi)Elevation3 m (10 ft)Population (March 31, 2020) • Total67,531 • Density250/km2 (650/sq mi)DemonymTrapaneseTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code91100Dialing code0923Patron saintSt. AlbertSaint dayAugust 7WebsiteOfficial website
Trapani (US: /ˈtrɑːpəni/ TRAH-pə-nee, Italian: ⓘ; Sicilian: Tràpani ) is a city and municipality (comune) on the west coast of Sicily, in Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Trapani. Founded by Elymians, the city is still an important fishing port and the main gateway to the nearby Egadi Islands.
History
Main articles: Drepana and Timeline of Trapani
Drepana was founded by the Elymians to serve as the port of the nearby city of Eryx (present-day Erice), which overlooks it from Monte Erice. The city sits on a low-lying promontory jutting out into the Mediterranean Sea.
It was originally named Drépanon from the Greek word for "sickle", because of the curving shape of its harbour. Carthage seized control of the city in 260 BC, subsequently making it an important naval base, but ceded it to Rome in 241 BC following the Battle of the Aegates in the First Punic War.
Two ancient legends relate supposed mythical origins for the city. In the first legend, Trapani stemmed from the sickle which fell from the hands of the goddess Demeter while she was seeking for her daughter Persephone, who had been kidnapped by Hades. The second myth features Kronos, who eviscerated his father Ouranos, god of the sky, with a sickle which, falling into the sea, created the city. In ancient times, Saturn (i.e., the Punic god Baal Hammon) was the patron god of Trapani. Today, Saturn's statue stands in a piazza in the centre of the city.
Cloister of the Museum Pepoli.
After its Roman, Vandal, Ostrogoth, Byzantine and (from 827) Arab conquests, Trapani was taken by the Normans of Roger I in 1077, flourishing under their dominations and having also a role in the Crusades as one of the most important ports in the Mediterranean Sea. During the first half of the 15th century, there was a community of Maltese people living in Trapani.
In the 17th century, the city decayed due to revolts, plagues, and famines, but in the following century, it grew from 16,000 to 30,000 inhabitants; commerce remained of local importance, while its military position in the Kingdom of Naples remained notable.
The city was badly damaged during World War II, when it was subjected to intense Allied bombardments. It has grown greatly since the end of the war, sprawling out virtually to the foot of Monte San Giuliano. Tourism has grown in recent years due to the city's proximity to popular destinations such as Erice, Segesta, and the Egadi Islands.
Geography
See also: List of mayors of Trapani
The comune of Trapani consists of two discontiguous parts separated by the comune of Paceco. The northern part includes much of the city and some rural area; the much larger southern part includes the area of Marausa, half of Trapani-Birgi Airport and a large rural area. The comune does not include the north-eastern suburbs of the urban area, such as Casa Santa, which are part of the comune of Erice. The comune of Trapani has a population of 70,000 but the entire urban, including those parts in the comune of Erice, has over 90,000 residents.
Economy
Much of Trapani's economy still depends on the sea and fishing and canning are the main local industries. Coral is also an important export, along with salt, marble, and marsala wine. The nearby coast is lined with numerous saltworks formed by the evaporation of seawater situated majestically along the coast road between Trapani and Marsala.
The city is also an important ferry port, with links to the Egadi Islands, Pantelleria, Sardinia, France and Tunisia. It also has its own airport, the Trapani-Birgi Airport.
Fishing
Trapani is one of the traditional locations of the mattanza tuna fishing technique, alongside: (San Giuliano, San Cusumano, Isola di Formica, Favignana, Bonagia, San Vito Lo Capo, Scopello, Capo Granitola). Today, this technique is forbidden but the fishing port is very active and hosts 142 small and medium fishing boats, for a total of 2805 GRT (gross tonnage).
The old fish market, renovated in 1998, is now used for cultural events and a new one, large and modern, more functional to fishing activities has been located near the port. It represents the only market in the Province and its recent restructuring, with European funds, places it at the forefront in the national level both in terms of marketing and product traceability.
Coral processing
Between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Trapani fishermen began to practice coral fishing, and coral craftmen started to develop its processing succeeding throughout the Mediterranean. A network of prestigious commissions was consolidated throughout Europe and it was thus possible to produce ever richer and more elaborate works. Today, however, fishing has almost completely disappeared, while coral processing is limited to few craftsmen.
Saltworks
Windmills and saltworks are evidence of industrial archeology. Saltworks are located in the area of Natural Reserve of Saline di Trapani and Paceco managed by the WWF and characterized by a remarkable flora and fauna. Thanks to the protection guaranteed by the Reserve, the activity of the saltworkers and the production of salt have increased, favoring the return and reproduction of dozens of species of migratory birds, including the pink flamingo.
Culture
Piazza GaribaldiThe old city of Trapani dates from the later medieval or early modern periods; there are no more remains of the ancient city and many of the city's historic buildings are designed in the Baroque style.
The Church of Sant'Agostino (14th century)
The Church of Santa Maria di Gesù (15th–16th centuries)
Basilica-Sanctuary of Maria Santissima Annunziata (also called "Madonna di Trapani") originally built in 1315–1332 and rebuilt in 1760. It houses Museo regionale Agostino Pepoli and a marble statue of the Madonna of Trapani, which might be attributed to the work of Nino Pisano.
Fontana di Tritone ("Triton's Fountain")
The Baroque Palazzo della Giudecca or Casa Ciambra.
The cathedral (built in 1421, but restored in the 18th century by Giovanni Biagio Amico). It includes a painting of "Annunciation" attributed to Anthony van Dyck.
Church of Maria SS. dell'Intria, an example of Sicilian Baroque.
Church of Badia Nuova, a small Baroque church.
Castello di Terra, a ruined 12th-century castle, today police office.
Ligny Tower, a 17th-century watchtower housing Phreistory museum.
Regional Museum Agostino Pepoli - Located in the 14th-century Carmelite convent, adjacent to the Sanctuary of Basilica-Sanctuary of Maria Santissima Annunziata, it is one of the most important Sicilian museums. It houses acollection of decorative arts, sculptures (including works by the Gagini), cribs and coral jewelry, and an art gallery that includes, among others, paintings by Titian and Giacomo Balla.
Museum of Prehistory - It is housed inside the seventeenth-century Torre di Ligny, on the extreme western point of the city, and preserves important prehistoric evidence of human presence in the area, as well as finds (artifacts, amphorae, anchors, a Punic helmet) from the sea of Trapani.
Museum of Contemporary Art San Rocco - Housed inside Palazzo San Rocco, in the historic center.
DiArt, diocesan collection of permanent religious art, housed in the episcopal seminary of Raganzìli in Casa Santa locality.
Diocesan Museum, in the Church of Sant'Agostino
Optical Illusions Museum
Specus Corallii designed by architect Antonino Cardillo
Folklore
More details Easter procession, The Misteri
The city is renowned for its Easter related Holy Week activities and traditions, culminating between Good Friday and Holy Saturday in the Processione dei Misteri di Trapani, colloquially simply the Misteri di Trapani (in English the Procession of the Mysteries of Trapani or the Mysteries of Trapani), a day-long passion procession organized and sponsored by the city's guilds, featuring twenty floats of wood, canvas and glue sculptures, mostly from the 17th and 18th centuries, of individual scenes of the events of the Passion.
The Misteri are among the oldest continuously running religious events in Europe, having been played every Good Friday since before the Easter of 1612. Running for at least 16 continuous hours, but occasionally well beyond the 24 hours, they are the longest religious festival in Sicily and in Italy. Important also to the cult of the Madonna of Trapani.
The city gives its name to a variety of pesto – pesto alla trapanese – made using almonds instead of the traditional pine nuts in Ligurian pesto.
Transport
Trapani-Birgi Airport is a military-civil joint use airport (third for traffic on the island). Recently the airport has seen an increase of traffic thanks to low-cost carriers from all parts of Europe (i.e. London-Stansted and London-Luton, Paris Beauvais, Dublin, Bruxelles, Munich, Frankfurt, Eindhoven, Stockholm, Malta, Bratislava).
Sport
From September 28 to October 9, 2005, Trapani was the location of Acts 8 and 9 of the Louis Vuitton Cup. This sailing race featured, among other entrants, all the boats that took part in the 2007 America's Cup.
The town is also the base for the local football team Trapani Calcio. Founded in 1905, they are nicknamed the Granata (the Maroons) after their kit colour. In 2010, Trapani Calcio was admitted into the 2010–11 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione (formerly Serie C2), ending the club's 13-year absence from the professional ranks. Subsequently, it made debut in Serie B in the 2013–14 season. It currently plays in Serie B with the coach Fabrizio Castori.
Climate
Trapani has a hot-summer mediterranean climate with hot and dry summers coupled with moderately wet and mild winters. Summer lows are cooler than in other places of Sicily and Calabria, while at the same time remaining significantly warm for several months.
Climate data for Trapani, Sicily, 2000-2020, extremes 1991-2020
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
20.4(68.7)
23.6(74.5)
29.0(84.2)
33.4(92.1)
39.4(102.9)
41.8(107.2)
41.4(106.5)
44.0(111.2)
38.0(100.4)
33.3(91.9)
27.0(80.6)
22.6(72.7)
44.0(111.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
15.0(59.0)
15.3(59.5)
16.6(61.9)
19.0(66.2)
23.1(73.6)
26.7(80.1)
29.7(85.5)
30.1(86.2)
27.7(81.9)
23.7(74.7)
19.4(66.9)
16.2(61.2)
21.9(71.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)
11.6(52.9)
11.7(53.1)
12.6(54.7)
14.6(58.3)
18.2(64.8)
21.7(71.1)
24.6(76.3)
25.2(77.4)
23.1(73.6)
20.0(68.0)
15.7(60.3)
12.8(55.0)
17.7(63.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
8.1(46.6)
8.0(46.4)
8.6(47.5)
10.2(50.4)
13.2(55.8)
16.6(61.9)
19.4(66.9)
20.2(68.4)
18.4(65.1)
15.4(59.7)
12.0(53.6)
9.3(48.7)
13.3(55.9)
Record low °C (°F)
0.0(32.0)
−0.2(31.6)
0.2(32.4)
1.8(35.2)
6.0(42.8)
10.2(50.4)
13.2(55.8)
15.0(59.0)
11.8(53.2)
6.8(44.2)
2.4(36.3)
0.6(33.1)
−0.2(31.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
56.3(2.22)
45.8(1.80)
44.9(1.77)
36.9(1.45)
16.8(0.66)
4.7(0.19)
2.4(0.09)
8.7(0.34)
41.6(1.64)
60.8(2.39)
64.7(2.55)
65.0(2.56)
448.6(17.66)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)
8.7
8.1
7.1
5.6
2.5
1.0
0.4
1.1
3.4
6.6
7.2
9.8
61.5
Average relative humidity (%)
79.85
78.7
77.71
74.44
72.01
70.79
71.67
71.33
73.65
76
78.41
80.03
75.38
Average dew point °C (°F)
7.8(46.0)
7.3(45.1)
8.5(47.3)
9.9(49.8)
12.9(55.2)
16.1(61.0)
19.0(66.2)
19.8(67.6)
18.1(64.6)
15.6(60.1)
12.0(53.6)
9.3(48.7)
13.0(55.4)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
133.3
145.0
189.1
219.0
226.3
306.0
347.2
319.3
255.0
210.8
159.0
127.1
2,637.1
Source 1: Servizio Meteorologico
Source 2: NOAA(humidity and extremes 1991-2020, dew point 1981-2010)
German Meteorological Service
International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy
Twin towns and Sister cities
Trapani is twinned with:
Constanța, Romania
Les Sables-d'Olonne, France
Roquefort-les-Pins, France
Würselen, Germany
Identification as Ithaca
Samuel Butler claimed, following visits in Trapani, that the city and its neighboring islands is the inspiration for both Odysseus's home of Ithaca as described in Homer's Oddysey, and Scheria, where Odysseus met Nausicaa.
Gallery
Mura di Tramontana
Mura di Tramontana (centro storico)
Chiostro dei gesuiti
Via Regina Margherita
Palazzo Cavarretta in Via Torrearsa
Chiesa di San Liberale
Palazzo della Giudecca
Villa Margherita
Windmill of the Salina
Our Lady of Trapani, the patroness of the town. Crowned in 1734 with a papal decree Pope Clement XII
See also
Battle of Drepana
Drepana
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
^ Cassola, Arnold (2011). "The Maltese in Trapani (1419–1455)". Malta: People, Toponomy, Language (4th Century B.C. – 1600) (1 ed.). Malta: The Farsons Foundation. pp. 15–50. ISBN 978-99957-0-054-6.
^ "Sicilia-Provenza via mare" . InProvenza.it (in Italian). Retrieved January 25, 2021.
^ "Parlamento Europeo - politiche comunitarie e di coesione - Pesca" (PDF) (in Italian). July 6, 2014.
^ Caltagirone, Michele (December 16, 2013). "Trapani, nuovo mercato ittico: la soddisfazione dell´organizzazione dei produttori della pesca" (in Italian).
^ A.C.I., A.C.I. (1985). Atlante cartografico dell'artigianato. Vol. 3. Roma. p. 19.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ A.C.I., A.C.I. (1985). Atlante cartografico dell'artigianato (in Italian). Vol. 3. Roma. p. 19.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ MusMuseum of contemporary art in San Rocco. "MusMuseo di arte contemporanea "San Rocco"" (in Italian). Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^ Trapani Ok (November 25, 2014). "orari di apertura al pubblico del Museo di arte contemporanea San Rocco" (in Italian). Retrieved January 22, 2021.
^ "Museo delle illusioni a trapani" (in Italian). June 8, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
^ Cardillo, Antonino (August 27, 2016). "Specus Corallii". www.antoninocardillo.com. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
^ "Coarse pink plaster lends furry look to Antonino Cardillo's Sicilian grotto". Dezeen. October 26, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
^ "Tabella climatica mensile e annuale di Trapani Birgi". Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ "WMO Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Trapani Birgi" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov (Excel). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved March 2, 2024.
^ "Trapani Birgi Climate Normals for 1981-2010(WMO number: 16429)" (XLS). ncei.noaa.gov (Excel). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved March 2, 2024. Parameter code: 39 - Dew Point Temperature
^ "Record high 2000-2017". DwD. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
^ "Record high 2018-2020". DwD. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
^ "Record low 2000-2017". Dwd. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
^ "Record low 2018-2020". DwD. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
^ Butler, Samuel (1987). "Chapter VIII: That Ithaca and Scheria are Both of Them Drawn from Trapani and Its Immediate Neighbourhood". The Authoress of the Oddysey. London: Jonathan Cape.
Bibliography
See also: Bibliography of the history of Trapani
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Trapani.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trapani.
Museum Agostino Pepoli (in English)
Tuna fisheries Archived August 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
Salt route Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
"Trapani" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trapani (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapani_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Helenopolis, Bithynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenopolis,_Bithynia"},{"link_name":"Drepane (fish)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepane_(fish)"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"/ˈtrɑːpəni/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"TRAH-pə-nee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[ˈtraːpani]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/It-Trapani.ogg/It-Trapani.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:It-Trapani.ogg"},{"link_name":"Sicilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈʈɽaːpanɪ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Province of Trapani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Trapani"},{"link_name":"Elymians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elymians"},{"link_name":"Egadi Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egadi_Islands"}],"text":"For the surname, see Trapani (surname).\"Drepanon\" and \"Drepane\" redirect here. For Drepanon in Bithynia, see Helenopolis, Bithynia. For the genus of fishes, see Drepane (fish).Comune in Sicily, ItalyTrapani (US: /ˈtrɑːpəni/ TRAH-pə-nee, Italian: [ˈtraːpani] ⓘ; Sicilian: Tràpani [ˈʈɽaːpanɪ]) is a city and municipality (comune) on the west coast of Sicily, in Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Trapani. Founded by Elymians, the city is still an important fishing port and the main gateway to the nearby Egadi Islands.","title":"Trapani"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drepana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepana"},{"link_name":"Elymians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elymians"},{"link_name":"Eryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)"},{"link_name":"Erice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erice"},{"link_name":"Monte Erice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Erice"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"sickle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Aegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates_Islands"},{"link_name":"First Punic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War"},{"link_name":"Demeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter"},{"link_name":"Persephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persephone"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"},{"link_name":"Kronos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronos_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Ouranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouranos_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Punic god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_religion"},{"link_name":"Baal Hammon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Hammon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trapani_-_Museo_pepoli.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museum Pepoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_regionale_Agostino_Pepoli"},{"link_name":"Vandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals"},{"link_name":"Ostrogoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoth"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Normans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Normans"},{"link_name":"Roger I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Maltese people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Monte San Giuliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_San_Giuliano"},{"link_name":"Erice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erice"},{"link_name":"Segesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segesta"},{"link_name":"Egadi Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egadi_Islands"}],"text":"Drepana was founded by the Elymians to serve as the port of the nearby city of Eryx (present-day Erice), which overlooks it from Monte Erice. The city sits on a low-lying promontory jutting out into the Mediterranean Sea.It was originally named Drépanon from the Greek word for \"sickle\", because of the curving shape of its harbour. Carthage seized control of the city in 260 BC, subsequently making it an important naval base, but ceded it to Rome in 241 BC following the Battle of the Aegates in the First Punic War.Two ancient legends relate supposed mythical origins for the city. In the first legend, Trapani stemmed from the sickle which fell from the hands of the goddess Demeter while she was seeking for her daughter Persephone, who had been kidnapped by Hades. The second myth features Kronos, who eviscerated his father Ouranos, god of the sky, with a sickle which, falling into the sea, created the city. In ancient times, Saturn (i.e., the Punic god Baal Hammon) was the patron god of Trapani. Today, Saturn's statue stands in a piazza in the centre of the city.Cloister of the Museum Pepoli.After its Roman, Vandal, Ostrogoth, Byzantine and (from 827) Arab conquests, Trapani was taken by the Normans of Roger I in 1077, flourishing under their dominations and having also a role in the Crusades as one of the most important ports in the Mediterranean Sea. During the first half of the 15th century, there was a community of Maltese people living in Trapani.[3]In the 17th century, the city decayed due to revolts, plagues, and famines, but in the following century, it grew from 16,000 to 30,000 inhabitants; commerce remained of local importance, while its military position in the Kingdom of Naples remained notable.The city was badly damaged during World War II, when it was subjected to intense Allied bombardments. It has grown greatly since the end of the war, sprawling out virtually to the foot of Monte San Giuliano. Tourism has grown in recent years due to the city's proximity to popular destinations such as Erice, Segesta, and the Egadi Islands.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of mayors of Trapani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Trapani"},{"link_name":"Paceco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paceco"},{"link_name":"Trapani-Birgi Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Florio_Airport_Trapani-Birgi"},{"link_name":"Erice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erice"}],"text":"See also: List of mayors of TrapaniThe comune of Trapani consists of two discontiguous parts separated by the comune of Paceco. The northern part includes much of the city and some rural area; the much larger southern part includes the area of Marausa, half of Trapani-Birgi Airport and a large rural area. The comune does not include the north-eastern suburbs of the urban area, such as Casa Santa, which are part of the comune of Erice. The comune of Trapani has a population of 70,000 but the entire urban, including those parts in the comune of Erice, has over 90,000 residents.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"marsala wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsala_wine"},{"link_name":"Pantelleria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantelleria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Trapani-Birgi Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapani-Birgi_Airport"}],"text":"Much of Trapani's economy still depends on the sea and fishing and canning are the main local industries. Coral is also an important export, along with salt, marble, and marsala wine. The nearby coast is lined with numerous saltworks formed by the evaporation of seawater situated majestically along the coast road between Trapani and Marsala.The city is also an important ferry port, with links to the Egadi Islands, Pantelleria, Sardinia, France[4] and Tunisia. It also has its own airport, the Trapani-Birgi Airport.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mattanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattanza"},{"link_name":"tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna"},{"link_name":"Favignana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favignana"},{"link_name":"San Vito Lo Capo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Vito_Lo_Capo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Fishing","text":"Trapani is one of the traditional locations of the mattanza tuna fishing technique, alongside: (San Giuliano, San Cusumano, Isola di Formica, Favignana, Bonagia, San Vito Lo Capo, Scopello, Capo Granitola). Today, this technique is forbidden but the fishing port is very active and hosts 142 small and medium fishing boats, for a total of 2805 GRT (gross tonnage).[5]The old fish market, renovated in 1998, is now used for cultural events and a new one, large and modern, more functional to fishing activities has been located near the port. It represents the only market in the Province and its recent restructuring, with European funds, places it at the forefront in the national level both in terms of marketing and product traceability.[6]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Coral processing","text":"Between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Trapani fishermen began to practice coral fishing, and coral craftmen started to develop its processing succeeding throughout the Mediterranean.[7] A network of prestigious commissions was consolidated throughout Europe and it was thus possible to produce ever richer and more elaborate works. Today, however, fishing has almost completely disappeared, while coral processing is limited to few craftsmen.[8]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natural Reserve of Saline di Trapani and Paceco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riserva_naturale_integrale_Saline_di_Trapani_e_Paceco"},{"link_name":"WWF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature"},{"link_name":"pink flamingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamingo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trapani_-_Saline_al_tramonto.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Saltworks","text":"Windmills and saltworks are evidence of industrial archeology. Saltworks are located in the area of Natural Reserve of Saline di Trapani and Paceco managed by the WWF and characterized by a remarkable flora and fauna. Thanks to the protection guaranteed by the Reserve, the activity of the saltworkers and the production of salt have increased, favoring the return and reproduction of dozens of species of migratory birds, including the pink flamingo.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trapani-PiazzaGaribaldi.JPG"},{"link_name":"Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibaldi"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Basilica-Sanctuary of Maria Santissima Annunziata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica-Sanctuary_of_Maria_Santissima_Annunziata"},{"link_name":"Museo regionale Agostino Pepoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_regionale_Agostino_Pepoli"},{"link_name":"Nino Pisano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Pisano"},{"link_name":"Triton's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Giudecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudecca_or_Judeca_(Medieval_Italy%27s_Jewish_quarters)"},{"link_name":"Anthony van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck"},{"link_name":"Castello di Terra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello_di_Terra"},{"link_name":"Ligny Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligny_Tower"},{"link_name":"Regional Museum Agostino Pepoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_regionale_Agostino_Pepoli"},{"link_name":"Gagini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonello_Gagini"},{"link_name":"Titian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Balla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Balla"},{"link_name":"Torre di Ligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligny_Tower"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Antonino Cardillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonino_Cardillo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Piazza GaribaldiThe old city of Trapani dates from the later medieval or early modern periods; there are no more remains of the ancient city and many of the city's historic buildings are designed in the Baroque style.The Church of Sant'Agostino (14th century)\nThe Church of Santa Maria di Gesù (15th–16th centuries)\nBasilica-Sanctuary of Maria Santissima Annunziata (also called \"Madonna di Trapani\") originally built in 1315–1332 and rebuilt in 1760. It houses Museo regionale Agostino Pepoli and a marble statue of the Madonna of Trapani, which might be attributed to the work of Nino Pisano.\nFontana di Tritone (\"Triton's Fountain\")\nThe Baroque Palazzo della Giudecca or Casa Ciambra.\nThe cathedral (built in 1421, but restored in the 18th century by Giovanni Biagio Amico). It includes a painting of \"Annunciation\" attributed to Anthony van Dyck.\nChurch of Maria SS. dell'Intria, an example of Sicilian Baroque.\nChurch of Badia Nuova, a small Baroque church.\nCastello di Terra, a ruined 12th-century castle, today police office.\nLigny Tower, a 17th-century watchtower housing Phreistory museum.\nRegional Museum Agostino Pepoli - Located in the 14th-century Carmelite convent, adjacent to the Sanctuary of Basilica-Sanctuary of Maria Santissima Annunziata, it is one of the most important Sicilian museums. It houses acollection of decorative arts, sculptures (including works by the Gagini), cribs and coral jewelry, and an art gallery that includes, among others, paintings by Titian and Giacomo Balla.\nMuseum of Prehistory - It is housed inside the seventeenth-century Torre di Ligny, on the extreme western point of the city, and preserves important prehistoric evidence of human presence in the area, as well as finds (artifacts, amphorae, anchors, a Punic helmet) from the sea of Trapani.\nMuseum of Contemporary Art San Rocco - Housed inside Palazzo San Rocco, in the historic center.[9][10]\nDiArt, diocesan collection of permanent religious art, housed in the episcopal seminary of Raganzìli in Casa Santa locality.\nDiocesan Museum, in the Church of Sant'Agostino\nOptical Illusions Museum[11]\nSpecus Corallii designed by architect Antonino Cardillo[12][13]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trapani_Misteri.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holy Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week"},{"link_name":"Good Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday"},{"link_name":"Holy Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Saturday"},{"link_name":"Processione dei Misteri di Trapani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processione_dei_Misteri_di_Trapani"},{"link_name":"Madonna of Trapani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_Trapani"},{"link_name":"pesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesto"},{"link_name":"pesto alla trapanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesto_alla_trapanese"},{"link_name":"almonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond"},{"link_name":"pine nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_nut"}],"text":"More details Easter procession, The MisteriThe city is renowned for its Easter related Holy Week activities and traditions, culminating between Good Friday and Holy Saturday in the Processione dei Misteri di Trapani, colloquially simply the Misteri di Trapani (in English the Procession of the Mysteries of Trapani or the Mysteries of Trapani), a day-long passion procession organized and sponsored by the city's guilds, featuring twenty floats of wood, canvas and glue sculptures, mostly from the 17th and 18th centuries, of individual scenes of the events of the Passion.The Misteri are among the oldest continuously running religious events in Europe, having been played every Good Friday since before the Easter of 1612. Running for at least 16 continuous hours, but occasionally well beyond the 24 hours, they are the longest religious festival in Sicily and in Italy. Important also to the cult of the Madonna of Trapani.The city gives its name to a variety of pesto – pesto alla trapanese – made using almonds instead of the traditional pine nuts in Ligurian pesto.","title":"Folklore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trapani-Birgi Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Florio_Airport_Trapani-Birgi"}],"text":"Trapani-Birgi Airport is a military-civil joint use airport (third for traffic on the island). Recently the airport has seen an increase of traffic thanks to low-cost carriers from all parts of Europe (i.e. London-Stansted and London-Luton, Paris Beauvais, Dublin, Bruxelles, Munich, Frankfurt, Eindhoven, Stockholm, Malta, Bratislava).","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Vuitton Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Cup"},{"link_name":"America's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"Trapani Calcio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapani_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Trapani Calcio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapani_Calcio"},{"link_name":"2010–11 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Lega_Pro_Seconda_Divisione"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Castori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Castori"}],"text":"From September 28 to October 9, 2005, Trapani was the location of Acts 8 and 9 of the Louis Vuitton Cup. This sailing race featured, among other entrants, all the boats that took part in the 2007 America's Cup.The town is also the base for the local football team Trapani Calcio. Founded in 1905, they are nicknamed the Granata (the Maroons) after their kit colour. In 2010, Trapani Calcio was admitted into the 2010–11 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione (formerly Serie C2), ending the club's 13-year absence from the professional ranks. Subsequently, it made debut in Serie B in the 2013–14 season. It currently plays in Serie B with the coach Fabrizio Castori.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot-summer mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#Hot-summer_mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"Servizio Meteorologico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servizio_Meteorologico"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMOnorm-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"German Meteorological Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Meteorological_Service"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Trapani has a hot-summer mediterranean climate with hot and dry summers coupled with moderately wet and mild winters. Summer lows are cooler than in other places of Sicily and Calabria, while at the same time remaining significantly warm for several months.Climate data for Trapani, Sicily, 2000-2020, extremes 1991-2020\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n20.4(68.7)\n\n23.6(74.5)\n\n29.0(84.2)\n\n33.4(92.1)\n\n39.4(102.9)\n\n41.8(107.2)\n\n41.4(106.5)\n\n44.0(111.2)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n33.3(91.9)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n44.0(111.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n15.3(59.5)\n\n16.6(61.9)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n30.1(86.2)\n\n27.7(81.9)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n11.7(53.1)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n17.7(63.9)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n8.1(46.6)\n\n8.0(46.4)\n\n8.6(47.5)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n16.6(61.9)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n−0.2(31.6)\n\n0.2(32.4)\n\n1.8(35.2)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n6.8(44.2)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n0.6(33.1)\n\n−0.2(31.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n56.3(2.22)\n\n45.8(1.80)\n\n44.9(1.77)\n\n36.9(1.45)\n\n16.8(0.66)\n\n4.7(0.19)\n\n2.4(0.09)\n\n8.7(0.34)\n\n41.6(1.64)\n\n60.8(2.39)\n\n64.7(2.55)\n\n65.0(2.56)\n\n448.6(17.66)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)\n\n8.7\n\n8.1\n\n7.1\n\n5.6\n\n2.5\n\n1.0\n\n0.4\n\n1.1\n\n3.4\n\n6.6\n\n7.2\n\n9.8\n\n61.5\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n79.85\n\n78.7\n\n77.71\n\n74.44\n\n72.01\n\n70.79\n\n71.67\n\n71.33\n\n73.65\n\n76\n\n78.41\n\n80.03\n\n75.38\n\n\nAverage dew point °C (°F)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n133.3\n\n145.0\n\n189.1\n\n219.0\n\n226.3\n\n306.0\n\n347.2\n\n319.3\n\n255.0\n\n210.8\n\n159.0\n\n127.1\n\n2,637.1\n\n\nSource 1: Servizio Meteorologico[14]\n\n\nSource 2: NOAA(humidity and extremes 1991-2020, dew point 1981-2010)[15][16]\nGerman Meteorological Service[17][18][19][20]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Italy"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Constanța","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Les Sables-d'Olonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Sables-d%27Olonne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Roquefort-les-Pins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roquefort-les-Pins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Würselen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrselen"}],"sub_title":"Twin towns and Sister cities","text":"Trapani is twinned with:Constanța, Romania\n Les Sables-d'Olonne, France\n Roquefort-les-Pins, France\n Würselen, Germany","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Odysseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus"},{"link_name":"Ithaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Oddysey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddysey"},{"link_name":"Scheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheria"},{"link_name":"Nausicaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausicaa"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Samuel Butler claimed, following visits in Trapani, that the city and its neighboring islands is the inspiration for both Odysseus's home of Ithaca as described in Homer's Oddysey, and Scheria, where Odysseus met Nausicaa.[21]","title":"Identification as Ithaca"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trapani_Mura_di_Tramontana.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Passeggiata_delle_Mura_di_Tramontana.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trapani_liceo_Ximenes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Via_Regina_Margherita,_Trapani.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trapani9.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trapani01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trapani145.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tp-villa-margherita.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trapani_3040393.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trapani675.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_saline_di_Trapani_-_Il_Mulino_by_Davide_Restivo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:000-Trapani_fontana.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statua_di_Garibaldi_a_Trapani.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Our_Lady_of_Trapani_BW_2012-10-10_12-01-23_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII"}],"text":"Mura di Tramontana\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMura di Tramontana (centro storico)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChiostro dei gesuiti\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVia Regina Margherita\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPalazzo Cavarretta in Via Torrearsa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChiesa di San Liberale\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPalazzo della Giudecca\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVilla Margherita\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWindmill of the Salina\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOur Lady of Trapani, the patroness of the town. Crowned in 1734 with a papal decree Pope Clement XII","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibliography of the history of Trapani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Trapani#Bibliography"}],"text":"See also: Bibliography of the history of Trapani","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Cloister of the Museum Pepoli.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Trapani_-_Museo_pepoli.jpg/220px-Trapani_-_Museo_pepoli.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Trapani_-_Saline_al_tramonto.jpg/220px-Trapani_-_Saline_al_tramonto.jpg"},{"image_text":"Piazza Garibaldi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Trapani-PiazzaGaribaldi.JPG/220px-Trapani-PiazzaGaribaldi.JPG"},{"image_text":"More details Easter procession, The Misteri","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Trapani_Misteri.jpg/220px-Trapani_Misteri.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Battle of Drepana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana"},{"title":"Drepana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepana"}] | [{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved March 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved March 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","url_text":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Cassola, Arnold (2011). \"The Maltese in Trapani (1419–1455)\". Malta: People, Toponomy, Language (4th Century B.C. – 1600) (1 ed.). Malta: The Farsons Foundation. pp. 15–50. ISBN 978-99957-0-054-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Cassola","url_text":"Cassola, Arnold"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta","url_text":"Malta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99957-0-054-6","url_text":"978-99957-0-054-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Sicilia-Provenza via mare\" [Sicily - Provence by sea]. InProvenza.it (in Italian). Retrieved January 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inprovenza.it/lifestyle/istruzioni-per-l-uso/sicilia-provenza-via-mare","url_text":"\"Sicilia-Provenza via mare\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parlamento Europeo - politiche comunitarie e di coesione - Pesca\" [EU Parliament - community policies on peach] (PDF) (in Italian). July 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2010/431596/IPOL-PECH_NT(2010)431596_IT.pdf","url_text":"\"Parlamento Europeo - politiche comunitarie e di coesione - Pesca\""}]},{"reference":"Caltagirone, Michele (December 16, 2013). \"Trapani, nuovo mercato ittico: la soddisfazione dell´organizzazione dei produttori della pesca\" [New fish market in Trapani: satisfactory organization among fish producers] (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trapaniok.it/3655/Economia-trapani/trapani-nuovo-mercato-ittico-la-soddisfazione-dell-organizzazione-dei-produttori-della-pesca#.YA3_I-hKhhF","url_text":"\"Trapani, nuovo mercato ittico: la soddisfazione dell´organizzazione dei produttori della pesca\""}]},{"reference":"A.C.I., A.C.I. (1985). Atlante cartografico dell'artigianato. Vol. 3. Roma. p. 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A.C.I., A.C.I. (1985). Atlante cartografico dell'artigianato [geographic craft atlas] (in Italian). Vol. 3. Roma. p. 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"MusMuseum of contemporary art in San Rocco. \"MusMuseo di arte contemporanea \"San Rocco\"\" (in Italian). Retrieved January 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diocesi.trapani.it/content/view/1981/549/","url_text":"\"MusMuseo di arte contemporanea \"San Rocco\"\""}]},{"reference":"Trapani Ok (November 25, 2014). \"orari di apertura al pubblico del Museo di arte contemporanea San Rocco\" [San Rocco art museum open hours] (in Italian). Retrieved January 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trapaniok.it/7376/Cultura-trapani/orari-di-apertura-al-pubblico-del-museo-di-arte-contemporanea-san-rocco#.YA4FOehKhhF","url_text":"\"orari di apertura al pubblico del Museo di arte contemporanea San Rocco\""}]},{"reference":"\"Museo delle illusioni a trapani\" [Optical Illusions museum in Trapani] (in Italian). June 8, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ufficioturistico.eu/museo-delle-illusioni-a-trapani/","url_text":"\"Museo delle illusioni a trapani\""}]},{"reference":"Cardillo, Antonino (August 27, 2016). \"Specus Corallii\". www.antoninocardillo.com. Retrieved May 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.antoninocardillo.com/en/works/cultural/specus-corallii/","url_text":"\"Specus Corallii\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coarse pink plaster lends furry look to Antonino Cardillo's Sicilian grotto\". Dezeen. October 26, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dezeen.com/2016/10/26/coarse-pink-plaster-specus-corallii-coral-cave-antonino-cardillo-trapani-sicily/","url_text":"\"Coarse pink plaster lends furry look to Antonino Cardillo's Sicilian grotto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tabella climatica mensile e annuale di Trapani Birgi\". Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile. Retrieved July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://clisun.casaccia.enea.it/profili/tabelle/659%20%5BTrapani%5D%20Trapani%20Birgi.Txt","url_text":"\"Tabella climatica mensile e annuale di Trapani Birgi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENEA_(Italy)","url_text":"Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile"}]},{"reference":"\"WMO Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Trapani Birgi\" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov (Excel). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved March 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/TrapaniBirgi_16429.csv","url_text":"\"WMO Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Trapani Birgi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Trapani Birgi Climate Normals for 1981-2010(WMO number: 16429)\" (XLS). ncei.noaa.gov (Excel). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved March 2, 2024. Parameter code: 39 - Dew Point Temperature","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Italy/WMO_Normals_CliNo81-10.xls","url_text":"\"Trapani Birgi Climate Normals for 1981-2010(WMO number: 16429)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Record high 2000-2017\". DwD. Retrieved February 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/air_temperature_absolute_max/historical/16429_199908_201712.txt","url_text":"\"Record high 2000-2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Record high 2018-2020\". DwD. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210210121356/https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/air_temperature_absolute_max/recent/16429_201801_202012.txt","url_text":"\"Record high 2018-2020\""},{"url":"https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/air_temperature_absolute_max/recent/16429_201801_202012.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Record low 2000-2017\". Dwd. Retrieved February 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/air_temperature_absolute_min/historical/16429_199908_201712.txt","url_text":"\"Record low 2000-2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Record low 2018-2020\". DwD. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210213015419/https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/air_temperature_absolute_min/recent/16429_201801_202012.txt","url_text":"\"Record low 2018-2020\""},{"url":"https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/air_temperature_absolute_min/recent/16429_201801_202012.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Samuel (1987). \"Chapter VIII: That Ithaca and Scheria are Both of Them Drawn from Trapani and Its Immediate Neighbourhood\". The Authoress of the Oddysey. London: Jonathan Cape.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Authoress_of_the_Odyssey/Chapter_8:_Ithaca_and_Scheria_Are_Drawn_From_Trapani","url_text":"The Authoress of the Oddysey"}]},{"reference":"\"Trapani\" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Trapani","url_text":"\"Trapani\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trapani¶ms=38_01_03_N_12_30_54_E_region:IT-TP_type:city","external_links_name":"38°01′03″N 12°30′54″E / 38.01750°N 12.51500°E / 38.01750; 12.51500"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTrapani&sl=it&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trapani¶ms=38_01_03_N_12_30_54_E_region:IT-TP_type:city","external_links_name":"38°01′03″N 12°30′54″E / 38.01750°N 12.51500°E / 38.01750; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_box | Sound box | ["1 References"] | Open chamber in the body of a musical instrument
Soundbox of a classical guitar
A sound box or sounding box (sometimes written soundbox) is an open chamber in the body of a musical instrument which modifies the sound of the instrument, and helps transfer that sound to the surrounding air. Objects respond more strongly to vibrations at certain frequencies, known as resonances. The frequency and strength of the resonances of the body of a musical instrument have a significant impact on the tone quality it produces. The air inside the chamber has its own resonances, and these interact with the resonances of the body, altering the resonances of the instrument as a whole. The sound box typically adds resonances at lower frequencies, enhancing the lower-frequency response of the instrument.
The distinctive sound of an instrument with a sound box owes a lot to the alteration made to the tone. A sound box is found in most string instruments. The most notable exceptions are some electrically amplified instruments like the solid body electric guitar or the electric violin, and the piano which uses only a sound board instead. Drumhead lutes such as the banjo or erhu have at least one open end of the sound box covered with animal skin (or a skin-like acrylic material). Open back banjos are normally used for clawhammer and frailing, while those used for bluegrass have the back covered with a resonator.
In some arrangements, loudspeakers are also mounted on a sound box to enhance their output, particularly bass speakers. One notable example of this arrangement is called the bass reflex enclosure. However, in these cases the box resonance is carefully tuned so as to make the sound more equal across frequencies, rather than to impart a particular character to the reinforced sound.
Acoustic guitar
Basic physics of the violin
Filter (signal processing)
Frequency response
Resonance chamber
References
^ Rossing, Thomas D. Springer Handbook of Acoustics. Springer Publications, 2007, p. 582 "The use of a resonant air cavity to boost the low-frequency response has been a common feature of almost every stringed instrument from ancient times."
^ Medieval and Tudor string instruments
This article relating to string instruments is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guitarist_girl.jpg"},{"link_name":"classical guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_guitar"},{"link_name":"musical instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument"},{"link_name":"resonances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance"},{"link_name":"tone quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_quality"},{"link_name":"resonances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance"},{"link_name":"frequency response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_response"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre"},{"link_name":"string instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrument"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"solid body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_body"},{"link_name":"electric guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"electric violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_violin"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"sound board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_board_(music)"},{"link_name":"banjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo"},{"link_name":"erhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhu"},{"link_name":"clawhammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clawhammer"},{"link_name":"bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music"},{"link_name":"loudspeakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker"},{"link_name":"bass reflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_reflex"},{"link_name":"Acoustic guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_guitar"},{"link_name":"Basic physics of the violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_physics_of_the_violin"},{"link_name":"Filter (signal processing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"Frequency response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_response"},{"link_name":"Resonance chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance_chamber"}],"text":"Soundbox of a classical guitarA sound box or sounding box (sometimes written soundbox) is an open chamber in the body of a musical instrument which modifies the sound of the instrument, and helps transfer that sound to the surrounding air. Objects respond more strongly to vibrations at certain frequencies, known as resonances. The frequency and strength of the resonances of the body of a musical instrument have a significant impact on the tone quality it produces. The air inside the chamber has its own resonances, and these interact with the resonances of the body, altering the resonances of the instrument as a whole. The sound box typically adds resonances at lower frequencies, enhancing the lower-frequency response of the instrument.[1]The distinctive sound of an instrument with a sound box owes a lot to the alteration made to the tone. A sound box is found in most string instruments.[2] The most notable exceptions are some electrically amplified instruments like the solid body electric guitar or the electric violin, and the piano which uses only a sound board instead. Drumhead lutes such as the banjo or erhu have at least one open end of the sound box covered with animal skin (or a skin-like acrylic material). Open back banjos are normally used for clawhammer and frailing, while those used for bluegrass have the back covered with a resonator.In some arrangements, loudspeakers are also mounted on a sound box to enhance their output, particularly bass speakers. One notable example of this arrangement is called the bass reflex enclosure. However, in these cases the box resonance is carefully tuned so as to make the sound more equal across frequencies, rather than to impart a particular character to the reinforced sound.Acoustic guitar\nBasic physics of the violin\nFilter (signal processing)\nFrequency response\nResonance chamber","title":"Sound box"}] | [{"image_text":"Soundbox of a classical guitar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guitarist_girl.jpg/220px-Guitarist_girl.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0387304460","external_links_name":"Springer Handbook of Acoustics."},{"Link":"http://www.trouvere.co.uk/String%20instruments.htm","external_links_name":"Medieval and Tudor string instruments"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sound_box&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Beetle_Hough | Henry Beetle Hough | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Selected bibliography","4 Personal life","5 References"] | American journalist
Henry Beetle HoughBorn(1896-11-08)November 8, 1896New Bedford, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedJune 6, 1985(1985-06-06) (aged 88)Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, U.S.NationalityAmericanAlma materColumbia University (B.Litt)Occupations
Journalist
publisher
EmployerVineyard Gazette
Henry Beetle Hough (November 8, 1896 – June 6, 1985) was an American journalist and owner, editor and publisher of the Vineyard Gazette, known for winning the only Pulitzer Prize for Newspaper History with Minna Lewinson in 1918.
Early life and education
Hough was born and raised in the whaling city of New Bedford, Massachusetts. His father, George A. Hough, was the managing editor of The New Bedford Standard who serialized Moby-Dick (1851) in the Standard in 1912; his mother, Abby Louise Beetle Hough, was the daughter of a Martha's Vineyard whaling captain. As a boy, he frequently vacationed on Martha's Vineyard. After high school, he enrolled at Columbia University, where he received his B.Litt in journalism in 1918 and met his wife, Elizabeth Bowie Hough.
Career
As a student at Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Hough wrote a paper with Minna Lewinson, a fellow student, ''History of Service Rendered by the American Press,'' for which in 1918 at the age of 22 he received with her the Pulitzer Newspaper History Award. 1918 was the only year this award was given.
As a wedding present, Hough received the Vineyard Gazette from his father in 1920 and ran the newspaper for 45 years with his wife. He sold the paper to the former executive editor of The New York Times, James Reston, in 1968 but remained an editor and columnist until his death.
His articles and editorials have focused on mundane life such as club meetings, high school athletic events, and church socials as well as preservation of traditional life on the island from commercialization by large corporations such as McDonald's. He was also a conservation activist and led the fight against the demolition of Edgartown Harbor Light in 1938. He donated hundreds of acres of family land to a preserve to prevent development and founded the local land trust, Sheriff's Meadow Foundation, which oversees 2,900 acres of land on the island.
Hough was also the author of 23 books and wrote reviews and articles for The New York Times Magazine, The Saturday Evening Post, and Esquire. His reflections made him the most widely quoted country writer in the nation since William Allen White, while subscribers of the newspaper grew from 600 to 13,000 at his death.
Selected bibliography
A History of the Services Rendered to the Public by the American Press During the Year 1917 (1918)
Country Editor
Whaling and Old Salem: A Chronicle of the Sea
At Christmas All Bells Say the Same
An Alcoholic to His Sons as Told to Henry Beetle Hough
Far Out the Coils
Once More the Thunderer (1950)
Singing in the Morning: and other essays about Martha's Vineyard (1951)
The New England Story (1956)
Melville in the South Pacific (North Star book #22) (1960)
The Port (1963)
Martha's Vineyard: Summer Resort After 100 Years (1966)
Thoreau of Walden: The Man and His Eventful Life (1970)
Mostly on Martha's Vineyard: A Personal Record (1975)
To The Harbor Light (1976)
Soundings at Sea Level (1980)
Whaling Wives
Personal life
Hough married his second wife, Edith Sands Graham, in 1979. He died at 88 in Martha's Vineyard and was survived by Graham and his two nephews. He was friends with many celebrities who summered on the island, including actress Katharine Cornell, writers William Styron and Thornton Wilder, artist Thomas Hart Benton, and activist Roger Nash Baldwin.
References
^ a b c d e f g McFadden, Robert D. (1985-06-07). "Henry Beetle Hough Is Dead at 88". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
^ a b "Hough, Henry Beetle | Searchable Sea Literature". sites.williams.edu. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
^ a b "Henry B. Hough, Editor Of Vineyard Paper, Dies". Washington Post. June 7, 1985. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
^ a b "Henry Beetle Hough papers, 1841-1994". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
^ "Minna Lewinson and Henry Beetle Hough, students at the School of Journalism, Columbia University". The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
^ a b c Folkart, Burt (1985-06-08). "65 Years With Vineyard Gazette : Country Editor Henry Hough Dies". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
^ Lewis, Tony. "Engaging biography relates legacy of Vineyard editor". southcoasttoday.com. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
^ "Henry Beetle Hough Was Lighthouse Champion". The Vineyard Gazette - Martha's Vineyard News. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
^ "Our History". Sheriff's Meadow Foundation. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
^ "His Home Razed, Hough's View Vindicated". The Vineyard Gazette - Martha's Vineyard News. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
Authority control databases International
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ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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Israel
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Other
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newspaper for 45 years with his wife.[4] He sold the paper to the former executive editor of The New York Times, James Reston, in 1968 but remained an editor and columnist until his death.[1]His articles and editorials have focused on mundane life such as club meetings, high school athletic events, and church socials as well as preservation of traditional life on the island from commercialization by large corporations such as McDonald's.[1][6][7] He was also a conservation activist and led the fight against the demolition of Edgartown Harbor Light in 1938.[8] He donated hundreds of acres of family land to a preserve to prevent development and founded the local land trust, Sheriff's Meadow Foundation, which oversees 2,900 acres of land on the island.[9]Hough was also the author of 23 books and wrote reviews and articles for The New York Times Magazine, The Saturday Evening Post, and Esquire.[1][6] His reflections made him the most widely quoted country writer in the nation since William Allen White, while subscribers of the newspaper grew from 600 to 13,000 at his death.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A History of the Services Rendered to the Public by the American Press During the Year 1917 (1918)\nCountry Editor\nWhaling and Old Salem: A Chronicle of the Sea \nAt Christmas All Bells Say the Same\nAn Alcoholic to His Sons as Told to Henry Beetle Hough\nFar Out the Coils \nOnce More the Thunderer (1950)\nSinging in the Morning: and other essays about Martha's Vineyard (1951)\nThe New England Story (1956)\nMelville in the South Pacific (North Star book #22) (1960)\nThe Port (1963)\nMartha's Vineyard: Summer Resort After 100 Years (1966)\nThoreau of Walden: The Man and His Eventful Life (1970)\nMostly on Martha's Vineyard: A Personal Record (1975)\nTo The Harbor Light (1976)\nSoundings at Sea Level (1980)\nWhaling Wives","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martha's Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Katharine Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Cornell"},{"link_name":"William Styron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron"},{"link_name":"Thornton Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton_Wilder"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hart Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Roger Nash Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Nash_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Hough married his second wife, Edith Sands Graham, in 1979. He died at 88 in Martha's Vineyard and was survived by Graham and his two nephews.[3] He was friends with many celebrities who summered on the island, including actress Katharine Cornell, writers William Styron and Thornton Wilder, artist Thomas Hart Benton, and activist Roger Nash Baldwin.[1][10]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"McFadden, Robert D. (1985-06-07). \"Henry Beetle Hough Is Dead at 88\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/07/us/henry-beetle-hough-is-dead-at-88.html","url_text":"\"Henry Beetle Hough Is Dead at 88\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Hough, Henry Beetle | Searchable Sea Literature\". sites.williams.edu. Retrieved 2020-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.williams.edu/searchablesealit/h/hough-henry-beetle/","url_text":"\"Hough, Henry Beetle | Searchable Sea Literature\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry B. Hough, Editor Of Vineyard Paper, Dies\". Washington Post. June 7, 1985. Retrieved June 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1985/06/07/henry-b-hough-editor-of-vineyard-paper-dies/0b85bfb2-d8a8-4e9b-bea7-8056510d2a7c/","url_text":"\"Henry B. Hough, Editor Of Vineyard Paper, Dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Beetle Hough papers, 1841-1994\". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2020-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/archival/collections/ldpd_4079765/index.html","url_text":"\"Henry Beetle Hough papers, 1841-1994\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minna Lewinson and Henry Beetle Hough, students at the School of Journalism, Columbia University\". The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved June 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/minna-lewinson-and-henry-beetle-hough","url_text":"\"Minna Lewinson and Henry Beetle Hough, students at the School of Journalism, Columbia University\""}]},{"reference":"Folkart, Burt (1985-06-08). \"65 Years With Vineyard Gazette : Country Editor Henry Hough Dies\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-06-08-fi-7372-story.html","url_text":"\"65 Years With Vineyard Gazette : Country Editor Henry Hough Dies\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Tony. \"Engaging biography relates legacy of Vineyard editor\". southcoasttoday.com. Retrieved 2020-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southcoasttoday.com/article/20070225/LIFE/702250310","url_text":"\"Engaging biography relates legacy of Vineyard editor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Beetle Hough Was Lighthouse Champion\". The Vineyard Gazette - Martha's Vineyard News. Retrieved 2020-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://vineyardgazette.com/news/2009/09/18/henry-beetle-hough-was-lighthouse-champion","url_text":"\"Henry Beetle Hough Was Lighthouse Champion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our History\". Sheriff's Meadow Foundation. Retrieved 2020-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://sheriffsmeadow.org/about/history/","url_text":"\"Our History\""}]},{"reference":"\"His Home Razed, Hough's View Vindicated\". The Vineyard Gazette - Martha's Vineyard News. Retrieved 2020-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://vineyardgazette.com/news/2009/10/08/his-home-razed-houghs-view-vindicated","url_text":"\"His Home Razed, Hough's View Vindicated\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/07/us/henry-beetle-hough-is-dead-at-88.html","external_links_name":"\"Henry Beetle Hough Is Dead at 88\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://sites.williams.edu/searchablesealit/h/hough-henry-beetle/","external_links_name":"\"Hough, Henry Beetle | Searchable Sea Literature\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1985/06/07/henry-b-hough-editor-of-vineyard-paper-dies/0b85bfb2-d8a8-4e9b-bea7-8056510d2a7c/","external_links_name":"\"Henry B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahad_Al-Mehallel | Fahad Al-Mehallel | ["1 Club career stats","2 References","3 External links"] | Saudi Arabian footballer
Fahad Al-Mehallel
Personal informationFull name
Fahad Al-Mehallel Al-DosariDate of birth
(1970-11-11) November 11, 1970 (age 53)Place of birth
Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaHeight
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)Position(s)
StrikerSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1988–1999
Al-Shabab
(76)2000–2002
Al-Nassr
(7)International career1992–1999
Saudi Arabia
87
(26)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Fahad Al Mehalel (Arabic: فهد المهلل, born November 11, 1970) is a Saudi Arabian former football striker.
He played at a club level for Al-Shabab and Al-Nassr. For the national team, he played at the World Cups in 1994 and 1998 FIFA World Cup, as well as the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup. He also played at the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship.
Club career stats
As of match played 1 July 2023
Club
Season
League
King Cup
Saudi Crown Prince Cup
Saudi Federation Cup
GCC Champions League
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Goals
Apps
Al Shabab
1987–88
SPL
1
5
1988–89
8
0
6
1989–90
0
3
1990–91
20
1991–92
4
1992–93
3
1
2
1993–94
0
1
1994–95
4
0
1
1995–96
2
4
2
1996–97
1
0
1997–98
14
0
1998–99
2
1
1999–2000
4
Total
76
9
Al Nassr
1999–2000
SPL
1
2000–01
4
1
2001–02
2
Total
7
^ 1 Goal in 1992 Arab Club Champions Cup
^ 1 Goal in 1992–93 Asian Club Championship
^ 1 Goal in 1994–95 Asian Club Championship
^ 2 Goal in 1995 Arab Super Cup
^ 1 Goal in 1998 Arab Super Cup
^ Goals in 2001 Arab Super Cup
References
^ Fahad Mehalel – FIFA competition record (archived)
External links
Fahad Al-Mehallel at National-Football-Teams.com
Saudi Arabia squad
vteSaudi Arabia squad – 1992 King Fahd Cup runners-up
1 Al-Otaibi
2 Al-Dosari
3 Al-Alawi
4 Al-Roomi
5 Al-Khilaiwi
6 Anwar
7 Al-Owairan
8 Al-Bishi
9 Idris
10 Al-Jaber
11 Al-Mehallel
12 Al-Anazi
14 Massad
15 Al-Thunayan
16 Al-Hazaa
18 Al-Dawod
19 Saleh
20 Al-Rozan
21 Al-Shujaa
Coach: Nelsinho
vteSaudi Arabia squad – 1992 AFC Asian Cup runners-up
1 Al-Otaibi
2 A. Al-Dosari
3 Al-Alawi
4 Al-Roomi
5 Al-Khilaiwi
6 Anwar
7 Al-Owairan
8 Al-Bishi
9 Idris
10 Al-Jaber
11 Al-Mehallel
12 Al-Anazi
14 Massad
15 Al-Thunayan
16 Al-Hazaa
17 M. Al-Dosari
20 Al-Razgan
21 Al-Shujaa
22 Al-Mugahwi
23 Jamil
24 Al-Qahtani
Coach: Nelsinho
vteSaudi Arabia squad – 1994 FIFA World Cup
1 Al-Deayea
2 Al-Dosari
3 Al-Khilaiwi
4 Zubromawi
5 Jamil
6 Anwar
7 Al-Ghesheyan
8 Al-Bishi
9 Abdullah (c)
10 Al-Owairan
11 Al-Mehallel
12 Al-Jaber
13 Abd Al-Jawad
14 Massad
15 Al-Dawod
16 Jebreen
17 Al-Taifi
18 Al-Anazi
19 Saleh
20 Idris
21 Al-Sadiq
22 Al-Helwah
Coach: Solari
vteSaudi Arabia squad – 1995 King Fahd Cup
1 Al‑Deayea
2 R. Al-Muwallid
3 Al-Khilaiwi
4 Sulaiman
5 Jamil
6 Anwar
7 Al‑Ghesheyan
8 Al-Saleh
9 Al-Jaber
10 Al-Owairan
11 Al-Mehallel
12 Khreish
13 Awad
14 K. Massad
15 Al-Dawod
16 H.Hadi
17 Al-Dosari
18 Al-Alawi
19 Al-Sadiq
20 Saleh
Coach: Al-Kharashy
vteSaudi Arabia squad – 1996 AFC Asian Cup winners (3rd title)
1 Al‑Deayea
2 Sheliah
3 Al-Khilaiwi
4 Sulaiman
5 Jamil
6 Anwar
8 Al-Temawi
9 Al-Jaber
10 Al‑Mehallel
12 Mater
13 Abdulghani
14 Massad
15 Al-Thunayan
16 K. Al-Owairan
17 Al-Karni
19 Al-Rashaid
20 Saleh
21 Al-Sadiq
24 Al-Zahrani
25 A. Al-Jumaan
Coach: Vingada
vteSaudi Arabia squad – 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup
1 Al-Deayea
2 Sheliah
3 Al-Khilaiwi
4 Sulaiman
5 Jamil
6 Mater
7 Suwayed
8 Al-Temawi
9 Al-Jaber
10 S. Al-Owairan
11 Al-Mehallel
12 Al-Dokhi
13 Abdulghani
14 Massad (c)
15 Al-Sadiq
16 K. Al-Owairan
17 Al-Sahafi
18 Al-Zahrani
19 O. Al-Dosari
20 Saleh
21 Al-Jam'an
Coach: Pfister
vteSaudi Arabia squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup
1 Al-Deayea
2 Sheliah
3 Al-Khilaiwi
4 Zubromawi
5 Jamil
6 Anwar
7 Suwayed
8 Al-Dosari
9 Al-Jaber
10 S. Al-Owairan
11 Al-Mehallel
12 Mater
13 Abdulghani
14 Massad
15 Al-Thunayan (c)
16 K. Al-Owairan
17 Al-Dokhi
18 Al-Temyat
19 Al-Janoubi
20 Saleh
21 Al-Sadiq
22 Al-Antaif
Coach: Parreira & Al-Kharashy
vte1996 AFC Asian Cup Team of the TournamentGoalkeeper
Mohamed Al-Deayea
Defenders
Abdullah Zubromawi
Yousef Saleh
Mohammad Khakpour
Midfielders
Mehrdad Minavand
Mohamed Ali
Khaled Massad
Bakheet Saad Mubarak
Forwards
Fahad Al-Mehallel
Jasem Al-Huwaidi
Ali Daei
vteSaudi Premier League / Pro League top scorers
1977: Eid
1978: Khojali
1979: Abdullah
1980: Abdullah
1981: Abdullah
1982: Al-Ma'ajil
1983: Abdullah
1984: Abu Dawood
1985: Dosari
1986: Abdullah
1987: Suwaidi
1988: Al-Ma'ajil
1989: Abdullah
1990: Al-Jaber
1991: Al-Mehallel
1992: Al-Owairan
1993: Al-Jaber
1994: N'Daw
1995: Al-Hamdan
1996: Kennedy
1997: Bahja
1998: Al-Hadaithy
1999: Al-Dosari
2000: Idris
2001: da Silva
2002: Faye
2003: Tenorio
2004: Attram
2005: Ricardo
2006: Al-Mehyani
2007: Attram
2008: Al-Shamrani
2009: Aboucherouane & Al-Shamrani
2010: Al-Shalhoub
2011: Al-Shamrani
2012: Al-Shamrani & Simões
2013: Tagliabué
2014: Al-Shamrani
2015: Al Somah
2016: Al Somah
2017: Al Somah
2018: Fernández
2019: Hamdallah
2020: Hamdallah
2021: Gomis
2022: Ighalo
2023: Hamdallah
2024: Ronaldo
This biographical article related to association football in Saudi Arabia, about a forward, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"football striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_striker"},{"link_name":"Al-Shabab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabab_(KSA)"},{"link_name":"Al-Nassr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Nassr_FC"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1998 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1997 FIFA Confederations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_FIFA_Confederations_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1989 FIFA World Youth Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship"}],"text":"Fahad Al Mehalel (Arabic: فهد المهلل, born November 11, 1970) is a Saudi Arabian former football striker.He played at a club level for Al-Shabab and Al-Nassr. For the national team, he played at the World Cups in 1994 and 1998 FIFA World Cup, as well as the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup.[1] He also played at the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship.","title":"Fahad Al-Mehallel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ACCC_2-0"},{"link_name":"1992 Arab Club Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Arab_Club_Champions_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ACC_3-0"},{"link_name":"1992–93 Asian Club Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Asian_Club_Championship"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-95ACC_4-0"},{"link_name":"1994–95 Asian Club Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Asian_Club_Championship"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1995ASC_5-0"},{"link_name":"1995 Arab Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Arab_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1998ASC_6-0"},{"link_name":"1998 Arab Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Arab_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ASC_7-0"},{"link_name":"2001 Arab Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Arab_Super_Cup"}],"text":"As of match played 1 July 2023^ 1 Goal in 1992 Arab Club Champions Cup\n\n^ 1 Goal in 1992–93 Asian Club Championship\n\n^ 1 Goal in 1994–95 Asian Club Championship\n\n^ 2 Goal in 1995 Arab Super Cup\n\n^ 1 Goal in 1998 Arab Super Cup\n\n^ Goals in 2001 Arab Super Cup","title":"Club career stats"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=77509/index.html","external_links_name":"Fahad Mehalel"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/15117.html","external_links_name":"Fahad Al-Mehallel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fahad_Al-Mehallel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_O%27Conor_(American_politician) | Charles O'Conor (American politician) | ["1 Early life and family","2 Law","3 Politics","4 Retirement","5 Family","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | American lawyer and politician (1804–1884)
For the U.S. Representative from Oklahoma, see Charles O'Connor. For other people with the same name, see Charles O'Conor (disambiguation).
Charles O'ConorUnited States Attorney for the Southern District of New YorkIn office1853–1854Nominated byFranklin PiercePreceded byJonathan Prescott HallSucceeded byJohn McKeon
Personal detailsBornJanuary 22, 1804New York City, New York, U.S.DiedMay 12, 1884 (aged 80)Nantucket, Massachusetts, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouseCornelia Livingston (m. 1854, died 1874)ProfessionAttorneySignature
Charles O'Conor (January 22, 1804 – May 12, 1884) was an American lawyer who was notable for his career as a trial advocate and candidacy in the 1872 presidential election. He was the first Catholic presidential nominee.
Born in New York City, after his father fled Ireland following participation in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, O'Conor was educated in the city and began to study law at age 16. Admitted to the bar at age 20, O'Conor developed a reputation as an effective trial attorney, especially in civil cases. A conservative Democrat in politics, he was a longtime friend of Samuel Tilden. He served as a delegate to the 1852 Democratic National Convention, and was United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 1853 to 1854. During the American Civil War, O'Conor supported the Union. After the war, he served as counsel for Jefferson Davis after Davis was indicted for treason, and helped post Davis' bail.
In 1871, O'Conor was among the prominent New Yorkers who played a role in the overthrow of corrupt political boss William M. Tweed. In 1872, he was among the conservative Democrats who refused to support Horace Greeley, the nominee of the Liberal Republicans and the Democrats. He was nominated for president by the Straight-Out Democratic Party, with John Quincy Adams II as his running mate. O'Conor did not accept the nomination but remained on the ballot and received a scattering of votes, while the election was won easily by incumbent Republican Ulysses S. Grant. O'Conor was one of Democratic nominee Samuel Tilden's lawyers in 1876, when Tilden unsuccessfully contested the results of that year's presidential election.
O'Conor retired in 1881, and settled in Nantucket, Massachusetts. He died there on May 12, 1884, and was buried at St. Patrick's Old Cathedral in New York City.
Early life and family
Charles O'Conor of Mount Allen (1736–1808), grandfather of Charles O'Conor.
O'Conor was born in New York City, the son of Thomas O'Conor (1770–1855), a cadet member of the Catholic Gaelic-Irish aristocratic O'Conor Don family, who after the failed 1798 Rebellion as a sworn in member (sworn in personally by Wolfe Tone of the United Irishmen) in 1801 fled from County Roscommon, Ireland, to New York, where he devoted himself chiefly to journalism. Charles was the great grandson of Charles O'Conor of Balanagare, who is known for his preservation of Irish culture and Irish mythology during the 18th century.
Law
At the age of 16, O'Conor began to read law, first in the office of Henry W. Stannard, then with Stephen D. Lemoyne, and finally with Joseph D. Fay. O'Conor attained admission to the bar in 1824, before he had attained the statutory age of 21, and soon won high reputation in his profession.
He brought the Forrest divorce case to a successful issue for his client, Mrs. Forrest. Contending against John Van Buren and other eminent counsel, he secured her a liberal alimony. This case brought him more than ever into national reputation. Two silver vases were presented to him in its commemoration: one was the gift of thirty women of New York, the other was presented by sixty members of the bar. These he bequeathed to the New York Law Institute, and they are now preserved in the library of the institute. In the same library are preserved the bound records of his cases and opinions—a unique collection that was made by himself, and also bequeathed in his will to the institute. These fill over 100 volumes.
Others of his celebrated private cases were the Slave Jack case in 1835, the Lispenard will case in 1843, the Lemmon slave case in 1856, the Parrish will case in 1862, and the Jumel suit in 1871, involving the title to $6,000,000 in real estate. In 1869 he was elected president of the New York Law Institute.
He took a prominent part in the prosecution of Boss Tweed and members of the "Tweed Ring". This proceeding began in 1871, and eventually destroyed the Tweed Ring that was then at the height of its power in New York City. In the original cases he was associated with William M. Evarts, James Emott, and Wheeler H. Peckham. These suits were brought in the attorney general's office, a special branch of which was established for the purpose, and named by him the Bureau of Municipal Correction. In 1875, the court of appeals decided that the cases should have been brought by the city. O'Conor immediately drafted the Civil Remedies Act, which was enacted at the next session of the legislature, and under which new suits were at once begun. Disheartened with the issue of the first cases, O'Conor published an account of them, entitled Peculation Triumphant, being the Record of a Five Years' Campaign against Official Malversation, A.D. 1871-1875 (New York, 1875). He declined any compensation for his services in the Tweed cases.
Politics
In 1848 he became a member of the Directory of the Friends of Ireland, a society that was organized in anticipation of a rising in Ireland, and he presided at some of the meetings in the same year. In this year he was also a candidate on the Democratic ticket for Lieutenant Governor of New York, but was defeated, although he received several thousand more votes than the other candidates of his party.
Charles O'Conor
In 1852, he was a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket, voting for Franklin Pierce. He was United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 1853 to 1854. In politics he supported the States' rights Democrats and sympathized throughout the American Civil War with the Southern states. After the war he became senior counsel for Jefferson Davis on his indictment for treason. He also appeared upon Davis's bond when the latter was admitted to bail. These facts and O'Conor's connection with the Roman Catholic Church affected unfavourably his political fortunes.
In the 1872 U.S. presidential election, O'Conor was nominated for the presidency by the "Bourbon Democrats" or "Straight-Out Democrats", who refused to support Horace Greeley, and by the "Labor Reformers". He declined the nomination, as did his running mate, John Quincy Adams II, but they remained on the ballot anyway and received 21,559 votes. The election was won by incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant of the Republican Party.
In the electoral contest of 1876, he appeared as advocate for the claims of Samuel J. Tilden before the Electoral Commission.
Retirement
He built a house at Nantucket, Massachusetts, in 1881, with a fire-proof library adjoining it, and lived there until his death in 1884; he is entombed in St. Patrick's Old Cathedral, New York.
Family
In 1854, O'Conor married Mrs. Cornelia (Livingston) McCracken. They had no children, and separated soon after marrying; they lived apart until her death on May 12, 1874.
Notes
^ Chisholm 1911, p. 994.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Wilson & Fiske 1900.
^ a b c d Chisholm 1911, p. 992.
^ Godfrey, Edward K. (1882). The Island of Nantucket: What It Was And What It Is. Lee and Shepard. p. 284. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ Starbuck, Alexander (2009). Nantucket Genealogies. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 732. ISBN 978-0806351063. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ Worth, Henry Barnard (1901). Nantucket Lands and Landowners. Vol. 2, Bulletin No. 1. Nantucket Historical Association. p. 14. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ a b "A Great Man Dead". The Democrat. Sunbury, PA. 23 May 1884. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "O'Conor, Charles". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 992.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "O'Conor, Thomas" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
External links
Benjamin R. Tucker - Instead Of A Book, By A Man Too Busy To Write One. A Gratifying Discovery.
Charles O'Conor at the Catholic Forum
Charles O'Conor at the NYU Irish Studies Research Collective
NY Times Obituary
Celebrated Trials: Case of William M. Tweed
Part 1
Part 2
Documents pertaining to a case O'Conor argued
The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough, Stephen C. Hutchins and Edgar Albert Werner (1867; page 579)
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_O%27Connor_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Charles O'Conor (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_O%27Conor_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"1872 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Irish Rebellion of 1798","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Tilden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Tilden"},{"link_name":"1852 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"William M. Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tweed"},{"link_name":"Horace Greeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley"},{"link_name":"Straight-Out Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-Out_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"John Quincy Adams II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_II"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Samuel Tilden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Tilden"},{"link_name":"Nantucket, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantucket,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick's Old Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Old_Cathedral,_New_York"}],"text":"For the U.S. Representative from Oklahoma, see Charles O'Connor. For other people with the same name, see Charles O'Conor (disambiguation).Charles O'Conor (January 22, 1804 – May 12, 1884) was an American lawyer who was notable for his career as a trial advocate and candidacy in the 1872 presidential election. He was the first Catholic presidential nominee.Born in New York City, after his father fled Ireland following participation in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, O'Conor was educated in the city and began to study law at age 16. Admitted to the bar at age 20, O'Conor developed a reputation as an effective trial attorney, especially in civil cases. A conservative Democrat in politics, he was a longtime friend of Samuel Tilden. He served as a delegate to the 1852 Democratic National Convention, and was United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 1853 to 1854. During the American Civil War, O'Conor supported the Union. After the war, he served as counsel for Jefferson Davis after Davis was indicted for treason, and helped post Davis' bail.In 1871, O'Conor was among the prominent New Yorkers who played a role in the overthrow of corrupt political boss William M. Tweed. In 1872, he was among the conservative Democrats who refused to support Horace Greeley, the nominee of the Liberal Republicans and the Democrats. He was nominated for president by the Straight-Out Democratic Party, with John Quincy Adams II as his running mate. O'Conor did not accept the nomination but remained on the ballot and received a scattering of votes, while the election was won easily by incumbent Republican Ulysses S. Grant. O'Conor was one of Democratic nominee Samuel Tilden's lawyers in 1876, when Tilden unsuccessfully contested the results of that year's presidential election.O'Conor retired in 1881, and settled in Nantucket, Massachusetts. He died there on May 12, 1884, and was buried at St. Patrick's Old Cathedral in New York City.","title":"Charles O'Conor (American politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_O%27Conor_of_Mount_Allen_(1736%E2%80%931808).jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas O'Conor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O%27Connor_(writer)"},{"link_name":"O'Conor Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Conor_Don"},{"link_name":"1798 Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1798_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Wolfe Tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_Wolfe_Tone"},{"link_name":"United Irishmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen"},{"link_name":"Charles O'Conor of Balanagare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_O%27Conor_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911994-1"}],"text":"Charles O'Conor of Mount Allen (1736–1808), grandfather of Charles O'Conor.O'Conor was born in New York City, the son of Thomas O'Conor (1770–1855), a cadet member of the Catholic Gaelic-Irish aristocratic O'Conor Don family, who after the failed 1798 Rebellion as a sworn in member (sworn in personally by Wolfe Tone of the United Irishmen) in 1801 fled from County Roscommon, Ireland, to New York, where he devoted himself chiefly to journalism. Charles was the great grandson of Charles O'Conor of Balanagare, who is known for his preservation of Irish culture and Irish mythology during the 18th century.[1]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"read law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_law"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911992-3"},{"link_name":"Forrest divorce case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Forrest#Divorce"},{"link_name":"John Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Buren"},{"link_name":"New York Law Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Law_Institute"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900-2"},{"link_name":"Lemmon slave case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemmon_v._New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900-2"},{"link_name":"Boss Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_Tweed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911992-3"},{"link_name":"William M. Evarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Evarts"},{"link_name":"James Emott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Emott"},{"link_name":"Wheeler H. Peckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_H._Peckham"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900-2"}],"text":"At the age of 16, O'Conor began to read law, first in the office of Henry W. Stannard, then with Stephen D. Lemoyne, and finally with Joseph D. Fay. O'Conor attained admission to the bar in 1824, before he had attained the statutory age of 21,[2] and soon won high reputation in his profession.[3]He brought the Forrest divorce case to a successful issue for his client, Mrs. Forrest. Contending against John Van Buren and other eminent counsel, he secured her a liberal alimony. This case brought him more than ever into national reputation. Two silver vases were presented to him in its commemoration: one was the gift of thirty women of New York, the other was presented by sixty members of the bar. These he bequeathed to the New York Law Institute, and they are now preserved in the library of the institute. In the same library are preserved the bound records of his cases and opinions—a unique collection that was made by himself, and also bequeathed in his will to the institute. These fill over 100 volumes.[2]Others of his celebrated private cases were the Slave Jack case in 1835, the Lispenard will case in 1843, the Lemmon slave case in 1856, the Parrish will case in 1862, and the Jumel suit in 1871, involving the title to $6,000,000 in real estate. In 1869 he was elected president of the New York Law Institute.[2]He took a prominent part in the prosecution of Boss Tweed and members of the \"Tweed Ring\".[3] This proceeding began in 1871, and eventually destroyed the Tweed Ring that was then at the height of its power in New York City. In the original cases he was associated with William M. Evarts, James Emott, and Wheeler H. Peckham. These suits were brought in the attorney general's office, a special branch of which was established for the purpose, and named by him the Bureau of Municipal Correction. In 1875, the court of appeals decided that the cases should have been brought by the city. O'Conor immediately drafted the Civil Remedies Act, which was enacted at the next session of the legislature, and under which new suits were at once begun. Disheartened with the issue of the first cases,[citation needed] O'Conor published an account of them, entitled Peculation Triumphant, being the Record of a Five Years' Campaign against Official Malversation, A.D. 1871-1875 (New York, 1875). He declined any compensation for his services in the Tweed cases.[2]","title":"Law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CO%27Conor.jpg"},{"link_name":"presidential elector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_elector"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"States' rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911992-3"},{"link_name":"1872 U.S. presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_U.S._presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Bourbon Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Democrats"},{"link_name":"Straight-Out Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-Out_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Horace Greeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley"},{"link_name":"John Quincy Adams II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911992-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900-2"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Samuel J. Tilden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden"},{"link_name":"Electoral Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900-2"}],"text":"In 1848 he became a member of the Directory of the Friends of Ireland, a society that was organized in anticipation of a rising in Ireland, and he presided at some of the meetings in the same year. In this year he was also a candidate on the Democratic ticket for Lieutenant Governor of New York, but was defeated, although he received several thousand more votes than the other candidates of his party.[2]Charles O'ConorIn 1852, he was a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket, voting for Franklin Pierce. He was United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 1853 to 1854. In politics he supported the States' rights Democrats and sympathized throughout the American Civil War with the Southern states. After the war he became senior counsel for Jefferson Davis on his indictment for treason. He also appeared upon Davis's bond when the latter was admitted to bail.[2] These facts and O'Conor's connection with the Roman Catholic Church affected unfavourably his political fortunes.[3]In the 1872 U.S. presidential election, O'Conor was nominated for the presidency by the \"Bourbon Democrats\" or \"Straight-Out Democrats\", who refused to support Horace Greeley, and by the \"Labor Reformers\". He declined the nomination, as did his running mate, John Quincy Adams II, but they remained on the ballot anyway and received 21,559 votes.[3][2] The election was won by incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant of the Republican Party.In the electoral contest of 1876, he appeared as advocate for the claims of Samuel J. Tilden before the Electoral Commission.[2]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nantucket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantucket,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick's Old Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Old_Cathedral,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900-2"}],"text":"He built a house at Nantucket, Massachusetts, in 1881, with a fire-proof library adjoining it,[4][5][6] and lived there until his death in 1884; he is entombed in St. Patrick's Old Cathedral, New York.[2]","title":"Retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunbury-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunbury-7"}],"text":"In 1854, O'Conor married Mrs. Cornelia (Livingston) McCracken.[7] They had no children, and separated soon after marrying; they lived apart until her death on May 12, 1874.[2][7]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911994_1-0"},{"link_name":"Chisholm 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChisholm1911"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900_2-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonFiske1900_2-9"},{"link_name":"Wilson & Fiske 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilsonFiske1900"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911992_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911992_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911992_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911992_3-3"},{"link_name":"Chisholm 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChisholm1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"The Island of Nantucket: What It Was And What It Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/islandnantucket00godfgoog"},{"link_name":"284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/islandnantucket00godfgoog/page/n298"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Nantucket Genealogies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3JQK3D3y2XgC&q=charles+o%27connor+nantucket&pg=PA732"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0806351063","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806351063"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Nantucket Lands and Landowners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=424aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA14"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sunbury_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sunbury_7-1"},{"link_name":"\"A Great Man Dead\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/article/northumberland-county-democrat-great/149330321/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"}],"text":"^ Chisholm 1911, p. 994.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Wilson & Fiske 1900.\n\n^ a b c d Chisholm 1911, p. 992.\n\n^ Godfrey, Edward K. (1882). The Island of Nantucket: What It Was And What It Is. Lee and Shepard. p. 284. Retrieved 17 April 2020.\n\n^ Starbuck, Alexander (2009). Nantucket Genealogies. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 732. ISBN 978-0806351063. Retrieved 17 April 2020.\n\n^ Worth, Henry Barnard (1901). Nantucket Lands and Landowners. Vol. 2, Bulletin No. 1. Nantucket Historical Association. p. 14. Retrieved 17 April 2020.\n\n^ a b \"A Great Man Dead\". The Democrat. Sunbury, PA. 23 May 1884. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Charles O'Conor of Mount Allen (1736–1808), grandfather of Charles O'Conor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Charles_O%27Conor_of_Mount_Allen_%281736%E2%80%931808%29.jpg/220px-Charles_O%27Conor_of_Mount_Allen_%281736%E2%80%931808%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charles O'Conor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CO%27Conor.jpg/220px-CO%27Conor.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Godfrey, Edward K. (1882). The Island of Nantucket: What It Was And What It Is. Lee and Shepard. p. 284. Retrieved 17 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/islandnantucket00godfgoog","url_text":"The Island of Nantucket: What It Was And What It Is"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/islandnantucket00godfgoog/page/n298","url_text":"284"}]},{"reference":"Starbuck, Alexander (2009). Nantucket Genealogies. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 732. ISBN 978-0806351063. Retrieved 17 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3JQK3D3y2XgC&q=charles+o%27connor+nantucket&pg=PA732","url_text":"Nantucket Genealogies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806351063","url_text":"978-0806351063"}]},{"reference":"Worth, Henry Barnard (1901). Nantucket Lands and Landowners. Vol. 2, Bulletin No. 1. Nantucket Historical Association. p. 14. Retrieved 17 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=424aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA14","url_text":"Nantucket Lands and Landowners"}]},{"reference":"\"A Great Man Dead\". The Democrat. Sunbury, PA. 23 May 1884. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/northumberland-county-democrat-great/149330321/","url_text":"\"A Great Man Dead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"O'Conor, Charles\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 992.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/O%27Conor,_Charles","url_text":"O'Conor, Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). \"O'Conor, Thomas\" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, J. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)","url_text":"Fiske, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/O%27Conor,_Thomas","url_text":"\"O'Conor, Thomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/islandnantucket00godfgoog","external_links_name":"The Island of Nantucket: What It Was And What It Is"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/islandnantucket00godfgoog/page/n298","external_links_name":"284"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3JQK3D3y2XgC&q=charles+o%27connor+nantucket&pg=PA732","external_links_name":"Nantucket Genealogies"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=424aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA14","external_links_name":"Nantucket Lands and Landowners"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/northumberland-county-democrat-great/149330321/","external_links_name":"\"A Great Man Dead\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/O%27Conor,_Thomas","external_links_name":"\"O'Conor, Thomas\""},{"Link":"http://fair-use.org/benjamin-tucker/instead-of-a-book/a-gratifying-discovery","external_links_name":"Benjamin R. Tucker - Instead Of A Book, By A Man Too Busy To Write One. A Gratifying Discovery. [Liberty, May 31, 1884.]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060829004109/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/ncd06041.htm","external_links_name":"Charles O'Conor at the Catholic Forum"},{"Link":"http://www.nyuirish.net/ethnicvillage/mulberry-street/st-patricks/st-patricks-crypt-and-burial-ground/charles-oconor-2/","external_links_name":"Charles O'Conor at the NYU Irish Studies Research Collective"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1884/05/14/archives/death-of-charles-oconor-the-end-of-a-long-and-brilliant-career-his.html","external_links_name":"NY Times Obituary"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060129195451/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/lpop/etext/tweed/tweedcase.htm","external_links_name":"Part 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080110171241/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/lpop/etext/tweed/tweed.htm","external_links_name":"Part 2"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/caseofprivatearm00unitiala","external_links_name":"Documents pertaining to a case O'Conor argued"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r_xLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA579","external_links_name":"The New York Civil List"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/165325/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000025545569","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/67902489","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxCyQjg7kV37q9Ppy4THC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007391416605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85158308","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p131074865","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6j109cs","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottetown-Parkdale | Charlottetown-Parkdale | ["1 Members","2 Election results","2.1 Charlottetown-Parkdale, 2007–2019","2.2 2016 electoral reform plebiscite results","3 References"] | Coordinates: 46°15′18″N 63°07′05″W / 46.255°N 63.118°W / 46.255; -63.118Provincial electoral district in Prince Edward Island, CanadaCharlottetown-Parkdale Prince Edward Island electoral districtCoordinates:46°15′18″N 63°07′05″W / 46.255°N 63.118°W / 46.255; -63.118Defunct provincial electoral districtLegislatureLegislative Assembly of Prince Edward IslandDistrict created2007District abolished2019First contested2007Last contested2017 (by-election)DemographicsCensus division(s)Queens CountyCensus subdivision(s)Charlottetown
Charlottetown-Parkdale was a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Canada. It was created prior to the 2007 election from parts of Sherwood-Hillsborough, Parkdale-Belvedere and Charlottetown-Kings Square.
The riding consisted of most of the Parkdale neighbourhood and the St. Avard's and Belvedere neighbourhoods of Charlottetown.
Members
The riding has elected the following members of the Legislative Assembly:
Members of the Legislative Assembly for Charlottetown-Parkdale
Assembly
Years
Member
Party
See Sherwood-Hillsborough, Parkdale-Belvedere and Charlottetown-Kings Square 1996–2007
63rd
2007–2011
Doug Currie
Liberal
64th
2011–2015
65th
2015–2017
2017–2019
Hannah Bell
Green
Election results
Charlottetown-Parkdale, 2007–2019
Prince Edward Island provincial by-election, 27 November 2017Resignation of Doug Currie
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Green
Hannah Bell
768
35.28
+16.12
Liberal
Bob Doiron
621
28.53
-15.18
Progressive Conservative
Melissa Hilton
586
26.92
+0.72
New Democratic
Michael Redmond
202
9.28
-1.67
Total valid votes
2,177
100.00
Green gain from Liberal
Swing
+15.65
2015 Prince Edward Island general election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Doug Currie
1,166
43.70
-18.06
Progressive Conservative
Lynn MacLaren
699
26.20
-1.00
Green
Becka Viau
511
19.15
+12.93
New Democratic
Andrew Watts
292
10.94
+6.11
Total valid votes
2,668
100.0
Liberal hold
Swing
-8.53
2011 Prince Edward Island general election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Doug Currie
1,510
61.76
+4.33
Progressive Conservative
Bernie Flynn
665
27.20
-10.75
Green
Eliza Knockwood
152
6.22
New Democratic
Noel Pauley
118
4.83
+0.21
Total valid votes
2,445
100.0
Liberal hold
Swing
+7.54
2007 Prince Edward Island general election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Liberal
Doug Currie
1,666
57.43
Progressive Conservative
Mike Molyneaux
1,101
37.95
New Democratic
Zain Esseghaier
134
4.62
Total valid votes
2,901
100.0
This was a newly created district
2016 electoral reform plebiscite results
2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum
Side
Votes
%
Mixed Member Proportional
422
31.01
Dual Member Proportional Representation
395
29.02
First Past the Post
354
26.01
Preferential Voting
124
9.11
First Past the Post plus leaders
66
4.85
Two-choice preferred result
Mixed Member Proportional
568
52.35
Dual Member Proportional Representation
517
47.65
Total votes cast
1,361
39.56
Registered voters
3,439
Source
"Plebiscite Report" (PDF).
References
^ Elections Prince Edward Island (27 Nov 2017). "By-Election - Unofficial Results 2017-11-27". Archived from the original on 30 November 2017. Retrieved 27 Nov 2017.
^ Elections Prince Edward Island (4 May 2015). "Provincial General Election - Unofficial Results 2015-05-04". Archived from the original on 2015-05-05. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
Charlottetown-Parkdale information
vtePrince Edward Island provincial electoral districts2019–present
Alberton-Bloomfield
Belfast-Murray River
Borden-Kinkora
Brackley-Hunter River
Charlottetown-Belvedere
Charlottetown-Brighton
Charlottetown-Hillsborough Park
Charlottetown-Victoria Park
Charlottetown-West Royalty
Charlottetown-Winsloe
Cornwall-Meadowbank
Evangeline-Miscouche
Georgetown-Pownal
Kensington-Malpeque
Mermaid-Stratford
Montague-Kilmuir
Morell-Donagh
New Haven-Rocky Point
O'Leary-Inverness
Rustico-Emerald
Souris-Elmira
Stanhope-Marshfield
Stratford-Keppoch
Summerside-South Drive
Summerside-Wilmot
Tignish-Palmer Road
Tyne Valley-Sherbrooke
2007–2019
Alberton-Roseville
Belfast-Murray River
Borden-Kinkora
Charlottetown-Brighton
Charlottetown-Lewis Point
Charlottetown-Parkdale
Charlottetown-Sherwood
Charlottetown-Victoria Park
Cornwall-Meadowbank
Evangeline-Miscouche
Georgetown-St. Peters
Kellys Cross-Cumberland
Kensington-Malpeque
Montague-Kilmuir
Morell-Mermaid
O'Leary-Inverness
Rustico-Emerald
Souris-Elmira
Stratford-Kinlock
Summerside-St. Eleanors
Summerside-Wilmot
Tignish-Palmer Road
Tracadie-Hillsborough Park
Tyne Valley-Linkletter
Vernon River-Stratford
West Royalty-Springvale
York-Oyster Bed
1996–2007
Alberton-Miminegash
Belfast-Pownal Bay
Borden-Kinkora
Cascumpec-Grand River
Charlottetown–Kings Square
Charlottetown-Rochford Square
Charlottetown-Spring Park
Crapaud-Hazel Grove
Evangeline-Miscouche
Georgetown-Baldwin's Road
Glen Stewart-Bellevue Cove
Kensington-Malpeque
Montague-Kilmuir
Morell-Fortune Bay
Murray River-Gaspereaux
North River-Rice Point
Park Corner-Oyster Bed
Parkdale-Belvedere
Sherwood-Hillsborough
Souris-Elmira
St. Eleanors-Summerside
Stanhope-East Royalty
Tignish-DeBlois
Tracadie-Fort Augustus
West Point-Bloomfield
Wilmot-Summerside
Winsloe-West Royalty
1873–1996
Prince County
1
2
3
4
5
Queens County
1
2
3
4
5
6
Kings County
1
2
3
4
5
See also
2019 general election
List of elections
Politics
This Prince Edward Island-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Canadian electoral district is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"provincial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"electoral district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Sherwood-Hillsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood-Hillsborough"},{"link_name":"Parkdale-Belvedere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkdale-Belvedere"},{"link_name":"Charlottetown-Kings Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottetown-Kings_Square"},{"link_name":"Parkdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkdale,_Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"Charlottetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottetown"}],"text":"Provincial electoral district in Prince Edward Island, CanadaCharlottetown-Parkdale was a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Canada. It was created prior to the 2007 election from parts of Sherwood-Hillsborough, Parkdale-Belvedere and Charlottetown-Kings Square.The riding consisted of most of the Parkdale neighbourhood and the St. Avard's and Belvedere neighbourhoods of Charlottetown.","title":"Charlottetown-Parkdale"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The riding has elected the following members of the Legislative Assembly:","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charlottetown-Parkdale, 2007–2019","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2016 electoral reform plebiscite results","title":"Election results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Elections Prince Edward Island (27 Nov 2017). \"By-Election - Unofficial Results 2017-11-27\". Archived from the original on 30 November 2017. Retrieved 27 Nov 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171130155819/http://www.electionspei.ca/results/by-election.php","url_text":"\"By-Election - Unofficial Results 2017-11-27\""},{"url":"http://www.electionspei.ca/results/by-election.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Elections Prince Edward Island (4 May 2015). \"Provincial General Election - Unofficial Results 2015-05-04\". Archived from the original on 2015-05-05. Retrieved 5 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150505162132/http://results.electionspei.ca/#","url_text":"\"Provincial General Election - Unofficial Results 2015-05-04\""},{"url":"http://results.electionspei.ca/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Charlottetown-Parkdale¶ms=46.255_N_63.118_W_","external_links_name":"46°15′18″N 63°07′05″W / 46.255°N 63.118°W / 46.255; -63.118"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Charlottetown-Parkdale¶ms=46.255_N_63.118_W_","external_links_name":"46°15′18″N 63°07′05″W / 46.255°N 63.118°W / 46.255; -63.118"},{"Link":"http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/elec_demrefpleb.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Plebiscite Report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171130155819/http://www.electionspei.ca/results/by-election.php","external_links_name":"\"By-Election - Unofficial Results 2017-11-27\""},{"Link":"http://www.electionspei.ca/results/by-election.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150505162132/http://results.electionspei.ca/#","external_links_name":"\"Provincial General Election - Unofficial Results 2015-05-04\""},{"Link":"http://results.electionspei.ca/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070623230254/http://www.electionspei.ca/provincial/proposed/district/11","external_links_name":"Charlottetown-Parkdale information"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlottetown-Parkdale&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlottetown-Parkdale&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Samantha | Death of Samantha | ["1 History","1.1 Formation and early history: 1983-1985","1.2 Homestead Records era: 1986-1990","1.3 Reunions","1.4 Stage Show","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"] | American post-punk band
For the Yoko Ono song, see Death of Samantha (song).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Death of Samantha" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Death of SamanthaBackground informationOriginCleveland, Ohio, U.S.GenresPost-punkYears active1984-1990, 1992, 2011LabelsHomesteadMembers
Doug Gillard
David James
John Petkovic
Steve-O
Past members
Marky Ray
Dave Swanson
Websitedeathofsamantha.com
Death of Samantha is an American rock band from Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1983, the quartet debuted at a Ground Round family restaurant in Parma Heights. Death of Samantha played a farewell show on December 15, 1990, but later regrouped on December 23, 2012, with its original four-piece lineup: vocalist/guitarist John Petkovic, lead guitarist Doug Gillard, bassist David James and drummer Steven "Steve-O" Eierdam.
The band was signed by Gerard Cosloy to the New York-based Homestead Records. The band performed with contemporaries such as Sonic Youth, along with Nirvana, Jesus and Mary Chain, the Replacements, Smashing Pumpkins, the Gun Club, Leaving Trains and Redd Kross. Death of Samantha released three albums and an EP on Homestead from 1986 to 1990. Prior to signing, they released two critically acclaimed singles on local Ohio label St. Valentine Records.
History
Formation and early history: 1983-1985
Originally, the band was a trio, with Petkovic on guitar, James on bass and Steve-o on drums. At the time, all three were living in Parma, a working-class suburb of Cleveland. James and Steve-o were co-founders of hardcore punk fanzine Negative Print. James, 15, and Petkovic, 17, at the time, met at Valley Forge High School in Parma Heights.
Death of Samantha performed its first show on August 24, 1983, at a Ground Round family-style restaurant in Parma Heights. They took their name from a 1973 Yoko Ono song, "Death of Samantha", the night before their debut. The band scored its inauspicious debut because Petkovic worked as a janitor at the restaurant. "We did that show on chicken-wing night, and it was really noisy and awful" said Petkovic, in an interview with the Cleveland Plain Dealer. "People were throwing wings at one another, and other people walked out because they thought it was horrible." He ended up getting fired, but the show became part of punk rock legend, as rumor spread via punk fanzines about this rebellious band that caused a mini riot at a family restaurant.
DOS played its first club show at the Lakefront in downtown Cleveland on January 14, 1984. It played its first show as a quartet with Doug Gillard on lead guitar on May 20, 1984, at the Pop Shop, an underground music club located in the basement of the famed Cleveland Agora. Gillard and Petkovic met, by chance, at an area amusement park.
The four-piece lineup proceeded to release two singles on St. Valentine Records, a local cooperative label formed to document Cleveland's non-hardcore underground.
The band's first 7", "Amphetamine", released on Valentine's Day 1985, quickly sold out of its 1000-copy pressing thanks to critical acclaim in a number of magazines. The band's follow-up single, "Coca Cola and Licorice" (or as it was also called, Porn in the U.S.A.), cemented their status as an rising darling in the underground scene. Featuring an ominous bass groove, brash guitars and noisy clarinets, not to mention liner notes by writer and early DOS supporter Byron Coley, it received rave reviews around the country. The single immediately sold out and Petkovic sold his guitar to print up a second pressing, and for months he borrowed guitars to play, record and tour.
Homestead Records era: 1986-1990
The singles landed the band a record contract with Homestead Records; "Coca Cola and Licorice" would be the opening track for the band's debut album, Strungout on Jargon. Released in February 1986, the nine-song album features a cover photo taken in front of the former Leader Drug store in Parma, depicting the quartet and an unidentified fifth person who was walking into the store. Strungout on Jargon became an unlikely breakthrough for Homestead Records, in part because it didn't fit in anywhere in particular in the indie scene. Hailed in the Village Voice, Forced Exposure, Sounds, NME and Creem Magazine, the band also found itself featured in teen rock magazines such as Star Hits.
Creem wrote: "This foursome is merely the most substantial contraction of the trumpeted CLE-vival scene that birthed Pere Ubu and the mighty Pagans. Like that pair, DOS leap outta some aural vacuum with nary a root exposed, but with plenty of bare wires to trip up the unsuspecting. Need a single touchstone? The truly surreal "Coca Cola and Licorice" could successfully play hide 'n' seek on Trout Mask Replica, but the Cap'n isn't the object of any idle worship. Singer John Petkovic testifies in an addled shout that combines the better halves of Tom Waits and Ian Curtis without the caricatured styling of either".
In 1987, Death of Samantha released a follow-up EP, Laughing in the Face of a Dead Man. The cover featured a naked mannequin watching television in an empty lot with the Cleveland skyline in the background, with a baby mask staring into the camera. Like the cover photo, the music of Laughing... has a pastiche quality, with sound effects and pieces of songs assembled and peppered throughout the EP. The pastiche approach influenced Robert Pollard of Guided by Voices, who displayed the record in a photo shoot for a 2008 story in Spin.
Pollard later wrote, in the liner notes to Death of Samantha album If Memory Serves Us Well: "I got into their sense of humor, the snippets, samples, titles and album covers. The fact that they had put out all their albums on Homestead. The way they dressed. Their employment of television and movie culture. The whole package. Plus, they flat out could write songs and play."
By 1987, James had left the band and was replaced by Dave Swanson (who played in fellow St. Valentine and then Homestead recording act the Reactions). This lineup recorded and released two additional full-length albums, Where the Women Wear the Glory and the Men Wear the Pants (1988) and Come All Ye Faithless (1990). Both displayed a big leap in recording and production quality. "The late '80s were Death of Samantha's apex", said journalist Byron Coley. "They were popular in Cleveland and around the states, they pulled off some of their most glorious on-stage antics and they released a pair of "mature" albums".
Where the Women..., described by Pollard as "an arena leap forward", concluded with the doom anthem "Blood Creek." The song closed most of the band's sets and would often descend into noise and free-form chaos. Spin described the song: "an epic Berlin-Wall-of-cans groovebuild encompasses the most grungemungous furnace of Asheton/Laughner powerwah-carnage in centuries, almost".
Come All Ye Faithless continued the expanded instrumentation of Where the Women... Rolling Stone remarked that "DOS cooks with a wiry, more refined guitar clamor and Dylanesque lyric attack", while Pulse! remarked on how the album's "contrarily literate songwriting conjures a near Brechtian vision of 20th America. The result is working-class art-rock for disaffected aesthetes. Not surprisingly, the album sticks out like a sore thumb in the current U.S. indie scene". The band welcomed that position, wrote Option: "Death of Samantha is a collective mass of cultural iconography, symbolism as art, caught somewhere between the myths that make legends out of alternative rock bans, all the while bending the rules of the independent rock game. Psycho-revisionists in an underground music scene, Death of Samantha are myth benders, music blenders, mind fuckers and snazzy rock and roll hooligans who aren't so full of themselves to actually want to put on a show".
The band broke up in the fall of 1990.
Reunions
The band played an early reunion show in Cleveland at the Empire on March 14, 1992.
On December 23, 2011, the original quartet reunited for a one-off show at Cleveland's Beachland Ballroom with This Moment in Black History opening.
On September 8, 2012, the band played another show in Cleveland at Case Western Reserve University.
On July 6, 2013, the band headlined the inaugural 4th & 4th Fest in Columbus, Ohio.
In 2013, the band released the double album (and single CD) If Memory Serves Us Well on St. Valentine, a live, in-the-studio recording of songs spanning the group's career and featuring liner notes by Mark Lanegan, Thurston Moore and Pollard.
Stage Show
Death of Samantha's bizarre debut at the Ground Round became part of the band's legend. It also came to be seen as a larger part of a live show that was called, at times, "wild" and "surreal". Wrote Byron Coley: "There were precious few combos birthed in the '80s to whom THE SHOW was the thing. Paramount amongst this anti-hip elite was Cleveland's own Death of Samantha. With Gillard in place as a visual foil and constantly riffing guitar PRESENCE, Petkovic was freed to spurt around the stage like a big pock of metallic jiz in a low-gravity environment. His mouth jammed full of red licorice, his cheap suit soiled by un-named liquids, Petkovic power-oozed like a Vegas lounge singer on Benzedrine, while the band flared around him. Dave James was a nonpresence visually, but his bass had enough bite to get the boys dancing. Doug Gillard tottered on sky-high platform heels, spuzzing out thick chords of raunch and craning his head around as though someone had told him that the Sensational Alex Harvey had just walked into the room. Steve Eierdam (aka Steve-O) pounded the tubs like a big game hunter, and appeared to be something like an unholy cross between Ubu's Crocus Behemoth and The Meatmen's Tesco Vee - gushing philosophy, jokes, magic tricks and an untaggable brand of bad-vibe weirdness, looking all the while like one of his bandmates' tubby uncles in dire need of electroshock treatment. They were popular in Cleveland and around the states, they pulled off some of their most glorious on-stage antics".
"Most punk bands get their start playing some beer-soaked dive in front of people in black leather. We got ours playing next to a popcorn machine, on chicken wing night, in front of a bunch of people in acid-washed jeans," said Petkovic in Eric Davidson's book, We Never Learn: The Gunk Punk Undergut, 1988-2001. According to We Never Learn: "The initial scam at the Ground Round was the first of many subversive pranks Death of Samantha regularly doled out like chicken wings at a suburban family restaurant. An Elvis funeral on stage, clarinet solos, feather boas -- none of it was party to anything increasingly serious alternative musicians were supposed to be doing in the late-80s.
The "funeral show" featured Steve-O popping out of a coffin to the overture from Jesus Christ Superstar in a Cleveland club called the Phantasy. He had been paraded around the club with pallbearers as part of a funeral procession. After he jumped out and onto the stage, fans grabbed feather-filled pillows in the coffins and engaged in a pillow fight, filling the club with feathers, and earning the band a temporary ban.
Death of Samantha often incorporated non-music performers, including Cleveland late-night horror host The Ghoul and organ grinder and monkey duo Pete and Pop.
Messy shows were also common on tour, according to Jersey City fanzine Away from the Pulsebeat.
The band's outfits matched their props, which were an assortment of whatever junk they could drag on stage. We Never Learn described Doug Gillard as looking like "a Kandinsky doodle of Johnny Thunders (fishnet armbands, glitter platforms), a Weimar-era prostitute (black stockings, lace) and a suburban punk (guitar slash shards and greeeezy hair)". James provided the stability, Petkovic the energy, according to Thurston Moore, writing in the liner notes to If Memory Serves Us Well: "When Sonic Youth first played Cleveland way back in the mid 80s it was at some biker bar that John Petkovic booked and he had his band Death of Samantha open up. I gotta say I was unprepared for the mania this kid brought to the stage".
Steve-O travelled to shows with large wardrobes, often packed in garbage bags, as Petkovic recounted in We Never Learn: "We flew out there and, as usual, our drummer Steve-O packied his 'costumes' (like a multicolored coat made out of shag rug) not in suitcases. but in large garbage bags. You could do that back then. When we were in baggage claim at LAX airport, his stuff eventually rolled out, strewn all over the carousel. We ended up getting to our first show late, at a called Nightmovies in Orange County. Not only did the promoter hate it and not want to pay me, but he hit me over the head with a gun, then pointed it at me and told me to get the fuck out".
While the band's warped style attracted a cult following, it also had its detractors, as indicated by letters to The Plain Dealer in response to a tour diary the Cleveland daily ran by Petkovic documenting a 1989 West Coast tour. One read: "Who cares about the daily diary of these weird musical misfits?" Another: "I was very offended and embarrassed for the city of Cleveland, knowing that its only newspaper had nothing better to feature in its July 9 magazine than the exploits of an obnoxious group of 'musicians.' Their only goal in life seems to be to not eat at Burger King, and to be sarcastic to everyone. Have you ever listened to them? They can hardly play instruments. Be real. Is this the kind of intelligent journalism that Cleveland wants to be known for?".
Discography
Studio albums
Strungout on Jargon (1986, Homestead)
Where the Women Wear the Glory and the Men Wear the Pants (1988, Homestead)
Come All Ye Faithless (1989, Homestead)
If Memory Serves Us Well (2013, St. Valentine)
EPs
Laughing in the Face of a Dead Man (1986, Homestead)
Singles
"Amphetamine"/"Simple as That" (1985, St. Valentine)
"Coca Cola and Licorice" (aka Porn in the USA) (1986, St. Valentine)
"Rosenberg Summer" (1989, Homestead)
References
^ "Cleveland's seminal indie rock band Death of Samantha to release 18-tune career retrospective". Cleveland.com. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 2020-03-27.
^ "Death of Samantha: Notes from the Underground," The Plain Dealer Magazine, February 22, 1987, Christopher Evans, page 6
^ "Wild debut in a family restaurant made '80s band DOS legendary," The Plain Dealer, page 12, John Benson, Dec. 23, 2011
^ Option, "That's Entertainment," May/June 1990, page 71
^ CLE, "Death of Samantha: The Dream of Ripped Trousers," By Byron Coley, No. 4.0, 1996
^ "Death of Samantha: Notes from the Underground," The Plain Dealer Magazine, February 22, 1987, Christopher Evans, page 8
^ Star Hits, Buried Treasures, September 1986
^ Creem, Rock a Rama, October 1986
^ Spin, July 2008, "Robert Pollard," P. 42
^ a b "Death of Samantha: The Dream of Ripped Trousers," By Byron Coley, No. 4.0, 1996
^ Spin, "Death of Samantha," March 1989, page 72
^ Rolling Stone, "On the Edge," April 19, 1990
^ Pulse!, "Death of Samantha," May 1990, page 32
^ Option, "That's Entertainment," May/June 1990, page 72
^ "Beachland Ballroom Web Page". Archived from the original on 2011-12-09. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
^ "Seventh Son Brewing Co. to host new local music event 4th & 4th Fest". Columbusalive.com. Retrieved 2020-03-27.
^ "We Never Learn," by Eric Davidson, Backbeat Books, 2010, page 7
^ "Death of Samantha: Notes from the Underground," The Plain Dealer Magazine, February 22, 1987, Christopher Evans, page 31
^ Option, "That's Entertainment," May/June 1990, page 73
^ "Away from the Pulsebeat," "Reviews," Winter 1986
^ Liner notes to Death of Samantha album, If Memory Serves Us Well
^ "We Never Learn," by Eric Davidson, Backbeat Books, 2010, page 12
^ The Plain Dealer, "Death Takes a Holiday," July 9, 1989
^ The Plain Dealer, "Letters," July 16, 1989
External links
Official website
Death of Samantha on Facebook
vteDeath of Samantha
Doug Gillard
David James
John Petkovic
Steve-O
Marky Ray
Dave Swanson
Studio albums
Strungout on Jargon
Where the Women Wear the Glory and the Men Wear the Pants
Come All Ye Faithless
Extended plays
Laughing in the Face of a Dead Man
Singles
"Amphetamine"
"Coca Cola & Licorice" (aka Porn in the USA)
"Rosenberg Summer"
Related articlesArticles
Homestead Records
Groups
Cobra Verde
Guided by Voices
Gem
New Salem Witch Hunters
KNG NXN
Rainy Day Saints
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Categories
Albums
Authority control databases International
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National
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Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Death of Samantha (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Samantha_(song)"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ground Round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_Round"},{"link_name":"Parma Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_Heights"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Doug Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Gillard"},{"link_name":"Gerard Cosloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Cosloy"},{"link_name":"Homestead Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Records"},{"link_name":"Sonic Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Youth"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jesus and Mary Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_and_Mary_Chain"},{"link_name":"the Replacements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Replacements_(band)"},{"link_name":"Smashing Pumpkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smashing_Pumpkins"},{"link_name":"the Gun Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gun_Club"},{"link_name":"Leaving Trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaving_Trains"},{"link_name":"Redd Kross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redd_Kross"}],"text":"For the Yoko Ono song, see Death of Samantha (song).Death of Samantha is an American rock band from Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1983, the quartet debuted at a Ground Round family restaurant in Parma Heights.[1] Death of Samantha played a farewell show on December 15, 1990, but later regrouped on December 23, 2012, with its original four-piece lineup: vocalist/guitarist John Petkovic, lead guitarist Doug Gillard, bassist David James and drummer Steven \"Steve-O\" Eierdam.The band was signed by Gerard Cosloy to the New York-based Homestead Records. The band performed with contemporaries such as Sonic Youth, along with Nirvana, Jesus and Mary Chain, the Replacements, Smashing Pumpkins, the Gun Club, Leaving Trains and Redd Kross. Death of Samantha released three albums and an EP on Homestead from 1986 to 1990. Prior to signing, they released two critically acclaimed singles on local Ohio label St. Valentine Records.","title":"Death of Samantha"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Valley Forge High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Forge_High_School"},{"link_name":"Death of Samantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Samantha_(song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Plain Dealer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Plain_Dealer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Agora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Agora"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Formation and early history: 1983-1985","text":"Originally, the band was a trio, with Petkovic on guitar, James on bass and Steve-o on drums. At the time, all three were living in Parma, a working-class suburb of Cleveland. James and Steve-o were co-founders of hardcore punk fanzine Negative Print. James, 15, and Petkovic, 17, at the time, met at Valley Forge High School in Parma Heights.Death of Samantha performed its first show on August 24, 1983, at a Ground Round family-style restaurant in Parma Heights. They took their name from a 1973 Yoko Ono song, \"Death of Samantha\", the night before their debut.[2] The band scored its inauspicious debut because Petkovic worked as a janitor at the restaurant. \"We did that show on chicken-wing night, and it was really noisy and awful\" said Petkovic, in an interview with the Cleveland Plain Dealer. \"People were throwing wings at one another, and other people walked out because they thought it was horrible.\" He ended up getting fired, but the show became part of punk rock legend, as rumor spread via punk fanzines about this rebellious band that caused a mini riot at a family restaurant.[3]DOS played its first club show at the Lakefront in downtown Cleveland on January 14, 1984. It played its first show as a quartet with Doug Gillard on lead guitar on May 20, 1984, at the Pop Shop, an underground music club located in the basement of the famed Cleveland Agora. Gillard and Petkovic met, by chance, at an area amusement park.[4]The four-piece lineup proceeded to release two singles on St. Valentine Records, a local cooperative label formed to document Cleveland's non-hardcore underground.[5]The band's first 7\", \"Amphetamine\", released on Valentine's Day 1985, quickly sold out of its 1000-copy pressing thanks to critical acclaim in a number of magazines. The band's follow-up single, \"Coca Cola and Licorice\" (or as it was also called, Porn in the U.S.A.), cemented their status as an rising darling in the underground scene. Featuring an ominous bass groove, brash guitars and noisy clarinets, not to mention liner notes by writer and early DOS supporter Byron Coley, it received rave reviews around the country. The single immediately sold out and Petkovic sold his guitar to print up a second pressing, and for months he borrowed guitars to play, record and tour.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"Forced Exposure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_Exposure"},{"link_name":"Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounds_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"Creem Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creem_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Star Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Hits"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pere Ubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pere_Ubu"},{"link_name":"Pagans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pagans"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Robert Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Guided by Voices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_by_Voices"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_magazine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pulse!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse!_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Option","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_(music_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Homestead Records era: 1986-1990","text":"The singles landed the band a record contract with Homestead Records; \"Coca Cola and Licorice\" would be the opening track for the band's debut album, Strungout on Jargon. Released in February 1986, the nine-song album features a cover photo taken in front of the former Leader Drug store in Parma, depicting the quartet and an unidentified fifth person who was walking into the store. Strungout on Jargon became an unlikely breakthrough for Homestead Records, in part because it didn't fit in anywhere in particular in the indie scene. Hailed in the Village Voice, Forced Exposure, Sounds, NME and Creem Magazine, the band also found itself featured in teen rock magazines such as Star Hits.[7]Creem wrote: \"This foursome is merely the most substantial contraction of the trumpeted CLE-vival scene that birthed Pere Ubu and the mighty Pagans. Like that pair, DOS leap outta some aural vacuum with nary a root exposed, but with plenty of bare wires to trip up the unsuspecting. Need a single touchstone? The truly surreal \"Coca Cola and Licorice\" could successfully play hide 'n' seek on Trout Mask Replica, but the Cap'n isn't the object of any idle worship. Singer John Petkovic testifies in an addled shout that combines the better halves of Tom Waits and Ian Curtis without the caricatured styling of either\".[8]In 1987, Death of Samantha released a follow-up EP, Laughing in the Face of a Dead Man. The cover featured a naked mannequin watching television in an empty lot with the Cleveland skyline in the background, with a baby mask staring into the camera. Like the cover photo, the music of Laughing... has a pastiche quality, with sound effects and pieces of songs assembled and peppered throughout the EP. The pastiche approach influenced Robert Pollard of Guided by Voices, who displayed the record in a photo shoot for a 2008 story in Spin.[9]Pollard later wrote, in the liner notes to Death of Samantha album If Memory Serves Us Well: \"I got into their sense of humor, the snippets, samples, titles and album covers. The fact that they had put out all their albums on Homestead. The way they dressed. Their employment of television and movie culture. The whole package. Plus, they flat out could write songs and play.\"By 1987, James had left the band and was replaced by Dave Swanson (who played in fellow St. Valentine and then Homestead recording act the Reactions). This lineup recorded and released two additional full-length albums, Where the Women Wear the Glory and the Men Wear the Pants (1988) and Come All Ye Faithless (1990). Both displayed a big leap in recording and production quality. \"The late '80s were Death of Samantha's apex\", said journalist Byron Coley. \"They were popular in Cleveland and around the states, they pulled off some of their most glorious on-stage antics and they released a pair of \"mature\" albums\".[10]Where the Women..., described by Pollard as \"an arena leap forward\", concluded with the doom anthem \"Blood Creek.\" The song closed most of the band's sets and would often descend into noise and free-form chaos. Spin described the song: \"an epic Berlin-Wall-of-cans groovebuild encompasses the most grungemungous furnace of Asheton/Laughner powerwah-carnage in centuries, almost\".[11]Come All Ye Faithless continued the expanded instrumentation of Where the Women... Rolling Stone remarked that \"DOS cooks with a wiry, more refined guitar clamor and Dylanesque lyric attack\",[12] while Pulse! remarked on how the album's \"contrarily literate songwriting conjures a near Brechtian vision of 20th America. The result is working-class art-rock for disaffected aesthetes. Not surprisingly, the album sticks out like a sore thumb in the current U.S. indie scene\".[13] The band welcomed that position, wrote Option: \"Death of Samantha is a collective mass of cultural iconography, symbolism as art, caught somewhere between the myths that make legends out of alternative rock bans, all the while bending the rules of the independent rock game. Psycho-revisionists in an underground music scene, Death of Samantha are myth benders, music blenders, mind fuckers and snazzy rock and roll hooligans who aren't so full of themselves to actually want to put on a show\".[14]The band broke up in the fall of 1990.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Case Western Reserve University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mark Lanegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lanegan"},{"link_name":"Thurston Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurston_Moore"}],"sub_title":"Reunions","text":"The band played an early reunion show in Cleveland at the Empire on March 14, 1992.On December 23, 2011, the original quartet reunited for a one-off show at Cleveland's Beachland Ballroom with This Moment in Black History opening.[15]On September 8, 2012, the band played another show in Cleveland at Case Western Reserve University.On July 6, 2013, the band headlined the inaugural 4th & 4th Fest in Columbus, Ohio.[16]In 2013, the band released the double album (and single CD) If Memory Serves Us Well on St. Valentine, a live, in-the-studio recording of songs spanning the group's career and featuring liner notes by Mark Lanegan, Thurston Moore and Pollard.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Sensational Alex Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sensational_Alex_Harvey_Band"},{"link_name":"Crocus Behemoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thomas_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Meatmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meatmen"},{"link_name":"Tesco Vee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco_Vee"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-10"},{"link_name":"Elvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ Superstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Ghoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Sweed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Jersey City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Johnny Thunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Thunders"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"LAX airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Burger King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burger_King"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Stage Show","text":"Death of Samantha's bizarre debut at the Ground Round became part of the band's legend. It also came to be seen as a larger part of a live show that was called, at times, \"wild\" and \"surreal\". Wrote Byron Coley: \"There were precious few combos birthed in the '80s to whom THE SHOW was the thing. Paramount amongst this anti-hip elite was Cleveland's own Death of Samantha. With Gillard in place as a visual foil and constantly riffing guitar PRESENCE, Petkovic was freed to spurt around the stage like a big pock of metallic jiz in a low-gravity environment. His mouth jammed full of red licorice, his cheap suit soiled by un-named liquids, Petkovic power-oozed like a Vegas lounge singer on Benzedrine, while the band flared around him. Dave James was a nonpresence visually, but his bass had enough bite to get the boys dancing. Doug Gillard tottered on sky-high platform heels, spuzzing out thick chords of raunch and craning his head around as though someone had told him that the Sensational Alex Harvey had just walked into the room. Steve Eierdam (aka Steve-O) pounded the tubs like a big game hunter, and appeared to be something like an unholy cross between Ubu's Crocus Behemoth and The Meatmen's Tesco Vee - gushing philosophy, jokes, magic tricks and an untaggable brand of bad-vibe weirdness, looking all the while like one of his bandmates' tubby uncles in dire need of electroshock treatment. They were popular in Cleveland and around the states, they pulled off some of their most glorious on-stage antics\".[10]\"Most punk bands get their start playing some beer-soaked dive in front of people in black leather. We got ours playing next to a popcorn machine, on chicken wing night, in front of a bunch of people in acid-washed jeans,\" said Petkovic in Eric Davidson's book, We Never Learn: The Gunk Punk Undergut, 1988-2001. According to We Never Learn: \"The initial scam at the Ground Round was the first of many subversive pranks Death of Samantha regularly doled out like chicken wings at a suburban family restaurant. An Elvis funeral on stage, clarinet solos, feather boas -- none of it was party to anything increasingly serious alternative musicians were supposed to be doing in the late-80s.[17]The \"funeral show\" featured Steve-O popping out of a coffin to the overture from Jesus Christ Superstar in a Cleveland club called the Phantasy. He had been paraded around the club with pallbearers as part of a funeral procession. After he jumped out and onto the stage, fans grabbed feather-filled pillows in the coffins and engaged in a pillow fight, filling the club with feathers, and earning the band a temporary ban.[18]Death of Samantha often incorporated non-music performers, including Cleveland late-night horror host The Ghoul and organ grinder and monkey duo Pete and Pop.[19]Messy shows were also common on tour, according to Jersey City fanzine Away from the Pulsebeat.[20]The band's outfits matched their props, which were an assortment of whatever junk they could drag on stage. We Never Learn described Doug Gillard as looking like \"a Kandinsky doodle of Johnny Thunders (fishnet armbands, glitter platforms), a Weimar-era prostitute (black stockings, lace) and a suburban punk (guitar slash shards and greeeezy hair)\". James provided the stability, Petkovic the energy, according to Thurston Moore, writing in the liner notes to If Memory Serves Us Well: \"When Sonic Youth first played Cleveland way back in the mid 80s it was at some biker bar that John Petkovic booked and he had his band Death of Samantha open up. I gotta say I was unprepared for the mania this kid brought to the stage\".[21]Steve-O travelled to shows with large wardrobes, often packed in garbage bags, as Petkovic recounted in We Never Learn: \"We flew out there and, as usual, our drummer Steve-O packied his 'costumes' (like a multicolored coat made out of shag rug) not in suitcases. but in large garbage bags. You could do that back then. When we were in baggage claim at LAX airport, his stuff eventually rolled out, strewn all over the carousel. We ended up getting to our first show late, at a called Nightmovies in Orange County. Not only did the promoter hate it and not want to pay me, but he hit me over the head with a gun, then pointed it at me and told me to get the fuck out\".[22]While the band's warped style attracted a cult following, it also had its detractors, as indicated by letters to The Plain Dealer in response to a tour diary the Cleveland daily ran by Petkovic documenting a 1989 West Coast tour.[23] One read: \"Who cares about the daily diary of these weird musical misfits?\" Another: \"I was very offended and embarrassed for the city of Cleveland, knowing that its only newspaper had nothing better to feature in its July 9 magazine than the exploits of an obnoxious group of 'musicians.' Their only goal in life seems to be to not eat at Burger King, and to be sarcastic to everyone. Have you ever listened to them? They can hardly play instruments. Be real. Is this the kind of intelligent journalism that Cleveland wants to be known for?\".[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strungout on Jargon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strungout_on_Jargon"},{"link_name":"Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Records"},{"link_name":"Where the Women Wear the Glory and the Men Wear the Pants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_the_Women_Wear_the_Glory_and_the_Men_Wear_the_Pants"},{"link_name":"Come All Ye Faithless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_All_Ye_Faithless"},{"link_name":"If Memory Serves Us Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_Memory_Serves_Us_Well"},{"link_name":"Laughing in the Face of a Dead Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughing_in_the_Face_of_a_Dead_Man"}],"text":"Studio albumsStrungout on Jargon (1986, Homestead)\nWhere the Women Wear the Glory and the Men Wear the Pants (1988, Homestead)\nCome All Ye Faithless (1989, Homestead)\nIf Memory Serves Us Well (2013, St. Valentine)EPsLaughing in the Face of a Dead Man (1986, Homestead)Singles\"Amphetamine\"/\"Simple as That\" (1985, St. Valentine)\n\"Coca Cola and Licorice\" (aka Porn in the USA) (1986, St. Valentine)\n\"Rosenberg Summer\" (1989, Homestead)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Cleveland's seminal indie rock band Death of Samantha to release 18-tune career retrospective\". Cleveland.com. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 2020-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cleveland.com/popmusic/index.ssf/2013/12/clevelands_seminal_indie_rock.html","url_text":"\"Cleveland's seminal indie rock band Death of Samantha to release 18-tune career retrospective\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beachland Ballroom Web Page\". Archived from the original on 2011-12-09. Retrieved 2012-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111209043459/http://beachlandballroom.com/death_of_samantha_reunion.html","url_text":"\"Beachland Ballroom Web Page\""},{"url":"http://beachlandballroom.com/death_of_samantha_reunion.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Seventh Son Brewing Co. to host new local music event 4th & 4th Fest\". Columbusalive.com. Retrieved 2020-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbusalive.com/article/20130620/BLOGS/306209599","url_text":"\"Seventh Son Brewing Co. to host new local music event 4th & 4th Fest\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Death+of+Samantha%22","external_links_name":"\"Death of Samantha\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Death+of+Samantha%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Death+of+Samantha%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Death+of+Samantha%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Death+of+Samantha%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Death+of+Samantha%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://deathofsamantha.com/","external_links_name":"deathofsamantha.com"},{"Link":"http://www.cleveland.com/popmusic/index.ssf/2013/12/clevelands_seminal_indie_rock.html","external_links_name":"\"Cleveland's seminal indie rock band Death of Samantha to release 18-tune career retrospective\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111209043459/http://beachlandballroom.com/death_of_samantha_reunion.html","external_links_name":"\"Beachland Ballroom Web Page\""},{"Link":"http://beachlandballroom.com/death_of_samantha_reunion.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.columbusalive.com/article/20130620/BLOGS/306209599","external_links_name":"\"Seventh Son Brewing Co. to host new local music event 4th & 4th Fest\""},{"Link":"http://www.deathofsamantha.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/Death-of-Samantha-69399291155","external_links_name":"Death of Samantha"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/155083010","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no98016201","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/727e08c2-557c-49de-b5e2-95f47e7a5733","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Mix | Little Mix | ["1 History","1.1 2011–2012: Formation and The X Factor","1.2 2012–2013: DNA and international breakthrough","1.3 2013–2014: Salute and \"Word Up!\"","1.4 2015–2016: Get Weird","1.5 2016–2019: Glory Days and LM5","1.6 2020: Confetti, Nelson's departure and other projects","1.7 2021–2022: As a trio, Between Us and hiatus","2 Artistry","3 Public image and impact","4 Other ventures","4.1 Little Mix Uncancelled","4.2 Little Mix The Search","4.3 Products and endorsements","4.4 Philanthropy","5 Discography","6 Filmography","7 Concert tours","7.1 Headlining","7.2 Supporting","7.3 Guest","7.4 Cancelled","8 Awards and achievements","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"] | English girl group
Little MixLittle Mix in 2022 From left to right: Jade Thirlwall, Leigh-Anne Pinnock, and Perrie EdwardsBackground informationOriginLondon, EnglandGenres
Pop
R&B
dance-pop
Years active2011–2022LabelsSycoColumbiaRCAMembers
Perrie Edwards
Leigh-Anne Pinnock
Jade Thirlwall
Past membersJesy NelsonWebsitelittle-mix.com
Little Mix are an English girl group, formed on the British version of The X Factor, and the first group and only girl group to win the series. The line up consisted of Leigh-Anne Pinnock, Jade Thirlwall, Perrie Edwards, and originally Jesy Nelson, before her departure from the group in 2020. Regarded as the show's most successful winning act, their success led to a girl band renaissance in the UK. Little Mix's vocals and harmonies have garnered critical acclaim and the group have been ranked as one of the best vocal girl groups. They were often dubbed by some media as the "biggest girl group in the world", before going on a hiatus in 2022, allowing its members to pursue solo projects.
Little Mix rose to prominence with their debut single "Wings" (2012), achieving five number-one singles, and nineteen top ten entries on the UK Singles Chart. Launched into mainstream recognition after the release of "Black Magic", it became the first song by a girl group since 2008 to spend multiple weeks at number one. In 2023, it also became the first music video by a British girl group to surpass one billion streams on YouTube and was ranked by Billboard as one of the "Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time". The group has broken various records during their career, including becoming the first girl group to spend over 100 weeks inside the top ten of the UK Singles Chart, the first to accumulate six top five entries on the UK Albums Chart, and for holding the record for the highest chart entry for a debut album by a UK girl group on the US Billboard 200.
The group achieved moderate success in America and retained a popular following in Europe, South America, Asia and other regions with Forbes naming them as one of the most influential acts in Europe. Little Mix also made appearances on Debrett's list of the most influential people in the UK, the Forbes "30 Under 30", and the Sunday Times "Young Rich List". Their music has amassed over 15 billion streams worldwide, making them one of the most streamed girl groups on Spotify. Since their debut, their music has been cited as gay anthems, girl power anthems, and feminist anthems, while gaining popularity in South Korea, with Pitchfork describing them as "the girl group who has captured K-pop's spirit better than any other western girl group". Little Mix have sold over 3 million concert tickets worldwide, and performed in over 20 countries across their tours, with the Confetti Tour, being their most critically acclaimed.
In 2021, Little Mix became the first girl group in 41 years to win the British Group award at the Brit Awards. Their other accolades include a Madame Tussauds figure, three Brit Awards, seven MTV Europe Music Awards (the most wins for Best UK & Ireland Act), four Glamour Awards, a iHeartRadio Music Award, two Japanese Gold Disc Awards and three Guinness World Records. They have amassed a huge following of LGBTQ+ fans winning a British LGBT Award, an Attitude Award, and were named as Glamour's "Women of the Year and Game-changers in music". Often named as one of the greatest girl groups of all time, Little Mix have sold over an estimated 60 million records worldwide, becoming the second best-selling British girl group in the UK, one of the best-selling girl groups of all time, and one of Britain's biggest selling acts.
History
2011–2012: Formation and The X Factor
In 2011, Edwards, Thirlwall, Pinnock and Nelson individually auditioned successfully as soloists for the eighth series of the UK version of The X Factor in front of judges Louis Walsh, Gary Barlow, Tulisa and Kelly Rowland, but failed the first challenge of the "bootcamp" section. They were allowed another chance to compete when they were placed in two separate ensembles by the judges during the "group bootcamp" stage, with Edwards and Nelson in four-member group Faux Pas and Thirlwall and Pinnock in three-member group Orion. Both groups failed to make it through to the next stage. A later decision by the judges recalled two members from each group to form the four-piece group Rhythmix, sending them through to the "judges' houses" section. Footage released in November 2022 revealed that Rowland alone was the judge who formed the group.
Little Mix in 2012
They reached the live shows section and were mentored by Tulisa. During the first live show on 8 October 2011, Rhythmix performed "Super Bass" by American recording artist Nicki Minaj. Their rendition was praised by the judges with Barlow calling them the "best girl band that's ever been on The X Factor." On 26 October 2011, it was announced that they would change their name following a dispute with Rhythmix, a Brighton-based children's music charity of the same name, after the programme tried to trademark "Rhythmix". A spokesman for The X Factor said, "At the request of the charity Rhythmix, the members of the girl group Rhythmix have decided to change their name, a decision which has the support of Syco and TalkbackTHAMES." It was reported that the group decided to make the change, with no legal requirement to do so, to avoid any difficulties for the charity. On 28 October 2011, it was announced that the group's new name would be "Little Mix".
On 20 November 2011, Little Mix became the first girl group in the show's eight-year history to progress past the seventh live show. The previous longest-surviving girl groups were The Conway Sisters (series 2) and Hope (series 4), who had both lasted until week 7. Through the remaining course of the competition the group generally received positive feedback. On 3 December 2011, during the semi-final stage of the show, Little Mix performed The Supremes's "You Keep Me Hangin' On" for their Motown classic as well as Beyoncé's hit "If I Were a Boy" for a song they believe it can get them to the final. Their performance of "You Keep Me Hangin' On" received mostly negative feedback from the judges with Walsh stating that they "lost their mojo" and Rowland telling them she had seen them do "better vocal performances." Their second performance of the night, "If I Were a Boy", was generally acclaimed by the judges with Walsh telling them they have "amazing potential" and calling them the "next big girlband." Rowland also told them they could be "incredibly dynamic" and "change the world" when they find the strength within each other. On 4 December 2011, Little Mix made X Factor history by becoming the first girlband ever to make the final of the show. They advanced to the final alongside Marcus Collins and Amelia Lily.
On 11 December 2011, Little Mix were announced as the winners of The X Factor 2011, the first time that a group had won the UK show and the second (of five) in the worldwide franchise (after Random on the first series of the Australian version). Their winner's single was a cover of Damien Rice's song "Cannonball", which was released via digital download on 11 December 2011 and on CD on 14 December 2011. The Xtra Factor: The Winner's Story was shown on ITV2 on 17 December 2011. Their debut single topped the UK Singles Chart on 18 December 2011. They made the Christmas number one spot on the Irish Singles Chart, beating novelty songs by The Saw Doctors and Ryan Sheridan.
The X Factor Performances And Results
Show
Song Choice
Theme
Result
Perrie Edwards
Jesy Nelson
Leigh-Anne Pinnock
Jade Thirlwall
Auditions
"You Oughta Know"
"Bust Your Windows"
"Only Girl (in the World)"
"I Wanna Hold Your Hand"
Free Choice
Advanced To bootcamp
Bootcamp 1
"Breakeven"
"Price Tag"
"Price Tag"
"Firework"
Bootcamp challenge
Transferred to the groups category
Bootcamp 2
"Survivor" (with 'Faux Pas')
"Yeah 3x" (with 'Orion')
Bootcamp songs
Regrouped/Advanced To Judges' houses
Judges' houses
"Big Girls Don't Cry"
Free choice
Advanced to live shows
"Cry Me a River"
Live Show 1
"Super Bass"
Britain vs America
Saved by Tulisa
Live Show 2
"I'm Like a Bird"
Love and Heartbreak
Safe (4th) - 8.7%
Live Show 3
"Tik Tok"/"Push It"
Rock
Safe (6th) - 6.0%
Live Show 4
"E.T."
Halloween
Safe (2nd) - 13.7%
Live show 5
"Don't Stop the Music"
Dancefloor fillers
Safe (4th) - 11.9%
Live Show 6
"Radio Ga Ga"/"Telephone"
Lady Gaga vs. Queen
Safe (3rd) - 15.3%
Live Show 7
"Don't Let Go (Love)"
Movies
Safe (1st) - 26.1%
Quarter-Final
"Baby"/"Where Did Our Love Go"
Guilty pleasures
Safe (2nd) - 22.4%
"Beautiful"
Musical heroes
Semi-Final
"You Keep Me Hangin' On"
Motown
Safe (1st) - 34.4%
"If I Were a Boy"
Song to get you to the final
Final
"You've Got the Love"
Free Choice
Safe (1st) - 39.0%
"If I Ain't Got You"/"Empire State of Mind" (with Tulisa Contostavlos)
Mentor Duet
"Don't Let Go (Love)"
Favourite Performance
Winner (1st) - 48.3%
"Silent Night"
Christmas
"Cannonball"
Winner's Single
2012–2013: DNA and international breakthrough
Little Mix performing on the DNA Tour (2013)
On 25 January 2012, Little Mix made an appearance at the National Television Awards and performed the En Vogue song "Don't Let Go (Love)". They also accompanied fellow judges Gary Barlow and Tulisa Contostavlos on stage to receive the Best Talent Show award that had been won by The X Factor. In May 2012, Little Mix reportedly signed a deal with Vivid and Bravado to release signature products including dolls, puzzles, accessories and games. Prior to their debut single release, the group covered an a cappella version of Beyoncé's "End of Time" and uploaded it on YouTube; the cover was publicly praised, especially for the group's impressive harmonies. Later in August, they also uploaded another cover, this time an acoustic cover of "We Are Young" by Fun ft. Janelle Monáe which again received positive feedback, generally, for the group's harmonies. On 1 June, a snippet of their debut single "Wings" previewed on chat show Alan Carr: Chatty Man before its later release date in August.
Little Mix performed their debut single "Wings" for the first time at the T4 on the Beach concert on 1 July. The single debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart. On 31 August 2012, the group's autobiography, titled Ready to Fly, was released by HarperCollins. In October 2012, the group went on a promotional visit to Australia due to their expanding fan base there, destinations included Melbourne and Sydney. The trip lasted a week and the group visited radio stations to promote the single and debut album. They performed their single "Wings" on Australian The X Factor and on Australian breakfast-television show Sunrise. "Wings" subsequently reached number 2 on the Australian iTunes chart and number 3 on the ARIA charts. Their debut album, DNA, was released in November 2012. Nicola Roberts co-penned a track called "Going Nowhere" on the DNA album. The album reached number 3 in both Ireland and the UK. A second single, "DNA", was released in October, and in January 2013 they signed a record deal with Columbia Records in North America. "Wings" was released as their debut single in America on 5 February 2013. In the US, the single reached number 79 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart while the album reached number 4 on the Billboard 200. On 3 February 2013, they released "Change Your Life" as the album's third single, which charted at number 12 on the UK Singles Chart. On 4 March 2013, it was announced that "How Ya Doin'?" would be released as the fourth and final single from their debut album.
On 21 March, they announced that their next single, "How Ya Doin'?", would feature Grammy Award-winning musician Missy Elliott. On 4 April 2013, the group revealed that Schwarzkopf hair dye Live Colour XXL would be promoted through their music video for "How Ya Doin'?" in a new sponsorship deal. "How Ya Doin'?" debuted at number 57 on the UK Singles Chart on 20 April 2013, before ascending to number 23 the week after. In its third week, the song peaked at number 16, marking Little Mix's fifth consecutive UK top 20 hit. It charted for a further seven weeks. "How Ya Doin'?" sold 120,000 copies in the UK. The single debuted at number 55 on the Irish Singles Chart on 11 April 2013. It then climbed the chart to peak at number 26. Consequently, "How Ya Doin'?" became Little Mix's first single to miss the top 20 in Ireland, but spent a total of seven weeks on the chart. The single peaked at number 16 on the Scottish Singles Chart on 11 May 2013, marking the group's fifth consecutive top 20 hit in Scotland.
2013–2014: Salute and "Word Up!"
In March 2013, Little Mix began their first promotional campaign in the US. In an interview with Digital Spy in March 2013, they stated that they wanted their second album to have a more R&B sound. Nelson added: "I personally want to put a lot more dancey stuff in there. As in, one of the songs that comes on in a club that makes you want to dance. Not that David Guetta sound, but more R&B – a bit like Eve and Gwen Stefani's 'Let Me Blow Ya Mind'." They also revealed that they would be starting to write material for the new album in the coming months. On 4 October, they uploaded a video to their official YouTube page, announcing that their second album would be called Salute and would be available for pre-order on 7 October. The album was released on 11 November 2013 in the United Kingdom and was released in the United States on 4 February 2014. Throughout the recording process, Little Mix worked with several producers, including TMS, Future Cut, Fred Ball, Duvall and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. The album was largely co-written by Little Mix, who stated that they were more involved in the development of this album than with their debut.
Little Mix in February 2014
On 23 September 2013, "Move" was premiered on BBC Radio 1. For the single, Little Mix worked with Nathan Duvall, an up-and-coming R&B producer and Maegan Cottone, the girl's vocal coach. "Move" was released on 7 October in Australia and New Zealand. It was later released in the UK and Ireland on 3 November. It was sent to Mainstream Radio in the US on 18 February 2014 and reached number 38 on that chart. The song peaked at number three in the UK, number five in Ireland, number 19 in Japan and number 12 in New Zealand. The single also charted in Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands and Slovakia. Since then, "Move" has been certified gold in Australia for sales of 35,000 and gold in the UK for sales of 400,000. "Little Me" was selected as the second single from the album. The song was co-written by TMS and Iain James and produced by TMS. On 21 November 2013, Little Mix revealed via a YouTube video message that they decided to release it as the second single because it held a lot meaning to them and was written with their fans in mind. The song reached number 14 in the UK, number fifteen in Iceland and number 16 in the Netherlands. It also charted in Australia, Ireland and Lebanon. The band released a cover version of Cameo's song "Word Up!" as the official single for Sport Relief 2014. The song reached number six in the UK and number thirteen in Ireland while also charting in Australia, Austria, Denmark and France.
Little Mix announced on 5 April 2014 that the title track "Salute" will be released as the album's third single. It impacted UK radio on 28 April 2014. The official music video premiered on 2 May 2014 on the group's official YouTube channel. It was released on 1 June. In December 2013, the group announced the UK and Ireland dates for their second headlining concert tour, The Salute Tour, North American dates were added in April 2014. The tour began on 16 May 2014 in Birmingham, England at the LG Arena and ended on 27 July 2014 in Scarborough, North Yorkshire at the Scarborough Open Air Theatre. Little Mix were expected to begin the North American leg of the tour in September 2014, but it was cancelled due to them wanting to work on their next album.
2015–2016: Get Weird
Little Mix performing on the Get Weird Tour (2016)
At the 2015 Brit Awards, the group confirmed that their album was completed, describing it as having a "whole new sound" and projecting the release for sometime in 2015. Having written over 100 songs for their forthcoming album, In May 2015 Little Mix released the lead single "Black Magic" from their third studio album. The song debuted at number one in the UK and remained at the top of the chart for three weeks, becoming the first single by a girl group to do so since Sugababes's "About You Now" in October 2007. The single also reached number 3 in Ireland, number 4 in Belgium (Flanders), number 5 in Israel, number 8 in Australia and number 67 in the US, becoming their highest-peaking single on Billboard Hot 100. The group performed the song for the first time in June 2015 for Capital's Summertime Ball at the Wembley Stadium along with some of their previous hits. "Black Magic" was also performed the song at the Teen Choice Awards in August 2015, after they received the award as Breakout Artist. Since then, "Black Magic" has been certified Gold in the US for sales of 500,000, Platinum in Canada for sales of 80,000 and double Platinum both in Australia and the UK for sales of 140,000 and 1,200,000 respectively. Little Mix also co-wrote Britney Spears' single "Pretty Girls", which was also released in May 2015.
On 15 July 2015, Little Mix announced on Twitter that their third studio album would be titled Get Weird and would be available for pre-order in the UK from the following day, with a global release date set for 6 November 2015. The group performed at the Gibraltar Music Festival on 5 September 2015, an annual music festival held in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. On 25 September the group released "Love Me Like You" as the second single from the album, it was released as a single only in the UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. The group performed the song for the first time at X Factor Australia in October 2015, then at the Royal Albert Hall in December 2015 and at the Capital Jingle Bell Ball. The group's third studio album Get Weird debuted at number 2 in the UK becoming their highest-charting album there. In the US, the album peaked at number 13 on Billboard 200, making Little Mix the only girl group from the UK to have their first three albums debut in the top fifteen of the Billboard 200. The album has been certified double platinum in the UK and has sold over 600,000 units there as of August 2016, making it their best selling album yet. The group performed a medley of "Black Magic" and "Sax" with the former UK X Factor contestant Fleur East on the season finale of X Factor. On 5 December the group announced on Twitter that "Secret Love Song" featuring the American R&B singer Jason Derulo would be released as the album's third single. The single reached number six on the UK Singles Chart. On 24 February 2016 the group performed "Black Magic" at the 2016 Brit Awards, where they were nominated for Best British Single and British Artist Video.
On 13 March 2016 Little Mix embarked on The Get Weird Tour to promote the album, the arena tour consist of 60 dates across Europe, Australia and Asia. The Get Weird tour sold over 300,000 tickets in the UK. On 11 April 2016, the group announced that "Hair" would serve as the fourth single from Get Weird and would feature newly recorded guest vocals from reggae pop recording artist Sean Paul. The single was released on 15 April 2016 and reached number 11 on the UK chart while peaking at number 10 in Australia making it their fourth top 10 single there.
2016–2019: Glory Days and LM5
Little Mix performing on The Glory Days Tour in Glasgow
On 21 June 2016, it was revealed that the group had begun work on their fourth studio album; they later confirmed that they would be releasing new music "before Christmas". In an interview at V Festival in Chelmsford, the group announced that the lead single from their fourth studio album would be released in October 2016. On 13 October 2016, Little Mix announced the song's title as "Shout Out to My Ex" and that their fourth studio album would be called Glory Days. "Shout Out to My Ex" was released on 16 October 2016, following the first live performance of the song on The X Factor. The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart becoming their fourth chart topping single there. It sold 67,000 downloads in its opening week, becoming the biggest opening week download sales for a song in 2016 in the UK.
Glory Days was released on 18 November 2016 and debuted at number one on the UK album chart, becoming the group's first UK number one album and the eighth girl group in history to achieve a number one album. The album sold 96,000 copies in combined sales in the first week which is the highest first week sales for a UK girl group number one album since the Spice Girls in 1997 and the fastest-selling number one album by any girl group in 15 years, since Destiny's Child's Survivor in 2001. Glory Days spent five weeks at number one on the UK album chart, making it the longest reigning girl group number one since the Spice Girls' debut 20 years previously, surpassing Destiny's Child's Survivor. The album reached number one in Ireland and debuted at number two in Australia, and in the top 10 in the Netherlands, New Zealand and Spain.
On 1 December 2016, Little Mix performed "Shout Out to My Ex", at the 2016 Los 40 Music Awards in Barcelona, Spain. Little Mix announced on 5 December 2016 that "Touch" would be released as the second single from Glory Days. It was released on 18 December 2016 and reached number four in the UK. At the 2017 Brit Awards the group was nominated for three awards, winning Best British Single for "Shout Out to My Ex", which they also performed on the award show. A remix of their song "No More Sad Songs", featuring Machine Gun Kelly, was released on 3 March 2017 as the third single from Glory Days and peaked at number fifteen on the UK Official Singles Chart.
From February to April 2017, Little Mix toured North America as one of the opening acts for Ariana Grande on her Dangerous Woman Tour. The group then embarked on their own headlining The Glory Days Tour which began on 24 May 2017 in Europe, with the first UK date being on 9 October in Scotland. A remix of their song "Power", featuring Stormzy, was released on 26 May 2017 as the fourth single from Glory Days and peaked at number six in the UK. In August 2017, Little Mix and Latin American boy band CNCO collaborated on a remixed version of the latter group's song "Reggaetón Lento (Bailemos)". The song was included on the reissue of Glory Days, which was released on 24 November 2017, and featured a revised track listing of four remixed songs and three new songs, as well as a bonus documentary. As of November 2017, Glory Days has sold over 1.6 million copies worldwide. The group announced on 27 November 2017 that they would be undertaking the Summer Hits Tour 2018, with tickets going on sale on 30 November.
Still of the group performing "Woman Like Me" with Minaj on 2018 MTV Europe Music Awards, via YouTube
In February 2018, Pinnock announced that the group were working on their fifth album, set for release in 2018, and that there would be a tour to accompany the album. On 14 June 2018, it was revealed that a song by Little Mix and American DJ trio Cheat Codes, "Only You", would be part of the compilation album The Pool Party, to be released on 6 July 2018 by Ministry of Sound. The song was released on 22 June 2018.
In September 2018, the group announced "Woman Like Me", the lead single from their fifth studio album LM5, featuring US rapper Nicki Minaj. It was released on 12 October 2018. The music video for the song was released two weeks after, on 25 October 2018. The song debuted at number five on the UK Singles Chart, later peaking at number two. On 21 October 2018, Little Mix performed "Woman Like Me" for the first time at the BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards, where they also won "Best British Group" at the ceremony. Little Mix also performed the song on The X Factor on 27 October 2018.
After the release of "Woman Like Me", Little Mix were dragged into a feud between Cardi B and Nicki Minaj, with Cardi B claiming that the song was sent to her first, before giving the feature to Minaj. On 30 October 2018, the group went on to address the situation in a tweet saying that both rappers were approached by their label to work on the song but Minaj was approached first. They also stated "We went with Nicki because like we've said over and over for years, it's been a dream of ours to work with her since the beginning".
On 2 November 2018, the group released "Joan of Arc" as the first promotional single from LM5, and peaked at number 61 on the UK Singles Chart. A week later on 9 November 2018, "Told You So" was released as the second promotional single from the album and peaked at number 83 on the UK Singles Chart. The group then performed "Woman Like Me" alongside Nicki Minaj at the MTV European Music Awards on 4 November 2018, where they won an award for best UK & Ireland Act. It was later announced that the group would split from Cowell's record label, Syco Music, due to the label no longer working with the group's management company.
LM5 was released on 16 November 2018 and was serviced by RCA UK and Columbia Records, with future records to be released by the latter. On 13 November 2018, Little Mix teamed up with Apple Music for an exclusive live performance in London, featuring new tracks from their new album, LM5. The performances was accompanied by a live band, which marked the group's first time to perform with a live band in three years. The same day, "The Cure" was released as the third and final promotional single from the LM5 album, where it peaked at number 49 on the UK Singles Chart. Alongside the album release, the music videos for the album tracks "Strip" and "More Than Words" were also released.Little Mix performing in Paris during their LM5: The Tour in 2019.On 14 December 2018, Little Mix performed "Think About Us" for the first time on The Graham Norton Show. On 25 January 2019, Little Mix released a remix version of their song "Think About Us" as the second and final single from their LM5 album. The song features American singer-songwriter Ty Dollar $ign. The song peaked at number 22 on the UK Singles Chart. At the 2019 Brit Awards, the group was nominated for two awards, winning Best British Video for "Woman Like Me". During the ceremony, they performed a remix of the song with South London rapper Ms. Banks. During a live stream, Jesy Nelson mentioned that the group were at the writing stage for their sixth studio album. They announced their single "Bounce Back" on 26 May 2019. On the same day, Little Mix performed at the 2019 BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend. "Bounce Back" was released on 14 June 2019. On 1 September 2019, the group headlined the second night of the Fusion Festival in Liverpool, UK.
Little Mix's sixth concert tour, LM5: The Tour, started on 16 September 2019 in Madrid, Spain. The tour supported their fifth studio album, LM5, and consisted of 40 shows across Europe, concluding on 22 November 2019. During the last show of the tour, Stormzy and Kamille joined Little Mix to perform "Power" and "More Than Words" respectively. On 18 November 2019, Little Mix announced that they would release their first Christmas single, titled "One I've Been Missing". The song was released on 22 November 2019. The group was named as the eighth most played artist of that year in the UK.
2020: Confetti, Nelson's departure and other projects
On 15 January 2020, Little Mix announced on social media that they would be headlining the GRLS! Festival in São Paulo, Brazil. They performed at the festival on 8 March 2020. In February 2020, the group began filming a reality television music competition show, titled Little Mix The Search, which began airing on BBC One on 26 September 2020.
In March 2020, Pollstar released a list of the 50 highest-grossing female tours of the previous two decades (2000–2019). Little Mix were placed as the second girl group on the list, only behind the Spice Girls, with $94,856,997 gross and 1,757,654 tickets sold. On 12 March 2020, Little Mix released a music video for their song, "Wasabi", which marked the end of their LM5 era.
On 27 March 2020, the group released "Break Up Song", the lead single from their then-untitled upcoming sixth studio album. This was the first release entirely under their new record label RCA. The single was accompanied by a lyric video, released on the same day. The music video for the song was released on 8 May 2020. The video was semi-animated, as they had to cancel their planned video shoot for the song due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Promotion for the single was also done remotely due to the pandemic. On 19 April 2020, Little Mix performed an acoustic version of their song "Touch" on the UK exclusive broadcast of the One World: Together at Home concert. On 24 July, the group released the second single from the album, titled "Holiday". The song was announced in a video posted to social media on 16 July 2020. A lyric video for the song was also released on the group's YouTube channel. The music video for "Holiday" was released on 28 August 2020. Little Mix embarked on their virtual concert titled Little Mix Uncancelled on 21 August, after their Summer 2020 Tour got cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 15 September 2020, Little Mix appeared on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge and performed an acoustic version of "Holiday". The group also covered Harry Styles' "Falling", with a mash-up of Joel Corry's "Head & Heart" towards the end. On 9 October, the promotional single "Not a Pop Song" was released. On 15 October, Little Mix announced their second promotional single "Happiness", released the next day. Their third single from the album, "Sweet Melody" was released on 23 October, as well as an accompanying music video. The track reached number one in the UK in January 2021, three months after its initial release.
Their sixth album, Confetti, was released on 6 November 2020 with the title track being released the day before on 5 November 2020. The album art, title and release date were all announced on 16 September 2020. Confetti was described by Pinnock as the group's "biggest" album yet. On 8 November 2020, the group hosted the 2020 MTV Europe Music Awards; they also performed "Sweet Melody" at the ceremony. From 21 to 22 November, a tour film of the LM5 Tour premiered in cinemas worldwide. The trailer for the film was released on YouTube on 15 October 2020. In Mexico, LM5: The Tour Film debuted in tenth place at the Mexican box office with $375.9 thousand pesos grossed.
Following an illness that prevented Nelson from appearing during the final of Little Mix The Search and co-hosting the 2020 MTV Europe Music Awards alongside Edwards, Pinnock and Thirlwall, it was announced by the group's publicist on 17 November 2020 that Nelson would take an extended hiatus from the group for medical reasons. On 23 November, Little Mix and Nathan Dawe announced their collaboration for "No Time for Tears" on their social media. It was released as a single on 25 November 2020 by RCA and Warner Music. On 14 December 2020, Nelson announced her departure from the group due to mental health struggles. Following Nelson's departure, the group announced they would continue as a trio.
2021–2022: As a trio, Between Us and hiatus
In January 2021, Little Mix scored their fifth UK number-one single with "Sweet Melody", which reached the top of the UK Singles Chart three months after its release. On 8 February 2021, the group postponed their Confetti Tour to 2022. The tour was originally scheduled to start in April 2021 but it was postponed due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and also for the safety of their crew and fans. In March 2021, Little Mix were featured on the cover of the March issue of Glamour, which marked their first magazine cover as a trio. They also won the award for "Gamechangers in Music" at the Glamour Women of The Year Awards. Later that month, the group was featured on BBC Radio 1's LOL-a-thon for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day in support of helping those who struggle due to the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. On 31 March 2021, Little Mix were announced as one of the nominees for British Group at the 2021 Brit Awards.
Little Mix members Leigh-Anne Pinnock (left) and Perrie Edwards (right) both announced their pregnancies in May 2021.
On 21 April 2021, Little Mix announced that a remix of "Confetti", the title track of their most recent album, would serve as the album's fourth single. The remix, featuring American rapper Saweetie, was released on 30 April 2021, alongside a music video for the remix. The song debuted at number fifteen on the UK Singles Chart. On 29 April, the day before "Confetti" was released, Little Mix were featured on the cover of Euphoria Magazine. In May 2021, Little Mix were announced as the winner in the Best Group category at the 2021 Global Awards, and became the first ever girl group to win the Brit Award for British Group at the 2021 Brit Awards. The same month, Leigh-Anne Pinnock and Perrie Edwards both announced their pregnancies. On 13 May 2021, the group was featured on YouTube's Released with an exclusive acoustic live performance of their song "Confetti" following their episode. On 14 May 2021, Little Mix teased new music by posting a link to a website that displayed a 24-hour timer. On 15 May 2021, after the 24-hour timer finished, the group announced their new single "Heartbreak Anthem" with Galantis and David Guetta, which was released on 20 May 2021. A music video for the song, directed by Samuel Douek, was released on the same day. When the song spent its tenth week in the top ten in July 2021, Little Mix became the first girl group to accumulate 100 weeks spent inside the top ten of the UK Singles Chart. On 21 May, a day after the release of "Heartbreak Anthem", Little Mix were featured on the digital cover issue of Hunger magazine. In June 2021, it was revealed that Little Mix were the most-played group on UK radio in 2020 and the sixth overall.
On 16 July 2021, it was announced that Little Mix would be honoured with wax figures at Madame Tussauds in London, in celebration of the group's ten-year anniversary. Despite Jesy Nelson's departure from the group in December 2020, it was revealed she would still feature as one of the figures, as she was a significant part of the group during their ten years together, and the wax figures would depict the group in one of their most popular music videos. The figures were unveiled at the Baker Street attraction on 28 July 2021 depicts the group in the outfits used in their "Bounce Back" music video. On 23 July, the group released "Kiss My (Uh Oh)" in collaboration with Anne-Marie as the fourth single from her second studio album, Therapy. The music video for the song was directed by Hannah Lux Davis and premiered on Anne-Marie's YouTube channel the same day.
On 19 August, the group announced they would release their first greatest hits album, Between Us, in celebration of the group's ten-year anniversary. The album's lead single, "Love (Sweet Love)", was announced on 30 August 2021 and was released on 3 September. In October 2021, it was revealed that Little Mix was the ninth-most-played female artist of the 21st century in the United Kingdom so far and the only girl group in the top ten. Between Us was released in November 2021, featuring five new songs. On 11 November 2021, a day before Between Us was released, the group was featured on the covers of DIY and Attitude magazines to promote the album. In the same month, Little Mix won the MTV Europe Music Award for Best UK & Ireland Act, their fifth win in the category.
On 2 December 2021, the group announced that they would be going on hiatus following the completion of their planned Confetti Tour in 2022 in order to "recharge" and work on solo projects. In December 2021, Amazon named Little Mix as one of biggest artists of 2021 year on Amazon Music. In 2021, Vevo UK revealed that Little Mix was the top female act of that year and the only British act to appear on the list top ten. On 19 December 2021, the group received two nominations for the 2022 Brit Awards, for Group of the Year and International Song of the Year for "Heartbreak Anthem".
On 27 January 2022, Little Mix was nominated at the 2022 iHeartRadio Music Awards for Dance Song of The Year with "Heartbreak Anthem". On 3 February, it was announced that the group was Sony Music's tenth biggest selling global act of 2021, with their greatest hits album, Between Us, being one of their biggest selling album globally from that year.
Little Mix performing at their Confetti Tour in Leeds, England.
On 5 April 2022, the group was nominated for "Best Group" at the Global Awards. Between April and May 2022 the group embarked on The Confetti Tour, which started on 9 April 2022 at the SSE Arena in Belfast, and concluded on 14 May 2022 at The O2 Arena in London. Following the first of their two shows at Glasgow's OVO Hydro arena, they were commended and awarded a framed plaque to commemorate them becoming the band that has played the most dates, the group with the highest all-time ticket sales at the arena. After their second show, the Ovo Hydro Arena tweeted that Little Mix also now held the record for the "most tickets sold for a single all-seated show by a musical act" at the venue.
On 26 April 2022, Little Mix announced they would be live streaming their final tour date at The O2 Arena, in London. The stream is titled Little Mix: The Last Show (For Now...) and was available to both stream live and for a limited cinema release on 14 May 2022. Tickets were made available along with merchandise on 27 April 2022, with a portion of proceeds being donated to the charities Child Poverty Action Group and Choose Love. On 6 May 2022, Little Mix announced they plan to reunite in the future following their hiatus after The Confetti Tour. They stated they have decided to manage their own solo releases, and have no plans to release music around the same time as one another to avoid clashing on the charts. In the same month, the group appeared on The One Show, which was their last interview before their hiatus. Before the group had entered their hiatus, Edwards admitted they were already planning a timeframe for their return, with her suggesting that their break may last two years.
On 21 May 2022, Little Mix was named as the second most richest celebrities on Times' The UK Young Music Rich List (30 or Under) with a net worth of 60 million. On 20 June, it was revealed that the group was the fourth most played artist of 2021 in the UK. On 7 July, Between Us was announced by Official Charts, as the fifth biggest selling album in the UK so far of that year. On 13 July, Little Mix announced a limited vinyl edition of their sixth studio album Confetti, in partnership with UNICEF UK, for their Blue Vinyl series. On 6 August, they released their 2023 edition calendar.
Artistry
Little Mix are mainly a pop, R&B, and dance-pop girl group, with influences from genres including tropical house, latin pop, and electronic music. Their lyrics are often centred around feminism, gender equality, LGBT rights, body positivity, and sexism. All three members possess a three-octave soprano vocal range.
Perrie Edwards cites Christina Aguilera, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson and Steve Perry from the American rock band Journey as her musical influences. Jesy Nelson cites Spice Girls, TLC and Missy Elliott as her musical influences. Leigh Anne Pinnock cites Rihanna and Mariah Carey as her biggest influences. Jade Thirlwall references Diana Ross as her favourite singer. Little Mix cite Beyoncé, Michael Jackson, Destiny's Child, En Vogue, Rihanna and TLC as their musical influences.
Public image and impact
Since winning the British version of The X Factor in 2011, Little Mix have gone onto to become one of the show's most successful acts. During their decade together before the group announced their hiatus in 2021, they was often labelled as "the biggest girl group in the world" with The Times citing them "as the most successful girl group since the Spice Girls, and Variety describing them as the biggest girl group since the Spice Girls. The group have been named as one of the greatest girl groups of all time, with Billboard naming them as one of the most successful girl groups of the 10s decade. In 2022, Us Weekly magazine named them as one of the best girl groups of all time.
Little Mix was named by Forbes as one of the most influential acts in Europe, referring to them as "this decade's answer to Spice Girls". In 2021, the group received their own wax figures at Madame Tussauds, with them commenting "From their award-winning music, to inspiring the next generation, Little Mix have been a massive part of the past decade and long may that continue!". The group influence has also expanded overseas to Asian countries with their music being covered by numerous kpop idols, groups, and trainees, with Twice citing them as one of their influences. In 2021, Pitchfork wrote that "Little Mix have captured K-pop's spirit better than any other Western girl group". The group are also known for their strong vocals and signature harmonies.
Little Mix have been hailed as "the feminist girl band of our time". The group have been noted for their involvement with the feminist, girl power, and women's rights movement, with some of their songs' including "Power", "Salute", and "Woman Like Me" being regarded as either girl power or feminist anthems. Their music has often been the subject of numerous topics including feminism, bullying, gender equality, female empowerment, body positivity, and sexism. In 2021, they was the first girl group to win Best British Group at the Brit Awards 2021, 41 years since it was first introduced and called out the music industry for its white male dominance, misogyny, sexism and lack of diversity during their acceptance speech.
Little Mix have amassed a huge following of LGBTQ fans and are cited as LGBTQ+ allies. Writing for Gay Times, Jack Rowe wrote "They've marched in Pride parades, had LGBTQ+ representation in their music videos, and are also vocal supporters of our community. Their concerts offers a safe space to LGBTQ+ people to be who they are without fear of judgement". At the Attitude Awards ceremony, in 2018, the group were awarded for using their platform to advocate for LGBTQ+ rights and in 2019, was a recipient of a British LGBT Award. Their 2016 single "Secret Love Song" is also regarded as a gay anthem, and is credited to helping people come to terms with their own sexuality and feelings. In 2021, Glamour honoured them as Women of the Year Gamechangers in Music.
Little Mix are listed one of the most influential people in the UK after appearing on Debrett's list of the most influential people in the UK, and the Forbes 30 Under 30 list in 2018. The group have appeared on the Sunday Times "Young Rich List" for five consecutive years from 2017 to 2022 with an estimated net worth of 60 million. They were named by DIY as one of the most defining pop groups of our generation. Little Mix have become one Britain's biggest selling acts and one of the best-selling girl groups of all time, with estimated sales of over 75 million records worldwide.
Other ventures
Little Mix Uncancelled
After Little Mix's 2020 summer tour was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, on 30 July 2020, the group announced on their social media that they would be performing a virtual concert, titled Little Mix Uncancelled (stylised as 'Little Mix UNCancelled'). On 21 August 2020, the group performed the concert at Knebworth House, where they had also filmed their "Woman Like Me" music video in 2018. The concert showcased the live premiere of "Break Up Song" and "Holiday". It also has two exclusive performances for Compare The Market account holders. Little Mix Uncancelled was nominated at the 2020 MTV Europe Music Awards for Best Virtual Live, a special category created as a result of the pandemic.
Little Mix The Search
Main article: Little Mix The Search
On 17 October 2019, it was announced that the group were set to launch a talent series on BBC One titled Little Mix The Search, in which they would create and mentor new bands, with the winners joining them on their Summer 2020 Tour. The series was set to premiere in April 2020, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It began airing on 26 September 2020, with the winner set to support the group on their Confetti Tour in 2021.
Products and endorsements
In May 2012, Little Mix launched a Union Flag-themed pack of M&M's and performed at the M&M's World store in London. That year they also released their first book, called Ready to Fly. The title is a reference to their debut single "Wings". The book was published through HarperCollins and documents the group's journey since auditioning for The X Factor. The girl group signed a joint deal with toymaker Vivid and music merchandiser Bravado to release a range of products including dolls, puzzles, accessories and games in November.
During 2012, Little Mix also unveiled a children's clothing range with clothing retailer Primark. The line was aimed at 7–13 year olds and was composed of accessories, T-shirts, leggings and nightwear. In 2013, the group promoted Schwarzkopf hair dye Live Colour XXL through their music video for "How Ya Doin'?". That year, the group also launched a range of nails and nail wraps in partnership with Elegant Touch and New Look. In early 2014, Little Mix launched their new range of nails with Elegant Touch as a result of the previous success. In September 2013, Little Mix launched their first makeup line with Collection. During May 2014, the group teamed up with Vibe Audio to bring out Little Mix zip cable headphones.
In June 2015, Little Mix launched their debut fragrance "Gold Magic". In December 2015, it was announced that Little Mix would be the new global ambassadors for the women's fitness brand USA Pro. In July 2016, Little Mix launched their second fragrance "Wishmaker". In 2017, their third fragrance, "Wishmaker Party Edition" was released. In 2018, Little Mix partnered with dry shampoo brand, Colab. Later that year, Little Mix released limited edition skin care products in partnership with Simple, a skin care brand owned by Unilever, with the group being involved in creating the packaging for the products. Little Mix's partnership with Simple continued in 2019 and 2020, continuing in partnership with anti-bullying charity Ditch the Label, and aims to tackle online bullying. The group also launched the 'Choose Kindness' campaign with the latter together with a new skin care range. Their fourth fragrance, Style, was also released. In September 2018, Little Mix released their second makeup line, LMX Beauty in Boots UK. On 7 November 2019, Little Mix released their first clothing collection with PrettyLittleThing.
Philanthropy
Little Mix took part in the recording of the 2011 X Factor charity single along with the finalists of The X Factor 2011 and previous X Factor contestants JLS and One Direction. They covered the 1978 hit single "Wishing on a Star" by Rose Royce. All proceeds from the single went to the children's charity Together for Short Lives, which provides ongoing care and support for seriously and terminally ill children, young people and their families from the moment of diagnosis. The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart with first-week sales of 98,932 copies. In 2012, the group performed their single "Change Your Life" on the Children In Need 2012 broadcast appeal show, helping raise over £26,757,446 for the cause which helps disadvantaged children in the UK. Little Mix also appeared at the two-part charity concert Children in Need Rocks 2013 to raise money for the campaign, performing a medley of their singles "Change Your Life", "DNA" and "Wings". The concert was broadcast on BBC One during the Children In Need week.
In March 2014, Little Mix teamed up with BeatBullying, the largest anti-bullying organisation in Europe. The quartet is backing the anti-bullying media campaign "The Big March" and the #DeleteCyberbullying project. The campaign is urging the European Commission to introduce new laws to protect children from bullying and cyberbullying, for 77 million euros (£57m) to be set aside for services that protect them and for an annual awareness day to promote the movement. Pinnock said: "Myself and the girls have all experienced being bullied at some point in our life. When we see on Twitter that some of our fans are going through it now we find it so upsetting and that's the reason we feel so passionate about this campaign and the work that BeatBullying does." In March 2014, Little Mix released a cover of Cameo's single "Word Up!" as the official single for Sport Relief 2014. The group also visited Liberia to witness the work paid for by the Sport Relief donations. In 2019, Thirlwall and Pinnock climbed Mount Kilimanjaro for Comic Relief.
In March 2021, Little Mix participated in BBC Radio 1's LOL-a-thon for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day in support of helping those who struggle due to the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. The money raised would also help tackle hunger, homelessness, domestic abuse and mental health stigma.
Little Mix have used their fame as a platform to advocate for female empowerment, body positivity and LGBTQ+ rights.
Discography
Main articles: Little Mix discography and list of songs
DNA (2012)
Salute (2013)
Get Weird (2015)
Glory Days (2016)
LM5 (2018)
Confetti (2020)
Filmography
Little Mix filmography
Year
Name
Role
Notes
Ref.
2011
The X Factor
Themselves
Winner, Series 8
2012
Styled to Rock
Celebrity mentors
Season 1; Episode 3
2017
Glory Days: The Documentary
Themselves
Tour documentary
2019
Celebrity Gogglebox
One episode
Eat In with Little Mix
Web series
Jesy Nelson: Odd One Out
Documentary
2020
Little Mix The Search
Judges
Music competition series
One World: Together at Home
Themselves
Television special
2020 MTV Europe Music Awards
Hosts
Also performers
How to Be Anne-Marie
Themselves
Documentary
LM5: The Tour Film
Tour film
2021
Leigh-Anne: Race, Pop & Power
Documentary
Concert tours
Headlining
DNA Tour (2013)
The Salute Tour (2014)
The Get Weird Tour (2016)
The Glory Days Tour (2017-2018)
Summer Hits Tour 2018 (2018)
LM5: The Tour (2019)
The Confetti Tour (2022)
Supporting
The X Factor Live Tour (2012)
Demi Lovato – The Neon Lights Tour (2014)
Ariana Grande – Dangerous Woman Tour (2017)
Guest
Taylor Swift – The 1989 World Tour (2015)
Cancelled
Summer 2020 Tour (2020)
Awards and achievements
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Little Mix
Little Mix was the first group to win The X Factor UK, becoming the first girl group to reach the final of the series, with their win marking the first time that a girl group had made it past week seven of the live shows. As of 2022, they remain the only girl group to have won the show. They remain as the winning act with the most number one songs from the series and the most 20 UK Top 40 singles. Their debut single "Wings", made them the only third winners from the show, to follow up their winner's single with a second number-one. Their debut album DNA, reached number four on the US Billboard 200, setting a new record for the highest chart entry for a debut album by British girl group. It also had the highest chart entry there for a female group's debut album since Danity Kane in 2006.
In 2015, Black Magic reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, remaining at number one for three consecutive weeks, becoming the first single by a girl group to spend more than one week at number one since sugababes released "About You Now" in 2007. It became the first single by girl group in over a decade to achieve a platinum certification. In the same year Little Mix became the first UK girl group to have their first three studio albums debut in the top fifteen of the Billboard 200. It set a new record for the longest-charting album by a girl group on the UK Albums Chart. Shout Out to My Ex, became the group's fourth number one single in the UK, making them the act with the most number-one singles from The X Factor UK. It later became the second-best selling girl group single released in the UK, behind "Wannabe", by the Spice Girls. It holds the record for the most streamed girl group song in the country with over 196 million streams.
Little Mix's fourth album, Glory Days, made them the eighth girl group to achieve a number-one album in the UK. It also became the fastest-selling number-one album by a girl group in 15 years, since Survivor by Destiny's Child, and achieved the highest first-week UK album sales for a girl group since Spiceworld. It spent five weeks at number one, the longest run at the top for a girl group album since the Spice Girls released Spice in 1996. It holds the record for the longest charting girl group album inside the top 40 on the UK Albums Chart. In 2018, the album became Little Mix's first to reach over a billion streams on Spotify, and became the most streamed girl group album on the platform, and the first girl group album to reach 2 billion streams. "Woman Like Me" became the first song by a girl group to reach number one on the worldwide iTunes chart.
In the 2018, Little mix was the first girl group to have five top-five studio albums on the UK Albums Chart. They are also the first girl group to have three or more albums receive over a billion streams each on the Spotify. They are the girl group with the most platinum music certifications in the United Kingdom and Australia. In 2021, they became the first girl group to accumulate 100 weeks spent in the Top 10 of the UK Official Singles Chart. When "Sweet Melody" reached number one in 2021, it made Little Mix joint 11th on the list of artists with the most number-one singles on the UK Singles Chart. The group also hold the record for the most number-one singles on the Official Big Top 40, with eight in total. Their singles "Shout Out to My Ex", "Touch" and "Black Magic" are three of the most-streamed songs by female artists on the UK's Official Top 40.
The group have embarked on six tours and have sold over three million concert tickets worldwide. Their fourth concert The Glory Days Tour, became the sixth highest-grossing tour of 2017 by a female artists. During the LM5: The Tour in 2019, they received an award from the O2 Arena for their 12 headline shows at the venue. In 2022, Following the first of their two shows at Glasgow's OVO Hydro Arena, they were awarded a framed plaque to commemorate them becoming the band that has played the most dates and the group with the highest all-time ticket sales at the arena. According to Pollstar, they ranked at number 40 for tour earnings, female artists between 2000 and 2019. The group have earned a total of $94 million from all across their tours.
Little Mix have received a number of notable awards including three Brit Awards, six MTV Europe Music Awards, one iHeartRadio Music Award, six Global Music Awards, four Glamour Awards and one British LGBT Award. At the 2017 Brit Awards, they won their first ever Brit Award for Best British Single for "Shout Out to My Ex". In 2019 they won the fan-voted award for British Artist Video of the Year, making them the first girl group to win the award since the Spice Girls in 1997. At the 2021 Brit Awards, they became the first girl group to win the award for Best British Group. They are the act with the most wins for best UK & Ireland act at the MTV Europe Music Awards, winning five awards in total. In 2021 they were given the Women of the Year Gamechangers in Music award at the Glamour Awards.
The group have appeared on Debrett's 2017 list of the most influential people in the UK, the Forbes "30 Under 30" list in 2018, and the Sunday Times "Young Rich List" for four years from 2017 to 2021, with an estimated net worth of £66.7 million as of 2021. They have been described as one of the best girl groups of all time. They are one of the best-selling girl groups of all time, with sales of over 50 million records. Little Mix are one of the most streamed girl group's on Spotify and are the first girl group to have multiple albums reach over a billion combined streams on the platform. They hold the record for the most streamed girl group on Spotify. They are also the first girl group to reaxh hit 5, 6, and 7 billion streams on the platform. Their fourth studio album Glory Days, also holds the record for being the most streamed girl group and is the first album by a girl group to hit 2 billion streams. They once held the record for the most music videos to reach a 100 million views on YouTube before being surpassed by Korean girl group Twice, in 2021.
As of 2021, Little Mix has sold over 28 million singles in the UK and over 3.6 million albums. They have achieved 31 Top 40 singles, nineteen top ten singles, and five number one singles. The group's singles has charted for 630 weeks on the UK Singles Chart with their albums reaching 429 weeks. Little Mix has also amassed over 12 billion streams worldwide, including over 7 billion streams on YouTube. In 2020, it was reported by the Official Charts, that the group has amassed over 1.9 billion streams in the UK.
Notes
^ Indefinite hiatus
References
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^ Griffiths, George (1 September 2022). "Flashback 2012: Little Mix spread their Wings and fly to Number 1". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
^ "Little Mix announce they're going on hiatus in emotional statement". Capital. 2 December 2021.
^ Billboard Staff (10 July 2017). "100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time: Critics' Picks". Billboard. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ "TWICE: Taste of Love". Pitchfork. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ Williams, Kyann-Sian (16 June 2023). "Listen to Little Mix's Leigh-Anne Pinnock's debut solo single, 'Don't Say Love'". NME. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ "Little Mix serve regal realness in new music video for Love (Sweet Love)". GAY TIMES. 3 September 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ Hodgkinson, Will (4 July 2023). "Little Mix on Simon Cowell, new album LM5 and online trolls". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ a b "Little Mix Confetti vs Kylie Disco". Official Charts. 10 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
^ Brandle, Lars (16 June 2023). "Little Mix's Leigh-Anne Drops First Solo Single 'Don't Say Love': Stream It Now". Billboard. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
^ a b Aubrey, Elizabeth (16 September 2023). "Leigh-Anne Pinnock hints debut album will be released next year". NME. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
^ Fletcher, Harry (8 November 2023). "The 10 best girl groups of all time, from TLC to Girls Aloud". Evening Standard. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little Mix.
Official website
Awards and achievements
Preceded byMatt Cardle
Winner of The X Factor 2011
Succeeded byJames Arthur
vteLittle Mix
Perrie Edwards
Leigh-Anne Pinnock
Jade Thirlwall
Jesy Nelson
Studio albums
DNA
Salute
Get Weird
Glory Days
LM5
Confetti
Compilation albums
Between Us
Singles
"Cannonball"
"Wings"
"DNA"
"Change Your Life"
"How Ya Doin'?"
"Move"
"Little Me"
"Word Up!"
"Salute"
"Black Magic"
"Love Me Like You"
"Secret Love Song"
"Hair"
"Shout Out to My Ex"
"Touch"
"No More Sad Songs"
"Power"
"Reggaetón Lento" (remix)
"Only You"
"Woman Like Me"
"Think About Us"
"Bounce Back"
"One I've Been Missing"
"Break Up Song"
"Holiday"
"Sweet Melody"
"No Time for Tears"
"Confetti"
"Heartbreak Anthem"
"Kiss My (Uh-Oh)"
"Love (Sweet Love)"
"No"
Other songs
"Wishing on a Star"
"Joan of Arc"
"Wasabi"
Concert tours
Salute Tour
The Get Weird Tour
The Glory Days Tour
Summer Hits Tour
LM5: The Tour
The Confetti Tour
Filmography
Little Mix The Search
LM5: The Tour Film
Leigh-Anne: Race, Pop & Power
Related articles
Discography
Awards and nominations
Songs
Little Mix: The Last Show (For Now...)
Category
Commons
vteThe X Factor (UK)
Discography
Controversy and criticism
SeriesMain
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Special
Battle of the Stars
Celebrity
The Band
WinnersMain
Steve Brookstein
Shayne Ward
Leona Lewis
Leon Jackson
Alexandra Burke
Joe McElderry
Matt Cardle
Little Mix
James Arthur
Sam Bailey
Ben Haenow
Louisa Johnson
Matt Terry
Rak-Su
Dalton Harris
Special
Lucy Benjamin
Megan McKenna
RLY
Other contestantsSeries 1
G4
Tabby Callaghan
Rowetta Satchell
Roberta Howett
Series 2
Andy Abraham
Journey South
Brenda Edwards
Chico Slimani
The Conway Sisters
Maria Lawson
Series 3
Ray Quinn
Ben Mills
The MacDonald Brothers
Kerry McGregor
Series 4
Rhydian Roberts
Same Difference
Hope
Daniel de Bourg
Series 5
JLS
Eoghan Quigg
Diana Vickers
Ruth Lorenzo
Laura White
Series 6
Olly Murs
Stacey Solomon
Jedward
Lucie Jones
Rachel Adedeji
Series 7
Rebecca Ferguson
One Direction
Cher Lloyd
Mary Byrne
Katie Waissel
Aiden Grimshaw
Belle Amie
Series 8
Marcus Collins
Amelia Lily
Misha B
Janet Devlin
Kitty Brucknell
Frankie Cocozza
Series 9
Jahméne Douglas
Christopher Maloney
Union J
Rylan Clark
Ella Henderson
Lucy Spraggan
Carolynne Poole
Series 10
Nicholas McDonald
Luke Friend
Rough Copy
Kingsland Road
Tamera Foster
Series 11
Fleur East
Andrea Faustini
Lauren Platt
Stereo Kicks
Stevi Ritchie
Only the Young
Jake Quickenden
Chloe Jasmine
Blonde Electra
Series 12
Reggie 'n' Bollie
4th Impact
Seann Miley Moore
Series 13
Saara Aalto
5 After Midnight
Emily Middlemas
Honey G
Four of Diamonds
Series 14
Grace Davies
Alisah Bonaobra
Spencer Sutherland
Series 15
Scarlett Lee
Brendan Murray
Janice Robinson
Olatunji Yearwood
SinglesWinners singles
"Against All Odds"
"That's My Goal"
"A Moment Like This"
"When You Believe"
"Hallelujah"
"The Climb"
"When We Collide"
"Cannonball"
"Impossible"
"Skyscraper"
"Something I Need"
"Forever Young"
"When Christmas Comes Around"
"Dimelo"
"The Power of Love"
Charity singles
"Hero"
"You Are Not Alone"
"Heroes"
"Wishing on a Star"
Related articles
The X Factor franchise
The Xtra Factor
I Can't Sing! The X Factor Musical
X Factor Around the World
vteSycoSyco MusicPeople
Simon Cowell
Sir Philip Green
SYCOtv
American Inventor
Celebrity Duets
Food Glorious Food
Got Talent
Grease Is the Word
The Greatest Dancer
La Banda
Red or Black?
Walk the Line
The X Factor
The You Generation
Awards for Little Mix
vteBrit Award for Song of the Year1970s
"Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen / "A Whiter Shade of Pale" by Procol Harum (1977)
1980s
"Tainted Love" by Soft Cell (1982)
"Come On Eileen" by Dexys Midnight Runners (1983)
"Karma Chameleon" by Culture Club (1984)
"Relax" by Frankie Goes to Hollywood (1985)
"Everybody Wants to Rule the World" by Tears for Fears (1986)
"West End Girls" by Pet Shop Boys (1987)
"Never Gonna Give You Up" by Rick Astley (1988)
"Perfect" by Fairground Attraction (1989)
1990s
"Another Day in Paradise" by Phil Collins (1990)
"Enjoy the Silence" by Depeche Mode (1991)
"These Are the Days of Our Lives" by Queen (1992)
"Could It Be Magic" by Take That (1993)
"Pray" by Take That (1994)
"Parklife" by Blur (1995)
"Back for Good" by Take That (1996)
"Wannabe" by Spice Girls (1997)
"Never Ever" by All Saints (1998)
"Angels" by Robbie Williams (1999)
2000s
"She's the One" by Robbie Williams (2000)
"Rock DJ" by Robbie Williams (2001)
"Don't Stop Movin'" by S Club 7 (2002)
"Just a Little" by Liberty X (2003)
"White Flag" by Dido (2004)
"Your Game" by Will Young (2005)
"Speed of Sound" by Coldplay (2006)
"Patience" by Take That (2007)
"Shine" by Take That (2008)
"The Promise" by Girls Aloud (2009)
2010s
"Beat Again" by JLS (2010)
"Pass Out" by Tinie Tempah featuring Labrinth (2011)
"What Makes You Beautiful" by One Direction (2012)
"Skyfall" by Adele (2013)
"Waiting All Night" by Rudimental featuring Ella Eyre (2014)
"Uptown Funk" by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars (2015)
"Hello" by Adele (2016)
"Shout Out to My Ex" by Little Mix (2017)
"Human" by Rag'n'Bone Man (2018)
"One Kiss" by Calvin Harris and Dua Lipa (2019)
2020s
"Someone You Loved" by Lewis Capaldi (2020)
"Watermelon Sugar" by Harry Styles (2021)
"Easy on Me" by Adele (2022)
"As It Was" by Harry Styles (2023)
"Escapism" by Raye featuring 070 Shake (2024)
vteBrit Award for British Group
The Beatles (1977)
The Police (1982)
Dire Straits (1983)
Culture Club (1984)
Wham! (1985)
Dire Straits (1986)
Five Star (1987)
Pet Shop Boys (1988)
Erasure (1989)
Fine Young Cannibals (1990)
The Cure (1991)
The KLF and Simply Red (1992)
Simply Red (1993)
Stereo MC's (1994)
Blur (1995)
Oasis (1996)
Manic Street Preachers (1997)
The Verve (1998)
Manic Street Preachers (1999)
Travis (2000)
Coldplay (2001)
Travis (2002)
Coldplay (2003)
The Darkness (2004)
Franz Ferdinand (2005)
Kaiser Chiefs (2006)
Arctic Monkeys (2007)
Arctic Monkeys (2008)
Elbow (2009)
Kasabian (2010)
Take That (2011)
Coldplay (2012)
Mumford & Sons (2013)
Arctic Monkeys (2014)
Royal Blood (2015)
Coldplay (2016)
The 1975 (2017)
Gorillaz (2018)
The 1975 (2019)
Foals (2020)
Little Mix (2021)
Wolf Alice (2022)
Wet Leg (2023)
Jungle (2024)
vteMTV Europe Music Award for Best UK & Ireland Act
Oasis (1994, UK)
An Emotional Fish (1994, IE)
5ive (1998)
Boyzone (1999)
Westlife (2000)
Craig David (2001)
Coldplay (2002)
The Darkness (2003)
Muse (2004)
Coldplay (2005)
The Kooks (2006)
Muse (2007)
Leona Lewis (2008)
Pixie Lott (2009)
Marina and the Diamonds (2010)
Adele (2011)
One Direction (2012)
One Direction (2013)
One Direction (2014)
Little Mix (2015)
Little Mix (2016)
Louis Tomlinson (2017)
Little Mix (2018)
Little Mix (2019)
Little Mix (2020)
Little Mix (2021)
Harry Styles (2022)
vteMTV Europe Music Award for Best Pop
Spice Girls (1998)
Britney Spears (1999)
All Saints (2000)
Anastacia (2001)
Kylie Minogue (2002)
Justin Timberlake (2003)
Black Eyed Peas (2004–2005)
Justin Timberlake (2006)
Lady Gaga (2010)
Justin Bieber (2011–2012)
One Direction (2013–2015)
Fifth Harmony (2016)
Camila Cabello (2017)
Dua Lipa (2018)
Halsey (2019)
Little Mix (2020)
BTS (2021)
Taylor Swift (2022)
vtePopjustice £20 Music Prize Winners
"No Good Advice" (Girls Aloud, 2003)
"Some Girls" (Rachel Stevens, 2004)
"Wake Me Up" (Girls Aloud, 2005)
"Biology" (Girls Aloud, 2006)
"Rehab" (Amy Winehouse, 2007)
"Call the Shots" (Girls Aloud, 2008)
"The Promise" (Girls Aloud, 2009)
"Kickstarts" (Example, 2010)
"Higher" (The Saturdays, 2011)
"Jealousy" (Will Young, 2012)
"The Mother We Share" (Chvrches, 2013)
"Move" (Little Mix, 2014)
"Black Magic" (Little Mix, 2015)
"Pillowtalk" (Zayn, 2016)
"Touch" (Little Mix, 2017)
"Anywhere" (Rita Ora, 2018)
"About Work the Dancefloor" (Georgia, 2019)
"Physical" (Dua Lipa, 2020)
"Got Me" (Laura Mvula, 2021)
"As It Was" (Harry Styles, 2022)
"Escapism" (Raye featuring 070 Shake, 2023)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"girl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_group"},{"link_name":"The X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Leigh-Anne Pinnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh-Anne_Pinnock"},{"link_name":"Jade Thirlwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Thirlwall"},{"link_name":"Perrie Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrie_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Jesy Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesy_Nelson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(communication)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-5"},{"link_name":"Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Black Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Magic_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"Debrett's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrett%27s"},{"link_name":"most influential people in the UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrett%27s#%22Debrett's_500%22"},{"link_name":"Forbes \"30 Under 30\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_30_Under_30"},{"link_name":"Sunday Times \"Young Rich List\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times_Rich_List"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Mix_discography"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"gay anthems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_anthem"},{"link_name":"girl power anthems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_power"},{"link_name":"feminist anthems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_feminist_anthems"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Confetti Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confetti_Tour"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little_Mix_Confetti_vs_Kylie_Disco-11"},{"link_name":"British Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Award_for_British_Group"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"accolades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Little_Mix"},{"link_name":"Madame Tussauds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Tussauds"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"MTV Europe Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"Best UK & Ireland Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_UK_%26_Ireland_Act"},{"link_name":"Glamour Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_Awards"},{"link_name":"iHeartRadio Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ%2B"},{"link_name":"British LGBT Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_LGBT_Awards"},{"link_name":"Attitude Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Glamour's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_Awards"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nme1-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"best-selling girl groups of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_girl_groups"},{"link_name":"Britain's biggest selling acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biggest-selling_British_music_artists"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:422-16"}],"text":"English girl groupLittle Mix are an English girl group, formed on the British version of The X Factor, and the first group and only girl group to win the series.[1] The line up consisted of Leigh-Anne Pinnock, Jade Thirlwall, Perrie Edwards, and originally Jesy Nelson, before her departure from the group in 2020. Regarded as the show's most successful winning act, their success led to a girl band renaissance in the UK. Little Mix's vocals and harmonies have garnered critical acclaim and the group have been ranked as one of the best vocal girl groups.[2][3] They were often dubbed by some media as the \"biggest girl group in the world\", before going on a hiatus in 2022, allowing its members to pursue solo projects.[4]Little Mix rose to prominence with their debut single \"Wings\" (2012), achieving five number-one singles, and nineteen top ten entries on the UK Singles Chart. Launched into mainstream recognition after the release of \"Black Magic\", it became the first song by a girl group since 2008 to spend multiple weeks at number one. In 2023, it also became the first music video by a British girl group to surpass one billion streams on YouTube and was ranked by Billboard as one of the \"Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time\".[5] The group has broken various records during their career, including becoming the first girl group to spend over 100 weeks inside the top ten of the UK Singles Chart, the first to accumulate six top five entries on the UK Albums Chart, and for holding the record for the highest chart entry for a debut album by a UK girl group on the US Billboard 200.The group achieved moderate success in America and retained a popular following in Europe, South America, Asia and other regions with Forbes naming them as one of the most influential acts in Europe. Little Mix also made appearances on Debrett's list of the most influential people in the UK, the Forbes \"30 Under 30\", and the Sunday Times \"Young Rich List\". Their music has amassed over 15 billion streams worldwide, making them one of the most streamed girl groups on Spotify. Since their debut, their music has been cited as gay anthems, girl power anthems, and feminist anthems, while gaining popularity in South Korea, with Pitchfork describing them as \"the girl group who has captured K-pop's spirit better than any other western girl group\".[6][7] Little Mix have sold over 3 million concert tickets worldwide, and performed in over 20 countries across their tours, with the Confetti Tour, being their most critically acclaimed.[8][9][10]In 2021, Little Mix became the first girl group in 41 years to win the British Group award at the Brit Awards. Their other accolades include a Madame Tussauds figure, three Brit Awards, seven MTV Europe Music Awards (the most wins for Best UK & Ireland Act), four Glamour Awards, a iHeartRadio Music Award, two Japanese Gold Disc Awards and three Guinness World Records. They have amassed a huge following of LGBTQ+ fans winning a British LGBT Award, an Attitude Award, and were named as Glamour's \"Women of the Year and Game-changers in music\". Often named as one of the greatest girl groups of all time, Little Mix have sold over an estimated 60 million records worldwide,[11][12][13][14] becoming the second best-selling British girl group in the UK, one of the best-selling girl groups of all time, and one of Britain's biggest selling acts.[15]","title":"Little Mix"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eighth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(British_series_8)"},{"link_name":"The X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Louis Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Gary Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Barlow"},{"link_name":"Tulisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisa"},{"link_name":"Kelly Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Rowland"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hellomag-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hellomag-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bootcamp-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metro_2011-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_mixx.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV-22"},{"link_name":"Super Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bass"},{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"The X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metro-23"},{"link_name":"Rhythmix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmix"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halliday_2011-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glamour_2011-25"},{"link_name":"Syco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syco"},{"link_name":"TalkbackTHAMES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TalkbackTHAMES"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nissim_2011-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nissim_2011-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newsbeat_2011-27"},{"link_name":"The Conway Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conway_Sisters"},{"link_name":"series 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(British_series_2)"},{"link_name":"Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_(English_band)"},{"link_name":"series 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(British_series_4)"},{"link_name":"The Supremes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Supremes"},{"link_name":"You Keep Me Hangin' On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Keep_Me_Hangin%27_On"},{"link_name":"Motown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"If I Were a Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Were_a_Boy"},{"link_name":"Marcus Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Collins"},{"link_name":"Amelia Lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Lily"},{"link_name":"Random","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_(band)"},{"link_name":"first series of the Australian version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(Australian_season_1)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Damien Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Rice"},{"link_name":"Cannonball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannonball_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_single"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amazon_Cannonball_2011-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hackford_Jones_2011-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVGuide_2011-32"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Music_Week-33"},{"link_name":"Irish Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"The Saw Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saw_Doctors"},{"link_name":"Ryan Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Sheridan_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"2011–2012: Formation and The X Factor","text":"In 2011, Edwards, Thirlwall, Pinnock and Nelson individually auditioned successfully as soloists for the eighth series of the UK version of The X Factor in front of judges Louis Walsh, Gary Barlow, Tulisa and Kelly Rowland,[16] but failed the first challenge of the \"bootcamp\" section.[17] They were allowed another chance to compete when they were placed in two separate ensembles by the judges during the \"group bootcamp\" stage, with Edwards and Nelson in four-member group Faux Pas and Thirlwall and Pinnock in three-member group Orion.[17][18] Both groups failed to make it through to the next stage. A later decision by the judges recalled two members from each group to form the four-piece group Rhythmix, sending them through to the \"judges' houses\" section.[19] Footage released in November 2022 revealed that Rowland alone was the judge who formed the group.[20]Little Mix in 2012They reached the live shows section and were mentored by Tulisa.[21] During the first live show on 8 October 2011, Rhythmix performed \"Super Bass\" by American recording artist Nicki Minaj. Their rendition was praised by the judges with Barlow calling them the \"best girl band that's ever been on The X Factor.\"[22] On 26 October 2011, it was announced that they would change their name following a dispute with Rhythmix, a Brighton-based children's music charity of the same name, after the programme tried to trademark \"Rhythmix\".[23][24] A spokesman for The X Factor said, \"At the request of the charity Rhythmix, the members of the girl group Rhythmix have decided to change their name, a decision which has the support of Syco and TalkbackTHAMES.\"[25] It was reported that the group decided to make the change, with no legal requirement to do so, to avoid any difficulties for the charity.[25] On 28 October 2011, it was announced that the group's new name would be \"Little Mix\".[26]On 20 November 2011, Little Mix became the first girl group in the show's eight-year history to progress past the seventh live show. The previous longest-surviving girl groups were The Conway Sisters (series 2) and Hope (series 4), who had both lasted until week 7. Through the remaining course of the competition the group generally received positive feedback. On 3 December 2011, during the semi-final stage of the show, Little Mix performed The Supremes's \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" for their Motown classic as well as Beyoncé's hit \"If I Were a Boy\" for a song they believe it can get them to the final. Their performance of \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" received mostly negative feedback from the judges with Walsh stating that they \"lost their mojo\" and Rowland telling them she had seen them do \"better vocal performances.\" Their second performance of the night, \"If I Were a Boy\", was generally acclaimed by the judges with Walsh telling them they have \"amazing potential\" and calling them the \"next big girlband.\" Rowland also told them they could be \"incredibly dynamic\" and \"change the world\" when they find the strength within each other. On 4 December 2011, Little Mix made X Factor history by becoming the first girlband ever to make the final of the show. They advanced to the final alongside Marcus Collins and Amelia Lily.On 11 December 2011, Little Mix were announced as the winners of The X Factor 2011, the first time that a group had won the UK show and the second (of five) in the worldwide franchise (after Random on the first series of the Australian version).[27][28] Their winner's single was a cover of Damien Rice's song \"Cannonball\", which was released via digital download on 11 December 2011 and on CD on 14 December 2011.[29][30] The Xtra Factor: The Winner's Story was shown on ITV2 on 17 December 2011.[31] Their debut single topped the UK Singles Chart on 18 December 2011.[32] They made the Christmas number one spot on the Irish Singles Chart, beating novelty songs by The Saw Doctors and Ryan Sheridan.[33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013_-_Little_Mix_DNA_Tour_date_at_York_Barbican_Centre_Little_Mix_(8461685629).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013_-_Little_Mix_DNA_Tour_date_at_York_Barbican_Centre_Little_Mix_(8462773232).jpg"},{"link_name":"DNA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_Tour"},{"link_name":"National Television Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Television_Awards"},{"link_name":"En Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Vogue"},{"link_name":"Don't Let Go (Love)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Let_Go_(Love)"},{"link_name":"Gary Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Barlow"},{"link_name":"Tulisa Contostavlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisa_Contostavlos"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"End of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Time_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"We Are Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_Young"},{"link_name":"Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun_(band)"},{"link_name":"Janelle Monáe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e"},{"link_name":"Alan Carr: Chatty Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Carr:_Chatty_Man"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"T4 on the Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T4_on_the_Beach"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Australian The X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_(Australian_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(Little_Mix_album)"},{"link_name":"Nicola Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Roberts"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Change Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_Your_Life_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"How Ya Doin'?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Ya_Doin%27%3F"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"How Ya Doin'?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Ya_Doin%27%3F"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Schwarzkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Schwarzkopf_GmbH"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopLedge-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKchart-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCC-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCC-54"},{"link_name":"Irish Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRE-56"},{"link_name":"Scottish Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCO-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scosingles-58"}],"sub_title":"2012–2013: DNA and international breakthrough","text":"Little Mix performing on the DNA Tour (2013)On 25 January 2012, Little Mix made an appearance at the National Television Awards and performed the En Vogue song \"Don't Let Go (Love)\". They also accompanied fellow judges Gary Barlow and Tulisa Contostavlos on stage to receive the Best Talent Show award that had been won by The X Factor.[35] In May 2012, Little Mix reportedly signed a deal with Vivid and Bravado to release signature products including dolls, puzzles, accessories and games.[36] Prior to their debut single release, the group covered an a cappella version of Beyoncé's \"End of Time\" and uploaded it on YouTube; the cover was publicly praised, especially for the group's impressive harmonies.[37] Later in August, they also uploaded another cover, this time an acoustic cover of \"We Are Young\" by Fun ft. Janelle Monáe which again received positive feedback, generally, for the group's harmonies. On 1 June, a snippet of their debut single \"Wings\" previewed on chat show Alan Carr: Chatty Man before its later release date in August.[38]Little Mix performed their debut single \"Wings\" for the first time at the T4 on the Beach concert on 1 July.[39] The single debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart.[40] On 31 August 2012, the group's autobiography, titled Ready to Fly, was released by HarperCollins.[41][42] In October 2012, the group went on a promotional visit to Australia due to their expanding fan base there, destinations included Melbourne and Sydney. The trip lasted a week and the group visited radio stations to promote the single and debut album. They performed their single \"Wings\" on Australian The X Factor and on Australian breakfast-television show Sunrise. \"Wings\" subsequently reached number 2 on the Australian iTunes chart and number 3 on the ARIA charts.[43] Their debut album, DNA, was released in November 2012. Nicola Roberts co-penned a track called \"Going Nowhere\" on the DNA album. The album reached number 3 in both Ireland and the UK. A second single, \"DNA\", was released in October,[44] and in January 2013 they signed a record deal with Columbia Records in North America.[45] \"Wings\" was released as their debut single in America on 5 February 2013. In the US, the single reached number 79 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart while the album reached number 4 on the Billboard 200.[46] On 3 February 2013, they released \"Change Your Life\" as the album's third single, which charted at number 12 on the UK Singles Chart.[47] On 4 March 2013, it was announced that \"How Ya Doin'?\" would be released as the fourth and final single from their debut album.[48]On 21 March, they announced that their next single, \"How Ya Doin'?\", would feature Grammy Award-winning musician Missy Elliott.[49] On 4 April 2013, the group revealed that Schwarzkopf hair dye Live Colour XXL would be promoted through their music video for \"How Ya Doin'?\" in a new sponsorship deal.[50] \"How Ya Doin'?\" debuted at number 57 on the UK Singles Chart on 20 April 2013, before ascending to number 23 the week after.[51] In its third week, the song peaked at number 16,[52] marking Little Mix's fifth consecutive UK top 20 hit.[53] It charted for a further seven weeks.[53] \"How Ya Doin'?\" sold 120,000 copies in the UK. The single debuted at number 55 on the Irish Singles Chart on 11 April 2013.[54] It then climbed the chart to peak at number 26. Consequently, \"How Ya Doin'?\" became Little Mix's first single to miss the top 20 in Ireland, but spent a total of seven weeks on the chart.[55] The single peaked at number 16 on the Scottish Singles Chart on 11 May 2013,[56] marking the group's fifth consecutive top 20 hit in Scotland.[57]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Digital Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-more_R&B-59"},{"link_name":"David Guetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Guetta"},{"link_name":"Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Gwen Stefani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Stefani"},{"link_name":"Let Me Blow Ya Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Me_Blow_Ya_Mind"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-more_R&B-59"},{"link_name":"Salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salute_(Little_Mix_album)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_release_date-61"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Jam_and_Terry_Lewis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_mix_salute_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Little Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Me_(song)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Cameo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Word Up!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_Up!_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sport Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Relief"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-66"},{"link_name":"Salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salute_(song)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"The Salute Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salute_Tour"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"LG Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Arena_(Birmingham)"},{"link_name":"Scarborough, North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Scarborough Open Air Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_Open_Air_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"2013–2014: Salute and \"Word Up!\"","text":"In March 2013, Little Mix began their first promotional campaign in the US. In an interview with Digital Spy in March 2013, they stated that they wanted their second album to have a more R&B sound.[58] Nelson added: \"I personally want to put a lot more dancey stuff in there. As in, one of the songs that comes on in a club that makes you want to dance. Not that David Guetta sound, but more R&B – a bit like Eve and Gwen Stefani's 'Let Me Blow Ya Mind'.\" They also revealed that they would be starting to write material for the new album in the coming months.[58] On 4 October, they uploaded a video to their official YouTube page, announcing that their second album would be called Salute and would be available for pre-order on 7 October.[59] The album was released on 11 November 2013 in the United Kingdom and was released in the United States on 4 February 2014.[60] Throughout the recording process, Little Mix worked with several producers, including TMS, Future Cut, Fred Ball, Duvall and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. The album was largely co-written by Little Mix, who stated that they were more involved in the development of this album than with their debut.Little Mix in February 2014On 23 September 2013, \"Move\" was premiered on BBC Radio 1. For the single, Little Mix worked with Nathan Duvall, an up-and-coming R&B producer and Maegan Cottone, the girl's vocal coach. \"Move\" was released on 7 October in Australia and New Zealand. It was later released in the UK and Ireland on 3 November. It was sent to Mainstream Radio in the US on 18 February 2014 and reached number 38 on that chart. The song peaked at number three in the UK, number five in Ireland, number 19 in Japan and number 12 in New Zealand. The single also charted in Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands and Slovakia. Since then, \"Move\" has been certified gold in Australia for sales of 35,000[61] and gold in the UK for sales of 400,000.[62] \"Little Me\" was selected as the second single from the album. The song was co-written by TMS and Iain James and produced by TMS. On 21 November 2013, Little Mix revealed via a YouTube video message that they decided to release it as the second single because it held a lot meaning to them and was written with their fans in mind.[63] The song reached number 14 in the UK, number fifteen in Iceland and number 16 in the Netherlands. It also charted in Australia, Ireland and Lebanon. The band released a cover version of Cameo's song \"Word Up!\" as the official single for Sport Relief 2014.[64][65] The song reached number six in the UK and number thirteen in Ireland while also charting in Australia, Austria, Denmark and France.Little Mix announced on 5 April 2014 that the title track \"Salute\" will be released as the album's third single. It impacted UK radio on 28 April 2014.[66] The official music video premiered on 2 May 2014 on the group's official YouTube channel.[67] It was released on 1 June. In December 2013, the group announced the UK and Ireland dates for their second headlining concert tour, The Salute Tour, North American dates were added in April 2014. The tour began on 16 May 2014 in Birmingham, England at the LG Arena and ended on 27 July 2014 in Scarborough, North Yorkshire at the Scarborough Open Air Theatre. Little Mix were expected to begin the North American leg of the tour in September 2014, but it was cancelled due to them wanting to work on their next album.[68]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_Mix_15_(25870146921).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_Mix_3_(25870199991).jpg"},{"link_name":"Get Weird Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Weird_Tour"},{"link_name":"2015 Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Black Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Magic_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"Sugababes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugababes"},{"link_name":"About You Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_You_Now"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"Pretty Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Girls_(Britney_Spears_and_Iggy_Azalea_song)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Get Weird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Weird"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"British Overseas Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Love Me Like You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Me_Like_You"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK-80"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-girl_power_legacy-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Fleur East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur_East"},{"link_name":"Secret Love Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Love_Song"},{"link_name":"Jason Derulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Derulo"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"The Get Weird Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Get_Weird_Tour"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"reggae pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae_pop"},{"link_name":"Sean Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Paul"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"2015–2016: Get Weird","text":"Little Mix performing on the Get Weird Tour (2016)At the 2015 Brit Awards, the group confirmed that their album was completed, describing it as having a \"whole new sound\" and projecting the release for sometime in 2015.[69] Having written over 100 songs for their forthcoming album,[70] In May 2015 Little Mix released the lead single \"Black Magic\" from their third studio album. The song debuted at number one in the UK and remained at the top of the chart for three weeks, becoming the first single by a girl group to do so since Sugababes's \"About You Now\" in October 2007.[71][72] The single also reached number 3 in Ireland, number 4 in Belgium (Flanders), number 5 in Israel, number 8 in Australia and number 67 in the US, becoming their highest-peaking single on Billboard Hot 100. The group performed the song for the first time in June 2015 for Capital's Summertime Ball at the Wembley Stadium along with some of their previous hits. \"Black Magic\" was also performed the song at the Teen Choice Awards in August 2015, after they received the award as Breakout Artist. Since then, \"Black Magic\" has been certified Gold in the US for sales of 500,000,[73] Platinum in Canada for sales of 80,000 and double Platinum both in Australia and the UK for sales of 140,000[74] and 1,200,000[75] respectively. Little Mix also co-wrote Britney Spears' single \"Pretty Girls\", which was also released in May 2015.[76]On 15 July 2015, Little Mix announced on Twitter that their third studio album would be titled Get Weird and would be available for pre-order in the UK from the following day, with a global release date set for 6 November 2015.[77] The group performed at the Gibraltar Music Festival on 5 September 2015, an annual music festival held in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar.[78] On 25 September the group released \"Love Me Like You\" as the second single from the album, it was released as a single only in the UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. The group performed the song for the first time at X Factor Australia in October 2015, then at the Royal Albert Hall in December 2015 and at the Capital Jingle Bell Ball. The group's third studio album Get Weird debuted at number 2 in the UK becoming their highest-charting album there.[79] In the US, the album peaked at number 13 on Billboard 200, making Little Mix the only girl group from the UK to have their first three albums debut in the top fifteen of the Billboard 200.[80] The album has been certified double platinum in the UK and has sold over 600,000 units there as of August 2016, making it their best selling album yet.[81] The group performed a medley of \"Black Magic\" and \"Sax\" with the former UK X Factor contestant Fleur East on the season finale of X Factor. On 5 December the group announced on Twitter that \"Secret Love Song\" featuring the American R&B singer Jason Derulo would be released as the album's third single. The single reached number six on the UK Singles Chart. On 24 February 2016 the group performed \"Black Magic\" at the 2016 Brit Awards, where they were nominated for Best British Single and British Artist Video.On 13 March 2016 Little Mix embarked on The Get Weird Tour to promote the album, the arena tour consist of 60 dates across Europe, Australia and Asia. The Get Weird tour sold over 300,000 tickets in the UK.[82] On 11 April 2016, the group announced that \"Hair\" would serve as the fourth single from Get Weird and would feature newly recorded guest vocals from reggae pop recording artist Sean Paul. The single was released on 15 April 2016 and reached number 11 on the UK chart while peaking at number 10 in Australia making it their fourth top 10 single there.[83]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_Mix_5_(38119719494).jpg"},{"link_name":"The Glory Days Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glory_Days_Tour"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"V Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Festival"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Shout Out to My Ex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout_Out_to_My_Ex"},{"link_name":"Glory Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_Days_(Little_Mix_album)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialchartsmix-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialchartsmix-88"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialcharts1-90"},{"link_name":"Spice Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Girls"},{"link_name":"Destiny's Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_(Destiny%27s_Child_album)"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialcharts1-90"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialcharts.com-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ireland-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Zealand-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"2016 Los 40 Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOS40_Music_Awards_2016"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"2017 Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"No More Sad Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_More_Sad_Songs"},{"link_name":"Machine Gun Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Gun_Kelly_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"Dangerous Woman Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Woman_Tour"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"The Glory Days Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glory_Days_Tour"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"Stormzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormzy"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"CNCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNCO"},{"link_name":"a remixed version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaet%C3%B3n_Lento_(Remix)"},{"link_name":"Reggaetón Lento (Bailemos)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaet%C3%B3n_Lento_(Bailemos)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-102"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Summer Hits Tour 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Hits_Tour_2018"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_Mix_and_Nicki_Minaj_at_MTV_EMAs_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"2018 MTV Europe Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Cheat Codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheat_Codes_(DJs)"},{"link_name":"Only You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_You_(Cheat_Codes_and_Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Woman Like Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Like_Me"},{"link_name":"LM5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LM5_(album)"},{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Cardi B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardi_B"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Joan of Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-117"},{"link_name":"MTV European Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_European_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"LM5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LM5_(album)"},{"link_name":"RCA UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_UK"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Apple Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LittleMixLM5TourParis_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"LM5: The Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LM5:_The_Tour"},{"link_name":"Think About Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_About_Us"},{"link_name":"The Graham Norton Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Graham_Norton_Show"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Ty Dollar $ign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-117"},{"link_name":"2019 Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Bounce Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounce_Back_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1%27s_Big_Weekend"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Fusion Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_Festival"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"LM5: The Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LM5:_The_Tour"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Stormzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormzy"},{"link_name":"Kamille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamille_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"One I've Been Missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_I%27ve_Been_Missing"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"}],"sub_title":"2016–2019: Glory Days and LM5","text":"Little Mix performing on The Glory Days Tour in GlasgowOn 21 June 2016, it was revealed that the group had begun work on their fourth studio album; they later confirmed that they would be releasing new music \"before Christmas\".[84] In an interview at V Festival in Chelmsford, the group announced that the lead single from their fourth studio album would be released in October 2016.[85] On 13 October 2016, Little Mix announced the song's title as \"Shout Out to My Ex\" and that their fourth studio album would be called Glory Days. \"Shout Out to My Ex\" was released on 16 October 2016, following the first live performance of the song on The X Factor.[86] The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart becoming their fourth chart topping single there.[87] It sold 67,000 downloads in its opening week, becoming the biggest opening week download sales for a song in 2016 in the UK.[87]Glory Days was released on 18 November 2016 and debuted at number one on the UK album chart, becoming the group's first UK number one album and the eighth girl group in history to achieve a number one album.[88][89] The album sold 96,000 copies in combined sales in the first week which is the highest first week sales for a UK girl group number one album since the Spice Girls in 1997 and the fastest-selling number one album by any girl group in 15 years, since Destiny's Child's Survivor in 2001.[89] Glory Days spent five weeks at number one on the UK album chart, making it the longest reigning girl group number one since the Spice Girls' debut 20 years previously, surpassing Destiny's Child's Survivor.[90] The album reached number one in Ireland and debuted at number two in Australia,[91] and in the top 10 in the Netherlands, New Zealand and Spain.[92][93][94]On 1 December 2016, Little Mix performed \"Shout Out to My Ex\", at the 2016 Los 40 Music Awards in Barcelona, Spain.[95] Little Mix announced on 5 December 2016 that \"Touch\" would be released as the second single from Glory Days. It was released on 18 December 2016 and reached number four in the UK.[96] At the 2017 Brit Awards the group was nominated for three awards, winning Best British Single for \"Shout Out to My Ex\", which they also performed on the award show. A remix of their song \"No More Sad Songs\", featuring Machine Gun Kelly, was released on 3 March 2017 as the third single from Glory Days and peaked at number fifteen on the UK Official Singles Chart.From February to April 2017, Little Mix toured North America as one of the opening acts for Ariana Grande on her Dangerous Woman Tour.[97] The group then embarked on their own headlining The Glory Days Tour which began on 24 May 2017 in Europe, with the first UK date being on 9 October in Scotland.[98][99] A remix of their song \"Power\", featuring Stormzy, was released on 26 May 2017 as the fourth single from Glory Days and peaked at number six in the UK. In August 2017, Little Mix and Latin American boy band CNCO collaborated on a remixed version of the latter group's song \"Reggaetón Lento (Bailemos)\".[100] The song was included on the reissue of Glory Days, which was released on 24 November 2017, and featured a revised track listing of four remixed songs and three new songs, as well as a bonus documentary.[101] As of November 2017, Glory Days has sold over 1.6 million copies worldwide.[102] The group announced on 27 November 2017 that they would be undertaking the Summer Hits Tour 2018, with tickets going on sale on 30 November.[103]Still of the group performing \"Woman Like Me\" with Minaj on 2018 MTV Europe Music Awards, via YouTubeIn February 2018, Pinnock announced that the group were working on their fifth album, set for release in 2018, and that there would be a tour to accompany the album.[104] On 14 June 2018, it was revealed that a song by Little Mix and American DJ trio Cheat Codes, \"Only You\", would be part of the compilation album The Pool Party, to be released on 6 July 2018 by Ministry of Sound. The song was released on 22 June 2018.[105][106]In September 2018, the group announced \"Woman Like Me\", the lead single from their fifth studio album LM5, featuring US rapper Nicki Minaj. It was released on 12 October 2018.[107] The music video for the song was released two weeks after, on 25 October 2018.[108] The song debuted at number five on the UK Singles Chart, later peaking at number two. On 21 October 2018, Little Mix performed \"Woman Like Me\" for the first time at the BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards, where they also won \"Best British Group\" at the ceremony.[109] Little Mix also performed the song on The X Factor on 27 October 2018.[110][111]After the release of \"Woman Like Me\", Little Mix were dragged into a feud between Cardi B and Nicki Minaj, with Cardi B claiming that the song was sent to her first, before giving the feature to Minaj. On 30 October 2018, the group went on to address the situation in a tweet saying that both rappers were approached by their label to work on the song but Minaj was approached first. They also stated \"We went with Nicki because like we've said over and over for years, it's been a dream of ours to work with her since the beginning\".[112][113]On 2 November 2018, the group released \"Joan of Arc\" as the first promotional single from LM5, and peaked at number 61 on the UK Singles Chart.[114] A week later on 9 November 2018, \"Told You So\" was released as the second promotional single from the album and peaked at number 83 on the UK Singles Chart.[115][116] The group then performed \"Woman Like Me\" alongside Nicki Minaj at the MTV European Music Awards on 4 November 2018, where they won an award for best UK & Ireland Act.[117] It was later announced that the group would split from Cowell's record label, Syco Music, due to the label no longer working with the group's management company.LM5 was released on 16 November 2018 and was serviced by RCA UK and Columbia Records, with future records to be released by the latter.[118] On 13 November 2018, Little Mix teamed up with Apple Music for an exclusive live performance in London, featuring new tracks from their new album, LM5. The performances was accompanied by a live band, which marked the group's first time to perform with a live band in three years.[119] The same day, \"The Cure\" was released as the third and final promotional single from the LM5 album, where it peaked at number 49 on the UK Singles Chart.[120] Alongside the album release, the music videos for the album tracks \"Strip\" and \"More Than Words\" were also released.[121]Little Mix performing in Paris during their LM5: The Tour in 2019.On 14 December 2018, Little Mix performed \"Think About Us\" for the first time on The Graham Norton Show.[122] On 25 January 2019, Little Mix released a remix version of their song \"Think About Us\" as the second and final single from their LM5 album. The song features American singer-songwriter Ty Dollar $ign.[123] The song peaked at number 22 on the UK Singles Chart.[116] At the 2019 Brit Awards, the group was nominated for two awards, winning Best British Video for \"Woman Like Me\". During the ceremony, they performed a remix of the song with South London rapper Ms. Banks.[124] During a live stream, Jesy Nelson mentioned that the group were at the writing stage for their sixth studio album.[125] They announced their single \"Bounce Back\" on 26 May 2019.[126] On the same day, Little Mix performed at the 2019 BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend.[127] \"Bounce Back\" was released on 14 June 2019. On 1 September 2019, the group headlined the second night of the Fusion Festival in Liverpool, UK.[128]Little Mix's sixth concert tour, LM5: The Tour, started on 16 September 2019 in Madrid, Spain. The tour supported their fifth studio album, LM5, and consisted of 40 shows across Europe, concluding on 22 November 2019.[129] During the last show of the tour, Stormzy and Kamille joined Little Mix to perform \"Power\" and \"More Than Words\" respectively.[130] On 18 November 2019, Little Mix announced that they would release their first Christmas single, titled \"One I've Been Missing\". The song was released on 22 November 2019.[131] The group was named as the eighth most played artist of that year in the UK.[132]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"reality television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"Little Mix The Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Mix_The_Search"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Pollstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollstar"},{"link_name":"Spice 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Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_World:_Together_at_Home"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Little Mix Uncancelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Little_Mix_Uncancelled"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-147"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Lounge"},{"link_name":"Harry Styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Styles"},{"link_name":"Falling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_(Harry_Styles_song)"},{"link_name":"Joel Corry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Corry"},{"link_name":"Head & Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_%26_Heart"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Sweet Melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Melody_(song)"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Twitter-152"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-117"},{"link_name":"Confetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confetti_(Little_Mix_album)"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"2020 MTV Europe Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"the LM5 Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LM5:_The_Tour"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-158"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-158"},{"link_name":"LM5: The Tour Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LM5:_The_Tour_Film"},{"link_name":"pesos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_peso"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"publicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicist"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Nathan Dawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Dawe"},{"link_name":"No Time for Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Time_for_Tears_(Nathan_Dawe_and_Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA"},{"link_name":"Warner Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC2021214-164"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC2021214-164"}],"sub_title":"2020: Confetti, Nelson's departure and other projects","text":"On 15 January 2020, Little Mix announced on social media that they would be headlining the GRLS! Festival in São Paulo, Brazil. They performed at the festival on 8 March 2020.[133] In February 2020, the group began filming a reality television music competition show, titled Little Mix The Search, which began airing on BBC One on 26 September 2020.[134]In March 2020, Pollstar released a list of the 50 highest-grossing female tours of the previous two decades (2000–2019). Little Mix were placed as the second girl group on the list, only behind the Spice Girls, with $94,856,997 gross and 1,757,654 tickets sold.[135] On 12 March 2020, Little Mix released a music video for their song, \"Wasabi\", which marked the end of their LM5 era.[136]On 27 March 2020, the group released \"Break Up Song\", the lead single from their then-untitled upcoming sixth studio album.[137] This was the first release entirely under their new record label RCA.[138] The single was accompanied by a lyric video, released on the same day.[139] The music video for the song was released on 8 May 2020. The video was semi-animated, as they had to cancel their planned video shoot for the song due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[140] Promotion for the single was also done remotely due to the pandemic. On 19 April 2020, Little Mix performed an acoustic version of their song \"Touch\" on the UK exclusive broadcast of the One World: Together at Home concert.[141] On 24 July, the group released the second single from the album, titled \"Holiday\".[142][143] The song was announced in a video posted to social media on 16 July 2020.[144] A lyric video for the song was also released on the group's YouTube channel.[145] The music video for \"Holiday\" was released on 28 August 2020.[citation needed] Little Mix embarked on their virtual concert titled Little Mix Uncancelled on 21 August, after their Summer 2020 Tour got cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[146] On 15 September 2020, Little Mix appeared on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge and performed an acoustic version of \"Holiday\". The group also covered Harry Styles' \"Falling\", with a mash-up of Joel Corry's \"Head & Heart\" towards the end.[147][148] On 9 October, the promotional single \"Not a Pop Song\" was released.[149] On 15 October, Little Mix announced their second promotional single \"Happiness\", released the next day.[150] Their third single from the album, \"Sweet Melody\" was released on 23 October, as well as an accompanying music video.[151] The track reached number one in the UK in January 2021, three months after its initial release.[116]Their sixth album, Confetti, was released on 6 November 2020 with the title track being released the day before on 5 November 2020.[152] The album art, title and release date were all announced on 16 September 2020.[153] Confetti was described by Pinnock as the group's \"biggest\" album yet.[154] On 8 November 2020, the group hosted the 2020 MTV Europe Music Awards; they also performed \"Sweet Melody\" at the ceremony.[155] From 21 to 22 November, a tour film of the LM5 Tour premiered in cinemas worldwide.[156][157] The trailer for the film was released on YouTube on 15 October 2020.[157] In Mexico, LM5: The Tour Film debuted in tenth place at the Mexican box office with $375.9 thousand pesos grossed.[158]Following an illness that prevented Nelson from appearing during the final of Little Mix The Search and co-hosting the 2020 MTV Europe Music Awards alongside Edwards, Pinnock and Thirlwall, it was announced by the group's publicist on 17 November 2020 that Nelson would take an extended hiatus from the group for medical reasons.[159] On 23 November, Little Mix and Nathan Dawe announced their collaboration for \"No Time for Tears\" on their social media.[160] It was released as a single on 25 November 2020 by RCA and Warner Music.[161] On 14 December 2020, Nelson announced her departure from the group due to mental health struggles.[162][163] Following Nelson's departure, the group announced they would continue as a trio.[163]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Confetti Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confetti_Tour"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Glamour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Glamour Women of The Year Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_Awards"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"Red Nose Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Nose_Day"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-169"},{"link_name":"British Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Award_for_British_Group"},{"link_name":"2021 Brit 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Released","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Heartbreak Anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbreak_Anthem"},{"link_name":"Galantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galantis"},{"link_name":"David Guetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Guetta"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"wax figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_figures"},{"link_name":"Madame Tussauds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Tussauds"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Baker 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Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_UK_%26_Ireland_Act"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"2022 Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"2022 iHeartRadio Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Heartbreak Anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbreak_Anthem"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"Sony Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"Between 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Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Poverty_Action_Group"},{"link_name":"Choose Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choose_Love_(organisation)"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"The One Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_Show"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"Between Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_Us_(Little_Mix_album)"},{"link_name":"Official Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"Confetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confetti_(Little_Mix_album)"},{"link_name":"UNICEF UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF_UK"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"}],"sub_title":"2021–2022: As a trio, Between Us and hiatus","text":"In January 2021, Little Mix scored their fifth UK number-one single with \"Sweet Melody\", which reached the top of the UK Singles Chart three months after its release.[164] On 8 February 2021, the group postponed their Confetti Tour to 2022. The tour was originally scheduled to start in April 2021 but it was postponed due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and also for the safety of their crew and fans.[165] In March 2021, Little Mix were featured on the cover of the March issue of Glamour, which marked their first magazine cover as a trio.[166] They also won the award for \"Gamechangers in Music\" at the Glamour Women of The Year Awards.[167] Later that month, the group was featured on BBC Radio 1's LOL-a-thon for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day in support of helping those who struggle due to the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK.[168] On 31 March 2021, Little Mix were announced as one of the nominees for British Group at the 2021 Brit Awards.[169]Little Mix members Leigh-Anne Pinnock (left) and Perrie Edwards (right) both announced their pregnancies in May 2021.On 21 April 2021, Little Mix announced that a remix of \"Confetti\", the title track of their most recent album, would serve as the album's fourth single. The remix, featuring American rapper Saweetie, was released on 30 April 2021, alongside a music video for the remix.[170] The song debuted at number fifteen on the UK Singles Chart.[171] On 29 April, the day before \"Confetti\" was released, Little Mix were featured on the cover of Euphoria Magazine.[172] In May 2021, Little Mix were announced as the winner in the Best Group category at the 2021 Global Awards,[173] and became the first ever girl group to win the Brit Award for British Group at the 2021 Brit Awards.[174] The same month, Leigh-Anne Pinnock and Perrie Edwards both announced their pregnancies.[175] On 13 May 2021, the group was featured on YouTube's Released with an exclusive acoustic live performance of their song \"Confetti\" following their episode.[176] On 14 May 2021, Little Mix teased new music by posting a link to a website that displayed a 24-hour timer.[177] On 15 May 2021, after the 24-hour timer finished, the group announced their new single \"Heartbreak Anthem\" with Galantis and David Guetta, which was released on 20 May 2021.[178] A music video for the song, directed by Samuel Douek, was released on the same day. When the song spent its tenth week in the top ten in July 2021, Little Mix became the first girl group to accumulate 100 weeks spent inside the top ten of the UK Singles Chart.[179] On 21 May, a day after the release of \"Heartbreak Anthem\", Little Mix were featured on the digital cover issue of Hunger magazine.[180] In June 2021, it was revealed that Little Mix were the most-played group on UK radio in 2020 and the sixth overall.[181]On 16 July 2021, it was announced that Little Mix would be honoured with wax figures at Madame Tussauds in London, in celebration of the group's ten-year anniversary. Despite Jesy Nelson's departure from the group in December 2020, it was revealed she would still feature as one of the figures, as she was a significant part of the group during their ten years together, and the wax figures would depict the group in one of their most popular music videos.[182] The figures were unveiled at the Baker Street attraction on 28 July 2021 depicts the group in the outfits used in their \"Bounce Back\" music video.[183] On 23 July, the group released \"Kiss My (Uh Oh)\" in collaboration with Anne-Marie as the fourth single from her second studio album, Therapy.[184] The music video for the song was directed by Hannah Lux Davis and premiered on Anne-Marie's YouTube channel the same day.[185]On 19 August, the group announced they would release their first greatest hits album, Between Us, in celebration of the group's ten-year anniversary. The album's lead single, \"Love (Sweet Love)\", was announced on 30 August 2021 and was released on 3 September. In October 2021, it was revealed that Little Mix was the ninth-most-played female artist of the 21st century in the United Kingdom so far and the only girl group in the top ten.[186] Between Us was released in November 2021, featuring five new songs.[187][188] On 11 November 2021, a day before Between Us was released, the group was featured on the covers of DIY and Attitude magazines to promote the album.[189][190] In the same month, Little Mix won the MTV Europe Music Award for Best UK & Ireland Act, their fifth win in the category.[191]On 2 December 2021, the group announced that they would be going on hiatus following the completion of their planned Confetti Tour in 2022 in order to \"recharge\" and work on solo projects.[192][193] In December 2021, Amazon named Little Mix as one of biggest artists of 2021 year on Amazon Music.[194] In 2021, Vevo UK revealed that Little Mix was the top female act of that year and the only British act to appear on the list top ten.[195] On 19 December 2021, the group received two nominations for the 2022 Brit Awards, for Group of the Year and International Song of the Year for \"Heartbreak Anthem\".[196]On 27 January 2022, Little Mix was nominated at the 2022 iHeartRadio Music Awards for Dance Song of The Year with \"Heartbreak Anthem\".[197] On 3 February, it was announced that the group was Sony Music's tenth biggest selling global act of 2021, with their greatest hits album, Between Us, being one of their biggest selling album globally from that year.[198]Little Mix performing at their Confetti Tour in Leeds, England.On 5 April 2022, the group was nominated for \"Best Group\" at the Global Awards.[199] Between April and May 2022 the group embarked on The Confetti Tour, which started on 9 April 2022 at the SSE Arena in Belfast, and concluded on 14 May 2022 at The O2 Arena in London.[200] Following the first of their two shows at Glasgow's OVO Hydro arena, they were commended and awarded a framed plaque to commemorate them becoming the band that has played the most dates, the group with the highest all-time ticket sales at the arena. After their second show, the Ovo Hydro Arena tweeted that Little Mix also now held the record for the \"most tickets sold for a single all-seated show by a musical act\" at the venue.[201]On 26 April 2022, Little Mix announced they would be live streaming their final tour date at The O2 Arena, in London. The stream is titled Little Mix: The Last Show (For Now...) and was available to both stream live and for a limited cinema release on 14 May 2022. Tickets were made available along with merchandise on 27 April 2022, with a portion of proceeds being donated to the charities Child Poverty Action Group and Choose Love.[202] On 6 May 2022, Little Mix announced they plan to reunite in the future following their hiatus after The Confetti Tour. They stated they have decided to manage their own solo releases, and have no plans to release music around the same time as one another to avoid clashing on the charts.[203][204] In the same month, the group appeared on The One Show, which was their last interview before their hiatus.[205] Before the group had entered their hiatus, Edwards admitted they were already planning a timeframe for their return, with her suggesting that their break may last two years.[206]On 21 May 2022, Little Mix was named as the second most richest celebrities on Times' The UK Young Music Rich List (30 or Under) with a net worth of 60 million.[207][208] On 20 June, it was revealed that the group was the fourth most played artist of 2021 in the UK.[209] On 7 July, Between Us was announced by Official Charts, as the fifth biggest selling album in the UK so far of that year.[210] On 13 July, Little Mix announced a limited vinyl edition of their sixth studio album Confetti, in partnership with UNICEF UK, for their Blue Vinyl series.[211] On 6 August, they released their 2023 edition calendar.[212]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-217"},{"link_name":"dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-217"},{"link_name":"tropical house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_house"},{"link_name":"latin pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_pop"},{"link_name":"electronic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"gender equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equality"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights"},{"link_name":"body positivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_positivity"},{"link_name":"sexism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism"},{"link_name":"soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"Whitney Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Steve Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Perry"},{"link_name":"Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_(band)"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InfluencesPerrie-220"},{"link_name":"Spice Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Girls"},{"link_name":"TLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLC_(group)"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Destiny's Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"En Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Vogue"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"TLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLC_(group)"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InfluencesPerrie-220"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"}],"text":"Little Mix are mainly a pop,[213][214] R&B,[215][216] and dance-pop[216] girl group, with influences from genres including tropical house, latin pop, and electronic music.[217] Their lyrics are often centred around feminism, gender equality, LGBT rights, body positivity, and sexism. All three members possess a three-octave soprano vocal range.[218]Perrie Edwards cites Christina Aguilera, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson and Steve Perry from the American rock band Journey as her musical influences.[219] Jesy Nelson cites Spice Girls, TLC and Missy Elliott as her musical influences. Leigh Anne Pinnock cites Rihanna and Mariah Carey as her biggest influences. Jade Thirlwall references Diana Ross as her favourite singer. Little Mix cite Beyoncé, Michael Jackson, Destiny's Child, En Vogue, Rihanna and TLC as their musical influences.[219][220][221]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_UK"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glamourmagazine.co.uk-227"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Spice Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Girls"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"10s decade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s_decade"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"Us Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"Madame Tussauds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Tussauds"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist"},{"link_name":"girl power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_power"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights"},{"link_name":"Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"Salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salute_(song)"},{"link_name":"Woman Like Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Like_Me"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent.co.uk-241"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying"},{"link_name":"gender equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equality"},{"link_name":"female empowerment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_empowerment"},{"link_name":"body positivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_positivity"},{"link_name":"sexism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent.co.uk-241"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards_2021"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ+ allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_ally"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"Gay Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Times"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ+ rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_ally"},{"link_name":"British LGBT Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_LGBT_Award"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"Secret Love Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Love_Song"},{"link_name":"gay anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_anthem"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"Glamour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glamourmagazine.co.uk-227"},{"link_name":"Debrett's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrett%27s"},{"link_name":"most influential people in the UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrett%27s#%22Debrett's_500%22"},{"link_name":"Forbes 30 Under 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_30_Under_30"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"Sunday Times \"Young Rich List\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times_Rich_List"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"DIY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"Britain's biggest selling acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggest_selling_British_acts_of_all_time"},{"link_name":"best-selling girl groups of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_girl_groups"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nme1-13"}],"text":"Since winning the British version of The X Factor in 2011, Little Mix have gone onto to become one of the show's most successful acts.[222] During their decade together before the group announced their hiatus in 2021, they was often labelled as \"the biggest girl group in the world\"[223][224][225][226] with The Times citing them \"as the most successful girl group since the Spice Girls,[227] and Variety describing them as the biggest girl group since the Spice Girls.[228] The group have been named as one of the greatest girl groups of all time, with Billboard naming them as one of the most successful girl groups of the 10s decade.[229][230] In 2022, Us Weekly magazine named them as one of the best girl groups of all time.[231]Little Mix was named by Forbes as one of the most influential acts in Europe, referring to them as \"this decade's answer to Spice Girls\".[232] In 2021, the group received their own wax figures at Madame Tussauds, with them commenting \"From their award-winning music, to inspiring the next generation, Little Mix have been a massive part of the past decade and long may that continue!\".[233] The group influence has also expanded overseas to Asian countries with their music being covered by numerous kpop idols, groups, and trainees, with Twice citing them as one of their influences.[234] In 2021, Pitchfork wrote that \"Little Mix have captured K-pop's spirit better than any other Western girl group\".[235] The group are also known for their strong vocals and signature harmonies.[236]Little Mix have been hailed as \"the feminist girl band of our time\".[237][238][239] The group have been noted for their involvement with the feminist, girl power, and women's rights movement, with some of their songs' including \"Power\", \"Salute\", and \"Woman Like Me\" being regarded as either girl power or feminist anthems.[240][241][242] Their music has often been the subject of numerous topics including feminism, bullying, gender equality, female empowerment, body positivity, and sexism.[240][243][244][245][246] In 2021, they was the first girl group to win Best British Group at the Brit Awards 2021, 41 years since it was first introduced and called out the music industry for its white male dominance, misogyny, sexism and lack of diversity during their acceptance speech.[247]Little Mix have amassed a huge following of LGBTQ fans and are cited as LGBTQ+ allies.[248][249] Writing for Gay Times, Jack Rowe wrote \"They've marched in Pride parades, had LGBTQ+ representation in their music videos, and are also vocal supporters of our community. Their concerts offers a safe space to LGBTQ+ people to be who they are without fear of judgement\".[250][251] At the Attitude Awards ceremony, in 2018, the group were awarded for using their platform to advocate for LGBTQ+ rights and in 2019, was a recipient of a British LGBT Award.[252][253] Their 2016 single \"Secret Love Song\" is also regarded as a gay anthem, and is credited to helping people come to terms with their own sexuality and feelings.[254][255] In 2021, Glamour honoured them as Women of the Year Gamechangers in Music.[226]Little Mix are listed one of the most influential people in the UK after appearing on Debrett's list of the most influential people in the UK, and the Forbes 30 Under 30 list in 2018.[256] The group have appeared on the Sunday Times \"Young Rich List\" for five consecutive years from 2017 to 2022 with an estimated net worth of 60 million.[257] They were named by DIY as one of the most defining pop groups of our generation.[258] Little Mix have become one Britain's biggest selling acts and one of the best-selling girl groups of all time, with estimated sales of over 75 million records worldwide.[12]","title":"Public image and impact"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-147"},{"link_name":"Knebworth House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knebworth_House"},{"link_name":"Woman Like Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Like_Me"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"},{"link_name":"Break Up Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_Up_Song_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"2020 MTV Europe Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"}],"sub_title":"Little Mix Uncancelled","text":"After Little Mix's 2020 summer tour was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, on 30 July 2020, the group announced on their social media that they would be performing a virtual concert, titled Little Mix Uncancelled (stylised as 'Little Mix UNCancelled').[146] On 21 August 2020, the group performed the concert at Knebworth House, where they had also filmed their \"Woman Like Me\" music video in 2018.[259] The concert showcased the live premiere of \"Break Up Song\" and \"Holiday\". It also has two exclusive performances for Compare The Market account holders.[260] Little Mix Uncancelled was nominated at the 2020 MTV Europe Music Awards for Best Virtual Live, a special category created as a result of the pandemic.[261]","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"Little Mix The Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Mix_The_Search"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.com-263"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"}],"sub_title":"Little Mix The Search","text":"On 17 October 2019, it was announced that the group were set to launch a talent series on BBC One titled Little Mix The Search, in which they would create and mentor new bands, with the winners joining them on their Summer 2020 Tour.[262] The series was set to premiere in April 2020,[263] but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It began airing on 26 September 2020, with the winner set to support the group on their Confetti Tour in 2021.[264]","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flag"},{"link_name":"M&M's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%26M%27s"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little-266"},{"link_name":"Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ready_to_fly-267"},{"link_name":"Vivid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivid_Imaginations"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little_Mix_releases_a_range_of_products-268"},{"link_name":"Primark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primark"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ten_Things_About..._Little_Mix-269"},{"link_name":"Schwarzkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Schwarzkopf_GmbH"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopLedge-51"},{"link_name":"New Look","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Look_(company)"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little_Mix_release_nail_collection-270"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little_Mix_Launch_New_Season_Nail_Collaboration-271"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little_Mix_Headphones-273"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"Simple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Skincare"},{"link_name":"Unilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"Ditch the Label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditch_the_Label"},{"link_name":"online bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_bullying"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"},{"link_name":"Boots UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boots_UK"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"PrettyLittleThing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrettyLittleThing"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"}],"sub_title":"Products and endorsements","text":"In May 2012, Little Mix launched a Union Flag-themed pack of M&M's and performed at the M&M's World store in London.[265] That year they also released their first book, called Ready to Fly. The title is a reference to their debut single \"Wings\". The book was published through HarperCollins and documents the group's journey since auditioning for The X Factor.[266] The girl group signed a joint deal with toymaker Vivid and music merchandiser Bravado to release a range of products including dolls, puzzles, accessories and games in November.[267]During 2012, Little Mix also unveiled a children's clothing range with clothing retailer Primark. The line was aimed at 7–13 year olds and was composed of accessories, T-shirts, leggings and nightwear.[268] In 2013, the group promoted Schwarzkopf hair dye Live Colour XXL through their music video for \"How Ya Doin'?\".[50] That year, the group also launched a range of nails and nail wraps in partnership with Elegant Touch and New Look.[269] In early 2014, Little Mix launched their new range of nails with Elegant Touch as a result of the previous success.[270] In September 2013, Little Mix launched their first makeup line with Collection.[271] During May 2014, the group teamed up with Vibe Audio to bring out Little Mix zip cable headphones.[272]In June 2015, Little Mix launched their debut fragrance \"Gold Magic\".[273] In December 2015, it was announced that Little Mix would be the new global ambassadors for the women's fitness brand USA Pro.[274] In July 2016, Little Mix launched their second fragrance \"Wishmaker\".[275] In 2017, their third fragrance, \"Wishmaker Party Edition\" was released. In 2018, Little Mix partnered with dry shampoo brand, Colab.[276] Later that year, Little Mix released limited edition skin care products in partnership with Simple, a skin care brand owned by Unilever, with the group being involved in creating the packaging for the products.[277] Little Mix's partnership with Simple continued in 2019 and 2020, continuing in partnership with anti-bullying charity Ditch the Label, and aims to tackle online bullying. The group also launched the 'Choose Kindness' campaign with the latter together with a new skin care range.[278][279] Their fourth fragrance, Style, was also released. In September 2018, Little Mix released their second makeup line, LMX Beauty in Boots UK.[280] On 7 November 2019, Little Mix released their first clothing collection with PrettyLittleThing.[281]","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JLS"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-X_Factor_Finalists_2011_ft._JLS,_One-283"},{"link_name":"Rose Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Royce"},{"link_name":"Together for Short Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Together_for_Short_Lives"},{"link_name":"Change Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_Your_Life_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"Children In Need","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_In_Need"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Children_in_Need_2012_reaches_highest_total_ever_of_%C2%A326,757,446-284"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little_Mix_talk_bullies-286"},{"link_name":"Cameo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_(band)"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"Mount Kilimanjaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro"},{"link_name":"Comic Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Relief"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"Comic Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Relief"},{"link_name":"Red Nose Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Nose_Day"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-169"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"female empowerment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"body positivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_positivity"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"}],"sub_title":"Philanthropy","text":"Little Mix took part in the recording of the 2011 X Factor charity single along with the finalists of The X Factor 2011 and previous X Factor contestants JLS and One Direction.[282] They covered the 1978 hit single \"Wishing on a Star\" by Rose Royce. All proceeds from the single went to the children's charity Together for Short Lives, which provides ongoing care and support for seriously and terminally ill children, young people and their families from the moment of diagnosis. The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart with first-week sales of 98,932 copies. In 2012, the group performed their single \"Change Your Life\" on the Children In Need 2012 broadcast appeal show, helping raise over £26,757,446 for the cause which helps disadvantaged children in the UK.[283] Little Mix also appeared at the two-part charity concert Children in Need Rocks 2013 to raise money for the campaign, performing a medley of their singles \"Change Your Life\", \"DNA\" and \"Wings\". The concert was broadcast on BBC One during the Children In Need week.[284]In March 2014, Little Mix teamed up with BeatBullying, the largest anti-bullying organisation in Europe. The quartet is backing the anti-bullying media campaign \"The Big March\" and the #DeleteCyberbullying project. The campaign is urging the European Commission to introduce new laws to protect children from bullying and cyberbullying, for 77 million euros (£57m) to be set aside for services that protect them and for an annual awareness day to promote the movement. Pinnock said: \"Myself and the girls have all experienced being bullied at some point in our life. When we see on Twitter that some of our fans are going through it now we find it so upsetting and that's the reason we feel so passionate about this campaign and the work that BeatBullying does.\"[285] In March 2014, Little Mix released a cover of Cameo's single \"Word Up!\" as the official single for Sport Relief 2014.[286] The group also visited Liberia to witness the work paid for by the Sport Relief donations.[287] In 2019, Thirlwall and Pinnock climbed Mount Kilimanjaro for Comic Relief.[288]In March 2021, Little Mix participated in BBC Radio 1's LOL-a-thon for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day in support of helping those who struggle due to the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. The money raised would also help tackle hunger, homelessness, domestic abuse and mental health stigma.[168][289]Little Mix have used their fame as a platform to advocate for female empowerment, body positivity and LGBTQ+ rights.[290]","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(Little_Mix_album)"},{"link_name":"Salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salute_(Little_Mix_album)"},{"link_name":"Get Weird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Weird"},{"link_name":"Glory Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_Days_(Little_Mix_album)"},{"link_name":"LM5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LM5_(album)"},{"link_name":"Confetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confetti_(Little_Mix_album)"}],"text":"DNA (2012)\nSalute (2013)\nGet Weird (2015)\nGlory Days (2016)\nLM5 (2018)\nConfetti (2020)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Concert tours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Salute Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salute_Tour"},{"link_name":"The Get Weird Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Get_Weird_Tour"},{"link_name":"The Glory Days Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glory_Days_Tour"},{"link_name":"Summer Hits Tour 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Hits_Tour_2018"},{"link_name":"LM5: The Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LM5:_The_Tour"},{"link_name":"The Confetti Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Confetti_Tour"}],"sub_title":"Headlining","text":"DNA Tour (2013)\nThe Salute Tour (2014)\nThe Get Weird Tour (2016)\nThe Glory Days Tour (2017-2018)\nSummer Hits Tour 2018 (2018)\nLM5: The Tour (2019)\nThe Confetti Tour (2022)","title":"Concert tours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Demi Lovato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_Lovato"},{"link_name":"The Neon Lights Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Neon_Lights_Tour"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"Dangerous Woman Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Woman_Tour"}],"sub_title":"Supporting","text":"The X Factor Live Tour (2012)\nDemi Lovato – The Neon Lights Tour (2014)\nAriana Grande – Dangerous Woman Tour (2017)","title":"Concert tours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"},{"link_name":"The 1989 World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_1989_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-305"}],"sub_title":"Guest","text":"Taylor Swift – The 1989 World Tour (2015)[304]","title":"Concert tours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[305]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-306"}],"sub_title":"Cancelled","text":"Summer 2020 Tour (2020)[305]","title":"Concert tours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[306]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-307"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-308"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-309"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:422-16"},{"link_name":"Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(Little_Mix_album)"},{"link_name":"US Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Danity Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danity_Kane"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-311"},{"link_name":"[311]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-312"},{"link_name":"[312]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-313"},{"link_name":"Black Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Magic_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"About You Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_You_Now"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-314"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-316"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[316]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-317"},{"link_name":"Shout Out to My Ex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout_Out_to_My_Ex"},{"link_name":"[317]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-318"},{"link_name":"Wannabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannabe"},{"link_name":"Spice Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Girls"},{"link_name":"[318]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-319"},{"link_name":"[319]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-320"},{"link_name":"Glory Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_Days_(Little_Mix_album)"},{"link_name":"Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_(Destiny%27s_Child_album)"},{"link_name":"Destiny's Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"Spiceworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiceworld_(album)"},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-321"},{"link_name":"Spice Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Girls"},{"link_name":"Spice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_(album)"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB2-322"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB2-322"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"[322]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-323"},{"link_name":"Woman Like Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Like_Me"},{"link_name":"[323]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-324"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[324]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA3-325"},{"link_name":"[325]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-326"},{"link_name":"[326]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-327"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-328"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-329"},{"link_name":"Sweet Melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Melody_(song)"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-330"},{"link_name":"the Official Big Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Big_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-331"},{"link_name":"[331]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-332"},{"link_name":"[332]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-333"},{"link_name":"The Glory Days Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glory_Days_Tour"},{"link_name":"[333]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-334"},{"link_name":"LM5: The Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LM5:_The_Tour"},{"link_name":"the O2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O2_Arena"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-335"},{"link_name":"OVO Hydro Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OVO_Hydro"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-336"},{"link_name":"[336]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-337"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"MTV Europe Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"iHeartRadio Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"Global Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Awards"},{"link_name":"Glamour Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_Awards"},{"link_name":"British LGBT Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_LGBT_Award"},{"link_name":"2017 Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Shout Out to My Ex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout_Out_to_My_Ex"},{"link_name":"British Artist Video of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Award_for_British_Video_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Spice Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Girls"},{"link_name":"2021 Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best British Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Award_for_British_Group"},{"link_name":"MTV Europe Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Glamour Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_Awards"},{"link_name":"[337]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-338"},{"link_name":"Debrett's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrett%27s"},{"link_name":"most influential people in the UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrett%27s#%22Debrett's_500%22"},{"link_name":"Forbes \"30 Under 30\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_30_Under_30"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-339"},{"link_name":"Sunday Times \"Young Rich List\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times_Rich_List"},{"link_name":"[339]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-340"},{"link_name":"[340]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-341"},{"link_name":"best-selling girl groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_girl_groups"},{"link_name":"[341]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sturges-342"},{"link_name":"[342]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-343"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"Glory Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_Days_(Little_Mix_album)"},{"link_name":"[343]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-344"},{"link_name":"Twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice"},{"link_name":"[344]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-345"},{"link_name":"[345]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little_Mix_p_20-346"},{"link_name":"[345]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little_Mix_p_20-346"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[346]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-347"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Official Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts"},{"link_name":"[347]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-348"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little_Mix_Confetti_vs_Kylie_Disco-11"}],"text":"Little Mix was the first group to win The X Factor UK, becoming the first girl group to reach the final of the series, with their win marking the first time that a girl group had made it past week seven of the live shows.[306][307] As of 2022, they remain the only girl group to have won the show.[308] They remain as the winning act with the most number one songs from the series and the most 20 UK Top 40 singles.[15] Their debut single \"Wings\", made them the only third winners from the show, to follow up their winner's single with a second number-one.[309] Their debut album DNA, reached number four on the US Billboard 200, setting a new record for the highest chart entry for a debut album by British girl group. It also had the highest chart entry there for a female group's debut album since Danity Kane in 2006.[310][311][312]In 2015, Black Magic reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, remaining at number one for three consecutive weeks, becoming the first single by a girl group to spend more than one week at number one since sugababes released \"About You Now\" in 2007.[313] It became the first single by girl group in over a decade to achieve a platinum certification.[314] In the same year Little Mix became the first UK girl group to have their first three studio albums debut in the top fifteen of the Billboard 200.[315] It set a new record for the longest-charting album by a girl group on the UK Albums Chart.[316] Shout Out to My Ex, became the group's fourth number one single in the UK, making them the act with the most number-one singles from The X Factor UK.[317] It later became the second-best selling girl group single released in the UK, behind \"Wannabe\", by the Spice Girls.[318] It holds the record for the most streamed girl group song in the country with over 196 million streams.[319]Little Mix's fourth album, Glory Days, made them the eighth girl group to achieve a number-one album in the UK. It also became the fastest-selling number-one album by a girl group in 15 years, since Survivor by Destiny's Child, and achieved the highest first-week UK album sales for a girl group since Spiceworld.[320] It spent five weeks at number one, the longest run at the top for a girl group album since the Spice Girls released Spice in 1996.[321] It holds the record for the longest charting girl group album inside the top 40 on the UK Albums Chart.[321] In 2018, the album became Little Mix's first to reach over a billion streams on Spotify, and became the most streamed girl group album on the platform, and the first girl group album to reach 2 billion streams.[322] \"Woman Like Me\" became the first song by a girl group to reach number one on the worldwide iTunes chart.[323]In the 2018, Little mix was the first girl group to have five top-five studio albums on the UK Albums Chart.[324] They are also the first girl group to have three or more albums receive over a billion streams each on the Spotify.[325] They are the girl group with the most platinum music certifications in the United Kingdom and Australia.[326][327] In 2021, they became the first girl group to accumulate 100 weeks spent in the Top 10 of the UK Official Singles Chart.[328] When \"Sweet Melody\" reached number one in 2021, it made Little Mix joint 11th on the list of artists with the most number-one singles on the UK Singles Chart.[329] The group also hold the record for the most number-one singles on the Official Big Top 40, with eight in total.[330] Their singles \"Shout Out to My Ex\", \"Touch\" and \"Black Magic\" are three of the most-streamed songs by female artists on the UK's Official Top 40.[331]The group have embarked on six tours and have sold over three million concert tickets worldwide.[332] Their fourth concert The Glory Days Tour, became the sixth highest-grossing tour of 2017 by a female artists.[333] During the LM5: The Tour in 2019, they received an award from the O2 Arena for their 12 headline shows at the venue.[334] In 2022, Following the first of their two shows at Glasgow's OVO Hydro Arena, they were awarded a framed plaque to commemorate them becoming the band that has played the most dates and the group with the highest all-time ticket sales at the arena.[335] According to Pollstar, they ranked at number 40 for tour earnings, female artists between 2000 and 2019. The group have earned a total of $94 million from all across their tours.[336]Little Mix have received a number of notable awards including three Brit Awards, six MTV Europe Music Awards, one iHeartRadio Music Award, six Global Music Awards, four Glamour Awards and one British LGBT Award. At the 2017 Brit Awards, they won their first ever Brit Award for Best British Single for \"Shout Out to My Ex\". In 2019 they won the fan-voted award for British Artist Video of the Year, making them the first girl group to win the award since the Spice Girls in 1997. At the 2021 Brit Awards, they became the first girl group to win the award for Best British Group. They are the act with the most wins for best UK & Ireland act at the MTV Europe Music Awards, winning five awards in total. In 2021 they were given the Women of the Year Gamechangers in Music award at the Glamour Awards.[337]The group have appeared on Debrett's 2017 list of the most influential people in the UK, the Forbes \"30 Under 30\" list in 2018,[338] and the Sunday Times \"Young Rich List\" for four years from 2017 to 2021, with an estimated net worth of £66.7 million as of 2021.[339] They have been described as one of the best girl groups of all time.[340] They are one of the best-selling girl groups of all time, with sales of over 50 million records.[341] Little Mix are one of the most streamed girl group's on Spotify and are the first girl group to have multiple albums reach over a billion combined streams on the platform.[342] They hold the record for the most streamed girl group on Spotify. They are also the first girl group to reaxh hit 5, 6, and 7 billion streams on the platform. Their fourth studio album Glory Days, also holds the record for being the most streamed girl group and is the first album by a girl group to hit 2 billion streams.[343] They once held the record for the most music videos to reach a 100 million views on YouTube before being surpassed by Korean girl group Twice, in 2021.[344]As of 2021, Little Mix has sold over 28 million singles in the UK and over 3.6 million albums.[345] They have achieved 31 Top 40 singles, nineteen top ten singles, and five number one singles.[345] The group's singles has charted for 630 weeks on the UK Singles Chart with their albums reaching 429 weeks.[346] Little Mix has also amassed over 12 billion streams worldwide, including over 7 billion streams on YouTube. In 2020, it was reported by the Official Charts, that the group has amassed over 1.9 billion streams in the UK.[347][10]","title":"Awards and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Indefinite hiatus","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Little Mix in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Little_mixx.jpg/220px-Little_mixx.jpg"},{"image_text":"Little Mix in February 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Little_mix_salute_2014.jpg/220px-Little_mix_salute_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Little Mix performing on The Glory Days Tour in Glasgow","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Little_Mix_5_%2838119719494%29.jpg/220px-Little_Mix_5_%2838119719494%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Still of the group performing \"Woman Like Me\" with Minaj on 2018 MTV Europe Music Awards, via YouTube","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Little_Mix_and_Nicki_Minaj_at_MTV_EMAs_2018.jpg/220px-Little_Mix_and_Nicki_Minaj_at_MTV_EMAs_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Little Mix performing in Paris during their LM5: The Tour in 2019.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LittleMixLM5TourParis_%28cropped%29.jpg/234px-LittleMixLM5TourParis_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Little Mix members Leigh-Anne Pinnock (left) and Perrie Edwards (right) both announced their pregnancies in May 2021.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Perrie_and_Leigh_at_the_Confetti_Tour_in_Leeds.png/200px-Perrie_and_Leigh_at_the_Confetti_Tour_in_Leeds.png"},{"image_text":"Little Mix performing at their Confetti Tour in Leeds, England.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Little_Mix_at_the_Confetti_Tour_in_Leeds_%28cropped%29.jpg/209px-Little_Mix_at_the_Confetti_Tour_in_Leeds_%28cropped%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Unearthed video shows how Little Mix were really formed\". Capital. Retrieved 14 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.capitalfm.com/news/music/video-little-mix-formed-x-factor/","url_text":"\"Unearthed video shows how Little Mix were really formed\""}]},{"reference":"Rawlinson, Kevin (29 July 2021). \"It's a no from me: ITV confirms The X Factor will not be back\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 4 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/jul/29/its-a-no-from-me-itv-confirms-the-x-factor-will-not-be-back","url_text":"\"It's a no from me: ITV confirms The X Factor will not be back\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, George (1 September 2022). \"Flashback 2012: Little Mix spread their Wings and fly to Number 1\". Official Charts Company. 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Not A Pop Song is out on Friday 🎶🎉\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"IT'S ALWAYS 'HAPPINESS' FOR US WHEN WE HEAR LITTLE MIX\". The Honey Pop. 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. 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So much love, emotion and energy has gone into the making of this record and now the news is out we can finally get excited about it with you!! #CONFETTI 🎉 🎉 🎉\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210312085431/https://twitter.com/littlemix/status/1306277079575560193","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Entertainment Tonight, Canada (3 April 2020). \"Little Mix's Leigh-Anne Pinnock Says Sixth Album Is Their 'Biggest' One Yet\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. 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Little Mix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151003205138/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a403452/ten-things-about-little-mix.html#~oIBjtnEO7voFyC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Little Mix nails and nail wraps in new look\". 2013. 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Love (Sweet Love)\""},{"Link":"http://www.little-mix.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305883440","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/15027516","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167259427","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167259427","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058530132006706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/103711826X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013053423","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0175454&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/38f59974-2f4d-4bfa-b2e3-d2696de1b675","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenurosis | Coenurosis | ["1 History","2 Life cycle","3 Symptoms and diagnosis","4 Prevention and treatment","5 Epidemiology","6 Hosts","7 In wild animals","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | Parasitic disease
Different forms of coenurus in sheep and rabbits and an adult worm
Coenurosis, also known as caenurosis, coenuriasis, gid or sturdy, is a parasitic infection that develops in the intermediate hosts of some tapeworm species (Taenia multiceps, T. serialis, T. brauni, or T. glomerata). It is caused by the coenurus, the larval stage of these tapeworms. The disease occurs mainly in sheep and other ungulates, but it can also occur in humans by accidental ingestion of tapeworm eggs.
Adult worms of these species develop in the small intestine of the definitive hosts (dogs, foxes and other canids), causing a disease from the group of taeniasis. Humans cannot be definitive hosts for these species of tapeworms.
History
The texts of Hippocrates describe a nervous disease of sheep consistent with the symptoms of gid, comparing its symptoms to epilepsy and describing the accumulation of bad-smelling fluid in the brain. However, it was only in the 1600s that clearer behavioural and necropsy descriptions were recorded, including the chacteristic brain cysts and early surgical methods of removal. The cause of these cysts was identified as an animal parasite in 1780 by Nathanael Gottfried Leske and Johann August Ephraim Goeze. It was shown that the parasite could be transferred across species to and from dogs by Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold and Friedrich Küchenmeister in the 1850s and the species was identified as Taenia multiceps (then called Coenurus cerebralis) in 1890.
Coenurosis in humans is rare and was not diagnosed until the twentieth century, with the first recorded cases by each Taenia species being: T. multiceps in 1913, T. glomerate in 1919, T. serialis in 1933, and T. brauni in 1956.
Life cycle
The eggs of T.multiceps, T. glomerate, T. serialis, and T. brauni are shed in the feces of infected hosts into the environment. The eggs are then ingested by an intermediate host, where the eggs hatch in intestines and release oncospheres. Oncospheres are the larval form of tapeworms that contain hooks for attaching to the host’s tissues. The oncospheres continue to move through the bloodstream of the intermediate host until they find suitable organs to inhabit. The oncospheres can bind to the eyes, the brain, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous tissue. Once the oncospheres reach their destination, they take about three months to develop into coenuri. Coenuri are white, fluid filled structures that are 3-10 centimeters in diameter. Coenuri have a collapsed membrane and several protoscolices on the interior. The coenuri cysts found in the central nervous system have multiple cavities, and those that are not have only one cavity. The disease is transferred to the definitive host when the host digests the tissue of the intermediate host. Next, eggs hatch in the intestine of the definitive host and circulate in the bloodstream until they reach suitable organs.
Symptoms and diagnosis
The symptoms for coenurosis vary depending on where the cyst is located.
Prevention and treatment
In sheep, the usual treatment is surgical trepanation to remove the brain cyst, one of the few economically viable surgeries in farm animals. The site of the cyst can usually be estimated based on the neurological symptoms and skull thinning. Treated sheep typically regain sufficient function to rejoin the flock and necropsy indicates that the site of the cyst collapses and scars, relieving pressure on the brain.
In the rare cases where a human is infected, both surgical and pharmaceutical treatments are available. Since the disease is so uncommon in humans, no vaccine has been developed for it.
Epidemiology
T. multiceps is commonly found in France, England, Brazil, Africa, and the United States.
T. serialis is found in Canada and the United States
T. brauni is found in North America, Rwanda, and the Republic of Congo
T. glomerata is found in Nigeria and the Republic of Congo
Hosts
The definitive hosts for coenurosis are dogs, foxes, and other canids. The intermediate hosts for coenurosis can vary depending on the Taenia spp. In T. multiceps, sheep are the intermediate hosts, but goats, cattle, horses, and antelopes are also common hosts. T. multiceps can affect any tissue, but it normally targets the brain in animal hosts. In T. serialis, rabbits and rodents are the intermediate hosts. T. serialis commonly targets subcutaneous and intramuscular tissue. In T. brauni and T. glomerata, gerbils are the intermediate host. T. brauni and T. glomerate larvae tend to inhabit the muscles. Intermediate hosts can be infected with either chronic or acute coenurosis. Chronic coenurosis is the more common form, and it occurs primarily in young sheep.
In wild animals
Although coenurosis is more commonly associated with domestic animals, it has also been documented in wildlife, such as in mountain ungulates in the French Alps. It is believed that the ungulates are being contaminated by infected sheep. Understanding how this disease is transmitted from sheep to wild animals is important in managing the spread of this potentially dangerous zoonotic disease. A potential management strategy would be for farmers to dispose of animal carcasses found on their land. In Ethiopia, gelada monkeys with coenurosis were found to have higher mortality and lower reproductive success.
See also
Coenurosis in humans
Taeniasis
References
^ University of Pennsylvania - Veterinary Medicine: Taenia multiceps Homepage Archived 2010-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
^ University of Pennsylvania - Veterinary medicine: Taenia serialis Homepage Archived 2010-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
^ Stanford University: Coenurosis - Hosts Archived 2012-10-23 at the Wayback Machine
^ Stanford University: Taeniasis Archived 2013-07-09 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c d Komnenou, A.; Dessiris, A.; Giadinis, N. (2000). "Surgical treatment of coenurosis (gid) in sheep". Veterinary Record. 147 (9): 242–244. doi:10.1136/vr.147.9.242. PMID 11014487. S2CID 24998839.
^ a b Hall, Maurice C. (1910). The gid parasite and allied species of the cestode genus Multiceps. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry. OCLC 681930104.
^ a b c Ransom, Brayton Howard. (1905). The gid parasite (Cnurus cerebralis): its presence in American sheep. Washington: Govt. print. off. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.34582.
^ a b "Coenurosis". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ a b Hermos, John A.; Healy, George R.; Schultz, Myron G.; Barlow, John; Church, William G. (1970-08-31). "Fatal Human Cerebral Coenurosis". JAMA. 213 (9): 1461–1464. doi:10.1001/jama.1970.03170350029006. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 5468450.
^ a b c d Armon, Robert; Cheruti, Uta (2012). "Environmental Aspects of Zoonotic Diseases". Water Intelligence Online. 11. doi:10.2166/9781780400761. ISSN 1476-1777.
^ a b Smyth, James Desmond (2007). The physiology and biochemistry of cestodes. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03895-9. OCLC 836624725.
^ a b c d e f g Ryan, Edward T.; Hill, David Russell; Solomon, Tom; Endy, Timothy P.; Aronson, Naomi, eds. (25 March 2019). Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-323-62550-0. OCLC 1096243611.
^ Skerritt, G.; Stallbaumer, M. (1984-10-20). "Diagnosis and treatment of coenuriasis (gid) in sheep". Veterinary Record. 115 (16): 399–403. doi:10.1136/vr.115.16.399. ISSN 0042-4900. PMID 6506419. S2CID 42469802.
^ Kelly, D.F.; Payne-Johnson, C.E. (1993). "Cerebral healing after craniotomy to evacuate a coenurus cerebralis cyst". Journal of Comparative Pathology. 108 (4): 399–403. doi:10.1016/S0021-9975(08)80212-5. PMID 8366207.
^ a b "Coenurosis". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ a b c d Rahsan, Yilmaz; Nihat, Yumusak; Bestami, Yilmaz; Adnan, Ayan; Nuran, Aysul (2018-03-30). "Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and parasitological studies on pathogenesis of Coenurus cerebralis in sheep". Journal of Veterinary Research. 62 (1): 35–41. doi:10.2478/jvetres-2018-0005. ISSN 2450-8608. PMC 5957459. PMID 29978125.
^ Schneider-Crease I, Griffin RH, Gomery MA, Bergman TJ, Beehner JC (2017). "High mortality associated with tapeworm parasitism in geladas (Theropithecus gelada) in the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia". American Journal of Primatology. 79 (9): e22684. doi:10.1002/ajp.22684. hdl:2027.42/138266. PMID 28783206. S2CID 3878796.
^ Nguyen N, Fashing PJ, Boyd DA, Barry TS, Burke RJ, Goodale CB, Jones SC, Kerby JT, Kellogg BS, Lee LM, Miller CM, Nurmi NO, Ramsay MS, Reynolds JD, Stewart KM, Turner TJ, Venkataraman VV, Knauf Y, Roos C, Knauf S (2017). "Fitness impacts of tapeworm parasitism on wild gelada monkeys at Guassa, Ethiopia". American Journal of Primatology. 77 (5): 579–594. doi:10.1002/ajp.22379. PMID 25716944. S2CID 23714669.
External links
Stanford University: Coenurosis Archived 2012-08-28 at the Wayback Machine | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coenurus.jpg"},{"link_name":"parasitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism"},{"link_name":"infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection"},{"link_name":"tapeworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestoda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"T. serialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taenia_serialis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"also occur in humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenurosis_in_humans"},{"link_name":"hosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)"},{"link_name":"canids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canidae"},{"link_name":"taeniasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeniasis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Different forms of coenurus in sheep and rabbits and an adult wormCoenurosis, also known as caenurosis, coenuriasis, gid or sturdy, is a parasitic infection that develops in the intermediate hosts of some tapeworm species (Taenia multiceps,[1] T. serialis,[2] T. brauni, or T. glomerata). It is caused by the coenurus, the larval stage of these tapeworms. The disease occurs mainly in sheep and other ungulates,[3] but it can also occur in humans by accidental ingestion of tapeworm eggs.Adult worms of these species develop in the small intestine of the definitive hosts (dogs, foxes and other canids), causing a disease from the group of taeniasis.[4] Humans cannot be definitive hosts for these species of tapeworms.","title":"Coenurosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hippocrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"behavioural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethology"},{"link_name":"necropsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-7"},{"link_name":"Nathanael Gottfried Leske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathanael_Gottfried_Leske"},{"link_name":"Johann August Ephraim Goeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-7"},{"link_name":"Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Ernst_von_Siebold"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Küchenmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_K%C3%BCchenmeister"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-7"},{"link_name":"Coenurosis in humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenurosis_in_humans"},{"link_name":"Taenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taenia_(flatworm)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"}],"text":"The texts of Hippocrates describe a nervous disease of sheep consistent with the symptoms of gid, comparing its symptoms to epilepsy and describing the accumulation of bad-smelling fluid in the brain.[5][6] However, it was only in the 1600s that clearer behavioural and necropsy descriptions were recorded, including the chacteristic brain cysts and early surgical methods of removal.[7] The cause of these cysts was identified as an animal parasite in 1780 by Nathanael Gottfried Leske and Johann August Ephraim Goeze.[6][7] It was shown that the parasite could be transferred across species to and from dogs by Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold and Friedrich Küchenmeister in the 1850s and the species was identified as Taenia multiceps (then called Coenurus cerebralis) in 1890.[7]Coenurosis in humans is rare and was not diagnosed until the twentieth century, with the first recorded cases by each Taenia species being: T. multiceps in 1913,[8] T. glomerate in 1919,[9] T. serialis in 1933,[8] and T. brauni in 1956.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"oncospheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncospheres"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"oncospheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncosphere"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"oncospheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncospheres"},{"link_name":"subcutaneous tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue"},{"link_name":"oncospheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncosphere"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"cysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyst"},{"link_name":"central nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"}],"text":"The eggs of T.multiceps, T. glomerate, T. serialis, and T. brauni are shed in the feces of infected hosts into the environment.[10] The eggs are then ingested by an intermediate host, where the eggs hatch in intestines and release oncospheres.[10] Oncospheres are the larval form of tapeworms that contain hooks for attaching to the host’s tissues.[11] The oncospheres continue to move through the bloodstream of the intermediate host until they find suitable organs to inhabit.[11] The oncospheres can bind to the eyes, the brain, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous tissue. Once the oncospheres reach their destination, they take about three months to develop into coenuri.[10] Coenuri are white, fluid filled structures that are 3-10 centimeters in diameter.[12] Coenuri have a collapsed membrane and several protoscolices on the interior.[12] The coenuri cysts found in the central nervous system have multiple cavities, and those that are not have only one cavity.[12] The disease is transferred to the definitive host when the host digests the tissue of the intermediate host. Next, eggs hatch in the intestine of the definitive host and circulate in the bloodstream until they reach suitable organs.[10]","title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The symptoms for coenurosis vary depending on where the cyst is located.[citation needed]","title":"Symptoms and diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"human is infected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenurosis_in_humans"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-15"}],"text":"In sheep, the usual treatment is surgical trepanation to remove the brain cyst, one of the few economically viable surgeries in farm animals.[5][13] The site of the cyst can usually be estimated based on the neurological symptoms and skull thinning.[5] Treated sheep typically regain sufficient function to rejoin the flock[5] and necropsy indicates that the site of the cyst collapses and scars, relieving pressure on the brain.[14]In the rare cases where a human is infected, both surgical and pharmaceutical treatments are available.[15] Since the disease is so uncommon in humans, no vaccine has been developed for it.[15]","title":"Prevention and treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"}],"text":"T. multiceps is commonly found in France, England, Brazil, Africa, and the United States.[12]\nT. serialis is found in Canada and the United States[12]\nT. brauni is found in North America, Rwanda, and the Republic of Congo[12]\nT. glomerata is found in Nigeria and the Republic of Congo[12]","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The definitive hosts for coenurosis are dogs, foxes, and other canids.[16] The intermediate hosts for coenurosis can vary depending on the Taenia spp. In T. multiceps, sheep are the intermediate hosts, but goats, cattle, horses, and antelopes are also common hosts.[16] T. multiceps can affect any tissue, but it normally targets the brain in animal hosts. In T. serialis, rabbits and rodents are the intermediate hosts.[16] T. serialis commonly targets subcutaneous and intramuscular tissue. In T. brauni and T. glomerata, gerbils are the intermediate host. T. brauni and T. glomerate larvae tend to inhabit the muscles. Intermediate hosts can be infected with either chronic or acute coenurosis.[16] Chronic coenurosis is the more common form, and it occurs primarily in young sheep.[citation needed]","title":"Hosts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"domestic animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_animal"},{"link_name":"zoonotic disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonotic_disease"},{"link_name":"gelada monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelada_monkey"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schneider-Crease-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nguyen-18"}],"text":"Although coenurosis is more commonly associated with domestic animals, it has also been documented in wildlife, such as in mountain ungulates in the French Alps. It is believed that the ungulates are being contaminated by infected sheep. Understanding how this disease is transmitted from sheep to wild animals is important in managing the spread of this potentially dangerous zoonotic disease. A potential management strategy would be for farmers to dispose of animal carcasses found on their land. In Ethiopia, gelada monkeys with coenurosis were found to have higher mortality and lower reproductive success.[17][18]","title":"In wild animals"}] | [{"image_text":"Different forms of coenurus in sheep and rabbits and an adult worm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Coenurus.jpg/250px-Coenurus.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Coenurosis in humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenurosis_in_humans"},{"title":"Taeniasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeniasis"}] | [{"reference":"Komnenou, A.; Dessiris, A.; Giadinis, N. (2000). \"Surgical treatment of coenurosis (gid) in sheep\". Veterinary Record. 147 (9): 242–244. doi:10.1136/vr.147.9.242. PMID 11014487. 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Retrieved 2020-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2005/Coenurosis/hosts.htm","url_text":"\"Coenurosis\""}]},{"reference":"Hermos, John A.; Healy, George R.; Schultz, Myron G.; Barlow, John; Church, William G. (1970-08-31). \"Fatal Human Cerebral Coenurosis\". JAMA. 213 (9): 1461–1464. doi:10.1001/jama.1970.03170350029006. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 5468450.","urls":[{"url":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/356362","url_text":"\"Fatal Human Cerebral Coenurosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1970.03170350029006","url_text":"10.1001/jama.1970.03170350029006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7484","url_text":"0098-7484"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5468450","url_text":"5468450"}]},{"reference":"Armon, Robert; Cheruti, Uta (2012). \"Environmental Aspects of Zoonotic Diseases\". Water Intelligence Online. 11. doi:10.2166/9781780400761. ISSN 1476-1777.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2166%2F9781780400761","url_text":"\"Environmental Aspects of Zoonotic Diseases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2166%2F9781780400761","url_text":"10.2166/9781780400761"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-1777","url_text":"1476-1777"}]},{"reference":"Smyth, James Desmond (2007). The physiology and biochemistry of cestodes. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03895-9. 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S2CID 42469802.","urls":[{"url":"https://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/vr.115.16.399","url_text":"\"Diagnosis and treatment of coenuriasis (gid) in sheep\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fvr.115.16.399","url_text":"10.1136/vr.115.16.399"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0042-4900","url_text":"0042-4900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6506419","url_text":"6506419"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42469802","url_text":"42469802"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, D.F.; Payne-Johnson, C.E. (1993). \"Cerebral healing after craniotomy to evacuate a coenurus cerebralis cyst\". Journal of Comparative Pathology. 108 (4): 399–403. doi:10.1016/S0021-9975(08)80212-5. PMID 8366207.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021997508802125","url_text":"\"Cerebral healing after craniotomy to evacuate a coenurus cerebralis cyst\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9975%2808%2980212-5","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9975(08)80212-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8366207","url_text":"8366207"}]},{"reference":"\"Coenurosis\". web.stanford.edu. 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PMID 29978125.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5957459","url_text":"\"Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and parasitological studies on pathogenesis of Coenurus cerebralis in sheep\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fjvetres-2018-0005","url_text":"10.2478/jvetres-2018-0005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2450-8608","url_text":"2450-8608"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5957459","url_text":"5957459"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29978125","url_text":"29978125"}]},{"reference":"Schneider-Crease I, Griffin RH, Gomery MA, Bergman TJ, Beehner JC (2017). \"High mortality associated with tapeworm parasitism in geladas (Theropithecus gelada) in the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia\". American Journal of Primatology. 79 (9): e22684. doi:10.1002/ajp.22684. hdl:2027.42/138266. PMID 28783206. S2CID 3878796.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajp.22684","url_text":"10.1002/ajp.22684"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F138266","url_text":"2027.42/138266"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28783206","url_text":"28783206"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3878796","url_text":"3878796"}]},{"reference":"Nguyen N, Fashing PJ, Boyd DA, Barry TS, Burke RJ, Goodale CB, Jones SC, Kerby JT, Kellogg BS, Lee LM, Miller CM, Nurmi NO, Ramsay MS, Reynolds JD, Stewart KM, Turner TJ, Venkataraman VV, Knauf Y, Roos C, Knauf S (2017). \"Fitness impacts of tapeworm parasitism on wild gelada monkeys at Guassa, Ethiopia\". American Journal of Primatology. 77 (5): 579–594. doi:10.1002/ajp.22379. PMID 25716944. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Arena | Amway Arena | ["1 History","1.1 Naming","1.2 Former tenants","2 Renovation plans","3 Successor arena and demolition","4 Notable events","4.1 Sports","4.2 Political events","4.3 Other Events","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 28°32′56″N 81°23′12″W / 28.54889°N 81.38667°W / 28.54889; -81.38667Former indoor arena in Orlando, Florida, United States
For its successor formerly known as Amway Center, see Kia Center.
Amway ArenaAmway Arena in April 2010Former namesOrlando Arena (1989–99)TD Waterhouse Centre (1999–2006)Location600 West Amelia StreetOrlando, Florida 32801–1107Coordinates28°32′56″N 81°23′12″W / 28.54889°N 81.38667°W / 28.54889; -81.38667OwnerCity of OrlandoOperatorOrlando VenuesCapacityBasketball:15,077 (1989–1991)15,151 (1991–1993)15,291 (1993–1994)16,010 (1994–1995)17,248 (1995–2002)17,283 (2002–2006)17,451 (2006–2007)17,519 (2007–2008)17,461 (2008–2010)Professional wrestling: 18,432Arena football: 15,924Ice hockey: 15,948Circus: 15,788Ice skating: 16,882Concerts:17,740 (end stage)18,039 (center stage)ScoreboardAmerican Sign & Indicator, now Trans-Lux; later DaktronicsConstructionBroke groundJanuary 5, 1987OpenedJanuary 29, 1989ClosedSeptember 30, 2010DemolishedMarch 25, 2012Construction costUS$110 million($270 million in 2023 dollars)ArchitectLloyd Jones Philpot AssociatesCambridge Seven AssociatesStructural engineerWalter P MooreGeneral contractorGilbane Building Co.TenantsOrlando Magic (NBA) (1989–2010)Orlando Titans (NLL) (2010)Orlando Predators (AFL) (1991–2010)Orlando Sharks (MISL) (2007–2008)Orlando Miracle (WNBA) (1999–2002)Orlando Solar Bears (IHL) (1995–2001)Orlando Rollergators/Jackals (RHI) (1995–1997)Orlando Seals (ACHL/WHA2) (2002–2004)
Amway Arena (originally known as Orlando Arena and later TD Waterhouse Centre) was an indoor arena located in Orlando, Florida. It was part of the Orlando Centroplex, a sports and entertainment complex located in Downtown Orlando. The arena was the former home of the Orlando Magic of the NBA and the Orlando Titans of the NLL. It was also the home of the Orlando Solar Bears of the International Hockey League, and the Orlando Predators of the Arena Football League. It also hosted many other minor league sports teams, as well as various concerts and other events such as the PlayStation Pro event on the Dew Action Sports Tour and the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus annually.
Amway Arena closed in 2010 and was demolished in 2012.
History
Orlando Arena's original logo
The city of Orlando wanted a downtown arena long before there was talk of an NBA franchise. The arena site on West Livingston Street was approved in December 1983, at a time when concerts and other large-scale events were held at the Orange County Convention Center, which is several miles away from downtown. Discussions on financing delayed the project for several years due to concerns of the convention center losing money if an arena was built, as an arena would be a better venue for many of the events previously held at the convention center. By the end of 1985, the city and county reached an agreement on a financing plan that would delay the opening of the arena until the end of the decade (unless the county agreed) so it would not compete with the convention center. The planned site grew 50% from its original plan and consumed three extra blocks south of Lake Dot.
In 1986, support was growing to attempt to bring an NBA franchise to Orlando, and general manager Pat Williams knew that having an arena already under construction would be critical for expansion being approved by the league. Considering the importance of the arena, the city voted to allow construction to begin before a study of its impact on the area was filed with state and regional planners. Ground broke in January 1987, four months before the NBA Board of Governors made their final decision to bring Orlando into the league.
Construction was completed in 1989 at a cost of $110 million ($2,099,903.23 as of 2020) – entirely publicly financed. The arena officially opened on January 29, 1989, with a ribbon cutting ceremony and public open house featuring the Orlando Magic Dancers and Curly Neal. In 1991, the facility was voted "Arena of the Year" by Performance Magazine. It was also nominated for "Best Indoor Concert Venue" in the Pollstar Concert Industry Awards. The arena's design provided for an intimate atmosphere. Spectators in the upper bowl were still relatively close to the floor due to the number of seats in the lower and upper bowls being split almost 50/50, with the luxury suites near the ceiling. The arena originally seated 15,291 but all the original seats were replaced with narrower ones between 1994 and 1995, increasing capacity by over 2,000 to 17,519.
Naming
The logo as TD Waterhouse Centre
The then TD Waterhouse Centre
During its entire lifetime, the arena was colloquially known by the nickname of "The O-Rena". It was officially named Orlando Arena, then TD Waterhouse Centre, and finally Amway Arena.
After considering several names, including Frederick Arena (suggested by Magic general manager Pat Williams), MagicDome, Quest, Apex and Centrum, then-Orlando Mayor Bill Frederick decided to name the building Orlando Arena in 1988. It was the city's first choice.
The city agreed to allow the Magic to sell the naming rights of the arena in November 1998. It was part of a five-year extension of the team's lease on the building. The search for a corporate sponsor began immediately, and speculation began that Amway would be chosen due to the fact that Magic owner Rich DeVos co-founded it. However, in 1999, TD Waterhouse, a division of Canadian finance company Toronto Dominion, purchased the naming rights at a cost of $7.8 million for five years. The building was then renamed to TD Waterhouse Centre.
The naming rights with TD Waterhouse expired on November 30, 2006, and the financial company which bought TD Waterhouse's U.S. operations earlier in the year chose not to renew them. The venue was briefly known as "The arena in Orlando" before a new naming rights contract was signed, a period of approximately one week. On December 7, 2006, it was announced that Amway would become the new sponsor at a cost of $1.5 million over 4 years, or $375,000 a year, renaming the building as Amway Arena. As part of the deal, Amway received an initial exclusive option to negotiate for the right to name Orlando's new arena, which had just been announced. The new arena would go on to be named Amway Center.
Former tenants
Defunct tenants of the arena include the IHL's Orlando Solar Bears, the SPHL's Orlando Seals, RHI's Orlando Jackals, MISL's Orlando Sharks, the WNBA's Orlando Miracle, and the NLL's Orlando Titans.
The Solar Bears folded in 2001 along with the IHL itself. After the 2002 WNBA season, all franchises were sold to the operators of the teams, and Magic owner Rich DeVos was not interested in keeping them. They relocated to Connecticut and were renamed the Sun. On August 22, 2004, the City of Orlando evicted the Seals and they were forced to sit out the first season of Southern Professional Hockey League play for 2004–05 as a result. They ultimately moved to Kissimmee's Silver Spurs Arena and resumed play in 2005–2006 as the Florida Seals until they folded. In 2007, the Orlando Sharks, an expansion team in the Major Indoor Soccer League, were to play in the arena beginning that fall, but rent issues with the arena led them to eventually fold. The Orlando Titans played their first and only season at the arena before folding due to financial troubles.
Renovation plans
The arena had only one concourse for over 17,000 people, which would get extremely congested.
Attendance to Magic NBA games was strong, with a waiting list of 3,700 names on the season ticket list in 1996, even after a 1994 renovation made the seats narrower. However, experts stated that the arena was outdated since the day its doors first opened. Although it was built to NBA specifications at the time, construction began right before mid level luxury seating and lower-level club seating became the de facto standard, and the arena lacked both of these lucrative features. Also, the placement of the skyboxes gave them the worst sightlines in the arena, consequently Fortune 500 companies in the vicinity such as SunTrust, Lockheed Martin, Darden Restaurants, and Hughes Supply did not lease the luxury suites.
The Orlando Magic's desire for a major renovation of the building dated to 1994, when the arena was only five years old, as the team was seeking to increase revenue by expanding the limited retail and concession space and luxury seating. In 1996, the team spent $100,000 to have Conventions Sports & Leisure of Minneapolis study and determine renovation ideas. Major renovation seemed unfeasible in 1997, when the task-force determined that the cost of implementing everything that the team wanted would reach up to $75 million. However, even if luxury suites were relocated to the midlevel, the city had few corporations in the area willing to pay the $100,000-plus a year lease rates. The revenues brought in by the changes likely would not be enough to cover mortgage payments on money that would have to be borrowed to pay for the renovation. Also, at the time, the city still owed $40 million on the original construction of the building.
Beginning around 2000, the Magic began to push the City of Orlando for a brand new arena, replacing the TD Waterhouse Centre. Since the city, as well as Orange County, were not keen on picking up the tab for a second facility in a little over a decade, the Magic stated they would contribute to the cost of building it. They did not, however, say how much. They also indicated they expected public dollars to be used, too. Discussions became contentious in 2001, as the team threatened to look elsewhere if Orlando would not build a new arena, or contribute a significant amount to a renovation. At the time, the team was losing $8 million annually. Magic President Bob Vander Weide stated, "If we can't break even in the long term and we can't stay competitive, maybe this isn't the best place for us." The Magic outlined where an arena should be built, the potential cost, what type of tax should pay for it and what could be done with the existing building once it was abandoned by the team. In a meeting with county and city officials, team owner DeVos said he was seeking $200 million in public money, including $121.5 million from the tourist tax collected by the county, $50 million from the city of Orlando and $28.5 million from the state. Officials were staunchly opposed. Any plans for renovation or replacement relied on tourist-tax revenue, and after the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the numbers of tourists in the area declined sharply. Then-Orlando Mayor Glenda Hood and Orange County Mayor Rich Crotty were close to a deal for a major renovation, but talks were broken off for several years due to the sagging tourist tax dollars. At the grand opening of the Amway Center on October 1, 2010, Crotty remarked "When I look around this building, I think to myself, 'Boy, am I glad that didn't work.' Sometimes good comes out of bad."
Successor arena and demolition
Main article: Kia Center
On September 29, 2006, the City of Orlando and Orange County finally came to an agreement on a $1.1-billion improvement package that included $480 million for a new arena. The Magic would provide $114 million in cash and up-front lease payments and guarantee $100 million in bonds toward the arena. The venue plan received final approval on July 26, 2007, and the arena was completed in time for the 2010–11 NBA season. Amway Arena's last day of operation was September 30, 2010, as arena operations then moved to the new Amway Center.
The City of Orlando began demolition of Amway Arena's interior on December 15, 2011, originally planning to take about six months to traditionally demolish the facility. The majority of the building was instead imploded at 7:30 a.m. on March 25, 2012, leaving only the corner columns standing, which would be removed along with the rest of the rubble over the following months. One man was injured after being hit by debris.
Currently, plans call for the remainder of the Centroplex to also be demolished to make way for a "Creative Village" complex on the site. It will be home to digital media companies and related industries. There will be 35% office space, 45% residential space, and 20% for other uses including education, hotels, retail, and entertainment. The goal of the complex is to redevelop the site into "a place where high-tech companies locate; and employees of those businesses and other residents live, work, learn and play".
Notable events
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)The Orlando Magic playing against the Los Angeles Lakers in Amway Arena.
Sports
Notable basketball events include the 1990 SEC men's basketball tournament, as well as early rounds of the NCAA Tournament in 1993, 1996, 1999, and 2004. The 42nd annual NBA All-Star Game was held at the facility on February 9, 1992. Games 1 and 2 of the 1995 NBA Finals between the Magic and the Houston Rockets were held at the arena, as well as Games 3, 4, and 5 of the 2009 NBA Finals between the Magic and the Los Angeles Lakers. The final NBA game at Amway Arena was Game 5 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Boston Celtics on May 26, 2010; the Magic won that game. The Celtics would then win Game 6 in Boston, advancing to face the Lakers in the 2010 NBA Finals.
Other sporting events include the 1992 United States Figure Skating Championships and the IHL Finals in 1996, 1999 and 2001, when the Orlando Solar Bears won the Turner Cup in the IHL's last season of operations. During the 1993–94 NHL season, the Tampa Bay Lightning played five of their home games at the arena. In 2004, Orlando was selected as one of five cities to host the Dew Tour, an extreme sports franchise started in 2005. It was the site of the PlayStation Pro, the final event each season on the tour. Three ArenaBowl games were held at the facility. The Orlando Predators lost to the Detroit Drive in 1992 and Arizona Rattlers in 1994 before defeating the Nashville Kats in 2000. The final sporting event at Amway Arena was an Orlando Predators game on July 24, 2010, against the Oklahoma City Yard Dawgz.
Political events
On October 20, 2008, Democratic Presidential Candidate Barack Obama held a major outdoor rally immediately outside the Amway Arena north entrance that drew over 50,000 supporters and was televised nationally. Additional speakers at the rally included U.S. Senators Hillary Clinton and Bill Nelson, and Orlando Mayor Buddy Dyer. The major rally drew national attention to Florida as an election battle-ground state and was covered live on national evening newscasts on all major networks. A similar rally was held in 2004 by Democratic Presidential Candidate John Kerry inside the Amway Arena.
Other Events
R.E.M performed here on 4/30/1989. Songs from this and the previous night's concert at Miami Arena were broadcast on Westwood One's Superstars In Concert radio show.
Many professional wrestling pay-per-view events have been held at Amway Arena over the years, including the 1990 WWF Royal Rumble, 1994 WCW Bash at the Beach, and WWE Armageddon 2003. On March 29, 2008, the WWE held their Hall of Fame induction at the arena in conjunction with WrestleMania XXIV, which was held at the Florida Citrus Bowl.
Many Orange and Seminole County public high schools held their graduation ceremonies at the arena.
The final event at Amway Arena was the So You Think You Can Dance Tour on September 30, 2010.
References
^ "20 Years Ago Today – The Magic Begins". nba.com.
^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^ "Walter P Moore – Arenas". Archived from the original on 2000-07-08. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
^ "Board Backs Financing For Orlando Arena". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.
^ "Orlando Gets Moving On Arena Project". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.
^ "Magic's Williams: Orlando Arena 'Best In Country'". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.
^ "Gung-ho City Council Okays Early Construction Of Arena". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.
^ "Arena Open House". Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ "Arena Model 'A Spectator's Delight'". Orlando Sentinel. 1986-09-12. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
^ "Arena May Add 2,000 Seats". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.
^ "The arena in Orlando To Become Amway Arena" Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ "House of Magic: Orlando Arena". Retrieved 2010-08-17.
^ "O-rena May Get Profitable New Name". Retrieved 2010-08-17.
^ "Orlando Arena Faces Challenge Of Keeping Fans Under Its Spell". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.
^ a b c d "Odds Improve For Td Waterhouse Upgrade". Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ Orlando Sentinel (28 February 2005). "Arena's skyboxes & interior". OrlandoSentinel.com.
^ "Pro Sports Provide Boost". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.
^ "Orlando Arena Faces Challenge Of Keeping Fans Under Its Spell". Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ "Magic's Goal: New O-rena". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.
^ "Magic May Just Redo Arena". Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ "Only New Arena Will Please Magic". Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ "Magic: Public Must Dig Deep For Arena". Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ "Dyer, Crotty, crowd of 3,000 open Magic's Amway Center". Orlando Sentinel. 2010-10-01. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
^ "State of Downtown Address Press Release". Archived from the original on 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
^ "Video of implosion from adjacent parking garage". Archived from the original on 2012-03-29. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
^ "Downtown Orland Creative Village: Concept Team Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-12.
^ "City of Orlando Community Venues". Cityoforlando.net. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
External links
Orlando Centroplex
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Preceded byfirst arena
Home of theOrlando Magic 1989–2010
Succeeded byAmway Center
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Home of theOrlando Predators 1991–2010
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vteFormer arenas in the National Basketball Association
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Alamodome
Allen County War Memorial Coliseum
Amalie Arena
Amway Arena
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ARCO Arena (1985)
ARCO Arena (1988)
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Calihan Hall
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Climate Pledge Arena
Cole Field House
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Detroit Olympia
Edgerton Park Arena
Fertitta Center
Georgia Dome
HemisFair Arena
Honda Center
Hy-Vee Arena
International Amphitheatre
Joe Louis Arena
Kia Forum
Kiel Auditorium
Kingdome
Lakewood Church Central Campus
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Loyola Field House
Madison Square Garden (1925)
The Hippodrome
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McElroy Auditorium
McNichols Sports Arena
Meadowlands Arena
Memphis Pyramid
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Minneapolis Armory
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Moody Coliseum
Municipal Auditorium (Kansas City, Missouri)
Municipal Auditorium (New Orleans)
Nassau Coliseum
North Side High School Gym
Oakland Arena
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The Palace of Auburn Hills
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Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz place | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kia Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_Center"},{"link_name":"indoor arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_arena"},{"link_name":"Orlando, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Downtown Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Orlando"},{"link_name":"Orlando Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Magic"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Orlando Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Titans"},{"link_name":"NLL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League"},{"link_name":"Orlando Solar Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Solar_Bears_(IHL)"},{"link_name":"International Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hockey_League_(1945%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"Orlando Predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Predators"},{"link_name":"Arena Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringling_Brothers_and_Barnum_and_Bailey_Circus"}],"text":"Former indoor arena in Orlando, Florida, United StatesFor its successor formerly known as Amway Center, see Kia Center.Amway Arena (originally known as Orlando Arena and later TD Waterhouse Centre) was an indoor arena located in Orlando, Florida. It was part of the Orlando Centroplex, a sports and entertainment complex located in Downtown Orlando. The arena was the former home of the Orlando Magic of the NBA and the Orlando Titans of the NLL. It was also the home of the Orlando Solar Bears of the International Hockey League, and the Orlando Predators of the Arena Football League. It also hosted many other minor league sports teams, as well as various concerts and other events such as the PlayStation Pro event on the Dew Action Sports Tour and the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus annually.Amway Arena closed in 2010 and was demolished in 2012.","title":"Amway Arena"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orena_logo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Curly Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Neal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Orlando Arena's original logoThe city of Orlando wanted a downtown arena long before there was talk of an NBA franchise. The arena site on West Livingston Street was approved in December 1983, at a time when concerts and other large-scale events were held at the Orange County Convention Center, which is several miles away from downtown.[4] Discussions on financing delayed the project for several years due to concerns of the convention center losing money if an arena was built, as an arena would be a better venue for many of the events previously held at the convention center. By the end of 1985, the city and county reached an agreement on a financing plan that would delay the opening of the arena until the end of the decade (unless the county agreed) so it would not compete with the convention center. The planned site grew 50% from its original plan and consumed three extra blocks south of Lake Dot.[5]In 1986, support was growing to attempt to bring an NBA franchise to Orlando, and general manager Pat Williams knew that having an arena already under construction would be critical for expansion being approved by the league.[6] Considering the importance of the arena, the city voted to allow construction to begin before a study of its impact on the area was filed with state and regional planners.[7] Ground broke in January 1987, four months before the NBA Board of Governors made their final decision to bring Orlando into the league.Construction was completed in 1989 at a cost of $110 million ($2,099,903.23 as of 2020) – entirely publicly financed. The arena officially opened on January 29, 1989, with a ribbon cutting ceremony and public open house featuring the Orlando Magic Dancers and Curly Neal.[8] In 1991, the facility was voted \"Arena of the Year\" by Performance Magazine. It was also nominated for \"Best Indoor Concert Venue\" in the Pollstar Concert Industry Awards. The arena's design provided for an intimate atmosphere. Spectators in the upper bowl were still relatively close to the floor due to the number of seats in the lower and upper bowls being split almost 50/50, with the luxury suites near the ceiling.[9] The arena originally seated 15,291 but all the original seats were replaced with narrower ones between 1994 and 1995, increasing capacity by over 2,000 to 17,519.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TD_Waterhouse_Centre.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TDWaterhouseCentre.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Orlando Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Bill Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Frederick"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"naming rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_rights"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"TD Waterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Waterhouse"},{"link_name":"Toronto Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Dominion"},{"link_name":"Amway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amway"},{"link_name":"Amway Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amway_Center"}],"sub_title":"Naming","text":"The logo as TD Waterhouse CentreThe then TD Waterhouse CentreDuring its entire lifetime, the arena was colloquially known by the nickname of \"The O-Rena\". It was officially named Orlando Arena, then TD Waterhouse Centre, and finally Amway Arena.[11]After considering several names, including Frederick Arena (suggested by Magic general manager Pat Williams), MagicDome, Quest, Apex and Centrum, then-Orlando Mayor Bill Frederick decided to name the building Orlando Arena in 1988.[12] It was the city's first choice.The city agreed to allow the Magic to sell the naming rights of the arena in November 1998. It was part of a five-year extension of the team's lease on the building. The search for a corporate sponsor began immediately, and speculation began that Amway would be chosen due to the fact that Magic owner Rich DeVos co-founded it.[13] However, in 1999, TD Waterhouse, a division of Canadian finance company Toronto Dominion, purchased the naming rights at a cost of $7.8 million for five years. The building was then renamed to TD Waterhouse Centre.The naming rights with TD Waterhouse expired on November 30, 2006, and the financial company which bought TD Waterhouse's U.S. operations earlier in the year chose not to renew them. The venue was briefly known as \"The arena in Orlando\" before a new naming rights contract was signed, a period of approximately one week. On December 7, 2006, it was announced that Amway would become the new sponsor at a cost of $1.5 million over 4 years, or $375,000 a year, renaming the building as Amway Arena. As part of the deal, Amway received an initial exclusive option to negotiate for the right to name Orlando's new arena, which had just been announced. The new arena would go on to be named Amway Center.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hockey_League_(1945%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"Orlando Solar Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Solar_Bears_(1994%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"SPHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Professional_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Orlando Seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Seals"},{"link_name":"RHI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_Hockey_International"},{"link_name":"Orlando Jackals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Jackals"},{"link_name":"MISL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Indoor_Soccer_League_(2008%E2%80%93)"},{"link_name":"Orlando Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sharks"},{"link_name":"WNBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Orlando Miracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Sun"},{"link_name":"NLL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League"},{"link_name":"Orlando Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Titans"},{"link_name":"Southern Professional Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Professional_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Kissimmee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissimmee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Silver Spurs Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Spurs_Arena"},{"link_name":"Major Indoor Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Indoor_Soccer_League_(2001%E2%80%932008)"}],"sub_title":"Former tenants","text":"Defunct tenants of the arena include the IHL's Orlando Solar Bears, the SPHL's Orlando Seals, RHI's Orlando Jackals, MISL's Orlando Sharks, the WNBA's Orlando Miracle, and the NLL's Orlando Titans.The Solar Bears folded in 2001 along with the IHL itself. After the 2002 WNBA season, all franchises were sold to the operators of the teams, and Magic owner Rich DeVos was not interested in keeping them. They relocated to Connecticut and were renamed the Sun. On August 22, 2004, the City of Orlando evicted the Seals and they were forced to sit out the first season of Southern Professional Hockey League play for 2004–05 as a result. They ultimately moved to Kissimmee's Silver Spurs Arena and resumed play in 2005–2006 as the Florida Seals until they folded. In 2007, the Orlando Sharks, an expansion team in the Major Indoor Soccer League, were to play in the arena beginning that fall, but rent issues with the arena led them to eventually fold. The Orlando Titans played their first and only season at the arena before folding due to financial troubles.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amway_arena_concourse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Magic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-articles.orlandosentinel.com-15"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Fortune 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500"},{"link_name":"SunTrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunTrust"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"Darden Restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darden_Restaurants"},{"link_name":"Hughes Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Supply"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-articles.orlandosentinel.com-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-articles.orlandosentinel.com-15"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Glenda Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenda_Hood"},{"link_name":"Rich Crotty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Crotty"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-articles.orlandosentinel.com-15"},{"link_name":"Amway Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amway_Center"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The arena had only one concourse for over 17,000 people, which would get extremely congested.Attendance to Magic NBA games was strong, with a waiting list of 3,700 names on the season ticket list in 1996, even after a 1994 renovation made the seats narrower.[14] However, experts stated that the arena was outdated since the day its doors first opened.[15] Although it was built to NBA specifications at the time, construction began right before mid level luxury seating and lower-level club seating became the de facto standard, and the arena lacked both of these lucrative features. Also, the placement of the skyboxes gave them the worst sightlines in the arena,[16] consequently Fortune 500 companies in the vicinity such as SunTrust, Lockheed Martin, Darden Restaurants, and Hughes Supply did not lease the luxury suites.[15]The Orlando Magic's desire for a major renovation of the building dated to 1994, when the arena was only five years old, as the team was seeking to increase revenue by expanding the limited retail and concession space and luxury seating.[17][18] In 1996, the team spent $100,000 to have Conventions Sports & Leisure of Minneapolis study and determine renovation ideas. Major renovation seemed unfeasible in 1997, when the task-force determined that the cost of implementing everything that the team wanted would reach up to $75 million.[19] However, even if luxury suites were relocated to the midlevel, the city had few corporations in the area willing to pay the $100,000-plus a year lease rates.[15] The revenues brought in by the changes likely would not be enough to cover mortgage payments on money that would have to be borrowed to pay for the renovation. Also, at the time, the city still owed $40 million on the original construction of the building.Beginning around 2000, the Magic began to push the City of Orlando for a brand new arena, replacing the TD Waterhouse Centre. Since the city, as well as Orange County, were not keen on picking up the tab for a second facility in a little over a decade, the Magic stated they would contribute to the cost of building it. They did not, however, say how much.[20] They also indicated they expected public dollars to be used, too. Discussions became contentious in 2001, as the team threatened to look elsewhere if Orlando would not build a new arena, or contribute a significant amount to a renovation. At the time, the team was losing $8 million annually. Magic President Bob Vander Weide stated, \"If we can't break even in the long term and we can't stay competitive, maybe this isn't the best place for us.\"[21] The Magic outlined where an arena should be built, the potential cost, what type of tax should pay for it and what could be done with the existing building once it was abandoned by the team. In a meeting with county and city officials, team owner DeVos said he was seeking $200 million in public money, including $121.5 million from the tourist tax collected by the county, $50 million from the city of Orlando and $28.5 million from the state. Officials were staunchly opposed.[22] Any plans for renovation or replacement relied on tourist-tax revenue, and after the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the numbers of tourists in the area declined sharply. Then-Orlando Mayor Glenda Hood and Orange County Mayor Rich Crotty were close to a deal for a major renovation, but talks were broken off for several years due to the sagging tourist tax dollars.[15] At the grand opening of the Amway Center on October 1, 2010, Crotty remarked \"When I look around this building, I think to myself, 'Boy, am I glad that didn't work.' Sometimes good comes out of bad.\"[23]","title":"Renovation plans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a new arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_Center"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demo-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"On September 29, 2006, the City of Orlando and Orange County finally came to an agreement on a $1.1-billion improvement package that included $480 million for a new arena. The Magic would provide $114 million in cash and up-front lease payments and guarantee $100 million in bonds toward the arena. The venue plan received final approval on July 26, 2007, and the arena was completed in time for the 2010–11 NBA season. Amway Arena's last day of operation was September 30, 2010, as arena operations then moved to the new Amway Center.The City of Orlando began demolition of Amway Arena's interior on December 15, 2011, originally planning to take about six months to traditionally demolish the facility.[24] The majority of the building was instead imploded at 7:30 a.m. on March 25, 2012, leaving only the corner columns standing, which would be removed along with the rest of the rubble over the following months. One man was injured after being hit by debris.[25]Currently, plans call for the remainder of the Centroplex to also be demolished to make way for a \"Creative Village\" complex on the site. It will be home to digital media companies and related industries. There will be 35% office space, 45% residential space, and 20% for other uses including education, hotels, retail, and entertainment.[26] The goal of the complex is to redevelop the site into \"a place where high-tech companies locate; and employees of those businesses and other residents live, work, learn and play\".[27]","title":"Successor arena and demolition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magic_lakers09.JPG"},{"link_name":"Orlando Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Magic"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Lakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers"}],"text":"The Orlando Magic playing against the Los Angeles Lakers in Amway Arena.","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1990 SEC men's basketball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_SEC_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"NCAA Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"NBA All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_NBA_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"1995 NBA Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_NBA_Finals"},{"link_name":"Houston Rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Rockets"},{"link_name":"2009 NBA Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NBA_Finals"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Lakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers"},{"link_name":"Boston Celtics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics"},{"link_name":"2010 NBA Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_NBA_Finals"},{"link_name":"United States Figure Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"IHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hockey_League_(1945%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"Orlando Solar Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Solar_Bears_(IHL)"},{"link_name":"Turner Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Cup"},{"link_name":"1993–94 NHL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Dew Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_Tour"},{"link_name":"extreme sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_sport"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PlayStation_Pro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ArenaBowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArenaBowl"},{"link_name":"Orlando Predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Predators"},{"link_name":"Detroit Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Drive"},{"link_name":"Arizona Rattlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Rattlers"},{"link_name":"Nashville Kats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Kats"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City Yard Dawgz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Yard_Dawgz"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"Notable basketball events include the 1990 SEC men's basketball tournament, as well as early rounds of the NCAA Tournament in 1993, 1996, 1999, and 2004. The 42nd annual NBA All-Star Game was held at the facility on February 9, 1992. Games 1 and 2 of the 1995 NBA Finals between the Magic and the Houston Rockets were held at the arena, as well as Games 3, 4, and 5 of the 2009 NBA Finals between the Magic and the Los Angeles Lakers. The final NBA game at Amway Arena was Game 5 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Boston Celtics on May 26, 2010; the Magic won that game. The Celtics would then win Game 6 in Boston, advancing to face the Lakers in the 2010 NBA Finals.Other sporting events include the 1992 United States Figure Skating Championships and the IHL Finals in 1996, 1999 and 2001, when the Orlando Solar Bears won the Turner Cup in the IHL's last season of operations. During the 1993–94 NHL season, the Tampa Bay Lightning played five of their home games at the arena. In 2004, Orlando was selected as one of five cities to host the Dew Tour, an extreme sports franchise started in 2005. It was the site of the PlayStation Pro, the final event each season on the tour. Three ArenaBowl games were held at the facility. The Orlando Predators lost to the Detroit Drive in 1992 and Arizona Rattlers in 1994 before defeating the Nashville Kats in 2000. The final sporting event at Amway Arena was an Orlando Predators game on July 24, 2010, against the Oklahoma City Yard Dawgz.","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Presidential Candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Candidate"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Bill Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nelson_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Buddy Dyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Dyer"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Presidential Candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Candidate"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"}],"sub_title":"Political events","text":"On October 20, 2008, Democratic Presidential Candidate Barack Obama held a major outdoor rally immediately outside the Amway Arena north entrance that drew over 50,000 supporters and was televised nationally. Additional speakers at the rally included U.S. Senators Hillary Clinton and Bill Nelson, and Orlando Mayor Buddy Dyer. The major rally drew national attention to Florida as an election battle-ground state and was covered live on national evening newscasts on all major networks. A similar rally was held in 2004 by Democratic Presidential Candidate John Kerry inside the Amway Arena.","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miami Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Arena"},{"link_name":"Westwood One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_One_(1976%E2%80%932011)"},{"link_name":"WWF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Royal Rumble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Rumble_(1990)"},{"link_name":"WCW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Bash at the Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_at_the_Beach_(1994)"},{"link_name":"WWE Armageddon 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armageddon_(2003)"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"WrestleMania XXIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WrestleMania_XXIV"},{"link_name":"Florida Citrus Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Citrus_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Orange and Seminole County public high schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_and_Seminole_County_Public_Schools&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"graduation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduation_ceremony"}],"sub_title":"Other Events","text":"R.E.M performed here on 4/30/1989. Songs from this and the previous night's concert at Miami Arena were broadcast on Westwood One's Superstars In Concert radio show.Many professional wrestling pay-per-view events have been held at Amway Arena over the years, including the 1990 WWF Royal Rumble, 1994 WCW Bash at the Beach, and WWE Armageddon 2003. On March 29, 2008, the WWE held their Hall of Fame induction at the arena in conjunction with WrestleMania XXIV, which was held at the Florida Citrus Bowl.Many Orange and Seminole County public high schools held their graduation ceremonies at the arena.The final event at Amway Arena was the So You Think You Can Dance Tour on September 30, 2010.","title":"Notable events"}] | [{"image_text":"Orlando Arena's original logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ee/Orena_logo.jpg"},{"image_text":"The logo as TD Waterhouse Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/TD_Waterhouse_Centre.svg/180px-TD_Waterhouse_Centre.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The then TD Waterhouse Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/TDWaterhouseCentre.jpg/250px-TDWaterhouseCentre.jpg"},{"image_text":"The arena had only one concourse for over 17,000 people, which would get extremely congested.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Amway_arena_concourse.jpg/220px-Amway_arena_concourse.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Orlando Magic playing against the Los Angeles Lakers in Amway Arena.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Magic_lakers09.JPG/220px-Magic_lakers09.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"20 Years Ago Today – The Magic Begins\". nba.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nba.com/magic/news/20_Years_Ago_Today__The_Magic-182426-800.html","url_text":"\"20 Years Ago Today – The Magic Begins\""}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. 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Retrieved 2016-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000708022900/http://www.walterpmoore.com/proj2_2.htm","url_text":"\"Walter P Moore – Arenas\""},{"url":"http://www.walterpmoore.com/proj2_2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Board Backs Financing For Orlando Arena\". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1985-05-15/news/0300090198_1_orlando-arena-locker-orange-county","url_text":"\"Board Backs Financing For Orlando Arena\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orlando Gets Moving On Arena Project\". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1985-10-05/news/0330300243_1_arena-project-extra-land-traffic-studies","url_text":"\"Orlando Gets Moving On Arena Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magic's Williams: Orlando Arena 'Best In Country'\". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1989-01-29/sports/8901280589_1_arena-in-orlando-city-of-orlando-central-florida","url_text":"\"Magic's Williams: Orlando Arena 'Best In Country'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gung-ho City Council Okays Early Construction Of Arena\". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1986-12-09/news/0280060142_1_early-construction-arena-city-council","url_text":"\"Gung-ho City Council Okays Early Construction Of Arena\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arena Model 'A Spectator's Delight'\". Orlando Sentinel. 1986-09-12. Retrieved 2010-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1986-09-12/news/0250300038_1_fillpot-orlando-magic-curved-walls","url_text":"\"Arena Model 'A Spectator's Delight'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arena May Add 2,000 Seats\". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1994-04-15/news/9404150251_1_orlando-magic-hok-orlando-arena","url_text":"\"Arena May Add 2,000 Seats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orlando Arena Faces Challenge Of Keeping Fans Under Its Spell\". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1996-01-21/news/9601200788_1_magic-place-orlando-arena-arena-managers","url_text":"\"Orlando Arena Faces Challenge Of Keeping Fans Under Its Spell\""}]},{"reference":"Orlando Sentinel (28 February 2005). \"Arena's skyboxes & interior\". OrlandoSentinel.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orlandosentinel.com/sports/orlando-magic/orl-asec-magicboxpg022805,0,6841276.photogallery","url_text":"\"Arena's skyboxes & interior\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pro Sports Provide Boost\". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1994-01-10/business/9312290241_1_magic-pro-sports-season-tickets/3","url_text":"\"Pro Sports Provide Boost\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magic's Goal: New O-rena\". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1997-11-08/news/9711080119_1_vander-weide-magic-orlando-arena/2","url_text":"\"Magic's Goal: New O-rena\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dyer, Crotty, crowd of 3,000 open Magic's Amway Center\". Orlando Sentinel. 2010-10-01. Retrieved 2010-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2010-10-01/sports/os-new-arena-kickoff-20101001_1_magic-s-amway-center-magic-president-alex-martins-hotel-taxes","url_text":"\"Dyer, Crotty, crowd of 3,000 open Magic's Amway Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"State of Downtown Address Press Release\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2012-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120514151952/http://www.thedailycity.com/2011/10/state-of-downtown-address-press-release.html","url_text":"\"State of Downtown Address Press Release\""},{"url":"http://www.thedailycity.com/2011/10/state-of-downtown-address-press-release.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Video of implosion from adjacent parking garage\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-29. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_(disambiguation) | Squid (disambiguation) | ["1 Arts, entertainment, and media","2 Other uses","3 See also"] | Look up SQUID or squid in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
A squid is a type of marine cephalopod with ten limbs.
Squid or squids may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Squid (band), a post-punk band from Brighton, England
Squid (DC Comics), a fictional character from DC Comics
Squid (Marvel Comics), a villain from Marvel Comics
Squid, a fictional character (villain) from Universal Soldier: The Return
"Squid" (song), by Paul McCartney from Flaming Pie
SQUID, a fictional form of virtual reality unit in the film Strange Days
Squids (video game)
Squid (game), children's game in Korea
Squid Game, Korean television show
Other uses
SQUID (cryptocurrency), cryptocurrency scam based on Squid Game
Squid (software), a proxy server and web cache
Squid (weapon), an anti-submarine weapon
SQUID, a superconducting loop used to make sensitive measurements of magnetic fields
Squid as food, squid prepared as food
Squid, nickname for US Navy Sailor
See also
All pages with titles beginning with Squid
Giant squid (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Squid.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SQUID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/SQUID"},{"link_name":"squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/squid"},{"link_name":"squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid"}],"text":"Look up SQUID or squid in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.A squid is a type of marine cephalopod with ten limbs.Squid or squids may also refer to:","title":"Squid (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Squid (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_(band)"},{"link_name":"Squid (DC Comics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Squid (Marvel Comics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Universal Soldier: The Return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Soldier:_The_Return"},{"link_name":"\"Squid\" (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_(song)"},{"link_name":"Strange Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Days_(film)"},{"link_name":"Squids (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squids_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Squid (game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_(game)"},{"link_name":"Squid Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_Game"}],"text":"Squid (band), a post-punk band from Brighton, England\nSquid (DC Comics), a fictional character from DC Comics\nSquid (Marvel Comics), a villain from Marvel Comics\nSquid, a fictional character (villain) from Universal Soldier: The Return\n\"Squid\" (song), by Paul McCartney from Flaming Pie\nSQUID, a fictional form of virtual reality unit in the film Strange Days\nSquids (video game)\nSquid (game), children's game in Korea\nSquid Game, Korean television show","title":"Arts, entertainment, and media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SQUID (cryptocurrency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQUID_(cryptocurrency)"},{"link_name":"cryptocurrency scam based on Squid Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Squid_Game_cryptocurrency_scam"},{"link_name":"Squid (software)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_(software)"},{"link_name":"Squid (weapon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"SQUID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQUID"},{"link_name":"Squid as food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_as_food"},{"link_name":"Squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid"}],"text":"SQUID (cryptocurrency), cryptocurrency scam based on Squid Game\nSquid (software), a proxy server and web cache\nSquid (weapon), an anti-submarine weapon\nSQUID, a superconducting loop used to make sensitive measurements of magnetic fields\nSquid as food, squid prepared as food\nSquid, nickname for US Navy Sailor","title":"Other uses"}] | [] | [{"title":"All pages with titles beginning with Squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Squid"},{"title":"Giant squid (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_squid_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Squid_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Squid_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_the_Congos | Heart of the Congos | ["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","2.1 Side one","2.2 Side two","3 1996 CD track listing","3.1 CD one (Remix)","3.2 CD two","4 2017 40th Anniversary Edition CD track listing","4.1 CD one (Remix)","4.2 CD two (Bonus Tracks)","4.3 CD three (Original mix)","5 Personnel","6 References"] | 1977 studio album by the CongosHeart of the CongosStudio album by the CongosReleased1977Recorded1976–1977, Black Ark, Kingston, JamaicaGenreRoots reggaeLength44:38LabelBlack ArtProducerLee PerryThe Congos chronology
Heart of the Congos(1977)
Congo(1979)
Heart of the Congos is a roots reggae album by the Congos, produced by Lee "Scratch" Perry at his Black Ark studio with a studio band including Boris Gardiner on bass and Ernest Ranglin on guitar. The album was released in 1977. It is noted as being one of Perry's masterpiece productions of the Black Ark era.
The first issue of the LP in Jamaica was a very limited release said to consist of only several hundred copies. It was remastered using the original Black Ark quarter inch master tapes with the exception of 'At The Feast' and re-released in 1996 on the record label Blood and Fire, run by Steve Barrow, T Elwing, and Mick Hucknall, with assistance on the ground provided by Andrea Lewis. The original mix of the album was not officially re-issued on either LP or CD until 2017's 40th Anniversary Edition (although an 'unofficial' CD release, sourced from the original LP, was released in 2004 by CORN-FED Productions, based in Amsterdam). Until 2017, all editions subsequent to the first Jamaica release feature a second, substantially different, mix by Lee Perry. The 40th Anniversary Edition includes both mixes of the album, as well as ten bonus tracks.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRobert ChristgauThe Encyclopedia of Popular MusicQThe Rolling Stone Record GuideSputnikmusic (staff review)5/5Tiny Mix Tapes
Barrow and Peter Dalton called Heart of the Congos "the most completely successful of all the albums recorded at the Black Ark," and "one of the prime examples of Jamaican vocal technique" due to the dynamic combination of Cedric Myton’s falsetto lead vocals, Roy "Ashanti" Johnson’s tenor lead vocals and backing vocals by noted singers such as Gregory Isaacs and members of the Meditations and the Heptones. The album was listed in the 1999 book The Rough Guide: Reggae: 100 Essential CDs.
Pitchfork ranked the record at No. 46 on its "Top 100 Albums of the 1970s".
The NME ranked the album at 99 in its 2003 list of the "100 Best Albums of All Time".
Track listing
All tracks written by Cedric Myton and Roydel Johnson, except tracks 1 and 2 written by Cedric Myton, Roydel Johnson and Lee Perry.
Side one
"Fisherman"
"Congoman"
"Open Up the Gate"
"Children Crying"
"La La Bam-Bam"
Side two
"Can't Come In"
"Sodom and Gomorrow"
"The Wrong Thing"
"Ark of the Covenant"
"Solid Foundation"
1996 CD track listing
CD one (Remix)
"Fisherman"
"Congoman"
"Open up the Gate"
"Children Crying"
"La La Bam-Bam"
"Can't Come In"
"Sodom and Gomorrow"
"The Wrong Thing"
"Ark of the Covenant"
"Solid Foundation"
"At the Feast"
"Nicodemus"
CD two
"Congoman" (12" mix)
"Congoman Chant"
"Bring the Mackaback"
"Noah Sugar Pan"
"Solid Foundation" (Disco Cork Mix)
2017 40th Anniversary Edition CD track listing
CD one (Remix)
"Fisherman"
"Congoman"
"Open up the Gate"
"Children Crying"
"La La Bam-Bam"
"Can't Come In"
"Sodom and Gomorrow"
"The Wrong Thing"
"Ark of the Covenant"
"Solid Foundation"
CD two (Bonus Tracks)
"Don't Blame It On I"
"At The Feast"
"Neckodeemus"
"Solid Foundation (Disco Cork Mix)"
"Foundation Dub"
"Congoman (12" Mix)"
"Congoman Chant"
"Bring The Mackaback"
"Fisherman Dub"
"Noah Sugar Pan"
CD three (Original mix)
"Fisherman"
"Congoman"
"Open up the Gate"
"Children Crying"
"La La Bam-Bam"
"Can't Come In"
"Sodom and Gomorrow"
"The Wrong Thing"
"Ark of the Covenant"
"Solid Foundation"
Personnel
Produced by the Congos and Lee "Scratch" Perry.
Recorded at the Black Ark 1976–77, Cardiff Crescent, Washington Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica.
The Congos – Cedric Myton and Roy "Ashanti" Johnson
Boris Gardiner, Geoffrey Chung on "Fisherman" - bass
Lowell "Sly" Dunbar, Mikey "Boo" Richards, Paul Douglas on "Fisherman" - drums
Robert "Billy" Johnson - rhythm guitar
Ernest Ranglin - lead guitar
Winston "Brubeck" Wright - organ, bass on "Congoman"
Keith Sterling - piano
Noel "Skully" Simms, Uziah "Sticky" Thompson, Lee Perry - percussion
The Meditations, Watty "King" Burnett, Gregory Isaacs (on "La La Bam-Bam"), Earl Morgan and Barry Llewellyn (on "La La Bam-Bam"), Candy McKenzie (on "Children Crying") - backing vocals
References
^ Heart of the Congos at AllMusic
^ Robert Christgau, "The Congos", robertchristgau.com, retrieved 11 June 2024
^ Colin Larkin (1998). "Congos". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. II (3rd ed.). Muze. p. 1204. ISBN 0-333-74134-X.
^ Kelly, Danny (March 1996). "The Congos: Heart of the Congos". Q: 110.
^ Dave Marsh; John Swenson, eds. (1983). "The Congoes". The New Rolling Stone Record Guide. Random House/Rolling Stone Press. p. 110. ISBN 0-394-72107-1.
^ robertsona (staff) (2 December 2022), "The Congos - Heart Of The Congos", sputnikmusic.com, Sputnikmusic, retrieved 11 June 2024
^ Willcoma, "The Congos - Heart Of The Congos", tinymixtapes.com, Tiny Mix Tapes, retrieved 11 June 2024
^ Barrow, Steve; Dalton, Peter (1997). Reggae: The Rough Guide. London: The Rough Guides. p. 168. ISBN 9781858282473.
^ Barrow, Steve & Dalton, Peter (1999) Reggae: 100 Essential CDs, Rough Guides, ISBN 1-85828-567-4
^ Pitchfork staff (23 June 2004). "Staff Lists: Top 100 Albums of the 1970s". Pitchfork. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
^ "NME 's 100 Best Albums Of All Time". BestEverAlbums.com. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"roots reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_reggae"},{"link_name":"the Congos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Congos"},{"link_name":"Lee \"Scratch\" Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry"},{"link_name":"Black Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Ark"},{"link_name":"Boris Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Gardiner"},{"link_name":"Ernest Ranglin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ranglin"},{"link_name":"Blood and Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_and_Fire_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Steve Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Barrow"},{"link_name":"Mick Hucknall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Hucknall"}],"text":"1977 studio album by the CongosHeart of the Congos is a roots reggae album by the Congos, produced by Lee \"Scratch\" Perry at his Black Ark studio with a studio band including Boris Gardiner on bass and Ernest Ranglin on guitar. The album was released in 1977. It is noted as being one of Perry's masterpiece productions of the Black Ark era.The first issue of the LP in Jamaica was a very limited release said to consist of only several hundred copies. It was remastered using the original Black Ark quarter inch master tapes with the exception of 'At The Feast' and re-released in 1996 on the record label Blood and Fire, run by Steve Barrow, T Elwing, and Mick Hucknall, with assistance on the ground provided by Andrea Lewis. The original mix of the album was not officially re-issued on either LP or CD until 2017's 40th Anniversary Edition (although an 'unofficial' CD release, sourced from the original LP, was released in 2004 by CORN-FED Productions, based in Amsterdam). Until 2017, all editions subsequent to the first Jamaica release feature a second, substantially different, mix by Lee Perry. The 40th Anniversary Edition includes both mixes of the album, as well as ten bonus tracks.","title":"Heart of the Congos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cedric Myton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Myton"},{"link_name":"Roy \"Ashanti\" Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roydel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Gregory Isaacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Isaacs"},{"link_name":"Meditations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meditations"},{"link_name":"Heptones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heptones"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rough 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1970s\".[10]The NME ranked the album at 99 in its 2003 list of the \"100 Best Albums of All Time\".[11]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cedric Myton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Myton"},{"link_name":"Roydel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roydel_Johnson"}],"text":"All tracks written by Cedric Myton and Roydel Johnson, except tracks 1 and 2 written by Cedric Myton, Roydel Johnson and Lee Perry.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Side one","text":"\"Fisherman\"\n\"Congoman\"\n\"Open Up the Gate\"\n\"Children Crying\"\n\"La La Bam-Bam\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Side two","text":"\"Can't Come In\"\n\"Sodom and Gomorrow\"\n\"The Wrong Thing\"\n\"Ark of the Covenant\"\n\"Solid Foundation\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1996 CD track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"CD one (Remix)","text":"\"Fisherman\"\n\"Congoman\"\n\"Open up the 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Isaacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Isaacs"}],"text":"Produced by the Congos and Lee \"Scratch\" Perry.\nRecorded at the Black Ark 1976–77, Cardiff Crescent, Washington Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica.The Congos – Cedric Myton and Roy \"Ashanti\" Johnson\nBoris Gardiner, Geoffrey Chung on \"Fisherman\" - bass\nLowell \"Sly\" Dunbar, Mikey \"Boo\" Richards, Paul Douglas on \"Fisherman\" - drums\nRobert \"Billy\" Johnson - rhythm guitar\nErnest Ranglin - lead guitar\nWinston \"Brubeck\" Wright - organ, bass on \"Congoman\"\nKeith Sterling - piano\nNoel \"Skully\" Simms, Uziah \"Sticky\" Thompson, Lee Perry - percussion\nThe Meditations, Watty \"King\" Burnett, Gregory Isaacs (on \"La La Bam-Bam\"), Earl Morgan and Barry Llewellyn (on \"La La Bam-Bam\"), Candy McKenzie (on \"Children Crying\") - backing vocals","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Robert Christgau, \"The Congos\", robertchristgau.com, retrieved 11 June 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Skinner_(politician) | Harry Skinner (politician) | ["1 Early life and education","2 Political career","3 Family","4 Congress","5 Later career and death","6 References","7 External links"] | American politician
Harry SkinnerMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom 's North Carolina's 1st districtIn officeMarch 4, 1895 – March 3, 1899Preceded byWilliam A.B. BranchSucceeded byJohn H. Small
Personal detailsBorn(1855-05-25)May 25, 1855Perquimans County, North CarolinaDiedMay 19, 1929(1929-05-19) (aged 73)Greenville, North CarolinaResting placeCherry Hill CemeteryPolitical party
Democratic
Populist
Spouses
Lottie Montiero (m. 1878)
Ella Montiero (m. 1895)
RelativesThomas Gregory Skinner (brother)Education
Hertford Academy
University of Kentucky College of Law
OccupationLawyer, politicianSignature
Harry Skinner (May 25, 1855 – May 19, 1929) was an American lawyer and politician who served two terms as a U.S. Representative from North Carolina from 1895 to 1899’
He was the brother of U.S. Representative Thomas Gregory Skinner.
Early life and education
Skinner was born in Perquimans County, North Carolina, near Hertford, on May 25, 1855. He was a member of a wealthy political family; his father, James C. Skinner, was a state senator and clerk of the county court, and his grandfather, also named Harry Skinner, had served in both houses of the North Carolina legislature.
He attended Hertford Academy and was graduated from the University of Kentucky College of Law at Lexington.
He was admitted to the bar in 1876 and commenced practice in Greenville, North Carolina.
Political career
He served on the town council in 1878 before joining Governor Jarvis' staff and serving as aide-de-camp (1879–1886). He chaired the Democratic executive committees of the First Congressional District (1880–1890) and of Pitt County (1880–1892). In 1891 and 1892 he was a member of the State house of representatives. He chaired the Populist executive committee of Pitt County (1892–1896).
He was a member of the State central committee (1892–1896) and a trustee of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1890–1896).
Family
He married Lottie Montiero on June 5, 1878, and they had six children. He remarried to Ella Montiero on October 26, 1895, and they had one child.
Congress
Skinner was elected as a Populist to the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Congresses (March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1899), but in 1898 was unsuccessful in his bid for reelection to the Fifty-sixth Congress.
Later career and death
He served as United States attorney for the eastern district of North Carolina (1902–1910), after which he resumed the practice of law in Greenville, where he died on May 19, 1929.
He was interred in Cherry Hill Cemetery.
References
^ Cyclopedia of Eminent and Representative Men of the Carolinas of the Nineteenth Century. Vol. II. Madison, Wisconsin: Brant & Fuller. 1892. p. 132. Retrieved April 28, 2022 – via Internet Archive.
^ a b "Colonel Skinner Dies Age of 74". The News & Observer. Greenville. May 20, 1929. p. 2. Retrieved April 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
External links
United States Congress. "Skinner, Harry (id: S000468)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Harry Skinner at Find a Grave
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byWilliam A. B. Branch
Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom North Carolina's 1st congressional district 1895–1899
Succeeded byJohn H. Small
Legal offices
Preceded byClaude M. Bernard
United States Attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina 1902–1910
Succeeded byHerbert F. Seawell
vteThird-party and independent members of the United States House of RepresentativesLaw and Order Party
Henry Y. Cranston
Elisha R. Potter
Constitutional Union Party
William Appleton
James S. Rollins
Liberal Republican Party
Nathaniel P. Banks
Henry B. Banning
James G. Blair
Alexander Boarman
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John Edwards
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William Joseph Hynes
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Greenback Party
Bradley Barlow
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William M. Lowe
Gilbert De La Matyr
James Mosgrove
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Theron Moses Rice
Daniel Lindsay Russell
James B. Weaver
Luman Hamlin Weller
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Seth Hartman Yocum
Readjuster Party
Henry Bowen
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Harry Libbey
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John Paul
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Labor Party
Lewis P. Featherstone
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Henry Smith
Populist Party
John Wilbur Atwater
William Baker
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John Calhoun Bell
Haldor Boen
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Lafe Pence
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William D. Vincent
Thomas E. Watson
Silver Republican Party
Thomas L. Glenn
William Carey Jones
John F. Shafroth
Edgar Wilson
Socialist Party
Victor L. Berger
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Meyer London
Progressive Parties
Thomas Ryum Amlie
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Farmer–Labor Party
Henry M. Arens
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American Labor Party
Leo Isacson
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Liberal Party
Irwin D. Davidson
Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.
Other parties
▌Justin Amash (Libertarian)
▌William Carney (Conservative)
▌Charles Randall (Prohibition)
▌Benjamin F. Shively (Anti-Monopoly)
Independents
William B. Anderson
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Jo Ann Emerson
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George Washington Wright
Portal:Politics
Third party (U.S. politics)
Notable third-party performances in United States elections
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
People
US Congress | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gregory Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gregory_Skinner"}],"text":"Harry Skinner (May 25, 1855 – May 19, 1929) was an American lawyer and politician who served two terms as a U.S. Representative from North Carolina from 1895 to 1899’He was the brother of U.S. Representative Thomas Gregory Skinner.","title":"Harry Skinner (politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perquimans County, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perquimans_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Hertford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertford,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hertford Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertford_Academy"},{"link_name":"University of Kentucky College of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kentucky_College_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Greenville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_North_Carolina"}],"text":"Skinner was born in Perquimans County, North Carolina, near Hertford, on May 25, 1855. He was a member of a wealthy political family; his father, James C. Skinner, was a state senator and clerk of the county court, and his grandfather, also named Harry Skinner, had served in both houses of the North Carolina legislature.[1]He attended Hertford Academy and was graduated from the University of Kentucky College of Law at Lexington.\nHe was admitted to the bar in 1876 and commenced practice in Greenville, North Carolina.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governor Jarvis'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jordan_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill"}],"text":"He served on the town council in 1878 before joining Governor Jarvis' staff and serving as aide-de-camp (1879–1886). He chaired the Democratic executive committees of the First Congressional District (1880–1890) and of Pitt County (1880–1892). In 1891 and 1892 he was a member of the State house of representatives. He chaired the Populist executive committee of Pitt County (1892–1896).He was a member of the State central committee (1892–1896) and a trustee of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1890–1896).","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dies-2"}],"text":"He married Lottie Montiero on June 5, 1878, and they had six children. He remarried to Ella Montiero on October 26, 1895, and they had one child.[2]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Populist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Fifty-fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Fifty-fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Fifty-sixth Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_United_States_Congress"}],"text":"Skinner was elected as a Populist to the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Congresses (March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1899), but in 1898 was unsuccessful in his bid for reelection to the Fifty-sixth Congress.","title":"Congress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_attorney"},{"link_name":"eastern district of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dies-2"}],"text":"He served as United States attorney for the eastern district of North Carolina (1902–1910), after which he resumed the practice of law in Greenville, where he died on May 19, 1929.He was interred in Cherry Hill Cemetery.[2]","title":"Later career and death"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Cyclopedia of Eminent and Representative Men of the Carolinas of the Nineteenth Century. Vol. II. Madison, Wisconsin: Brant & Fuller. 1892. p. 132. Retrieved April 28, 2022 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cyclopediaofemin02mccr/page/132/mode/1up","url_text":"Cyclopedia of Eminent and Representative Men of the Carolinas of the Nineteenth Century"}]},{"reference":"\"Colonel Skinner Dies Age of 74\". The News & Observer. Greenville. May 20, 1929. p. 2. Retrieved April 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100644826/colonel-skinner-dies-age-of-74/","url_text":"\"Colonel Skinner Dies Age of 74\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_%26_Observer","url_text":"The News & Observer"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Skinner, Harry (id: S000468)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000468","url_text":"\"Skinner, Harry (id: S000468)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cyclopediaofemin02mccr/page/132/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Cyclopedia of Eminent and Representative Men of the Carolinas of the Nineteenth Century"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100644826/colonel-skinner-dies-age-of-74/","external_links_name":"\"Colonel Skinner Dies Age of 74\""},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000468","external_links_name":"\"Skinner, Harry (id: S000468)\""},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8077811","external_links_name":"Harry Skinner"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/149342398","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjHcW9RjPQMPxJppWHBfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010124431","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000468","external_links_name":"US Congress"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Premier_League_2006 | 2006 Russian Premier League | ["1 Teams","1.1 Venues","1.2 Personnel and kits","1.3 Managerial changes","2 Tournament format and regulations","3 League table","4 Results","5 Season statistics","5.1 Top goalscorers","5.2 Statistics","6 Awards","7 Medal squads","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | 15th season of top-tier football league in Russia
Football league seasonRussian Premier LeagueSeason2006ChampionsCSKA MoscowRelegatedTorpedo Moscow Shinnik YaroslavlChampions LeagueCSKA Moscow Spartak MoscowUEFA CupLokomotiv Moscow Zenit St.PetersburgIntertoto CupRubin KazanMatches played240Goals scored585 (2.44 per match)Top goalscorerRoman Pavlyuchenko (18)← 2005 2007 →
The 2006 Russian Premier League was the 15th season of the premier football competition in Russia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the 5th under the current Russian Premier League name.
The season started on 17 March 2006 and ended on 26 November 2006. Defending champions CSKA Moscow claimed their second successive title on 18 November 2006 with an away win over Luch-Energiya Vladivostok. Spartak Moscow finished runners-up, level on points with CSKA but ranked behind due to fewer wins (see Tie-breaking criteria below). Lokomotiv Moscow finished third.
Torpedo Moscow and Shinnik were relegated. It was the first time in Torpedo Moscow's history that the club was relegated.
Teams
As in the previous season, 16 teams played in the 2006 season. After the 2005 season, Alania Vladikavkaz and Terek Grozny were relegated to the 2006 Russian First Division. They were replaced by Luch-Energia Vladivostok and Spartak Nalchik, the winners and runners up of the 2005 Russian First Division.
Venues
Amkar
CSKA
Dynamo
Krylia
Zvezda Stadium
Central Stadium
Central Stadium
Metallurg Stadium
Capacity: 17,000
Capacity: 36,540
Capacity: 36,540
Capacity: 27,084
Lokomotiv
CSKA Dynamo Lokomotiv Moscow Saturn Spartak TorpedoAmkarKryliaRostovRubinShinnikSpartakZenitclass=notpageimage| Locations of teams in 2006 Russian Premier League
MoscowLuchTomclass=notpageimage| Locations of teams in 2006 Russian Premier League, Tomsk & Vladivostok
Luch-Energia
RZD Arena
Dynamo Stadium
Capacity: 33,001
Capacity: 10,200
Moscow
Rostov
Eduard Streltsov Stadium
Olimp-2
Capacity: 13,450
Capacity: 15,840
Rubin
Saturn
Central Stadium
Saturn Stadium
Capacity: 22,500
Capacity: 14,685
Shinnik
Spartak Moscow
Shinnik Stadium
Luzhniki Stadium
Capacity: 22,871
Capacity: 81,029
Spartak Nalchik
Tom
Torpedo
Zenit Saint Petersburg
Spartak Stadium
Trud Stadium
Luzhniki Stadium
Petrovsky Stadium
Capacity: 14,149
Capacity: 10,028
Capacity: 81,029
Capacity: 21,570
Personnel and kits
Team
Location
Head coach
Captain
Kit manufacturer
Shirt sponsor
Amkar Perm
Perm
Rashid Rakhimov
Adidas
CSKA
Moscow
Valery Gazzaev
Umbro
Sibneft/VTB
Dynamo
Moscow
Andrey Kobelev
Umbro
Xerox
Lokomotiv
Moscow
Oleg Dolmatov
Adidas
Luch-Energia
Vladivostok
Sergei Pavlov
Nike
DSV
Krylia
Samara
Gadzhi Gadzhiyev
Moscow
Moscow
Leonid Slutsky
Rostov
Rostov-on-Don
Sergei Balakhnin
Umbro
Rubin
Kazan
Kurban Berdyev
Nike
—
Saturn
Ramenskoye
Vladimír Weiss
Adidas
Shinnik
Yaroslavl
Boris Gavrilov (Caretaker)
Spartak
Moscow
Vladimir Fedotov
Nike
Spartak
Nalchik
Yuri Krasnozhan
Umbro
—
Tom
Tomsk
Valery Petrakov
Torpedo
Moscow
Aleksandr Gostenin (Caretaker)
Umbro
—
Zenit
Saint Petersburg
Dick Advocaat
Adidas
Gazprom
Managerial changes
Team
Outgoing manager
Manner of departure
Date of vacancy
Position in table
Replaced by
Date of appointment
Position in table
Dynamo
Andrey Kobelev (Caretaker)
End of role
Preseason
Yuri Semin
22 November 2005
Preseason
Lokomotiv
Vladimir Eshtrekov
Slavoljub Muslin
12 December 2005
Saturn
Vladimir Shevchuk
Vladimír Weiss
Tom
Anatoliy Byshovets
Valery Petrakov
Spartak
Aleksandrs Starkovs
April 2006
Vladimir Fedotov
April 2006
Zenit St.Petersburg
Vlastimil Petržela
4 May 2006
Vladimír Borovička (Caretaker)
May 2006
Zenit St.Petersburg
Vladimír Borovička (Caretaker)
End of Role
July 2006
Dick Advocaat
26 June 2006
Amkar
Sergei Oborin
August 2006
Igor Uralyov (Caretaker)
August 2006
Dynamo
Yuri Semin
Resigned
4 August 2006
15th
Andrey Kobelev
August 2006
Amkar
Igor Uralyov (Caretaker)
End of Role
September 2006
Rashid Rakhimov
September 2006
Shinnik
Oleg Dolmatov
September 2006
Boris Gavrilov
September 2006
Torpedo
Sergei Petrenko
September 2006
Aleksandr Gostenin
September 2006
Lokomotiv
Slavoljub Muslin
Fired
5 October 2006
Oleg Dolmatov
5 October 2006
Tournament format and regulations
Based on paragraph 15.3 of the Russian Premier League regulations for the current season, if two or more teams are equal on points (without having the highest number), the positions of these teams are determined by:
higher number of wins in all matches;
higher goal difference in all matches;
results of matches between the teams in question (1. higher number of points obtained; 2. higher number of wins; 3. higher goal difference; 4. higher number of goals scored; 5. higher number of away goals scored);
higher number of goals scored in all matches;
higher number of away goals scored in all matches;
drawing of lots.
Based on paragraph 15.4 of the regulations, if two teams are equal on the highest number of points, the first position is determined by:
higher number of wins in all matches;
results of matches between the two teams (1. higher number of points obtained; 2. higher goal difference; 3. higher number of goals scored; 4. higher number of away goals scored);
drawing of lots, or an additional match between the two teams, with extra time and a penalty shoot-out if necessary.
Based on paragraph 15.5 of the regulations, if more than two teams are equal on the highest number of points, the first position and subsequent positions of these teams are determined by:
higher number of wins in all matches;
higher goal difference in all matches;
results of matches between the teams in question (1. higher number of points obtained; 2. higher goal difference; 3. higher number of goals scored; 4. higher number of away goals scored);
drawing of lots, or an additional tournament between the teams in question.1
1The terms of this additional tournament are determined by the Russian Football Union and the governing body of the Russian Premier League based on suggestions from the participating clubs.
League table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1
CSKA Moscow (C)
30
17
7
6
47
28
+19
58
Qualification to Champions League group stage
2
Spartak Moscow
30
15
13
2
60
36
+24
58
Qualification to Champions League third qualifying round
3
Lokomotiv Moscow
30
15
8
7
47
34
+13
53
Qualification to UEFA Cup first round
4
Zenit St. Petersburg
30
13
11
6
42
30
+12
50
Qualification to UEFA Cup second qualifying round
5
Rubin Kazan
30
14
7
9
45
35
+10
49
Qualification to Intertoto Cup second round
6
FC Moscow
30
10
13
7
41
37
+4
43
7
Luch-Energiya Vladivostok
30
12
5
13
37
39
−2
41
8
Tom Tomsk
30
11
8
11
35
33
+2
41
9
Krylia Sovetov Samara
30
10
8
12
37
35
+2
38
10
Spartak Nalchik
30
10
8
12
31
34
−3
38
11
Saturn
30
7
16
7
29
24
+5
37
12
Rostov
30
10
6
14
42
48
−6
36
13
Amkar Perm
30
8
11
11
22
36
−14
35
14
Dynamo Moscow
30
8
10
12
31
40
−9
34
15
Torpedo Moscow (R)
30
3
13
14
22
40
−18
22
Relegation to First Division
16
Shinnik Yaroslavl (R)
30
1
8
21
17
56
−39
11
Source: RFPLRules for classification: 1st points; 2nd matches won; 3rd goal difference; 4th head-to-head (points, matches won, goal difference, goals scored, away goals scored); 5th goals scored; 6th away goals scored; 7th drawing of lots(C) Champions; (R) RelegatedNotes:
^ Qualified as the winner of 2006–07 Russian Cup.
Results
Home \ Away
AMK
CSK
DYN
KRY
LOK
LUE
MOS
ROS
RUB
SAT
SHI
SPA
SPN
TOM
TOR
ZEN
Amkar Perm
0–0
3–2
1–0
1–3
0–0
2–2
1–0
0–0
1–0
1–0
1–3
1–0
0–0
1–0
1–3
CSKA Moscow
2–0
1–2
1–1
1–2
2–1
2–1
1–2
2–1
1–0
5–1
2–2
2–1
2–0
2–0
1–0
Dynamo Moscow
0–0
2–3
1–1
2–0
2–1
1–1
0–1
2–2
1–1
1–1
0–0
1–0
2–1
2–1
2–2
Krylia Sovetov Samara
6–1
2–0
1–0
1–2
2–1
0–4
1–0
0–0
0–0
2–0
0–1
1–2
2–1
2–0
3–2
Lokomotiv Moscow
0–0
3–2
2–0
0–1
3–0
0–1
1–0
4–4
0–0
1–0
0–0
2–3
1–1
0–0
3–1
Luch-Energiya
3–1
0–4
3–1
3–2
1–1
1–1
4–2
2–1
2–0
1–0
1–0
1–0
2–1
2–0
0–2
FC Moscow
1–0
0–1
1–1
1–0
0–1
2–1
4–0
0–5
2–1
4–1
3–3
1–1
0–0
1–1
0–0
Rostov
1–1
1–2
2–1
2–2
1–2
1–0
4–0
2–1
0–2
0–0
3–4
2–1
2–1
1–1
1–3
Rubin Kazan
1–0
1–0
0–1
2–1
2–4
1–0
2–0
2–1
0–3
0–0
2–0
0–0
2–0
1–1
3–0
Saturn
0–0
2–2
3–0
1–1
1–1
1–0
1–1
0–0
1–2
3–0
1–1
1–4
2–1
0–0
0–0
Shinnik Yaroslavl
0–0
0–1
1–2
1–0
1–3
1–3
1–2
1–6
1–5
0–0
1–1
0–1
0–1
1–1
1–2
Spartak Moscow
4–1
1–1
3–2
3–2
2–1
1–1
3–3
5–2
3–0
1–1
3–1
1–0
3–1
2–0
1–0
Spartak Nalchik
2–1
0–1
1–0
1–1
0–1
0–0
2–2
3–1
3–1
2–0
2–1
2–2
1–0
0–0
1–1
Tom Tomsk
1–3
0–1
1–0
2–1
3–1
2–1
1–0
3–1
4–0
0–0
3–1
2–2
1–0
0–0
2–2
Torpedo Moscow
0–0
2–2
3–0
1–1
1–4
2–1
0–2
0–2
1–2
0–3
1–1
1–1
2–0
1–2
1–2
Zenit St. Petersburg
2–0
0–0
0–0
1–0
4–1
3–1
1–1
1–1
1–0
1–1
1–0
1–4
4–0
0–0
2–1
Source: Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
Season statistics
Top goalscorers
As of matches played on 26 November 2006.
Rank
Player
Club
Goal
1
Roman Pavlyuchenko
Spartak
18
2
Jô
CSKA
14
3
Alejandro Domínguez
Rubin
13
Pavel Pogrebnyak
Tom
Dmitri Loskov
Lokomotiv
6
Dmitri Kirichenko
Moscow
12
Mikhail Osinov
Rostov
8
Vágner Love
CSKA
9
Ivica Olić
CSKA
10
Yegor Titov
Spartak
8
Roman Adamov
Moscow
Statistics
Goals: 585 (average 2.44 per match)
From penalties: 69 (12%)
Saved/Missed penalties: 19 (22%)
Goals scored home: 337 (58%)
Goals scored away: 247 (42%)
Yellow cards: 1202 (average 5.01 per match)
For violent conduct: 730 (61%)
For unsporting behaviour: 387 (32%)
For undisciplined behaviour: 3 (0%)
Other: 82 (7%)
Red cards: 62 (average 0.26 per match)
For second yellow card: 41 (66%)
For undisciplined behaviour: 7 (11%)
For denying an obvious goal-scoring opportunity: 6 (10%)
For violent conduct: 6 (10%)
For unsporting behaviour: 1 (2%)
For handball: 1 (2%)
Attendance: 2,948,996 (average 12,287 per match; 98,300 per matchday)
Awards
Russian Football Union named Andrey Arshavin the best Premier League player of the season. Arshavin was also ranked best by major Russian sports newspapers, Sport-Express and Soviet Sports and became the Russian Footballer of the Year.
On December 18, the Russian Football Union named its list of 33 top players:
Goalkeepers
Igor Akinfeev (CSKA Moscow)
Vyacheslav Malafeev (Zenit)
Antonín Kinský (Saturn)
Right backs
Vasili Berezutskiy (CSKA Moscow)
Aleksandr Anyukov (Zenit)
Roman Shishkin (Spartak Moscow)
Right-centre backs
Sergei Ignashevich (CSKA Moscow)
Martin Jiránek (Spartak Moscow)
Erik Hagen (Zenit)
Left-centre backs
Denis Kolodin (Dynamo Moscow)
Deividas Šemberas (CSKA Moscow)
Martin Škrtel (Zenit)
Left backs
Aleksei Berezutskiy (CSKA Moscow)
Oleg Kuzmin (Moskva)
Orlando Calisto (Rubin)
Defensive midfielders
Elvir Rahimić (CSKA Moscow)
Evgeni Aldonin (CSKA Moscow)
Mozart (Spartak Moscow)
Right wingers
Vladimir Bystrov (Spartak Moscow)
Miloš Krasić (CSKA Moscow)
Valeri Klimov (Tom)
Central midfielders
Dmitri Loskov (Lokomotiv Moscow)
Yegor Titov (Spartak Moscow)
Daniel Carvalho (CSKA Moscow)
Left wingers
Yuri Zhirkov (CSKA Moscow)
Diniyar Bilyaletdinov (Lokomotiv Moscow)
Sergei Gurenko (Lokomotiv Moscow)
Right forwards
Andrey Arshavin (Zenit)
Pavel Pogrebnyak (Tom)
Jô (CSKA Moscow)
Left forwards
Roman Pavlyuchenko (Spartak Moscow)
Alejandro Domínguez (Rubin)
Vágner Love (CSKA Moscow)
Medal squads
1. PFC CSKA Moscow
Goalkeepers: Igor Akinfeev (28), Vladimir Gabulov (3), Veniamin Mandrykin (1).
Defenders: Aleksei Berezutski (29), Sergei Ignashevich (26 / 2), Vasili Berezutski (26 / 1), Deividas Šemberas (24), Anton Grigoryev (5), Chidi Odiah (3).
Midfielders: Elvir Rahimić (30 / 1), Dudu (28 / 2), Evgeni Aldonin (28), Yuri Zhirkov (27 / 1), Miloš Krasić (26 / 3), Rolan Gusev (18 / 1), Ivan Taranov (13), Kirill Kochubei (4).
Forwards: Ivica Olić (24 / 9), Vágner Love (23 / 9), Jô (18 / 14), Aleksandr Salugin (5).(league appearances and goals listed in brackets)
Manager: Valery Gazzaev.
Transferred out during the season: none.
2. FC Spartak Moscow
Goalkeepers: Wojciech Kowalewski (27), Dmitri Khomich (3), Aleksei Zuev (1).
Defenders: Radoslav Kováč (27 / 2), Martin Jiránek (26 / 2), Martin Stranzl (25), Clemente Rodríguez (20 / 1), Roman Shishkin (14 / 1), Géder (8), Adrian Iencsi (7), Gabriel Tamaș (3), Sergei Kabanov (1), Fyodor Kudryashov (1), Andrei Ivanov (1), Yevgeni Shpedt (1).
Midfielders: Yegor Titov (25 / 7), Vladimir Bystrov (24 / 6), Serghei Covalciuc (23), Mozart (22 / 4), Denis Boyarintsev (22 / 2), Maksym Kalynychenko (15 / 3), Quincy (15 / 1), Dmitri Torbinski (13), Aleksei Rebko (9).
Forwards: Roman Pavlyuchenko (27 / 18), Fernando Cavenaghi (17 / 5), Aleksandr Pavlenko (12 / 1), Nikita Bazhenov (11 / 3), Mihajlo Pjanović (8 / 3), Artyom Dzyuba (5).
Manager: Aleksandrs Starkovs (until April), Vladimir Fedotov (from July).
Transferred out during the season: Gabriel Tamaș (to Celta de Vigo).
3. FC Lokomotiv Moscow
Goalkeepers: Aleksei Poliakov (23), Eldin Jakupović (5), Sergei Ryzhikov (2).
Defenders: Branislav Ivanović (28 / 2), Vadim Evseev (24), Emir Spahić (21), Oleg Pashinin (20), Dmitri Sennikov (14), Malkhaz Asatiani (14), Fininho (12), Marián Had (6), Dmitri Kruglov (2), Inal Getigezhev (1).
Midfielders: Dmitri Loskov (29 / 13), Diniyar Bilyaletdinov (29 / 3), Sergei Gurenko (29 / 1), Marat Izmailov (16 / 1), Aleksandr Samedov (13), Ivan Starkov (12 / 2), Laryea Kingston (12), Shaker Zouagi (11 / 1), André Bikey (5), Vladimir Maminov (5).
Forwards: Garry O'Connor (24 / 7), Dmitri Sychev (24 / 7), Dramane Traoré (21 / 6), Shamil Asildarov (4 / 1), Giorgi Chelidze (4).
Manager: Slavoljub Muslin (until October), Oleg Dolmatov (from October).
Transferred out during the season: Dmitri Kruglov (to FC Kuban Krasnodar), André Bikey (to Reading F.C.).
See also
2006 in Russian Football
References
^ "CSKA Moscow grab title". Soccerway. 2006-11-18. Retrieved 2014-10-24.
^ a b "Семин Юрий". fc-dynamo.ru/ (in Russian). FC Dynamo Moscow. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
^ "Муслин стал главным тренером Локомотива". sport-express.ru/ (in Russian). Sport Express. 12 December 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
^ "ПАН ВСЕ-ТАКИ ПРОПАЛ". sport-express.ru/ (in Russian). Sport Express. 4 May 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
^ "Дик АДВОКАТ ВОЗГЛАВИЛ ЗЕНИТ". sport-express.ru/ (in Russian). Sport Express. 27 June 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
^ a b "ИСТОРИЯ ФК ЛОКОМОТИВ МОСКВА". lokoinfo.ru/ (in Russian). Loko Info. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
^ Лучшие по оценкам "СЭ" (in Russian). Sport-Express. 2006-11-27. Archived from the original on 2012-09-11.
^ "55 лучших футболистов чемпионата России-2006 по версии "Советского спорта"" (in Russian). Soviet Sports. 2006-11-29. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
^ Исполком РФС утвердил 33 лучших игрока Премьер-Лиги по итогам минувшего чемпионата (in Russian). Russian Football Union. 2006-12-18.
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Super Cup | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Russian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"CSKA Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Luch-Energiya Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Luch-Energiya_Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Spartak Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Lokomotiv Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Torpedo Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Torpedo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Shinnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Shinnik_Yaroslavl"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe 2006 Russian Premier League was the 15th season of the premier football competition in Russia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the 5th under the current Russian Premier League name.The season started on 17 March 2006 and ended on 26 November 2006. Defending champions CSKA Moscow claimed their second successive title on 18 November 2006 with an away win over Luch-Energiya Vladivostok.[1] Spartak Moscow finished runners-up, level on points with CSKA but ranked behind due to fewer wins (see Tie-breaking criteria below). Lokomotiv Moscow finished third.Torpedo Moscow and Shinnik were relegated. It was the first time in Torpedo Moscow's history that the club was relegated.","title":"2006 Russian Premier League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2005 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Alania Vladikavkaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Vladikavkaz"},{"link_name":"Terek Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Akhmat_Grozny"},{"link_name":"2006 Russian First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Russian_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Luch-Energia Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Luch_Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Spartak Nalchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_Spartak_Nalchik"},{"link_name":"2005 Russian First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Russian_First_Division"}],"text":"As in the previous season, 16 teams played in the 2006 season. After the 2005 season, Alania Vladikavkaz and Terek Grozny were relegated to the 2006 Russian First Division. They were replaced by Luch-Energia Vladivostok and Spartak Nalchik, the winners and runners up of the 2005 Russian First Division.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Amkar_Perm"},{"link_name":"CSKA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Krylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_Krylia_Sovetov_Samara"},{"link_name":"Zvezda Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezda_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Central Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Dynamo_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Central Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Dynamo_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Metallurg Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurg_Stadium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zvezda_Stadium_Perm.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dynamo_Stadium.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dynamo_Stadium.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metallurg_Stadium_Samara.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lokomotiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moscow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_Russia_laea_location_map_(Crimea_disputed).svg"},{"link_name":"CSKA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Lokomotiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Saturn_Ramenskoye"},{"link_name":"Spartak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Torpedo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Amkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Amkar_Perm"},{"link_name":"Krylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_Krylia_Sovetov_Samara"},{"link_name":"Rostov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rostov"},{"link_name":"Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rubin_Kazan"},{"link_name":"Shinnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Shinnik_Yaroslavl"},{"link_name":"Spartak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_Spartak_Nalchik"},{"link_name":"Zenit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_Russia_laea_location_map_(Crimea_disputed).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russia_administrative_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Luch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Luch_Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Tom_Tomsk"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russia_administrative_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Luch-Energia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Luch_Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"RZD Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RZD_Arena"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo_Stadium_(Vladivostok)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fotbalov%C3%BD_z%C3%A1pas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Rostov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rostov"},{"link_name":"Eduard Streltsov Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Streltsov_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Olimp-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimp-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eduard_Streltsov_stadium.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%9A_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_%D0%9F%D0%A4%D0%9A_%D0%A6%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%90._2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rubin_Kazan"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Saturn_Ramenskoye"},{"link_name":"Central Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Stadium_(Kazan)"},{"link_name":"Saturn Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Stadium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tsentralny_Kazan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramenskoe-stadium02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shinnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Shinnik_Yaroslavl"},{"link_name":"Spartak Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Shinnik Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinnik_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Luzhniki Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzhniki_Stadium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinnik_stadium,_Yaroslavl%27,_Russia.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luzhniki_Stadium_Moscow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spartak Nalchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_Spartak_Nalchik"},{"link_name":"Tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Tom_Tomsk"},{"link_name":"Torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Torpedo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Zenit Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Spartak Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartak_Stadium_(Nalchik)"},{"link_name":"Trud Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trud_Stadium_(Tomsk)"},{"link_name":"Luzhniki Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzhniki_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Petrovsky Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrovsky_Stadium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luzhniki_Stadium_Moscow.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Petrovsky_Stadium.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Venues","text":"Amkar\n\nCSKA\n\nDynamo\n\nKrylia\n\n\nZvezda Stadium\n\nCentral Stadium\n\nCentral Stadium\n\nMetallurg Stadium\n\n\nCapacity: 17,000\n\nCapacity: 36,540\n\nCapacity: 36,540\n\nCapacity: 27,084\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLokomotiv\n\n\nCSKA Dynamo Lokomotiv Moscow Saturn Spartak TorpedoAmkarKryliaRostovRubinShinnikSpartakZenitclass=notpageimage| Locations of teams in 2006 Russian Premier League\nMoscowLuchTomclass=notpageimage| Locations of teams in 2006 Russian Premier League, Tomsk & Vladivostok\n\nLuch-Energia\n\n\nRZD Arena\n\nDynamo Stadium\n\n\nCapacity: 33,001\n\nCapacity: 10,200\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMoscow\n\nRostov\n\n\nEduard Streltsov Stadium\n\nOlimp-2\n\n\nCapacity: 13,450\n\nCapacity: 15,840\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRubin\n\nSaturn\n\n\nCentral Stadium\n\nSaturn Stadium\n\n\nCapacity: 22,500\n\nCapacity: 14,685\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShinnik\n\nSpartak Moscow\n\n\nShinnik Stadium\n\nLuzhniki Stadium\n\n\nCapacity: 22,871\n\nCapacity: 81,029\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSpartak Nalchik\n\nTom\n\nTorpedo\n\nZenit Saint Petersburg\n\n\nSpartak Stadium\n\nTrud Stadium\n\nLuzhniki Stadium\n\nPetrovsky Stadium\n\n\nCapacity: 14,149\n\nCapacity: 10,028\n\nCapacity: 81,029\n\nCapacity: 21,570","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Personnel and kits","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Managerial changes","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Russian Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Football_Union"}],"text":"Based on paragraph 15.3 of the Russian Premier League regulations for the current season, if two or more teams are equal on points (without having the highest number), the positions of these teams are determined by:higher number of wins in all matches;\nhigher goal difference in all matches;\nresults of matches between the teams in question (1. higher number of points obtained; 2. higher number of wins; 3. higher goal difference; 4. higher number of goals scored; 5. higher number of away goals scored);\nhigher number of goals scored in all matches;\nhigher number of away goals scored in all matches;\ndrawing of lots.Based on paragraph 15.4 of the regulations, if two teams are equal on the highest number of points, the first position is determined by:higher number of wins in all matches;\nresults of matches between the two teams (1. higher number of points obtained; 2. higher goal difference; 3. higher number of goals scored; 4. higher number of away goals scored);\ndrawing of lots, or an additional match between the two teams, with extra time and a penalty shoot-out if necessary.Based on paragraph 15.5 of the regulations, if more than two teams are equal on the highest number of points, the first position and subsequent positions of these teams are determined by:higher number of wins in all matches;\nhigher goal difference in all matches;\nresults of matches between the teams in question (1. higher number of points obtained; 2. higher goal difference; 3. higher number of goals scored; 4. higher number of away goals scored);\ndrawing of lots, or an additional tournament between the teams in question.11The terms of this additional tournament are determined by the Russian Football Union and the governing body of the Russian Premier League based on suggestions from the participating clubs.","title":"Tournament format and regulations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RFPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rfpl.org/champ.shtml?year=2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_res_UC10.7541626504409_7-0"},{"link_name":"2006–07 Russian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Russian_Cup"}],"text":"Source: RFPLRules for classification: 1st points; 2nd matches won; 3rd goal difference; 4th head-to-head (points, matches won, goal difference, goals scored, away goals scored); 5th goals scored; 6th away goals scored; 7th drawing of lots(C) Champions; (R) RelegatedNotes:^ Qualified as the winner of 2006–07 Russian Cup.","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AMK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Amkar_Perm"},{"link_name":"CSK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"DYN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"KRY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Krylia_Sovetov_Samara"},{"link_name":"LOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moscow"},{"link_name":"LUE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Luch-Energiya_Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"MOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Moscow"},{"link_name":"ROS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rostov"},{"link_name":"RUB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rubin_Kazan"},{"link_name":"SAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Saturn_Moscow_Oblast_(1946-2011)"},{"link_name":"SHI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Shinnik_Yaroslavl"},{"link_name":"SPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow"},{"link_name":"SPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_Spartak_Nalchik"},{"link_name":"TOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Tom_Tomsk"},{"link_name":"TOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Torpedo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"ZEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Amkar Perm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Amkar_Perm"},{"link_name":"CSKA Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Krylia Sovetov Samara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Krylia_Sovetov_Samara"},{"link_name":"Lokomotiv Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Luch-Energiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Luch-Energiya_Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"FC Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Rostov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rostov"},{"link_name":"Rubin Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rubin_Kazan"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Saturn_Moscow_Oblast_(1946-2011)"},{"link_name":"Shinnik Yaroslavl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Shinnik_Yaroslavl"},{"link_name":"Spartak Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Spartak Nalchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_Spartak_Nalchik"},{"link_name":"Tom Tomsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Tom_Tomsk"},{"link_name":"Torpedo Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Torpedo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Zenit St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nAMK\n\nCSK\n\nDYN\n\nKRY\n\nLOK\n\nLUE\n\nMOS\n\nROS\n\nRUB\n\nSAT\n\nSHI\n\nSPA\n\nSPN\n\nTOM\n\nTOR\n\nZEN\n\n\nAmkar Perm\n\n\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–3\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–3\n\n\nCSKA Moscow\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n5–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nDynamo Moscow\n\n0–0\n\n2–3\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n\nKrylia Sovetov Samara\n\n6–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–4\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n\nLokomotiv Moscow\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n4–4\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n\nLuch-Energiya\n\n3–1\n\n0–4\n\n3–1\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n4–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n\nFC Moscow\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n4–0\n\n0–5\n\n2–1\n\n4–1\n\n3–3\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n\nRostov\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n3–4\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n\nRubin Kazan\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–4\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n0–3\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n\nSaturn\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–4\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n\nShinnik Yaroslavl\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–3\n\n1–2\n\n1–6\n\n1–5\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n\nSpartak Moscow\n\n4–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–3\n\n5–2\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nSpartak Nalchik\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nTom Tomsk\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n4–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n\nTorpedo Moscow\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–4\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n\nZenit St. Petersburg\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–4\n\n4–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n\n\nSource: [citation needed]Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top goalscorers","text":"As of matches played on 26 November 2006.","title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Statistics","text":"Goals: 585 (average 2.44 per match)\nFrom penalties: 69 (12%)\nSaved/Missed penalties: 19 (22%)\nGoals scored home: 337 (58%)\nGoals scored away: 247 (42%)\nYellow cards: 1202 (average 5.01 per match)\nFor violent conduct: 730 (61%)\nFor unsporting behaviour: 387 (32%)\nFor undisciplined behaviour: 3 (0%)\nOther: 82 (7%)\nRed cards: 62 (average 0.26 per match)\nFor second yellow card: 41 (66%)\nFor undisciplined behaviour: 7 (11%)\nFor denying an obvious goal-scoring opportunity: 6 (10%)\nFor violent conduct: 6 (10%)\nFor unsporting behaviour: 1 (2%)\nFor handball: 1 (2%)\nAttendance: 2,948,996 (average 12,287 per match; 98,300 per matchday)","title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Andrey Arshavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Arshavin"},{"link_name":"Sport-Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport-Express"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Soviet Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Sports"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Russian Footballer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballer_of_the_Year_in_Russia_(Sport-Express)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Igor Akinfeev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Akinfeev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Malafeev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Malafeev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Antonín Kinský","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Kinsk%C3%BD"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Vasili Berezutskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili_Berezutskiy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Anyukov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Anyukov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Roman Shishkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Shishkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Sergei Ignashevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Ignashevich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Martin Jiránek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Jir%C3%A1nek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Erik Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Hagen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Denis Kolodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Kolodin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Deividas Šemberas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deividas_%C5%A0emberas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Martin Škrtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0krtel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Berezutskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Berezutskiy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Oleg Kuzmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Kuzmin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Orlando Calisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Calisto_de_Souza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Elvir Rahimić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvir_Rahimi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Evgeni Aldonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeni_Aldonin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Bystrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Bystrov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Miloš Krasić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Krasi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Valeri Klimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Klimov_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Loskov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Loskov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Yegor Titov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yegor_Titov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Daniel Carvalho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Carvalho"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Yuri Zhirkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Zhirkov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Diniyar Bilyaletdinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diniyar_Bilyaletdinov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Sergei Gurenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Gurenko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Andrey Arshavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Arshavin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Pavel Pogrebnyak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Pogrebnyak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Jô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Roman Pavlyuchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Pavlyuchenko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Domínguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Dom%C3%ADnguez_(footballer,_born_1981)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Vágner Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1gner_Love"}],"text":"Russian Football Union named Andrey Arshavin the best Premier League player of the season. Arshavin was also ranked best by major Russian sports newspapers, Sport-Express[7] and Soviet Sports[8] and became the Russian Footballer of the Year.On December 18, the Russian Football Union named its list of 33 top players:[9]Goalkeepers\n Igor Akinfeev (CSKA Moscow)\n Vyacheslav Malafeev (Zenit)\n Antonín Kinský (Saturn)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRight backs\n Vasili Berezutskiy (CSKA Moscow)\n Aleksandr Anyukov (Zenit)\n Roman Shishkin (Spartak Moscow)\n\n\nRight-centre backs\n Sergei Ignashevich (CSKA Moscow)\n Martin Jiránek (Spartak Moscow)\n Erik Hagen (Zenit)\n\n\nLeft-centre backs\n Denis Kolodin (Dynamo Moscow)\n Deividas Šemberas (CSKA Moscow)\n Martin Škrtel (Zenit)\n\n\nLeft backs\n Aleksei Berezutskiy (CSKA Moscow)\n Oleg Kuzmin (Moskva)\n Orlando Calisto (Rubin)\n \n\n\nDefensive midfielders\n Elvir Rahimić (CSKA Moscow)\n Evgeni Aldonin (CSKA Moscow)\n Mozart (Spartak Moscow)\n\n\n\n\n\nRight wingers\n Vladimir Bystrov (Spartak Moscow)\n Miloš Krasić (CSKA Moscow)\n Valeri Klimov (Tom)\n\n\nCentral midfielders\n Dmitri Loskov (Lokomotiv Moscow)\n Yegor Titov (Spartak Moscow)\n Daniel Carvalho (CSKA Moscow)\n\n\nLeft wingers\n Yuri Zhirkov (CSKA Moscow)\n Diniyar Bilyaletdinov (Lokomotiv Moscow)\n Sergei Gurenko (Lokomotiv Moscow)\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRight forwards\n Andrey Arshavin (Zenit)\n Pavel Pogrebnyak (Tom)\n Jô (CSKA Moscow)\n\n\nLeft forwards\n Roman Pavlyuchenko (Spartak Moscow)\n Alejandro Domínguez (Rubin)\n Vágner Love (CSKA Moscow)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medal squads"}] | [] | [{"title":"2006 in Russian Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_Russian_Football"}] | [{"reference":"\"CSKA Moscow grab title\". Soccerway. 2006-11-18. Retrieved 2014-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2006/11/18/russia/premier-league/luch-energiya-vladivostok/cska-moskva/344262/news/","url_text":"\"CSKA Moscow grab title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Семин Юрий\". fc-dynamo.ru/ (in Russian). FC Dynamo Moscow. Retrieved 3 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://fc-dynamo.ru/persons.php?cID=3&pID=312","url_text":"\"Семин Юрий\""}]},{"reference":"\"Муслин стал главным тренером Локомотива\". sport-express.ru/ (in Russian). Sport Express. 12 December 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sport-express.ru/football/rfpl/news/108875/","url_text":"\"Муслин стал главным тренером Локомотива\""}]},{"reference":"\"ПАН ВСЕ-ТАКИ ПРОПАЛ\". sport-express.ru/ (in Russian). Sport Express. 4 May 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2006-05-04/1_1/","url_text":"\"ПАН ВСЕ-ТАКИ ПРОПАЛ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Дик АДВОКАТ ВОЗГЛАВИЛ ЗЕНИТ\". sport-express.ru/ (in Russian). Sport Express. 27 June 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2006-06-27/13_1/","url_text":"\"Дик АДВОКАТ ВОЗГЛАВИЛ ЗЕНИТ\""}]},{"reference":"\"ИСТОРИЯ ФК ЛОКОМОТИВ МОСКВА\". lokoinfo.ru/ (in Russian). Loko Info. Retrieved 3 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://lokoinfo.ru/history.html","url_text":"\"ИСТОРИЯ ФК ЛОКОМОТИВ МОСКВА\""}]},{"reference":"Лучшие по оценкам \"СЭ\" (in Russian). Sport-Express. 2006-11-27. Archived from the original on 2012-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120911134357/http://www.sport-express.ru/art.shtml?131056","url_text":"Лучшие по оценкам \"СЭ\""},{"url":"http://www.sport-express.ru/art.shtml?131056","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"55 лучших футболистов чемпионата России-2006 по версии \"Советского спорта\"\" (in Russian). Soviet Sports. 2006-11-29. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2019-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084319/http://www.sovsport.ru/gazeta/default.asp?date=2006%2F11%2F29&id=243523","url_text":"\"55 лучших футболистов чемпионата России-2006 по версии \"Советского спорта\"\""},{"url":"http://www.sovsport.ru/gazeta/default.asp?date=2006/11/29&id=243523","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Исполком РФС утвердил 33 лучших игрока Премьер-Лиги по итогам минувшего чемпионата (in Russian). Russian Football Union. 2006-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rfs.ru/?node=rfs-news&leaf=39330aab168341b4bdeaf83ed64e4dac#news_39330aab168341b4bdeaf83ed64e4dac","url_text":"Исполком РФС утвердил 33 лучших игрока Премьер-Лиги по итогам минувшего чемпионата"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.rfpl.org/champ.shtml?year=2006","external_links_name":"RFPL"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2006/11/18/russia/premier-league/luch-energiya-vladivostok/cska-moskva/344262/news/","external_links_name":"\"CSKA Moscow grab title\""},{"Link":"http://fc-dynamo.ru/persons.php?cID=3&pID=312","external_links_name":"\"Семин Юрий\""},{"Link":"https://www.sport-express.ru/football/rfpl/news/108875/","external_links_name":"\"Муслин стал главным тренером Локомотива\""},{"Link":"https://www.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2006-05-04/1_1/","external_links_name":"\"ПАН ВСЕ-ТАКИ ПРОПАЛ\""},{"Link":"https://www.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2006-06-27/13_1/","external_links_name":"\"Дик АДВОКАТ ВОЗГЛАВИЛ ЗЕНИТ\""},{"Link":"http://lokoinfo.ru/history.html","external_links_name":"\"ИСТОРИЯ ФК ЛОКОМОТИВ МОСКВА\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120911134357/http://www.sport-express.ru/art.shtml?131056","external_links_name":"Лучшие по оценкам \"СЭ\""},{"Link":"http://www.sport-express.ru/art.shtml?131056","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084319/http://www.sovsport.ru/gazeta/default.asp?date=2006%2F11%2F29&id=243523","external_links_name":"\"55 лучших футболистов чемпионата России-2006 по версии \"Советского спорта\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.sovsport.ru/gazeta/default.asp?date=2006/11/29&id=243523","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rfs.ru/?node=rfs-news&leaf=39330aab168341b4bdeaf83ed64e4dac#news_39330aab168341b4bdeaf83ed64e4dac","external_links_name":"Исполком РФС утвердил 33 лучших игрока Премьер-Лиги по итогам минувшего чемпионата"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesr/rus06.html","external_links_name":"RSSSF"},{"Link":"http://rfpl.org/champ.shtml?year=2006","external_links_name":"RFPL.org"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neva_(horse) | Neva (horse) | ["1 Background","2 Racing career","2.1 1817: three-year-old season","2.2 1818: four-year-old season","3 Stud career","4 Pedigree","5 References"] | British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse
NevaSireCervantesGrandsireDon QuixoteDamMaryDamsireSir Peter TeazleSexMareFoaled1814CountryUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandColourBayOwnerGeorge WatsonTrainerR. D. BoyceRecord4:2-1-1Earnings£4,567Major wins1000 Guineas (1817)Epsom Oaks (1817)
Neva (foaled 1814, died after 1837) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse, which in 1817 became the first filly to win both the 1000 Guineas at Newmarket Racecourse and the Oaks at Epsom Downs Racecourse. In a racing career which lasted from April 1817 until May 1818 she ran four times and won twice.
Background
Neva was a bay mare sired by Cervantes out of Mary, a daughter of The Derby winner Sir Peter Teazle and a sister of the Doncaster Cup winner Caleb Quotem. Cervantes was best known as a sire of broodmares: his daughters produced the 2000 Guineas winner Grey Momus and Melbourne, who in turn sired the Triple Crown winner West Australian. Neva was bred by a Mr. Tibbits and raced in the ownership of George Watson.
Racing career
1817: three-year-old season
Neva made her first racecourse appearance in the fourth running of the 1000 Guineas at Newmarket on 24 April. The race was run over the Ditch Mile course rather than its modern venue on the Rowley Mile, and despite its name carried a first prize of 2100 guineas. She started the 7/4 favourite and won from Mr. Jones's brown filly Clearwell Lass, with the Duke of Grafton's Trictrac in third.
On 23 May, Neva was made the even money favourite in a field of eleven fillies for the Oaks Stakes. Ridden by Francis Buckle she won from Mr. Lake's bay filly Amabel to take a first prize of 2250 guineas. The two classics were Neva's only races of 1817.
1818: four-year-old season
After a break of more than ten months, Neva reappeared at the Newmarket Craven meeting in April 1818. Racing against colts for the first time, she started favourite for the two mile Claret Stakes, but finished third to The Student (the beaten favourite in the 1817 Derby). At the next Newmarket meeting later that month, Neva was scheduled to run a match race at level weights against Lord Foley's colt Young Wizard. Neva failed to appear for the match and her owner was obliged to pay a forfeit of 130 guineas. At Newmarket's Second Spring meeting in May, Neva ran a match over one and a quarter miles against Amabel, in which she carried 121 pounds compared to her opponent's 112. In an even betting race, Amabel reversed the form of the previous year's Oaks to defeat Neva and claim a prize of 200 guineas for Mr Lake.
Stud career
Neva retired and sold as a broodmare to Sir William Milner for whom she produced three foals. She then passed into the ownership of Robert Ridsdale and produced five more foals between 1825 and 1833. She delivered her last recorded foal in 1837 and was sold. Despite being sent to leading stallions such as Catton, Comus, Tramp and Whisker she produced no runners of note.
Pedigree
Pedigree of Neva (GB), bay mare, 1814
SireCervantes (GB)1806
Don Quixote1784
Eclipse
Marske
Spilletta
Grecian Pincess
Williams Forester
Coalition colt mare
Evelina1791
Highflyer
Herod
Rachel
Termagant
Tantrum
Cantatrice
DamMary (GB)1803
Sir Peter Teazle1784
Highflyer
Herod
Rachel
Papillon
Snap
Miss Cleveland
Diomed mare1788
Diomed
Florizel
sister to Juno
Desdemona
Marske
Young Hag (Family:5-a)
Neva was inbred 3x3 to Highflyer, meaning that this stallion appears twice in the third generation of her pedigree. She was also inbred 4x4 to Marske.
References
^ Patricia Erigero Thoroughbred Heritage. "Sir Peter Teazle". Tbheritage.com. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^ a b The General stud book. J. S. Skinner. 1834. p. 723. Retrieved 2012-10-21. Neva.
^ Racing calendar. 1817. Babel.hathitrust.org. 2010-10-03. p. 22. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^ Racing calendar. 1817. Babel.hathitrust.org. 2010-10-03. p. 40. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^ Racing calendar. 1818. Babel.hathitrust.org. 2010-10-03. p. 11. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^ Racing calendar. 1818. Babel.hathitrust.org. 2010-10-03. p. 16. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^ Racing calendar. 1818. Babel.hathitrust.org. 2010-10-03. p. 25. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^ Sporting magazine. Wheble & Pittman. 1820. p. 96. Retrieved 2012-10-21. Neva guineas.
^ Weatherby (1883). "Neva". The General Stud Book. 3–4: 171. hdl:2027/nyp.33433082333026.
^ "Neva pedigree". equineline.com. 2012-05-08. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^ "Young Hag - Family 5-a". Bloodlines.net. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
vte1000 Guineas winners
1814 Charlotte
1815 Filly by Selim
1816 Rhoda
1817 Neva
1818 Corinne
1819 Catgut
1820 Rowena
1821 Zeal
1822 Whizgig
1823 Zinc
1824 Cobweb
1825 Tontine
1826 Problem
1827 Arab
1828 Zoe
1829 Young Mouse
1830 Charlotte West
1831 Galantine
1832 Galata
1833 Tarantella
1834 May-day
1835 Preserve
1836 Destiny
1837 Chapeau d'Espagne
1838 Barcarolle
1839 Cara
1840 Crucifix ‡
1841 Potentia
1842 Firebrand
1843 Extempore
1844 Sorella
1845 Pic-nic
1846 Mendicant
1847 Clementine
1848 Canezou
1849 The Flea
1850 Lady Orford
1851 Aphrodite
1852 Kate
1853 Mentmore Lass
1854 Virago
1855 Habena
1856 Manganese
1857 Imperieuse
1858 Governess
1859 Mayonaise
1860 Sagitta
1861 Nemesis
1862 Hurricane
1863 Lady Augusta
1864 Tomato
1865 Siberia
1866 Repulse
1867 Achievement
1868 Formosa ₩ ‡
1869 Scottish Queen
1870 Hester
1871 Hannah ₩
1872 Reine
1873 Cecilia
1874 Apology ₩
1875 Spinaway
1876 Camelia
1877 Belphoebe
1878 Pilgrimage
1879 Wheel of Fortune
1880 Elizabeth
1881 Thebais
1882 St Marguerite
1883 Hauteur
1884 Busybody
1885 Farewell
1886 Miss Jummy
1887 Reve d'Or
1888 Briarroot
1889 Minthe
1890 Semolina
1891 Mimi
1892 La Fleche ₩
1893 Siffleuse
1894 Amiable
1895 Galeottia
1896 Thais
1897 Chelandry
1898 Nun Nicer
1899 Sibola
1900 Winifreda
1901 Aida
1902 Sceptre ₩ ‡
1903 Quintessence
1904 Pretty Polly ₩
1905 Cherry Lass
1906 Flair
1907 Witch Elm
1908 Rhodora
1909 Electra
1910 Winkipop
1911 Atmah
1912 Tagalie
1913 Jest
1914 Princess Dorrie
1915 Vaucluse
1916 Canyon
1917 Diadem
1918 Ferry
1919 Roseway
1920 Cinna
1921 Bettina
1922 Silver Urn
1923 Tranquil
1924 Plack
1925 Saucy Sue
1926 Pillion
1927 Cresta Run
1928 Scuttle
1929 Taj Mah
1930 Fair Isle
1931 Four Course
1932 Kandy
1933 Brown Betty
1934 Campanula
1935 Mesa
1936 Tide-way
1937 Exhibitionnist
1938 Rockfel
1939 Galatea II
1940 Godiva
1941 Dancing Time
1942 Sun Chariot ₩
1943 Herringbone
1944 Picture Play
1945 Sun Stream
1946 Hypericum
1947 Imprudence
1948 Queenpot
1949 Musidora
1950 Camaree
1951 Belle of All
1952 Zabara
1953 Happy Laughter
1954 Festoon
1955 Meld ₩
1956 Honeylight
1957 Rose Royale
1958 Bella Paola
1959 Petite Etoile
1960 Never Too Late
1961 Sweet Solera
1962 Abermaid
1963 Hula Dancer
1964 Pourparler
1965 Night Off
1966 Glad Rags
1967 Fleet
1968 Caergwrle
1969 Full Dress
1970 Humble Duty
1971 Altesse Royale
1972 Waterloo
1973 Mysterious
1974 Highclere
1975 Nocturnal Spree
1976 Flying Water
1977 Mrs McArdy
1978 Enstone Spark
1979 One in a Million
1980 Quick As Lightning
1981 Fairy Footsteps
1982 On The House
1983 Ma Biche
1984 Pebbles
1985 Oh So Sharp ₩
1986 Midway Lady
1987 Miesque
1988 Ravinella
1989 Musical Bliss
1990 Salsabil
1991 Shadayid
1992 Hatoof
1993 Sayyedati
1994 Las Meninas
1995 Harayir
1996 Bosra Sham
1997 Sleepytime
1998 Cape Verdi
1999 Wince
2000 Lahan
2001 Ameerat
2002 Kazzia
2003 Russian Rhythm
2004 Attraction
2005 Virginia Waters
2006 Speciosa
2007 Finsceal Beo
2008 Natagora
2009 Ghanaati
2010 Special Duty
2011 Blue Bunting
2012 Homecoming Queen
2013 Sky Lantern
2014 Miss France
2015 Legatissimo
2016 Minding
2017 Winter
2018 Billesdon Brook
2019 Hermosa
2020 Love
2021 Mother Earth
2022 Cachet
2023 Mawj
Legend - ₩ = Fillies Triple Crown winners, † = Epsom Derby winners, ‡ = 2000 Guineas Stakes winners
vteEpsom Oaks winners
1779 Bridget
1780 Tetotum
1781 Faith
1782 Ceres
1783 Maid of the Oaks
1784 Stella
1785 Trifle
1786 Yellow Filly
1787 Annette
1788 Nightshade
1789 Tag
1790 Hippolyta
1791 Portia
1792 Volante
1793 Caelia
1794 Hermione
1795 Platina
1796 Parisot
1797 Nike
1798 Bellissima
1799 Bellina
1800 Ephemera
1801 Eleanor †
1802 Scotia
1803 Theophania
1804 Pelisse
1805 Meteora
1806 Bronze
1807 Briseis
1808 Morel
1809 Maid of Orleans
1810 Oriana
1811 Sorcery
1812 Manuella
1813 Music
1814 Medora
1815 Minuet
1816 Landscape
1817 Neva
1818 Corinne
1819 Shoveler
1820 Caroline
1821 Augusta
1822 Pastille ‡
1823 Zinc
1824 Cobweb
1825 Wings
1826 Lilias
1827 Gulnare
1828 Turquoise
1829 Green Mantle
1830 Variation
1831 Oxygen
1832 Galata
1833 Vespa
1834 Pussy
1835 Queen of Trumps
1836 Cyprian
1837 Miss Letty
1838 Industry
1839 Deception
1840 Crucifix ‡
1841 Ghuznee
1842 Our Nell
1843 Poison
1844 The Princess
1845 Refraction
1846 Mendicant
1847 Miami
1848 Cymba
1849 Lady Evelyn
1850 Rhedycina
1851 Iris
1852 Songstress
1853 Catherine Hayes
1854 Mincemeat
1855 Marchioness
1856 Mincepie
1857 Blink Bonny †
1858 Governess
1859 Summerside
1860 Butterfly
1861 Brown Duchess
1862 Feu de Joie
1863 Queen Bertha
1864 Fille de l'Air
1865 Regalia
1866 Tormentor
1867 Hippia
1868 Formosa ₩ ‡
1869 Brigantine
1870 Gamos
1871 Hannah ₩
1872 Reine
1873 Marie Stuart
1874 Apology ₩
1875 Spinaway
1876 Camelia (dh)
1876 Enguerrande (dh)
1877 Placida
1878 Jannette
1879 Wheel of Fortune
1880 Jenny Howlet
1881 Thebais
1882 Geheimniss
1883 Bonny Jean
1884 Busybody
1885 Lonely
1886 Miss Jummy
1887 Reve d'Or
1888 Seabreeze
1889 L'Abbesse de Jouarre
1890 Memoir
1891 Mimi
1892 La Fleche ₩
1893 Mrs Butterwick
1894 Amiable
1895 La Sagesse
1896 Canterbury Pilgrim
1897 Limasol
1898 Airs and Graces
1899 Musa
1900 La Roche
1901 Cap and Bells II
1902 Sceptre ₩ ‡
1903 Our Lassie
1904 Pretty Polly ₩
1905 Cherry Lass
1906 Keystone
1907 Glass Doll
1908 Signorinetta †
1909 Perola
1910 Rosedrop
1911 Cherimoya
1912 Mirska
1913 Jest
1914 Princess Dorrie
1915 Snow Marten
1916 Fifinella †
1917 Sunny Jane
1918 My Dear
1919 Bayuda
1920 Charlebelle
1921 Love in Idleness
1922 Pogrom
1923 Brownhylda
1924 Straitlace
1925 Saucy Sue
1926 Short Story
1927 Beam
1928 Toboggan
1929 Pennycomequick
1930 Rose of England
1931 Brulette
1932 Udaipur
1933 Chatelaine
1934 Light Brocade
1935 Quashed
1936 Lovely Rosa
1937 Exhibitionnist
1938 Rockfel
1939 Galatea
1940 Godiva
1941 Commotion
1942 Sun Chariot ₩
1943 Why Hurry
1944 Hycilla
1945 Sun Stream
1946 Steady Aim
1947 Imprudence
1948 Masaka
1949 Musidora
1950 Asmena
1951 Neasham Belle
1952 Frieze
1953 Ambiguity
1954 Sun Cap
1955 Meld ₩
1956 Sicarelle
1957 Carrozza
1958 Bella Paola
1959 Petite Etoile
1960 Never Too Late
1961 Sweet Solera
1962 Monade
1963 Noblesse
1964 Homeward Bound
1965 Long Look
1966 Valoris
1967 Pia
1968 La Lagune
1969 Sleeping Partner
1970 Lupe
1971 Altesse Royale
1972 Ginevra
1973 Mysterious
1974 Polygamy
1975 Juliette Marny
1976 Pawneese
1977 Dunfermline
1978 Fair Salinia
1979 Scintillate
1980 Bireme
1981 Blue Wind
1982 Time Charter
1983 Sun Princess
1984 Circus Plume
1985 Oh So Sharp ₩
1986 Midway Lady
1987 Unite
1988 Diminuendo
1989 Snow Bride
1990 Salsabil
1991 Jet Ski Lady
1992 User Friendly
1993 Intrepidity
1994 Balanchine
1995 Moonshell
1996 Lady Carla
1997 Reams of Verse
1998 Shahtoush
1999 Ramruma
2000 Love Divine
2001 Imagine
2002 Kazzia
2003 Casual Look
2004 Ouija Board
2005 Eswarah
2006 Alexandrova
2007 Light Shift
2008 Look Here
2009 Sariska
2010 Snow Fairy
2011 Dancing Rain
2012 Was
2013 Talent
2014 Taghrooda
2015 Qualify
2016 Minding
2017 Enable
2018 Forever Together
2019 Anapurna
2020 Love
2021 Snowfall
2022 Tuesday
2023 Soul Sister
2024 Ezeliya
Legend - ₩ = Fillies Triple Crown Winners, † = Epsom Derby Winners, ‡ = 2,000 Guineas Stakes Winners | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"filly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filly"},{"link_name":"1000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_Guineas"},{"link_name":"Newmarket Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Oaks"},{"link_name":"Epsom Downs Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Downs_Racecourse"}],"text":"Neva (foaled 1814, died after 1837) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse, which in 1817 became the first filly to win both the 1000 Guineas at Newmarket Racecourse and the Oaks at Epsom Downs Racecourse. In a racing career which lasted from April 1817 until May 1818 she ran four times and won twice.","title":"Neva (horse)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"Sir Peter Teazle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Peter_Teazle"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Grey Momus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Momus"},{"link_name":"Triple Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing#English_Triple_Crowns"},{"link_name":"West Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Australian_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-2"}],"text":"Neva was a bay mare sired by Cervantes out of Mary, a daughter of The Derby winner Sir Peter Teazle and a sister of the Doncaster Cup winner Caleb Quotem.[1] Cervantes was best known as a sire of broodmares: his daughters produced the 2000 Guineas winner Grey Momus and Melbourne, who in turn sired the Triple Crown winner West Australian. Neva was bred by a Mr. Tibbits and raced in the ownership of George Watson.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)"},{"link_name":"7/4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_odds"},{"link_name":"Duke of Grafton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_FitzRoy,_4th_Duke_of_Grafton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Francis Buckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Buckle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Classic_Races"}],"sub_title":"1817: three-year-old season","text":"Neva made her first racecourse appearance in the fourth running of the 1000 Guineas at Newmarket on 24 April. The race was run over the Ditch Mile course rather than its modern venue on the Rowley Mile, and despite its name carried a first prize of 2100 guineas. She started the 7/4 favourite and won from Mr. Jones's brown filly Clearwell Lass, with the Duke of Grafton's Trictrac in third.[3]On 23 May, Neva was made the even money favourite in a field of eleven fillies for the Oaks Stakes. Ridden by Francis Buckle she won from Mr. Lake's bay filly Amabel to take a first prize of 2250 guineas.[4] The two classics were Neva's only races of 1817.","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claret Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claret_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lord Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Foley,_3rd_Baron_Foley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"pounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(mass)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"1818: four-year-old season","text":"After a break of more than ten months, Neva reappeared at the Newmarket Craven meeting in April 1818. Racing against colts for the first time, she started favourite for the two mile Claret Stakes, but finished third to The Student (the beaten favourite in the 1817 Derby).[5] At the next Newmarket meeting later that month, Neva was scheduled to run a match race at level weights against Lord Foley's colt Young Wizard. Neva failed to appear for the match and her owner was obliged to pay a forfeit of 130 guineas.[6] At Newmarket's Second Spring meeting in May, Neva ran a match over one and a quarter miles against Amabel, in which she carried 121 pounds compared to her opponent's 112. In an even betting race, Amabel reversed the form of the previous year's Oaks to defeat Neva and claim a prize of 200 guineas for Mr Lake.[7]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Robert Ridsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ridsdale"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Whisker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisker_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-2"}],"text":"Neva retired and sold as a broodmare to Sir William Milner[8] for whom she produced three foals. She then passed into the ownership of Robert Ridsdale and produced five more foals between 1825 and 1833. She delivered her last recorded foal in 1837 and was sold.[9] Despite being sent to leading stallions such as Catton, Comus, Tramp and Whisker she produced no runners of note.[2]","title":"Stud career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding"}],"text":"Neva was inbred 3x3 to Highflyer, meaning that this stallion appears twice in the third generation of her pedigree. She was also inbred 4x4 to Marske.","title":"Pedigree"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Patricia Erigero Thoroughbred Heritage. \"Sir Peter Teazle\". Tbheritage.com. Retrieved 2012-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tbheritage.com/Portraits/SirPeterTeazle.htm","url_text":"\"Sir Peter Teazle\""}]},{"reference":"The General stud book. J. S. Skinner. 1834. p. 723. Retrieved 2012-10-21. Neva.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/generalstudbook00skingoog","url_text":"The General stud book"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/generalstudbook00skingoog/page/n756","url_text":"723"}]},{"reference":"Racing calendar. 1817. Babel.hathitrust.org. 2010-10-03. p. 22. Retrieved 2012-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590765;view=1up;seq=74;q1=Neva;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=22","url_text":"Racing calendar. 1817"}]},{"reference":"Racing calendar. 1817. Babel.hathitrust.org. 2010-10-03. p. 40. Retrieved 2012-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590765;view=1up;seq=92;q1=Neva;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=40","url_text":"Racing calendar. 1817"}]},{"reference":"Racing calendar. 1818. Babel.hathitrust.org. 2010-10-03. p. 11. Retrieved 2012-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066591250;view=1up;seq=63;q1=neva;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=11","url_text":"Racing calendar. 1818"}]},{"reference":"Racing calendar. 1818. Babel.hathitrust.org. 2010-10-03. p. 16. Retrieved 2012-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066591250;view=1up;seq=68;q1=neva;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=16","url_text":"Racing calendar. 1818"}]},{"reference":"Racing calendar. 1818. Babel.hathitrust.org. 2010-10-03. p. 25. Retrieved 2012-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066591250;view=1up;seq=77;q1=neva;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=25","url_text":"Racing calendar. 1818"}]},{"reference":"Sporting magazine. Wheble & Pittman. 1820. p. 96. Retrieved 2012-10-21. Neva guineas.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sportingmagazin08unkngoog","url_text":"Sporting magazine"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sportingmagazin08unkngoog/page/n115","url_text":"96"}]},{"reference":"Weatherby (1883). \"Neva\". The General Stud Book. 3–4: 171. hdl:2027/nyp.33433082333026.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433082333026?urlappend=%3Bseq=625","url_text":"\"Neva\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433082333026?urlappend=%3Bseq=625","url_text":"2027/nyp.33433082333026"}]},{"reference":"\"Neva pedigree\". equineline.com. 2012-05-08. Retrieved 2012-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm?page_state=ORDER_AND_CONFIRM&reference_number=7652758®istry=T&horse_name==Neva%20(GB)&dam_name==Mary%20(GB)&foaling_year=1814&nicking_stats_indicator=Y","url_text":"\"Neva pedigree\""}]},{"reference":"\"Young Hag - Family 5-a\". Bloodlines.net. Retrieved 2012-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Families/Family5a.htm","url_text":"\"Young Hag - Family 5-a\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.tbheritage.com/Portraits/SirPeterTeazle.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sir Peter Teazle\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/generalstudbook00skingoog","external_links_name":"The General stud book"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/generalstudbook00skingoog/page/n756","external_links_name":"723"},{"Link":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590765;view=1up;seq=74;q1=Neva;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=22","external_links_name":"Racing calendar. 1817"},{"Link":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590765;view=1up;seq=92;q1=Neva;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=40","external_links_name":"Racing calendar. 1817"},{"Link":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066591250;view=1up;seq=63;q1=neva;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=11","external_links_name":"Racing calendar. 1818"},{"Link":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066591250;view=1up;seq=68;q1=neva;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=16","external_links_name":"Racing calendar. 1818"},{"Link":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066591250;view=1up;seq=77;q1=neva;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=25","external_links_name":"Racing calendar. 1818"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sportingmagazin08unkngoog","external_links_name":"Sporting magazine"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sportingmagazin08unkngoog/page/n115","external_links_name":"96"},{"Link":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433082333026?urlappend=%3Bseq=625","external_links_name":"\"Neva\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433082333026?urlappend=%3Bseq=625","external_links_name":"2027/nyp.33433082333026"},{"Link":"http://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm?page_state=ORDER_AND_CONFIRM&reference_number=7652758®istry=T&horse_name==Neva%20(GB)&dam_name==Mary%20(GB)&foaling_year=1814&nicking_stats_indicator=Y","external_links_name":"\"Neva pedigree\""},{"Link":"http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Families/Family5a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Young Hag - Family 5-a\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Holyoak | Melissa Holyoak | ["1 Education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References"] | U.S. lawyer and politician
Melissa HolyoakCommissioner of the Federal Trade CommissionIncumbentAssumed office March 25, 2024PresidentJoe BidenPreceded byChristine S. WilsonSolicitor General of UtahIn officeSeptember 2020 – March 2024Attorney GeneralSean ReyesPreceded byTyler R. GreenSucceeded byStanford E. Purser
Personal detailsPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseJoshua HolyoakChildren4EducationUniversity of Utah (BA, JD)
Melissa Holyoak is an American lawyer who is serving as a member of the Federal Trade Commission.
Education
Holyoak earned her B.A. from the University of Utah. She attended the University of Utah's S.J. Quinney College of Law, where she was an editor of the Utah Law Review. She graduated in 2003 with a Juris Doctor degree and Order of the Coif membership.
Career
Holyoak served in positions as a public interest attorney with the Competitive Enterprise Institute and the Center for Class Action Fairness. She also worked as an associate with O'Melveny & Myers and has been a litigator with much of her twenty-year practice focused on consumer protection. Holyoak served as president and general counsel of Hamilton Lincoln Law Institute, a Washington, D.C.-based public interest firm representing consumers challenging unfair class actions and regulatory overreach. Holyoak was one of the successful petitioners in the 2019 Supreme Court case Frank v. Gaos.
In September 2020, Holyoak became the Utah Solicitor General with the Utah Attorney General’s Office, where she manages the civil appeals, criminal appeals, constitutional defense and special litigation, and antitrust and data privacy divisions. In that capacity, she oversees merger reviews, data privacy and antitrust enforcement actions, and provides leadership in consumer protection matters. A Republican, Holyoak was nominated by U.S. president Joe Biden in July 2023 to serve as a member of the Federal Trade Commission. Her nomination was confirmed by the Senate on March 7, 2024.
Personal life
Holyoak lives in Utah with her husband and four children.
References
^ "FTC Chair Welcomes Ferguson and Holyoak as FTC Commissioners, Congratulates Commissioner Slaughter on Confirmation to Another Term". Federal Trade Commission. 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
^ a b c d e f "President Biden Announces Nominees to Bipartisan Boards and Commissions". The White House. 2023-07-03. Retrieved 2023-07-04. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Morrison, Richard (2018-10-30). "Q&A on Frank v. Gaos, Class Action Lawsuit Headed to Supreme Court". CEI.org. Competitive Enterprise Institute.
^ Frank v. Gaos, No. 17-961, 586 U.S. ___ (2019)
^ Rodgers, Bethany (September 9, 2020). "Utah's new solicitor general facing potential court sanctions". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
^ "Biden names two Republican nominees for FTC commissioner, White House says". Reuters. 2023-07-03. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
^ "PN801 — Melissa Holyoak — Federal Trade Commission 118th Congress (2023-2024)". United States Congress. Retrieved 2024-03-25. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"member of the Federal Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Federal_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Melissa Holyoak is an American lawyer who is serving as a member of the Federal Trade Commission.[1]","title":"Melissa Holyoak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"S.J. Quinney College of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.J._Quinney_College_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Order of the Coif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Coif"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Holyoak earned her B.A. from the University of Utah.[2] She attended the University of Utah's S.J. Quinney College of Law, where she was an editor of the Utah Law Review. She graduated in 2003 with a Juris Doctor degree and Order of the Coif membership.[2]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Competitive Enterprise Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute"},{"link_name":"Center for Class Action Fairness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Class_Action_Fairness"},{"link_name":"O'Melveny & Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Melveny_%26_Myers"},{"link_name":"consumer protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Lincoln Law Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamilton_Lincoln_Law_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"public interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_interest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Frank v. Gaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_v._Gaos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Utah Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"member of the Federal Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Federal_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Holyoak served in positions as a public interest attorney with the Competitive Enterprise Institute and the Center for Class Action Fairness. She also worked as an associate with O'Melveny & Myers and has been a litigator with much of her twenty-year practice focused on consumer protection. Holyoak served as president and general counsel of Hamilton Lincoln Law Institute, a Washington, D.C.-based public interest firm representing consumers challenging unfair class actions and regulatory overreach.[2] Holyoak was one of the successful petitioners in the 2019 Supreme Court case Frank v. Gaos.[3][4]In September 2020,[5] Holyoak became the Utah Solicitor General with the Utah Attorney General’s Office, where she manages the civil appeals, criminal appeals, constitutional defense and special litigation, and antitrust and data privacy divisions.[2] In that capacity, she oversees merger reviews, data privacy and antitrust enforcement actions, and provides leadership in consumer protection matters.[2] A Republican, Holyoak was nominated by U.S. president Joe Biden in July 2023 to serve as a member of the Federal Trade Commission.[6] Her nomination was confirmed by the Senate on March 7, 2024.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Holyoak lives in Utah with her husband and four children.[2]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"FTC Chair Welcomes Ferguson and Holyoak as FTC Commissioners, Congratulates Commissioner Slaughter on Confirmation to Another Term\". Federal Trade Commission. 2024-03-08. Retrieved 2024-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2024/03/ftc-chair-welcomes-ferguson-holyoak-ftc-commissioners-congratulates-commissioner-slaughter","url_text":"\"FTC Chair Welcomes Ferguson and Holyoak as FTC Commissioners, Congratulates Commissioner Slaughter on Confirmation to Another Term\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Biden Announces Nominees to Bipartisan Boards and Commissions\". The White House. 2023-07-03. Retrieved 2023-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/03/president-biden-announces-nominees-to-bipartisan-boards-and-commissions/","url_text":"\"President Biden Announces Nominees to Bipartisan Boards and Commissions\""}]},{"reference":"Morrison, Richard (2018-10-30). \"Q&A on Frank v. Gaos, Class Action Lawsuit Headed to Supreme Court\". CEI.org. Competitive Enterprise Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://cei.org/blog/qa-on-frank-v-gaos-class-action-lawsuit-headed-to-supreme-court/","url_text":"\"Q&A on Frank v. Gaos, Class Action Lawsuit Headed to Supreme Court\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute","url_text":"Competitive Enterprise Institute"}]},{"reference":"Rodgers, Bethany (September 9, 2020). \"Utah's new solicitor general facing potential court sanctions\". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 2023-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2020/09/09/utahs-new-solicitor/","url_text":"\"Utah's new solicitor general facing potential court sanctions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biden names two Republican nominees for FTC commissioner, White House says\". Reuters. 2023-07-03. Retrieved 2023-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-names-two-nominees-ftc-commissioner-white-house-says-2023-07-03/","url_text":"\"Biden names two Republican nominees for FTC commissioner, White House says\""}]},{"reference":"\"PN801 — Melissa Holyoak — Federal Trade Commission 118th Congress (2023-2024)\". United States Congress. Retrieved 2024-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/nomination/118th-congress/801","url_text":"\"PN801 — Melissa Holyoak — Federal Trade Commission 118th Congress (2023-2024)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2024/03/ftc-chair-welcomes-ferguson-holyoak-ftc-commissioners-congratulates-commissioner-slaughter","external_links_name":"\"FTC Chair Welcomes Ferguson and Holyoak as FTC Commissioners, Congratulates Commissioner Slaughter on Confirmation to Another Term\""},{"Link":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/03/president-biden-announces-nominees-to-bipartisan-boards-and-commissions/","external_links_name":"\"President Biden Announces Nominees to Bipartisan Boards and Commissions\""},{"Link":"https://cei.org/blog/qa-on-frank-v-gaos-class-action-lawsuit-headed-to-supreme-court/","external_links_name":"\"Q&A on Frank v. Gaos, Class Action Lawsuit Headed to Supreme Court\""},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/586/17-961/","external_links_name":"17-961"},{"Link":"https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2020/09/09/utahs-new-solicitor/","external_links_name":"\"Utah's new solicitor general facing potential court sanctions\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-names-two-nominees-ftc-commissioner-white-house-says-2023-07-03/","external_links_name":"\"Biden names two Republican nominees for FTC commissioner, White House says\""},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/nomination/118th-congress/801","external_links_name":"\"PN801 — Melissa Holyoak — Federal Trade Commission 118th Congress (2023-2024)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Montgomery | Earl of Montgomery | ["1 References"] | Title in the Peerage of England
Earldom of Montgomeryheld withEarldom of PembrokeArms of Herbert: Per pale azure and gules, three lions rampant argentCreation date4 May 1605Created byJames IPeeragePeerage of EnglandFirst holderPhilip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke, 1st Earl of MontgomeryPresent holderWilliam Herbert, 18th Earl of Pembroke, 15th Earl of MontgomeryHeir apparentReginald Henry Michael Herbert, Lord HerbertRemainder toMales heir of the body lawfully begottenSubsidiary titlesBaron Herbert of ShurlandSeat(s)Wilton HouseMottoUng je serviray ("One will I serve")
The title Earl of Montgomery (pronounced "Mun-gum-ery") was created in the Peerage of England in 1605 for Sir Philip Herbert, younger son of the 2nd Earl of Pembroke. The first Earl inherited the Earldom of Pembroke in 1630 from his brother, the 3rd Earl, and the two titles remain united.
Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke, 1st Earl of Montgomery (1584–1649)
Philip Herbert, 5th Earl of Pembroke, 2nd Earl of Montgomery (1621–1669)
William Herbert, 6th Earl of Pembroke, 3rd Earl of Montgomery (1642–1674)
Philip Herbert, 7th Earl of Pembroke, 4th Earl of Montgomery (c. 1652–1683)
Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke, 5th Earl of Montgomery (1656–c. 1732)
Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke, 6th Earl of Montgomery (1693–1750)
Henry Herbert, 10th Earl of Pembroke, 7th Earl of Montgomery (1734–1794)
George Augustus Herbert, 11th Earl of Pembroke, 8th Earl of Montgomery (1759–1827)
Robert Henry Herbert, 12th Earl of Pembroke, 9th Earl of Montgomery (1791–1862)
George Robert Charles Herbert, 13th Earl of Pembroke, 10th Earl of Montgomery (1850–1895)
Sidney Herbert, 14th Earl of Pembroke, 11th Earl of Montgomery (1853–1913)
Reginald Herbert, 15th Earl of Pembroke, 12th Earl of Montgomery (1880–1960)
Sidney Charles Herbert, 16th Earl of Pembroke, 13th Earl of Montgomery (1906–1969)
Henry George Charles Alexander Herbert, 17th Earl of Pembroke, 14th Earl of Montgomery (1939–2003)
William Alexander Sidney Herbert, 18th Earl of Pembroke, 15th Earl of Montgomery (b. 1978)
The heir apparent is the present holder's son Reginald Henry Michael Herbert, Lord Herbert (b. 2012).
References
^ An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Glamorgan. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 1981. p. 355. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
^ a b c Debrett's Peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Debrett's. 1840. p. 569. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
Kidd, Charles, ed. (1903). Debrett's peerage, baronetage, knightage, and companionage. London: Dean and son. p. 694.
vteExtant earldoms in the peerages of Britain and IrelandEngland
Shrewsbury
Derby
Huntingdon
Pembroke
Devon
Lincoln
Suffolk
Montgomery
Denbigh
Westmorland
Berkshire
Lindsey
Winchelsea
Sandwich
Essex
Carlisle
Shaftesbury
Nottingham
Abingdon
Portland
Scarbrough
Albemarle
Coventry
Jersey
Scotland
Sutherland
Crawford
Mar
Erroll
Caithness
Morton
Rothes
Buchan
Eglinton
Moray
Mar
Home
Perth
Strathmore and Kinghorne
Kellie
Haddington
Galloway
Lauderdale
Lindsay
Loudoun
Kinnoull
Elgin
Wemyss
Dalhousie
Airlie
Leven
Dysart
Selkirk
Northesk
Kincardine
Balcarres
Newburgh
Dundee
Annandale and Hartfell
Dundonald
Kintore
Dunmore
Melville
Orkney
March
Seafield
Stair
Rosebery
Glasgow
Great Britain
Ferrers
Dartmouth
Tankerville
Aylesford
Macclesfield
Waldegrave
Harrington
Portsmouth
Brooke
Buckinghamshire
Guilford
Hardwicke
Ilchester
Warwick
De La Warr
Radnor
Spencer
Bathurst
Clarendon
Mansfield
Talbot
Mount Edgcumbe
Fortescue
Mansfield
Carnarvon
Cadogan
Malmesbury
Ireland
Waterford
Cork
Westmeath
Meath
Desmond
Cavan
Orrery
Drogheda
Granard
Darnley
Bessborough
Carrick
Shannon
Arran
Courtown
Mexborough
Winterton
Kingston
Roden
Lisburne
Clanwilliam
Antrim
Longford
Portarlington
Mayo
Annesley
Enniskillen
Erne
Lucan
Belmore
Castle Stewart
Caledon
Donoughmore
Limerick
Clancarty
Rosse
Gosford
Normanton
Kilmorey
Listowel
Norbury
Ranfurly
United Kingdom
Rosslyn
Craven
Onslow
Romney
Chichester
Wilton
Powis
Nelson
Grey
Lonsdale
Harrowby
Harewood
Minto
Cathcart
Verulam
St Germans
Morley
Bradford
Eldon
Howe
Stradbroke
Temple of Stowe
Cawdor
Lichfield
Durham
Granville
Effingham
Ducie
Yarborough
Leicester
Gainsborough
Strafford
Cottenham
Cowley
Winton
Dudley
Russell
Cromartie
Kimberley
Wharncliffe
Cairns
Lytton
Selborne
Iddesleigh
Cranbrook
Cromer
Plymouth
Liverpool
Midlothian
St Aldwyn
Beatty
Haig
Iveagh
Balfour
Oxford and Asquith
Jellicoe
Inchcape
Peel
Strathmore and Kinghorne
Baldwin of Bewdley
Halifax
Gowrie
Lloyd-George of Dwyfor
Mountbatten of Burma
Alexander of Tunis
Swinton
Attlee
Woolton
Snowdon
Stockton
Italics: This title is held by a peer who holds another earldom of higher precedence. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peerage of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_England"},{"link_name":"Sir Philip Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"2nd Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Earldom of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"3rd Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herbert,_3rd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debretts-2"},{"link_name":"Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke, 1st Earl of Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Philip Herbert, 5th Earl of Pembroke, 2nd Earl of Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_5th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"William Herbert, 6th Earl of Pembroke, 3rd Earl of Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herbert,_6th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Philip Herbert, 7th Earl of Pembroke, 4th Earl of Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_7th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke, 5th Earl of Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Herbert,_8th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke, 6th Earl of Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_9th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Henry Herbert, 10th Earl of Pembroke, 7th Earl of Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_10th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"George Augustus Herbert, 11th Earl of Pembroke, 8th Earl of Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert,_11th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Robert Henry Herbert, 12th Earl of Pembroke, 9th Earl of Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Herbert,_12th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"George Robert Charles Herbert, 13th Earl of Pembroke, 10th Earl of Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert,_13th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Sidney Herbert, 14th Earl of Pembroke, 11th Earl of Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Herbert,_14th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Reginald Herbert, 15th Earl of Pembroke, 12th Earl of Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Herbert,_15th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Sidney Charles Herbert, 16th Earl of Pembroke, 13th Earl of Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Herbert,_16th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Henry George Charles Alexander Herbert, 17th Earl of Pembroke, 14th Earl of Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_17th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"William Alexander Sidney Herbert, 18th Earl of Pembroke, 15th Earl of Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herbert,_18th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"}],"text":"The title Earl of Montgomery (pronounced \"Mun-gum-ery\") was created in the Peerage of England in 1605 for Sir Philip Herbert, younger son of the 2nd Earl of Pembroke. The first Earl inherited the Earldom of Pembroke in 1630 from his brother, the 3rd Earl, and the two titles remain united.[2]Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke, 1st Earl of Montgomery (1584–1649)\nPhilip Herbert, 5th Earl of Pembroke, 2nd Earl of Montgomery (1621–1669)\nWilliam Herbert, 6th Earl of Pembroke, 3rd Earl of Montgomery (1642–1674)\nPhilip Herbert, 7th Earl of Pembroke, 4th Earl of Montgomery (c. 1652–1683)\nThomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke, 5th Earl of Montgomery (1656–c. 1732)\nHenry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke, 6th Earl of Montgomery (1693–1750)\nHenry Herbert, 10th Earl of Pembroke, 7th Earl of Montgomery (1734–1794)\nGeorge Augustus Herbert, 11th Earl of Pembroke, 8th Earl of Montgomery (1759–1827)\nRobert Henry Herbert, 12th Earl of Pembroke, 9th Earl of Montgomery (1791–1862)\nGeorge Robert Charles Herbert, 13th Earl of Pembroke, 10th Earl of Montgomery (1850–1895)\nSidney Herbert, 14th Earl of Pembroke, 11th Earl of Montgomery (1853–1913)\nReginald Herbert, 15th Earl of Pembroke, 12th Earl of Montgomery (1880–1960)\nSidney Charles Herbert, 16th Earl of Pembroke, 13th Earl of Montgomery (1906–1969)\nHenry George Charles Alexander Herbert, 17th Earl of Pembroke, 14th Earl of Montgomery (1939–2003)\nWilliam Alexander Sidney Herbert, 18th Earl of Pembroke, 15th Earl of Montgomery (b. 1978)The heir apparent is the present holder's son Reginald Henry Michael Herbert, Lord Herbert (b. 2012).","title":"Earl of Montgomery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Glamorgan. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 1981. p. 355. Retrieved 11 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lm4CmIvbAa4C&pg=PA355","url_text":"An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Glamorgan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales","url_text":"Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales"}]},{"reference":"Debrett's Peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Debrett's. 1840. p. 569. Retrieved 11 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/debrettspeerage08debrgoog","url_text":"Debrett's Peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/debrettspeerage08debrgoog/page/n625","url_text":"569"}]},{"reference":"Kidd, Charles, ed. (1903). Debrett's peerage, baronetage, knightage, and companionage. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup | 2010 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup | ["1 Competing Nations","2 Squads","3 Preliminary round","3.1 Group A","3.2 Group B","4 Final round","4.1 Championship bracket","4.2 5th–10th places bracket","4.3 Classification 5–10","4.4 Quarterfinals","4.5 Classification 9","4.6 Classification 5–8","4.7 Semifinals","4.8 Classification 7–8, 5–6","4.9 Finals","5 Final ranking","6 Individual awards","7 References","8 External links"] | Volleyball competition held in Mexico
2010 Women's Pan-American Volleyball CupTournament detailsHost nationMexicoDates18–26 June 2010Teams11Venue(s)2 (in 2 host cities)Champions Dominican Republic (2nd title)Tournament awardsMVP Prisilla Rivera (DOM)Official websiteNORCECA.org← PreviousNext →
The 2010 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup was the ninth edition of the annual women's volleyball tournament, played by eleven countries from 18–26 June 2010 in Rosarito and Tijuana, Mexico. The intercontinental event served as a qualifier for the 2011 FIVB World Grand Prix and 2010 Final Four.
Competing Nations
Group A
Group B
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Venezuela (withdrew)
Costa Rica
Mexico
Peru
Puerto Rico
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Squads
Further information: 2010 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup Squads
Preliminary round
Group A
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
Pts
SW
SL
SR
SPW
SPL
SPR
Qualification
1
Cuba
4
4
0
8
12
5
2.400
411
367
1.120
Semifinals
2
Dominican Republic
4
3
1
7
11
6
1.833
402
367
1.095
Quarterfinals
3
Argentina
4
2
2
6
8
8
1.000
353
354
0.997
4
Brazil
4
1
3
5
5
9
0.556
297
334
0.889
Classification matches
5
Canada
4
0
4
4
4
12
0.333
337
378
0.892
Source:
Date
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Total
Report
18 Jun
Canada
2–3
Argentina
25–22
20–25
22–25
25–19
11–15
103–106
Report
18 Jun
Cuba
3–1
Brazil
27–25
23–25
25–17
25–21
100–88
Report
19 Jun
Brazil
1–3
Dominican Republic
14–25
25–16
19–25
23–25
81–91
Report
19 Jun
Cuba
3–1
Canada
21–25
25–19
25–21
25–19
96–84
Report
20 Jun
Brazil
0–3
Argentina
13–25
15–25
22–25
50–75
Report
20 Jun
Dominican Republic
2–3
Cuba
29–31
25–23
19–25
25–23
12–15
110–117
Report
20 Jun
Canada
0–3
Brazil
21–25
26–28
21–25
68–78
Report
20 Jun
Argentina
1–3
Dominican Republic
14–25
25–27
28–26
20–25
87–103
Report
21 Jun
Dominican Republic
3–1
Canada
23–25
25–20
25–23
25–14
98–82
Report
21 Jun
Cuba
3–1
Argentina
23–25
25–23
25–15
25–22
98–85
Report
Group B
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
Pts
SW
SL
SR
SPW
SPL
SPR
Qualification
1
United States
5
5
0
10
15
0
MAX
377
213
1.770
Semifinals
2
Peru
5
4
1
9
12
3
4.000
364
258
1.411
Quarterfinals
3
Puerto Rico
5
3
2
8
9
6
1.500
326
303
1.076
4
Trinidad and Tobago
5
2
3
7
6
9
0.667
298
342
0.871
Classification matches
5
Mexico
5
1
4
6
3
13
0.231
290
370
0.784
6
Costa Rica
5
0
5
5
1
15
0.067
221
390
0.567
Source:
Date
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Total
Report
18 Jun
Peru
0–3
United States
25–27
22–25
17–25
64–77
Report
18 Jun
Puerto Rico
3–0
Costa Rica
25–13
25–15
25–19
75–47
Report
18 Jun
Mexico
0–3
Trinidad and Tobago
21–25
15–25
23–25
59–75
Report
19 Jun
United States
3–0
Puerto Rico
25–13
25–17
25–14
75–47
Report
19 Jun
Costa Rica
0–3
Trinidad and Tobago
15–25
22–25
21–25
58–75
Report
19 Jun
Peru
3–0
Mexico
25–17
25–7
25–21
75–45
Report
20 Jun
Puerto Rico
0–3
Peru
21–25
22–25
14–25
57–75
Report
20 Jun
United States
3–0
Trinidad and Tobago
25–17
25–9
25–11
75–37
Report
20 Jun
Costa Rica
1–3
Mexico
17–25
25–15
14–25
14–25
70–90
Report
21 Jun
Trinidad and Tobago
0–3
Peru
18–25
23–25
15–25
56–75
Report
21 Jun
United States
3–0
Costa Rica
25–11
25–10
25–2
75–23
Report
21 Jun
Mexico
0–3
Puerto Rico
22–25
14–25
15–25
51–75
Report
22 Jun
Costa Rica
0–3
Peru
7–25
7–25
9–25
23–75
Report
22 Jun
Puerto Rico
3–0
Trinidad and Tobago
25–18
25–19
25–18
75–55
Report
22 Jun
United States
3–0
Mexico
25–14
25–16
25–15
75–45
Report
Final round
Championship bracket
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
A1
Cuba
0
B2
Peru
3
B2
Peru
3
A3
Argentina
1
B2
Peru
0
A2
Dominican Republic
3
B1
United States
1
A2
Dominican Republic
3
A2
Dominican Republic
3
B3
Puerto Rico
0
Third place
A1
Cuba
0
B1
United States
3
5th–10th places bracket
Classification 5–10Classification 5–8Classification 5–6A3 Argentina3B4 Trinidad and Tobago0A5 Canada2A5 Canada3A3 Argentina3B3 Puerto Rico0B3 Puerto Rico3A4 Brazil3A4 Brazil2B5 Mexico0Classification 9–10Classification 7–8B5 Mexico3A5 Canada3B4 Trinidad and Tobago1A4 Brazil1
Classification 5–10
Date
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Total
Report
24 Jun
Trinidad and Tobago
0–3
Canada
19–25
18–25
15–25
52–75
Report
24 Jun
Mexico
0–3
Brazil
11–25
10–25
23–25
44–75
Report
Quarterfinals
Date
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Total
Report
24 Jun
Dominican Republic
3–0
Puerto Rico
25–21
25–23
25–23
75–67
Report
24 Jun
Peru
3–1
Argentina
16–25
25–17
25–18
25–21
91–81
Report
Classification 9
Date
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Total
Report
25 Jun
Mexico
3–1
Trinidad and Tobago
25–21
18–25
25–21
26–24
94–91
Report
Classification 5–8
Date
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Total
Report
25 Jun
Puerto Rico
3–2
Brazil
25–21
19–25
25–22
17–25
15–12
101–105
Report
25 Jun
Canada
2–3
Argentina
20–25
22–25
25–21
25–23
8–15
100–109
Report
Semifinals
Date
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Total
Report
25 Jun
Cuba
0–3
Peru
18–25
23–25
23–25
64–75
Report
25 Jun
United States
1–3
Dominican Republic
25–22
23–25
22–25
16–25
86–97
Report
Classification 7–8, 5–6
Date
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Total
Report
26 Jun
Brazil
1–3
Canada
18–25
25–11
14–25
22–25
65–86
Report
26 Jun
Argentina
3–0
Puerto Rico
25–23
25–21
25–16
75–60
Report
Finals
Date
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Total
Report
26 Jun
United States
3–0
Cuba
25–15
25–20
25–17
75–52
Report
26 Jun
Dominican Republic
3–0
Peru
25–17
30–28
25–22
80–67
Report
Final ranking
Rank
Team
Dominican Republic
Peru
United States
4
Cuba
5
Argentina
6
Puerto Rico
7
Canada
8
Brazil
9
Mexico
10
Trinidad and Tobago
11
Costa Rica
2010 Women's Pan-American Cup winners
Dominican Republic2nd title
Dominican Republic, Peru, the United States, Cuba, Argentina and Brazil qualified for the 2011 FIVB World Grand Prix.
Dominican Republic, Peru and Argentina qualified along with Mexico for the 2010 Final Four.
Individual awards
Most valuable player
Prisilla Rivera (DOM)
Best scorer
Kenia Carcaces (CUB)
Best spiker
Sarai Álvarez (PUR)
Best blocker
Lisvel Elisa Eve (DOM)
Best server
Kelly-Anne Billingy (TRI)
Best digger
Brenda Castillo (DOM)
Best setter
Elena Keldibekova (PER)
Best receiver
Brenda Castillo (DOM)
Best libero
Brenda Castillo (DOM)
References
^ "2010 3rd Final Four" (PDF). NORCECA.org (Press release). NORCECA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
^ "Rising of Flags ceremony of Pan American Cup at High Development Centre". NORCECA.org (Press release). NORCECA. Archived from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
^ NORCECA. "Dominican Prisilla Rivera elected MVP of the Pan American Cup". Archived from the original on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
External links
Results Archived 2012-04-01 at the Wayback Machine
vtePan American Volleyball CupMenSenior
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
U23
2012
2014
2016
2018
2021
2023
Junior
2011
2015
2017
2019
2022
Youth
2011
2017
2019
2022
WomenSenior
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
U23
2012
2014
2016
2018
2021
2023
Junior
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2022
Youth
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
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Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"2011 FIVB World Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_FIVB_World_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"2010 Final Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Final_Four_Women%27s_Volleyball_Cup"}],"text":"Rank\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n\n\n\n\n United States\n\n\n4\n\n Cuba\n\n\n5\n\n Argentina\n\n\n6\n\n Puerto Rico\n\n\n7\n\n Canada\n\n\n8\n\n Brazil\n\n\n9\n\n Mexico\n\n\n10\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n\n\n11\n\n Costa Rica\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n 2010 Women's Pan-American Cup winners \n\n\nDominican Republic2nd titleDominican Republic, Peru, the United States, Cuba, Argentina and Brazil qualified for the 2011 FIVB World Grand Prix.\nDominican Republic, Peru and Argentina qualified along with Mexico for the 2010 Final Four.","title":"Final ranking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Prisilla Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisilla_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Kenia Carcaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia_Carcaces"},{"link_name":"Sarai Álvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarai_%C3%81lvarez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lisvel Elisa Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisvel_Elisa_Eve"},{"link_name":"Kelly-Anne Billingy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly-Anne_Billingy"},{"link_name":"Brenda Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Castillo"},{"link_name":"Elena Keldibekova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Keldibekova"},{"link_name":"Brenda Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Castillo"},{"link_name":"Brenda Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Castillo"}],"text":"Most valuable player[3]\n Prisilla Rivera (DOM)\nBest scorer\n Kenia Carcaces (CUB)\nBest spiker\n Sarai Álvarez (PUR)\nBest blocker\n Lisvel Elisa Eve (DOM)\nBest server\n Kelly-Anne Billingy (TRI)\nBest digger\n Brenda Castillo (DOM)\nBest setter\n Elena Keldibekova (PER)\nBest receiver\n Brenda Castillo (DOM)\nBest libero\n Brenda Castillo (DOM)","title":"Individual awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"2010 3rd Final Four\" (PDF). NORCECA.org (Press release). NORCECA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.norceca.org/2010%20Events/3_Final%20Four_Chiapas-2010/Forms/REGULACIONES%20III%20FINAL%20FOUR%202010.pdf","url_text":"\"2010 3rd Final Four\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100928121850/http://www.norceca.org/2010%20Events/3_Final%20Four_Chiapas-2010/Forms/REGULACIONES%20III%20FINAL%20FOUR%202010.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rising of Flags ceremony of Pan American Cup at High Development Centre\". NORCECA.org (Press release). NORCECA. Archived from the original on 23 June 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Woko_Sapien | User talk:Woko Sapien | ["1 March 2021","2 How the US government does it","3 ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message","4 2022 Elections Task Force","5 PVI Even/EVEN ratings","6 ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message","7 Sockpuppet tagging","8 Edit to \"United States Secretary of Commerce\"","9 Invitation","10 Charles III requested move discussion","11 Other British monarch requested move discussions currently taking place","12 ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message","13 Instagram etc as an EL","14 Restore"] | March 2021
Hi, and thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. It appears that you tried to give a page a different title by copying its content and pasting either the same content, or an edited version of it, into U.S. Presidential IQ hoax. This is known as a "cut-and-paste move", and it is undesirable because it splits the page history, which is legally required for attribution. Instead, the software used by Wikipedia has a feature that allows pages to be moved to a new title together with their edit history.
In most cases, once your account is four days old and has ten edits, you should be able to move an article yourself using the "Move" tab at the top of the page (the tab may be hidden in a dropdown menu for you). This both preserves the page history intact and automatically creates a redirect from the old title to the new. If you cannot perform a particular page move yourself this way (e.g. because a page already exists at the target title), please follow the instructions at requested moves to have it moved by someone else. Also, if there are any other pages that you moved by copying and pasting, even if it was a long time ago, please list them at Wikipedia:Requests for history merge. Thank you. Polyamorph (talk) 16:18, 29 March 2021 (UTC)
How the US government does it
Witha cap R Carptrash (talk) 16:34, 13 May 2021 (UTC)
@Carptrash: Perhaps, but Wikipedia's style guide is pretty clear (see MOS:JOBTITLES). Also, this issue has been thoroughly debated here and here. Woko Sapien (talk) 16:44, 13 May 2021 (UTC)
And strictly speaking, the website you linked to isn't an official U.S. government website, but a non-profit that works in U.S. civics. Either way, you're welcome to voice your objection at the Manual of Style talk page. --Woko Sapien (talk) 16:49, 13 May 2021 (UTC)
No, that's fine, I saw what I thought was a un-thought-out edit and since it turns out to be a thought-out edit I'm okay with that. Carptrash (talk) 23:26, 13 May 2021 (UTC)
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Hi sorry, juut letting you know actions you have done have been undone on a page named Chip Roy for grammatical reasons. Msaskiw (talk) 22:26, 9 December 2021 (UTC)
2022 Elections Task Force
Hi Woko Sapien,
I'm looking at starting a task force of Wikipedia editors to work on the pages of candidates up for election in 2022. Many congressional member pages have very few votes or political positions (for example, compare Michelle Steel and Steve Chabot against Nicole Malliotakis), and so I think it would be a great resource for us to flesh out a lot of these pages ahead of the election to better support people who come to Wikipedia for information before they vote.
I see you've been active on a couple of congressperson pages recently so thought you might be interested. If you are, please message me on my talk page. Once I have a couple of interested editors I will work on building a task force page so we can coordinate our work. No worries at all if you're not interested or too busy. Thanks for everything you do for the Wikipedia communtiy!
Wildfire35 (talk) 22:45, 4 April 2022 (UTC)
PVI Even/EVEN ratings
Hi, it looks like the change from EVEN to Even of all PVI ratings per MOS has been reverted manually in a number of pages. Are you sure that MOS:Caps really apply here, considering that EVEN is the official term used by Cook PVI , the ones who created it, and literally every other political newsletter? This is to say that the all uppercase EVEN is the only version we find in all sources. Thanks! —CX Zoom (let's talk • {C•X}) 06:22, 27 May 2022 (UTC)
@CX Zoom: It seemed clear to me MOS:Caps (specifically MOS:ALLCAPS) applied here, since EVEN is not an acronym, abbreviation, Unicode, etc. It's literally just the word "even". As far as how Cook renders it, I'll point out the official government profile of Justin Trudeau says he is the "23rd Prime Minister". But on his Wikipedia page, it is rendered as the "23rd prime minister" because the consensus is that MOS:JOBTITLES takes priority over the official source. All that said, if people feel that strongly about it remaining in all caps, I'm not going to edit war over this. I was just being bold.--Woko Sapien (talk) 14:00, 27 May 2022 (UTC)
@CX Zoom: I'll also point out that the reversions seem to be the work of a single IP user, and not a mass reversion by multiple editors. --Woko Sapien (talk) 16:21, 27 May 2022 (UTC)
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Sockpuppet tagging
Please do not add {{Sockpuppet}} tags to userpages unless an SPI, CU or admin investigation has reached a conclusion to that effect. And even in that case, it is advisable to leave it to the CU, admin or SPI clerk's discretion as to whether the page needs to be tagged. Abecedare (talk) 20:49, 11 June 2023 (UTC)
@Abecedare that's my bad. This was my first sockpuppet investigation request and I wasn't sure if I needed to manually tag the accounts in question (like the way you have to manually tag categories for category rename requests). I'm sorry for any trouble that caused and won't do it again. Woko Sapien (talk) 21:26, 11 June 2023 (UTC)
Edit to "United States Secretary of Commerce"
Dear Woko Sapien,
I have noticed that you recently edited the Wikipedia article on the U.S. Secretary of Commerce, and uncapitalized the words "Secretary" and "Commerce". I had recently edited the article by capitalizing those 2 words. Could you please explain your reasoning for this uncapitalization.
Sincerely,
A.FLOCK, Wikipedian
A.FLOCK (talk)
@A.FLOCK: Hi there, the reason for undoing the capitalization was because it technically violates MOS:JOBTITLES — a rule that I'll openly admit is enforced on Wikipedia haphazardly. While capitalization is acceptable when denoting a title (Bob Blow was appointed Secretary of Affairs last July or Secretary of Affairs Bob Blow was appointed last July), the manual of style dictates that lowercase must be used when denoting a description (The current secretary of affairs is Bob Blow or Bob Blow is the worst secretary of affairs ever).
Generally speaking, the rule of thumb is that if it has a modifier before it (the, a, an, many, etc.), it's being used as a description, rather than a title. There are a few exceptions, like when the title is being used as a substitute for the person's name (The Secretary of Affairs gave a speech after he has appointed in July has a modifier, but is referring specifically to Bob Blow).
In the instance of "The United States secretary of commerce is the head of the United States Department of Commerce..." secretary of commerce is describing the officeholder, but not the title or any particular individual who's used it. A workable alternative that could use capital letters would be something like "The title of Secretary of Commerce is used by the heads of the United States Department of Commerce", but that's rather wordy.
Anyway, I hope that helps clear things up. My apologies if you thought I was edit warring; I hadn't seen that you changed it a month earlier. --Woko Sapien (talk) 13:58, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
Invitation
Hello Woko Sapien!
The New Pages Patrol is currently struggling to keep up with the influx of new articles needing review. We could use a few extra hands to help.
We think that someone with your activity and experience is very likely to meet the guidelines for granting.
Reviewing/patrolling a page doesn't take much time, but it requires a strong understanding of Wikipedia’s CSD policy and notability guidelines.
Kindly read the tutorial before making your decision, and feel free to post on the project talk page with questions.
If patrolling new pages is something you'd be willing to help out with, please consider applying here.
Thank you for your consideration. We hope to see you around!
Sent by Zippybonzo using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) at 07:51, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
Charles III requested move discussion
There is a new requested move discussion in progress for the Charles III article. Since you participated in the previous discussion, I thought you might like to know about this one. Cheers. Rreagan007 (talk) 06:01, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
Thanks for the heads up! I'll give it a look. Woko Sapien (talk) 15:25, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
Other British monarch requested move discussions currently taking place
Since you recently participated in the Charles III requested move discussion, I thought you might like to know that there are two other discussions currently going on about other British monarch article titles here and here. Cheers. Rreagan007 (talk) 22:26, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
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Instagram etc as an EL
Perfectly fine. We have them across the project. Even have templates for them. 24.97.185.90 (talk) 17:51, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
That's a funny way of saying "screw the official guidelines, I'll do whatever the hell I want." But hey, whatever floats your boat. Woko Sapien (talk) 18:07, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
Restore
In case other people haven't read the message can you reinstate oppositions and legal challenges in the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_Valor_Act_of_2005. See this example because it makes sense: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stolen_Valor_Act_of_2005&oldid=473961968. Please? Song4Life (talk) 01:20, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
If you feel that strongly about it, you should be bold and restore it yourself. There shouldn't be any restrictions that prevent you from doing that. Woko Sapien (talk) 14:59, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
I feel nervous of spreading false info in Wikipedia. Please understand. Song4Life (talk) 04:09, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
For what it's worth, asking other editors to add information you believe might be inaccurate is also discouraged on Wikipedia. Woko Sapien (talk) 14:44, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
I feel Like i need approvae before I do the edit because I feel that is a good idea? Is there anything to get approval? Song4Life (talk) 05:54, 14 March 2024 (UTC)
No, you do not need approval. So long as the page isn't protected, you are free to edit it. If your edit is later reverted or changed, that's typically not a big deal. However, pestering other editors to do things on your behalf is considered annoying. Woko Sapien (talk) 18:08, 14 March 2024 (UTC) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Woko_Sapien&action=edit§ion=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information.svg"},{"link_name":"your contributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Woko_Sapien"},{"link_name":"U.S. Presidential IQ hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Presidential_IQ_hoax"},{"link_name":"cut-and-paste move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_guide/Fixing_cut-and-paste_moves"},{"link_name":"page history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Page_history"},{"link_name":"legally required for attribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"four days old and has ten edits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Autoconfirmed"},{"link_name":"\"Move\" 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Sapien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Woko_Sapien"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Woko_Sapien&action=edit§ion=14"},{"link_name":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_Valor_Act_of_2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_Valor_Act_of_2005"},{"link_name":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stolen_Valor_Act_of_2005&oldid=473961968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stolen_Valor_Act_of_2005&oldid=473961968"},{"link_name":"Song4Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Song4Life"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Song4Life"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"be bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BOLD"},{"link_name":"Woko Sapien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Woko_Sapien"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Song4Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Song4Life"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Song4Life"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Woko Sapien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Woko_Sapien"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Song4Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Song4Life"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Song4Life"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"protected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy"},{"link_name":"Woko Sapien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Woko_Sapien"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"March 2021[edit]Hi, and thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. It appears that you tried to give a page a different title by copying its content and pasting either the same content, or an edited version of it, into U.S. Presidential IQ hoax. This is known as a \"cut-and-paste move\", and it is undesirable because it splits the page history, which is legally required for attribution. Instead, the software used by Wikipedia has a feature that allows pages to be moved to a new title together with their edit history.In most cases, once your account is four days old and has ten edits, you should be able to move an article yourself using the \"Move\" tab at the top of the page (the tab may be hidden in a dropdown menu for you). This both preserves the page history intact and automatically creates a redirect from the old title to the new. If you cannot perform a particular page move yourself this way (e.g. because a page already exists at the target title), please follow the instructions at requested moves to have it moved by someone else. Also, if there are any other pages that you moved by copying and pasting, even if it was a long time ago, please list them at Wikipedia:Requests for history merge. Thank you. Polyamorph (talk) 16:18, 29 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]How the US government does it[edit]Witha cap R [1] Carptrash (talk) 16:34, 13 May 2021 (UTC)[reply]@Carptrash: Perhaps, but Wikipedia's style guide is pretty clear (see MOS:JOBTITLES). Also, this issue has been thoroughly debated here and here. Woko Sapien (talk) 16:44, 13 May 2021 (UTC)[reply]\nAnd strictly speaking, the website you linked to isn't an official U.S. government website, but a non-profit that works in U.S. civics. Either way, you're welcome to voice your objection at the Manual of Style talk page. --Woko Sapien (talk) 16:49, 13 May 2021 (UTC)[reply]\nNo, that's fine, I saw what I thought was a un-thought-out edit and since it turns out to be a thought-out edit I'm okay with that. Carptrash (talk) 23:26, 13 May 2021 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message[edit]Hi sorry, juut letting you know actions you have done have been undone on a page named Chip Roy for grammatical reasons. Msaskiw (talk) 22:26, 9 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]2022 Elections Task Force[edit]Hi Woko Sapien,I'm looking at starting a task force of Wikipedia editors to work on the pages of candidates up for election in 2022. Many congressional member pages have very few votes or political positions (for example, compare Michelle Steel and Steve Chabot against Nicole Malliotakis), and so I think it would be a great resource for us to flesh out a lot of these pages ahead of the election to better support people who come to Wikipedia for information before they vote.I see you've been active on a couple of congressperson pages recently so thought you might be interested. If you are, please message me on my talk page. Once I have a couple of interested editors I will work on building a task force page so we can coordinate our work. No worries at all if you're not interested or too busy. Thanks for everything you do for the Wikipedia communtiy!Wildfire35 (talk) 22:45, 4 April 2022 (UTC)[reply]PVI Even/EVEN ratings[edit]Hi, it looks like the change from EVEN to Even of all PVI ratings per MOS has been reverted manually in a number of pages. Are you sure that MOS:Caps really apply here, considering that EVEN is the official term used by Cook PVI [2], the ones who created it, and literally every other political newsletter? This is to say that the all uppercase EVEN is the only version we find in all sources. Thanks! —CX Zoom[he/him] (let's talk • {C•X}) 06:22, 27 May 2022 (UTC)[reply]@CX Zoom: It seemed clear to me MOS:Caps (specifically MOS:ALLCAPS) applied here, since EVEN is not an acronym, abbreviation, Unicode, etc. It's literally just the word \"even\". As far as how Cook renders it, I'll point out the official government profile of Justin Trudeau says he is the \"23rd Prime Minister\". But on his Wikipedia page, it is rendered as the \"23rd prime minister\" because the consensus is that MOS:JOBTITLES takes priority over the official source. All that said, if people feel that strongly about it remaining in all caps, I'm not going to edit war over this. I was just being bold.--Woko Sapien (talk) 14:00, 27 May 2022 (UTC)[reply]@CX Zoom: I'll also point out that the reversions seem to be the work of a single IP user, and not a mass reversion by multiple editors. --Woko Sapien (talk) 16:21, 27 May 2022 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:34, 29 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]Sockpuppet tagging[edit]Please do not add {{Sockpuppet}} tags to userpages unless an SPI, CU or admin investigation has reached a conclusion to that effect. And even in that case, it is advisable to leave it to the CU, admin or SPI clerk's discretion as to whether the page needs to be tagged. Abecedare (talk) 20:49, 11 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]@Abecedare that's my bad. This was my first sockpuppet investigation request and I wasn't sure if I needed to manually tag the accounts in question (like the way you have to manually tag categories for category rename requests). I'm sorry for any trouble that caused and won't do it again. Woko Sapien (talk) 21:26, 11 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]Edit to \"United States Secretary of Commerce\"[edit]Dear Woko Sapien,I have noticed that you recently edited the Wikipedia article on the U.S. Secretary of Commerce, and uncapitalized the words \"Secretary\" and \"Commerce\". I had recently edited the article by capitalizing those 2 words. Could you please explain your reasoning for this uncapitalization.Sincerely,A.FLOCK, WikipedianA.FLOCK (talk)@A.FLOCK: Hi there, the reason for undoing the capitalization was because it technically violates MOS:JOBTITLES — a rule that I'll openly admit is enforced on Wikipedia haphazardly. While capitalization is acceptable when denoting a title (Bob Blow was appointed Secretary of Affairs last July or Secretary of Affairs Bob Blow was appointed last July), the manual of style dictates that lowercase must be used when denoting a description (The current secretary of affairs is Bob Blow or Bob Blow is the worst secretary of affairs ever).Generally speaking, the rule of thumb is that if it has a modifier before it (the, a, an, many, etc.), it's being used as a description, rather than a title. There are a few exceptions, like when the title is being used as a substitute for the person's name (The Secretary of Affairs gave a speech after he has appointed in July has a modifier, but is referring specifically to Bob Blow).In the instance of \"The United States secretary of commerce is the head of the United States Department of Commerce...\" secretary of commerce is describing the officeholder, but not the title or any particular individual who's used it. A workable alternative that could use capital letters would be something like \"The title of Secretary of Commerce is used by the heads of the United States Department of Commerce\", but that's rather wordy.Anyway, I hope that helps clear things up. My apologies if you thought I was edit warring; I hadn't seen that you changed it a month earlier. --Woko Sapien (talk) 13:58, 26 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]Invitation[edit]Hello Woko Sapien!\n\nThe New Pages Patrol is currently struggling to keep up with the influx of new articles needing review. We could use a few extra hands to help.\nWe think that someone with your activity and experience is very likely to meet the guidelines for granting.\nReviewing/patrolling a page doesn't take much time, but it requires a strong understanding of Wikipedia’s CSD policy and notability guidelines.\nKindly read the tutorial before making your decision, and feel free to post on the project talk page with questions.\nIf patrolling new pages is something you'd be willing to help out with, please consider applying here.\nThank you for your consideration. We hope to see you around!Sent by Zippybonzo using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) at 07:51, 21 July 2023 (UTC)[reply]Charles III requested move discussion[edit]There is a new requested move discussion in progress for the Charles III article. Since you participated in the previous discussion, I thought you might like to know about this one. Cheers. Rreagan007 (talk) 06:01, 24 July 2023 (UTC)[reply]Thanks for the heads up! I'll give it a look. Woko Sapien (talk) 15:25, 24 July 2023 (UTC)[reply]Other British monarch requested move discussions currently taking place[edit]Since you recently participated in the Charles III requested move discussion, I thought you might like to know that there are two other discussions currently going on about other British monarch article titles here and here. Cheers. Rreagan007 (talk) 22:26, 30 July 2023 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:51, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]Instagram etc as an EL[edit]Perfectly fine. We have them across the project. Even have templates for them. 24.97.185.90 (talk) 17:51, 19 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]That's a funny way of saying \"screw the official guidelines, I'll do whatever the hell I want.\" But hey, whatever floats your boat. Woko Sapien (talk) 18:07, 19 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Restore[edit]In case other people haven't read the message can you reinstate oppositions and legal challenges in the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_Valor_Act_of_2005. See this example because it makes sense: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stolen_Valor_Act_of_2005&oldid=473961968. Please? Song4Life (talk) 01:20, 11 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]If you feel that strongly about it, you should be bold and restore it yourself. There shouldn't be any restrictions that prevent you from doing that. Woko Sapien (talk) 14:59, 11 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nI feel nervous of spreading false info in Wikipedia. Please understand. Song4Life (talk) 04:09, 12 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nFor what it's worth, asking other editors to add information you believe might be inaccurate is also discouraged on Wikipedia. Woko Sapien (talk) 14:44, 12 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nI feel Like i need approvae before I do the edit because I feel that is a good idea? Is there anything to get approval? Song4Life (talk) 05:54, 14 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nNo, you do not need approval. So long as the page isn't protected, you are free to edit it. If your edit is later reverted or changed, that's typically not a big deal. However, pestering other editors to do things on your behalf is considered annoying. Woko Sapien (talk) 18:08, 14 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Woko Sapien"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wikipedia_New_page_reviewer.svg/175px-Wikipedia_New_page_reviewer.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://civil.services/us-house/list/african-american-representatives","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.cookpolitical.com/pvi-map-and-district-list","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://pm.gc.ca/en/about","external_links_name":"profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/24.30.61.107","external_links_name":"IP user"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Zippybonzo","external_links_name":"Zippybonzo"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_Valor_Act_of_2005","external_links_name":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_Valor_Act_of_2005"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stolen_Valor_Act_of_2005&oldid=473961968","external_links_name":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stolen_Valor_Act_of_2005&oldid=473961968"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Bech | Andreas Bech | ["1 References"] | German rower
Andreas BechPersonal informationBorn (1969-01-26) 26 January 1969 (age 55)SportSportRowing
Medal record
Men's rowing
Representing Germany
World Rowing Championships
1996 Motherwell
Lwt eight
Andreas Bech (born 26 January 1969) is a German lightweight rower. He won a gold medal at the 1996 World Rowing Championships in Motherwell with the lightweight men's eight.
References
^ "Andreas Bech". International Rowing Federation. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
vteWorld champions – Lightweight men's eightFISA championships
1974: (Baldino, Gaynor, Nauman, Harman, Aserlind, Ewing, Feld, Grogan, cox Hartigan)
1975: (Meyer, Lutz, Braun, Maye, Fritsch, Buhren, Lobing, Kerkhoff, cox Neumeister)
1976: (Werner, Zimmer, Büsken, Nentwig, Neubert, Meschede, Huck, Nehmer, cox Sassenbach)
1977: (Read, Stuart-Bennett, George, Simpole, Cusack, Innes, Topolski, Drury, cox Sweeney)
1978: (Simpole, Read, Drury, Downie, Roberts, Zeun, Melvin, French, cox Moynihan)
1979: (Goicoechea, Arteaga, Uriarte, Expósito, Elizalde, Redondo, Puertas, Climent, cox Olasagasti)
1980: (Barratt, Hosking, Downie, Howe, Zeun, Roberts, Read, Simpole, cox Jefferies)
1981: (Knudsen, Jensen, Mølgaard, Højlund, Hansson, Eriksen, Espersen, Fransson, cox Klug-Andersen)
1982: (Valentinis, Torta, Pantano, Tontodonati, R. Borsini, L. Borsini, Castiglioni, Salani, cox Di Capua)
1983: (Moya, Cañete, Génova, Muniesa, Crespo, Briones, Llorente, Elizalde, cox Rojí)
1984: (Mølgaard, Jacobsen, Højlund, Hansson, Christensen, Jensen, Espersen, Kobbernagel, cox Rasmussen)
Official world championships
1985: (Losi, Savoia, Torcellan, Lana, Spremberg, Marostica, Re, Ravasi, cox Di Deco)
1986: (Losi, Savoia, Torcellan, Lana, Spremberg, Gaddi, Re, Ravasi, cox Di Deco)
1987: (Losi, Striani, Torcellan, Lana, Spremberg, Gaddi, Re, Ravasi, cox Zanetti)
1988: (Striani, Re, Spremberg, Losi, Ravasi, Barbaranelli, Bellomo, Torcellan, cox Velotti)
1989: (Barbaranelli, Romanini, Falossi, Fraquelli, Torcellan, Gaddi, Re, Ravasi, cox Lamberti)
1990: (Barbaranelli, Falossi, Gaddi, Ranieri, Ravasi, Re, Romanini, Striani, cox Lamberti)
1991: (Barbaranelli, Cantoni, Gaddi, Marigliano, Ranieri, Ravasi, Re, Romanini, cox Iannuzzi)
1992: (Andersen, Blitskov, Buck, Hansen, Jensen Kollat, Meyer, Poulsen, Vestergaard, cox Sorensen)
1993: (Boyes, Cookson, Fontaine, Hassett, Lay, Peaker, Sommerwil, Thompson, cox Newman)
1994: (Bates, Cox, Ellis, Hessian, Kay, Lemon, McNiven, Smith, cox Deakin)
1995: (Andersen, Bech Jensen, Buck, Glud, Henrichsen, Jensen Kollat, Jensen, Vestergaard, cox Larsen)
1996: (Bech, Edeler, Jenny, Locher, Mielke, Töpfer, Vukelic, Maerz, cox Klotz)
1997: (Balmforth, Berney, Burgess, Isherwood, Mitchell, Richards, Wiseman, Wright, cox Hayman)
1998: (Edeler, Ibielski, Laib, Locher, Rosenberger, Stomporowski, Strauch, Vukelic, cox Kaska)
1999: (Plifka, Kerber, Cashman, Den Besten, Cotter, Ruckman, Tripician, Kammann, cox Salamini)
2000: (Miller, Mack, Cashman, Winkler, Fedyna, Schwartz, Maclaurin, Warner, cox Fien-Helfman)
2001: (Dupy, Péron, Porchier, Bussière, Touron, Bette, Hocdé, Dorfman, cox Lattaignant)
2002: (Scala, Lodigiani, Del Gaudio, Moriconi, Paniccia, Grande, Fraquelli, Pasqualini, cox Di Palma)
2003: (Seibt, Raeder, Drews, Hasse, Borchardt, Schmidt, Hobein, Dahlke, cox Kaska)
2004: (Solforosi, Margat, Saïtta, Pouge, Bussière, Faucheux, Planque, Tilliet, cox Majerus)
2005: (Vlcek, Danesin, Savrie, Goretti, Scala, Moriconi, Del Gaudio, Gabriele, cox Barattolo)
2006: (Scala, Tuccinardi, La Padula, Sancassani, Goretti, Savrie, Vlcek, Gabriele, cox Lenzi)
2007: (van den Broek, Bottema, Blankert, Beemsterboer, Tromp, Greidanus, Snijders, Godschalk, cox Wiersum)
2008: (Carcagno, Bolton, Farrell, Altman, Todd, Daly, Paradiso, Muffelman, cox del Guercio)
2009: (Scala, Riccardi, La Padula, Goretti, Ceccatelli, Gallo, Vlcek, Mascarenhas, cox Lenzi)
2010: (Wisgott, Gerhardt, Lüke, Wichert, J. Kühner, Seibt, Schömann-Finck, M. Kühner, cox Kowert)
2011: (Bertrand, Brown, Tunevitsch, Gibson, Foot, Chisholm, Baker, Purcell, cox Webster)
2012: (M. Schömann-Finck, J. Schömann-Finck, M. Kühner, Schützeberg, Hochbruck, J. Kühner, Seibt, Wichert, cox Sauer)
2013: (Molteni, Amarante, Zaharia, Barbaro, Oppo, Serpico, Schisano, Di Girolamo, cox D'Aniello)
2014: (Franzmann, Barr, Neumann, Wallat, Wisgott, Kilthau, Keßler, Temel, cox Böhm)
2015: (Schad, Barr, Neumann, Roller, Franzmann, Wallat, Mertens, Temel, cox Heinemann)
This biographical article relating to German rowing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lightweight rower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_rowing"},{"link_name":"1996 World Rowing Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_World_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell"},{"link_name":"eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_(rowing)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FISA_profile-1"}],"text":"Andreas Bech (born 26 January 1969) is a German lightweight rower. He won a gold medal at the 1996 World Rowing Championships in Motherwell with the lightweight men's eight.[1]","title":"Andreas Bech"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Andreas Bech\". International Rowing Federation. Retrieved 13 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldrowing.com/athletes/athlete/765/","url_text":"\"Andreas Bech\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Rowing_Federation","url_text":"International Rowing Federation"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.worldrowing.com/athletes/athlete/765/","external_links_name":"\"Andreas Bech\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Bech&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA-group | CA-group | ["1 History","2 Examples","3 Works cited"] | In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, a group is said to be a CA-group or centralizer abelian group if the centralizer of any nonidentity element is an abelian subgroup. Finite CA-groups are of historical importance as an early example of the type of classifications that would be used in the Feit–Thompson theorem and the classification of finite simple groups. Several important infinite groups are CA-groups, such as free groups, Tarski monsters, and some Burnside groups, and the locally finite CA-groups have been classified explicitly. CA-groups are also called commutative-transitive groups (or CT-groups for short) because commutativity is a transitive relation amongst the non-identity elements of a group if and only if the group is a CA-group.
History
Locally finite CA-groups were classified by several mathematicians from 1925 to 1998. First, finite CA-groups were shown to be simple or solvable in (Weisner 1925). Then in the Brauer–Suzuki–Wall theorem (Brauer, Suzuki & Wall 1958), finite CA-groups of even order were shown to be Frobenius groups, abelian groups, or two dimensional projective special linear groups over a finite field of even order, PSL(2, 2f) for f ≥ 2. Finally, finite CA-groups of odd order were shown to be Frobenius groups or abelian groups in (Suzuki 1957), and so in particular, are never non-abelian simple.
CA-groups were important in the context of the classification of finite simple groups. Michio Suzuki showed that every finite, simple, non-abelian, CA-group is of even order. This result was first extended to the Feit–Hall–Thompson theorem showing that finite, simple, non-abelian, CN-groups had even order, and then to the Feit–Thompson theorem which states that every finite, simple, non-abelian group is of even order. A textbook exposition of the classification of finite CA-groups is given as example 1 and 2 in (Suzuki 1986, pp. 291–305). A more detailed description of the Frobenius groups appearing is included in (Wu 1998), where it is shown that a finite, solvable CA-group is a semidirect product of an abelian group and a fixed-point-free automorphism, and that conversely every such semidirect product is a finite, solvable CA-group. Wu also extended the classification of Suzuki et al. to locally finite groups.
Examples
Every abelian group is a CA-group, and a group with a non-trivial center is a CA-group if and only if it is abelian. The finite CA-groups are classified: the solvable ones are semidirect products of abelian groups by cyclic groups such that every non-trivial element acts fixed-point-freely and include groups such as the dihedral groups of order 4k+2, and the alternating group on 4 points of order 12, while the nonsolvable ones are all simple and are the 2-dimensional projective special linear groups PSL(2, 2n) for n ≥ 2. Infinite CA-groups include free groups, PSL(2, R), and Burnside groups of large prime exponent, (Lyndon & Schupp 2001, p. 10). Some more recent results in the infinite case are included in (Wu 1998), including a classification of locally finite CA-groups. Wu also observes that Tarski monsters are obvious examples of infinite simple CA-groups.
Works cited
Brauer, R.; Suzuki, Michio; Wall, G. E. (1958), "A characterization of the one-dimensional unimodular projective groups over finite fields", Illinois Journal of Mathematics, 2 (4B): 718–745, doi:10.1215/ijm/1255448336, ISSN 0019-2082, MR 0104734
Lyndon, Roger C.; Schupp, Paul E. (2001), Combinatorial group theory, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-41158-1, MR 0577064
Suzuki, Michio (1957), "The nonexistence of a certain type of simple groups of odd order", Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 8 (4): 686–695, doi:10.2307/2033280, ISSN 0002-9939, JSTOR 2033280, MR 0086818
Suzuki, Michio (1986), Group theory. II, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften , vol. 248, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-10916-9, MR 0815926
Weisner, L. (1925), "Groups in which the normaliser of every element except identity is abelian", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 31 (8): 413–416, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1925-04079-3, ISSN 0002-9904, JFM 51.0112.06
Wu, Yu-Fen (1998), "Groups in which commutativity is a transitive relation", Journal of Algebra, 207 (1): 165–181, doi:10.1006/jabr.1998.7468, ISSN 0021-8693, MR 1643082 | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"CA-group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_group"},{"link_name":"solvable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvable_group"},{"link_name":"Weisner 1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeisner1925"},{"link_name":"Brauer–Suzuki–Wall theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauer%E2%80%93Suzuki%E2%80%93Wall_theorem"},{"link_name":"Brauer, Suzuki & Wall 1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrauerSuzukiWall1958"},{"link_name":"Frobenius groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_group"},{"link_name":"projective special linear groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_special_linear_group"},{"link_name":"finite field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_field"},{"link_name":"Frobenius groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_group"},{"link_name":"Suzuki 1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSuzuki1957"},{"link_name":"classification of finite simple groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_finite_simple_groups"},{"link_name":"Michio Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio_Suzuki_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"finite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_group"},{"link_name":"simple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_group"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(group_theory)"},{"link_name":"CN-groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN-group"},{"link_name":"Feit–Thompson theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feit%E2%80%93Thompson_theorem"},{"link_name":"Suzuki 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSuzuki1986"},{"link_name":"Wu 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWu1998"},{"link_name":"semidirect product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidirect_product"},{"link_name":"locally finite groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_finite_group"}],"text":"Locally finite CA-groups were classified by several mathematicians from 1925 to 1998. First, finite CA-groups were shown to be simple or solvable in (Weisner 1925). Then in the Brauer–Suzuki–Wall theorem (Brauer, Suzuki & Wall 1958), finite CA-groups of even order were shown to be Frobenius groups, abelian groups, or two dimensional projective special linear groups over a finite field of even order, PSL(2, 2f) for f ≥ 2. Finally, finite CA-groups of odd order were shown to be Frobenius groups or abelian groups in (Suzuki 1957), and so in particular, are never non-abelian simple.CA-groups were important in the context of the classification of finite simple groups. Michio Suzuki showed that every finite, simple, non-abelian, CA-group is of even order. This result was first extended to the Feit–Hall–Thompson theorem showing that finite, simple, non-abelian, CN-groups had even order, and then to the Feit–Thompson theorem which states that every finite, simple, non-abelian group is of even order. A textbook exposition of the classification of finite CA-groups is given as example 1 and 2 in (Suzuki 1986, pp. 291–305). A more detailed description of the Frobenius groups appearing is included in (Wu 1998), where it is shown that a finite, solvable CA-group is a semidirect product of an abelian group and a fixed-point-free automorphism, and that conversely every such semidirect product is a finite, solvable CA-group. Wu also extended the classification of Suzuki et al. to locally finite groups.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abelian group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(group_theory)"},{"link_name":"dihedral groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_group"},{"link_name":"alternating group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_group"},{"link_name":"free groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_group"},{"link_name":"PSL(2, R)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSL2(R)"},{"link_name":"Burnside groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnside_group"},{"link_name":"Lyndon & Schupp 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLyndonSchupp2001"},{"link_name":"Wu 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWu1998"},{"link_name":"locally finite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_finite_group"},{"link_name":"Tarski monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarski_monster"}],"text":"Every abelian group is a CA-group, and a group with a non-trivial center is a CA-group if and only if it is abelian. The finite CA-groups are classified: the solvable ones are semidirect products of abelian groups by cyclic groups such that every non-trivial element acts fixed-point-freely and include groups such as the dihedral groups of order 4k+2, and the alternating group on 4 points of order 12, while the nonsolvable ones are all simple and are the 2-dimensional projective special linear groups PSL(2, 2n) for n ≥ 2. Infinite CA-groups include free groups, PSL(2, R), and Burnside groups of large prime exponent, (Lyndon & Schupp 2001, p. 10). Some more recent results in the infinite case are included in (Wu 1998), including a classification of locally finite CA-groups. Wu also observes that Tarski monsters are obvious examples of infinite simple CA-groups.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brauer, R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brauer"},{"link_name":"Suzuki, Michio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio_Suzuki_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1215/ijm/1255448336","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1215%2Fijm%2F1255448336"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0019-2082","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-2082"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0104734","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0104734"},{"link_name":"Lyndon, Roger C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Schupp"},{"link_name":"Schupp, Paul E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Lyndon"},{"link_name":"Springer-Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-41158-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-41158-1"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0577064","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0577064"},{"link_name":"Suzuki, Michio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio_Suzuki_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2033280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2033280"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0002-9939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9939"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2033280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2033280"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0086818","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0086818"},{"link_name":"Suzuki, Michio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio_Suzuki_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Springer-Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-387-10916-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-10916-9"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0815926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0815926"},{"link_name":"Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/S0002-9904-1925-04079-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1925-04079-3"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0002-9904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9904"},{"link_name":"JFM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFM_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"51.0112.06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:51.0112.06"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/jabr.1998.7468","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fjabr.1998.7468"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0021-8693","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8693"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1643082","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1643082"}],"text":"Brauer, R.; Suzuki, Michio; Wall, G. E. (1958), \"A characterization of the one-dimensional unimodular projective groups over finite fields\", Illinois Journal of Mathematics, 2 (4B): 718–745, doi:10.1215/ijm/1255448336, ISSN 0019-2082, MR 0104734\nLyndon, Roger C.; Schupp, Paul E. (2001), Combinatorial group theory, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-41158-1, MR 0577064\nSuzuki, Michio (1957), \"The nonexistence of a certain type of simple groups of odd order\", Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 8 (4): 686–695, doi:10.2307/2033280, ISSN 0002-9939, JSTOR 2033280, MR 0086818\nSuzuki, Michio (1986), Group theory. II, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences], vol. 248, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-10916-9, MR 0815926\nWeisner, L. (1925), \"Groups in which the normaliser of every element except identity is abelian\", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 31 (8): 413–416, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1925-04079-3, ISSN 0002-9904, JFM 51.0112.06\nWu, Yu-Fen (1998), \"Groups in which commutativity is a transitive relation\", Journal of Algebra, 207 (1): 165–181, doi:10.1006/jabr.1998.7468, ISSN 0021-8693, MR 1643082","title":"Works cited"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Brauer, R.; Suzuki, Michio; Wall, G. E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_bin_Samara | Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura | ["1 Biography","1.1 Capture of Zamindawar (653 CE)","1.2 Capture of Kabul (665 CE)","2 References","3 Sources"] | 7th-century general of the Rashidun caliphate
Abd al-Rahman ibn Samuraعبد الرحمن بن سمرةKunduzSamarkandHeratTOKHARA YABGHUSBalkhKARKOTASNEZAK HUNSBamiyanKandaharZamindawarBostGhazniKabulWESTERN TURKSGilgitPATOLA SHAHIS653665class=notpageimage| Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura invaded the territory of Zamindawar, in the vicinity of Kandahar.Diedc. 670BasraAllegianceRashidun caliphate Umayyad CaliphateBattles/warsUmayyad campaign against the Kingdom of Kapisa and Turk Shahis
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Samura (Arabic: عبد الرحمن بن سمرة, died c. 670 in Basra) was a general of the Rashidun caliphate and the succeeding Umayyad Caliphate, and caliphal governor of Sijistan in the 7th century CE.
Biography
According to Ibn Manzur, Ibn Samura was a Qurayshite. His father was Samura ibn Habib ibn Rabi'a ibn Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy ibn Kilab.
Ibn Samura participated in the Battle of Mu'tah in 629. After Khalid ibn al-Walid managed to organize the safe retreat from the abortive battle, Khalid sent Ibn Samura in advance as a messenger to Medina, capital of the nascent Muslim state, to report the battle result to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
By 652, he replaced Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi as the governor of Sistan.
During the Muslim conquest of Sistan, Ibn Samura was sent by governor of Basra, Abdallah ibn Amir to Sistan, and then initiated the Muslim conquest of Khorasan, where he first secured peace in a place named "land of al-Dawar".
Capture of Zamindawar (653 CE)
In 653-4 CE, an army of around 6,000 Arabs was led by Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura, and seized Rukhkhaj and Zamindawar. In the shrine of Zoon in Zamindawar, it is reported that Samura "broke off a hand of the idol and plucked out the rubies which were its eyes in order to persuade the marzbān of Sīstān" that the idol was worthless. Samura explained to the marzbān: "my intention was to show you that this idol can do neither any harm nor good." Bost and Zabul submitted to the Arab invader by treaty in 656 CE.
It is then recorded by Abu Labid that when the army was trying to get their hands on the spoils of war, Ibn Samura stood up and warned them by narrating a hadith he heard from Muhammad that the Prophet forbade the seizing of spoils of war before it is distributed first according to the rule of Sharia. Then those who took the booty returned what they had taken, he then distributed it among them.
Then Ibn Samura sent the spoils of war to Abdullah ibn Amir. Bost (Sīstān) and Zabulistan submitted by a treaty of capitulation, also signed with the marzban of Kerman before the death of Caliph Uthman in 656. The Muslims soon lost these territories during the First Civil War (656-661).
Upon the caliph's death, he returned to Basra, where its governor Abd Allah ibn Amir was dismissed by the new Caliph Ali. He joined Mu'awiya I after the Battle of the Camel, and was sent as one of the envoys to Hasan ibn Ali in 661. Abdallah ibn Amir was reappointed as governor in Basra by Mu'awiya, and Samura was sent along with Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami to restore Arab rule in eastern Khurasan and Sīstān. He introduced the office of ṣāḥib al-shurṭa (chief of police) to Sīstān and built a mosque in Zaranj.
Capture of Kabul (665 CE)
Barha Tegin led the Turk Shahis and rolled back Abd al-Rahman's conquests in Afghanistan from 665 CE.
The territories he had conquered had to be reclaimed by force or by treaty. He launched an expedition to Arachosia and Zabulistan, recovering Bust and other cities. Kabul was occupied in 665 CE after a siege of a few months. Kabul soon revolted but was reoccupied after a month-long siege. He managed to convert 12,000 inhabitants of Kabul to Islam before leaving the city according to Firishta. Mu'awiya personally confirmed him as governor dependent on the caliph. Abd al-Rahman's capture and plunder of Kabul put an end to the rule of the Nezak Hun king Ghar-ilchi. The Nezak ruler was succeeded by the powerful Turk dynasty of the Turk Shahis: Barha Tegin, the first Turk Shahi ruler took the throne in 665-666 CE and soon recaptured the territory as far as Kandahar and Bost.
After Mu'awiya deposed Samura from Sīstān in 665, he retired to Basra where the slaves he had brought from Kabul built a mosque in his house in the building style of Kabul. He died in Basra in 670.
References
^ Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani. Tahdhib al-Tahdhib: Part 6. p. 190.
^ a b c Hawramani, Ikram (1311). "عبد الرحمن بن سمرة بن حبيب بن ربيعة" . Hawramani.com. Ikram Hawramani. Retrieved 5 December 2021. Ibn Manẓūr (d. 1311 CE) - Mukhtaṣar Tārīkh Dimashq; Brief history of Damascus
^ Marshak & Negmatov 1996, p. 450.
^ a b c d Daryaee, Touraj; Daryāyī, Tūraǧ (16 February 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-19-973215-9.
^ André Wink, "Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World", Brill 1990. p 120
^ "Amir Kror and His Ancestry". Abdul Hai Habibi. alamahabibi.com. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
^ al-Khattabi, Abd al-Karim. "Awn Ma'bud Sunan Abu Dawud Chapter on the prohibition of looting if there is a shortage of food in the enemy's land". Retrieved 5 December 2021. Al- Khattabi said : Al- Nahbi is a noun based on an act of plundering, such as desiring out of desire. What is meant by looting is taking the money of the spoils without divisionAbu Dawud, Sulaymān; Al-Albani, Nasiruddin. "Sunan Abu Dawud, book 15 Jihad (Kitab Al-Jihad) Chapter on the prohibition of looting if there is a shortage of food in the enemy's land". sunnahweb. Retrieved 5 December 2021. حَدَّثَنَا سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ حَرْبٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا جَرِيرٌ، - يَعْنِي ابْنَ حَازِمٍ - عَنْ يَعْلَى بْنِ حَكِيمٍ، عَنْ أَبِي لُبَيْدٍ، قَالَ كُنَّا مَعَ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ سَمُرَةَ بِكَابُلَ فَأَصَابَ النَّاسُ غَنِيمَةً فَانْتَهَبُوهَا فَقَامَ خَطِيبًا فَقَالَ سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَنْهَى عَنِ النُّهْبَى . فَرَدُّوا مَا أَخَذُوا فَقَسَمَهُ بَيْنَهُمْ . graded authentic by al-Albani
^ Cite error: The named reference Abdul Rahma bin Samra bin Habib bin Rabiah was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-83860-868-2.
Sources
Marshak, B.I.; Negmatov, N.N. (1996). "Sogdiana". In Litvinsky, B.A.; Guang-da, Zhang; R. Shabani, Samghabadi (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 92-3-103211-9.
Preceded byRabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi
Governor of Sijistan 653-665
Succeeded byUbayd Allah ibn Abi Bakra | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rashidun caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_caliphate"},{"link_name":"Umayyad Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Sijistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijistan"}],"text":"ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Samura (Arabic: عبد الرحمن بن سمرة, died c. 670 in Basra)[1] was a general of the Rashidun caliphate and the succeeding Umayyad Caliphate, and caliphal governor of Sijistan in the 7th century CE.","title":"Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibn Manzur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Manzur"},{"link_name":"Qurayshite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh"},{"link_name":"Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Shams_ibn_Abd_Manaf"},{"link_name":"Qusayy ibn Kilab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qusayy_ibn_Kilab"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abdul_Rahman_bin_Samra_bin_Habib_bin_Rabiah-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mu'tah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah"},{"link_name":"Khalid ibn al-Walid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abdul_Rahman_bin_Samra_bin_Habib_bin_Rabiah-2"},{"link_name":"Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi_ibn_Ziyad_al-Harithi"},{"link_name":"Sistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshakNegmatov1996450-3"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquest of Sistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sistan"},{"link_name":"Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra"},{"link_name":"Abdallah ibn Amir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Amir"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquest of Khorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abdul_Rahman_bin_Samra_bin_Habib_bin_Rabiah-2"}],"text":"According to Ibn Manzur, Ibn Samura was a Qurayshite. His father was Samura ibn Habib ibn Rabi'a ibn Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy ibn Kilab.[2]Ibn Samura participated in the Battle of Mu'tah in 629. After Khalid ibn al-Walid managed to organize the safe retreat from the abortive battle, Khalid sent Ibn Samura in advance as a messenger to Medina, capital of the nascent Muslim state, to report the battle result to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[2]By 652, he replaced Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi as the governor of Sistan.[3]During the Muslim conquest of Sistan, Ibn Samura was sent by governor of Basra, Abdallah ibn Amir to Sistan, and then initiated the Muslim conquest of Khorasan, where he first secured peace in a place named \"land of al-Dawar\".[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rukhkhaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukhkhaj"},{"link_name":"Zamindawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindawar"},{"link_name":"Zamindawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindawar"},{"link_name":"marzbān","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzb%C4%81n"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TD216-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkargah"},{"link_name":"Zabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabul"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TD216-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abu_Dawud-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abdul_Rahma_bin_Samra_bin_Habib_bin_Rabiah-8"},{"link_name":"Bost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkargah"},{"link_name":"Zabulistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabulistan"},{"link_name":"treaty of capitulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulation_(treaty)"},{"link_name":"Kerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerman"},{"link_name":"Caliph Uthman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph_Uthman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TD216-4"},{"link_name":"First Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Fitna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TD216-4"},{"link_name":"Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra"},{"link_name":"Abd Allah ibn Amir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Amir"},{"link_name":"Caliph Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph_Ali"},{"link_name":"Mu'awiya I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Camel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel"},{"link_name":"Hasan ibn Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali"},{"link_name":"Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Khazim_al-Sulami"},{"link_name":"Khurasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurasan"}],"sub_title":"Capture of Zamindawar (653 CE)","text":"In 653-4 CE, an army of around 6,000 Arabs was led by Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura, and seized Rukhkhaj and Zamindawar. In the shrine of Zoon in Zamindawar, it is reported that Samura \"broke off a hand of the idol and plucked out the rubies which were its eyes in order to persuade the marzbān of Sīstān\" that the idol was worthless. [4][5] Samura explained to the marzbān: \"my intention was to show you that this idol can do neither any harm nor good.\"[6] Bost and Zabul submitted to the Arab invader by treaty in 656 CE.[4]It is then recorded by Abu Labid that when the army was trying to get their hands on the spoils of war, Ibn Samura stood up and warned them by narrating a hadith he heard from Muhammad that the Prophet forbade the seizing of spoils of war before it is distributed first according to the rule of Sharia. Then those who took the booty returned what they had taken, he then distributed it among them.[7]Then Ibn Samura sent the spoils of war to Abdullah ibn Amir.[8] Bost (Sīstān) and Zabulistan submitted by a treaty of capitulation, also signed with the marzban of Kerman before the death of Caliph Uthman in 656.[4] The Muslims soon lost these territories during the First Civil War (656-661).[4]Upon the caliph's death, he returned to Basra, where its governor Abd Allah ibn Amir was dismissed by the new Caliph Ali. He joined Mu'awiya I after the Battle of the Camel, and was sent as one of the envoys to Hasan ibn Ali in 661. Abdallah ibn Amir was reappointed as governor in Basra by Mu'awiya, and Samura was sent along with Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami to restore Arab rule in eastern Khurasan and Sīstān. He introduced the office of ṣāḥib al-shurṭa (chief of police) to Sīstān and built a mosque in Zaranj.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turk_Shahi_portrait._King_Sri_Ranasrikari._Late_7th_to_early_8th_century_CE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barha Tegin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barha_Tegin"},{"link_name":"Turk Shahis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk_Shahis"},{"link_name":"Arachosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachosia"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Firishta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firishta"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Nezak Hun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezak_Huns"},{"link_name":"Ghar-ilchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghar-ilchi"},{"link_name":"Turk Shahis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk_Shahis"},{"link_name":"Barha Tegin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barha_Tegin"},{"link_name":"Kandahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar"},{"link_name":"Bost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkargah"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Capture of Kabul (665 CE)","text":"Barha Tegin led the Turk Shahis and rolled back Abd al-Rahman's conquests in Afghanistan from 665 CE.The territories he had conquered had to be reclaimed by force or by treaty. He launched an expedition to Arachosia and Zabulistan, recovering Bust and other cities. Kabul was occupied in 665 CE after a siege of a few months. Kabul soon revolted but was reoccupied after a month-long siege. He managed to convert 12,000 inhabitants of Kabul to Islam before leaving the city according to Firishta. Mu'awiya personally confirmed him as governor dependent on the caliph.[citation needed] Abd al-Rahman's capture and plunder of Kabul put an end to the rule of the Nezak Hun king Ghar-ilchi. The Nezak ruler was succeeded by the powerful Turk dynasty of the Turk Shahis: Barha Tegin, the first Turk Shahi ruler took the throne in 665-666 CE and soon recaptured the territory as far as Kandahar and Bost.[9]After Mu'awiya deposed Samura from Sīstān in 665, he retired to Basra where the slaves he had brought from Kabul built a mosque in his house in the building style of Kabul. He died in Basra in 670.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"92-3-103211-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-103211-9"}],"text":"Marshak, B.I.; Negmatov, N.N. (1996). \"Sogdiana\". In Litvinsky, B.A.; Guang-da, Zhang; R. Shabani, Samghabadi (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 92-3-103211-9.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Barha Tegin led the Turk Shahis and rolled back Abd al-Rahman's conquests in Afghanistan from 665 CE.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Turk_Shahi_portrait._King_Sri_Ranasrikari._Late_7th_to_early_8th_century_CE.jpg/220px-Turk_Shahi_portrait._King_Sri_Ranasrikari._Late_7th_to_early_8th_century_CE.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Hawramani, Ikram (1311). \"عبد الرحمن بن سمرة بن حبيب بن ربيعة\" [Abdul Rahman bin Samra bin Habib bin Rabiah]. Hawramani.com. Ikram Hawramani. Retrieved 5 December 2021. Ibn Manẓūr (d. 1311 CE) - Mukhtaṣar Tārīkh Dimashq; Brief history of Damascus","urls":[{"url":"http://hadithtransmitters.hawramani.com/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9/","url_text":"\"عبد الرحمن بن سمرة بن حبيب بن ربيعة\""}]},{"reference":"Daryaee, Touraj; Daryāyī, Tūraǧ (16 February 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-19-973215-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jxd2Zr9Ilw8C&pg=PA216","url_text":"The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973215-9","url_text":"978-0-19-973215-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Amir Kror and His Ancestry\". Abdul Hai Habibi. alamahabibi.com. Retrieved August 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Amir_Kror_and_His_Ancestry.htm","url_text":"\"Amir Kror and His Ancestry\""}]},{"reference":"al-Khattabi, Abd al-Karim. \"Awn Ma'bud Sunan Abu Dawud Chapter on the prohibition of looting if there is a shortage of food in the enemy's land\". Retrieved 5 December 2021. Al- Khattabi said : Al- Nahbi is a noun based on an act of plundering, such as desiring out of desire. What is meant by looting is taking the money of the spoils without division","urls":[{"url":"https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=991&bk_no=55&idfrom=4626&idto=4631","url_text":"\"Awn Ma'bud Sunan Abu Dawud Chapter on the prohibition of looting if there is a shortage of food in the enemy's land\""}]},{"reference":"Abu Dawud, Sulaymān; Al-Albani, Nasiruddin. \"Sunan Abu Dawud, book 15 Jihad (Kitab Al-Jihad) Chapter on the prohibition of looting if there is a shortage of food in the enemy's land\". sunnahweb. Retrieved 5 December 2021. حَدَّثَنَا سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ حَرْبٍ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا جَرِيرٌ، - يَعْنِي ابْنَ حَازِمٍ - عَنْ يَعْلَى بْنِ حَكِيمٍ، عَنْ أَبِي لُبَيْدٍ، قَالَ كُنَّا مَعَ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ سَمُرَةَ بِكَابُلَ فَأَصَابَ النَّاسُ غَنِيمَةً فَانْتَهَبُوهَا فَقَامَ خَطِيبًا فَقَالَ سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَنْهَى عَنِ النُّهْبَى . فَرَدُّوا مَا أَخَذُوا فَقَسَمَهُ بَيْنَهُمْ . graded authentic by al-Albani","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dawood_Al-Tayalisi","url_text":"Abu Dawud, Sulaymān"},{"url":"https://sunnah.com/abudawud:2703","url_text":"\"Sunan Abu Dawud, book 15 Jihad (Kitab Al-Jihad) Chapter on the prohibition of looting if there is a shortage of food in the enemy's land\""}]},{"reference":"Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-83860-868-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA200","url_text":"History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2","url_text":"978-1-83860-868-2"}]},{"reference":"Marshak, B.I.; Negmatov, N.N. (1996). \"Sogdiana\". In Litvinsky, B.A.; Guang-da, Zhang; R. Shabani, Samghabadi (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 92-3-103211-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-103211-9","url_text":"92-3-103211-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://hadithtransmitters.hawramani.com/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9/","external_links_name":"\"عبد الرحمن بن سمرة بن حبيب بن ربيعة\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jxd2Zr9Ilw8C&pg=PA216","external_links_name":"The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History"},{"Link":"http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Amir_Kror_and_His_Ancestry.htm","external_links_name":"\"Amir Kror and His Ancestry\""},{"Link":"https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=991&bk_no=55&idfrom=4626&idto=4631","external_links_name":"\"Awn Ma'bud Sunan Abu Dawud Chapter on the prohibition of looting if there is a shortage of food in the enemy's land\""},{"Link":"https://sunnah.com/abudawud:2703","external_links_name":"\"Sunan Abu Dawud, book 15 Jihad (Kitab Al-Jihad) Chapter on the prohibition of looting if there is a shortage of food in the enemy's land\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA200","external_links_name":"History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/282nd_Rifle_Division | 282nd Rifle Division | ["1 History","1.1 First Formation","1.2 Second Formation","2 References","2.1 Citations","2.2 Bibliography","3 External links"] | 282nd Rifle DivisionActive
1st formation: July–December 1941
2nd formation: December 1941 – summer 1945
CountrySoviet UnionBranchRed ArmyTypeRifle divisionEngagementsWorld War IIBattle honoursTartu (2nd formation)Military unit
The 282nd Rifle Division (Russian: 282-я стрелковая дивизия) was an infantry division of the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II, formed twice.
The division's first formation was formed in the summer of 1941 and destroyed in the Bryansk pocket in the fall of that year. The 282nd was quickly reformed in December 1941 in Siberia and moved west in the spring of 1942. The division fought in the Demyansk Pocket for the next year, and during Operation Bagration advanced into the Baltic states in the summer of 1944. Due to losses the 282nd spent the last months of 1944 in reserve and after receiving reinforcements reentered combat in January 1945, fighting in the Sandomierz–Silesian Offensive, the Silesian Offensives, and the Prague Offensive before being disbanded after the end of the war in the summer of 1945.
History
First Formation
The 282nd began forming around 10 July 1941 at Yuryev-Polsky in the Moscow Military District. Its basic order of battle included the 872nd, 874th, and 877th Rifle Regiments, and the 826th Artillery Regiment. On 15 August, the division, only partially formed, was moved west to Starodub, where it became part of the Bryansk Front. A commander was officially assigned to the division on 20 August. By 1 September, the division became part of the 3rd Army, which it remained part of for the rest of its existence. At the end of September, Operation Typhoon, the German assault on Moscow, began. The 282nd, like many Bryansk Front units, was encircled in the Bryansk pocket. On 13 October, elements of the 282nd, fighting alongside remnants of the 148th Rifle Division and the 280th Rifle Division, opened a 500-meter gap in the German encirclement west of Navlya. Although elements of the division were able to break out, the 282nd had effectively ceased to exist as a combat unit and was officially disbanded on 27 December.
Second Formation
Soviet positions at Demyansk, spring 1943. The 282nd was in the 11th Army sector to the west of the German salient
The division's second formation began forming on 12 December 1941 at Omsk in the Siberian Military District, with the same basic order of battle as the previous formation. Major General Pankraty Beloborodov took command of the division. The division spent two months forming at Omsk, then was shipped west by train to Buy, where it was reinforced with workers from Leningrad on 26 February 1942. Spending another two months in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command, the division was assigned to the Northwestern Front's 11th Army, fighting in the Demyansk Pocket from late April. In February 1943 it was transferred to the 34th Army in the Staraya Russa area, and fought in the Staraya Russa Offensive. In April the 282nd was assigned to the 1st Shock Army, remaining there until the disbandment of the Northwestern Front on 20 November. The division was then transferred to the 6th Guards Army's 90th Rifle Corps, part of the 2nd Baltic Front. In January 1944, it was transferred to the 3rd Shock Army.
The division became part of the 12th Guards Rifle Corps of the 1st Shock Army before the beginning of Operation Bagration in June 1944. On 10 June, Beloborodov was transferred to command the 23rd Guards Rifle Division, and the 23rd's commander, Colonel Andrei Kartavenko, became the 282nd's commander. Between 28 June and 2 July, Colonel Ivan Echepatov led the division, and was replaced by Colonel Andrei Shiryayev on 3 July. Holding positions in the Strezhnevsky bridgehead on the Velikaya River, the division fought in the Pskov-Ostrov Offensive from 12 July, during which it advanced through the Pskov region and into Latvia and Estonia. On 9 August, it became part of the 118th Rifle Corps, which was soon transferred to the 67th Army. Fighting in the Tartu Offensive in August, the division captured the key Kärevere bridge on the Emajõgi river on 23 August after bypassing German defenses held by the 45th SS Grenadier Regiment (1st Estonian). Colonel Alexander Karavchenko took command on 31 August. The division participated in the capture of Tartu, for which it was awarded the honorific "Tartu" on 7 September. Major General Grigory Sholev became the division commander on the previous day. On 10 September the 118th Corps was transferred to the 2nd Shock Army, but on 21 September the 282nd and the rest of the corps were withdrawn to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. During the fighting in the summer, the division had suffered such heavy losses that it was down to only 1,668 personnel. Between 24 and 25 September, the division received 2,975 replacements and began their training. On 22 October the division was loaded into trains to begin its journey from Estonia to Arkhangelsk. After arriving at Arkhangelsk by 12 November, the division moved to the Lakhtinsky camp, 12 kilometers from city, and began a six-week training period for its personnel.
Between 7 and 29 December, the 282nd moved by rail from Arkhangelsk to Rzeszów. On 2 January 1945, the division became part of the 21st Army, still in the 118th Rifle Corps. In preparation for the Sandomierz–Silesian Offensive of the Vistula–Oder Offensive, the 282nd marched 280 kilometers to the front from 13 to 23 January. The 282nd was still understrength, even after nearly three months in the reserve, and the 826th Artillery Regiment had less batteries than normal. On 11 February, Colonel Nikolai Lysenko became the division commander. During the offensive, the division captured Hindenburg, a sub-camp of Auschwitz concentration camp. On 19 February, the 874th Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its actions in the recapture of Hindenburg. The division subsequently fought in the Lower Silesian Offensive during February and the Upper Silesian Offensive in March. On 26 April, the 874th Regiment was awarded the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2nd class, for its actions in the capture of Neisse, and the 872nd Regiment received the Order of Alexander Nevsky for defeating German troops southwest of Oppeln.
On 6 May, the division was transferred to the 117th Rifle Corps, still part of the 21st Army, in preparation for the Prague Offensive. The 282nd launched the attack towards Schweidnitz on the next day, capturing the city and advancing into Czechoslovakia. The division captured Braunau on 9 May, and began the advance towards Prague itself, reaching Melavice, 40 kilometers from the city, a day later. At Melavice the division received orders to link up with troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front, and on 11 May it met troops of the 167th Rifle Division at Nový Bydžov.
On the next day the 282nd transferred back to the 118th Rifle Corps, and began the march from Nehavitse to Waldenburg, where it was to be begin the demobilization process with the end of the war. The division set up a camp near the city on 14 May and remained there for the next few weeks. Personnel who were not demobilized transferred to the 103rd Guards Rifle Division. In mid-June, personnel who were to be demobilized marched to Szeged by 18 July. The division was disbanded soon after with the Central Group of Forces.
References
Citations
^ Lopukhovsky 2013, p. 316.
^ Sharp 1996, p. 59.
^ a b c d e Smirnov, Sergey. "282-я стрелковая Тартуская дивизия" . www.nashapobeda.lv (in Russian). Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ a b c Sharp 1996, p. 60.
^ "23-я Дновско-Берлинская Краснознаменная гвардейская стрелковая дивизия" . rkka.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ Buttar 2013, p. 233.
^ Feskov et al 2013, p. 413.
Bibliography
Buttar, Prit (2013). Between Giants: The Battle for the Baltics in World War II. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781472802873.
Feskov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Slugin, S.A. (2013). Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской (in Russian). Tomsk: Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing. ISBN 9785895035306.
Lopukhovsky, Lev (2013). The Viaz'ma Catastrophe, 1941: The Red Army's Disastrous Stand against Operation Typhoon. Translated by Stuart Britton. Solihull: Helion. ISBN 9781908916501.
Sharp, Charles C. (1996). The Soviet Order of Battle World War II: An Organizational History of the Major Combat Units of the Soviet Army. Vol. 9. West Chester, Ohio: George F. Nafziger. OCLC 258366685.
External links
282nd Rifle Division 1st formation website
vte List of Soviet divisions (1917–1945)Airborne
1st Guards
2nd Guards
3rd Guards
4th Guards
5th Guards
6th Guards
7th Guards
8th Guards
9th Guards
10th Guards
11th Guards
12th Guards
13th Guards
14th Guards
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Petrozavodsk
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192nd
Reserve
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50th Lithuanian
Guards
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129th
Motorized
7th
15th
29th
36th
69th
81st
82nd
84th
103rd
109th
131st
163rd
185th
198th
202nd
204th
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208th
209th
210th
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215th
216th
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236th
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240th
Tank
1st
2nd
3rd
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Amur
Ussuri
Motor Rifle
2nd Guards
3rd Guards
36th
57th
82nd
101st
106th
107th
112th
3rd Crimean
Other
Latvian Riflemen Soviet Divisions
NKVD
OMSDON
People's Militia
Reboly Direction Division
Guards unit
Destruction battalions | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Bryansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryansk"},{"link_name":"Demyansk Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demyansk_Pocket"},{"link_name":"Operation Bagration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bagration"},{"link_name":"Sandomierz–Silesian Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandomierz%E2%80%93Silesian_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Silesian Offensives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Offensives"},{"link_name":"Prague Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Offensive"}],"text":"Military unitThe 282nd Rifle Division (Russian: 282-я стрелковая дивизия) was an infantry division of the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II, formed twice.The division's first formation was formed in the summer of 1941 and destroyed in the Bryansk pocket in the fall of that year. The 282nd was quickly reformed in December 1941 in Siberia and moved west in the spring of 1942. The division fought in the Demyansk Pocket for the next year, and during Operation Bagration advanced into the Baltic states in the summer of 1944. Due to losses the 282nd spent the last months of 1944 in reserve and after receiving reinforcements reentered combat in January 1945, fighting in the Sandomierz–Silesian Offensive, the Silesian Offensives, and the Prague Offensive before being disbanded after the end of the war in the summer of 1945.","title":"282nd Rifle Division"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yuryev-Polsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuryev-Polsky_(town)"},{"link_name":"Moscow Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Starodub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starodub"},{"link_name":"Bryansk Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryansk_Front"},{"link_name":"3rd Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Operation Typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Typhoon"},{"link_name":"148th Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=148th_Rifle_Division&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"280th Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/280th_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"Navlya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navlya,_Bryansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopukhovsky2013316-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp199659-2"}],"sub_title":"First Formation","text":"The 282nd began forming around 10 July 1941 at Yuryev-Polsky in the Moscow Military District. Its basic order of battle included the 872nd, 874th, and 877th Rifle Regiments, and the 826th Artillery Regiment. On 15 August, the division, only partially formed, was moved west to Starodub, where it became part of the Bryansk Front. A commander was officially assigned to the division on 20 August. By 1 September, the division became part of the 3rd Army, which it remained part of for the rest of its existence. At the end of September, Operation Typhoon, the German assault on Moscow, began. The 282nd, like many Bryansk Front units, was encircled in the Bryansk pocket. On 13 October, elements of the 282nd, fighting alongside remnants of the 148th Rifle Division and the 280th Rifle Division, opened a 500-meter gap in the German encirclement west of Navlya.[1] Although elements of the division were able to break out, the 282nd had effectively ceased to exist as a combat unit and was officially disbanded on 27 December.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Demyansk_1943.jpg"},{"link_name":"Omsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omsk"},{"link_name":"Siberian Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Pankraty Beloborodov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pankraty_Beloborodov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buy,_Kostroma_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad"},{"link_name":"Reserve of the Supreme High Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_of_the_Supreme_High_Command"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Front"},{"link_name":"11th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Demyansk Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demyansk_Pocket"},{"link_name":"34th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Staraya Russa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staraya_Russa"},{"link_name":"Staraya Russa Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staraya-Russa_Offensive_(1943)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"1st Shock Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Shock_Army"},{"link_name":"6th Guards Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Guards_Army"},{"link_name":"90th Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=90th_Rifle_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Baltic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Baltic_Front"},{"link_name":"3rd Shock Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Shock_Army"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp199660-4"},{"link_name":"12th Guards Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Guards_Rifle_Corps"},{"link_name":"Operation Bagration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bagration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp199660-4"},{"link_name":"23rd Guards Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Guards_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"Andrei Kartavenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrei_Kartavenko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ivan Echepatov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Echepatov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrei Shiryayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrei_Shiryayev_(officer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Velikaya River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikaya_River"},{"link_name":"Pskov-Ostrov Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pskov-Ostrov_Offensive&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"118th Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=118th_Rifle_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"67th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Tartu Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Kärevere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4revere,_Tartu_County"},{"link_name":"Emajõgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaj%C3%B5gi"},{"link_name":"45th SS Grenadier Regiment (1st Estonian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=45th_SS_Grenadier_Regiment_(1st_Estonian)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtar2013233-6"},{"link_name":"Alexander Karavchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Karavchenko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu"},{"link_name":"Grigory Sholev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grigory_Sholev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Shock Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Shock_Army"},{"link_name":"Reserve of the Supreme High Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_of_the_Supreme_High_Command"},{"link_name":"Arkhangelsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkhangelsk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Rzeszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"21st Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Sandomierz–Silesian Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandomierz%E2%80%93Silesian_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Vistula–Oder Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp199660-4"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Lysenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Lysenko_(officer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Order of the Red Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesian Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesian Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Bogdan_Khmelnitsky_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Neisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nysa,_Poland"},{"link_name":"Order of Alexander Nevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Alexander_Nevsky"},{"link_name":"Oppeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opole"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"117th Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=117th_Rifle_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prague Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Schweidnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awidnica"},{"link_name":"Braunau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broumov"},{"link_name":"Melavice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melavice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"4th Ukrainian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Ukrainian_Front"},{"link_name":"167th Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/167th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Nový Bydžov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_Byd%C5%BEov"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Nehavitse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nehavitse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Waldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa%C5%82brzych"},{"link_name":"103rd Guards Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/103rd_Guards_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"Szeged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeged"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Central Group of Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Group_of_Forces"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al2013413-7"}],"sub_title":"Second Formation","text":"Soviet positions at Demyansk, spring 1943. The 282nd was in the 11th Army sector to the west of the German salientThe division's second formation began forming on 12 December 1941 at Omsk in the Siberian Military District, with the same basic order of battle as the previous formation. Major General Pankraty Beloborodov took command of the division. The division spent two months forming at Omsk, then was shipped west by train to Buy, where it was reinforced with workers from Leningrad on 26 February 1942. Spending another two months in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command, the division was assigned to the Northwestern Front's 11th Army, fighting in the Demyansk Pocket from late April. In February 1943 it was transferred to the 34th Army in the Staraya Russa area, and fought in the Staraya Russa Offensive.[3] In April the 282nd was assigned to the 1st Shock Army, remaining there until the disbandment of the Northwestern Front on 20 November. The division was then transferred to the 6th Guards Army's 90th Rifle Corps, part of the 2nd Baltic Front. In January 1944, it was transferred to the 3rd Shock Army.[4]The division became part of the 12th Guards Rifle Corps of the 1st Shock Army before the beginning of Operation Bagration in June 1944.[4] On 10 June, Beloborodov was transferred to command the 23rd Guards Rifle Division, and the 23rd's commander, Colonel Andrei Kartavenko, became the 282nd's commander.[5] Between 28 June and 2 July, Colonel Ivan Echepatov led the division, and was replaced by Colonel Andrei Shiryayev on 3 July. Holding positions in the Strezhnevsky bridgehead on the Velikaya River, the division fought in the Pskov-Ostrov Offensive from 12 July, during which it advanced through the Pskov region and into Latvia and Estonia. On 9 August, it became part of the 118th Rifle Corps, which was soon transferred to the 67th Army. Fighting in the Tartu Offensive in August, the division captured the key Kärevere bridge on the Emajõgi river on 23 August after bypassing German defenses held by the 45th SS Grenadier Regiment (1st Estonian).[6] Colonel Alexander Karavchenko took command on 31 August. The division participated in the capture of Tartu, for which it was awarded the honorific \"Tartu\" on 7 September. Major General Grigory Sholev became the division commander on the previous day. On 10 September the 118th Corps was transferred to the 2nd Shock Army, but on 21 September the 282nd and the rest of the corps were withdrawn to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. During the fighting in the summer, the division had suffered such heavy losses that it was down to only 1,668 personnel. Between 24 and 25 September, the division received 2,975 replacements and began their training. On 22 October the division was loaded into trains to begin its journey from Estonia to Arkhangelsk. After arriving at Arkhangelsk by 12 November, the division moved to the Lakhtinsky camp, 12 kilometers from city, and began a six-week training period for its personnel.[3]Between 7 and 29 December, the 282nd moved by rail from Arkhangelsk to Rzeszów. On 2 January 1945, the division became part of the 21st Army, still in the 118th Rifle Corps. In preparation for the Sandomierz–Silesian Offensive of the Vistula–Oder Offensive, the 282nd marched 280 kilometers to the front from 13 to 23 January. The 282nd was still understrength, even after nearly three months in the reserve, and the 826th Artillery Regiment had less batteries than normal.[4] On 11 February, Colonel Nikolai Lysenko became the division commander. During the offensive, the division captured Hindenburg, a sub-camp of Auschwitz concentration camp. On 19 February, the 874th Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its actions in the recapture of Hindenburg. The division subsequently fought in the Lower Silesian Offensive during February and the Upper Silesian Offensive in March. On 26 April, the 874th Regiment was awarded the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2nd class, for its actions in the capture of Neisse, and the 872nd Regiment received the Order of Alexander Nevsky for defeating German troops southwest of Oppeln.[3]On 6 May, the division was transferred to the 117th Rifle Corps, still part of the 21st Army, in preparation for the Prague Offensive. The 282nd launched the attack towards Schweidnitz on the next day, capturing the city and advancing into Czechoslovakia. The division captured Braunau on 9 May, and began the advance towards Prague itself, reaching Melavice, 40 kilometers from the city, a day later. At Melavice the division received orders to link up with troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front, and on 11 May it met troops of the 167th Rifle Division at Nový Bydžov.[3]On the next day the 282nd transferred back to the 118th Rifle Corps, and began the march from Nehavitse to Waldenburg, where it was to be begin the demobilization process with the end of the war. The division set up a camp near the city on 14 May and remained there for the next few weeks. Personnel who were not demobilized transferred to the 103rd Guards Rifle Division. In mid-June, personnel who were to be demobilized marched to Szeged by 18 July.[3] The division was disbanded soon after with the Central Group of Forces.[7]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Soviet positions at Demyansk, spring 1943. The 282nd was in the 11th Army sector to the west of the German salient","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Demyansk_1943.jpg/220px-Demyansk_1943.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Smirnov, Sergey. \"282-я стрелковая Тартуская дивизия\" [282nd Tartu Rifle Division]. www.nashapobeda.lv (in Russian). Retrieved 4 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nashapobeda.lv/2954.html","url_text":"\"282-я стрелковая Тартуская дивизия\""}]},{"reference":"\"23-я Дновско-Берлинская Краснознаменная гвардейская стрелковая дивизия\" [23rd Dno-Berlin Red Banner Guards Rifle Division]. rkka.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rkka.ru/handbook/guard/23gvsd.htm","url_text":"\"23-я Дновско-Берлинская Краснознаменная гвардейская стрелковая дивизия\""}]},{"reference":"Buttar, Prit (2013). Between Giants: The Battle for the Baltics in World War II. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781472802873.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472802873","url_text":"9781472802873"}]},{"reference":"Feskov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Slugin, S.A. (2013). Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской [The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II: From the Red Army to the Soviet: Part 1 Land Forces] (in Russian). Tomsk: Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing. ISBN 9785895035306.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785895035306","url_text":"9785895035306"}]},{"reference":"Lopukhovsky, Lev (2013). The Viaz'ma Catastrophe, 1941: The Red Army's Disastrous Stand against Operation Typhoon. Translated by Stuart Britton. Solihull: Helion. ISBN 9781908916501.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908916501","url_text":"9781908916501"}]},{"reference":"Sharp, Charles C. (1996). The Soviet Order of Battle World War II: An Organizational History of the Major Combat Units of the Soviet Army. Vol. 9. West Chester, Ohio: George F. Nafziger. OCLC 258366685.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/258366685","url_text":"258366685"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.nashapobeda.lv/2954.html","external_links_name":"\"282-я стрелковая Тартуская дивизия\""},{"Link":"http://www.rkka.ru/handbook/guard/23gvsd.htm","external_links_name":"\"23-я Дновско-Берлинская Краснознаменная гвардейская стрелковая дивизия\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/258366685","external_links_name":"258366685"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170507211347/http://1941.amazonit.ru/index.html","external_links_name":"282nd Rifle Division 1st formation website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Goldie_(cricketer) | Charles Goldie (cricketer) | ["1 References"] | English clergyman and cricketer
Charles Dashwood Goldie (26 March 1825 – 11 January 1886) was an English clergyman who played first-class cricket for Cambridge University fleetingly in 1846.
Goldie was born in Paris, France and baptised on 25 April 1825 in St Marylebone Parish Church, London. He was admitted to St John's College, Cambridge in 1843.
Goldie graduated from Cambridge University in 1847 with a Bachelor of Arts degree and was ordained as a priest in the Church of England. He was priest in charge at High Toynton, Lincolnshire in 1851 and then from 1852 to 1866 he had the same position at St Thomas's Church, Colnbrook, Buckinghamshire. He was vicar of St Ives (then in Huntingdonshire) from 1866 until his death there in 1886. Goldie's tenure at St Ives was controversial and his "ritualistic proceedings" alienated many of the congregation; he also attempted to impose church rates and was consistently and successfully opposed on that and on his candidates for the post of churchwarden in "stormy" parish meetings that attracted hundreds of people.
Goldie's first-class cricket career was accidental. In the 1846 University Match between Cambridge University and Oxford University, held at Oxford, the Cambridge batsman John Walker did not appear for the match; the Cambridge team batted one man short in the first innings, but Goldie was co-opted to bat at No 11 in the second innings, and scored one run.
Goldie married Harriet Nicol, the daughter of a Bengal Army colonel, in 1848; among their children was John Goldie, who won fame in rowing at Cambridge and at Henley and after whom the Goldie second string Cambridge University rowing team is named.
References
^ "Charles Goldie". www.cricketarchive.com. (Note: this gives Dashwood's birth year incorrectly as 1826.)
^ "Bridge Family Tree: Charles Dashwood Goldie". RootsWeb.
^ a b c d J. Venn and J. A. Venn. "Alumni Cantabrigienses: Charles Goldie". p. 74. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
^ "St Ives: The Late Rev. C. D. Goldie M.A.". Cambridge Independent Press/British Newspaper Archive. Cambridge. 23 January 1886. p. 5.
^ Note: the www.cricketarchive.com scorecard indicates that it was Goldie who was absent in the first innings, but the contemporary report here shows that Walker was the missing Cambridge batsman. "Cricket: The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge". London Standard/British Newspaper Archive. London. 13 June 1846. p. 4. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clergyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergyman"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ca-1"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"St Marylebone Parish Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Marylebone_Parish_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-venn-3"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-venn-3"},{"link_name":"priest in charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_in_charge"},{"link_name":"High Toynton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Toynton"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Colnbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colnbrook"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"vicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_(Anglicanism)"},{"link_name":"St Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Huntingdonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdonshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-venn-3"},{"link_name":"church rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_rates"},{"link_name":"churchwarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchwarden"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gran-4"},{"link_name":"University Match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Match_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"John Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walker_(cricketer,_born_1826)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Goldie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goldie_(barrister)"},{"link_name":"Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley_Regatta"},{"link_name":"Goldie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldie_(Cambridge_University_Boat_Club)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-venn-3"}],"text":"Charles Dashwood Goldie (26 March 1825 – 11 January 1886) was an English clergyman who played first-class cricket for Cambridge University fleetingly in 1846.[1]Goldie was born in Paris, France and baptised on 25 April 1825 in St Marylebone Parish Church, London.[2] He was admitted to St John's College, Cambridge in 1843.[3]Goldie graduated from Cambridge University in 1847 with a Bachelor of Arts degree and was ordained as a priest in the Church of England.[3] He was priest in charge at High Toynton, Lincolnshire in 1851 and then from 1852 to 1866 he had the same position at St Thomas's Church, Colnbrook, Buckinghamshire. He was vicar of St Ives (then in Huntingdonshire) from 1866 until his death there in 1886.[3] Goldie's tenure at St Ives was controversial and his \"ritualistic proceedings\" alienated many of the congregation; he also attempted to impose church rates and was consistently and successfully opposed on that and on his candidates for the post of churchwarden in \"stormy\" parish meetings that attracted hundreds of people.[4]Goldie's first-class cricket career was accidental. In the 1846 University Match between Cambridge University and Oxford University, held at Oxford, the Cambridge batsman John Walker did not appear for the match; the Cambridge team batted one man short in the first innings, but Goldie was co-opted to bat at No 11 in the second innings, and scored one run.[5]Goldie married Harriet Nicol, the daughter of a Bengal Army colonel, in 1848; among their children was John Goldie, who won fame in rowing at Cambridge and at Henley and after whom the Goldie second string Cambridge University rowing team is named.[3]","title":"Charles Goldie (cricketer)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Charles Goldie\". www.cricketarchive.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/36/36881/36881.html","url_text":"\"Charles Goldie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bridge Family Tree: Charles Dashwood Goldie\". RootsWeb.","urls":[{"url":"https://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=stanwardine&id=I890","url_text":"\"Bridge Family Tree: Charles Dashwood Goldie\""}]},{"reference":"J. Venn and J. A. Venn. \"Alumni Cantabrigienses: Charles Goldie\". p. 74. Retrieved 26 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/p2alumnicantabri03univuoft#page/74/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Alumni Cantabrigienses: Charles Goldie\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Ives: The Late Rev. C. D. Goldie M.A.\". Cambridge Independent Press/British Newspaper Archive. Cambridge. 23 January 1886. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Cricket: The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge\". London Standard/British Newspaper Archive. London. 13 June 1846. p. 4.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/36/36881/36881.html","external_links_name":"\"Charles Goldie\""},{"Link":"https://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=stanwardine&id=I890","external_links_name":"\"Bridge Family Tree: Charles Dashwood Goldie\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/p2alumnicantabri03univuoft#page/74/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Alumni Cantabrigienses: Charles Goldie\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Baddeck_(K147) | HMCS Baddeck (K147) | ["1 Background","2 Construction","3 Wartime career","4 Post-war career","5 References"] | Flower-class corvette
This article is about the ship. For the village, see Baddeck, Nova Scotia.
For other ships with the same name, see HMCS Baddeck.
History
Canada
NameBaddeck
NamesakeBaddeck, Nova Scotia
OperatorRoyal Canadian Navy
Ordered22 January 1940
BuilderDavie Shipbuilding, Lauzon
Laid down14 August 1940
Launched20 November 1940
Commissioned18 May 1941
Out of service4 July 1945
Renamed
Efthai in 1947
Yusuf Z. Alireza in 1948
Evi in 1955
IdentificationPennant number: K147
Honours andawardsAtlantic 1941–45, English Channel 1944–45, Normandy 1944
FateWrecked near Jeddah on 11 March 1966
Badge
General characteristics
Class and typeFlower-class corvette
Displacement925 long tons (940 t; 1,036 short tons)
Length205 ft (62.48 m)o/a
Beam33 ft (10.06 m)
Draught11.5 ft (3.51 m)
Propulsion
Single shaft
2 × fire tube Scotch boilers
1 × 4-cycle triple-expansion reciprocating steam engine
2,750 ihp (2,050 kW)
Speed16 knots (29.6 km/h)
Range3,500 nautical miles (6,482 km) at 12 knots (22.2 km/h)
Complement85
Sensors and processing systems
1 × SW1C or 2C radar
1 × Type 123A or Type 127DV sonar
Armament
1 × BL 4-inch (101.6 mm) Mk.IX single gun
2 × .50 cal machine gun (twin)
2 × Lewis .303 cal machine gun (twin)
2 × Mk.II depth charge throwers
2 × depth charge rails with 40 depth charges
Originally fitted with minesweeping gear, later removed
HMCS Baddeck was a Flower-class corvette that served with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. She served in several theatres of operations during the war. After the war the ship was retired but the ship's name, pennant number and badge continue to be used by the K147 Baddeck Royal Canadian Sea Cadets Corps.
Background
Main article: Flower-class corvette
Flower-class corvettes like Baddeck serving with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were different from earlier and more traditional sail-driven corvettes. The "corvette" designation was created by the French as a class of small warships; the Royal Navy borrowed the term for a period but discontinued its use in 1877. During the hurried preparations for war in the late 1930s, Winston Churchill reactivated the corvette class, needing a name for smaller ships used in an escort capacity, in this case based on a whaling ship design. The generic name "flower" was used to designate the class of these ships, which – in the Royal Navy – were named after flowering plants.
Corvettes commissioned by the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were named after communities for the most part, to better represent the people who took part in building them. This idea was put forth by Admiral Percy W. Nelles. Sponsors were commonly associated with the community for which the ship was named. Royal Navy corvettes were designed as open sea escorts, while Canadian corvettes were developed for coastal auxiliary roles which was exemplified by their minesweeping gear. Eventually the Canadian corvettes would be modified to allow them to perform better on the open seas.
Construction
Named for the village of Baddeck, Nova Scotia, Baddeck was ordered on 22 January 1940 as part of the 1939–40 Flower-class building program. She was laid down on 14 August 1940 by Davie Shipbuilding and Repairing Co. Ltd. in Lauzon, Quebec and launched on 20 November 1940. Baddeck was commissioned at Quebec City on 18 May 1941. During her service life, she was sent to or held in port on several occasions due to her unreliable engine. After her engine failed for the third time in late 1941, she underwent major repairs during the first half of 1942 to fix the problem.
Wartime career
HMCS Baddeck in 1944
After commissioning, Baddeck' was sent to Halifax on 29 May 1941. In June 1941 the ship was tasked with escorting SS Lady Rodney from Quebec City to Halifax, but was forced to return to her builders following an engine breakdown. In September 1941, she managed to escort the SS Lady Rodney from Halifax to Jamaica despite again experiencing engine failure. After her repairs were completed she was sent to Newfoundland to serve as an ocean escort.
On 5 October 1941 the ship escorted convoy SC 48 from Sydney, Nova Scotia to Iceland. Nine ships were lost to German U-boat attacks near Greenland. On 17 October 1941 HMCS Baddeck rescued two survivors of the Norwegian merchant ship Barfonn after she had been sunk by the German submarine U-432. In late 1941 her engines again proved unreliable, and until mid-December she was kept at Hvalfjord, Iceland for repairs. After her work up in June 1942 she served with the Western Local Escort Force (WLEF) until November. In November 1942 the ship arrived in Derry, Northern Ireland and escorted Mediterranean-bound convoys from the United Kingdom for four months. In April 1943 she was assigned to escort group C-4 for two round trips across the Atlantic before transferring back to WLEF in mid-July as part of escort group W-2. In August 1943 the ship underwent a major retrofit at Liverpool, Nova Scotia where her fo'c'sle was extended. She stayed with WLEF until March 1944.
The crew in 1943
In March 1944 Baddeck was part of the Royal Navy escort group EG-9 based out of Derry, Northern Ireland. In April 1944 the ship was based in Portsmouth as part of Western Approaches Command tasked with invasion escort duties. She was involved in the D-Day landings as part of Operation Neptune. While acting as an invasion escort on 13 June 1944 the ship repulsed an attack by motor torpedo boats.
In September 1944 she was assigned to Nore Command based at Sheerness. On 24 May 1945 Baddeck was sent home as her final duty during the war.
The ship's crew
Post-war career
Paid off on 4 July 1945 at Sorel, Quebec, Baddeck was sold into civilian service, becoming the mercantile Efthania in 1947 with a gross register tonnage of 771 tons. She was renamed Yusuf Z. Alireza in 1948 (also spent Yousef Z. Alireza). In 1954, the ship was renamed Al Mansour, and again in 1955 as Radwa. In 1965 she was renamed Evi and sailed under the Greek flag. She ran aground and was wrecked in the Red Sea 4 nmi (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) north of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, on 11 March 1966. The ship was broken up in 1966.
SS Efthania circa 1947 The ship's builder's plate is on display at Royal Canadian Legion Branch 53 Nova Scotia/Nunavut Command in Baddeck, Nova Scotia.
References
^ "Battle Honours". Britain's Navy. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
^ a b "Davie Shipbuilding". Ship Building History. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
^ Ossian, Robert. "Complete List of Sailing Vessels". The Pirate King. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
^ Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (1978). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons & Warfare. Vol. 11. London: Phoebus. pp. 1137–1142.
^ Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. New Jersey: Random House. 1996. p. 68. ISBN 0-517-67963-9.
^ Blake, Nicholas; Lawrence, Richard (2005). The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy. Stackpole Books. pp. 39–63. ISBN 0-8117-3275-4.
^ Chesneau, Roger; Gardiner, Robert (June 1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946. Naval Institute Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-87021-913-8.
^ Milner, Marc (1985). North Atlantic Run. Naval Institute Press. pp. 117–119, 142–145, 158, 175–176, 226, 235, 285–291. ISBN 0-87021-450-0.
^ Macpherson, Ken; Milner, Marc (1993). Corvettes of the Royal Canadian Navy 1939-1945. St. Catherines: Vanwell Publishing. p. 117. ISBN 1-55125-052-7.
^ a b c Helgason, Guðmundur. "HMCS Baddeck (K147)". German U-boats of WWII – uboat.net. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
^ a b c d e f Macpherson, Ken; Burgess, John (1981). The Ships of Canada's Naval Forces 1910–1981: A Complete Pictorial History of Canadian Warships. Toronto: Collins. p. 70. ISBN 0-00216-856-1.
^ a b c d e f g "HMCS Baddeck". Royal Canadian Navy History. Canadian Navy. 3 August 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
^ "HMCS Baddeck and Convoy SC-48". Juno Beach Centre. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
^ "Canadian Participation on D-Day and in the Battle of Normandy". National Defense. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
^ "D-Day". Battle of the Atlantic. Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
^ a b c d e "Baddeck (6111632)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
^ Morrow, Jim (14 May 2012). "Builder's Plaque for HMCS Baddeck" (PDF). The Victoria Standard. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
vteFlower-class corvettesOriginal ships Free French Naval Forces
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Commandant d'Estienne d'Orves
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Commandant Drogou
La Bastiaise
Lobelia
Mimosa
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Agassiz
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Arrowhead
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Baddeck
Barrie
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Matapedia
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Moncton
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Prescott
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Sherbrooke
Snowberry
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Spikenard
Sudbury
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The Pas
Timmins
Trail
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Vancouver
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Windflower
Woodstock
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Apostolis
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Abelia
Acanthus
Aconite
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Alyssum
Amaranthus
Anchusa
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Arabis
Arbutus
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Asphodel
Aster
Aubrietia
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Azalea
Balsam
Begonia
Bellwort
Bergamot
Bittersweet
Bluebell
Borage
Bryony
Burdock
Buttercup
Calendula
Camellia
Campanula
Campion
Candytuft
Carnation
Celandine
Chrysanthemum
Clarkia
Clematis
Clover
Coltsfoot
Columbine
Convolvulus
Coreopsis
Coriander
Cowslip
Crocus
Cyclamen
Dahlia
Delphinium
Dianella
Dianthus
Eglantine
Erica
Eyebright
Fennel
Fleur de Lys
Freesia
Fritillary
Gardenia
Genista
Gentian
Geranium
Gladiolus
Gloriosa
Gloxinia
Godetia
Godetia
Harebell
Heartsease
Heather
Heliotrope
Hemlock
Hepatica
Hibiscus
Hollyhock
Honeysuckle
Hyacinth
Hyderabad
Hydrangea
Ivy
Jasmine
Jonquil
Kingcup
La Malouine
Larkspur
Lavender
Ling
Lobelia
Loosestrife
Lotus
Lotus
Mallow
Marguerite
Marigold
Marjoram
Mayflower
Meadowsweet
Mignonette
Mimosa
Monkshood
Montbretia
Myosotis
Narcissus
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Oxlip
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Pentstemon
Peony
Periwinkle
Petunia
Picotee
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Pink
Polyanthus
Poppy
Potentilla
Primrose
Primula
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Rockrose
Rose
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Samphire
Saxifrage
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Spikenard
Spiraea
Starwort
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Sundew
Sunflower
Sweetbriar
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Woodruff
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Protea
United States NavyTemptress class
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Royal Navy Belgian Section
Godetia
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Kriegsmarine
PA 1
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Modified ships Royal Canadian Navy
Asbestos
Atholl
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Brampton
Charlottetown
Cobourg
Fergus
Forest Hill
Frontenac
Giffard
Guelph
Hawkesbury
Ingersoll
Lachute
Lindsay
Listowel
Long Branch
Louisburg
Meaford
Merrittonia
Mimico
Norsyd
North Bay
Owen Sound
Parry Sound
Peterborough
Renfrew
Riviere du Loup
Smiths Falls
St. Lambert
Stellarton
Strathroy
Thorlock
Trentonian
West York
Whitby
Royal Indian Navy
Assam
Gondwana
Sind
Royal Navy
Arabis
Arbutus
Balm
Betony
Buddleia
Bugloss
Bullrush
Burnet
Candytuft
Ceanothos
Charlock
Comfrey
Cornel
Dittany
Flax
Honesty
Linaria
Mandrake
Milfoil
Musk
Nepeta
Privet
Rosebay
Smilax
Statice
Willowherb
Royal New Zealand Navy
Arabis
Arbutus
United States NavyAction class
Action
Alacrity
Beacon
Brisk
Caprice
Clash
Haste
Intensity
Might
Pert
Prudent
Splendor
Tact
Vim
Vitality
Argentine Navy
Capitán Cánepa
República
vteArticles related to Baddeck, Nova ScotiaPlaces and buildings
Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site
Baddeck Academy
Baddeck (Guneden) Airport
Baddeck River
Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia
Bell Bay Golf Club
Bras d'Or House
Bras d'Or Yacht Club
Gilbert H. Grosvenor Hall
Kidston Island
Kidston Island Lighthouse
St. Mark's Masonic Lodge
Saint Peter's and Saint John's Anglican Church
Spectacle Island Game Sanctuary
Telegraph House
Uisge Ban Falls
Uisge Ban Falls Provincial Park
Victoria County Court House
Articles of interest
Aerial Experiment Association
Baddeck, Nova Scotia
Baddeck, History of
Baddeck, Historic Buildings in
Baddeck, And That Sort of Thing
Celtic Colours
Cabot Trail Relay Race
Canadian Aerodrome Company
Tourist Attractions in Baddeck, Nova Scotia
Ships and aircraftrelated to Baddeck
AEA Cygnet
AEA Silver Dart
Bell Oionus I
Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2
HD-4
Hubbard Monoplane
HMCS Baddeck (K147)
HMCS Baddeck (R-103)
Bell Boatyard
Notable residents
Frederick Walker Baldwin
Alexander Graham Bell
H. Percy Blanchard
Charles James Campbell
Rachel Davis
Simon Gibbons, Reverend
Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor
Mabel H. Grosvenor
Mabel Gardiner Hubbard
George Kennan
William Kidston
Moses E. Kiley
Carleton L. MacMillan
Arthur Williams McCurdy
David McCurdy
John Alexander Douglas McCurdy
William F. McCurdy
John Archibald McDonald
James Charles McKeagney
Aulay MacAulay Morrison
Kendall Myers
Michael A. Newton
George W. Rice
Barclay Edmund Tremaine
Jessica Wong
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1966Shipwrecks
10 Jan: MV Monte Palomares
20 Jan: Bright Star, Mi Amigo
22 Feb: Rexton Kent
4 Mar: Sand Star
11 Mar: Evi
21 Apr: Costance, USS Lewis, USS Walter B. Cobb
24 May: Kaitawa
26 May: Eastern Mariner
May (unknown date): USS Tingey
10 Jun: Dixmude
25 Jun: USS Stalwart
11 Jul: USS Naifeh
13 Jul: USS Ulvert M. Moore
25 Jul: Koula F
31 Jul: MV Darlwyne
14 Sep: Hai
August (unknown date): USS Maurice J. Manuel
October (unknown date): USNS American Mariner, USS Suisun
11 Oct: White Eagle/ex-George Weems
15 Oct: Hernan Cortes
10 Nov: Shibam
11 Nov: Isle of Gigha
29 Nov: Daniel J. Morrell
30 Nov: Pionere
8 Dec: Heraklion
12 Dec: Agia Varvara
18 Dec: USS Colahan
30 Dec: USS Mahnomen County
Unknown date: USS Corson, Francis Garnier, Flying Gull
Other incidents
February (unknown date): Beberibe
21 Apr: USS Gantner
April (unknown date): Michelangelo
10 May: RMMV Capetown Castle
June–July: Loss of MV Alva Cape
7 Sep: Hanseatic
26 Oct: USS Oriskany
25 Nov: Doris
Unknown date: Loch Seaforth
1965 1967 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baddeck, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baddeck,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"HMCS Baddeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Baddeck"},{"link_name":"Flower-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower-class_corvette"},{"link_name":"corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Sea Cadets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Sea_Cadets"}],"text":"This article is about the ship. For the village, see Baddeck, Nova Scotia.For other ships with the same name, see HMCS Baddeck.HMCS Baddeck was a Flower-class corvette that served with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. She served in several theatres of operations during the war. After the war the ship was retired but the ship's name, pennant number and badge continue to be used by the K147 Baddeck Royal Canadian Sea Cadets Corps.","title":"HMCS Baddeck (K147)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"whaling ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaling_ship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milner-8"},{"link_name":"Percy W. Nelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_W._Nelles"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson2-9"}],"text":"Flower-class corvettes like Baddeck serving with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were different from earlier and more traditional sail-driven corvettes.[3][4][5] The \"corvette\" designation was created by the French as a class of small warships; the Royal Navy borrowed the term for a period but discontinued its use in 1877.[6] During the hurried preparations for war in the late 1930s, Winston Churchill reactivated the corvette class, needing a name for smaller ships used in an escort capacity, in this case based on a whaling ship design.[7] The generic name \"flower\" was used to designate the class of these ships, which – in the Royal Navy – were named after flowering plants.[8]Corvettes commissioned by the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were named after communities for the most part, to better represent the people who took part in building them. This idea was put forth by Admiral Percy W. Nelles. Sponsors were commonly associated with the community for which the ship was named. Royal Navy corvettes were designed as open sea escorts, while Canadian corvettes were developed for coastal auxiliary roles which was exemplified by their minesweeping gear. Eventually the Canadian corvettes would be modified to allow them to perform better on the open seas.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baddeck, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baddeck,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Davie Shipbuilding and Repairing Co. Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davie_Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"Lauzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauzon,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Quebec City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboat-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson-11"}],"text":"Named for the village of Baddeck, Nova Scotia, Baddeck was ordered on 22 January 1940 as part of the 1939–40 Flower-class building program. She was laid down on 14 August 1940 by Davie Shipbuilding and Repairing Co. Ltd. in Lauzon, Quebec and launched on 20 November 1940. Baddeck was commissioned at Quebec City on 18 May 1941.[10] During her service life, she was sent to or held in port on several occasions due to her unreliable engine. After her engine failed for the third time in late 1941, she underwent major repairs during the first half of 1942 to fix the problem.[11]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMCS_Baddeck_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-12"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson-11"},{"link_name":"convoy SC 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_SC_48"},{"link_name":"Sydney, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"U-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Juno-13"},{"link_name":"German submarine U-432","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-432"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboat-10"},{"link_name":"Western Local Escort Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Local_Escort_Force"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-12"},{"link_name":"Liverpool, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"fo'c'sle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fo%27c%27sle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hmcsbaddeckcrew.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Western Approaches Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Approaches_Command"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day"},{"link_name":"Operation Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Neptune"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Battle-15"},{"link_name":"motor torpedo boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-12"},{"link_name":"Nore Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nore_Command"},{"link_name":"Sheerness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheerness"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hmcsbaddeckcrew2.jpg"}],"text":"HMCS Baddeck in 1944After commissioning, Baddeck' was sent to Halifax on 29 May 1941. In June 1941 the ship was tasked with escorting SS Lady Rodney from Quebec City to Halifax, but was forced to return to her builders following an engine breakdown.[12] In September 1941, she managed to escort the SS Lady Rodney from Halifax to Jamaica despite again experiencing engine failure.[12] After her repairs were completed she was sent to Newfoundland to serve as an ocean escort.[11]On 5 October 1941 the ship escorted convoy SC 48 from Sydney, Nova Scotia to Iceland. Nine ships were lost to German U-boat attacks near Greenland.[12][13] On 17 October 1941 HMCS Baddeck rescued two survivors of the Norwegian merchant ship Barfonn after she had been sunk by the German submarine U-432.[10] In late 1941 her engines again proved unreliable, and until mid-December she was kept at Hvalfjord, Iceland for repairs. After her work up in June 1942 she served with the Western Local Escort Force (WLEF) until November. In November 1942 the ship arrived in Derry, Northern Ireland and escorted Mediterranean-bound convoys from the United Kingdom for four months.[12] In April 1943 she was assigned to escort group C-4 for two round trips across the Atlantic before transferring back to WLEF in mid-July as part of escort group W-2. In August 1943 the ship underwent a major retrofit at Liverpool, Nova Scotia where her fo'c'sle was extended.[11][12] She stayed with WLEF until March 1944.[11]The crew in 1943In March 1944 Baddeck was part of the Royal Navy escort group EG-9 based out of Derry, Northern Ireland. In April 1944 the ship was based in Portsmouth as part of Western Approaches Command tasked with invasion escort duties. She was involved in the D-Day landings as part of Operation Neptune.[11][14][15] While acting as an invasion escort on 13 June 1944 the ship repulsed an attack by motor torpedo boats.[12]In September 1944 she was assigned to Nore Command based at Sheerness. On 24 May 1945 Baddeck was sent home as her final duty during the war.[11]The ship's crew","title":"Wartime career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paid off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_off"},{"link_name":"Sorel, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorel,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"gross register tonnage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miramar-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboat-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miramar-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miramar-16"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shipbldghist-2"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miramar-16"},{"link_name":"broken up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miramar-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SS_Efthania.jpg"},{"link_name":"builder's plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Builder%27s_plate"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Legion"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Victoria-17"}],"text":"Paid off on 4 July 1945 at Sorel, Quebec, Baddeck was sold into civilian service, becoming the mercantile Efthania in 1947 with a gross register tonnage of 771 tons.[16] She was renamed Yusuf Z. Alireza in 1948 (also spent Yousef Z. Alireza).[10][16] In 1954, the ship was renamed Al Mansour, and again in 1955 as Radwa.[16] In 1965 she was renamed Evi and sailed under the Greek flag.[2] She ran aground and was wrecked in the Red Sea 4 nmi (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) north of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, on 11 March 1966.[12][16] The ship was broken up in 1966.[16]SS Efthania circa 1947The ship's builder's plate is on display at Royal Canadian Legion Branch 53 Nova Scotia/Nunavut Command in Baddeck, Nova Scotia.[17]","title":"Post-war career"}] | [{"image_text":"HMCS Baddeck in 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HMCS_Baddeck_2.jpg/220px-HMCS_Baddeck_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The crew in 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hmcsbaddeckcrew.jpg/220px-Hmcsbaddeckcrew.jpg"},{"image_text":"The ship's crew","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hmcsbaddeckcrew2.jpg/220px-Hmcsbaddeckcrew2.jpg"},{"image_text":"SS Efthania circa 1947","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/SS_Efthania.jpg/220px-SS_Efthania.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Battle Honours\". Britain's Navy. Retrieved 5 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britainsnavy.co.uk/Battle%20Honours/A%20Battle%20Honour%20Date.htm#1900","url_text":"\"Battle Honours\""}]},{"reference":"\"Davie Shipbuilding\". Ship Building History. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111104071029/http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/canada/davie.htm","url_text":"\"Davie Shipbuilding\""},{"url":"http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/canada/davie.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ossian, Robert. \"Complete List of Sailing Vessels\". The Pirate King. Retrieved 13 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thepirateking.com/ships/ship_types.htm","url_text":"\"Complete List of Sailing Vessels\""}]},{"reference":"Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (1978). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons & Warfare. Vol. 11. London: Phoebus. pp. 1137–1142.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. New Jersey: Random House. 1996. p. 68. ISBN 0-517-67963-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi00fran/page/68","url_text":"Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi00fran/page/68","url_text":"68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-67963-9","url_text":"0-517-67963-9"}]},{"reference":"Blake, Nicholas; Lawrence, Richard (2005). The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy. Stackpole Books. pp. 39–63. ISBN 0-8117-3275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I59v6rkg8egC&pg=PA39","url_text":"The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-3275-4","url_text":"0-8117-3275-4"}]},{"reference":"Chesneau, Roger; Gardiner, Robert (June 1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946. Naval Institute Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-87021-913-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bJBMBvyQ83EC&pg=PA62","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-913-8","url_text":"0-87021-913-8"}]},{"reference":"Milner, Marc (1985). North Atlantic Run. Naval Institute Press. pp. 117–119, 142–145, 158, 175–176, 226, 235, 285–291. ISBN 0-87021-450-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-450-0","url_text":"0-87021-450-0"}]},{"reference":"Macpherson, Ken; Milner, Marc (1993). Corvettes of the Royal Canadian Navy 1939-1945. St. Catherines: Vanwell Publishing. p. 117. ISBN 1-55125-052-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55125-052-7","url_text":"1-55125-052-7"}]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"HMCS Baddeck (K147)\". German U-boats of WWII – uboat.net. Retrieved 4 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/802.html","url_text":"\"HMCS Baddeck (K147)\""}]},{"reference":"Macpherson, Ken; Burgess, John (1981). The Ships of Canada's Naval Forces 1910–1981: A Complete Pictorial History of Canadian Warships. Toronto: Collins. p. 70. ISBN 0-00216-856-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00216-856-1","url_text":"0-00216-856-1"}]},{"reference":"\"HMCS Baddeck\". Royal Canadian Navy History. Canadian Navy. 3 August 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canada.ca/en/navy/services/history/ships-histories/baddeck.html","url_text":"\"HMCS Baddeck\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMCS Baddeck and Convoy SC-48\". Juno Beach Centre. Retrieved 20 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.junobeach.org/e/2/can-eve-mob-atl-baddeck-e.htm","url_text":"\"HMCS Baddeck and Convoy SC-48\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Participation on D-Day and in the Battle of Normandy\". National Defense. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120728162414/http://www.comfec.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/nr-sp/doc-eng.asp?id=1394","url_text":"\"Canadian Participation on D-Day and in the Battle of Normandy\""},{"url":"http://www.comfec.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/nr-sp/doc-eng.asp?id=1394","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"D-Day\". Battle of the Atlantic. Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110901020427/http://www.thebattleofatlanticmuseum.ca/page15/page15.html","url_text":"\"D-Day\""},{"url":"http://thebattleofatlanticmuseum.ca/page15/page15.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Baddeck (6111632)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/6111632","url_text":"\"Baddeck (6111632)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]},{"reference":"Morrow, Jim (14 May 2012). \"Builder's Plaque for HMCS Baddeck\" (PDF). The Victoria Standard. Retrieved 23 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.victoriastandard.ca/uploads/3/9/8/8/3988534/page_1a_20-7.pdf","url_text":"\"Builder's Plaque for HMCS Baddeck\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.britainsnavy.co.uk/Battle%20Honours/A%20Battle%20Honour%20Date.htm#1900","external_links_name":"\"Battle Honours\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111104071029/http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/canada/davie.htm","external_links_name":"\"Davie Shipbuilding\""},{"Link":"http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/canada/davie.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thepirateking.com/ships/ship_types.htm","external_links_name":"\"Complete List of Sailing Vessels\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi00fran/page/68","external_links_name":"Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi00fran/page/68","external_links_name":"68"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I59v6rkg8egC&pg=PA39","external_links_name":"The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bJBMBvyQ83EC&pg=PA62","external_links_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946"},{"Link":"http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/802.html","external_links_name":"\"HMCS Baddeck (K147)\""},{"Link":"https://www.canada.ca/en/navy/services/history/ships-histories/baddeck.html","external_links_name":"\"HMCS Baddeck\""},{"Link":"http://www.junobeach.org/e/2/can-eve-mob-atl-baddeck-e.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMCS Baddeck and Convoy SC-48\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120728162414/http://www.comfec.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/nr-sp/doc-eng.asp?id=1394","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Participation on D-Day and in the Battle of Normandy\""},{"Link":"http://www.comfec.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/nr-sp/doc-eng.asp?id=1394","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110901020427/http://www.thebattleofatlanticmuseum.ca/page15/page15.html","external_links_name":"\"D-Day\""},{"Link":"http://thebattleofatlanticmuseum.ca/page15/page15.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/6111632","external_links_name":"\"Baddeck (6111632)\""},{"Link":"http://www.victoriastandard.ca/uploads/3/9/8/8/3988534/page_1a_20-7.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Builder's Plaque for HMCS Baddeck\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizkid:_The_Story_of_Wizball_II | Wizkid: The Story of Wizball II | ["1 Plot","2 Gameplay","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"] | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1992 video game
1992 video gameWizkid: The Story of Wizball IIDeveloper(s)Sensible SoftwarePublisher(s)Ocean SoftwareProducer(s)Jon WoodsProgrammer(s)Chris YatesArtist(s)Jon HareComposer(s)Richard JosephPlatform(s)Amiga, Atari ST, MS-DOSReleaseJuly 1992Genre(s)ActionMode(s)Single-player
Wizkid: The Story of Wizball II is a humorous action game for the Amiga, Atari ST, and IBM PC compatibles. It was developed by Sensible Software and published by Ocean Software in 1992. Wizkid is the sequel to 1987's Wizball.
Plot
The story starts after the Wiz and his cat Nifta had restored colours to their world. They were both married (to different spouses, apparently) and had children: the Wiz had a son, Wizkid, and Nifta had eight kittens. All was peaceful and happy until the evil mouse wizard Zark came and kidnapped the Wiz, Nifta, and all the kittens, imprisoning them in different parts of the world. It is Wizkid's job to save them.
Gameplay
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The game takes place over nine levels, each with a different style, background image, and music. In each level, the player plays the disembodied head of Wizkid, which can fly around the screen in all four directions. The object is to knock various objects on top of enemies, killing them. When all enemies are killed, play proceeds to the next screen, and after all screens have been completed, proceeds to the next level.
In the action parts of the game, two bonus objects are on offer - a nose which allows Wizkid to juggle blocks, and teeth allowing him to grip them (they can even be taken to different screens - taking a large block onto a screen with only small blocks can be advantageous). The teeth are temporary, but failing to complete a level sees causes Wizkid to lose either item. A bonus "Crossword 2091" screen is sometimes activated by failing to complete a level, in which the player is presented with a grid and a sequence of words, which must be arranged so as to interlock into a crossword-style arrangement. Completion of this, which involves a fair amount of trial and error, adds $500 to the bank balance.
The adventure aspect of the game comes into play when Wizkid manages to collect a whole sequence of bonus musical notes. This allows him to re-embody his head and interact with the background landscape. Items can be bought with money, and must be used throughout the game to collect enough kittens to reach Zark's Castle before Zark can get back. These puzzles often include humorous interludes - for example, on the first level you must distract a vicious-looking dog by giving him a newspaper; moments later he can be seen reading it whilst sitting in an out-house toilet. There is one more mystery task to be completed in order to win the game.
Wizkid uses the "level warping" system from Super Mario Bros. in reverse. Playing only the arcade part only takes the player to levels 1, 4, 7 and 9. Hidden routes in the adventure part are required to access the other levels, and thus obtain enough kittens to complete the game. Level 3 must be completed in "head mode", and it features some of the harder screens.
Reception
Amiga Power gave the Amiga version of Wizkid an overall score of 91%, praising the variety in its gameplay, expressing that it adds up to a "crazy, yet cohesive, whole". Amiga Power further praised Wizkid's graphics, "excellent" sound, as well as the game's "bizarre" & "surreal" sense of humour, calling the game's uniqueness "refreshing". Amiga Power ranked Wizkid the 31st best game of all time in 1996.
MikroBitti magazine (issue 6 of 1992) gave the game 91% rating. Reviewers wrote that the game is highly original and fun but lamented that it is probably excessively strange to become appreciated by wider audiences.
In 1994, PC Gamer UK named Wizkid the 42nd best computer game of all time. The editors called it "a rare gem that deserves a place in everyone's collection, if only because it's totally unique."
References
^ a b c Ramshaw, Mark (July 1992). "Games Reviews: Wizkid". Amiga Power. No. 15. Future Publishing. pp. 26–28.
^ "The Ultimate Amiga Power All-Time Top 100". Amiga Power. No. 64. Future Publishing. August 1996. p. 23.
^ Staff (April 1994). "The PC Gamer Top 50 PC Games of All Time". PC Gamer UK. No. 5. pp. 43–56.
External links
Wizkid at Lemon Amiga
Wizkid at Atari Mania
vteSensible SoftwareShoot 'em ups
Twister
Parallax
Wizball
Shoot-'Em-Up Construction Kit
Cannon Fodder
Cannon Fodder 2
Sports
MicroProse Soccer
International 3D Tennis
Sensible Soccer
Sensible World of Soccer
World Championship Soccer 2
Sensible Golf
Other games
Mega-Lo-Mania
Wizkid: The Story of Wizball II
Sensible Train Spotting | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_game"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"Atari ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_ST"},{"link_name":"IBM PC compatibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible"},{"link_name":"Sensible Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensible_Software"},{"link_name":"Ocean Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Software"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-power15-1"},{"link_name":"Wizball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizball"}],"text":"1992 video game1992 video gameWizkid: The Story of Wizball II is a humorous action game for the Amiga, Atari ST, and IBM PC compatibles. It was developed by Sensible Software and published by Ocean Software in 1992.[1] Wizkid is the sequel to 1987's Wizball.","title":"Wizkid: The Story of Wizball II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat"},{"link_name":"colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour"},{"link_name":"kittens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitten"},{"link_name":"mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse"},{"link_name":"wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)"}],"text":"The story starts after the Wiz and his cat Nifta had restored colours to their world. They were both married (to different spouses, apparently) and had children: the Wiz had a son, Wizkid, and Nifta had eight kittens. All was peaceful and happy until the evil mouse wizard Zark came and kidnapped the Wiz, Nifta, and all the kittens, imprisoning them in different parts of the world. It is Wizkid's job to save them.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head"},{"link_name":"musical notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_note"},{"link_name":"newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"Super Mario Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros."}],"text":"The game takes place over nine levels, each with a different style, background image, and music. In each level, the player plays the disembodied head of Wizkid, which can fly around the screen in all four directions. The object is to knock various objects on top of enemies, killing them. 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This allows him to re-embody his head and interact with the background landscape. Items can be bought with money, and must be used throughout the game to collect enough kittens to reach Zark's Castle before Zark can get back. These puzzles often include humorous interludes - for example, on the first level you must distract a vicious-looking dog by giving him a newspaper; moments later he can be seen reading it whilst sitting in an out-house toilet. There is one more mystery task to be completed in order to win the game.Wizkid uses the \"level warping\" system from Super Mario Bros. in reverse. Playing only the arcade part only takes the player to levels 1, 4, 7 and 9. Hidden routes in the adventure part are required to access the other levels, and thus obtain enough kittens to complete the game. Level 3 must be completed in \"head mode\", and it features some of the harder screens.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amiga Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_Power"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-power15-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-power64-2"},{"link_name":"MikroBitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MikroBitti"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_UK"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgameruktop50-3"}],"text":"Amiga Power gave the Amiga version of Wizkid an overall score of 91%, praising the variety in its gameplay, expressing that it adds up to a \"crazy, yet cohesive, whole\". Amiga Power further praised Wizkid's graphics, \"excellent\" sound, as well as the game's \"bizarre\" & \"surreal\" sense of humour, calling the game's uniqueness \"refreshing\".[1] Amiga Power ranked Wizkid the 31st best game of all time in 1996.[2]MikroBitti magazine (issue 6 of 1992) gave the game 91% rating. Reviewers wrote that the game is highly original and fun but lamented that it is probably excessively strange to become appreciated by wider audiences.[citation needed]In 1994, PC Gamer UK named Wizkid the 42nd best computer game of all time. The editors called it \"a rare gem that deserves a place in everyone's collection, if only because it's totally unique.\"[3]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ramshaw, Mark (July 1992). \"Games Reviews: Wizkid\". Amiga Power. No. 15. 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No. 5. pp. 43–56.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_UK","url_text":"PC Gamer UK"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Amiga_Power_Issue_15_1992-07_Future_Publishing_GB/page/n25/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Games Reviews: Wizkid\""},{"Link":"http://amr.abime.net/issue_64_pages","external_links_name":"\"The Ultimate Amiga Power All-Time Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.lemonamiga.com/games/details.php?id=1215","external_links_name":"Wizkid"},{"Link":"https://www.atarimania.com/pgesoft.awp?version=25277","external_links_name":"Wizkid"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthieu_Marais | Mathieu Marais | ["1 Life","2 References"] | French jurist and lawyer
Mathieu MaraisBorn11 October 1665Paris, FranceDied21 June 1737 (aged 71)Paris, FranceOccupationjurist, lawyer and memorialistLanguageFrenchPeriodRégence and firsts years of King Louis XV reignGenreMemoir
Mathieu Marais (bapt. 11 October 1665, Paris-21 June 1737, Paris) was a French jurist and lawyer at the Parlement of Paris. He is later known by the edition of his Journal and Memoirs by Mathurin de Lescures.
Life
Mathieu Marais was born in Paris, in the rue du Bouloi. His baptismal certificate was dated of October 11, 1665 at the Church of St Eustache of Paris. Because of the high infant mortality, infants were baptized the same day or a few days after their birth, so his date of birth is conjectured to be October 10. His father was Renault Marais, prosecutor at the Grand Châtelet, and his mother was Catherine-Françoise Billon. His godparents were Mathieu Billon, Parisian bourgeois, and Claude Billon, daughter of Guillaume Billon, the King's candlemaker.
He spent twelve years with the Jesuits, then became a lawyer on November 22, 1688 before retiring in 1736. It was long thought that he ended his career as bâtonnier, but that was actually Jean Marais (or Marays). His nickname was "the lawyer of the women" (l'avocat des dames), because he pleaded for a lot of them. He aspired to French Academy. He was very fond of Jean de La Fontaine, and the wrote an Histoire de la vie et des ouvrages de M. de La Fontaine (History of The Life and Works of Mr. de La Fontaine) published in 1811 by Simon Chardon de La Rochette. He was in contact with several personalities of his time, including Nicolas Boileau, the Chancellor d'Aguesseau, the Cardinal Polignac, the Viscount Charles-Henri-Gaspard de Saulx of Tavannes, and also the financier Samuel Bernard.
His greatest friend seems to have been president Bouhier to whom he, sick and dying, sent a letter on February 1, 1737, where are written journals of his hand; he recommends keeping them in his library of manuscripts so that they do not fall into the wrong hands. He would have contributed to the Mercure galant for the criticism of Madame de Lambert about Mr. de Sacy's translation of Panegyric of Trajan by Pliny the Younger. As a friend of Pierre Bayle, he collaborated at the Historical and Critical Dictionary by writing the articles Henry III, Henry, Duke of Guise and Margaret, Queen of Navarre among others. His funeral took place at the same St Eustache Church where he was baptized.
References
^ We also find Matthieu, but it only appear in 1823, in Ouvrage de La Fontaine and in the biographical dictionaries after his death.
^ Mathieu Marais, Journal and Memoirs, vol.1, 1863.
^ Mathieu Marais, in a letter to president Bouhier dated September 5, 1724, said that Jean Marais sometimes printed his name "Marays" or "Marais". J. Marais wrote Memoirs, and a Discours sur la détractation sur la légitime entre les enfants (Discourse on the Detraction on Legitimacy Between Children) in 1693. Mathieu didn't like this man, of whom he was "neither his relative nor his ally". (Cf. Correspondance littéraire du président Bouhier n°8 : Lettres de Mathieu Marais (1724-1737), vol.1, 1974.)
^ Pierre and Firmin Didot, Nouvelle biographie générale, vol.33, 1860.
^ Louis Gabriel Michaud, Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne, vol.26, 1860.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
Belgium
United States
Netherlands
Vatican
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"Parlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement"}],"text":"Mathieu[1] Marais (bapt. 11 October 1665, Paris-21 June 1737, Paris) was a French jurist and lawyer at the Parlement of Paris. He is later known by the edition of his Journal and Memoirs by Mathurin de Lescures.","title":"Mathieu Marais"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Church of St Eustache of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Eustache,_Paris"},{"link_name":"infant mortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality"},{"link_name":"prosecutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor"},{"link_name":"Grand Châtelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ch%C3%A2telet"},{"link_name":"godparents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godparent"},{"link_name":"candlemaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlemaker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"bâtonnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2tonnier"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"French Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy"},{"link_name":"Jean de La Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine"},{"link_name":"Simon Chardon de La Rochette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_Chardon_de_La_Rochette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Boileau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau"},{"link_name":"Chancellor d'Aguesseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Aguesseau"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Polignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchior_de_Polignac"},{"link_name":"Samuel Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bernard_(financier)"},{"link_name":"president Bouhier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bouhier_(jurist)"},{"link_name":"Mercure galant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercure_galant"},{"link_name":"Madame de Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Mr. de Sacy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Isaac_Lemaistre_de_Sacy"},{"link_name":"Panegyric of Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panegyric_of_Trajan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Pierre Bayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bayle"},{"link_name":"Historical and Critical Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_Historique_et_Critique"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Henry, Duke of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"Margaret, Queen of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_de_Navarre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Mathieu Marais was born in Paris, in the rue du Bouloi. His baptismal certificate was dated of October 11, 1665 at the Church of St Eustache of Paris. Because of the high infant mortality, infants were baptized the same day or a few days after their birth, so his date of birth is conjectured to be October 10. His father was Renault Marais, prosecutor at the Grand Châtelet, and his mother was Catherine-Françoise Billon. His godparents were Mathieu Billon, Parisian bourgeois, and Claude Billon, daughter of Guillaume Billon, the King's candlemaker.[2]He spent twelve years with the Jesuits, then became a lawyer on November 22, 1688 before retiring in 1736. It was long thought that he ended his career as bâtonnier, but that was actually Jean Marais (or Marays).[3] His nickname was \"the lawyer of the women\" (l'avocat des dames), because he pleaded for a lot of them. He aspired to French Academy. He was very fond of Jean de La Fontaine, and the wrote an Histoire de la vie et des ouvrages de M. de La Fontaine (History of The Life and Works of Mr. de La Fontaine) published in 1811 by Simon Chardon de La Rochette. He was in contact with several personalities of his time, including Nicolas Boileau, the Chancellor d'Aguesseau, the Cardinal Polignac, the Viscount Charles-Henri-Gaspard de Saulx of Tavannes, and also the financier Samuel Bernard.His greatest friend seems to have been president Bouhier to whom he, sick and dying, sent a letter on February 1, 1737, where are written journals of his hand; he recommends keeping them in his library of manuscripts so that they do not fall into the wrong hands. He would have contributed to the Mercure galant for the criticism of Madame de Lambert about Mr. de Sacy's translation of Panegyric of Trajan by Pliny the Younger. As a friend of Pierre Bayle, he collaborated at the Historical and Critical Dictionary by writing the articles Henry III, Henry, Duke of Guise and Margaret, Queen of Navarre among others.[4] His funeral took place at the same St Eustache Church where he was baptized.[5]","title":"Life"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/99329/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109069117","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/61549221","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmdwRQfdGMjTH4VD4JRrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119143554","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119143554","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/101896832","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV141395","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272568605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14630158","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82127880","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07012261X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/217542","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027007103","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyueshevo | Gyueshevo | ["1 Gallery","2 References"] | Coordinates: 42°14′N 22°28′E / 42.233°N 22.467°E / 42.233; 22.467Village in Bulgaria
Gyueshevo (Bulgarian: Гюешево, pronounced ; also transliterated Gjueshevo, Guieshevo, Gjueševo) is a village in Kyustendil Municipality, Kyustendil Province, in western Bulgaria. As of 2006 the population is 275 and the mayor is Stoyne Maksimov. The village is located on the border with North Macedonia and is the most important of the three border checkpoints between the two countries. It is the last stop of the railway from Sofia. This railway is intended to link the capital to Skopje, but the Macedonian section of the line has not been built. Gyueshevo lies at 42°14′13″N 22°28′35″E / 42.23694°N 22.47639°E / 42.23694; 22.47639, 1,016 metres above sea level, in the Osogovo mountains. The local railway station was built in 1910, while the first school dates to 1888. The Prosveta community centre (chitalishte) was opened in 1921. There is also a church mausoleum dedicated to the perished Bulgarian soldiers in the Balkan Wars and the First World War. Gyueshevo was first mentioned in 1570 as Gyuveshevo. The name is thought to originate from the personal name Gyuesh, probably a derivative of George; –esh is a rare personal name suffix used in names such as Dobresh, Malesh or Radesh.
Gallery
Railway station in Gyeshevo
Eastern Orthodox church of the Holy Trinity
Gyueshevo customs
Passport stamp from the border with North Macedonia
References
^ Чолева-Димитрова, Анна М. (2002). Селищни имена от Югозападна България: Изследване. Речник (in Bulgarian). София: Пенсофт. p. 117. ISBN 954-642-168-5. OCLC 57603720.
vte Kyustendil MunicipalityCapital: KyustendilVillages
Bagrentsi
Bersin
Blatets
Bobeshino
Bogoslov
Bunovo
Chudintsi
Dvorishte
Dozhdevitsa
Dolna Gradishnitsa
Dolno Selo
Dolno Uyno
Dragovishtitsa
Garbino
Garlyano
Girchevtsi
Goranovtsi
Gorna Brestnitsa
Gorna Grashtnitsa
Gorno Uyno
Gramazhdano
Granitsa
Gurbanovtsi
Gyueshevo
Ivanovtsi
Kamenichka Skakavitsa
Katrishte
Konyavo
Kopilovtsi
Kopriva
Kutugertsi
Karshalevo
Lelintsi
Leska
Lisets
Lozno
Lomnitsa
Mazarachevo
Novi Chiflik
Novo Selo
Nikolichevtsi
Piperkov Chiflik
Poletintsi
Polska Skakavitsa
Prekolnitsa
Radlovtsi
Ranentsi
Rasovo
Razhdavitsa
Rezhintsi
Savoyski
Sazhdenik
Shipochano
Shishkovtsi
Skrinyano
Slokostitsa
Sovolyano
Stensko
Tarnovlak
Tarsino
Tavalichevo
Tserovitsa
Tsreshnovo
Tservelyano
Tsarvena Yabalka
Tsarvendol
Vratsa
Yabalkovo
Zhabokrat
Zheravino
Zhilentsi
Landmarks
Church of St St Cyril and Methodius
Church of St John the Baptist
Church of St Archangel Michael
Church of the Holy Spirit
Church of St Demetrius
Church of St George
Church of St Athanasius
Church of St Eljiah
Granitsa House
Granitsa Monastery
Granitsa Fortress
Church of St George, Zheravino
Church of St Nicholas
Church of St Yoakim of Osogovo
Church of St Paraskeva
Church of St George, Lomnitsa
Church of St Peter and Paul
Annunciation Church
Church of St Nicholas, Slokostitsa
Church of St Petka
Roman Baths of Kyustendil
Hisarlaka Fortress
Church of St George, Kyustendil
Church of the Assumption of Mary
Church of St Demetrius, Kyustendil
Church of St Mina
Church of St Martyr Mina
Vladimir Dimitrov - Maystora Art Gallery
Culture
Battle of Velbazhd
PFC Velbazhd Kyustendil
42°14′N 22°28′E / 42.233°N 22.467°E / 42.233; 22.467
This Kyustendil Province, Bulgaria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈɡju.ɛʃɛvo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"Kyustendil Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyustendil_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Kyustendil Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyustendil_Province"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyueshevo&action=edit"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"border checkpoints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_checkpoint"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"42°14′13″N 22°28′35″E / 42.23694°N 22.47639°E / 42.23694; 22.47639","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gyueshevo¶ms=42_14_13_N_22_28_35_E_"},{"link_name":"Osogovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osogovo"},{"link_name":"chitalishte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitalishte"},{"link_name":"Balkan Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Wars"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_(given_name)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Village in BulgariaGyueshevo (Bulgarian: Гюешево, pronounced [ˈɡju.ɛʃɛvo]; also transliterated Gjueshevo, Guieshevo, Gjueševo) is a village in Kyustendil Municipality, Kyustendil Province, in western Bulgaria. As of 2006[update] the population is 275 and the mayor is Stoyne Maksimov. The village is located on the border with North Macedonia and is the most important of the three border checkpoints between the two countries. It is the last stop of the railway from Sofia. This railway is intended to link the capital to Skopje, but the Macedonian section of the line has not been built. Gyueshevo lies at 42°14′13″N 22°28′35″E / 42.23694°N 22.47639°E / 42.23694; 22.47639, 1,016 metres above sea level, in the Osogovo mountains. The local railway station was built in 1910, while the first school dates to 1888. The Prosveta community centre (chitalishte) was opened in 1921. There is also a church mausoleum dedicated to the perished Bulgarian soldiers in the Balkan Wars and the First World War. Gyueshevo was first mentioned in 1570 as Gyuveshevo. The name is thought to originate from the personal name Gyuesh, probably a derivative of George; –esh is a rare personal name suffix used in names such as Dobresh, Malesh or Radesh.[1]","title":"Gyueshevo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gyueshevo_railway_station.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GueshevoSvTroitza.JPG"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gyueshevo_Customs.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gyueshevopassportstamp.jpg"}],"text":"Railway station in Gyeshevo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEastern Orthodox church of the Holy Trinity\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGyueshevo customs\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPassport stamp from the border with North Macedonia","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Чолева-Димитрова, Анна М. (2002). Селищни имена от Югозападна България: Изследване. Речник (in Bulgarian). София: Пенсофт. p. 117. ISBN 954-642-168-5. OCLC 57603720.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-642-168-5","url_text":"954-642-168-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57603720","url_text":"57603720"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gyueshevo¶ms=42_14_N_22_28_E_","external_links_name":"42°14′N 22°28′E / 42.233°N 22.467°E / 42.233; 22.467"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyueshevo&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gyueshevo¶ms=42_14_13_N_22_28_35_E_","external_links_name":"42°14′13″N 22°28′35″E / 42.23694°N 22.47639°E / 42.23694; 22.47639"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57603720","external_links_name":"57603720"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gyueshevo¶ms=42_14_N_22_28_E_","external_links_name":"42°14′N 22°28′E / 42.233°N 22.467°E / 42.233; 22.467"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyueshevo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENGECON | Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics | ["1 History","2 Study programs","3 Faculties","4 Partner universities","5 Alumni","6 See also","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 59°00′00″N 30°00′00″E / 59.00000001°N 30.00000001°E / 59.00000001; 30.00000001Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and EconomicsСанкт-Петербургский Инженерно-Экономический УниверситетMottoEconomic education for the welfare of MotherlandTypePublicEstablished1906PresidentOlga GoncharukAcademic staff1000Students27,200LocationSaint Petersburg, RussiaCampusUrbanColorsBlue and whiteWebsiteengec.ru
The Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics was a public university in Russia, which was known as ENGECON (Russian: ИНЖЭКОН). It is now a part of Saint Petersburg State University of Economics, which was created via its merging with Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance and Saint Petersburg State University of Service and Economics. It was specialized in the fields of economics, management, statistics, logistics and finance.
At the postgraduate level, it is a business school. At the undergraduate level, it also teaches economics.
The Saint Petersburg State University of Economics has an International branch outside the Russian Federation in Dubai. It is named Saint Petersburg State Economic University (Dubai branch).
History
The history of the University begins in 1906 when Higher Commercial Courses of M.V. Pobedinski were arranged in Saint Petersburg. In 1919 the courses were altered into Institute of National Economy and in 1930 the Leningrad Institute of Engineering and Economics was set up. In 1992 the Institute received the Academy status and in 2000 the Academy became the University. On 1 August 2012 it was merged with Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance and Saint Petersburg State University of Service and Economics to create Saint Petersburg State University of Economics.
Study programs
Specialist degree (5 years). After receiving specialist degree students may apply for further postgraduate degree - Candidate of sciences (kandidat nauk), which is equivalent to PhD. Major part of courses is given in Russian, though there are several programs given in English.
Faculties
Faculty of Business and Commerce
Faculty of Humanities
Faculty of IT in economics and management
Faculty of Management
Faculty of law and economic safety
Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Finance
Faculty of Regional Economics and management
Faculty of tourism and hospitality
Faculty of economics and management in machinery
Faculty of logistics and transport
Faculty of economics and management in the oil-gas-chemical complex and environmental safety
Management of innovation Institute
Higher school of Economics and Management
Partner universities
Educational cooperation exists with universities. Language of instruction is English, though if students speak native language of the school it is possible to receive a stipend, which covers some costs (e.g. accommodation).
Alumni
Alexei Mordashov - main shareholder and the CEO of Severstal
Anatoly Chubays - head of the Russian Nanotechnology Corporation, and a member of the Advisory Council for JPMorgan Chase.
See also
List of institutions of higher learning in Russia
External links
UNECON official website in English
St.Petersburg State Economic University, Dubai Branch
59°00′00″N 30°00′00″E / 59.00000001°N 30.00000001°E / 59.00000001; 30.00000001
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
Czech Republic
Other
IdRef
This Russian university, college or other education institution article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg State University of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University_of_Economics_and_Finance"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg State University of Service and Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University_of_Service_and_Economics"},{"link_name":"business school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_school"},{"link_name":"The Saint Petersburg State University of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg State Economic University (Dubai branch)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Petersburg_State_Economic_University_(Dubai_branch)"}],"text":"The Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics was a public university in Russia, which was known as ENGECON (Russian: ИНЖЭКОН). It is now a part of Saint Petersburg State University of Economics, which was created via its merging with Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance and Saint Petersburg State University of Service and Economics. It was specialized in the fields of economics, management, statistics, logistics and finance.At the postgraduate level, it is a business school. At the undergraduate level, it also teaches economics.The Saint Petersburg State University of Economics has an International branch outside the Russian Federation in Dubai. It is named Saint Petersburg State Economic University (Dubai branch).","title":"Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University_of_Economics_and_Finance"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg State University of Service and Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University_of_Service_and_Economics"}],"text":"The history of the University begins in 1906 when Higher Commercial Courses of M.V. Pobedinski were arranged in Saint Petersburg. In 1919 the courses were altered into Institute of National Economy and in 1930 the Leningrad Institute of Engineering and Economics was set up. In 1992 the Institute received the Academy status and in 2000 the Academy became the University. On 1 August 2012 it was merged with Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance and Saint Petersburg State University of Service and Economics to create Saint Petersburg State University of Economics.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Specialist degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist_degree"},{"link_name":"Candidate of sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate_of_sciences"}],"text":"Specialist degree (5 years). After receiving specialist degree students may apply for further postgraduate degree - Candidate of sciences (kandidat nauk), which is equivalent to PhD. Major part of courses is given in Russian, though there are several programs given in English.","title":"Study programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Faculty of Business and Commerce\nFaculty of Humanities\nFaculty of IT in economics and management\nFaculty of Management\nFaculty of law and economic safety\nFaculty of Entrepreneurship and Finance\nFaculty of Regional Economics and management\nFaculty of tourism and hospitality\nFaculty of economics and management in machinery\nFaculty of logistics and transport\nFaculty of economics and management in the oil-gas-chemical complex and environmental safety\nManagement of innovation Institute\nHigher school of Economics and Management","title":"Faculties"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Educational cooperation exists with universities. Language of instruction is English, though if students speak native language of the school it is possible to receive a stipend, which covers some costs (e.g. accommodation).","title":"Partner universities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexei Mordashov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Mordashov"},{"link_name":"Severstal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severstal"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Chubays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Chubays"},{"link_name":"Russian Nanotechnology Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Nanotechnology_Corporation"},{"link_name":"JPMorgan Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase"}],"text":"Alexei Mordashov - main shareholder and the CEO of Severstal\nAnatoly Chubays - head of the Russian Nanotechnology Corporation, and a member of the Advisory Council for JPMorgan Chase.","title":"Alumni"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of institutions of higher learning in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_learning_in_Russia"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint_Petersburg_State_University_of_Engineering_and_Economics¶ms=59.00000001_N_30.00000001_E_source:ruwiki_region:RU","external_links_name":"59°00′00″N 30°00′00″E / 59.00000001°N 30.00000001°E / 59.00000001; 30.00000001"},{"Link":"http://engec.ru/","external_links_name":"engec.ru"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090618150835/http://engec.ru/en/","external_links_name":"UNECON official website in English"},{"Link":"http://unecon.ae/","external_links_name":"St.Petersburg State Economic University, Dubai Branch"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint_Petersburg_State_University_of_Engineering_and_Economics¶ms=59.00000001_N_30.00000001_E_source:ruwiki_region:RU","external_links_name":"59°00′00″N 30°00′00″E / 59.00000001°N 30.00000001°E / 59.00000001; 30.00000001"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/129999344","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2004060906","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20131031014&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/17067570X","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg_State_University_of_Engineering_and_Economics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Fountain | Atlas Fountain | ["1 History","2 Description","3 References"] | Coordinates: 54°07′13″N 0°54′19″W / 54.12018°N 0.90537°W / 54.12018; -0.90537
Historic site in North Yorkshire, EnglandAtlas FountainAtlas Fountain at Castle HowardLocationCastle Howard, North Yorkshire, EnglandCoordinates54°07′13″N 0°54′19″W / 54.12018°N 0.90537°W / 54.12018; -0.90537OS grid referenceSE 71644 69921Built1853Built forGeorge Howard, 7th Earl of CarlisleRestored2012Restored byThe Earth Stone and LimeArchitectWilliam Andrews Nesfield and John Thomas
Listed Building – Grade IDesignated22 June 1987Reference no.1148973
Location in Yorkshire
The Atlas Fountain stands in the grounds of Castle Howard, North Yorkshire, England. It has been designated a Grade I listed building and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England.
History
The Atlas Fountain and pond dates from 1850. It was exhibited at The Great Exhibition prior to installation.
It was designed by William Andrews Nesfield and the sculpted figures were carved in Portland stone by John Thomas who was paid £1183 10s 3d (equivalent to £151,277 in 2023) for his work. The figures were transported by rail from London to Castle Howard railway station.
The tazza, pedestals, shells and basin were made by local craftsmen. The water engineering was completed by James Easton, taking water from a stream in Coneysthorpe and using a steam engine to pump it uphill to the Ray Wood reservoir.
The fountain was turned on for the first time in October 1853.
The fountain was overhauled in 1983 and again by The Earth Stone and Lime in 2012.
Description
A large globe of bronze dominates the fountain supported on the shoulders of Atlas. Four recumbent Tritons blow water through shells over Atlas kneeling on a pedestal in the central tazza. Other jets fill the lower scallop shell basins, which overflow into the central basin producing a dramatic cascade of white water.
The fountain is fed from the half-million gallon Ray Wood reservoir, to the east of the main house. Gravity feeds water into a chamber beneath the pond basin where pipes direct it to the main outlets in the Triton's shells.
The pond is approximately 27 metres (89 ft) in diameter.
Atlas Fountain
References
^ Historic England. "Atlas Fountain and Pond (1148973)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
^ Castle Howard Guidebook, G. Howard. 1972
^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
^ English Gardens and Landscapes, Christopher Hussey. 1700–1750, Country Life. 1967.
^ Fountains and Water Features: From Ancient Springs to Modern Marvels. Rosalind Hopwood, Frances Lincoln Ltd, 2009
^ "Atlas Fountain Restoration :: Castle Howard – Historic Estate, House and Gardens, Yorkshire". Castle Howard. 10 May 2010. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
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It has been designated a Grade I listed building and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England.[1]","title":"Atlas Fountain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Great Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"William Andrews Nesfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Andrews_Nesfield"},{"link_name":"John Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thomas_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-3"},{"link_name":"Castle Howard railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Howard_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Coneysthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coneysthorpe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Atlas Fountain and pond dates from 1850. It was exhibited at The Great Exhibition prior to installation.[2]It was designed by William Andrews Nesfield and the sculpted figures were carved in Portland stone by John Thomas who was paid £1183 10s 3d (equivalent to £151,277 in 2023)[3] for his work. The figures were transported by rail from London to Castle Howard railway station.The tazza, pedestals, shells and basin were made by local craftsmen. The water engineering was completed by James Easton,[4] taking water from a stream in Coneysthorpe and using a steam engine to pump it uphill to the Ray Wood reservoir.[5]The fountain was turned on for the first time in October 1853.The fountain was overhauled in 1983 and again by The Earth Stone and Lime in 2012.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Tritons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlas_Fountain_Castle_Howard_(2011.10.18).jpg"}],"text":"A large globe of bronze dominates the fountain supported on the shoulders of Atlas. Four recumbent Tritons blow water through shells over Atlas kneeling on a pedestal in the central tazza. Other jets fill the lower scallop shell basins, which overflow into the central basin producing a dramatic cascade of white water.The fountain is fed from the half-million gallon Ray Wood reservoir, to the east of the main house. Gravity feeds water into a chamber beneath the pond basin where pipes direct it to the main outlets in the Triton's shells.[6]The pond is approximately 27 metres (89 ft) in diameter.Atlas Fountain","title":"Description"}] | [{"image_text":"Atlas Fountain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Atlas_Fountain_Castle_Howard_%282011.10.18%29.jpg/220px-Atlas_Fountain_Castle_Howard_%282011.10.18%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Historic England. \"Atlas Fountain and Pond (1148973)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1148973","url_text":"\"Atlas Fountain and Pond (1148973)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Gregory (2017). \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","url_text":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeasuringWorth","url_text":"MeasuringWorth"}]},{"reference":"\"Atlas Fountain Restoration :: Castle Howard – Historic Estate, House and Gardens, Yorkshire\". Castle Howard. 10 May 2010. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabu | Cabu | ["1 Career","2 Death","3 Personal life","4 Works","5 See also","6 References"] | French caricaturist
CabuCabu in Paris in 2008BornJean Maurice Jules Cabut(1938-01-13)13 January 1938Châlons-en-Champagne, Marne, FranceDied7 January 2015(2015-01-07) (aged 76)Paris, FranceNationalityFrenchArea(s)CartoonistNotable worksHara-KiriCharlie HebdoLe Canard enchaînéSignature
Jean Maurice Jules Cabut (French pronunciation: ; 13 January 1938 – 7 January 2015), known by the pen-name Cabu (pronounced ), was a French comic strip artist and caricaturist. He was murdered in the January 2015 shooting attack on the Charlie Hebdo newspaper offices. Cabu was a staff cartoonist and shareholder at Charlie Hebdo.
Career
Cabu started out studying art at the École Estienne in Paris and his drawings were first published by 1954 in a local newspaper. The Algerian War forced him to be conscripted in the army for over two years, where his talent was used in the army magazine Bled and in Paris Match. His time in the army caused him to become a strident anti-militarist and adopt a slightly anarchistic view of society.
In 1960, after he left the Army, he became one of the founders of Hara-Kiri magazine. In the 1970s and 1980s, he became a popular artist, collaborating for a time with the children's TV programme Récré A2. He continued working in political caricature for Charlie Hebdo and Le Canard enchaîné.
His popular characters include Le Grand Duduche and adjudant Kronenbourg, and especially Mon Beauf. So spot-on was this caricature of an average, racist, sexist, vulgar, ordinary Frenchman that the word 'beauf' (short for "beau-frère", i. e., brother-in-law) has slipped into ordinary use. A 1973 drawing by Cabu attacking male politicians with the question "Qui a engrossé les 343 salopes du manifeste sur l'avortement?".("Who got the 343 sluts from the abortion manifesto pregnant?") gave the Manifesto of the 343 its familiar nickname, often mistaken as the original title.
In February 2006, a Cabu cartoon which appeared on the cover of Charlie Hebdo in response to the Danish cartoons affair caused more controversy and a lawsuit. It depicted the Muslim prophet Muhammad under the caption "Muhammad overwhelmed by fundamentalists", crying "C'est dur d'être aimé par des cons!" ("So hard to be loved by jerks!").
From September 2006 to January 2007, an exhibition entitled Cabu and Paris was organised at the Paris city hall.
Death
Cabu was killed, along with seven of his colleagues, two police officers, and two others, on 7 January 2015 in the Charlie Hebdo shooting when al-Qaeda gunmen stormed the newspaper's offices in Paris.
The asteroid 320880 Cabu was named in his memory on 5 June 2016 by its discoverer Jean-Claude Merlin.
Personal life
Cabu was the father of the French singer/songwriter Mano Solo (24 April 1963 – 10 January 2010).
He was succeeded by two unnamed relatives. His tombstone read... "the man who gave every moment a shot..." in Occitan.
Works
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (September 2013)
Le grand Duduche series :
Le grand Duduche (1972) Dargaud
Il lui faudrait une bonne guerre !.. (1972) Dargaud
Les aventures de madame Pompidou (1972) Square
L'ennemi intérieur (1973) éd. du Square et Dargaud
Le grand Duduche en vacances (1974) éd. du Square
Passe ton bac, après on verra ! (1980) éd. du Rond Point
Maraboud'ficelle, scénario de William Leymergie (1980) Dargaud
À bas la mode ! (1981) Dargaud
Le Grand Duduche et la fille du proviseur (1982) Dargaud
Le journal de Catherine (1970) – éd du Square
Mon beauf (1976) éd du Square
Catherine saute au Paf (1978) éd du Square
Inspecteur la bavure (1981) Albin Michel
Le Gros blond avec sa chemise noire (1988) Albin Michel
À consommer avec modération (1989) Albin Michel
Mort aux vieux ! (1989) Albin Michel
Cabu au Canard Enchaîné (1989) Albin Michel
Tonton la-terreur (1991) Albin Michel
Adieu Tonton (1992) Albin Michel
Les Abrutis sont parmi nous (1992) Albin Michel
Responsables mais pas coupables ! (1993) Albin Michel
Secrets d'État (1994) Albin Michel
Les Aventure épatantes de Jacques Chirac (1996) Albin Michel
Vas-y Jospin ! (1999) Albin Michel
À gauche toute ! (2000) Albin Michel
See also
List of journalists killed in Europe
References
^ a b "Les dessinateurs Charb et Cabu seraient morts". L'Essentiel (in French). France. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015. Le directeur de la publication et dessinateur satirique Charb (Stéphane Charbonnier) et Cabu seraient morts selon les informations du Point (via un tweet). Charb avait été annoncé gravement blessé selon plusieurs sources, que relayaient Le Monde et Le Figaro.
^ a b "LIVE. Massacre in "Charlie Hebdo": 12 dead, including Charb and Cabu". Le Point.
^ a b Obituary in The Daily Telegraph, 7 January 2015.
^ Aubenas, Florence (2 January 1996). "Les personnages de l'année 1995". Libération (in French). Retrieved 27 January 2010.
^ Larousse Dictionary definition of "beauf", cf. online edition http://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/beauf/8522
^ Image of cover from Charlie Hebdo
^ "Brief history of women's rights". SOS Femmes. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
^ Cabu et Paris (Hoëbeke, 2006). ISBN 9782842302566
^ "EN DIRECT. Massacre chez "Charlie Hebdo" : 12 morts, dont Charb et Cabu". Le Point.fr (in French). 7 January 2015.
^ MPC 100610, 5 June 2016
vteJanuary 2015 Île-de-France attacksMain events
Charlie Hebdo shooting
Dammartin-en-Goële hostage crisis
Fontenay-aux-Roses and Montrouge shootings
Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege
Aftermath
International reactions
Je suis Charlie
Republican marches
Survivors' issue
Opération Sentinelle
Killed victims
Frédéric Boisseau
Franck Brinsolaro
Cabu (Jean Cabut)
Elsa Cayat
Charb (Stéphane Charbonnier)
Philippe Honoré
Bernard Maris
Ahmed Merabet
Mustapha Ourrad
Michel Renaud
Tignous (Bernard Verlhac)
Georges Wolinski
Wounded victims
Simon Fieschi
Philippe Lançon
Fabrice Nicolino
Riss (Laurent Sourisseau)
Perpetrators
Chérif and Saïd Kouachi
Amedy Coulibaly
Related events
January 2015 anti-terrorism operations in Belgium
2015 Copenhagen shootings
Curtis Culwell Center attack
November 2015 Paris attacks
reactions
See also
Charlie Hebdo
Charia Hebdo
Rénald "Luz" Luzier
Patrick Pelloux
Zineb El Rhazoui
Je suis Charlie (film)
Terrorism in France
List of terrorist incidents in France
Islamic terrorism in Europe
List of Islamist terrorist attacks
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
ULAN | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ʒɑ̃ mɔʁis ʒyl kaby]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"[kaby]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"comic strip artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonist"},{"link_name":"caricaturist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caricature"},{"link_name":"January 2015 shooting attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting"},{"link_name":"Charlie Hebdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lessentiel-cabu-mort-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lepoint-fusillade-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tele-obit-3"}],"text":"Jean Maurice Jules Cabut (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ mɔʁis ʒyl kaby]; 13 January 1938 – 7 January 2015), known by the pen-name Cabu (pronounced [kaby]), was a French comic strip artist and caricaturist. He was murdered in the January 2015 shooting attack on the Charlie Hebdo newspaper offices.[1][2] Cabu was a staff cartoonist and shareholder at Charlie Hebdo.[3]","title":"Cabu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"École Estienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Estienne"},{"link_name":"Algerian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War"},{"link_name":"army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Army"},{"link_name":"Paris Match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Match"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tele-obit-3"},{"link_name":"Hara-Kiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara-Kiri_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Récré A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9cr%C3%A9_A2"},{"link_name":"Charlie Hebdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo"},{"link_name":"Le Canard enchaîné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Canard_encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Manifesto of the 343","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_343"},{"link_name":"Charlie Hebdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo"},{"link_name":"Danish cartoons affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy"},{"link_name":"Paris city hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Cabu started out studying art at the École Estienne in Paris and his drawings were first published by 1954 in a local newspaper. The Algerian War forced him to be conscripted in the army for over two years, where his talent was used in the army magazine Bled and in Paris Match. His time in the army caused him to become a strident anti-militarist and adopt a slightly anarchistic view of society.[3]In 1960, after he left the Army, he became one of the founders of Hara-Kiri magazine. In the 1970s and 1980s, he became a popular artist, collaborating for a time with the children's TV programme Récré A2. He continued working in political caricature for Charlie Hebdo and Le Canard enchaîné.His popular characters include Le Grand Duduche and adjudant Kronenbourg, and especially Mon Beauf.[4] So spot-on was this caricature of an average, racist, sexist, vulgar, ordinary Frenchman that the word 'beauf' (short for \"beau-frère\", i. e., brother-in-law) has slipped into ordinary use.[5] A 1973 drawing by Cabu attacking male politicians with the question \"Qui a engrossé les 343 salopes du manifeste sur l'avortement?\".[6][7](\"Who got the 343 sluts from the abortion manifesto pregnant?\") gave the Manifesto of the 343 its familiar nickname, often mistaken as the original title.In February 2006, a Cabu cartoon which appeared on the cover of Charlie Hebdo in response to the Danish cartoons affair caused more controversy and a lawsuit. It depicted the Muslim prophet Muhammad under the caption \"Muhammad overwhelmed by fundamentalists\", crying \"C'est dur d'être aimé par des cons!\" (\"So hard to be loved by jerks!\").From September 2006 to January 2007, an exhibition entitled Cabu and Paris was organised at the Paris city hall.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlie Hebdo shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lessentiel-cabu-mort-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lepoint-fusillade-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"asteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Merlin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Cabu was killed, along with seven of his colleagues, two police officers, and two others, on 7 January 2015 in the Charlie Hebdo shooting when al-Qaeda gunmen stormed the newspaper's offices in Paris.[1][2][9]The asteroid 320880 Cabu was named in his memory on 5 June 2016 by its discoverer Jean-Claude Merlin.[10]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mano Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_Solo"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"}],"text":"Cabu was the father of the French singer/songwriter Mano Solo (24 April 1963 – 10 January 2010).He was succeeded by two unnamed relatives. His tombstone read... \"the man who gave every moment a shot...\" in Occitan.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Leymergie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Leymergie"}],"text":"Le grand Duduche series :\nLe grand Duduche (1972) Dargaud\nIl lui faudrait une bonne guerre !.. (1972) Dargaud\nLes aventures de madame Pompidou (1972) Square\nL'ennemi intérieur (1973) éd. du Square et Dargaud\nLe grand Duduche en vacances (1974) éd. du Square\nPasse ton bac, après on verra ! (1980) éd. du Rond Point\nMaraboud'ficelle, scénario de William Leymergie (1980) Dargaud\nÀ bas la mode ! (1981) Dargaud\nLe Grand Duduche et la fille du proviseur (1982) Dargaud\nLe journal de Catherine (1970) – éd du Square\nMon beauf (1976) éd du Square\nCatherine saute au Paf (1978) éd du Square\nInspecteur la bavure (1981) Albin Michel\nLe Gros blond avec sa chemise noire (1988) Albin Michel\nÀ consommer avec modération (1989) Albin Michel\nMort aux vieux ! (1989) Albin Michel\nCabu au Canard Enchaîné (1989) Albin Michel\nTonton la-terreur (1991) Albin Michel\nAdieu Tonton (1992) Albin Michel\nLes Abrutis sont parmi nous (1992) Albin Michel\nResponsables mais pas coupables ! (1993) Albin Michel\nSecrets d'État (1994) Albin Michel\nLes Aventure épatantes de Jacques Chirac (1996) Albin Michel\nVas-y Jospin ! (1999) Albin Michel\nÀ gauche toute ! (2000) Albin Michel","title":"Works"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of journalists killed in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_in_Europe"}] | [{"reference":"\"Les dessinateurs Charb et Cabu seraient morts\". L'Essentiel (in French). France. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015. Le directeur de la publication et dessinateur satirique Charb (Stéphane Charbonnier) et Cabu seraient morts selon les informations du Point (via un tweet). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Sherwood | Anthony Sherwood | ["1 Early life","2 Acting career","3 Writing, producing and directing career","4 Social activism","5 Awards and honours","6 References","7 External links"] | Canadian actor
This article is an autobiography or has been extensively edited by the subject or by someone connected to the subject. It may need editing to conform to Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy. There may be relevant discussion on the talk page. (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Anthony SherwoodBorn1949 (age 74–75)Halifax, Nova Scotia, CanadaOccupation(s)Actor, producer, director, writerYears active1974-presentRelativesPortia White (cousin)Websiteanthonysherwood.com
Anthony Sherwood (born 1949) is a Canadian actor, filmmaker and activist. He has been active in film, television, and theatre productions since his film debut in 1979. To television audiences, he is known for his roles as Jason Locke on Airwolf (1987) and Dillon Beck on Street Legal (1989-94). The latter role earned him a Gemini Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Program or Series.
Sherwood is the founder of a namesake production company, which specializing in productions emphasizing issues of social justice and African-Canadian history and culture. From 1992 until 2001, he was the national co-chairman of the March 21 Campaign for the federal government of Canada.
In 2022, he received the Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal.
Early life
A Black Nova Scotian, Sherwood was born in Halifax in 1949. Sherwood's grandmother, Alice Kane (née Alice White), was a musician and music teacher, his mother was an amateur singer, and his first cousin once-removed was Canadian opera singer, Portia White, Canada's first African Canadian opera singer.
Sherwood's family moved to Montreal, where he grew up in the neighborhood of Little Burgundy, which has a strong Black Canadian tradition. Sherwood commenced an eight-year career as a R&B singer before switching focus to acting.
Acting career
He has acted in both Canadian and American feature films and television series and received several awards for his work in the entertainment industry.
Sherwood began his acting career on stage and started in musical theatre in Montreal starting in 1975. He starred in such stage musicals as Ain't Misbehavin', Cabaret, and The Music Man. He began acting in several Canadian and American feature films starting in 1979.
In 1986, he joined the cast of the American television series, Airwolf, playing the role of Jason Locke during the fourth and final season. In 1989, Sherwood played the role of Dillon Beck in the CBC Television series, Street Legal. He portrayed this role on Street Legal from 1989–1994 and was nominated in 1992 for a Gemini Award Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role.
He has guest-starred in a variety of television shows including: Beauty & The Beast, Single Ladies, Lost Girl, The Art of More, The Listener, Aaron Stone, Being Erica, Due South, Outer Limits, Soul Food, Earth: Final Conflict, PSI Factor, 1-800 Missing, Danger Bay, Adventure Inc., Diamonds, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Night Heat, The Best Years, The New Ghostwriter Mysteries, and Counterstrike.
Sherwood has appeared in feature films, including; Race (2015), Star Spangled Banners (2013), Honey (2003), Hostile Takeover (1988), Deadbolt (1992), Undue Influence, Switching Channels, Eddie & the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives, Closer and Closer, Crimes of Fashion, Terror Train, Too Close to Home, Free of Eden, Ultimate Deception, Both Sides of The Law, Mail To The Chief, Threshold, Physical Evidence and Guilty as Sin (1993).
In 2009, Sherwood returned to the stage performing in the role of Marty in the musical Dreamgirls at the Grand Theatre in London, Ontario. In 2015, he performed the title role in Othello for Ale House Theatre.
Writing, producing and directing career
In 1991, Sherwood formed his production company, Anthony Sherwood Productions, that specialized in productions emphasizing issues of social justice and African-Canadian history and culture. His film company produced the feature documentary Honour Before Glory, which he wrote, produced and directed. The film won second prize at the 2002 Hollywood Black Film Festival in Los Angeles and a 2002 Gemini Award. Sherwood created and produced the documentary film Music - A Family Tradition for the CBC, which won a Gemini Award in 1997 and was nominated for an International Emmy Award. He also produced and directed a documentary film entitled Nowhere to Run, which looks at the global crisis of landmines. His film Mozambique – A Land of Hope looks at the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa and was broadcast on the Signature Series on OMNI Television and was featured at the World AIDS Conference in Toronto in August 2006. His documentary film 100 Years of Faith is about the oldest black church in the Province of Quebec. In 2009, he produced and directed the documentary film Knocking On Heaven's Door, which looked at the gang violence in Kingston, Jamaica.
From 1993–2000, Sherwood was the host and narrator of the documentary television series Forbidden Places for the Discovery Channel. On this television series, he performed numerous duties including writer, director, narrator and host. From 2002–2005, he was the host of the television talk-show In The Black for OMNI Television, the first talk-show on Canadian television featuring exclusive interviews with prominent African-Canadians.
In February 2010, Sherwood wrote, directed and produced an educational play on great African-Canadian hero William Hall. In 2012, Sherwood wrote and directed the stage play TITANIC: The Untold Story, which was produced to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic. The play had its world premiere at the Alderney Landing Theatre in Nova Scotia. In July 2016, Sherwood wrote, directed and co-produced the play, "The Colour of Courage" which commemorated the 100th anniversary of the formation of Canada's all-black military unit in WWI.
In March 2015, Sherwood released his first novel, Music In The Dark, which is published by Pottersfield Press.
Social activism
From 1992–2001, Sherwood was national co-chairman of the March 21 Campaign for the federal government of Canada. March 21 is the International Day For the Elimination of Racism. Sherwood has received international recognition and awards for his efforts in raising awareness to the importance of racial equality.
On July 9, 2022, Anthony Sherwood served as Master of Ceremonies for the Government of Canada's official apology to the Black soldiers of No. 2 Construction Battalion and their descendants. The apology was delivered by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.
Awards and honours
1998: Martin Luther King Jr. Achievement Award
1998: Brampton Arts Acclaim Award
2000: Urban Alliance on Race Relations Award
2002: African-Canadian Achievement Award
2006: North American Black Historical Museum & Cultural Centre Award
2006: Planet Africa Award
2008: Harry Jerome Award
2022: Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal
References
^ a b c Lightstone, Michael (May 17, 2015). "Sherwood's debut novel explores music, race in Montreal". The Chronicle Herald.
^ a b Belanger, Joe (February 17, 2015). "Black History Month a chance to revive stories of people as Canadian as Brits, French: Filmmaker". The London Free Press.
^ "Anthony Sherwood". IMDB.
^ "Telling Black Canadian stories excites award-winning documentary filmmaker Anthony Sherwood". Ron Fanfair. 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
http://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/arts/for-black-battalion-not-all-fights-were-on-the-battlefield
https://web.archive.org/web/20180228021532/http://thechronicleherald.ca/editorials/1378301-editorial-the-no.-2-construction-battalion-won-two-wars-for-canada
http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/03/0360_e.html
http://thechronicleherald.ca/artslife/68817-titanic-play-about-love-courage
https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/television/street-legal-murder-politics-sex-most-important-a-hit/article4370631/
http://www.canadiantheatre.com/dict.pl?term=Black%20Theatre%20Workshop
http://www.canadiantheatre.com/dict.pl?term=Sherwood%2C%20Anthony
https://web.archive.org/web/20190914025108/http://www.tvarchive.ca/database/16205/airwolf_ii/details/
https://web.archive.org/web/20190913234357/http://www.tvarchive.ca/database/18618/street_legal/details/
http://www.broadwayworld.com/toronto/article/OTHELLO-Set-for-Ale-House-Theatre-417-52-20150330#
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ns-celebrates-100-anniversary-all-black-unit-1.3481001
http://thechronicleherald.ca/canada/1347386-nova-scotia-celebrates-100th-anniversary-of-all-black-unit-fighting-to-fight
http://thechronicleherald.ca/artslife/80885-titanic-tale-fuses-tragedy-truth
https://theatreinlondon.ca/2009/04/dreamgirls-review-2/
http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/03/0360_e.html
External links
Anthony Sherwood at IMDb
Anthony Sherwood Productions
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Airwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwolf"},{"link_name":"Street Legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Legal_(Canadian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Gemini Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Program or Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Screen_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Drama_Program_or_Series"},{"link_name":"social justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_Medal"}],"text":"Anthony Sherwood (born 1949) is a Canadian actor, filmmaker and activist. He has been active in film, television, and theatre productions since his film debut in 1979. To television audiences, he is known for his roles as Jason Locke on Airwolf (1987) and Dillon Beck on Street Legal (1989-94). The latter role earned him a Gemini Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Program or Series.Sherwood is the founder of a namesake production company, which specializing in productions emphasizing issues of social justice and African-Canadian history and culture. From 1992 until 2001, he was the national co-chairman of the March 21 Campaign for the federal government of Canada.In 2022, he received the Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal.","title":"Anthony Sherwood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Nova Scotian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChronicleHerald-1"},{"link_name":"Portia White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portia_White"},{"link_name":"African Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Canadians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChronicleHerald-1"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Little Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Black Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Canadians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChronicleHerald-1"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"}],"text":"A Black Nova Scotian, Sherwood was born in Halifax in 1949.[1] Sherwood's grandmother, Alice Kane (née Alice White), was a musician and music teacher, his mother was an amateur singer, and his first cousin once-removed was Canadian opera singer, Portia White, Canada's first African Canadian opera singer.[1]Sherwood's family moved to Montreal, where he grew up in the neighborhood of Little Burgundy, which has a strong Black Canadian tradition.[1] Sherwood commenced an eight-year career as a R&B singer before switching focus to acting.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ain't Misbehavin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_Misbehavin%27_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Cabaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(musical)"},{"link_name":"The Music Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_Man"},{"link_name":"Airwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwolf"},{"link_name":"Street Legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Legal_(Canadian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LondonFreePress-2"},{"link_name":"Due South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_South"},{"link_name":"Outer Limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outer_Limits_(1995_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Soul Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Food_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Earth: Final Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth:_Final_Conflict"},{"link_name":"PSI Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSI_Factor"},{"link_name":"1-800 Missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_(Canadian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Danger Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_Bay"},{"link_name":"Adventure Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Inc."},{"link_name":"Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamonds_(Canadian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock_Presents"},{"link_name":"Night Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Heat"},{"link_name":"The Best Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_Years_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Counterstrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterstrike_(1990_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Deadbolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadbolt_(film)"},{"link_name":"Physical Evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Evidence"},{"link_name":"Guilty as Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilty_as_Sin"},{"link_name":"Othello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello"}],"text":"He has acted in both Canadian and American feature films and television series and received several awards for his work in the entertainment industry.Sherwood began his acting career on stage and started in musical theatre in Montreal starting in 1975. He starred in such stage musicals as Ain't Misbehavin', Cabaret, and The Music Man. He began acting in several Canadian and American feature films starting in 1979.In 1986, he joined the cast of the American television series, Airwolf, playing the role of Jason Locke during the fourth and final season. In 1989, Sherwood played the role of Dillon Beck in the CBC Television series, Street Legal.[2] He portrayed this role on Street Legal from 1989–1994 and was nominated in 1992 for a Gemini Award Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role.He has guest-starred in a variety of television shows including: Beauty & The Beast, Single Ladies, Lost Girl, The Art of More, The Listener, Aaron Stone, Being Erica, Due South, Outer Limits, Soul Food, Earth: Final Conflict, PSI Factor, 1-800 Missing, Danger Bay, Adventure Inc., Diamonds, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Night Heat, The Best Years, The New Ghostwriter Mysteries, and Counterstrike.[3]Sherwood has appeared in feature films, including; Race (2015), Star Spangled Banners (2013), Honey (2003), Hostile Takeover (1988), Deadbolt (1992), Undue Influence, Switching Channels, Eddie & the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives, Closer and Closer, Crimes of Fashion, Terror Train, Too Close to Home, Free of Eden, Ultimate Deception, Both Sides of The Law, Mail To The Chief, Threshold, Physical Evidence and Guilty as Sin (1993).In 2009, Sherwood returned to the stage performing in the role of Marty in the musical Dreamgirls at the Grand Theatre in London, Ontario. In 2015, he performed the title role in Othello for Ale House Theatre.","title":"Acting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice"},{"link_name":"Honour Before Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour_Before_Glory"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Black Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Black_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Gemini Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Award"},{"link_name":"Music - A Family Tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_-_A_Family_Tradition&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Television"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LondonFreePress-2"},{"link_name":"Mozambique – A Land of Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mozambique_%E2%80%93_A_Land_of_Hope&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"OMNI Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMNI_Television"},{"link_name":"World AIDS Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI_International_AIDS_Conference,_2006"},{"link_name":"100 Years of Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=100_Years_of_Faith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Kingston, Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary"},{"link_name":"Forbidden Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbidden_Places_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Discovery Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel"},{"link_name":"In The Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_The_Black"},{"link_name":"William Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hall_(VC)"}],"text":"In 1991, Sherwood formed his production company, Anthony Sherwood Productions, that specialized in productions emphasizing issues of social justice and African-Canadian history and culture. His film company produced the feature documentary Honour Before Glory, which he wrote, produced and directed. The film won second prize at the 2002 Hollywood Black Film Festival in Los Angeles and a 2002 Gemini Award. Sherwood created and produced the documentary film Music - A Family Tradition for the CBC, which won a Gemini Award in 1997 and was nominated for an International Emmy Award.[2] He also produced and directed a documentary film entitled Nowhere to Run, which looks at the global crisis of landmines. His film Mozambique – A Land of Hope looks at the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa and was broadcast on the Signature Series on OMNI Television and was featured at the World AIDS Conference in Toronto in August 2006. His documentary film 100 Years of Faith is about the oldest black church in the Province of Quebec. In 2009, he produced and directed the documentary film Knocking On Heaven's Door, which looked at the gang violence in Kingston, Jamaica.From 1993–2000, Sherwood was the host and narrator of the documentary television series Forbidden Places for the Discovery Channel. On this television series, he performed numerous duties including writer, director, narrator and host. From 2002–2005, he was the host of the television talk-show In The Black for OMNI Television, the first talk-show on Canadian television featuring exclusive interviews with prominent African-Canadians.In February 2010, Sherwood wrote, directed and produced an educational play on great African-Canadian hero William Hall. In 2012, Sherwood wrote and directed the stage play TITANIC: The Untold Story, which was produced to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic. The play had its world premiere at the Alderney Landing Theatre in Nova Scotia. In July 2016, Sherwood wrote, directed and co-produced the play, \"The Colour of Courage\" which commemorated the 100th anniversary of the formation of Canada's all-black military unit in WWI.In March 2015, Sherwood released his first novel, Music In The Dark, which is published by Pottersfield Press.","title":"Writing, producing and directing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"From 1992–2001, Sherwood was national co-chairman of the March 21 Campaign for the federal government of Canada. March 21 is the International Day For the Elimination of Racism. Sherwood has received international recognition and awards for his efforts in raising awareness to the importance of racial equality.On July 9, 2022, Anthony Sherwood served as Master of Ceremonies for the Government of Canada's official apology to the Black soldiers of No. 2 Construction Battalion and their descendants. The apology was delivered by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.","title":"Social activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr. Achievement Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Theatre_Workshop"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_Medal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"1998: Martin Luther King Jr. Achievement Award\n1998: Brampton Arts Acclaim Award\n2000: Urban Alliance on Race Relations Award\n2002: African-Canadian Achievement Award\n2006: North American Black Historical Museum & Cultural Centre Award\n2006: Planet Africa Award\n2008: Harry Jerome Award\n2022: Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal[4]","title":"Awards and honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Lightstone, Michael (May 17, 2015). \"Sherwood's debut novel explores music, race in Montreal\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27idi_people | Sa'idi people | ["1 Etymology","2 Stereotypes and jokes","3 Socioeconomic status","4 Religion in Upper Egypt","5 See also","6 References"] | "Saidi" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Saidi, Iran. For the municipality in Spain also known as Zaidín, see Saidí. For the electric power reliability index, see SAIDI.
"Saidy" redirects here. For the chess grandmaster, see Anthony Saidy.
Ethnic group
Upper Egyptians (Sa'idis)صعايدةⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲣⲏⲥSaa’ydaLuxor Alabaster WorkersTotal populationca. 40 million (2020 estimate)LanguagesSa'idi ArabicEgyptian Arabic (auxiliary)ReligionPredominantly Sunni Islam;Coptic Orthodox Christian, Sufi and Baháʼí Faith minorities
A Ṣa‘īdī (Egyptian Arabic: صعيدى, Coptic: ⲣⲉⲙⲣⲏⲥ Remris) is a person from Upper Egypt (Arabic: صعيد مصر, Coptic: ⲙⲁⲣⲏⲥ Maris).
Etymology
The word literally means "from Ṣa‘īd" (i.e. Upper Egypt), and can also refer to a form of music originating there, or to the dialect spoken by Sa‘idis. The Arabic word Ṣa‘īd, as a geographical term, means "highland, upland, plateau". The suffix "-i" denotes the adjective. The word Ṣa‘īdi is pronounced in the dialect itself as or and the plural is or , while pronounced in Egyptian Arabic (Northern Egyptian) as and the plural is .
In the Sahidic (Upper Egyptian) dialect of Coptic, the name for a person from Upper Egypt is ⲣⲉⲙⲣⲏⲥ (pronounced rem/rīs) meaning "person of the South" or ⲣⲉⲙ(ⲡ)ⲙⲁⲣⲏⲥ (pronounced rem/pma/rīs or rem/ma/rīs) "person of (the) place of the south (i.e. Upper Egypt)".
Stereotypes and jokes
Ṣa‘īdis and their dialect are the subject of numerous Egyptian stereotypes and ethnic jokes, mainly from the upper-class Egyptians who own businesses in Egypt's major cities and used to hire Upper Egyptian workers in construction fields. They are popularly assumed to be rural simpletons by other Egyptians. An example of such stereotyping is the popular 1998 film Ṣa‘īdi fil-Gama‘a al-Amrikiya ("A Ṣa‘īdi in the American University") starring Mohamed Henedi, whose main character is portrayed as less fashionable than the other Egyptian students of the American University in Cairo.
Socioeconomic status
Approximately 40% of Egyptians live in Upper Egypt, and 80% of Egypt's severe poverty is concentrated in Upper Egypt. The settling of family disputes and blood feuds by firearms (often antiquated, such as Mauser rifle) since at least the 1940s is a long cultural trend in the community, especially in the Hamradoum and Nag Hammadi areas. Weapons smuggling from Libya and Sudan is also notable in the area.
Rural Egyptian children outside alabaster shop
Sa'idi man in traditional attire
Religion in Upper Egypt
The Upper Egyptians follow Islam and Christianity as Upper Egypt has a significant Christian population and a rich Coptic Christian history. For instance, Sahidic was the leading Coptic dialect in the pre-Islamic period. In the last few decades the high proportion of Coptic Christians in Upper Egypt has enabled some Christians to hold prominent political posts there. For instance, Qena Governorate had a Coptic Christian governor in 2011. Sahidic dialect of Coptic is used as a liturgical language by the clergy and among Sa'idi Coptic Christians.
See also
Beja people
Fellah
Nubians
Upper Egypt
Saʽidi Arabic (the dialect spoken by Sa'idis)
Sahidic Coptic
Tahtib
References
^ "::الأهرام العربي - الصفحة الأولى ::". Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
^ Abu-Lughod, Lila (2006). Local Contexts of Islamism in Popular Media. Amsterdam University Press. p. 24 pages. ISBN 90-5356-824-7.
^ Zuhur, Sherifa (2001). Colors of Enchantment. American University in Cairo Press. p. 456 pages. ISBN 977-424-607-1.
^ Wehr, Hans, 1979. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. Ithaca: Spoken Language Services Inc.
^ WE Crum, A Coptic Dictionary, 1939, p. 300
^ Sa'eedi fil gamaa el amrekeia at IMDb
^ "Young People in Upper Egypt: New Voices, New Perspectives".
^ "Tea and Guns with the Sa'idi of Egypt". Roads & Kingdoms. 2014-05-09. Retrieved 2022-07-08. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saidi, Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saidi,_Iran"},{"link_name":"Saidí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"SAIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAIDI"},{"link_name":"Anthony Saidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Saidy"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language"},{"link_name":"Upper Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Saidi\" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Saidi, Iran. For the municipality in Spain also known as Zaidín, see Saidí. For the electric power reliability index, see SAIDI.\"Saidy\" redirects here. For the chess grandmaster, see Anthony Saidy.Ethnic groupA Ṣa‘īdī (Egyptian Arabic: صعيدى, Coptic: ⲣⲉⲙⲣⲏⲥ Remris) is a person from Upper Egypt (Arabic: صعيد مصر, Coptic: ⲙⲁⲣⲏⲥ Maris).[2]","title":"Sa'idi people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"form of music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Egypt#Saidi_(Upper_Egyptian)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"the dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27idi_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"suffix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[sˤeˈʕiːdi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[sˤɑˈʕɑjdɑ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The word literally means \"from Ṣa‘īd\" (i.e. Upper Egypt), and can also refer to a form of music originating there,[3] or to the dialect spoken by Sa‘idis. The Arabic word Ṣa‘īd, as a geographical term, means \"highland, upland, plateau\".[4] The suffix \"-i\" denotes the adjective. The word Ṣa‘īdi is pronounced in the dialect itself as [sˤɑˈʕiːdi] or [sˤɑˈʕiːdej] and the plural is [sˤɑˈʕɑːjda] or [sˤɑˈʕɑːjde], while pronounced in Egyptian Arabic (Northern Egyptian) as [sˤeˈʕiːdi] and the plural is [sˤɑˈʕɑjdɑ].In the Sahidic (Upper Egyptian) dialect of Coptic, the name for a person from Upper Egypt is ⲣⲉⲙⲣⲏⲥ (pronounced rem/rīs) meaning \"person of the South\" or ⲣⲉⲙ(ⲡ)ⲙⲁⲣⲏⲥ (pronounced rem/pma/rīs or rem/ma/rīs) \"person of (the) place of the south (i.e. Upper Egypt)\".[5]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ethnic jokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_jokes"},{"link_name":"upper-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper-class"},{"link_name":"businesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business"},{"link_name":"construction fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction"},{"link_name":"Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians"},{"link_name":"stereotyping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Henedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Henedi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"American University in Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo"}],"text":"Ṣa‘īdis and their dialect are the subject of numerous Egyptian stereotypes and ethnic jokes, mainly from the upper-class Egyptians who own businesses in Egypt's major cities and used to hire Upper Egyptian workers in construction fields. They are popularly assumed to be rural simpletons by other Egyptians. An example of such stereotyping is the popular 1998 film Ṣa‘īdi fil-Gama‘a al-Amrikiya (\"A Ṣa‘īdi in the American University\") starring Mohamed Henedi,[6] whose main character is portrayed as less fashionable than the other Egyptian students of the American University in Cairo.","title":"Stereotypes and jokes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldbank-7"},{"link_name":"Mauser rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser_rifle"},{"link_name":"Hamradoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamrah_Dom"},{"link_name":"Nag Hammadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nag_Hammadi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Manssor_factory_of_alabaster_(Medinet_Habou)_(5081674903).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luxor,_Egypt,_Arab_man_in_traditional_attire.jpg"}],"text":"Approximately 40% of Egyptians live in Upper Egypt, and 80% of Egypt's severe poverty is concentrated in Upper Egypt.[7] The settling of family disputes and blood feuds by firearms (often antiquated, such as Mauser rifle) since at least the 1940s is a long cultural trend in the community, especially in the Hamradoum and Nag Hammadi areas. Weapons smuggling from Libya and Sudan is also notable in the area.[8]Rural Egyptian children outside alabaster shopSa'idi man in traditional attire","title":"Socioeconomic status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"Coptic Christian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_history"},{"link_name":"Sahidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language#Sahidic"},{"link_name":"Qena Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qena_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Sahidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language#Sahidic"},{"link_name":"liturgical language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_language"},{"link_name":"Coptic Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts"}],"text":"The Upper Egyptians follow Islam and Christianity as Upper Egypt has a significant Christian population and a rich Coptic Christian history. For instance, Sahidic was the leading Coptic dialect in the pre-Islamic period. In the last few decades the high proportion of Coptic Christians in Upper Egypt has enabled some Christians to hold prominent political posts there. For instance, Qena Governorate had a Coptic Christian governor in 2011. Sahidic dialect of Coptic is used as a liturgical language by the clergy and among Sa'idi Coptic Christians.","title":"Religion in Upper Egypt"}] | [{"image_text":"Rural Egyptian children outside alabaster shop","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/King_Manssor_factory_of_alabaster_%28Medinet_Habou%29_%285081674903%29.jpg/220px-King_Manssor_factory_of_alabaster_%28Medinet_Habou%29_%285081674903%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sa'idi man in traditional attire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Luxor%2C_Egypt%2C_Arab_man_in_traditional_attire.jpg/220px-Luxor%2C_Egypt%2C_Arab_man_in_traditional_attire.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Beja people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja_people"},{"title":"Fellah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellah"},{"title":"Nubians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubians"},{"title":"Upper Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt"},{"title":"Saʽidi Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic"},{"title":"Sahidic Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language#Sahidic"},{"title":"Tahtib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahtib"}] | [{"reference":"\"::الأهرام العربي - الصفحة الأولى ::\". Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2010-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100123083655/http://arabi.ahram.org.eg/arabi/Ahram/2009/5/9/fron0.htm","url_text":"\"::الأهرام العربي - الصفحة الأولى ::\""},{"url":"http://arabi.ahram.org.eg/arabi/Ahram/2009/5/9/Fron0.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Abu-Lughod, Lila (2006). Local Contexts of Islamism in Popular Media. Amsterdam University Press. p. 24 pages. ISBN 90-5356-824-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lila_Abu-Lughod","url_text":"Abu-Lughod, Lila"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam","url_text":"Amsterdam University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5356-824-7","url_text":"90-5356-824-7"}]},{"reference":"Zuhur, Sherifa (2001). Colors of Enchantment. American University in Cairo Press. p. 456 pages. ISBN 977-424-607-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/colorsenchantmen00zuhu","url_text":"Colors of Enchantment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo","url_text":"American University in Cairo Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/colorsenchantmen00zuhu/page/n470","url_text":"456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/977-424-607-1","url_text":"977-424-607-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Young People in Upper Egypt: New Voices, New Perspectives\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2012/09/06/young-people-in-upper-egypt","url_text":"\"Young People in Upper Egypt: New Voices, New Perspectives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tea and Guns with the Sa'idi of Egypt\". Roads & Kingdoms. 2014-05-09. Retrieved 2022-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2014/tea-and-guns-with-the-saidi-of-egypt/","url_text":"\"Tea and Guns with the Sa'idi of Egypt\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100123083655/http://arabi.ahram.org.eg/arabi/Ahram/2009/5/9/fron0.htm","external_links_name":"\"::الأهرام العربي - الصفحة الأولى ::\""},{"Link":"http://arabi.ahram.org.eg/arabi/Ahram/2009/5/9/Fron0.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/colorsenchantmen00zuhu","external_links_name":"Colors of Enchantment"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/colorsenchantmen00zuhu/page/n470","external_links_name":"456"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0389340/","external_links_name":"Sa'eedi fil gamaa el amrekeia"},{"Link":"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2012/09/06/young-people-in-upper-egypt","external_links_name":"\"Young People in Upper Egypt: New Voices, New Perspectives\""},{"Link":"https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2014/tea-and-guns-with-the-saidi-of-egypt/","external_links_name":"\"Tea and Guns with the Sa'idi of Egypt\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_concept_cars | Mini concept cars | ["1 Pre BMW era","1.1 9X (1967 to 1979)","1.2 Project Ant - the Barrel Mini (1968)","1.3 Mini Clubman (1967-68)","1.4 Pininfarina Mini","1.5 ADO74","1.6 ADO88","2 1994 to present","2.1 Mini Spiritual and Spiritual Too (1997)","2.2 Mini ACV30 (1997)","2.3 2000 Paris Motor Show","2.4 Mini Hydrogen concept (2001)","2.5 Mini Traveller (2005)","2.6 Mini Crossover (2008)","2.7 Mini Coupé (2009)","2.8 Mini Beachcomber (2009)","2.9 Mini Paceman (2011)","2.10 Mini Rocketman (2011)","2.11 Mini Clubvan (2012)","2.12 Mini Vision (2013)","2.13 Mini Clubman (2014)","2.14 Vision GT","2.15 Mini Superleggera Vision (2014)","2.16 Electric Concept","2.17 John Cooper Works GP Concept","2.18 Vision Urbanaut Concept","3 References","4 External links"] | For details of production Minis, see Mini (marque).
Concept cars produced with the British car marque Mini
For other uses of "Mini", see Mini (disambiguation).
There have been a number of Mini concept cars, produced to show future ideas and forthcoming models at international motorshows.
Pre BMW era
9X (1967 to 1979)
Mini 9X at the Heritage Motor Centre
From 1967 to 1979, Alec Issigonis worked on designing a replacement for the Mini in the form of an experimental model called the 9X. The 9X was itself developed from the remains of a previous project in 1966 when Innocenti requested a smaller Mini for the Italian market, known as Mini-Mini and later on the Innocenti 750 - with a new in-sump gearbox and powered by an ultra-compact engine stretchable between 750-1000cc. However market research at BMC doubted there would be a market for such a car outside of Italy where it would be unable to compete with the Fiat 500 on price, its engine and gearbox though would be carried over to the 9X. Due to politicking inside British Leyland (which had now been formed by the merger of BMC's parent company British Motor Holdings and the Leyland Motor Corporation), the car never reached production.
The 9X addressed many of the engineering flaws in Issigonis' original design- namely its complexity, its harsh ride and its poor mechanical refinement caused by the gearbox-in-sump layout. The first fully engineered prototype had a shorter wheelbase than the Mini but was four inches shorter overall. It was also slightly wider and offered significantly more interior space plus a hatchback body. The separate subframes of the Mini were removed and the body frame construction greatly simplified- the 9X required less than half the number of individual parts to build than a Mini.
The power unit was an all-new four-cylinder design with a belt-driven overhead camshaft. The crankcase and cylinder head were made from aluminium alloy while the block was of cast iron, with all three sections being held together by long through-bolts. This was identical construction to the original Austin Seven's engine and similar ideas would be revisited in the 1980s for the Rover K-Series engine. Capacity in the prototype was 1000cc with versions as low as 750cc possible, as well as six-cylinder versions which would still be compact enough to install transversely. Power output was 60 horsepower per litre (as opposed to around 40 hp/litre for the existing A-Series engine) and the new engine was also significantly lighter. To reduce maintenance and the number of parts the engine's alternator was incorporated into the flywheel (a common practice on motorcycles).
The gearbox was mounted behind and below the engine in a separate casing, rather than sharing the engine's sump oil. This reduced noise levels caused by the Mini's transmission transfer gears and allowed better control of drivetrain shunt and vibration.
The Hydrolastic suspension system developed by Alex Moulton was rejected in favour of a more conventional system with MacPherson struts at the front and a torsion beam axle at the back. This reduced production costs, potentially reduced warranty claim rates and allowed a more comfortable ride.
The 9X was, in essence, identical in concept to later European superminis such as the Fiat 127, the Peugeot 104, the Renault 5 and the Volkswagen Polo, but was conceived several years before the first of these cars was launched. Issigonis also drew up plans for a larger five-door 9X known as 10X on a 90-inch (2286mm) or 96-inch (2438mm) wheelbase against the three-door 80-inch (2036mm) wheelbase of the second built 9X prototype. This enlarged 10X version shared many structural, suspension and drivetrain parts with the 'Mini-sized' 9X and was Issigonis' proposal to succeed his own ADO16 design. Issigonis would also draw up comparisons based around an extended 9X measuring at 10ft 6-inches.
Project Ant - the Barrel Mini (1968)
Project Ant ran parallel to Issigonis' 9X and was a plan to keep the same space efficiency but be cheaper to manufacture, less complex and cut down on labour hours on either an eighty or eighty-four inch wheelbase. The project was cancelled in 1968; however, it would still be part of a later design competition conducted between it and what became ADO74 (then known as Project Ladybird) between 1972 and 1974. Where though Project Ant gave a good account of itself, especially when fitted with Allegro rear suspension, it was eventually decided - though not unanimously - that what was needed was a supermini rather than a new Mini.
Mini Clubman (1967-68)
In 1967 Roy Haynes joined BMC from Ford Motor Company and was tasked by then Managing Director, Joe Edwards to update the existing Mini. Several designs were looked at including a booted version based upon the Riley / Wolseley Elf/Hornet and a hatchback with a rear end resembling a Morris Marina, which was also designed by Haynes. All of these were rejected except for the new front which was added to the existing Mini and named the Clubman.
Pininfarina Mini
In 1967 and 1968, Pininfarina designed two concept cars that were based on the BMC 1800 and 1100 models. These aerodynamic models by Paolo Martin were rejected by BMC, however there is evidence that BMC did a study to look at a mini version of this car without Pininfarina's assistance.
ADO74
In 1972 British Leyland began considering a replacement for the then 13-year-old Mini known initially as Project Ladybird. With the cancellation of the 9X under BMC the small car market had been left to the growing band of superminis which, as the 9X had done, took the Mini concept and improved on it.
The main improvement was from the realisation that the Mini's incredibly small size was not entirely necessary. Superminis were still much smaller than the usual small family car but were slightly larger than the Mini, which led to significantly more useful interior space without the need for the compromises in seating position, drivetrain refinement and low equipment levels that the Mini used to create its spacious but small interior. The Italian engineer Dante Giacosa had long been Issigonis' main rival when it came to mastery of small car design and his transverse (but no gearbox-in-sump) engine layout and the addition of a hatchback (both ideas that Issigonis had himself seen as a way of improving the Mini on the 9X) provided the template for the new generation of superminis.
British Leyland now had to catch up with the market. The ADO74 project considered various proposed car sizes, from a direct Mini replacement, a more conventional supermini and a compact saloon. Unsurprisingly the mid-sized option was chosen and styling proposals were drawn up by Harris Mann and Giovanni Michelotti, with Mann's design going forward. The result was over 15 inches longer than the Mini, with a wheelbase 10 inches longer. Like the 9X (and most of its would-be competitors) the ADO74 used MacPherson strut front suspension, but with independent trailing arms at the rear, akin to the contemporary Honda Civic. Power was to have come from the proposed H-Series later K-Series engines, which were all-new designs that owed little to the A-Series engine though it could have just as easily been built with the A-Series initially due to the company's financial state.
The ADO74 project progressed slowly - partly due to continuing corporate problems at BL and partly due to the need for numerous design changes requested by the firm's overseas sales division, Leyland International, which took the view that the ADO74 was too conventional and that it would be better to create another innovative car rather than compete directly with the established competition. The supermini market moved quickly in the early 'Seventies and the ADO74 underwent several redesigned to keep abreast of these changes in order that it wouldn't be outdated as soon as it was released. Eventually these changes became so significant that BL realized that it would be better to start from scratch. The ADO74 project was cancelled in 1973 and the ADO88 project took its place.
ADO88
This was a 'clean sheet' design using all the knowledge gained from the cancelled ADO74 proposal, with Charles 'Spen' King in overall charge. The new car was sized to be smaller than the established superminis but larger than a Mini to allow useful improvements in refinement, practicality and safety that the market demanded. With the Mini's superb interior space for its size still one of the ageing model's key selling points the brief for ADO88 was that the car had to offer the same usable cabin volume as the competition but in a car with smaller external dimensions.
Budget restrictions meant that there would be no new power units for the ADO88, which would instead use the familiar A-Series units from the Mini, along with the old car's gearbox-in-sump transmission. Tests showed that despite its age the engine could still deliver highly competitive fuel economy so it was modernised and updated to create the A-Plus generation. The conventional suspension of the 9X and the ADO74, and the Mini's solid rubber cone springs, were replaced by the Hydragas system recently debuted on the Austin Allegro which offered a useful improvement in ride quality as well as being much more compact than a standard steel spring and damper setup, which was crucial to provide the car with the required interior space.
That requirement also led to the ADO88, despite the efforts of Harris Mann. having an inevitably boxy appearance, with an almost vertical rear hatch (similar in appearance to the later Fiat Cinquecento). This style was received very poorly in customer clinics and the project was renamed LC8 with the aim of providing a more upmarket style and appearance to make the car more competitive. Having originally been intended as a complete Mini replacement, LC8 would now become a separate car in its own right to replace the higher-end Clubman and 1275GT Mini models while the more basic Minis would continue (with some of the improvements from the ADO88 project such as the A-Plus engine and front disc brakes) as a budget model. The LC8 became the Austin Metro, which was initially launched in 1980 as the Austin Mini-Metro to signify its status as a supplement to the Mini range rather than a replacement.
1994 to present
Mini Spiritual and Spiritual Too (1997)
At the 1997 Geneva Motor Show, BMW and Rover with help from italian coachbuilder Stola revealed two Mini concepts called the Spiritual and Spiritual Too. Compared to the ACV30, it showed a potential non-retro design for the forthcoming new Mini, which was designed by Oliver Le Grice. The cars were compact and clever, with the Spiritual featuring a rear-engined 60 hp 800 cc 3-cylinder version of the K-Series engine while Spiritual Too was to use a 1.1-litre 4-cylinder K-Series as well as the latest version of Alex Moulton's Hydragas suspension system to maximise interior space; this was claimed to be more of the heart of the mini instead of retro.
Mini ACV30 (1997)
Mini ACV30 concept car
Rover first showed its ideas for a modern Mini in the form of the ACV30 concept car in 1997 created to celebrate the 30th anniversary of Mini's win at the 1967 Monte Carlo Rally with ACV standing for Anniversary Concept Vehicle.
Based on the mid-engined, rear wheel drive MG F, the ACV30 featured several elements that influenced the eventual new Mini of 2001 such as the black a-pillars, chunky wheel arch detailing and white roof. The concept was attributed to the BMW designer Adrian van Hooydonk and Frank Stephenson, but the research work began at the end of 1995, with a collaboration with the Transportation design course of the IED in TurinIED it. In particular, the project of the Sicilian designer Salvatore Catalano was acquired in July 1996 by Rover and chosen for the development of the concept and some ideas found application in the development of the Mini which subsequently went into production.
2000 Paris Motor Show
Before the first sales of the new generation Mini in 2001, prototype versions were shown at the 2000 Paris Motor Show. These were essentially identical to the version that was finally sold except that the colours used ('Candy Blue' and 'Flamenco Orange') have never been used in production.
Mini Hydrogen concept (2001)
Mini showcased a hydrogen-powered concept car in 2001 at the Frankfurt Auto Show. The car differs from electric-motor hydrogen concepts, such as the Honda FCX in that it uses a cylinder-based internal combustion engine based on the existing 1.6-litre petrol Mini.
Mini Traveller (2005)
Mini Traveller concept car at the 2006 Detroit Auto Show
At the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show Mini revealed a retro version of the classic "Mini Traveller" estate car. The Traveller concept had a stretched wheelbase, two side-hinged rear doors, and separate rear seats replacing the split bench seat of the standard Mini. At the Tokyo Auto Show, the same basic concept reappeared with some fanciful additions – a circular roof section that could be removed to form a picnic table with four folding chairs. The rear side windows were replaced with fold-down storage containers containing cutlery, cups and plates. A further version was presented at the Detroit without the table and chairs but with a radically restyled interior. Ultimately, a production version of the Traveller concept vehicle appeared during the 2008 model year as the Mini Clubman.
Mini Crossover (2008)
The Mini Crossover Concept was unveiled in 2008 at the Paris Motor Show. It was over 4 metres (13 ft) long, with four-wheel drive, wide tyres, and a single piece rear door with a retractable rear window. Inside, it had a large glass ball in the centre of the instrument panel, called the 'Mini Centre Globe'; this system incorporated laser projection technology for 3D navigational routes and films. A production vehicle based on the Crossover Concept was launched in 2010 as the Mini Countryman.
Mini Coupé (2009)
The Mini Coupé concept vehicle was unveiled in 2009 at the Frankfurt Motor Show. It had a 2-seat coupé body, and incorporated the engine from the Mini John Cooper Works, and the chrome radiator grille from the Cooper S (but with the inner sections of the grille finished in the body colour). It had a luggage capacity of 250 litres.
BMW subsequently announced that the Mini Coupé would go into production, with assembly to take place in Oxford.
Mini Beachcomber (2009)
Main article: Mini Beachcomber
Mini Beachcomber at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show.
On 16 December 2009, Mini revealed the Beachcomber Concept, which drew heavily on the Moke styling while still being packed with modern equipment. The Beachcomber Concept was based on the forthcoming Countryman all-wheel drive platform, and made its public debut at the Detroit Auto Show in January 2010.
Mini Paceman (2011)
2012 Mini Paceman concept
The three-door Paceman concept was announced in January 2011 at the Detroit Auto Show, Mini's 10th anniversary in the US market. Designed by Gert Hildebrand, it was based on the recently launched Countryman, with a similar interior, and range of options and drivetrains, including the ALL4 permanent all-wheel drive system. From the screen rearwards, the Paceman features an entirely new exterior borrowing design features of the 2009 Mini Coupe Concept and is 4110mm long.
The concept car was shown with the most powerful engine in the Mini range: the John Cooper Works 1.6-litre twin-scroll turbocharged engine, with 211 hp and maximum torque of 260 Nm, with an overboost maximum of 280 Nm. Production was mooted to commence in 2012, and Mini's marketing materials referred to it as the first "Sports Activity Coupe".
Mini Rocketman (2011)
Mini Rocketman at Geneva 2011 Geneva Motor Show.
The Mini Rocketman concept was first shown to the public at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show. It is a smaller three-door hatchback, about a foot shorter than the Mini Hatch. The Rocketman features a panoramic glass roof etched with the Union Flag. It is not much bigger than the original Mini, has an unusual cantilevered door design and a carbon spaceframe construction. The Rocketman was promoted as being economical with a fuel consumption of 94 miles per imperial gallon (3.0 L/100 km; 78 mpg‑US), on average.
Yahoo! described the Rocketman as 'the weirdest concept Mini yet'. It was expected that the concept car would reach production, but in early 2012 it was confirmed that the car would remain a concept only.
Mini Clubvan (2012)
The Mini Clubvan was shown for the first time at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show. Based on the existing Mini Clubman, it is the first time Mini made a light commercial van in 30 years since the demise of the original Mini Van in 1982.
Mini Vision (2013)
The Mini Vision was first shown in Germany in July 2013, and anticipated the design evolution of the forthcoming 2014 Mini.
Mini Clubman (2014)
Mini Clubman concept at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show
The Mini Clubman concept is the longest and widest car designed by Mini, bigger than the production Countryman. It was unveiled at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show, and is considered to anticipate the design of the future Clubman model.
Vision GT
In June 2014, it was announced that Mini would be creating a new concept car for the video game Gran Turismo 6.
Mini Superleggera Vision (2014)
In 2014 Mini debuted the Mini Superleggera Vision Concept in collaboration with Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera at the Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este.
Mini Superleggera Vision Concept
Electric Concept
Electric Concept during presentation in Frankfurt
The Electric Concept was presented during IAA 2017 in Frankfurt. It's a preview of a fully electric production model.
John Cooper Works GP Concept
John Cooper Works GP Concept
The John Cooper Works GP Concept was presented during IAA 2017 in Frankfurt.
Vision Urbanaut Concept
The MINI brand has used #NEXTGen to present, in a world exclusive, the MINI Vision Urbanaut - an all-new interpretation of a vision of space. This digital vision vehicle offers more interior space and versatility than ever before, but still on a minimal footprint.
References
^ Wood, Jonathan (2005). Alec Issigonis: The Man Who Made the Mini. Breedon Books Publishing. ISBN 1-85983-449-3.
^ Nahum, Andrew (2004). Issigonis and the Mini. Icon Books. ISBN 1-84046-640-5.
^ Bardsley, Gillian (2005). Issigonis: the official biography. Thriplow: Icon. pp. 365–372. ISBN 1840466871.
^ Colombo, Sandro (2014). Le auto della Innocenti: storia e tecnica. Torino: Libreria Automotoclub storico italiano. pp. 115–118. ISBN 9788898344185.
^ Adams, Keith (1 June 2021). "BMC 10X – the final flowering of Sir Alec Issigonis's genius?". AROnline.
^ Pressnell, Jon (2009). Mini : the definitive history. Sparkford: Haynes Pub. pp. 156–160. ISBN 1844254755.
^ ""Concepts and prototypes : Mini replacement proposals (1968-74)" - aronline". 5 November 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
^ Adams, Keith (17 September 2020). "Leyland ADO74 - the £130 million supermini that never saw the light of day". AROnline.
^ Daniels, Jeff (1980). British Leyland, the truth about the cars. London: Osprey. p. 107. ISBN 0850453925.
^ "The cars : Mini Clubman development story - AROnline.co.uk". 23 August 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
^ "Mystery Pininfarina Mini". aronline.co.uk. 10 February 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^ Adams, Keith (11 November 2019). "H and K-Series prototypes: BL's first attempt at replacing the A-Series". AROnline.
^ Robson, Graham (2011). The A-series engine : its first sixty years. Somerset, UK: Haynes Pub. pp. 155–160. ISBN 9780857330833.
^ Pressnell, Jon (2009). Mini : the definitive history. Sparkford: Haynes Pub. pp. 161–162. ISBN 1844254755.
^ Adams, Keith (23 July 2011). "The cars : MINI development history". AR Online. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
^ Autocar Magazine - 5 March 1997
^ "The best cars they never made". Auto Express. October 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
^ "Mini Coupe Concept Photos and Details - Mini's new coupe for Mini 50th celebration". Motor Trend. 13 December 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
^ Hacker, Simon (8 November 2011). "Bizarre concept cars of the 1990s". MSN. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
^ "Auto Express May 2009". Auto Express. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
^ "Car Design News 3 February 2009". Cardesignnews.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
^ "Paris Motor Show 2000 - Highlights". Car Design News. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
^ "HYDROGEN MINI Are hydrogen powered cars about to make an impact?". Piston Heads. 6 September 2001. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
^ Lavrinc, Damon (9 September 2008). "Paris Preview: 2010 Mini Crossover Concept". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
^ "Official Debut: Mini Coupe Concept". Bmwblog.com. 26 August 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
^ Abuelsamid, Sam (9 March 2009). "BMW confirms Mini coupe and another car headed for production in Oxford". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
^ "Mini Beachcomber Concept". AUSmotive.com. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
^ "Autocar 10 January 2011". Autocar. 10 January 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
^ "Top Gear 10 January 2011". Topgear.com. 10 January 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
^ "Motor Trend 27 December 2010". Motortrend.com. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
^ "Mini UK press release December 2010". Mini.co.uk. 13 December 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
^ "Yahoo! - Mini Rocketman touches down". Uk.cars.yahoo.com. 13 March 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
^ Kacher, Georg (23 January 2012). "Mini cancels the mini Mini, aka the Rocketman". Car Magazine. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
^ "Geneva motor show: Mini Clubvan". Autocar. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
^ Smy, Damion (26 July 2013). "New Mini previewed by Mini Vision Concept". Car Magazine. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
^ Callow, Ed (24 February 2014). "Geneva motor show 2014 - Mini Clubman Concept revealed". What Car?. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
^ "Vision Gran Turismo". gran-turismo.com.
^ "MINI Joins Vision Gran Turismo Project for GT6". 20 June 2014.
^ "MINI Superleggera™ Vision – timeless beauty that blends the traditional with the modern". www.press.bmwgroup.com. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
^ "Mini Superleggera Vision concept unveiled". Autocar.
^ Boeriu, Horatiu (16 June 2015). "MINI Superleggera Vision has yet to be approved". BMW BLOG.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to BMW Mini concept vehicles.
Official international Mini website
vteMini vehicle timeline 1959–2000 — next »
Model
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
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Two-door saloon
Mk I
Mk II
Mk III-Mk VII
Clubman & 1275GT
Cooper
Mk I Cooper
Mk II Cooper
RSP
Cooper
Cooper S
Mk I Cooper S
Mk II Cooper S
Mk III Cooper S
ERA
Convertible
Rover Cabrio
Utility vehicle
Moke (UK)
Moke (Australia)
Moke (Portugal)
Estate
Traveller & Countryman
Pickup
Mini Pickup
Mini 95
Van
Mini Van
Mini 95
See also
Concept cars
A-series engine
List of Mini-based cars
vte« previous — Mini, a brand of the BMW Group, car timeline, 2001–present
Model
Body
2000s
2010s
2020s
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5
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Mini Hatch
Three-door hatchback
R50/R53
R56
F56
F56/J01
Five-door hatchback
F55
F56
Mini Cabrio
Convertible
R52
R57
F57
F67
Mini Coupé
Coupe
R58
Mini Roadster
Roadster
R59
Mini Countryman
Five-door crossover
R60
F60
F60/U25
Mini Paceman
Three-door crossover
R61
Mini Clubman
Estate
R55
F54
Mini Clubvan
Van
R55
See also
Concept cars (Aceman)
Tritec engine
Prince engine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mini (marque)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_(marque)"},{"link_name":"Mini (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_(marque)"},{"link_name":"concept cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_cars"}],"text":"For details of production Minis, see Mini (marque).Concept cars produced with the British car marque MiniFor other uses of \"Mini\", see Mini (disambiguation).There have been a number of Mini concept cars, produced to show future ideas and forthcoming models at international motorshows.","title":"Mini concept cars"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pre BMW era"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1969_Mini_9X_prototype_Heritage_Motor_Centre,_Gaydon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heritage Motor Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Motor_Centre"},{"link_name":"Alec Issigonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Issigonis"},{"link_name":"Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nahum,_Andrew_2004-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"British Leyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leyland"},{"link_name":"British Motor Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Motor_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Leyland Motor Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyland_Motor_Corporation"},{"link_name":"hatchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchback"},{"link_name":"overhead camshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_camshaft"},{"link_name":"Austin Seven's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_7"},{"link_name":"Rover K-Series engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_K-Series_engine"},{"link_name":"horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower"},{"link_name":"A-Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_A-Series_engine"},{"link_name":"alternator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternator"},{"link_name":"motorcycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"Hydrolastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolastic"},{"link_name":"Alex Moulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Moulton"},{"link_name":"MacPherson struts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacPherson_struts"},{"link_name":"torsion beam axle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_beam_suspension"},{"link_name":"superminis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermini"},{"link_name":"Fiat 127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_127"},{"link_name":"Peugeot 104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_104"},{"link_name":"Renault 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_5"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen Polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ADO16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_ADO16"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"9X (1967 to 1979)","text":"Mini 9X at the Heritage Motor CentreFrom 1967 to 1979, Alec Issigonis worked on designing a replacement for the Mini in the form of an experimental model called the 9X.[1][2] The 9X was itself developed from the remains of a previous project in 1966 when Innocenti requested a smaller Mini for the Italian market, known as Mini-Mini and later on the Innocenti 750 - with a new in-sump gearbox and powered by an ultra-compact engine stretchable between 750-1000cc. However market research at BMC doubted there would be a market for such a car outside of Italy where it would be unable to compete with the Fiat 500 on price, its engine and gearbox though would be carried over to the 9X.[3][4] Due to politicking inside British Leyland (which had now been formed by the merger of BMC's parent company British Motor Holdings and the Leyland Motor Corporation), the car never reached production.The 9X addressed many of the engineering flaws in Issigonis' original design- namely its complexity, its harsh ride and its poor mechanical refinement caused by the gearbox-in-sump layout. The first fully engineered prototype had a shorter wheelbase than the Mini but was four inches shorter overall. It was also slightly wider and offered significantly more interior space plus a hatchback body. The separate subframes of the Mini were removed and the body frame construction greatly simplified- the 9X required less than half the number of individual parts to build than a Mini.The power unit was an all-new four-cylinder design with a belt-driven overhead camshaft. The crankcase and cylinder head were made from aluminium alloy while the block was of cast iron, with all three sections being held together by long through-bolts. This was identical construction to the original Austin Seven's engine and similar ideas would be revisited in the 1980s for the Rover K-Series engine. Capacity in the prototype was 1000cc with versions as low as 750cc possible, as well as six-cylinder versions which would still be compact enough to install transversely. Power output was 60 horsepower per litre (as opposed to around 40 hp/litre for the existing A-Series engine) and the new engine was also significantly lighter. To reduce maintenance and the number of parts the engine's alternator was incorporated into the flywheel (a common practice on motorcycles).The gearbox was mounted behind and below the engine in a separate casing, rather than sharing the engine's sump oil. This reduced noise levels caused by the Mini's transmission transfer gears and allowed better control of drivetrain shunt and vibration.The Hydrolastic suspension system developed by Alex Moulton was rejected in favour of a more conventional system with MacPherson struts at the front and a torsion beam axle at the back. This reduced production costs, potentially reduced warranty claim rates and allowed a more comfortable ride.The 9X was, in essence, identical in concept to later European superminis such as the Fiat 127, the Peugeot 104, the Renault 5 and the Volkswagen Polo, but was conceived several years before the first of these cars was launched. Issigonis also drew up plans for a larger five-door 9X known as 10X[5] on a 90-inch (2286mm) or 96-inch (2438mm) wheelbase against the three-door 80-inch (2036mm) wheelbase of the second built 9X prototype. This enlarged 10X version shared many structural, suspension and drivetrain parts with the 'Mini-sized' 9X and was Issigonis' proposal to succeed his own ADO16 design. Issigonis would also draw up comparisons based around an extended 9X measuring at 10ft 6-inches.[6]","title":"Pre BMW era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Project Ant - the Barrel Mini (1968)","text":"Project Ant ran parallel to Issigonis' 9X and was a plan to keep the same space efficiency but be cheaper to manufacture, less complex and cut down on labour hours on either an eighty or eighty-four inch wheelbase.[7] The project was cancelled in 1968; however, it would still be part of a later design competition conducted between it and what became ADO74 (then known as Project Ladybird) between 1972 and 1974.[8] Where though Project Ant gave a good account of itself, especially when fitted with Allegro rear suspension, it was eventually decided - though not unanimously - that what was needed was a supermini rather than a new Mini.[9]","title":"Pre BMW era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roy Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Haynes_(designer)"},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Morris Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Marina"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Mini Clubman (1967-68)","text":"In 1967 Roy Haynes joined BMC from Ford Motor Company and was tasked by then Managing Director, Joe Edwards to update the existing Mini. Several designs were looked at including a booted version based upon the Riley / Wolseley Elf/Hornet and a hatchback with a rear end resembling a Morris Marina, which was also designed by Haynes. All of these were rejected except for the new front which was added to the existing Mini and named the Clubman.[10]","title":"Pre BMW era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pininfarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pininfarina"},{"link_name":"BMC 1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_ADO17"},{"link_name":"1100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_ADO16"},{"link_name":"Paolo Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Martin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Pininfarina Mini","text":"In 1967 and 1968, Pininfarina designed two concept cars that were based on the BMC 1800 and 1100 models. These aerodynamic models by Paolo Martin were rejected by BMC, however there is evidence that BMC did a study to look at a mini version of this car without Pininfarina's assistance.[11]","title":"Pre BMW era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Leyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leyland"},{"link_name":"superminis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermini"},{"link_name":"small family car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_car"},{"link_name":"Dante Giacosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Giacosa"},{"link_name":"hatchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchback"},{"link_name":"Harris Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Mann"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Michelotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Michelotti"},{"link_name":"MacPherson strut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacPherson_strut"},{"link_name":"Honda Civic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Civic_(first_generation)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"A-Series engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_A-Series_engine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"ADO74","text":"In 1972 British Leyland began considering a replacement for the then 13-year-old Mini known initially as Project Ladybird. With the cancellation of the 9X under BMC the small car market had been left to the growing band of superminis which, as the 9X had done, took the Mini concept and improved on it.The main improvement was from the realisation that the Mini's incredibly small size was not entirely necessary. Superminis were still much smaller than the usual small family car but were slightly larger than the Mini, which led to significantly more useful interior space without the need for the compromises in seating position, drivetrain refinement and low equipment levels that the Mini used to create its spacious but small interior. The Italian engineer Dante Giacosa had long been Issigonis' main rival when it came to mastery of small car design and his transverse (but no gearbox-in-sump) engine layout and the addition of a hatchback (both ideas that Issigonis had himself seen as a way of improving the Mini on the 9X) provided the template for the new generation of superminis.British Leyland now had to catch up with the market. The ADO74 project considered various proposed car sizes, from a direct Mini replacement, a more conventional supermini and a compact saloon. Unsurprisingly the mid-sized option was chosen and styling proposals were drawn up by Harris Mann and Giovanni Michelotti, with Mann's design going forward. The result was over 15 inches longer than the Mini, with a wheelbase 10 inches longer. Like the 9X (and most of its would-be competitors) the ADO74 used MacPherson strut front suspension, but with independent trailing arms at the rear, akin to the contemporary Honda Civic. Power was to have come from the proposed H-Series later K-Series engines,[12] which were all-new designs [13] that owed little to the A-Series engine though it could have just as easily been built with the A-Series initially due to the company's financial state.[14]The ADO74 project progressed slowly - partly due to continuing corporate problems at BL and partly due to the need for numerous design changes requested by the firm's overseas sales division, Leyland International, which took the view that the ADO74 was too conventional and that it would be better to create another innovative car rather than compete directly with the established competition. The supermini market moved quickly in the early 'Seventies and the ADO74 underwent several redesigned to keep abreast of these changes in order that it wouldn't be outdated as soon as it was released. Eventually these changes became so significant that BL realized that it would be better to start from scratch. The ADO74 project was cancelled in 1973 and the ADO88 project took its place.","title":"Pre BMW era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles 'Spen' King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Spencer_King"},{"link_name":"A-Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_A-Series_engine#A-Plus_versions"},{"link_name":"Hydragas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolastic#Hydragas"},{"link_name":"Austin Allegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Allegro"},{"link_name":"damper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber"},{"link_name":"Harris Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Mann"},{"link_name":"Fiat Cinquecento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Cinquecento"},{"link_name":"Clubman and 1275GT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini#Mini_Clubman_and_1275GT:_1969.E2.80.931980"},{"link_name":"Austin Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Metro"}],"sub_title":"ADO88","text":"This was a 'clean sheet' design using all the knowledge gained from the cancelled ADO74 proposal, with Charles 'Spen' King in overall charge. The new car was sized to be smaller than the established superminis but larger than a Mini to allow useful improvements in refinement, practicality and safety that the market demanded. With the Mini's superb interior space for its size still one of the ageing model's key selling points the brief for ADO88 was that the car had to offer the same usable cabin volume as the competition but in a car with smaller external dimensions.Budget restrictions meant that there would be no new power units for the ADO88, which would instead use the familiar A-Series units from the Mini, along with the old car's gearbox-in-sump transmission. Tests showed that despite its age the engine could still deliver highly competitive fuel economy so it was modernised and updated to create the A-Plus generation. The conventional suspension of the 9X and the ADO74, and the Mini's solid rubber cone springs, were replaced by the Hydragas system recently debuted on the Austin Allegro which offered a useful improvement in ride quality as well as being much more compact than a standard steel spring and damper setup, which was crucial to provide the car with the required interior space.That requirement also led to the ADO88, despite the efforts of Harris Mann. having an inevitably boxy appearance, with an almost vertical rear hatch (similar in appearance to the later Fiat Cinquecento). This style was received very poorly in customer clinics and the project was renamed LC8 with the aim of providing a more upmarket style and appearance to make the car more competitive. Having originally been intended as a complete Mini replacement, LC8 would now become a separate car in its own right to replace the higher-end Clubman and 1275GT Mini models while the more basic Minis would continue (with some of the improvements from the ADO88 project such as the A-Plus engine and front disc brakes) as a budget model. The LC8 became the Austin Metro, which was initially launched in 1980 as the Austin Mini-Metro to signify its status as a supplement to the Mini range rather than a replacement.","title":"Pre BMW era"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geneva Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"Stola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stola_(automotive_company)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Mini Spiritual and Spiritual Too (1997)","text":"At the 1997 Geneva Motor Show, BMW and Rover with help from italian coachbuilder Stola revealed two Mini concepts called the Spiritual and Spiritual Too. Compared to the ACV30, it showed a potential non-retro design for the forthcoming new Mini, which was designed by Oliver Le Grice.[15] The cars were compact and clever, with the Spiritual featuring a rear-engined 60 hp 800 cc 3-cylinder version of the K-Series engine while Spiritual Too was to use a 1.1-litre 4-cylinder K-Series[16] as well as the latest version of Alex Moulton's Hydragas suspension system to maximise interior space; this was claimed to be more of the heart of the mini instead of retro.[17]","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1997_concept_Mini_ACV30.jpg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"MG F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_F"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Adrian van Hooydonk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_van_Hooydonk"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Frank Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"IED it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ied.it/"}],"sub_title":"Mini ACV30 (1997)","text":"Mini ACV30 concept carRover first showed its ideas for a modern Mini in the form of the ACV30 concept car in 1997 created to celebrate the 30th anniversary of Mini's win at the 1967 Monte Carlo Rally[18] with ACV standing for Anniversary Concept Vehicle.[19]Based on the mid-engined, rear wheel drive MG F,[20] the ACV30 featured several elements that influenced the eventual new Mini of 2001 such as the black a-pillars, chunky wheel arch detailing and white roof. The concept was attributed to the BMW designer Adrian van Hooydonk[21] and Frank Stephenson, but the research work began at the end of 1995, with a collaboration with the Transportation design course of the IED in TurinIED it. In particular, the project of the Sicilian designer Salvatore Catalano was acquired in July 1996 by Rover and chosen for the development of the concept and some ideas found application in the development of the Mini which subsequently went into production.","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Hatch"},{"link_name":"Paris Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"2000 Paris Motor Show","text":"Before the first sales of the new generation Mini in 2001, prototype versions were shown at the 2000 Paris Motor Show.[22] These were essentially identical to the version that was finally sold except that the colours used ('Candy Blue' and 'Flamenco Orange') have never been used in production.","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Auto Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Auto_Show"},{"link_name":"electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Honda FCX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_FCX"},{"link_name":"internal combustion engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Mini Hydrogen concept (2001)","text":"Mini showcased a hydrogen-powered concept car in 2001 at the Frankfurt Auto Show. The car differs from electric-motor hydrogen concepts, such as the Honda FCX in that it uses a cylinder-based internal combustion engine based on the existing 1.6-litre petrol Mini.[23]","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MINI_Traveller.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Auto Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Auto_Show"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_International_Auto_Show"},{"link_name":"Mini Clubman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Clubman_(2008%E2%80%93)"}],"sub_title":"Mini Traveller (2005)","text":"Mini Traveller concept car at the 2006 Detroit Auto ShowAt the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show Mini revealed a retro version of the classic \"Mini Traveller\" estate car. The Traveller concept had a stretched wheelbase, two side-hinged rear doors, and separate rear seats replacing the split bench seat of the standard Mini. At the Tokyo Auto Show, the same basic concept reappeared with some fanciful additions – a circular roof section that could be removed to form a picnic table with four folding chairs. The rear side windows were replaced with fold-down storage containers containing cutlery, cups and plates. A further version was presented at the Detroit without the table and chairs but with a radically restyled interior. Ultimately, a production version of the Traveller concept vehicle appeared during the 2008 model year as the Mini Clubman.","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Mini Countryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Countryman"}],"sub_title":"Mini Crossover (2008)","text":"The Mini Crossover Concept was unveiled in 2008 at the Paris Motor Show.[24] It was over 4 metres (13 ft) long, with four-wheel drive, wide tyres, and a single piece rear door with a retractable rear window. Inside, it had a large glass ball in the centre of the instrument panel, called the 'Mini Centre Globe'; this system incorporated laser projection technology for 3D navigational routes and films. A production vehicle based on the Crossover Concept was launched in 2010 as the Mini Countryman.","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Mini Coupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Coup%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Mini Coupé (2009)","text":"The Mini Coupé concept vehicle was unveiled in 2009 at the Frankfurt Motor Show.[25] It had a 2-seat coupé body, and incorporated the engine from the Mini John Cooper Works, and the chrome radiator grille from the Cooper S (but with the inner sections of the grille finished in the body colour). It had a luggage capacity of 250 litres.BMW subsequently announced that the Mini Coupé would go into production, with assembly to take place in Oxford.[26]","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mini_Beachcomber_(122).JPG"},{"link_name":"Geneva Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"Moke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Moke"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Mini Beachcomber (2009)","text":"Mini Beachcomber at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show.On 16 December 2009, Mini revealed the Beachcomber Concept, which drew heavily on the Moke styling while still being packed with modern equipment. The Beachcomber Concept was based on the forthcoming Countryman all-wheel drive platform, and made its public debut at the Detroit Auto Show in January 2010.[27]","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Festival_automobile_international_2012_-_Mini_Paceman_-_004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Detroit Auto Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_International_Auto_Show"},{"link_name":"Gert Hildebrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Hildebrand"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Mini Paceman (2011)","text":"2012 Mini Paceman conceptThe three-door Paceman concept was announced in January 2011 at the Detroit Auto Show, Mini's 10th anniversary in the US market. Designed by Gert Hildebrand,[28] it was based on the recently launched Countryman, with a similar interior, and range of options and drivetrains, including the ALL4 permanent all-wheel drive system.[29] From the screen rearwards, the Paceman features an entirely new exterior borrowing design features of the 2009 Mini Coupe Concept[30] and is 4110mm long.The concept car was shown with the most powerful engine in the Mini range: the John Cooper Works 1.6-litre twin-scroll turbocharged engine, with 211 hp and maximum torque of 260 Nm, with an overboost maximum of 280 Nm. Production was mooted to commence in 2012, and Mini's marketing materials referred to it as the first \"Sports Activity Coupe\".[31]","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011-03-04_Autosalon_Genf_1346.JPG"},{"link_name":"Geneva Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"Union Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flag"},{"link_name":"Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini"},{"link_name":"carbon spaceframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceframe"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Mini Rocketman (2011)","text":"Mini Rocketman at Geneva 2011 Geneva Motor Show.The Mini Rocketman concept was first shown to the public at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show. It is a smaller three-door hatchback, about a foot shorter than the Mini Hatch. The Rocketman features a panoramic glass roof etched with the Union Flag. It is not much bigger than the original Mini, has an unusual cantilevered door design and a carbon spaceframe construction. The Rocketman was promoted as being economical with a fuel consumption of 94 miles per imperial gallon (3.0 L/100 km; 78 mpg‑US), on average.Yahoo! described the Rocketman as 'the weirdest concept Mini yet'.[32] It was expected that the concept car would reach production, but in early 2012 it was confirmed that the car would remain a concept only.[33]","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mini Clubman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Clubman_(2008%E2%80%93)"},{"link_name":"light commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_commercial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van"},{"link_name":"Mini Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini#Mini_Van_.281960.E2.80.931982.29"}],"sub_title":"Mini Clubvan (2012)","text":"The Mini Clubvan was shown for the first time at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show.[34] Based on the existing Mini Clubman, it is the first time Mini made a light commercial van in 30 years since the demise of the original Mini Van in 1982.","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Mini Vision (2013)","text":"The Mini Vision was first shown in Germany in July 2013, and anticipated the design evolution of the forthcoming 2014 Mini.[35]","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014-03-04_Geneva_Motor_Show_1002.JPG"},{"link_name":"Countryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Countryman"},{"link_name":"Geneva Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"Clubman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Clubman_(2007)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Mini Clubman (2014)","text":"Mini Clubman concept at the 2014 Geneva Motor ShowThe Mini Clubman concept is the longest and widest car designed by Mini, bigger than the production Countryman. It was unveiled at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show, and is considered to anticipate the design of the future Clubman model.[36]","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gran Turismo 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Turismo_6"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Vision GT","text":"In June 2014, it was announced that Mini would be creating a new concept car for the video game Gran Turismo 6.[37][38]","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Superleggera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superleggera"},{"link_name":"Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrozzeria_Touring_Superleggera"},{"link_name":"Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorso_d%27Eleganza_Villa_d%27Este"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mini_Superleggeria_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2014_-_002.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mini_Superleggeria_-_Mondial_de_l%27Automobile_de_Paris_2014_-_006.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Mini Superleggera Vision (2014)","text":"In 2014 Mini debuted the Mini Superleggera Vision Concept in collaboration with Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera at the Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este.[39] [40][41]Mini Superleggera Vision Concept","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mini_Electric_Concept,_BMW_press_conference,_IAA_2017,_Frankfurt_(1Y7A1785).jpg"},{"link_name":"IAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Motor_Show_Germany"}],"sub_title":"Electric Concept","text":"Electric Concept during presentation in FrankfurtThe Electric Concept was presented during IAA 2017 in Frankfurt. It's a preview of a fully electric production model.","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mini_John_Cooper_Works_GP_Concept,_IAA_2017,_Frankfurt_(1Y7A3224).jpg"},{"link_name":"IAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Motor_Show_Germany"}],"sub_title":"John Cooper Works GP Concept","text":"John Cooper Works GP ConceptThe John Cooper Works GP Concept was presented during IAA 2017 in Frankfurt.","title":"1994 to present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vision Urbanaut Concept","text":"The MINI brand has used #NEXTGen to present, in a world exclusive, the MINI Vision Urbanaut - an all-new interpretation of a vision of space. This digital vision vehicle offers more interior space and versatility than ever before, but still on a minimal footprint.","title":"1994 to present"}] | [{"image_text":"Mini 9X at the Heritage Motor Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1969_Mini_9X_prototype_Heritage_Motor_Centre%2C_Gaydon.jpg/220px-1969_Mini_9X_prototype_Heritage_Motor_Centre%2C_Gaydon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mini ACV30 concept car","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1997_concept_Mini_ACV30.jpg/220px-1997_concept_Mini_ACV30.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mini Traveller concept car at the 2006 Detroit Auto Show","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MINI_Traveller.jpg/220px-MINI_Traveller.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mini Beachcomber at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mini_Beachcomber_%28122%29.JPG/220px-Mini_Beachcomber_%28122%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"2012 Mini Paceman concept","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Festival_automobile_international_2012_-_Mini_Paceman_-_004.jpg/220px-Festival_automobile_international_2012_-_Mini_Paceman_-_004.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mini Rocketman at Geneva 2011 Geneva Motor Show.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2011-03-04_Autosalon_Genf_1346.JPG/220px-2011-03-04_Autosalon_Genf_1346.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mini Clubman concept at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2014-03-04_Geneva_Motor_Show_1002.JPG/220px-2014-03-04_Geneva_Motor_Show_1002.JPG"},{"image_text":"Electric Concept during presentation in Frankfurt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mini_Electric_Concept%2C_BMW_press_conference%2C_IAA_2017%2C_Frankfurt_%281Y7A1785%29.jpg/220px-Mini_Electric_Concept%2C_BMW_press_conference%2C_IAA_2017%2C_Frankfurt_%281Y7A1785%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Cooper Works GP Concept","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mini_John_Cooper_Works_GP_Concept%2C_IAA_2017%2C_Frankfurt_%281Y7A3224%29.jpg/220px-Mini_John_Cooper_Works_GP_Concept%2C_IAA_2017%2C_Frankfurt_%281Y7A3224%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Wood, Jonathan (2005). Alec Issigonis: The Man Who Made the Mini. Breedon Books Publishing. ISBN 1-85983-449-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85983-449-3","url_text":"1-85983-449-3"}]},{"reference":"Nahum, Andrew (2004). Issigonis and the Mini. Icon Books. ISBN 1-84046-640-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84046-640-5","url_text":"1-84046-640-5"}]},{"reference":"Bardsley, Gillian (2005). Issigonis: the official biography. Thriplow: Icon. pp. 365–372. ISBN 1840466871.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1840466871","url_text":"1840466871"}]},{"reference":"Colombo, Sandro (2014). Le auto della Innocenti: storia e tecnica. Torino: Libreria Automotoclub storico italiano. pp. 115–118. ISBN 9788898344185.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788898344185","url_text":"9788898344185"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Keith (1 June 2021). \"BMC 10X – the final flowering of Sir Alec Issigonis's genius?\". AROnline.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/concepts-and-prototypes/bmc-10x/","url_text":"\"BMC 10X – the final flowering of Sir Alec Issigonis's genius?\""}]},{"reference":"Pressnell, Jon (2009). Mini : the definitive history. Sparkford: Haynes Pub. pp. 156–160. ISBN 1844254755.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1844254755","url_text":"1844254755"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Concepts and prototypes : Mini replacement proposals (1968-74)\" - aronline\". 5 November 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/concepts-and-prototypes/supermini-projects-a-new-mini-1968-74/","url_text":"\"\"Concepts and prototypes : Mini replacement proposals (1968-74)\" - aronline\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Keith (17 September 2020). \"Leyland ADO74 - the £130 million supermini that never saw the light of day\". AROnline.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/concepts-and-prototypes/supermini-projects-ado74/","url_text":"\"Leyland ADO74 - the £130 million supermini that never saw the light of day\""}]},{"reference":"Daniels, Jeff (1980). British Leyland, the truth about the cars. London: Osprey. p. 107. ISBN 0850453925.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850453925","url_text":"0850453925"}]},{"reference":"\"The cars : Mini Clubman development story - AROnline.co.uk\". 23 August 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/cars/mini/clubman/mini-clubman/","url_text":"\"The cars : Mini Clubman development story - AROnline.co.uk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mystery Pininfarina Mini\". aronline.co.uk. 10 February 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/facts-and-figures/carrozzeria-designs/blog-mystery-pininfarina-mini/","url_text":"\"Mystery Pininfarina Mini\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Keith (11 November 2019). \"H and K-Series prototypes: BL's first attempt at replacing the A-Series\". AROnline.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/engines/engines-h-and-k-series-prototypes/","url_text":"\"H and K-Series prototypes: BL's first attempt at replacing the A-Series\""}]},{"reference":"Robson, Graham (2011). The A-series engine : its first sixty years. Somerset, UK: Haynes Pub. pp. 155–160. ISBN 9780857330833.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857330833","url_text":"9780857330833"}]},{"reference":"Pressnell, Jon (2009). Mini : the definitive history. Sparkford: Haynes Pub. pp. 161–162. ISBN 1844254755.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1844254755","url_text":"1844254755"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Keith (23 July 2011). \"The cars : MINI development history\". AR Online. Retrieved 16 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/2011/07/23/the-cars-mini-development-history/","url_text":"\"The cars : MINI development history\""}]},{"reference":"\"The best cars they never made\". Auto Express. October 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311230256/http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/210734/concept_cars.html","url_text":"\"The best cars they never made\""},{"url":"http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/210734/concept_cars.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mini Coupe Concept Photos and Details - Mini's new coupe for Mini 50th celebration\". Motor Trend. 13 December 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motortrend.com/future/concept_vehicles/112_0908_mini_coupe_concept/index.html#ixzz1DrI27uQ6","url_text":"\"Mini Coupe Concept Photos and Details - Mini's new coupe for Mini 50th celebration\""}]},{"reference":"Hacker, Simon (8 November 2011). \"Bizarre concept cars of the 1990s\". MSN. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131220093838/http://technology.xin.msn.com/motoring/photoviewer.aspx?cp-documentid=5545407&page=12","url_text":"\"Bizarre concept cars of the 1990s\""},{"url":"https://technology.xin.msn.com/motoring/photoviewer.aspx?cp-documentid=5545407&page=12","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Auto Express May 2009\". Auto Express. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/carreviews/grouptests/235679/mini_acv30.html","url_text":"\"Auto Express May 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Car Design News 3 February 2009\". Cardesignnews.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120302/http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/","url_text":"\"Car Design News 3 February 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Paris Motor Show 2000 - Highlights\". Car Design News. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120707203130/http://archive.cardesignnews.com/events/paris2000/highlights/index.html","url_text":"\"Paris Motor Show 2000 - Highlights\""},{"url":"http://archive.cardesignnews.com/events/paris2000/highlights/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HYDROGEN MINI Are hydrogen powered cars about to make an impact?\". Piston Heads. 6 September 2001. 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Retrieved 17 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autoblog.com/2009/09/03/bmw-confirms-mini-coupe-and-another-car-headed-for-production-in/","url_text":"\"BMW confirms Mini coupe and another car headed for production in Oxford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mini Beachcomber Concept\". AUSmotive.com. Retrieved 17 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/12/16/mini-beachcomber-concept.html","url_text":"\"Mini Beachcomber Concept\""}]},{"reference":"\"Autocar 10 January 2011\". Autocar. 10 January 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/254640/","url_text":"\"Autocar 10 January 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Gear 10 January 2011\". Topgear.com. 10 January 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/detroit-2011-mini-paceman-concept-2011-01-10","url_text":"\"Top Gear 10 January 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Motor Trend 27 December 2010\". Motortrend.com. 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Retrieved 28 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/Industry-News/Mini-cancels-the-mini-Mini-aka-the-Rocketman/","url_text":"\"Mini cancels the mini Mini, aka the Rocketman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geneva motor show: Mini Clubvan\". Autocar. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/geneva-motor-show-2012/geneva-motor-show-mini-clubvan","url_text":"\"Geneva motor show: Mini Clubvan\""}]},{"reference":"Smy, Damion (26 July 2013). \"New Mini previewed by Mini Vision Concept\". Car Magazine. Retrieved 24 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/First-Official-Pictures/Mini-Cooper-2013-New-Mini-previewed-by-Mini-Vision-Concept/","url_text":"\"New Mini previewed by Mini Vision Concept\""}]},{"reference":"Callow, Ed (24 February 2014). \"Geneva motor show 2014 - Mini Clubman Concept revealed\". What Car?. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140324155345/http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/mini-clubman-concept-revealed/1282336","url_text":"\"Geneva motor show 2014 - Mini Clubman Concept revealed\""},{"url":"http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/mini-clubman-concept-revealed/1282336","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vision Gran Turismo\". gran-turismo.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gran-turismo.com/sg/vgt/","url_text":"\"Vision Gran Turismo\""}]},{"reference":"\"MINI Joins Vision Gran Turismo Project for GT6\". 20 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gtplanet.net/mini-joins-vision-gran-turismo-project-for-gt6/","url_text":"\"MINI Joins Vision Gran Turismo Project for GT6\""}]},{"reference":"\"MINI Superleggera™ Vision – timeless beauty that blends the traditional with the modern\". www.press.bmwgroup.com. Retrieved 13 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0180326EN/mini-superleggera%E2%84%A2-vision-%E2%80%93-timeless-beauty-that-blends-the-traditional-with-the-modern?language=en","url_text":"\"MINI Superleggera™ Vision – timeless beauty that blends the traditional with the modern\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mini Superleggera Vision concept unveiled\". Autocar.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/mini-superleggera-vision-concept-unveiled","url_text":"\"Mini Superleggera Vision concept unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"Boeriu, Horatiu (16 June 2015). \"MINI Superleggera Vision has yet to be approved\". BMW BLOG.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bmwblog.com/2015/06/16/mini-superleggera-vision-has-yet-to-be-approved/","url_text":"\"MINI Superleggera Vision has yet to be approved\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ied.it/","external_links_name":"IED it"},{"Link":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/concepts-and-prototypes/bmc-10x/","external_links_name":"\"BMC 10X – the final flowering of Sir Alec Issigonis's genius?\""},{"Link":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/concepts-and-prototypes/supermini-projects-a-new-mini-1968-74/","external_links_name":"\"\"Concepts and prototypes : Mini replacement proposals (1968-74)\" - aronline\""},{"Link":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/concepts-and-prototypes/supermini-projects-ado74/","external_links_name":"\"Leyland ADO74 - the £130 million supermini that never saw the light of day\""},{"Link":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/cars/mini/clubman/mini-clubman/","external_links_name":"\"The cars : Mini Clubman development story - AROnline.co.uk\""},{"Link":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/facts-and-figures/carrozzeria-designs/blog-mystery-pininfarina-mini/","external_links_name":"\"Mystery Pininfarina Mini\""},{"Link":"https://www.aronline.co.uk/engines/engines-h-and-k-series-prototypes/","external_links_name":"\"H and K-Series prototypes: BL's first attempt at replacing the A-Series\""},{"Link":"http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/2011/07/23/the-cars-mini-development-history/","external_links_name":"\"The cars : MINI development history\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311230256/http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/210734/concept_cars.html","external_links_name":"\"The best cars they never made\""},{"Link":"http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/210734/concept_cars.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.motortrend.com/future/concept_vehicles/112_0908_mini_coupe_concept/index.html#ixzz1DrI27uQ6","external_links_name":"\"Mini Coupe Concept Photos and Details - Mini's new coupe for Mini 50th celebration\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131220093838/http://technology.xin.msn.com/motoring/photoviewer.aspx?cp-documentid=5545407&page=12","external_links_name":"\"Bizarre concept cars of the 1990s\""},{"Link":"https://technology.xin.msn.com/motoring/photoviewer.aspx?cp-documentid=5545407&page=12","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/carreviews/grouptests/235679/mini_acv30.html","external_links_name":"\"Auto Express May 2009\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120302/http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/","external_links_name":"\"Car Design News 3 February 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120707203130/http://archive.cardesignnews.com/events/paris2000/highlights/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Paris Motor Show 2000 - Highlights\""},{"Link":"http://archive.cardesignnews.com/events/paris2000/highlights/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.pistonheads.com/doc.asp?c=51&i=2800","external_links_name":"\"HYDROGEN MINI Are hydrogen powered cars about to make an impact?\""},{"Link":"http://www.autoblog.com/2008/09/09/paris-preview-2010-mini-crossover-concept/","external_links_name":"\"Paris Preview: 2010 Mini Crossover Concept\""},{"Link":"http://www.bmwblog.com/2009/08/26/official-debut-mini-coupe-concept/","external_links_name":"\"Official Debut: Mini Coupe Concept\""},{"Link":"http://www.autoblog.com/2009/09/03/bmw-confirms-mini-coupe-and-another-car-headed-for-production-in/","external_links_name":"\"BMW confirms Mini coupe and another car headed for production in Oxford\""},{"Link":"http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/12/16/mini-beachcomber-concept.html","external_links_name":"\"Mini Beachcomber Concept\""},{"Link":"http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/254640/","external_links_name":"\"Autocar 10 January 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/detroit-2011-mini-paceman-concept-2011-01-10","external_links_name":"\"Top Gear 10 January 2011\""},{"Link":"https://www.motortrend.com/auto_shows/detroit/2011/1012_mini_paceman_concept/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Motor Trend 27 December 2010\""},{"Link":"http://mini.co.uk/html/about_us/mini_news/hot_news/hot_news_94.html","external_links_name":"\"Mini UK press release December 2010\""},{"Link":"http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/23022011/36/mini-rocketman-touches-0.html","external_links_name":"\"Yahoo! - Mini Rocketman touches down\""},{"Link":"http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/Industry-News/Mini-cancels-the-mini-Mini-aka-the-Rocketman/","external_links_name":"\"Mini cancels the mini Mini, aka the Rocketman\""},{"Link":"http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/geneva-motor-show-2012/geneva-motor-show-mini-clubvan","external_links_name":"\"Geneva motor show: Mini Clubvan\""},{"Link":"http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/First-Official-Pictures/Mini-Cooper-2013-New-Mini-previewed-by-Mini-Vision-Concept/","external_links_name":"\"New Mini previewed by Mini Vision Concept\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140324155345/http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/mini-clubman-concept-revealed/1282336","external_links_name":"\"Geneva motor show 2014 - Mini Clubman Concept revealed\""},{"Link":"http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/mini-clubman-concept-revealed/1282336","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gran-turismo.com/sg/vgt/","external_links_name":"\"Vision Gran Turismo\""},{"Link":"http://www.gtplanet.net/mini-joins-vision-gran-turismo-project-for-gt6/","external_links_name":"\"MINI Joins Vision Gran Turismo Project for GT6\""},{"Link":"https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0180326EN/mini-superleggera%E2%84%A2-vision-%E2%80%93-timeless-beauty-that-blends-the-traditional-with-the-modern?language=en","external_links_name":"\"MINI Superleggera™ Vision – timeless beauty that blends the traditional with the modern\""},{"Link":"https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/mini-superleggera-vision-concept-unveiled","external_links_name":"\"Mini Superleggera Vision concept unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://www.bmwblog.com/2015/06/16/mini-superleggera-vision-has-yet-to-be-approved/","external_links_name":"\"MINI Superleggera Vision has yet to be approved\""},{"Link":"http://www.mini.com/","external_links_name":"Official international Mini website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_induced_subgraph | Forbidden graph characterization | ["1 Definition","2 List of forbidden characterizations for graphs and hypergraphs","3 See also","4 References"] | Describing a family of graphs by excluding certain (sub)graphs
"Forbidden minors" redirects here. The term may also refer to age restrictions.
In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, many important families of graphs can be described by a finite set of individual graphs that do not belong to the family and further exclude all graphs from the family which contain any of these forbidden graphs as (induced) subgraph or minor.
A prototypical example of this phenomenon is Kuratowski's theorem, which states that a graph is planar (can be drawn without crossings in the plane) if and only if it does not contain either of two forbidden graphs, the complete graph K5 and the complete bipartite graph K3,3. For Kuratowski's theorem, the notion of containment is that of graph homeomorphism, in which a subdivision of one graph appears as a subgraph of the other. Thus, every graph either has a planar drawing (in which case it belongs to the family of planar graphs) or it has a subdivision of at least one of these two graphs as a subgraph (in which case it does not belong to the planar graphs).
Definition
More generally, a forbidden graph characterization is a method of specifying a family of graph, or hypergraph, structures, by specifying substructures that are forbidden to exist within any graph in the family. Different families vary in the nature of what is forbidden. In general, a structure G is a member of a family
F
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}
if and only if a forbidden substructure is not contained in G. The forbidden substructure might be one of:
subgraphs, smaller graphs obtained from subsets of the vertices and edges of a larger graph,
induced subgraphs, smaller graphs obtained by selecting a subset of the vertices and using all edges with both endpoints in that subset,
homeomorphic subgraphs (also called topological minors), smaller graphs obtained from subgraphs by collapsing paths of degree-two vertices to single edges, or
graph minors, smaller graphs obtained from subgraphs by arbitrary edge contractions.
The set of structures that are forbidden from belonging to a given graph family can also be called an obstruction set for that family.
Forbidden graph characterizations may be used in algorithms for testing whether a graph belongs to a given family. In many cases, it is possible to test in polynomial time whether a given graph contains any of the members of the obstruction set, and therefore whether it belongs to the family defined by that obstruction set.
In order for a family to have a forbidden graph characterization, with a particular type of substructure, the family must be closed under substructures.
That is, every substructure (of a given type) of a graph in the family must be another graph in the family. Equivalently, if a graph is not part of the family, all larger graphs containing it as a substructure must also be excluded from the family. When this is true, there always exists an obstruction set (the set of graphs that are not in the family but whose smaller substructures all belong to the family). However, for some notions of what a substructure is, this obstruction set could be infinite. The Robertson–Seymour theorem proves that, for the particular case of graph minors, a family that is closed under minors always has a finite obstruction set.
List of forbidden characterizations for graphs and hypergraphs
Family
Obstructions
Relation
Reference
Forests
Loops, pairs of parallel edges, and cycles of all lengths
Subgraph
Definition
A loop (for multigraphs) or triangle K3 (for simple graphs)
Graph minor
Definition
Linear forests
and star K1,3
Graph minor
Definition
Claw-free graphs
Star K1,3
Induced subgraph
Definition
Comparability graphs
Induced subgraph
Triangle-free graphs
Triangle K3
Induced subgraph
Definition
Planar graphs
K5 and K3,3
Homeomorphic subgraph
Kuratowski's theorem
K5 and K3,3
Graph minor
Wagner's theorem
Outerplanar graphs
K4 and K2,3
Graph minor
Diestel (2000), p. 107
Outer 1-planar graphs
Six forbidden minors
Graph minor
Auer et al. (2013)
Graphs of fixed genus
A finite obstruction set
Graph minor
Diestel (2000), p. 275
Apex graphs
A finite obstruction set
Graph minor
Linklessly embeddable graphs
The Petersen family
Graph minor
Bipartite graphs
Odd cycles
Subgraph
Chordal graphs
Cycles of length 4 or more
Induced subgraph
Perfect graphs
Cycles of odd length 5 or more or their complements
Induced subgraph
Line graph of graphs
9 forbidden subgraphs
Induced subgraph
Graph unions of cactus graphs
The four-vertex diamond graph formed by removing an edge from the complete graph K4
Graph minor
Ladder graphs
K2,3 and its dual graph
Homeomorphic subgraph
Split graphs
C
4
,
C
5
,
C
¯
4
(
=
K
2
+
K
2
)
{\displaystyle C_{4},C_{5},{\bar {C}}_{4}\left(=K_{2}+K_{2}\right)}
Induced subgraph
2-connected series–parallel (treewidth ≤ 2, branchwidth ≤ 2)
K4
Graph minor
Diestel (2000), p. 327
Treewidth ≤ 3
K5, octahedron, pentagonal prism, Wagner graph
Graph minor
Branchwidth ≤ 3
K5, octahedron, cube, Wagner graph
Graph minor
Complement-reducible graphs (cographs)
4-vertex path P4
Induced subgraph
Trivially perfect graphs
4-vertex path P4 and 4-vertex cycle C4
Induced subgraph
Threshold graphs
4-vertex path P4, 4-vertex cycle C4, and complement of C4
Induced subgraph
Line graph of 3-uniform linear hypergraphs
A finite list of forbidden induced subgraphs with minimum degree at least 19
Induced subgraph
Line graph of k-uniform linear hypergraphs, k > 3
A finite list of forbidden induced subgraphs with minimum edge degree at least 2k2 − 3k + 1
Induced subgraph
Graphs ΔY-reducible to a single vertex
A finite list of at least 68 billion distinct (1,2,3)-clique sums
Graph minor
Graphs of spectral radius at most
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
A finite obstruction set exists if and only if
λ
<
2
+
5
{\displaystyle \lambda <{\sqrt {2+{\sqrt {5}}}}}
and
λ
≠
β
m
1
/
2
+
β
m
−
1
/
2
{\displaystyle \lambda \neq \beta _{m}^{1/2}+\beta _{m}^{-1/2}}
for any
m
≥
2
{\displaystyle m\geq 2}
, where
β
m
{\displaystyle \beta _{m}}
is the largest root of
x
m
+
1
=
1
+
x
+
⋯
+
x
m
−
1
{\displaystyle x^{m+1}=1+x+\dots +x^{m-1}}
.
Subgraph / induced subgraph
Cluster graphs
three-vertex path graph
Induced subgraph
General theorems
A family defined by an induced-hereditary property
A, possibly non-finite, obstruction set
Induced subgraph
A family defined by a minor-hereditary property
A finite obstruction set
Graph minor
Robertson–Seymour theorem
See also
Erdős–Hajnal conjecture
Forbidden subgraph problem
Matroid minor
Zarankiewicz problem
References
^ a b c Diestel, Reinhard (2000), Graph Theory, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 173, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-98976-5.
^ Auer, Christopher; Bachmaier, Christian; Brandenburg, Franz J.; Gleißner, Andreas; Hanauer, Kathrin; Neuwirth, Daniel; Reislhuber, Josef (2013), "Recognizing outer 1-planar graphs in linear time", in Wismath, Stephen; Wolff, Alexander (eds.), 21st International Symposium, GD 2013, Bordeaux, France, September 23-25, 2013, Revised Selected Papers, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 8242, pp. 107–118, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-03841-4_10.
^ Gupta, A.; Impagliazzo, R. (1991), "Computing planar intertwines", Proc. 32nd IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS '91), IEEE Computer Society, pp. 802–811, doi:10.1109/SFCS.1991.185452, S2CID 209133.
^ Robertson, Neil; Seymour, P. D.; Thomas, Robin (1993), "Linkless embeddings of graphs in 3-space", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 28 (1): 84–89, arXiv:math/9301216, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-1993-00335-5, MR 1164063, S2CID 1110662.
^ Béla Bollobás (1998) "Modern Graph Theory", Springer, ISBN 0-387-98488-7 p. 9
^ Kashiwabara, Toshinobu (1981), "Algorithms for some intersection graphs", in Saito, Nobuji; Nishizeki, Takao (eds.), Graph Theory and Algorithms, 17th Symposium of Research Institute of Electric Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, October 24-25, 1980, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 108, Springer-Verlag, pp. 171–181, doi:10.1007/3-540-10704-5_15.
^ Chudnovsky, Maria; Robertson, Neil; Seymour, Paul; Thomas, Robin (2006), "The strong perfect graph theorem" (PDF), Annals of Mathematics, 164 (1): 51–229, arXiv:math/0212070v1, doi:10.4007/annals.2006.164.51, S2CID 119151552.
^ Beineke, L. W. (1968), "Derived graphs of digraphs", in Sachs, H.; Voss, H.-J.; Walter, H.-J. (eds.), Beiträge zur Graphentheorie, Leipzig: Teubner, pp. 17–33.
^ El-Mallah, Ehab; Colbourn, Charles J. (1988), "The complexity of some edge deletion problems", IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 35 (3): 354–362, doi:10.1109/31.1748.
^ Takamizawa, K.; Nishizeki, Takao; Saito, Nobuji (1981), "Combinatorial problems on series–parallel graphs", Discrete Applied Mathematics, 3 (1): 75–76, doi:10.1016/0166-218X(81)90031-7.
^ Földes, Stéphane; Hammer, Peter Ladislaw (1977a), "Split graphs", Proceedings of the Eighth Southeastern Conference on Combinatorics, Graph Theory and Computing (Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La., 1977), Congressus Numerantium, vol. XIX, Winnipeg: Utilitas Math., pp. 311–315, MR 0505860
^ Bodlaender, Hans L. (1998), "A partial k-arboretum of graphs with bounded treewidth", Theoretical Computer Science, 209 (1–2): 1–45, doi:10.1016/S0304-3975(97)00228-4, hdl:1874/18312.
^ Bodlaender, Hans L.; Thilikos, Dimitrios M. (1999), "Graphs with branchwidth at most three", Journal of Algorithms, 32 (2): 167–194, doi:10.1006/jagm.1999.1011, hdl:1874/2734.
^ Seinsche, D. (1974), "On a property of the class of n-colorable graphs", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 16 (2): 191–193, doi:10.1016/0095-8956(74)90063-X, MR 0337679
^ a b Golumbic, Martin Charles (1978), "Trivially perfect graphs", Discrete Mathematics, 24 (1): 105–107, doi:10.1016/0012-365X(78)90178-4.
^ Metelsky, Yury; Tyshkevich, Regina (1997), "On line graphs of linear 3-uniform hypergraphs", Journal of Graph Theory, 25 (4): 243–251, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0118(199708)25:4<243::AID-JGT1>3.0.CO;2-K, MR 1459889
^ Jacobson, M. S.; Kézdy, Andre E.; Lehel, Jeno (1997), "Recognizing intersection graphs of linear uniform hypergraphs", Graphs and Combinatorics, 13 (4): 359–367, doi:10.1007/BF03353014, MR 1485929, S2CID 9173731
^ Naik, Ranjan N.; Rao, S. B.; Shrikhande, S. S.; Singhi, N. M. (1982), "Intersection graphs of k-uniform hypergraphs", European Journal of Combinatorics, 3: 159–172, doi:10.1016/s0195-6698(82)80029-2, MR 0670849
^ Yu, Yanming (2006), "More forbidden minors for wye-delta-wye reducibility", The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 13, doi:10.37236/1033 Website
^ Jiang, Zilin; Polyanskii, Alexandr (2020-03-01). "Forbidden Subgraphs for Graphs of Bounded Spectral Radius, with Applications to Equiangular Lines". Israel Journal of Mathematics. 236 (1): 393–421. arXiv:1708.02317. doi:10.1007/s11856-020-1983-2. ISSN 1565-8511. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"age restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_restrictions"},{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)"},{"link_name":"subgraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_graph_theory#subgraph"},{"link_name":"minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_minor"},{"link_name":"Kuratowski's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuratowski%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"planar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_graph"},{"link_name":"complete graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_graph"},{"link_name":"complete bipartite graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_bipartite_graph"},{"link_name":"graph homeomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_homeomorphism"}],"text":"\"Forbidden minors\" redirects here. The term may also refer to age restrictions.In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, many important families of graphs can be described by a finite set of individual graphs that do not belong to the family and further exclude all graphs from the family which contain any of these forbidden graphs as (induced) subgraph or minor.A prototypical example of this phenomenon is Kuratowski's theorem, which states that a graph is planar (can be drawn without crossings in the plane) if and only if it does not contain either of two forbidden graphs, the complete graph K5 and the complete bipartite graph K3,3. For Kuratowski's theorem, the notion of containment is that of graph homeomorphism, in which a subdivision of one graph appears as a subgraph of the other. Thus, every graph either has a planar drawing (in which case it belongs to the family of planar graphs) or it has a subdivision of at least one of these two graphs as a subgraph (in which case it does not belong to the planar graphs).","title":"Forbidden graph characterization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"specifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterization_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)"},{"link_name":"hypergraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergraph"},{"link_name":"if and only if","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_and_only_if"},{"link_name":"subgraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_graph_theory#subgraph"},{"link_name":"induced subgraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_subgraph"},{"link_name":"homeomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"topological minors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_minor"},{"link_name":"graph minors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_minor"},{"link_name":"edge contractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_contraction"},{"link_name":"algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"polynomial time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_time"},{"link_name":"Robertson–Seymour theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson%E2%80%93Seymour_theorem"},{"link_name":"graph minors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_minor"}],"text":"More generally, a forbidden graph characterization is a method of specifying a family of graph, or hypergraph, structures, by specifying substructures that are forbidden to exist within any graph in the family. Different families vary in the nature of what is forbidden. In general, a structure G is a member of a family \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}}\n \n if and only if a forbidden substructure is not contained in G. The forbidden substructure might be one of:subgraphs, smaller graphs obtained from subsets of the vertices and edges of a larger graph,\ninduced subgraphs, smaller graphs obtained by selecting a subset of the vertices and using all edges with both endpoints in that subset,\nhomeomorphic subgraphs (also called topological minors), smaller graphs obtained from subgraphs by collapsing paths of degree-two vertices to single edges, or\ngraph minors, smaller graphs obtained from subgraphs by arbitrary edge contractions.The set of structures that are forbidden from belonging to a given graph family can also be called an obstruction set for that family.Forbidden graph characterizations may be used in algorithms for testing whether a graph belongs to a given family. In many cases, it is possible to test in polynomial time whether a given graph contains any of the members of the obstruction set, and therefore whether it belongs to the family defined by that obstruction set.In order for a family to have a forbidden graph characterization, with a particular type of substructure, the family must be closed under substructures.\nThat is, every substructure (of a given type) of a graph in the family must be another graph in the family. Equivalently, if a graph is not part of the family, all larger graphs containing it as a substructure must also be excluded from the family. When this is true, there always exists an obstruction set (the set of graphs that are not in the family but whose smaller substructures all belong to the family). However, for some notions of what a substructure is, this obstruction set could be infinite. The Robertson–Seymour theorem proves that, for the particular case of graph minors, a family that is closed under minors always has a finite obstruction set.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of forbidden characterizations for graphs and hypergraphs"}] | [] | [{"title":"Erdős–Hajnal conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93Hajnal_conjecture"},{"title":"Forbidden subgraph problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_subgraph_problem"},{"title":"Matroid minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matroid_minor"},{"title":"Zarankiewicz problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarankiewicz_problem"}] | [{"reference":"Diestel, Reinhard (2000), Graph Theory, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 173, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-98976-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-98976-5","url_text":"0-387-98976-5"}]},{"reference":"Auer, Christopher; Bachmaier, Christian; Brandenburg, Franz J.; Gleißner, Andreas; Hanauer, Kathrin; Neuwirth, Daniel; Reislhuber, Josef (2013), \"Recognizing outer 1-planar graphs in linear time\", in Wismath, Stephen; Wolff, Alexander (eds.), 21st International Symposium, GD 2013, Bordeaux, France, September 23-25, 2013, Revised Selected Papers, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 8242, pp. 107–118, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-03841-4_10","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-03841-4_10","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-03841-4_10"}]},{"reference":"Gupta, A.; Impagliazzo, R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Swift | American black swift | ["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behavior and ecology","4.1 Food and feeding","4.2 Breeding","5 References","6 External links"] | Species of bird
American black swift
An adult on its nest in Shoshone County, Idaho
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Clade:
Strisores
Order:
Apodiformes
Family:
Apodidae
Genus:
Cypseloides
Species:
C. niger
Binomial name
Cypseloides niger(Gmelin, JF, 1789)
Range
breeding visitor
passage and vagrancy
present year-round
(movements in South America are poorly known)
The American black swift, or more simply black swift (Cypseloides niger), is a species of bird that is found from northern British Columbia in Canada through the United States and Mexico to Costa Rica and Brazil. They are also found in the Caribbean.
Taxonomy
The American black swift was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other swallows and swifts in the genus Hirundo and coined the binomial name Hirundo nigra. Gmelin based his description on that of French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson who, in 1760, had described and illustrated "Le Martinet de Saint Dominigue" from a preserved specimen. The type locality is Hispaniola: Saint-Domingue was a French colony on the Caribbean island. The American black swift is now placed with seven other swifts in the genus Cypseloides and was introduced in 1848 by the German naturist August Vollrath Streubel. The genus name combines the genus Cypselus introduced by Johann Illiger in 1811 and the Ancient Greek -oidēs meaning "resembling". The specific epithet niger is the Latin word for "black".
Three subspecies are recognised:
C. n. borealis (Kennerly, 1858) – southeast Alaska to southwest USA
C. n. costaricensis Ridgway, 1910 – central Mexico to Costa Rica
C. n. niger (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – West Indies and Trinidad
Description
In flight, these birds resemble flying cigars with long slender curved wings. The plumage is mostly a sooty, dark gray. There is some contrast between the inner and outer portions of the wing. The shoulders are distinctly darker in color than other parts of the wing. They have short tails that are slightly forked.
Distribution and habitat
Fewer than 150 black swift breeding sites are known in the United States, with 108 (as of July 2012) known from Colorado. These include:
In Alberta: next to a waterfall in Johnston Canyon, Banff National Park (declining, given extra protection as of August 2018); Maligne Canyon, Jasper National Park
In California: the Santa Cruz coast (where it is declining); Berry Creek Falls; Burney Falls State Park; Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks; the San Bernardino Mountains; and the San Jacinto Mountains
In Colorado: Box Canyon near Ouray, Hanging Lake, Hawk Creek Falls, Falls Creek Falls, and Niagara and Cataract Gulches
In New Mexico: Jemez Falls
In Utah: Stewart Falls
In Washington: Semiahmoo Bay
These birds migrate out of North America after the breeding season. It remains unclear where most of the birds spend the winter, although some of the birds have been tracked as far south as Brazil. A study published in 2012 tagged four birds breeding in Colorado with a light-level geolocator and found that the birds wintered in the lowland rainforest of western Brazil. Some of the birds in the West Indies appear to be permanent residents. They are late spring migrants into the breeding range, with Colorado breeders not arriving until the very end of May into June. Large flocks of migrants are occasionally seen in spring and fall, but only very rarely far south of the U.S. breeding range.
Behavior and ecology
Food and feeding
American black swifts live on the wing, foraging in flight. They eat flying insects, primarily flying ants and beetles, often foraging in small groups.
Breeding
Their breeding habitat is frequently associated with water. The birds most often nest on high cliff faces, either above the ocean surf or behind or next to waterfalls. The nest is made of twigs and moss glued together with mud. They will also use ferns and seaweed if available. The clutch size is one egg, with incubation lasting 23–27 days. Newly hatched young are probably fed multiple times a day, but older nestlings usually only once a day by each parent, most often at dusk. Adults spend the night roosting at or near the nest site.
References
^ BirdLife International (2021). "Cypseloides niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22686440A178440176. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 1025.
^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 2. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 514–515, Plate 46 fig. 3. The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1940). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 4. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 243.
^ Streubel, August Vollrath (1848). "Die Cypseliden des Berliner Museums". Isis von Oken (in German). Cols 348–373 .
^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Owlet-nightjars, treeswifts & swifts". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 129, 270. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ a b c d e f g Levad, Rich (2007). "The Coolest Bird" (PDF). The American Birding Association.
^ Staff writers (2018-08-17). "Unofficial trail in 'secret cave' area of Johnston Canyon closed by Parks Canada to protect unique birds". CBC News. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
^ "Ouray, Colorado: Birding". Ouray Chamber Resort Association.
^ "Audubon IBAs: Hanging Lake". Archived from the original on 14 March 2012.
^ Beason, J.P.; Gunn, C.; Potter, K.M.; Sparks, R.A.; Fox, J.W. (2012). "The northern black swift: migration path and wintering area revealed". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 124 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1676/11-146.1.
^ Gunn, C.; Lowther, P.E.; Collins, C.T.; Beason, J.; Potter, K.; Webb, M. (2020). Billerman, S.M.; Keeney, B.K. (eds.). "Black Swift (Cypseloides niger), version 2.0". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cypseloides niger.
Wikispecies has information related to Cypseloides niger.
Black swift Stamps from the Lesser Antilles: Dominica at bird-stamps.org
American black swift photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
BirdLife species factsheet for Cypseloides niger
"Black swift media". Internet Bird Collection.
Interactive range map of Cypseloides niger at IUCN Red List maps
Audio recordings of American black swift on Xeno-canto.
Taxon identifiersCypseloides niger
Wikidata: Q1267488
Wikispecies: Cypseloides niger
ABA: blaswi
ADW: Cypseloides_niger
Avibase: 7FB66FEB52C865E7
BirdLife: 22686440
BOW: blkswi
CoL: 6BWH4
eBird: blkswi
EURING: 7880
GBIF: 2477282
GNAB: black-swift
IBC: black-swift-cypseloides-niger
iNaturalist: 6667
IRMNG: 10196862
ITIS: 177997
IUCN: 22686440
NatureServe: 2.101434
NCBI: 46500
Neotropical: blkswi
Observation.org: 71671
Open Tree of Life: 882703
Paleobiology Database: 372036
Xeno-canto: Cypseloides-niger
Hirundo nigra
Wikidata: Q109563307
CoL: 8KDVJ
GBIF: 9575782
ITIS: 1149465 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"}],"text":"The American black swift, or more simply black swift (Cypseloides niger), is a species of bird that is found from northern British Columbia in Canada through the United States and Mexico to Costa Rica and Brazil. They are also found in the Caribbean.","title":"American black swift"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formally described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Gmelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Systema Naturae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Hirundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirundo"},{"link_name":"binomial name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mathurin Jacques Brisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathurin_Jacques_Brisson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"type locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Hispaniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola"},{"link_name":"Saint-Domingue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cypseloides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypseloides"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-6"},{"link_name":"Johann Illiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Karl_Wilhelm_Illiger"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-6"},{"link_name":"Ridgway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ridgway"}],"text":"The American black swift was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other swallows and swifts in the genus Hirundo and coined the binomial name Hirundo nigra.[2] Gmelin based his description on that of French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson who, in 1760, had described and illustrated \"Le Martinet de Saint Dominigue\" from a preserved specimen.[3] The type locality is Hispaniola: Saint-Domingue was a French colony on the Caribbean island.[4] The American black swift is now placed with seven other swifts in the genus Cypseloides and was introduced in 1848 by the German naturist August Vollrath Streubel.[5][6] The genus name combines the genus Cypselus introduced by Johann Illiger in 1811 and the Ancient Greek -oidēs meaning \"resembling\". The specific epithet niger is the Latin word for \"black\".[7]Three subspecies are recognised:[6]C. n. borealis (Kennerly, 1858) – southeast Alaska to southwest USA\nC. n. costaricensis Ridgway, 1910 – central Mexico to Costa Rica\nC. n. niger (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – West Indies and Trinidad","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In flight, these birds resemble flying cigars with long slender curved wings. The plumage is mostly a sooty, dark gray. There is some contrast between the inner and outer portions of the wing. The shoulders are distinctly darker in color than other parts of the wing. They have short tails that are slightly forked.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levad-8"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Johnston Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston_Creek_(Alberta)#Johnston_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Banff National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Maligne Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maligne_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Jasper National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levad-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Burney Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McArthur-Burney_Falls_Memorial_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Yosemite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Sequoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Kings Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Canyon_National_Park"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Mountains"},{"link_name":"San Jacinto Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jacinto_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levad-8"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Box Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Canyon,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Ouray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouray_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ouray-10"},{"link_name":"Hanging Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_Lake"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBA-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levad-8"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Jemez Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemez_Falls"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levad-8"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levad-8"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Semiahmoo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiahmoo_Bay"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levad-8"},{"link_name":"light-level geolocator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_level_geolocator"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Fewer than 150 black swift breeding sites are known in the United States, with 108 (as of July 2012) known from Colorado.[8] These include:In Alberta: next to a waterfall in Johnston Canyon, Banff National Park (declining, given extra protection as of August 2018); Maligne Canyon, Jasper National Park[8][9]\nIn California: the Santa Cruz coast (where it is declining); Berry Creek Falls; Burney Falls State Park; Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks; the San Bernardino Mountains; and the San Jacinto Mountains[8]\nIn Colorado: Box Canyon near Ouray,[10] Hanging Lake,[11] Hawk Creek Falls, Falls Creek Falls, and Niagara and Cataract Gulches[8]\nIn New Mexico: Jemez Falls[8]\nIn Utah: Stewart Falls[8]\nIn Washington: Semiahmoo Bay[8]These birds migrate out of North America after the breeding season. It remains unclear where most of the birds spend the winter, although some of the birds have been tracked as far south as Brazil. A study published in 2012 tagged four birds breeding in Colorado with a light-level geolocator and found that the birds wintered in the lowland rainforest of western Brazil.[12] Some of the birds in the West Indies appear to be permanent residents. They are late spring migrants into the breeding range, with Colorado breeders not arriving until the very end of May into June. Large flocks of migrants are occasionally seen in spring and fall, but only very rarely far south of the U.S. breeding range.[13]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Behavior and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ants"},{"link_name":"beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle"}],"sub_title":"Food and feeding","text":"American black swifts live on the wing, foraging in flight. They eat flying insects, primarily flying ants and beetles, often foraging in small groups.","title":"Behavior and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff"},{"link_name":"waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall"},{"link_name":"moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss"},{"link_name":"mud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"seaweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweed"},{"link_name":"clutch size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_clutch_size"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"Their breeding habitat is frequently associated with water. The birds most often nest on high cliff faces, either above the ocean surf or behind or next to waterfalls. The nest is made of twigs and moss glued together with mud. They will also use ferns and seaweed if available. The clutch size is one egg, with incubation lasting 23–27 days. Newly hatched young are probably fed multiple times a day, but older nestlings usually only once a day by each parent, most often at dusk. Adults spend the night roosting at or near the nest site.","title":"Behavior and ecology"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"BirdLife International (2021). \"Cypseloides niger\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22686440A178440176. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22686440/178440176","url_text":"\"Cypseloides niger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"}]},{"reference":"Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. 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Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 243.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Peters","url_text":"Peters, James Lee"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14476714","url_text":"Check-list of Birds of the World"}]},{"reference":"Streubel, August Vollrath (1848). \"Die Cypseliden des Berliner Museums\". Isis von Oken (in German). Cols 348–373 [366].","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13256271","url_text":"\"Die Cypseliden des Berliner Museums\""}]},{"reference":"Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). \"Owlet-nightjars, treeswifts & swifts\". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 9 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Gill, Frank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Rasmussen","url_text":"Rasmussen, Pamela"},{"url":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/swifts/","url_text":"\"Owlet-nightjars, treeswifts & swifts\""}]},{"reference":"Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 129, 270. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n129/mode/1up","url_text":"129"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n270/mode/1up","url_text":"270"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4","url_text":"978-1-4081-2501-4"}]},{"reference":"Levad, Rich (2007). \"The Coolest Bird\" (PDF). The American Birding Association.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aba.org/thecoolestbird.pdf","url_text":"\"The Coolest Bird\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writers (2018-08-17). \"Unofficial trail in 'secret cave' area of Johnston Canyon closed by Parks Canada to protect unique birds\". CBC News. Retrieved 2018-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-johnston-canyon-black-swift-nesting-1.4788971","url_text":"\"Unofficial trail in 'secret cave' area of Johnston Canyon closed by Parks Canada to protect unique birds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Ouray, Colorado: Birding\". Ouray Chamber Resort Association.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ouraycolorado.com/ouray-activities/Birding.php","url_text":"\"Ouray, Colorado: Birding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Audubon IBAs: Hanging Lake\". 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Decker | Lindsey Decker | ["1 References"] | American artist
Lindsey Decker (1923–1994) was an American artist who was born in Lincoln, Nebraska.
Decker's work was included in the 1966 exhibition Eccentric Abstraction held at the Fischbach Gallery in New York City. Works by the artist can be found in the collections of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC, the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Detroit Institute of Arts.
References
^ "Master Checklist for Recent Sculpture USA" (PDF). Museum of Modern Art. 1959. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
^ Kurczynski, Karen (2011). Eccentric abstraction. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2094214. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4.
^ "Artist Info". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-04-07. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
^ "Lindsey Decker". www.whitney.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-07. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
^ "Lindsey Decker: Auto-da-Fe II, ca. 1955". www.dia.org. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
This article about an artist from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art,_WA,_DC"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Whitney Museum of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Detroit Institute of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Lindsey Decker (1923–1994) was an American artist who was born in Lincoln, Nebraska.[1]Decker's work was included in the 1966 exhibition Eccentric Abstraction held at the Fischbach Gallery in New York City.[2] Works by the artist can be found in the collections of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC,[3] the Whitney Museum of American Art[4] and the Detroit Institute of Arts.[5]","title":"Lindsey Decker"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Master Checklist for Recent Sculpture USA\" (PDF). Museum of Modern Art. 1959. Retrieved 1 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moma.org/documents/moma_master-checklist_326148.pdf","url_text":"\"Master Checklist for Recent Sculpture USA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art","url_text":"Museum of Modern Art"}]},{"reference":"Kurczynski, Karen (2011). Eccentric abstraction. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2094214. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7002094214","url_text":"Eccentric abstraction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T2094214","url_text":"10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2094214"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4","url_text":"978-1-884446-05-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Artist Info\". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-04-07. Retrieved 2019-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.33353.html","url_text":"\"Artist Info\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190407235208/https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.33353.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lindsey Decker\". www.whitney.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-07. Retrieved 2019-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitney.org/artists/335","url_text":"\"Lindsey Decker\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190407235206/https://www.whitney.org/artists/335","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lindsey Decker: Auto-da-Fe II, ca. 1955\". www.dia.org. Retrieved 2020-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dia.org/art/collection/object/auto-da-fe-ii-42257","url_text":"\"Lindsey Decker: Auto-da-Fe II, ca. 1955\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.moma.org/documents/moma_master-checklist_326148.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Master Checklist for Recent Sculpture USA\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7002094214","external_links_name":"Eccentric abstraction"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T2094214","external_links_name":"10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2094214"},{"Link":"https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.33353.html","external_links_name":"\"Artist Info\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190407235208/https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.33353.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.whitney.org/artists/335","external_links_name":"\"Lindsey Decker\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190407235206/https://www.whitney.org/artists/335","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dia.org/art/collection/object/auto-da-fe-ii-42257","external_links_name":"\"Lindsey Decker: Auto-da-Fe II, ca. 1955\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lindsey_Decker&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Representative_Council | Students' representative council | ["1 History and presence","2 Representation"] | Not to be confused with student council or students council.
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Students' representative council" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)A students' representative council, also known as a students' administrative council, represents student interests in the government of a university, school or other educational institution. Generally the SRC forms part of a broader students' association, which may include other functions such as societies, entertainments (in the form of a students' union) and sports (in the form of a sports' union). They are most commonly found in Scottish universities.
Universities may have a statutory obligation to receive representation from the SRC and it is usual for student representatives from the SRC to form part of university structures including the university court, academic senate, and other bodies.
History and presence
Students' representative councils in Scotland were established as part of the system of ancient university governance by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889 in the four extant universities of the time: Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow and St Andrews. The existence of an SRC was also incorporated in the royal charter of the University of Dundee, which adheres to the ancient governance structure.
More recently, SRCs have been established at the University of Strathclyde and at Heriot-Watt University's Scottish Borders Campus.
In general, SRCs have been submerged into wider students' associations, which are an umbrella term for various bodies which not only perform representation tasks, but also cater for student welfare, societies, entertainments (in the form of a Students' Union) and sports (in the form of a sports' union). In acknowledgement of this, Aberdeen University Students' Association has elected to use the name Students' Association Council for its SRC, despite its formal and legal title remaining unchanged. An exception to this system is Glasgow University Students' Representative Council which is not part of a Students' Association as a result of the university's retention of its separate male and female students' unions (in the form of the Glasgow University Union and the Queen Margaret Union respectively), although since 1980 both now admit both men and women as full members whilst retaining their separate identities.
Representation
Each university has a statutory obligation to receive representation from the SRC and it is usual for student representatives to be elected by the SRC or student body onto various positions in the main administrative bodies of the institution: the university court, academic senate or general council. The SRC is usually headed by a sabbatical officer elected by the student body, who will usually be paid and take a year out of study to take on the role. Sometimes they will, instead, dedicate a year after completing their studies. In many cases there are a small number of other full-time elected officers. There are also unpaid part-time officers who continue with their studies, and there may be permanent staff members employed to assist in the running of the SRC.
The SRC or its students' association may choose to facilitate a vote on membership of the National Union of Students Scotland or the Coalition of Higher Education Students in Scotland, and it is the students' association, rather than the individual students, which may become a member of one of those bodies. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"student council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_council"},{"link_name":"students council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_council"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School"},{"link_name":"students' association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students%27_union"},{"link_name":"students' union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students%27_union"},{"link_name":"university court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_court"},{"link_name":"academic senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_senate"}],"text":"Not to be confused with student council or students council.A students' representative council, also known as a students' administrative council, represents student interests in the government of a university, school or other educational institution. Generally the SRC forms part of a broader students' association, which may include other functions such as societies, entertainments (in the form of a students' union) and sports (in the form of a sports' union). They are most commonly found in Scottish universities.Universities may have a statutory obligation to receive representation from the SRC and it is usual for student representatives from the SRC to form part of university structures including the university court, academic senate, and other bodies.","title":"Students' representative council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"ancient university governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_university_governance_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Universities (Scotland) Act 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities_(Scotland)_Act_1889"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"University of Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dundee"},{"link_name":"University of Strathclyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde"},{"link_name":"Heriot-Watt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University"},{"link_name":"students' associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Students' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students%27_Union"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen University Students' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_University_Students%27_Association"},{"link_name":"Glasgow University Students' Representative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_University_Students%27_Representative_Council"},{"link_name":"Glasgow University Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_University_Union"},{"link_name":"Queen Margaret Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Margaret_Union"}],"text":"Students' representative councils in Scotland were established as part of the system of ancient university governance by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889 in the four extant universities of the time: Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow and St Andrews. The existence of an SRC was also incorporated in the royal charter of the University of Dundee, which adheres to the ancient governance structure.More recently, SRCs have been established at the University of Strathclyde and at Heriot-Watt University's Scottish Borders Campus.In general, SRCs have been submerged into wider students' associations, which are an umbrella term for various bodies which not only perform representation tasks, but also cater for student welfare, societies, entertainments (in the form of a Students' Union) and sports (in the form of a sports' union). In acknowledgement of this, Aberdeen University Students' Association has elected to use the name Students' Association Council for its SRC, despite its formal and legal title remaining unchanged. An exception to this system is Glasgow University Students' Representative Council which is not part of a Students' Association as a result of the university's retention of its separate male and female students' unions (in the form of the Glasgow University Union and the Queen Margaret Union respectively), although since 1980 both now admit both men and women as full members whilst retaining their separate identities.","title":"History and presence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"university court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_court"},{"link_name":"academic senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_senate"},{"link_name":"general council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_council_(Scottish_university)"},{"link_name":"sabbatical officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbatical_officer"},{"link_name":"National Union of Students Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Students_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Coalition of Higher Education Students in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_of_Higher_Education_Students_in_Scotland"}],"text":"Each university has a statutory obligation to receive representation from the SRC and it is usual for student representatives to be elected by the SRC or student body onto various positions in the main administrative bodies of the institution: the university court, academic senate or general council. The SRC is usually headed by a sabbatical officer elected by the student body, who will usually be paid and take a year out of study to take on the role. Sometimes they will, instead, dedicate a year after completing their studies. In many cases there are a small number of other full-time elected officers. There are also unpaid part-time officers who continue with their studies, and there may be permanent staff members employed to assist in the running of the SRC.The SRC or its students' association may choose to facilitate a vote on membership of the National Union of Students Scotland or the Coalition of Higher Education Students in Scotland, and it is the students' association, rather than the individual students, which may become a member of one of those bodies.","title":"Representation"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Students%27+representative+council%22","external_links_name":"\"Students' representative council\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Students%27+representative+council%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Students%27+representative+council%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Students%27+representative+council%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Students%27+representative+council%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Students%27+representative+council%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6m%C3%B6s | Dömös | ["1 Setting, geography","2 History","3 Árpád dynasty age","4 Sightseeings","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°45′53″N 18°54′52″E / 47.76480°N 18.91437°E / 47.76480; 18.91437Village in Central Transdanubia, HungaryDömösVillageRuins of Dömös Chapter
FlagCoat of armsDömösLocation of DömösCoordinates: 47°45′53″N 18°54′52″E / 47.76480°N 18.91437°E / 47.76480; 18.91437CountryHungaryRegionCentral TransdanubiaCountyKomárom-EsztergomDistrictEsztergomArea • Total23.97 km2 (9.25 sq mi)Population (1 January 2023) • Total1,147 • Density48/km2 (120/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code2027Area code(+36) 33Websitewww.domos.hu
Dömös is a village in Komárom-Esztergom County in Hungary.
Setting, geography
Dömös is located on the right side of the Danube, 16 km from Esztergom and 45 km from Budapest. The also beautiful town, Visegrád is located 5 km east from Dömös. The highway No. 11 cross the village. It has a railway station on the other side of the Danube, on the Budapest – Szob railway line. A shuttle transport on the river.
History
The site has been populated since ancient times. Archaeology revealed men and settlements, instruments and animal bones from hunting and fireplaces dating to the neolithic. A tomb of a copper age man was also found (2500-1900 BC). In the late Bronze Age a 500x500 meter fortress from gounddams (1000 BC). There are guard towers from the Roman Period, which were built along the Danube line of the Pannonia region's border, which formed a frontier of the Roman Empire. (Tófenék). After the Huns, the Avars arrived in 568 and ruled the area until the 9th century. Bronze belt buckles, horse and warrior mounts, ceramics of the Avarian age were excavated from warrior's tombs. (Malom-creek valley).
Árpád dynasty age
Reconstructed inner space in the Subchurch of the Dömös monastery.
Columnar head with owls in the Subchurch of the Dömös monastery.
There is a groundwork fortress on the top of the Árpád hill from the Hungarian conquest time. The Danube turn gives a good fortification locality and the region was royal domain during the Árpád house kings of Hungary. The region was named Pilis forest. The royal palace and the neighbouring monastery played and important role in the life in the 11th century. Specifically, the life of Béla I of Hungary ended here in 1063. The earliest charter was given out by Ladislaus I of Hungary in 1079. In the 12th century Coloman of Hungary decided about the continuation of the throne for Stephen II of Hungary against the later king Béla II of Hungary. In the Mongolian invasion (1241) the monastery was destroyed, but rebuilt soon. The provost of the monastery also served the king and the royal family. Provost Fülöp was the chancellor of the queen during the times of Béla II of Hungary.
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, who was Zsigmond, king of Hungary, gave the monastery to the dominicant order. (1433-1446). János Hunyadi governor also gave the monastery back to his preferred priest, to Hosszuaszai Bothos István. Pope Alexander VI decided to move the monastery to the diocese of Nyitra. Since that time the Bishop of Nyitra became the provost of Dömös. In 1526 the Turks destroyed the monastery. The ruins stood in the 18th century. The stones from the ruin were used to build the new catholic church of the village.
Sightseeings
The ruins of the Dömös monastery, and the subchurch can be visited. Beautiful heads of columns were preserved and the original carvings can be found in the National Museum in Budapest.
References
^ Detailed Gazetteer of Hungary. 30 October 2023 https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=06594. Retrieved 5 November 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Gerő, L. (1984): Magyar műemléki ABC. (Hungarian Architectural Heritage ABC.) Budapest
Henszlmann, I. (1876): Magyarország ó-keresztyén, román és átmeneti stylü mű-emlékeinek rövid ismertetése, (Old-Christian, Romanesque and Transitional Style Architecture in Hungary). Királyi Magyar Egyetemi Nyomda, Budapest
Bérczi Szaniszló, Bérczi Zsófia, Bérczi Katalin: Románkori templomkapuk: régi és új műveltség egymásrarétegződése a románkori templomok épületszobrászatában, kapukon és oszlopokon. (Romanesque doorways: stratification of old and new culture in the architecture and sculptures of the Romanesque Architectural Style.) TKTE, Piremon, 1997.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dömös.
Street map (Hungarian)
Dömös village homepage
Dömös on the Vendégváró homepage
Aerial photographs from the monastery
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Komárom-Esztergom County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A1rom-Esztergom_County"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"}],"text":"Village in Central Transdanubia, HungaryDömös is a village in Komárom-Esztergom County in Hungary.","title":"Dömös"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Esztergom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esztergom"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Visegrád","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Szob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szob"}],"text":"Dömös is located on the right side of the Danube, 16 km from Esztergom and 45 km from Budapest. The also beautiful town, Visegrád is located 5 km east from Dömös. The highway No. 11 cross the village. It has a railway station on the other side of the Danube, on the Budapest – Szob railway line. A shuttle transport on the river.","title":"Setting, geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"copper age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Pannonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"Avars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Avars"}],"text":"The site has been populated since ancient times. Archaeology revealed men and settlements, instruments and animal bones from hunting and fireplaces dating to the neolithic. A tomb of a copper age man was also found (2500-1900 BC). In the late Bronze Age a 500x500 meter fortress from gounddams (1000 BC). There are guard towers from the Roman Period, which were built along the Danube line of the Pannonia region's border, which formed a frontier of the Roman Empire. (Tófenék). After the Huns, the Avars arrived in 568 and ruled the area until the 9th century. Bronze belt buckles, horse and warrior mounts, ceramics of the Avarian age were excavated from warrior's tombs. (Malom-creek valley).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%B6m%C3%B6si_kolostor_altemploma.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A9posts%C3%A1gi_altemplomban_oszlopfej.JPG"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6m%C3%B6s_Chapter"},{"link_name":"Béla I of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Ladislaus I of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Coloman of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloman_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Stephen II of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Béla II of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Béla II of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"János Hunyadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Hunyadi"}],"text":"Reconstructed inner space in the Subchurch of the Dömös monastery.Columnar head with owls in the Subchurch of the Dömös monastery.There is a groundwork fortress on the top of the Árpád hill from the Hungarian conquest time. The Danube turn gives a good fortification locality and the region was royal domain during the Árpád house kings of Hungary. The region was named Pilis forest. The royal palace and the neighbouring monastery played and important role in the life in the 11th century. Specifically, the life of Béla I of Hungary ended here in 1063. The earliest charter was given out by Ladislaus I of Hungary in 1079. In the 12th century Coloman of Hungary decided about the continuation of the throne for Stephen II of Hungary against the later king Béla II of Hungary. In the Mongolian invasion (1241) the monastery was destroyed, but rebuilt soon. The provost of the monastery also served the king and the royal family. Provost Fülöp was the chancellor of the queen during the times of Béla II of Hungary.Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, who was Zsigmond, king of Hungary, gave the monastery to the dominicant order. (1433-1446). János Hunyadi governor also gave the monastery back to his preferred priest, to Hosszuaszai Bothos István. Pope Alexander VI decided to move the monastery to the diocese of Nyitra. Since that time the Bishop of Nyitra became the provost of Dömös. In 1526 the Turks destroyed the monastery. The ruins stood in the 18th century. The stones from the ruin were used to build the new catholic church of the village.","title":"Árpád dynasty age"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The ruins of the Dömös monastery, and the subchurch can be visited. Beautiful heads of columns were preserved and the original carvings can be found in the National Museum in Budapest.","title":"Sightseeings"}] | [{"image_text":"Reconstructed inner space in the Subchurch of the Dömös monastery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/D%C3%B6m%C3%B6si_kolostor_altemploma.jpg/250px-D%C3%B6m%C3%B6si_kolostor_altemploma.jpg"},{"image_text":"Columnar head with owls in the Subchurch of the Dömös monastery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pr%C3%A9posts%C3%A1gi_altemplomban_oszlopfej.JPG/250px-Pr%C3%A9posts%C3%A1gi_altemplomban_oszlopfej.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Detailed Gazetteer of Hungary. 30 October 2023 https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=06594. Retrieved 5 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=06594","url_text":"https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=06594"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=D%C3%B6m%C3%B6s¶ms=47.7648_N_18.91437_E_region:HU_type:city(1147)","external_links_name":"47°45′53″N 18°54′52″E / 47.76480°N 18.91437°E / 47.76480; 18.91437"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=D%C3%B6m%C3%B6s¶ms=47.7648_N_18.91437_E_region:HU_type:city(1147)","external_links_name":"47°45′53″N 18°54′52″E / 47.76480°N 18.91437°E / 47.76480; 18.91437"},{"Link":"http://www.domos.hu/","external_links_name":"www.domos.hu"},{"Link":"https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=06594","external_links_name":"https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=06594"},{"Link":"http://www.terkepcentrum.hu/index.asp?go=map&tid=6594","external_links_name":"Street map (Hungarian)"},{"Link":"http://www.domos.hu/","external_links_name":"Dömös village homepage"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070402225443/http://www.vendegvaro.hu/5-598","external_links_name":"Dömös on the Vendégváró homepage"},{"Link":"http://www.civertan.hu/legifoto/legifoto.php?page_level=127","external_links_name":"Aerial photographs from the monastery"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/146782370","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007489399405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2003122603","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhir_Kalyan | Adhir Kalyan | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","5 References","6 External links"] | South African actor
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Adhir Kalyan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Adhir KalyanOccupationActorYears active2004–presentSpouse
Emily Wilson (m. 2016)Children1ParentSandy Kalyan (mother)
Adhir Kalyan is a South African actor noted for his role as Timmy in the CBS sitcom Rules of Engagement and as Awalmir Karimi/'Al' in United States of Al.
Early life
Kalyan's family is of Indian South African descent. His mother, Santosh Vinita "Sandy" Kalyan, was a member of Parliament in the South African National Assembly, where she represented the Democratic Alliance.
Kalyan completed his schooling at Marklands in Durban. Prior to moving abroad, he performed in a number of productions in South Africa, including theatrical adaptations of Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist and A Christmas Carol, an adaptation of Salman Rushdie's The Ground Beneath Her Feet, and the classical Shakespearean play Macbeth.
Career
In 2005, Kalyan moved to London to pursue his acting career where he gained roles in the BBC series Holby City (series 8) as Arjmand Younis, in Spooks (series 5), and on the Irish network RTÉ One in Fair City as Ramal Kirmani. Kalyan also appeared in a number of independent films.
Kalyan starred in the short-lived American CW Television Network sitcom Aliens in America, as a foreign exchange student from Pakistan living with a Wisconsin family. He portrayed recurring characters in the fifth season of the cable show Nip/Tuck, and in the third season of the CBS sitcom Rules of Engagement, becoming a series regular in the latter's fourth season.
In 2009, Kalyan appeared in the film Paul Blart: Mall Cop as Pahud, a teenager who admired his girlfriend Parisa, in Up in the Air as a fired employee, and in the cheerleader comedy Fired Up. In 2010, he appeared in Youth in Revolt, and in 2011, he appeared in a minor role in No Strings Attached.
In late 2015, he began starring in the Fox science fiction crime drama Second Chance.
In December 2019, Kalyan was cast to portray Afghan interpreter Awalmir Karimi ("Al"), the main protagonist in the CBS sitcom United States of Al. The sitcom premiered on 1 April 2021, surrounded with controversy. Released to mostly negative reviews, the show and its makers were criticized for the show's humor, use of antiquated tropes, and in particular, critics called out the casting of a South-African-born Indian actor to play an Afghan lead and his use of an inauthentic accent.
Personal life
In March 2015, he became engaged to actress Emily Wilson of General Hospital. He and Wilson married on 1 October 2016 at Colony 29 in Palm Springs, California. They welcomed their first child together, a daughter born on 23 March 2021.
Filmography
Year
Title
Type
Role
Notes
2006
Holby City
TV series
Arjmand Younis
1 episode
2006–2007
Fair City
TV series
Ramal Kirmani
2007–2008
Aliens in America
TV series
Raja
Starring role
2009
Paul Blart: Mall Cop
Feature
Pahud
2009
Fired Up!
Feature
Brewster
2009
Up in the Air
Feature
Irate IT worker
2009
Nip/Tuck
TV series
Raj Paresh
3 episodes
2009
Youth in Revolt
Feature
Vijay Joshi
2009–2013
Rules of Engagement
TV series
Timmy
Recurring (Season 3)Main cast (Seasons 4–7)70 episodes
2010
High School
Feature
Sebastian Saleem
2011
No Strings Attached
Feature
Kevin
2015
Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2
Feature
Pahud
Cameo
2016
Second Chance
TV series
Otto Goodwin
Starring role
2020
A Nice Girl Like You
Feature
Paul Goodwin
2020
Broken Promises 5
Feature
Bushknife Bobby
2020
The Goldbergs
TV series
Dodd Wembley
Episode: "It's All About Comptrol"
2021–2022
United States of Al
TV series
Awalmir "Al" Karimi
Main cast
2022
Bob Hearts Abishola
TV series
Jared
Episode: "Inner Boss Bitch"
2023
Not Dead Yet
TV series
Keith
Episode: "Not Feeling It Yet"
2023
Broken Promises 6
Feature
Bushknife Bobby
Starring role
References
^ a b Clifford, Kambra (29 March 2021). "General Hospital alum Emily Wilson welcomes a baby girl". soapcentral.com. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
^ "Adhir Kalyan". Movietome. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
^ a b "Adhir Kalyan". CWTV. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
^ "News 7389". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
^ "Adhir Kalyan joins FX show". Zap2it. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (21 March 2021). "'United States of Al' Blasted For Handling Of Afghan Character; Reza Aslan Defends CBS Sitcom: "You Can't Judge A Show By A 30 Second Trailer"". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
^ Wilson, Emily (8 April 2015). "We're Engaged!!". Archived from the original on 24 December 2021 – via Instagram.
^ Cushman, Dustin (3 October 2016). "Emily Wilson Marries Adhir Kalyan". Soaps.sheknows.com. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Adhir Kalyan – Rotten Tomatoes". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
^ Schwartz, Ryan (7 October 2022). "Bob Hearts Abishola Adds Adhir Kalyan as Christina's Coworker — Just as TVLine Dreamt Up! Watch Sneak Peek". www.yahoo.com. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
External links
Adhir Kalyan at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
People
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His mother, Santosh Vinita \"Sandy\" Kalyan, was a member of Parliament in the South African National Assembly, where she represented the Democratic Alliance.[3]Kalyan completed his schooling at Marklands in Durban. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Orgen | Jacob Orgen | ["1 Biography","2 Personal life","3 Death","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | American mobster (1893–1927)
Jacob "Little Augie" OrgenNYPD mug shot of Jacob OrgenBornJacob OrgensteinJanuary 1893AustriaDiedOctober 16, 1927 (aged 34)Manhattan, New York, U.S.Cause of deathMurderedNationalityAmericanOther namesLittle AugieOccupationLabor racketeerKnown forVice king, bootlegger, Labor racketeer, Drug traffickerHeight5 ft 2 in (157 cm)PredecessorNathan KaplanSuccessorLouis "Lepke" Buchalter, Jacob "Gurrah" ShapiroChildren1
Jacob "Little Augie" Orgen (January 1893 – October 16, 1927) was a New York gangster involved in bootlegging and labor racketeering during Prohibition.
Biography
Born to a middle-class Orthodox Jewish family from Austria as Jacob Orgenstein, Orgen became a well-known labor slugger for Benjamin "Dopey Benny" Fein by the early 1910s. Being ambitious, he had formed his own gang, "The Little Augies", c. 1911. He operated his labor rackets diligently for the next five or six years until his former boss, Dopey Benny, had faded from prominence. His rising star was soon put on hold, however, when "Kid Dropper" Nathan Kaplan and Johnny Spanish were both released from Sing Sing in 1917. While they worked together at first, they soon resumed their old rivalry and each formed his own separate gang.
Orgen was even further hindered in his rise in 1919 when he was jailed on a robbery charge. Kid Dropper eventually eliminated Spanish that same year and reigned supreme while Orgen was in jail. While Orgen was in prison, his gang barely held together and fought, often unsuccessfully, against Kaplan's gang while waiting patiently for their leader to return to the streets.
Orgen was released and on the streets again in 1923. Quickly becoming a formidable rival again to Kaplan, Orgen gradually built up a powerful organization which included members such as gunmen Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, Jacob "Gurrah" Shapiro, and Jack "Legs" Diamond. Orgen, allied with Solomon Schapiro, challenged Kaplan over labor slugging activities, particularly in the garment district. In 1923, a gang war broke out after a dispute over striking "wet wash" laundry workers.
After several months of fighting, including a particularly violent gunfight on Essex Street resulting in the deaths of two bystanders, Kaplan was murdered by gunman Louis Kushner, a man attached to Orgen's organization, on August 28, 1923. With Kaplan's death, Orgen gained complete control over labor racketeering.
By 1925 Orgen, in partnership with Legs Diamond, had started to move into bootlegging, supplying Broadway nightclubs and speakeasies. He also kept up his original core occupation of labor slugging. City officials soon began investigating union racketeering in New York, which threatened to expose other criminal operations. In 1927, through intermediary Louis Buchalter (although some sources claim Meyer Lansky), Orgen was advised by Arnold "The Brain" Rothstein to concentrate on infiltrating labor unions instead of traditional labor slugging and strong-arm tactics.
Personal life
In 1926 Orgen became a father when his wife gave birth to a girl who the couple named Zelda. With his increasing wealth, Orgen moved his family out of the Lower East Side to the more affluent Upper West Side.
Though the labor rackets were originally his main source of income, by the mid 1920s Orgen was expanding his horizons into bootlegging and other rackets.
Death
At 8:30 PM on October 15, 1927, Orgen and Legs Diamond, his business partner and Orgen's substitute bodyguard, were walking down Delancey Street and turning onto Norfolk Street on the Lower East Side, Manhattan, when a car slowly drove up behind them, a gunman jumped out, walked up behind them, and opened fire. Orgen was killed instantly with a shot to the right temple while Diamond was shot twice under the heart. The gunman jumped back into the car which quickly speed off north through Norfolk Street. The shooting was witnessed by many men, women, and children, who ran for cover in tenement hallways when the gunman opened fire. A few minutes later, policemen and detectives under Captain Seary of the Clinton Street precinct arrived to the scene. The wounded Diamond was removed to Bellevue Hospital in what was reported as a "dying" condition. Although 34 years old at the time of his murder, Orgen's tombstone in Mount Judah Cemetery reads simply "Jacob Orgen, Age 26 Years" because his father had disowned him after he formed the "Little Augies" in 1919 at the age of 26.
References
^ Downey, Patrick (2004). Gangster City. Fort Lee, New Jersey: Barricade Books. p. 73. ISBN 1-56980-361-7.
^ Arnold Rothstein Chronology Archived January 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine at www.davidpietrusza.com
^ "'Little Augie' Slain By Rival Gangsters". The New York Times. October 16, 1927. p. 1.
^ Robert A. Rockaway: But He Was Good to His Mother: The Lives and Crimes of Jewish Gangsters, Gefen Publishing House, 1993, ISBN 978-965-229-249-0
Further reading
Fried, Albert. The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980. ISBN 0-231-09683-6
O'Kane, James M. The Crooked Ladder: Gangsters, Ethnicity and the American Dream. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1994. ISBN 0-7658-0994-X
Pietrusza, David. Rothstein: The Life, Times, and Murder of the Criminal Genius Who Fixed the 1919 World Series. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2003. ISBN 0-7867-1250-3
Downey, Patrick. Gangster City: The History of the New York Underworld 1900-1935. New Jersey: Barricade Books 2004. ISBN 1-56980-267-X
Almog, Oz, Kosher Nostra Jüdische Gangster in Amerika, 1890–1980 ; Jüdischen Museum der Stadt Wien ; 2003, Text Oz Almog, Erich Metz, ISBN 3-901398-33-3
Asbury, Herbert. The Gangs of New York. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1928. ISBN 1-56025-275-8
Kelly, Robert J. Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000. ISBN 0-313-30653-2
Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8160-5694-3
Sifakis, Carl. The Encyclopedia of American Crime. New York: Facts on File Inc., 2001. ISBN 0-8160-4040-0
External links
Jacob Orgen at Find a Grave
Little Augie mugshot Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Gangster City | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"}],"text":"Jacob \"Little Augie\" Orgen (January 1893 – October 16, 1927) was a New York gangster involved in bootlegging and labor racketeering during Prohibition.","title":"Jacob Orgen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orthodox Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Benjamin \"Dopey Benny\" Fein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Fein"},{"link_name":"\"Kid Dropper\" Nathan Kaplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Kaplan"},{"link_name":"Johnny Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Spanish"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurt_Nickerson-1"},{"link_name":"Louis \"Lepke\" Buchalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Buchalter"},{"link_name":"Jacob \"Gurrah\" Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Shapiro"},{"link_name":"Jack \"Legs\" Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legs_Diamond"},{"link_name":"Solomon Schapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon_Schapiro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"labor slugging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Slugger_Wars"},{"link_name":"garment district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garment_District,_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Essex Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Street"},{"link_name":"Louis Kushner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Kushner"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"speakeasies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speakeasy"},{"link_name":"Meyer Lansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Lansky"},{"link_name":"Arnold \"The Brain\" Rothstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Rothstein"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Born to a middle-class Orthodox Jewish family from Austria as Jacob Orgenstein, Orgen became a well-known labor slugger for Benjamin \"Dopey Benny\" Fein by the early 1910s. Being ambitious, he had formed his own gang, \"The Little Augies\", c. 1911. He operated his labor rackets diligently for the next five or six years until his former boss, Dopey Benny, had faded from prominence. His rising star was soon put on hold, however, when \"Kid Dropper\" Nathan Kaplan and Johnny Spanish were both released from Sing Sing in 1917. While they worked together at first, they soon resumed their old rivalry and each formed his own separate gang.Orgen was even further hindered in his rise in 1919 when he was jailed on a robbery charge. Kid Dropper eventually eliminated Spanish that same year and reigned supreme while Orgen was in jail. While Orgen was in prison, his gang barely held together and fought, often unsuccessfully, against Kaplan's gang while waiting patiently for their leader to return to the streets.Orgen was released and on the streets again in 1923.[1] Quickly becoming a formidable rival again to Kaplan, Orgen gradually built up a powerful organization which included members such as gunmen Louis \"Lepke\" Buchalter, Jacob \"Gurrah\" Shapiro, and Jack \"Legs\" Diamond. Orgen, allied with Solomon Schapiro, challenged Kaplan over labor slugging activities, particularly in the garment district. In 1923, a gang war broke out after a dispute over striking \"wet wash\" laundry workers.After several months of fighting, including a particularly violent gunfight on Essex Street resulting in the deaths of two bystanders, Kaplan was murdered by gunman Louis Kushner, a man attached to Orgen's organization, on August 28, 1923. With Kaplan's death, Orgen gained complete control over labor racketeering.By 1925 Orgen, in partnership with Legs Diamond, had started to move into bootlegging, supplying Broadway nightclubs and speakeasies. He also kept up his original core occupation of labor slugging. City officials soon began investigating union racketeering in New York, which threatened to expose other criminal operations. In 1927, through intermediary Louis Buchalter (although some sources claim Meyer Lansky), Orgen was advised by Arnold \"The Brain\" Rothstein[2] to concentrate on infiltrating labor unions instead of traditional labor slugging and strong-arm tactics.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 1926 Orgen became a father when his wife gave birth to a girl who the couple named Zelda. With his increasing wealth, Orgen moved his family out of the Lower East Side to the more affluent Upper West Side.Though the labor rackets were originally his main source of income, by the mid 1920s Orgen was expanding his horizons into bootlegging and other rackets.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legs Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legs_Diamond"},{"link_name":"Lower East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_East_Side"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Bellevue Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mount Judah Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Judah_Cemetery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"At 8:30 PM on October 15, 1927, Orgen and Legs Diamond, his business partner and Orgen's substitute bodyguard, were walking down Delancey Street and turning onto Norfolk Street on the Lower East Side, Manhattan, when a car slowly drove up behind them, a gunman jumped out, walked up behind them, and opened fire. Orgen was killed instantly with a shot to the right temple while Diamond was shot twice under the heart. The gunman jumped back into the car which quickly speed off north through Norfolk Street. The shooting was witnessed by many men, women, and children, who ran for cover in tenement hallways when the gunman opened fire. A few minutes later, policemen and detectives under Captain Seary of the Clinton Street precinct arrived to the scene. The wounded Diamond was removed to Bellevue Hospital in what was reported as a \"dying\" condition.[3] Although 34 years old at the time of his murder, Orgen's tombstone in Mount Judah Cemetery reads simply \"Jacob Orgen, Age 26 Years\" because his father had disowned him after he formed the \"Little Augies\" in 1919 at the age of 26.[4][page needed]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-231-09683-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-09683-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7658-0994-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0994-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7867-1250-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-1250-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56980-267-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56980-267-X"},{"link_name":"Almog, Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_Almog"},{"link_name":"Kosher Nostra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/works/OL8303542W/Kosher_Nostra"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-901398-33-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-901398-33-3"},{"link_name":"Asbury, Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Asbury"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56025-275-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56025-275-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-313-30653-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30653-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8160-5694-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5694-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8160-4040-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4040-0"}],"text":"Fried, Albert. The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980. ISBN 0-231-09683-6\nO'Kane, James M. The Crooked Ladder: Gangsters, Ethnicity and the American Dream. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1994. ISBN 0-7658-0994-X\nPietrusza, David. Rothstein: The Life, Times, and Murder of the Criminal Genius Who Fixed the 1919 World Series. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2003. ISBN 0-7867-1250-3\nDowney, Patrick. Gangster City: The History of the New York Underworld 1900-1935. New Jersey: Barricade Books 2004. ISBN 1-56980-267-X\nAlmog, Oz, Kosher Nostra Jüdische Gangster in Amerika, 1890–1980 ; Jüdischen Museum der Stadt Wien ; 2003, Text Oz Almog, Erich Metz, ISBN 3-901398-33-3\nAsbury, Herbert. The Gangs of New York. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1928. ISBN 1-56025-275-8\nKelly, Robert J. Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000. ISBN 0-313-30653-2\nSifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8160-5694-3\nSifakis, Carl. The Encyclopedia of American Crime. New York: Facts on File Inc., 2001. ISBN 0-8160-4040-0","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Downey, Patrick (2004). Gangster City. Fort Lee, New Jersey: Barricade Books. p. 73. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Orthodox_theology) | Theosis (Eastern Christian theology) | ["1 Deification","2 Theoria","3 As a patristic and historical teaching","4 Stages","5 Ascetic practice","6 Western attitudes","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","9.1 Footnotes","9.2 Bibliography","10 Further reading"] | Likeness to or union with God
Icon of The Ladder of Divine Ascent (the steps toward theosis as described by John Climacus) showing monks ascending (and falling from) the ladder to Jesus
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Theosis (Ancient Greek: θέωσις), or deification (deification may also refer to apotheosis, lit. "making divine"), is a transformative process whose aim is likeness to or union with God, as taught by the Eastern Catholic Churches and the Eastern Orthodox Church; the same concept is also found in the Latin Church of the Catholic Church, where it is termed "divinization". As a process of transformation, theosis is brought about by the effects of catharsis (purification of mind and body) and theoria ('illumination' with the 'vision' of God). According to Eastern Christian teachings, theosis is very much the purpose of human life. It is considered achievable only through synergy (or cooperation) of human activity and God's uncreated energies (or operations).
According to Metropolitan Hierotheos (Vlachos), the primacy of theosis in Eastern Orthodox Christian theology is directly related to the fact that Byzantine theology (as historically conceived by its principal exponents) is based to a greater extent than Latin Catholic theology on the direct spiritual insights of the saints or mystics of the church rather than the often seen more as rational thought tradition of the West. Byzantine Christians consider that "no one who does not follow the path of union with God can be a theologian" in the proper sense. Thus theology in Byzantine Christianity is not treated primarily as an academic pursuit. Instead it is based on applied revelation (see gnosiology), and the primary validation of a theologian is understood to be a holy and ascetical life rather than intellectual training or academic credentials (see scholasticism).
Deification
Further information: Divinization (Christian)
Athanasius of Alexandria wrote, "He was incarnate that we might be made god" (Αὐτὸς γὰρ ἐνηνθρώπησεν, ἵνα ἡμεῖς θεοποιηθῶμεν). What would otherwise seem absurd—that fallen, sinful man may become holy as God is holy—has been made possible through Jesus Christ, who is God incarnate. Naturally, the crucial Christian assertion, that God is One, sets an absolute limit on the meaning of theosis, as it is not possible for any created being to become God ontologically, a necessary part of God, or even one of the three existences of God called hypostases (so a created being cannot become Jesus Christ, the Holy Spirit nor the Father of the Trinity).
Most specifically creatures, i.e. created beings, cannot become God in his transcendent essence, or ousia, hyper-being (see apophaticism). Such a concept would be the henosis, or absorption and fusion into God of Greek pagan philosophy. However, every being and reality itself is considered as composed of the immanent energy, or energeia, of God. As energy is the actuality of God, i.e. his immanence, from God's being, it is also the energeia or activity of God. Thus the doctrine avoids pantheism while partially accepting Neoplatonism's terms and general concepts, but not its substance (see Plotinus).
Maximus the Confessor wrote:
A sure warrant for looking forward with hope to deification of human nature is provided by the Incarnation of God, which makes man God to the same degree as God Himself became man. ...Let us become the image of the one whole God, bearing nothing earthly in ourselves, so that we may consort with God and become gods, receiving from God our existence as gods. For it is clear that He Who became man without sin (cf. Heb. 4:15) will divinize human nature without changing it into the Divine Nature, and will raise it up for His Own sake to the same degree as He lowered Himself for man's sake. This is what St Paul teaches mystically when he says, "that in the ages to come he might display the overflowing richness of His grace" (Eph. 2:7)
Theoria
Further information: Christian contemplation
Through theoria (illumination with or direct experience of the Triune God), human beings come to know and experience what it means to be fully human, i.e., the created image of God; through their communion with Jesus Christ, God shares himself with the human race, in order to conform them to all that He is in knowledge, righteousness, and holiness. As God became human, in all ways except sin, he will also make humans "God", i.e., "holy" or "saintly", in all ways except his Divine Essence, which is uncaused and uncreated. Irenaeus explained this doctrine in the work Against Heresies, Book 5, Preface: "the Word of God, our Lord Jesus Christ, Who did, through His transcendent love, become what we are, that He might bring us to be even what He is Himself."
As a patristic and historical teaching
For many Church Fathers, theosis goes beyond simply restoring people to their state before the fall of Adam and Eve, teaching that because Christ united the human and divine natures in Jesus' person, it is now possible for someone to experience closer fellowship with God than Adam and Eve initially experienced in the Garden of Eden, and that people can become more like God than Adam and Eve were at that time. Some Byzantine Christian theologians say that Jesus would have become incarnate for this reason alone, even if Adam and Eve had never sinned.
All of humanity is fully restored to the full potential of humanity because the Son of God took to himself a human nature to be born of a woman, and takes to himself also the sufferings due to sin (yet is not himself sinful, and is God unchanged in being). In Christ the two natures of God and human are not two persons but one; thus a union is effected in Christ between all of humanity in principle and God. So the holy God and sinful humanity are reconciled in principle in the one sinless man, Jesus Christ. (See Jesus' prayer as recorded in John 17.)
This reconciliation is made actual through the struggle to conform to the image of Christ. Without the struggle, the praxis, there is no real faith; faith leads to action, without which it is dead. One must unite will, thought, and action to God's will, his thoughts, and his actions. Christians must fashion their lives to be a mirror, a true likeness of God. More than that, since God and humanity are more than a similarity in Christ but rather a true union, Christians' lives are more than mere imitation and are rather a union with the life of God himself: "If then there is any encouragement in Christ, any consolation from love, any sharing in the Spirit, any compassion and sympathy, for it is God who is at work in you, enabling you both to will and to work for his good pleasure." (Philippians 2:13)
A common analogy for theosis, given by the Greek fathers, is that of a metal which is put into the fire. The metal obtains all the properties of the fire (heat, light), while its essence remains that of a metal. Using the head-body analogy from Paul the Apostle, everyone in whom Christ lives partakes of the glory of Christ. As John Chrysostom observes, "where the head is, there is the body also. There is no interval to separate between the Head and the body; for were there a separation, then were it no longer a body, then were it no longer a head."
Stages
Main article: State (theology)
Theosis is understood to have three stages: first, the purgative way, purification, or katharsis; second, illumination, the illuminative way, the vision of God, or theoria; and third, sainthood, the unitive way, or theosis. Thus the term "theosis" describes the whole process and its objective. By means of purification a person comes to theoria and then to theosis. Theosis is the participation of the person in the life of God. According to this doctrine, the holy life of God, given in Jesus Christ to the believer through the Holy Spirit, is expressed through the three stages of theosis, beginning in the struggles of this life, increasing in the experience of knowledge of God, and consummated in the resurrection of the believer, when the victory of God over fear, sin, and death, accomplished in the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ, is made manifest in the believer forever.
Ascetic practice
See also: Desert Fathers
The journey toward theosis includes many forms of praxis, the most obvious being monasticism and clergy. Of the monastic tradition, the practice of hesychasm is most important as a way to establish a direct relationship with God. Living in the community of the church and partaking regularly of the sacraments, especially the Eucharist, is taken for granted. Also important is cultivating "prayer of the heart", and prayer that never ceases, as Paul exhorts in 1 Thessalonians 5:17. This unceasing prayer of the heart is a dominant theme in the writings of the Fathers, especially in those collected in the Philokalia. It is considered that no one can reach theosis without an impeccable Christian living, crowned by faithful, warm, and, ultimately, silent, continuous Prayer of the Heart.
The "doer" in deification is the Holy Spirit, with whom the human being joins his will to receive this transforming grace by praxis and prayer, and as Gregory Palamas teaches, the Christian mystics are deified as they become filled with the Light of Tabor of the Holy Spirit in the degree that they make themselves open to it by asceticism (divinization being not a one-sided act of God, but a loving cooperation between God and the advanced Christian, which Palamas considers a synergy).
This synergeia or co-operation between God and Man does not lead to mankind being absorbed into the God as was taught in earlier pagan forms of deification like henosis. Rather it expresses unity, in the complementary nature between the created and the creator. Acquisition of the Holy Spirit is key as the acquisition of the Spirit leads to self-realization.
Western attitudes
Further information: Divinization (Christian)
Western attitudes have traditionally been negative, not towards divinization itself (which is also part of the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church), but towards the ways in which divinization is supposed to happen according to Byzantine theology. In his article, Bloor highlights various Western theologians who have contributed to what he calls a "stigma" towards theosis. Yet, recent theological discourse has seen a reversal of this, with Bloor drawing upon Western theologians from an array of traditions, whom, he claims, embrace theosis/deification.
The practice of ascetic prayer, called Hesychasm in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Byzantine Catholic Churches, "is centered on the enlightenment or deification (... or theosis, in Greek) of man".
Hesychasm is directed to a goal that is not limited to natural life alone and goes beyond this to deification (theosis).
In the past, Roman Catholic theologians generally expressed a negative view of Hesychasm. The doctrine of Gregory Palamas won almost no following in the West, and the distrustful attitude of Barlaam in its regard prevailed among Western theologians, surviving into the early 20th century, as shown in Adrian Fortescue's article on hesychasm in the 1910 Catholic Encyclopedia. Fortescue translated the Greek words ἥσυχος and ἡσυχαστής as "quiet" and "quietist".
In the same period, Edward Pace's article on quietism indicated that, while in the strictest sense quietism is a 17th-century doctrine proposed by Miguel de Molinos, the term is also used more broadly to cover both Indian religions and what Edward Pace called "the vagaries of Hesychasm", thus betraying the same prejudices as Fortescue with regard to hesychasm; and, again in the same period, Siméon Vailhé described some aspects of the teaching of Palamas as "monstrous errors", "heresies" and "a resurrection of polytheism", and called the hesychast method for arriving at perfect contemplation "no more than a crude form of auto-suggestion".
Different concepts of "natural contemplation" existed in the East and in the medieval West.
The twentieth century saw a remarkable change in the attitude of Roman Catholic theologians to Palamas, a "rehabilitation" of him that has led to increasing parts of the Western Church considering him a saint, even if uncanonized. Some Western scholars maintain that there is no conflict between Palamas's teaching and Roman Catholic thought. According to G. Philips, the essence–energies distinction is "a typical example of a perfectly admissible theological pluralism" that is compatible with the Roman Catholic magisterium. Jeffrey D. Finch claims that "the future of East–West rapprochement appears to be overcoming the modern polemics of neo-scholasticism and neo-Palamism". Some Western theologians have incorporated the theology of Palamas into their own thinking.
Pope John Paul II said Catholics should be familiar with "the venerable and ancient tradition of the Eastern Churches", so as to be nourished by it. Among the treasures of that tradition he mentioned in particular:
the teaching of the Cappadocian Fathers on divinization (which) passed into the tradition of all the Byzantine Churches and is part of their common heritage. This can be summarized in the thought already expressed by Saint Irenaeus at the end of the second century: God passed into man so that man might pass over to God. This theology of divinization remains one of the achievements particularly dear to Byzantine Christian thought.
Some Lutherans argue that theosis is compatible with Lutheran theology.
See also
Christianity portal
Apotheosis
Beatific vision
Christian perfection
Christian universalism
Consecration
Divine filiation
Eastern Orthodox Christian theology
Exaltation (Mormonism)
Glorification
Hermit
Holiness movement
John of the Cross
Vladimir Lossky
Mysticism
Poustinia
Sanctification
Soteriology
Notes
^ John Meyendorff wrote: The debate between Barlaam and the hesychasts can probably be best understood in the light of their different interpretations of what St. Maximus the Confessor used to call "natural contemplation" (physikē theōria) or the new state of creative being in Christ. Barlaam – and also medieval Latin tradition – tends to understand this created habitus as a condition for and not a consequence of grace. Palamas, on the contrary, proclaims the overwhelming novelty of the Kingdom of God revealed in Christ, and the gratuitous nature of the divine and saving acts of God. Hence, for him, vision of God cannot depend on human "knowledge".
References
Footnotes
^ Bartos 1999, p. 253; Kapsanis 2006.
^ a b Vlachos 1994.
^ Lossky 2002, p. 39.
^ Athanasius 2011, sec. 54.3, p. 167.
^ a b Lossky 2002, pp. 29–33.
^ PHILOKALIA, Volume 2, page 178).
^ Lossky 2002, ch. 1.
^ Mathewes-Green 2009, p. 12.
^ Popov 2012, p. 48.
^ Chrysostom 2012, p. ???.
^ Lossky 2002, pp. 8–9, 39, 126, 133, 154, 196.
^ Kotsonis, John (2010). "Unceasing Prayer". OrthodoxyToday.org. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
^ Maloney 2003, p. 173.
^ Kapsanis n.d.
^ a b Bloor 2015.
^ Chrysostomos 2001, p. 206.
^ Fortescue 1910; Horujy 2005.
^ Fortescue 1910.
^ Andreopoulos 2005, p. 215; Fortescue 1910.
^ Fortescue 1910, p. 301.
^ Pace 1911.
^ Vailhé 1909, p. 768.
^ a b Meyendorff 1983, pp. 12–13.
^ Pelikan 1983, p. xi.
^ a b Finch 2007, p. 243.
^ Finch 2007, p. 244.
^ Ware 2000, p. 186.
^ "Pope John Paul II, Orientale Lumen". vatican.va. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
^ Christification: A Lutheran Approach to Theosis. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 18 July 2014. ISBN 9781625646163.
Bibliography
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Chrysostomos (2001). "An Overview of the Hesychastic Controversy" (PDF). Orthodox and Roman Catholic Relations from the Fourth Crusade to the Hesychastic Controversy. Etna, California: Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies. pp. 199–232. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
Finch, Jeffrey D. (2007). "Neo-Palamism, Divinizing Grace, and the Breach between East and West". In Christensen, Michael J.; Wittung, Jeffery A. (eds.). Partakers of the Divine Nature: The History and Development of Deificiation in the Christian Traditions. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-4111-8.
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——— (2006). Theosis: The True Purpose of Human Life (PDF) (4th ed.). Mount Athos, Greece: Holy Monastery of St. Gregorios. ISBN 960-7553-26-8. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
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Maloney, George A. (2003). The Undreamed Has Happened: God Lives Within Us. Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 978-1-58966-017-5.
Mathewes-Green, Frederica (2009). The Jesus Prayer: The Ancient Desert Prayer That Tunes the Heart to God. Brewster, Massachusetts: Paraclete Press. ISBN 978-1-55725-659-1.
Meyendorff, John (1983). "Introduction". In Meyendorff, John (ed.). Gregory Palamas: The Triads. The Classics of Western Spirituality. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2447-3.
Pace, E. A. (1911). "Quietism" . In Herbermann, Charles G.; Pace, Edward A.; Pallen, Condé B.; Shahan, Thomas J.; Wynne, John J. (eds.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Encyclopedia Press (published 1913). pp. 608–610.
Pelikan, Jaroslav (1983). "Preface". In Meyendorff, John (ed.). Gregory Palamas: The Triads. The Classics of Western Spirituality. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2447-3.
Popov, Ivan V. (2012). "The Idea of Deification in the Early Eastern Church". In Kharlamov, Vladimir (ed.). Theosis: Deification in Christian Theology. Vol. 2. Chapter translated by Jakim, Boris. Cambridge, England: James Clarke and Co. pp. 42–82. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1cgf30h.7. ISBN 978-0-227-68033-9. JSTOR j.ctt1cgf30h.7.
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Further reading
Anstall, Kharalambos (2007). "Juridical Justification Theology and a Statement of the Orthodox Teaching". In Jersak, Brad; Hardin, Michael (eds.). Stricken by God? Nonviolent Identification and the Victory of Christ. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-6287-7.
Braaten, Carl E.; Jenson, Robert W., eds. (1998). Union with Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-4442-2.
Christou, Panayiotis (1984). Partakers of God. Brookline, Massachusetts: Holy Cross Orthodox Press. ISBN 978-0-916586-67-6. Retrieved 11 June 2017 – via Myriobiblos.
Clendenin, Daniel B. (1994). "Partakers of Divinity: The Orthodox Doctrine of Theosis" (PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 37 (3): 365–379. ISSN 0360-8808. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
Gleason, Joseph (2012). "What Is Theosis?". The Orthodox Life. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
Gross, Jules (2003). The Divinization of the Christian According to the Greek Fathers. Translated by Onica, Paul A. Anaheim, California: A & C Press. ISBN 978-0-7363-1600-2.
Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti (2005). One with God: Salvation as Deification and Justification. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-2971-0.
Kangas, Ron (2002). "Becoming God" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 7 (2): 3–30. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
——— (2002). "Creation, Satanification, Regeneration, Deification. Part 3: Regeneration for Deification, Regeneration as Deification" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 7 (2): 71–83. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
Keating, Daniel A. (2007). Deification and Grace. Naples, Florida: Sapientia Press. ISBN 978-1-932589-37-5.
Mantzaridis, Georgios I. (1984). The Deification of Man: St Gregory Palmas and the Orthodox Tradition. Translated by Sherrard, Liadain. Crestwood, New York: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-027-3.
Marks, Ed (2002). "Deification by Participation in God's Divinity" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 7 (2): 47–54. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
Marquart, Kurt E. (2000). "Luther and Theosis" (PDF). Concordia Theological Quarterly. 64 (3): 182–205. ISSN 0038-8610. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
Marshall, Bruce D. (2002). "Justification as Declaration and Deification". International Journal of Systematic Theology. 4 (1): 3–28. doi:10.1111/1463-1652.00070. ISSN 1468-2400.
Meconi, David Vincent (2013). The One Christ: St. Augustine's Theology of Deification. Washington: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-2127-4.
Mosser, Carl (2002). "The Greatest Possible Blessing: Calvin and Deification". Scottish Journal of Theology. 55 (1): 36–57. doi:10.1017/S0036930602000133. ISSN 1475-3065. S2CID 170140878. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
Nellas, Panayiotis (1987). Deification in Christ: Orthodox Perspectives on the Nature of the Human Person. Translated by Russell, Norman. Crestwood, New York: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-030-3.
Olson, Roger E. (2007). "Deification in Contemporary Theology". Theology Today. 64 (2): 186–200. doi:10.1177/004057360706400205. ISSN 2044-2556. S2CID 170904062.
Pelikan, Jaroslav (1974). The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine. Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom, 600–1700. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-65373-0.
Pester, John (2002). "The Gospel of the Promised Seed: Deification According to the Organic Pattern in Romans 8 and Philippians 2" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 7 (2): 55–69. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
Robichaux, Kerry S. (1996). "... That We Might Be Made God" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 1 (3): 21–31. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
——— (2002). "Can Human Beings Become God?" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 7 (2): 31–46. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
Russell, Norman (1988). "'Partakers of the Divine Nature' (2 Peter 1:4) in the Byzantine Tradition". ΚΑΘΗΓΗΤΡΙΑ: Essays Presented to Joan Hussey for Her 80th Birthday. Camberley, England: Porphyrogenitus. ISBN 978-1-871328-00-4. Retrieved 15 June 2018 – via Myriobiblos.
——— (2006). The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205974.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-920597-4.
Shuttleworth, Mark (2005). Theosis: Partaking of the Divine Nature. Ben Lomond, California: Conciliar Press. Retrieved 15 June 2018 – via Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America.
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Christianity portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StJohnClimacus.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Ladder of Divine Ascent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent"},{"link_name":"John Climacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Climacus"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"apotheosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotheosis"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"divinization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)"},{"link_name":"catharsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharsis"},{"link_name":"theoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoria#Eastern_Orthodox_Catholic_and_Byzantine_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"Eastern Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartos1999253Kapsanis2006-1"},{"link_name":"Hierotheos (Vlachos)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierotheos_(Vlachos)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Christian theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christian_theology"},{"link_name":"Latin Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_theology"},{"link_name":"mystics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"rational thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_thought"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlachos1994-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossky200239-3"},{"link_name":"gnosiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosiology"},{"link_name":"scholasticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlachos1994-2"}],"text":"Icon of The Ladder of Divine Ascent (the steps toward theosis as described by John Climacus) showing monks ascending (and falling from) the ladder to JesusTheosis (Ancient Greek: θέωσις), or deification (deification may also refer to apotheosis, lit. \"making divine\"), is a transformative process whose aim is likeness to or union with God, as taught by the Eastern Catholic Churches and the Eastern Orthodox Church; the same concept is also found in the Latin Church of the Catholic Church, where it is termed \"divinization\". As a process of transformation, theosis is brought about by the effects of catharsis (purification of mind and body) and theoria ('illumination' with the 'vision' of God). According to Eastern Christian teachings, theosis is very much the purpose of human life. It is considered achievable only through synergy (or cooperation) of human activity and God's uncreated energies (or operations).[1]According to Metropolitan Hierotheos (Vlachos), the primacy of theosis in Eastern Orthodox Christian theology is directly related to the fact that Byzantine theology (as historically conceived by its principal exponents) is based to a greater extent than Latin Catholic theology on the direct spiritual insights of the saints or mystics of the church rather than the often seen more as rational thought tradition of the West.[2] Byzantine Christians consider that \"no one who does not follow the path of union with God can be a theologian\"[3] in the proper sense. Thus theology in Byzantine Christianity is not treated primarily as an academic pursuit. Instead it is based on applied revelation (see gnosiology), and the primary validation of a theologian is understood to be a holy and ascetical life rather than intellectual training or academic credentials (see scholasticism).[2]","title":"Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Divinization (Christian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)"},{"link_name":"Athanasius of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthanasius2011sec. 54.3,_p. 167-4"},{"link_name":"ontologically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology"},{"link_name":"hypostases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypostatic_union"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossky200229%E2%80%9333-5"},{"link_name":"ousia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ousia"},{"link_name":"apophaticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophatic_theology"},{"link_name":"henosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henosis"},{"link_name":"actuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiality_and_actuality#Actuality"},{"link_name":"energeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energeia"},{"link_name":"pantheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism"},{"link_name":"Neoplatonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism"},{"link_name":"Plotinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossky200229%E2%80%9333-5"},{"link_name":"Maximus the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"Heb.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews"},{"link_name":"4:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%204:15&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Eph.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians"},{"link_name":"2:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%202:7&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Further information: Divinization (Christian)Athanasius of Alexandria wrote, \"He was incarnate that we might be made god\" (Αὐτὸς γὰρ ἐνηνθρώπησεν, ἵνα ἡμεῖς θεοποιηθῶμεν).[4] What would otherwise seem absurd—that fallen, sinful man may become holy as God is holy—has been made possible through Jesus Christ, who is God incarnate. Naturally, the crucial Christian assertion, that God is One, sets an absolute limit on the meaning of theosis, as it is not possible for any created being to become God ontologically, a necessary part of God, or even one of the three existences of God called hypostases (so a created being cannot become Jesus Christ, the Holy Spirit nor the Father of the Trinity).[5]Most specifically creatures, i.e. created beings, cannot become God in his transcendent essence, or ousia, hyper-being (see apophaticism). Such a concept would be the henosis, or absorption and fusion into God of Greek pagan philosophy. However, every being and reality itself is considered as composed of the immanent energy, or energeia, of God. As energy is the actuality of God, i.e. his immanence, from God's being, it is also the energeia or activity of God. Thus the doctrine avoids pantheism while partially accepting Neoplatonism's terms and general concepts, but not its substance (see Plotinus).[5]Maximus the Confessor wrote:A sure warrant for looking forward with hope to deification of human nature is provided by the Incarnation of God, which makes man God to the same degree as God Himself became man. ...Let us become the image of the one whole God, bearing nothing earthly in ourselves, so that we may consort with God and become gods, receiving from God our existence as gods. For it is clear that He Who became man without sin (cf. Heb. 4:15) will divinize human nature without changing it into the Divine Nature, and will raise it up for His Own sake to the same degree as He lowered Himself for man's sake. This is what St[.] Paul teaches mystically when he says, \"that in the ages to come he might display the overflowing richness of His grace\" (Eph. 2:7)[6]","title":"Deification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian contemplation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_contemplation"},{"link_name":"Irenaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus"},{"link_name":"Against Heresies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis"},{"link_name":"Book 5, Preface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103500.htm"}],"text":"Further information: Christian contemplationThrough theoria (illumination with or direct experience of the Triune God), human beings come to know and experience what it means to be fully human, i.e., the created image of God; through their communion with Jesus Christ, God shares himself with the human race, in order to conform them to all that He is in knowledge, righteousness, and holiness. As God became human, in all ways except sin, he will also make humans \"God\", i.e., \"holy\" or \"saintly\", in all ways except his Divine Essence, which is uncaused and uncreated. Irenaeus explained this doctrine in the work Against Heresies, Book 5, Preface: \"the Word of God, our Lord Jesus Christ, Who did, through His transcendent love, become what we are, that He might bring us to be even what He is Himself.\"","title":"Theoria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Fathers"},{"link_name":"fall of Adam and Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_man"},{"link_name":"Adam and Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve"},{"link_name":"Garden of Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Eden"},{"link_name":"incarnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossky2002ch._1-7"},{"link_name":"John 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathewes-Green200912-8"},{"link_name":"praxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxis_(Orthodox)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopov201248-9"},{"link_name":"Paul the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"John Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chrysostom"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrysostom2012???-10"}],"text":"For many Church Fathers, theosis goes beyond simply restoring people to their state before the fall of Adam and Eve, teaching that because Christ united the human and divine natures in Jesus' person, it is now possible for someone to experience closer fellowship with God than Adam and Eve initially experienced in the Garden of Eden, and that people can become more like God than Adam and Eve were at that time. Some Byzantine Christian theologians say that Jesus would have become incarnate for this reason alone, even if Adam and Eve had never sinned.[7]All of humanity is fully restored to the full potential of humanity because the Son of God took to himself a human nature to be born of a woman, and takes to himself also the sufferings due to sin (yet is not himself sinful, and is God unchanged in being). In Christ the two natures of God and human are not two persons but one; thus a union is effected in Christ between all of humanity in principle and God. So the holy God and sinful humanity are reconciled in principle in the one sinless man, Jesus Christ. (See Jesus' prayer as recorded in John 17.)[8]This reconciliation is made actual through the struggle to conform to the image of Christ. Without the struggle, the praxis, there is no real faith; faith leads to action, without which it is dead. One must unite will, thought, and action to God's will, his thoughts, and his actions. Christians must fashion their lives to be a mirror, a true likeness of God. More than that, since God and humanity are more than a similarity in Christ but rather a true union, Christians' lives are more than mere imitation and are rather a union with the life of God himself:\"If then there is any encouragement in Christ, any consolation from love, any sharing in the Spirit, any compassion and sympathy, for it is God who is at work in you, enabling you both to will and to work for his good pleasure.\" (Philippians 2:13)A common analogy for theosis, given by the Greek fathers, is that of a metal which is put into the fire. The metal obtains all the properties of the fire (heat, light), while its essence remains that of a metal.[9] Using the head-body analogy from Paul the Apostle, everyone in whom Christ lives partakes of the glory of Christ. As John Chrysostom observes, \"where the head is, there is the body also. There is no interval to separate between the Head and the body; for were there a separation, then were it no longer a body, then were it no longer a head.\"[10]","title":"As a patristic and historical teaching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"purgative way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgative_way"},{"link_name":"illuminative way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminative_way"},{"link_name":"theoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoria"},{"link_name":"unitive way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitive_way"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"knowledge of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis"},{"link_name":"resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection"},{"link_name":"crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossky20028%E2%80%939,_39,_126,_133,_154,_196-11"}],"text":"Theosis is understood to have three stages: first, the purgative way, purification, or katharsis; second, illumination, the illuminative way, the vision of God, or theoria; and third, sainthood, the unitive way, or theosis. Thus the term \"theosis\" describes the whole process and its objective. By means of purification a person comes to theoria and then to theosis. Theosis is the participation of the person in the life of God. According to this doctrine, the holy life of God, given in Jesus Christ to the believer through the Holy Spirit, is expressed through the three stages of theosis, beginning in the struggles of this life, increasing in the experience of knowledge of God, and consummated in the resurrection of the believer, when the victory of God over fear, sin, and death, accomplished in the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ, is made manifest in the believer forever.[11]","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Desert Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Fathers"},{"link_name":"praxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxis_(Orthodox)"},{"link_name":"monasticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasticism"},{"link_name":"hesychasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesychasm"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"prayer of the heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_of_the_heart"},{"link_name":"Philokalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philokalia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orthodoxytoday-12"},{"link_name":"deification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deification"},{"link_name":"Gregory Palamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Palamas"},{"link_name":"Light of Tabor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_of_Tabor"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloney2003173-13"},{"link_name":"synergeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergy"},{"link_name":"henosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henosis"},{"link_name":"self-realization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-realization"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapsanisn.d.-14"}],"text":"See also: Desert FathersThe journey toward theosis includes many forms of praxis, the most obvious being monasticism and clergy. Of the monastic tradition, the practice of hesychasm is most important as a way to establish a direct relationship with God. Living in the community of the church and partaking regularly of the sacraments, especially the Eucharist, is taken for granted. Also important is cultivating \"prayer of the heart\", and prayer that never ceases, as Paul exhorts in 1 Thessalonians 5:17. This unceasing prayer of the heart is a dominant theme in the writings of the Fathers, especially in those collected in the Philokalia. It is considered that no one can reach theosis without an impeccable Christian living, crowned by faithful, warm, and, ultimately, silent, continuous Prayer of the Heart.[12]The \"doer\" in deification is the Holy Spirit, with whom the human being joins his will to receive this transforming grace by praxis and prayer, and as Gregory Palamas teaches, the Christian mystics are deified as they become filled with the Light of Tabor of the Holy Spirit in the degree that they make themselves open to it by asceticism (divinization being not a one-sided act of God, but a loving cooperation between God and the advanced Christian, which Palamas considers a synergy).[13]This synergeia or co-operation between God and Man does not lead to mankind being absorbed into the God as was taught in earlier pagan forms of deification like henosis. Rather it expresses unity, in the complementary nature between the created and the creator. Acquisition of the Holy Spirit is key as the acquisition of the Spirit leads to self-realization.[14]","title":"Ascetic practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Divinization (Christian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloor2015-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloor2015-15"},{"link_name":"Hesychasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesychasm"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Catholic Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrysostomos2001206-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1910Horujy2005-17"},{"link_name":"Hesychasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesychasm"},{"link_name":"Gregory Palamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Palamas"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1910-18"},{"link_name":"Barlaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlaam_of_Seminara"},{"link_name":"Adrian Fortescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Fortescue"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreopoulos2005215Fortescue1910-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1910301-20"},{"link_name":"quietism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Miguel de Molinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Molinos"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPace1911-21"},{"link_name":"contemplation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoria"},{"link_name":"auto-suggestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-suggestion"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVailh%C3%A91909768-22"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff198312%E2%80%9313-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelikan1983xi-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinch2007243-26"},{"link_name":"essence–energies distinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinch2007243-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinch2007244-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare2000186-28"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vatican-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Further information: Divinization (Christian)Western attitudes have traditionally been negative, not towards divinization itself (which is also part of the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church), but towards the ways in which divinization is supposed to happen according to Byzantine theology. In his article, Bloor highlights various Western theologians who have contributed to what he calls a \"stigma\" towards theosis.[15] Yet, recent theological discourse has seen a reversal of this, with Bloor drawing upon Western theologians from an array of traditions, whom, he claims, embrace theosis/deification.[15]The practice of ascetic prayer, called Hesychasm in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Byzantine Catholic Churches, \"is centered on the enlightenment or deification (... or theosis, in Greek) of man\".[16]Hesychasm is directed to a goal that is not limited to natural life alone and goes beyond this to deification (theosis).[17]In the past, Roman Catholic theologians generally expressed a negative view of Hesychasm. The doctrine of Gregory Palamas won almost no following in the West,[18] and the distrustful attitude of Barlaam in its regard prevailed among Western theologians, surviving into the early 20th century, as shown in Adrian Fortescue's article on hesychasm in the 1910 Catholic Encyclopedia.[19] Fortescue translated the Greek words ἥσυχος and ἡσυχαστής as \"quiet\" and \"quietist\".[20]In the same period, Edward Pace's article on quietism indicated that, while in the strictest sense quietism is a 17th-century doctrine proposed by Miguel de Molinos, the term is also used more broadly to cover both Indian religions and what Edward Pace called \"the vagaries of Hesychasm\", thus betraying the same prejudices as Fortescue with regard to hesychasm;[21] and, again in the same period, Siméon Vailhé described some aspects of the teaching of Palamas as \"monstrous errors\", \"heresies\" and \"a resurrection of polytheism\", and called the hesychast method for arriving at perfect contemplation \"no more than a crude form of auto-suggestion\".[22]Different concepts of \"natural contemplation\" existed in the East and in the medieval West.[a][23]The twentieth century saw a remarkable change in the attitude of Roman Catholic theologians to Palamas, a \"rehabilitation\" of him that has led to increasing parts of the Western Church considering him a saint, even if uncanonized.[24] Some Western scholars maintain that there is no conflict between Palamas's teaching and Roman Catholic thought.[25] According to G. Philips, the essence–energies distinction is \"a typical example of a perfectly admissible theological pluralism\" that is compatible with the Roman Catholic magisterium.[25] Jeffrey D. Finch claims that \"the future of East–West rapprochement appears to be overcoming the modern polemics of neo-scholasticism and neo-Palamism\".[26] Some Western theologians have incorporated the theology of Palamas into their own thinking.[27]Pope John Paul II said Catholics should be familiar with \"the venerable and ancient tradition of the Eastern Churches\", so as to be nourished by it. Among the treasures of that tradition he mentioned in particular:the teaching of the Cappadocian Fathers on divinization (which) passed into the tradition of all the Byzantine Churches and is part of their common heritage. This can be summarized in the thought already expressed by Saint Irenaeus at the end of the second century: God passed into man so that man might pass over to God. This theology of divinization remains one of the achievements particularly dear to Byzantine Christian thought.[28]Some Lutherans argue that theosis is compatible with Lutheran theology.[29]","title":"Western attitudes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"John Meyendorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Meyendorff"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff198312%E2%80%9313-23"}],"text":"^ John Meyendorff wrote: The debate between Barlaam and the hesychasts can probably be best understood in the light of their different interpretations of what St. Maximus the Confessor used to call \"natural contemplation\" (physikē theōria) or the new state of creative being in Christ. Barlaam – and also medieval Latin tradition – tends to understand this created habitus as a condition for and not a consequence of grace. Palamas, on the contrary, proclaims the overwhelming novelty of the Kingdom of God revealed in Christ, and the gratuitous nature of the divine and saving acts of God. Hence, for him, vision of God cannot depend on human \"knowledge\".[23]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8028-6287-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6287-7"},{"link_name":"Braaten, Carl E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Braaten"},{"link_name":"Jenson, Robert W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jenson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8028-4442-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4442-2"},{"link_name":"Partakers of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/christou_partakers.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-916586-67-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916586-67-6"},{"link_name":"\"Partakers of Divinity: The Orthodox Doctrine of Theosis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/37/37-3/JETS_37-3_365-379_Clendenin.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0360-8808","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0360-8808"},{"link_name":"\"What Is Theosis?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//theorthodoxlife.wordpress.com/2012/02/06/what-is-theosis/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7363-1600-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7363-1600-2"},{"link_name":"Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veli-Matti_K%C3%A4rkk%C3%A4inen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8146-2971-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2971-0"},{"link_name":"\"Becoming God\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.affcrit.com/pdfs/2002/02/02_02_a1.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1088-6923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1088-6923"},{"link_name":"\"Creation, Satanification, Regeneration, Deification. 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theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperity_theology"},{"link_name":"Restorationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorationism"},{"link_name":"Lists of Christian theologians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Christian_theologians"},{"link_name":"Outline of Christian theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"}],"text":"Anstall, Kharalambos (2007). \"Juridical Justification Theology and a Statement of the Orthodox Teaching\". In Jersak, Brad; Hardin, Michael (eds.). Stricken by God? Nonviolent Identification and the Victory of Christ. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-6287-7.\nBraaten, Carl E.; Jenson, Robert W., eds. (1998). Union with Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-4442-2.\nChristou, Panayiotis (1984). Partakers of God. Brookline, Massachusetts: Holy Cross Orthodox Press. ISBN 978-0-916586-67-6. Retrieved 11 June 2017 – via Myriobiblos.\nClendenin, Daniel B. (1994). \"Partakers of Divinity: The Orthodox Doctrine of Theosis\" (PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 37 (3): 365–379. ISSN 0360-8808. Retrieved 11 June 2017.\nGleason, Joseph (2012). \"What Is Theosis?\". The Orthodox Life. Retrieved 15 June 2018.\nGross, Jules (2003). The Divinization of the Christian According to the Greek Fathers. Translated by Onica, Paul A. Anaheim, California: A & C Press. ISBN 978-0-7363-1600-2.\nKärkkäinen, Veli-Matti (2005). One with God: Salvation as Deification and Justification. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-2971-0.\nKangas, Ron (2002). \"Becoming God\" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 7 (2): 3–30. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 15 June 2018.\n ——— (2002). \"Creation, Satanification, Regeneration, Deification. Part 3: Regeneration for Deification, Regeneration as Deification\" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 7 (2): 71–83. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 15 June 2018.\nKeating, Daniel A. (2007). Deification and Grace. Naples, Florida: Sapientia Press. ISBN 978-1-932589-37-5.\nMantzaridis, Georgios I. (1984). The Deification of Man: St Gregory Palmas and the Orthodox Tradition. Translated by Sherrard, Liadain. Crestwood, New York: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-027-3.\nMarks, Ed (2002). \"Deification by Participation in God's Divinity\" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 7 (2): 47–54. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 15 June 2018.\nMarquart, Kurt E. (2000). \"Luther and Theosis\" (PDF). Concordia Theological Quarterly. 64 (3): 182–205. ISSN 0038-8610. Retrieved 11 June 2017.\nMarshall, Bruce D. (2002). \"Justification as Declaration and Deification\". International Journal of Systematic Theology. 4 (1): 3–28. doi:10.1111/1463-1652.00070. ISSN 1468-2400.\nMeconi, David Vincent (2013). The One Christ: St. Augustine's Theology of Deification. Washington: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-2127-4.\nMosser, Carl (2002). \"The Greatest Possible Blessing: Calvin and Deification\". Scottish Journal of Theology. 55 (1): 36–57. doi:10.1017/S0036930602000133. ISSN 1475-3065. S2CID 170140878. Retrieved 11 June 2017.\nNellas, Panayiotis (1987). Deification in Christ: Orthodox Perspectives on the Nature of the Human Person. Translated by Russell, Norman. Crestwood, New York: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-030-3.\nOlson, Roger E. (2007). \"Deification in Contemporary Theology\". Theology Today. 64 (2): 186–200. doi:10.1177/004057360706400205. ISSN 2044-2556. S2CID 170904062.\nPelikan, Jaroslav (1974). The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine. Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom, 600–1700. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-65373-0.\nPester, John (2002). \"The Gospel of the Promised Seed: Deification According to the Organic Pattern in Romans 8 and Philippians 2\" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 7 (2): 55–69. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 15 June 2018.\nRobichaux, Kerry S. (1996). \"... That We Might Be Made God\" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 1 (3): 21–31. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 11 June 2017.\n ——— (2002). \"Can Human Beings Become God?\" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 7 (2): 31–46. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 15 June 2018.\nRussell, Norman (1988). \"'Partakers of the Divine Nature' (2 Peter 1:4) in the Byzantine Tradition\". ΚΑΘΗΓΗΤΡΙΑ: Essays Presented to Joan Hussey for Her 80th Birthday. Camberley, England: Porphyrogenitus. ISBN 978-1-871328-00-4. Retrieved 15 June 2018 – via Myriobiblos.\n ——— (2006). The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205974.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-920597-4.\nShuttleworth, Mark (2005). Theosis: Partaking of the Divine Nature. Ben Lomond, California: Conciliar Press. Retrieved 15 June 2018 – via Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America.vteChristian salvation\nAbsolution\nAdoption\nAssurance\nAtonement\nBaptism\nCalling\nConditional Security\nConversion\nDivinization\nElection\nEternal life\nextra Ecclesiam nulla salus\nFaith\nForgiveness\nGlorification\nGrace\nIrresistible\nPrevenient\nImputation\nJustification\nMeans of grace\nMonergism\nMortification\nOrdo salutis\nPerseverance\nPredestination\nRecapitulation\nReconciliation\nRedemption\nRegeneration\nRepentance\nResurrection\nSalvation\nSanctification\nSynergism\nTheosis\nUnion with ChristvteChristian theologySystematicScripture\nInspiration\nPreservation\nCanonics\nBiblical studies\nExegesis\nLaw and Gospel\nHermeneutics\nGod\nAttributes\nPaterology\nChristology\nPneumatology\nTheocentricism\nTheology proper\nImmutability\nImpassibility\nPerichoresis\nSocial trinitarianism\nTrinity\nFather\nSon (Hypostatic 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atonement\nLutheran\nTwo kingdoms\nLoci Theologici\nTheology of the Cross\nConfessional Lutheranism\nHaugean\nLutheran orthodoxy\nLutheran scholasticism\nNeo-Lutheranism\nReformed (Calvinist)\nChristian reconstructionism\nCovenant theology\nFree Grace\nMonergism\nPredestination\nFive solae (Sola fide\nSola gratia\nSola scriptura\nSoli Deo gloria\nSolus Christus)\nSupersessionism\nTotal depravity\nTULIP\nPentecostalist\nBaptism with the Holy Spirit\nFaith healing\nGlossolalia\nOther\nAdventism\nAnabaptism\nDispensationalism\nEvangelicalism\nEvangelical theology\nFundamentalism\nMessianic Judaism\nPietism\nProsperity theology\nRestorationism\n\nLists of Christian theologians\nOutline of Christian theology\n Christianity portal","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Icon of The Ladder of Divine Ascent (the steps toward theosis as described by John Climacus) showing monks ascending (and falling from) the ladder to 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OrthodoxyToday.org. Retrieved 10 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/view/kotsonis-unceasing-prayer","url_text":"\"Unceasing Prayer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pope John Paul II, Orientale Lumen\". vatican.va. Retrieved 16 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1995/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19950502_orientale-lumen.html","url_text":"\"Pope John Paul II, Orientale Lumen\""}]},{"reference":"Christification: A Lutheran Approach to Theosis. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 18 July 2014. ISBN 9781625646163.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BRuQBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Christification: A Lutheran Approach to Theosis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781625646163","url_text":"9781625646163"}]},{"reference":"Andreopoulos, Andreas (2005). Metamorphosis: The Transfiguration in Byzantine Theology and Iconography. Crestwood, New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-295-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-295-6","url_text":"978-0-88141-295-6"}]},{"reference":"Athanasius of Alexandria (2011). On the Incarnation of the Word. Popular Patristics Series. Vol. 44. Translated by Behr, John. Yonkers, New York: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-427-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria","url_text":"Athanasius of Alexandria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Behr","url_text":"Behr, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-427-1","url_text":"978-0-88141-427-1"}]},{"reference":"Bartos, Emil (1999). Deification in Eastern Orthodox Theology: An Evaluation and Critique of the Theology of Dumitru Stăniloae. Paternoster Biblical and Theological Monographs. Paternoster Press. ISBN 978-0-85364-956-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85364-956-4","url_text":"978-0-85364-956-4"}]},{"reference":"Bloor, Joshua D. A. (2015). \"New Directions in Western Soteriology\". Theology. 118 (3): 179–187. doi:10.1177/0040571X14564932. ISSN 2044-2696. S2CID 170547219.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0040571X14564932","url_text":"10.1177/0040571X14564932"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2044-2696","url_text":"2044-2696"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170547219","url_text":"170547219"}]},{"reference":"Chrysostom, John (2012). The Homilies On Various Epistles. Altenmünster, Germany: Jazzybee Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8496-2097-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chrysostom","url_text":"Chrysostom, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8496-2097-4","url_text":"978-3-8496-2097-4"}]},{"reference":"Chrysostomos (2001). \"An Overview of the Hesychastic Controversy\" (PDF). Orthodox and Roman Catholic Relations from the Fourth Crusade to the Hesychastic Controversy. Etna, California: Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies. pp. 199–232. Retrieved 10 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://faculty.washington.edu/ewebb/R327/Hesychastic_Controversy.pdf","url_text":"\"An Overview of the Hesychastic Controversy\""}]},{"reference":"Finch, Jeffrey D. (2007). \"Neo-Palamism, Divinizing Grace, and the Breach between East and West\". In Christensen, Michael J.; Wittung, Jeffery A. (eds.). Partakers of the Divine Nature: The History and Development of Deificiation in the Christian Traditions. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-4111-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4111-8","url_text":"978-0-8386-4111-8"}]},{"reference":"Fortescue, Adrian (1910). \"Hesychasm\" . In Herbermann, Charles G.; Pace, Edward A.; Pallen, Condé B.; Shahan, Thomas J.; Wynne, John J. (eds.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Encyclopedia Press (published 1913). pp. 301–303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Fortescue","url_text":"Fortescue, Adrian"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Hesychasm","url_text":"\"Hesychasm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_George_Herbermann","url_text":"Herbermann, Charles G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_A._Pace","url_text":"Pace, Edward A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Benoist_Pallen","url_text":"Pallen, Condé B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_Shahan","url_text":"Shahan, Thomas J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Horujy, Sergey S. (2005). \"Christian Anthropology and Easter-Orthodox (Hesychast) Asceticism\" (lecture). Orthodox Fellowship of All Saints of China. Retrieved 10 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orthodox.cn/catechesis/horujy/2_en.htm","url_text":"\"Christian Anthropology and Easter-Orthodox (Hesychast) Asceticism\""}]},{"reference":"Kapsanis, George (n.d.) [1992]. Deification as the Purpose of Man's Life. Retrieved 11 June 2017 – via www.greekorthodoxchurch.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/theosis_contents.html","url_text":"Deification as the Purpose of Man's Life"}]},{"reference":"——— (2006). Theosis: The True Purpose of Human Life (PDF) (4th ed.). Mount Athos, Greece: Holy Monastery of St. Gregorios. ISBN 960-7553-26-8. Retrieved 8 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://orthodoxinfo.com/general/theosis-english.pdf","url_text":"Theosis: The True Purpose of Human Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-7553-26-8","url_text":"960-7553-26-8"}]},{"reference":"Lossky, Vladimir (2002) [1957]. The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church. Crestwood, New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-913836-31-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lossky","url_text":"Lossky, Vladimir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-31-6","url_text":"978-0-913836-31-6"}]},{"reference":"Maloney, George A. (2003). The Undreamed Has Happened: God Lives Within Us. Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 978-1-58966-017-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58966-017-5","url_text":"978-1-58966-017-5"}]},{"reference":"Mathewes-Green, Frederica (2009). The Jesus Prayer: The Ancient Desert Prayer That Tunes the Heart to God. Brewster, Massachusetts: Paraclete Press. ISBN 978-1-55725-659-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55725-659-1","url_text":"978-1-55725-659-1"}]},{"reference":"Meyendorff, John (1983). \"Introduction\". In Meyendorff, John (ed.). Gregory Palamas: The Triads. The Classics of Western Spirituality. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2447-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Meyendorff","url_text":"Meyendorff, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2447-3","url_text":"978-0-8091-2447-3"}]},{"reference":"Pace, E. A. (1911). \"Quietism\" . In Herbermann, Charles G.; Pace, Edward A.; Pallen, Condé B.; Shahan, Thomas J.; Wynne, John J. (eds.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Encyclopedia Press (published 1913). pp. 608–610.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_A._Pace","url_text":"Pace, E. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Quietism","url_text":"\"Quietism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_George_Herbermann","url_text":"Herbermann, Charles G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_A._Pace","url_text":"Pace, Edward A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Benoist_Pallen","url_text":"Pallen, Condé B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_Shahan","url_text":"Shahan, Thomas J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Pelikan, Jaroslav (1983). \"Preface\". In Meyendorff, John (ed.). Gregory Palamas: The Triads. The Classics of Western Spirituality. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2447-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan","url_text":"Pelikan, Jaroslav"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Meyendorff","url_text":"Meyendorff, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2447-3","url_text":"978-0-8091-2447-3"}]},{"reference":"Popov, Ivan V. (2012). \"The Idea of Deification in the Early Eastern Church\". In Kharlamov, Vladimir (ed.). Theosis: Deification in Christian Theology. Vol. 2. Chapter translated by Jakim, Boris. Cambridge, England: James Clarke and Co. pp. 42–82. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1cgf30h.7. ISBN 978-0-227-68033-9. JSTOR j.ctt1cgf30h.7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1cgf30h.7","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctt1cgf30h.7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-68033-9","url_text":"978-0-227-68033-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1cgf30h.7","url_text":"j.ctt1cgf30h.7"}]},{"reference":"Vailhé, Siméon (1909). \"Greek Church\" . In Herbermann, Charles G.; Pace, Edward A.; Pallen, Condé B.; Shahan, Thomas J.; Wynne, John J. (eds.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Encyclopedia Press (published 1913). pp. 752–772.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Greek_Church","url_text":"\"Greek Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_George_Herbermann","url_text":"Herbermann, Charles G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_A._Pace","url_text":"Pace, Edward A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Benoist_Pallen","url_text":"Pallen, Condé B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_Shahan","url_text":"Shahan, Thomas J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Vlachos, Hierotheos (1994). \"The Difference Between Orthodox Spirituality and Other Traditions\". Orthodox Spirituality: A Brief Introduction. Levadia, Greece: Birth of the Theotokos Monastery. ISBN 978-960-7070-20-3. Retrieved 10 June 2017 – via Orthodox Christian Information Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierotheos_(Vlachos)","url_text":"Vlachos, Hierotheos"},{"url":"http://orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/hierotheos_difference.aspx","url_text":"\"The Difference Between Orthodox Spirituality and Other Traditions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-7070-20-3","url_text":"978-960-7070-20-3"}]},{"reference":"Ware, Kallistos (2000). \"Eastern Orthodox Theology\". In Hastings, Adrian; Mason, Alistair; Pyper, Hugh (eds.). The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought. Oxford University Press. pp. 184–187. ISBN 978-0-19-860024-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallistos_Ware","url_text":"Ware, Kallistos"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hast/page/184","url_text":"\"Eastern Orthodox Theology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Hastings","url_text":"Hastings, Adrian"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hast/page/184","url_text":"184–187"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860024-4","url_text":"978-0-19-860024-4"}]},{"reference":"Anstall, Kharalambos (2007). \"Juridical Justification Theology and a Statement of the Orthodox Teaching\". In Jersak, Brad; Hardin, Michael (eds.). Stricken by God? Nonviolent Identification and the Victory of Christ. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-6287-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6287-7","url_text":"978-0-8028-6287-7"}]},{"reference":"Braaten, Carl E.; Jenson, Robert W., eds. (1998). Union with Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-4442-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Braaten","url_text":"Braaten, Carl E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jenson","url_text":"Jenson, Robert W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4442-2","url_text":"978-0-8028-4442-2"}]},{"reference":"Christou, Panayiotis (1984). Partakers of God. Brookline, Massachusetts: Holy Cross Orthodox Press. ISBN 978-0-916586-67-6. Retrieved 11 June 2017 – via Myriobiblos.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/christou_partakers.html","url_text":"Partakers of God"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916586-67-6","url_text":"978-0-916586-67-6"}]},{"reference":"Clendenin, Daniel B. (1994). \"Partakers of Divinity: The Orthodox Doctrine of Theosis\" (PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 37 (3): 365–379. ISSN 0360-8808. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/37/37-3/JETS_37-3_365-379_Clendenin.pdf","url_text":"\"Partakers of Divinity: The Orthodox Doctrine of Theosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0360-8808","url_text":"0360-8808"}]},{"reference":"Gleason, Joseph (2012). \"What Is Theosis?\". The Orthodox Life. Retrieved 15 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://theorthodoxlife.wordpress.com/2012/02/06/what-is-theosis/","url_text":"\"What Is Theosis?\""}]},{"reference":"Gross, Jules (2003). The Divinization of the Christian According to the Greek Fathers. Translated by Onica, Paul A. Anaheim, California: A & C Press. ISBN 978-0-7363-1600-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7363-1600-2","url_text":"978-0-7363-1600-2"}]},{"reference":"Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti (2005). One with God: Salvation as Deification and Justification. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-2971-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veli-Matti_K%C3%A4rkk%C3%A4inen","url_text":"Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2971-0","url_text":"978-0-8146-2971-0"}]},{"reference":"Kangas, Ron (2002). \"Becoming God\" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 7 (2): 3–30. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 15 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.affcrit.com/pdfs/2002/02/02_02_a1.pdf","url_text":"\"Becoming God\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1088-6923","url_text":"1088-6923"}]},{"reference":"——— (2002). \"Creation, Satanification, Regeneration, Deification. Part 3: Regeneration for Deification, Regeneration as Deification\" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 7 (2): 71–83. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 15 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.affcrit.com/pdfs/2002/02/02_02_a5.pdf","url_text":"\"Creation, Satanification, Regeneration, Deification. Part 3: Regeneration for Deification, Regeneration as Deification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1088-6923","url_text":"1088-6923"}]},{"reference":"Keating, Daniel A. (2007). Deification and Grace. Naples, Florida: Sapientia Press. ISBN 978-1-932589-37-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932589-37-5","url_text":"978-1-932589-37-5"}]},{"reference":"Mantzaridis, Georgios I. (1984). The Deification of Man: St Gregory Palmas and the Orthodox Tradition. Translated by Sherrard, Liadain. Crestwood, New York: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-027-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-027-3","url_text":"978-0-88141-027-3"}]},{"reference":"Marks, Ed (2002). \"Deification by Participation in God's Divinity\" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 7 (2): 47–54. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 15 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.affcrit.com/pdfs/2002/02/02_02_a3.pdf","url_text":"\"Deification by Participation in God's Divinity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1088-6923","url_text":"1088-6923"}]},{"reference":"Marquart, Kurt E. (2000). \"Luther and Theosis\" (PDF). Concordia Theological Quarterly. 64 (3): 182–205. ISSN 0038-8610. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ctsfw.net/media/pdfs/marquartlutherandtheosis.pdf","url_text":"\"Luther and Theosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-8610","url_text":"0038-8610"}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Bruce D. (2002). \"Justification as Declaration and Deification\". International Journal of Systematic Theology. 4 (1): 3–28. doi:10.1111/1463-1652.00070. ISSN 1468-2400.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1463-1652.00070","url_text":"10.1111/1463-1652.00070"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2400","url_text":"1468-2400"}]},{"reference":"Meconi, David Vincent (2013). The One Christ: St. Augustine's Theology of Deification. Washington: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-2127-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2127-4","url_text":"978-0-8132-2127-4"}]},{"reference":"Mosser, Carl (2002). \"The Greatest Possible Blessing: Calvin and Deification\". Scottish Journal of Theology. 55 (1): 36–57. doi:10.1017/S0036930602000133. ISSN 1475-3065. S2CID 170140878. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/185246","url_text":"\"The Greatest Possible Blessing: Calvin and Deification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0036930602000133","url_text":"10.1017/S0036930602000133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-3065","url_text":"1475-3065"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170140878","url_text":"170140878"}]},{"reference":"Nellas, Panayiotis (1987). Deification in Christ: Orthodox Perspectives on the Nature of the Human Person. Translated by Russell, Norman. Crestwood, New York: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-030-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-030-3","url_text":"978-0-88141-030-3"}]},{"reference":"Olson, Roger E. (2007). \"Deification in Contemporary Theology\". Theology Today. 64 (2): 186–200. doi:10.1177/004057360706400205. ISSN 2044-2556. S2CID 170904062.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_E._Olson","url_text":"Olson, Roger E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004057360706400205","url_text":"10.1177/004057360706400205"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2044-2556","url_text":"2044-2556"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170904062","url_text":"170904062"}]},{"reference":"Pelikan, Jaroslav (1974). The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine. Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom, 600–1700. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-65373-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan","url_text":"Pelikan, Jaroslav"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/christiantraditi00jaro","url_text":"The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine. Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom, 600–1700"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-65373-0","url_text":"978-0-226-65373-0"}]},{"reference":"Pester, John (2002). \"The Gospel of the Promised Seed: Deification According to the Organic Pattern in Romans 8 and Philippians 2\" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 7 (2): 55–69. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 15 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.affcrit.com/pdfs/2002/02/02_02_a4.pdf","url_text":"\"The Gospel of the Promised Seed: Deification According to the Organic Pattern in Romans 8 and Philippians 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1088-6923","url_text":"1088-6923"}]},{"reference":"Robichaux, Kerry S. (1996). \"... That We Might Be Made God\" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 1 (3): 21–31. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.affcrit.com/pdfs/1996/03/96_03_a3.pdf","url_text":"\"... That We Might Be Made God\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1088-6923","url_text":"1088-6923"}]},{"reference":"——— (2002). \"Can Human Beings Become God?\" (PDF). Affirmation & Critique. 7 (2): 31–46. ISSN 1088-6923. Retrieved 15 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.affcrit.com/pdfs/2002/02/02_02_a2.pdf","url_text":"\"Can Human Beings Become God?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1088-6923","url_text":"1088-6923"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Norman (1988). \"'Partakers of the Divine Nature' (2 Peter 1:4) in the Byzantine Tradition\". ΚΑΘΗΓΗΤΡΙΑ: Essays Presented to Joan Hussey for Her 80th Birthday. Camberley, England: Porphyrogenitus. ISBN 978-1-871328-00-4. Retrieved 15 June 2018 – via Myriobiblos.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/Russell_partakers.html","url_text":"\"'Partakers of the Divine Nature' (2 Peter 1:4) in the Byzantine Tradition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871328-00-4","url_text":"978-1-871328-00-4"}]},{"reference":"——— (2006). The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205974.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-920597-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199205974.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205974.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920597-4","url_text":"978-0-19-920597-4"}]},{"reference":"Shuttleworth, Mark (2005). Theosis: Partaking of the Divine Nature. Ben Lomond, California: Conciliar Press. Retrieved 15 June 2018 – via Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America.","urls":[{"url":"http://ww1.antiochian.org/content/theosis-partaking-divine-nature","url_text":"Theosis: Partaking of the Divine Nature"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%204:15&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"4:15"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%202:7&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"2:7"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103500.htm","external_links_name":"Book 5, Preface"},{"Link":"http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/view/kotsonis-unceasing-prayer","external_links_name":"\"Unceasing Prayer\""},{"Link":"https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1995/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19950502_orientale-lumen.html","external_links_name":"\"Pope John Paul II, Orientale Lumen\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BRuQBAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Christification: A Lutheran Approach to Theosis"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0040571X14564932","external_links_name":"10.1177/0040571X14564932"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2044-2696","external_links_name":"2044-2696"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170547219","external_links_name":"170547219"},{"Link":"http://faculty.washington.edu/ewebb/R327/Hesychastic_Controversy.pdf","external_links_name":"\"An Overview of the Hesychastic Controversy\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Hesychasm","external_links_name":"\"Hesychasm\""},{"Link":"http://www.orthodox.cn/catechesis/horujy/2_en.htm","external_links_name":"\"Christian Anthropology and Easter-Orthodox (Hesychast) Asceticism\""},{"Link":"http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/theosis_contents.html","external_links_name":"Deification as the Purpose of Man's Life"},{"Link":"http://orthodoxinfo.com/general/theosis-english.pdf","external_links_name":"Theosis: The True Purpose of Human Life"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Quietism","external_links_name":"\"Quietism\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1cgf30h.7","external_links_name":"10.2307/j.ctt1cgf30h.7"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1cgf30h.7","external_links_name":"j.ctt1cgf30h.7"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Greek_Church","external_links_name":"\"Greek Church\""},{"Link":"http://orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/hierotheos_difference.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The Difference Between Orthodox Spirituality and Other Traditions\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hast/page/184","external_links_name":"\"Eastern Orthodox Theology\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hast/page/184","external_links_name":"184–187"},{"Link":"http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/christou_partakers.html","external_links_name":"Partakers of God"},{"Link":"http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/37/37-3/JETS_37-3_365-379_Clendenin.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Partakers of Divinity: The Orthodox Doctrine of Theosis\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0360-8808","external_links_name":"0360-8808"},{"Link":"https://theorthodoxlife.wordpress.com/2012/02/06/what-is-theosis/","external_links_name":"\"What Is Theosis?\""},{"Link":"http://www.affcrit.com/pdfs/2002/02/02_02_a1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Becoming God\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1088-6923","external_links_name":"1088-6923"},{"Link":"http://www.affcrit.com/pdfs/2002/02/02_02_a5.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Creation, Satanification, Regeneration, Deification. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_passport | Italian passport | ["1 Physical appearance","1.1 Identity information page","1.2 Languages","2 Visa requirements","3 Issuing","4 Multiple passports","5 Gallery of historic images","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Passport issued to Italian nationals
Italian passportPassaporto italianoThe front cover of a contemporary Italian biometric passportThe biodata page of an Italian biometric passportTypePassportIssued byMinistry of Foreign Affairs and International CooperationFirst issued26 October 2006 (biometric passport) 27 September 2023 (current version)PurposeIdentificationEligibilityItalian citizenshipExpiration10 years after issuance (for adults); 5 years (for minors aged 3–17); 3 years (for children aged 0–3)Cost€116
Inside cover of an Italian biometric passport issued in 2006
An Italian passport (Italian: Passaporto italiano) is issued upon request to an Italian citizen for the purpose of international travel. It is valid for 10, 5 or 3 years, depending on the applicant's age. Its biometric version has been available since 2006.
Every Italian citizen is also a citizen of the European Union. The passport, along with the national identity card, allows for free movement and residence in any EU member state, in the European Economic Area and in Switzerland.
According to the Henley Passport Index, by 2024, with 194 countries with "Visa-free" access (including "Visa on arrival" and "Electronic Travel Authorization" - eTA) it is the strongest passport in the world tied with France, Germany, Japan, Singapore and Spain.
Physical appearance
Italian passports share the common design of EU Passports: they are burgundy-coloured, with the Emblem of Italy emblazoned in the center of the front cover. The word "Passaporto", meaning passport, is inscribed below the emblem and "Unione Europea" (English: European Union), "Repubblica Italiana" (English: Italian Republic) above. The biometry symbol appears right below "Passaporto" in the centre.
The current version of the passport contains 48 pages.
Identity information page
The biodata are on page 2 of the passport, and include the following:
Photo of Passport Holder
Type
Code of Issuing State (ITA)
Passport No.
Surname (1)
Given Names (2)
Nationality (3)
Date of Birth (4)
Sex (5)
Place of Birth (6)
Date of Issue (7)
Date of Expiration (8)
Authority (9)
Holder's signature (10)
The information page ends with the Machine Readable Zone.
Languages
The data page is printed in Italian, English and French.
Further translation is provided on page 6, in all 23 official languages of the European Union.
Visa requirements
Main article: Visa requirements for Italian citizens
Visa requirements for Italian citizens Italy Freedom of movement Visa not required / ESTA / eTA / eVisitor eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa on arrival Visa required prior to arrival
Visa requirements for Italian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Italy. As of January 2024, Italian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 194 countries and territories, ranking the Italian passport 1st in terms of travel freedom (tied with France, Germany, Japan, Singapore and Spain) according to the Henley Passport Index.
Issuing
The Italian passport is issued by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, through
Questure (State Police provincial offices) in Italy
Italian consulates and embassies abroad
Italian citizens can only apply online on the official Police website. Since the introduction of biometric passports in 2006, applicants should appear in person at the Police offices to have fingerprints collected; children under 12 are exempt, but should appear in person nonetheless.
The current fee for a standard 10-year biometric passport is €116. The requirement to attach an annual revenue stamp inside the passport was canceled in 2014.
Multiple passports
Italians are allowed to have two passports if they have a valid reason, such as having a stamp from a country like Israel, which may cause trouble with other countries (some countries do not accept passports that contain stamps issued by Israeli authorities).
One passport will have to be stored in a Questura (provincial headquarters of the State Police) or consulate.
Gallery of historic images
Cover of passport issued in 1901
Cover of passport issued in 1938
1938 Italian regular passport changed during the war to a SERVICE passport
1947 Italian Diplomatic passport used for Moscow
Cover of passport issued in 1953
Cover of passport issued in 1966
Cover of passport as issued from 1985 to 1998
Cover of passport as issued from 1998 to 2006
Cover of passport as issued from 2010 onwards
An image of an Italian passport with "VISTI/VISAS/VISAS" in bold. The passport number has been blurred to protect the individual's identity.
See also
Italy portalPolitics portal
Passports of the European Union
Italian nationality law
Italian electronic identity card
Visa requirements for Italian citizens
Visa policy of the Schengen Area
References
^ "Passaporto per i minori". Poliziadistato.it. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
^ "Passport Index". Henley & Partners. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
^ "Passaporti: sul sito tutte le novità | Polizia di Stato". www.poliziadistato.it. Archived from the original on 2019-07-15. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
^ "The Official Passport Index Ranking". Henley & Partners. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
^ Law n. 1185 of 1967 (Norme sui passaporti)
^ "Passport". Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione internazionale. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
^ "Doppio passaporto | Polizia di Stato". www.poliziadistato.it. Retrieved 2020-02-01.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passports of Italy.
Italian Police official site
Passport process site
Benefits of an Italian passport for Italian dual citizens
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The passport, along with the national identity card, allows for free movement and residence in any EU member state, in the European Economic Area and in Switzerland.According to the Henley Passport Index, by 2024, with 194 countries with \"Visa-free\" access (including \"Visa on arrival\" and \"Electronic Travel Authorization\" - eTA) it is the strongest passport in the world tied with France, Germany, Japan, Singapore and Spain.[2]","title":"Italian passport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EU Passports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Emblem of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Italian passports share the common design of EU Passports: they are burgundy-coloured, with the Emblem of Italy emblazoned in the center of the front cover. The word \"Passaporto\", meaning passport, is inscribed below the emblem and \"Unione Europea\" (English: European Union), \"Repubblica Italiana\" (English: Italian Republic) above. The biometry symbol appears right below \"Passaporto\" in the centre.\nThe current version of the passport contains 48 pages.[3]","title":"Physical appearance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Identity information page","text":"The biodata are on page 2 of the passport, and include the following:Photo of Passport Holder\nType\nCode of Issuing State (ITA)\nPassport No.\nSurname (1)\nGiven Names (2)\nNationality (3)\nDate of Birth (4)\nSex (5)\nPlace of Birth (6)\nDate of Issue (7)\nDate of Expiration (8)\nAuthority (9)\nHolder's signature (10)The information page ends with the Machine Readable Zone.","title":"Physical appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"languages of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union"}],"sub_title":"Languages","text":"The data page is printed in Italian, English and French.\nFurther translation is provided on page 6, in all 23 official languages of the European Union.","title":"Physical appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visa_Requirements_for_Italian_Citizens.svg"},{"link_name":"Visa requirements for Italian citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Italian_citizens"},{"link_name":"ESTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_System_for_Travel_Authorization"},{"link_name":"Italian citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_citizen"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Henley Passport Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_(document)#Visa_restrictions"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Visa requirements for Italian citizens Italy Freedom of movement Visa not required / ESTA / eTA / eVisitor eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa on arrival Visa required prior to arrivalVisa requirements for Italian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Italy. As of January 2024, Italian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 194 countries and territories, ranking the Italian passport 1st in terms of travel freedom (tied with France, Germany, Japan, Singapore and Spain) according to the Henley Passport Index.[4]","title":"Visa requirements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Questure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizia_di_Stato"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"consulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate"},{"link_name":"embassies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy"},{"link_name":"Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizia_di_Stato"},{"link_name":"biometric passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometric_passport"},{"link_name":"revenue stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_stamps_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Italian passport is issued by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, throughQuesture (State Police provincial offices) in Italy[5]\nItalian consulates and embassies abroadItalian citizens can only apply online on the official Police website. Since the introduction of biometric passports in 2006, applicants should appear in person at the Police offices to have fingerprints collected; children under 12 are exempt, but should appear in person nonetheless.The current fee for a standard 10-year biometric passport is €116. The requirement to attach an annual revenue stamp inside the passport was canceled in 2014.[6]","title":"Issuing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Questura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questura"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Italians are allowed to have two passports if they have a valid reason, such as having a stamp from a country like Israel, which may cause trouble with other countries (some countries do not accept passports that contain stamps issued by Israeli authorities).One passport will have to be stored in a Questura (provincial headquarters of the State Police) or consulate.[7]","title":"Multiple passports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Passaportoitaliano1901.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Passaportoitaliano1938.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1938_Italian_regular_passport_changed_during_the_war_to_a_SERVICE_passport.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1947_Italian_Diplomatic_passport_used_for_Moscow.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Passaportoitaliano1953.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Passaportoitaliano1973.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Passaportoitaliano1990.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Passaportoitaliano2004.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Passaportoitaliano2006.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italian_Passport_Visa_Pages_VISTI_VISAS_VISAS.png"},{"link_name":"VISTI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wiktionary.org/wiki/visti"},{"link_name":"VISAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/visas"},{"link_name":"VISAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/visa"}],"text":"Cover of passport issued in 1901\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCover of passport issued in 1938\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1938 Italian regular passport changed during the war to a SERVICE passport\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1947 Italian Diplomatic passport used for Moscow\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCover of passport issued in 1953\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCover of passport issued in 1966\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCover of passport as issued from 1985 to 1998\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCover of passport as issued from 1998 to 2006\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCover of passport as issued from 2010 onwards\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn image of an Italian passport with \"VISTI/VISAS/VISAS\" in bold. The passport number has been blurred to protect the individual's identity.","title":"Gallery of historic images"}] | [{"image_text":"Inside cover of an Italian biometric passport issued in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Italian_Bio_Passport2.jpg/220px-Italian_Bio_Passport2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Visa requirements for Italian citizens Italy Freedom of movement Visa not required / ESTA / eTA / eVisitor eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa on arrival Visa required prior to arrival","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Visa_Requirements_for_Italian_Citizens.svg/450px-Visa_Requirements_for_Italian_Citizens.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Italy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"Passports of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union"},{"title":"Italian nationality law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_nationality_law"},{"title":"Italian electronic identity card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_electronic_identity_card"},{"title":"Visa requirements for Italian citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Italian_citizens"},{"title":"Visa policy of the Schengen Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area"}] | [{"reference":"\"Passaporto per i minori\". Poliziadistato.it. Retrieved 2014-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poliziadistato.it/articolo/view/191/","url_text":"\"Passaporto per i minori\""}]},{"reference":"\"Passport Index\". Henley & Partners. Retrieved 2024-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.henleyglobal.com/passport-index","url_text":"\"Passport Index\""}]},{"reference":"\"Passaporti: sul sito tutte le novità | Polizia di Stato\". www.poliziadistato.it. Archived from the original on 2019-07-15. Retrieved 2019-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190715140632/https://www.poliziadistato.it/articolo/19194-Passaporti_sul_sito_tutte_le_novita","url_text":"\"Passaporti: sul sito tutte le novità | Polizia di Stato\""},{"url":"https://www.poliziadistato.it/articolo/19194-Passaporti_sul_sito_tutte_le_novita","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Passport Index Ranking\". Henley & Partners. Retrieved 2024-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.henleyglobal.com/passport-index/ranking","url_text":"\"The Official Passport Index Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Passport\". Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione internazionale. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2014-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141102231923/http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Italiani_nel_Mondo/ServiziConsolari/Documenti_di_Viaggio/Passaporto.htm?LANG=EN","url_text":"\"Passport\""},{"url":"http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Italiani_nel_Mondo/ServiziConsolari/Documenti_di_Viaggio/Passaporto.htm?LANG=EN","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Doppio passaporto | Polizia di Stato\". www.poliziadistato.it. Retrieved 2020-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poliziadistato.it/articolo/21601","url_text":"\"Doppio passaporto | Polizia di Stato\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/visti","external_links_name":"VISTI"},{"Link":"https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/visa","external_links_name":"VISAS"},{"Link":"http://www.poliziadistato.it/articolo/view/191/","external_links_name":"\"Passaporto per i minori\""},{"Link":"https://www.henleyglobal.com/passport-index","external_links_name":"\"Passport Index\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190715140632/https://www.poliziadistato.it/articolo/19194-Passaporti_sul_sito_tutte_le_novita","external_links_name":"\"Passaporti: sul sito tutte le novità | Polizia di Stato\""},{"Link":"https://www.poliziadistato.it/articolo/19194-Passaporti_sul_sito_tutte_le_novita","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.henleyglobal.com/passport-index/ranking","external_links_name":"\"The Official Passport Index Ranking\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141102231923/http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Italiani_nel_Mondo/ServiziConsolari/Documenti_di_Viaggio/Passaporto.htm?LANG=EN","external_links_name":"\"Passport\""},{"Link":"http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Italiani_nel_Mondo/ServiziConsolari/Documenti_di_Viaggio/Passaporto.htm?LANG=EN","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.poliziadistato.it/articolo/21601","external_links_name":"\"Doppio passaporto | Polizia di Stato\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070715003854/http://poliziastato.it/pds/cittadino/passaporto/passapor.htm","external_links_name":"Italian Police official site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190519193427/http://www.italiancitizenship.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Passport process site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150922074307/http://www.getitaliancitizenship.com/why-dual-citizenship.html","external_links_name":"Benefits of an Italian passport for Italian dual citizens"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-formylbenzoate_dehydrogenase | 2-Formylbenzoate dehydrogenase | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Class of enzymes
2-Formylbenzoate dehydrogenaseIdentifiersEC no.1.2.1.78DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins
2-Formylbenzoate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.78, 2-carboxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase, 2CBAL dehydrogenase, PhdK) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-formylbenzoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
2-formylbenzoate + NAD+ + H2O
⇌
{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }
o-phthalic acid + NADH + H+
The enzyme is involved in phenanthrene degradation.
References
^ Iwabuchi T, Harayama S (October 1997). "Biochemical and genetic characterization of 2-carboxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in phenanthrene degradation by Nocardioides sp. strain KP7". Journal of Bacteriology. 179 (20): 6488–94. PMC 179567. PMID 9335300.
^ Kiyohara H, Nagao K, Yano K (1981). "Isolation and some properties of NAD-linked 2-carboxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase in Alcaligenes faecalis AFK 2 grown on phenanthrene". J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 27: 443–455. doi:10.2323/jgam.27.443.
External links
2-formylbenzoate+dehydrogenase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
vteAldehyde/oxo oxidoreductases (EC 1.2)1.2.1: NAD or NADP
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase
Mycothiol-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase
1.2.2: cytochrome
Formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
1.2.3: oxygen
Aldehyde oxidase
1.2.4: disulfide
Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
BCKDHA
BCKDHB
DBT
DLD
1.2.7: iron–sulfur protein
Pyruvate synthase
vteEnzymesActivity
Active site
Binding site
Catalytic triad
Oxyanion hole
Enzyme promiscuity
Diffusion-limited enzyme
Cofactor
Enzyme catalysis
Regulation
Allosteric regulation
Cooperativity
Enzyme inhibitor
Enzyme activator
Classification
EC number
Enzyme superfamily
Enzyme family
List of enzymes
Kinetics
Enzyme kinetics
Eadie–Hofstee diagram
Hanes–Woolf plot
Lineweaver–Burk plot
Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types
EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
EC2 Transferases (list)
EC3 Hydrolases (list)
EC4 Lyases (list)
EC5 Isomerases (list)
EC6 Ligases (list)
EC7 Translocases (list)
Portal: Biology | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number"},{"link_name":"1.2.1.78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.2.1.78"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"systematic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"catalyses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"},{"link_name":"chemical reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"phenanthrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenanthrene"}],"text":"2-Formylbenzoate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.78, 2-carboxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase, 2CBAL dehydrogenase, PhdK) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-formylbenzoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase.[1][2] This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction2-formylbenzoate + NAD+ + H2O \n \n \n \n ⇌\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rightleftharpoons }\n \n o-phthalic acid + NADH + H+The enzyme is involved in phenanthrene degradation.","title":"2-Formylbenzoate dehydrogenase"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Iwabuchi T, Harayama S (October 1997). \"Biochemical and genetic characterization of 2-carboxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in phenanthrene degradation by Nocardioides sp. strain KP7\". Journal of Bacteriology. 179 (20): 6488–94. PMC 179567. PMID 9335300.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC179567","url_text":"\"Biochemical and genetic characterization of 2-carboxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in phenanthrene degradation by Nocardioides sp. strain KP7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC179567","url_text":"179567"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9335300","url_text":"9335300"}]},{"reference":"Kiyohara H, Nagao K, Yano K (1981). \"Isolation and some properties of NAD-linked 2-carboxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase in Alcaligenes faecalis AFK 2 grown on phenanthrene\". J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 27: 443–455. doi:10.2323/jgam.27.443.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2323%2Fjgam.27.443","url_text":"\"Isolation and some properties of NAD-linked 2-carboxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase in Alcaligenes faecalis AFK 2 grown on phenanthrene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2323%2Fjgam.27.443","url_text":"10.2323/jgam.27.443"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.enzyme-database.org/query.php?ec=1.2.1.78","external_links_name":"1.2.1.78"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/intenz/query?cmd=SearchEC&ec=1.2.1.78","external_links_name":"IntEnz view"},{"Link":"http://www.brenda-enzymes.org/enzyme.php?ecno=1.2.1.78","external_links_name":"BRENDA entry"},{"Link":"https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.2.1.78","external_links_name":"NiceZyme view"},{"Link":"https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?enzyme+1.2.1.78","external_links_name":"KEGG entry"},{"Link":"https://biocyc.org/META/substring-search?type=NIL&object=1.2.1.78","external_links_name":"metabolic pathway"},{"Link":"http://priam.prabi.fr/cgi-bin/PRIAM_profiles_CurrentRelease.pl?EC=1.2.1.78","external_links_name":"profile"},{"Link":"https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity.rcsb_ec_lineage.id:1.2.1.78","external_links_name":"RCSB PDB"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?ec_number:1.2.1.78","external_links_name":"PDBe"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/enzymes/GetPage.pl?ec_number=1.2.1.78","external_links_name":"PDBsum"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&term=1.2.1.78%5BEC/RN%20Number%5D%20AND%20pubmed%20pmc%20local%5Bsb%5D","external_links_name":"articles"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&term=1.2.1.78%5BEC/RN%20Number%5D","external_links_name":"articles"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein?term=1.2.1.78%5BEC/RN%20Number%5D","external_links_name":"proteins"},{"Link":"https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.2.1.78","external_links_name":"1.2.1.78"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC179567","external_links_name":"\"Biochemical and genetic characterization of 2-carboxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in phenanthrene degradation by Nocardioides sp. strain KP7\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC179567","external_links_name":"179567"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9335300","external_links_name":"9335300"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2323%2Fjgam.27.443","external_links_name":"\"Isolation and some properties of NAD-linked 2-carboxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase in Alcaligenes faecalis AFK 2 grown on phenanthrene\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2323%2Fjgam.27.443","external_links_name":"10.2323/jgam.27.443"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=2-formylbenzoate+dehydrogenase","external_links_name":"2-formylbenzoate+dehydrogenase"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Tailyour | Clan Tailyour | ["1 History","1.1 Origins of the clan","1.2 Wars of Scottish Independence","1.3 15th, 16th 17th and 18th centuries","2 Castles","3 References","4 See also"] | Scottish clan
Clan TailyourMacintaylorCrest: A hand holding a passion cross GulesMottoIn Cruce Salus (Salvation from the cross)Clan Tailyour no longer has a chief, and is an armigerous clanHistoric seatKirktonhill Castle
Allied clans
Clan Gregor
Clan Tailyour, also known as Clan Taylor, is a Scottish clan. The clan is recognized by the Lord Lyon King of Arms but it does not currently have a clan chief therefore it is considered an armigerous clan. The surname Taylor is also considered a sept of the Clan Cameron of the Scottish Highlands who are descendants of Taillear Dubh na Tuaighe (b.1550), see: Taylor sept.
History
Origins of the clan
Stem arms of Clan Tailyour clansmen
Crest of the Chief of Clan Tailyour (in abeyance)
Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. 1994.
Arms of the Chief of Clan Tailyour (in abeyance)
Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. 1994.
The surname Tailyour is derived from the French tailler which means to cut. In Latin it is rendered as cissor. In around 1137 Walter Cissor received a grant of land from David I of Scotland. The historian George Fraser Black states that Taylor is a very common name in early Scots records. In 1276 Alexander le Taillur is listed as valet to Alexander III of Scotland.
Wars of Scottish Independence
In 1296 Bryce le Taillur was one of the Scottish prisoners at the capture of Dunbar Castle. In the same year six people of this name appear on the Ragman Rolls, rendering homage to Edward I of England, from counties as far apart as Angus and Roxburgh.
15th, 16th 17th and 18th centuries
In the Latin form of then name Cissor, both Donald Cissor and Bricius Cissor were witnesses to a deed in Inverness in 1462. In around 1552 Gillepatrick Tailzeour was sergeant of Dornoch.
The name is also found rendered as Macintaylor and in 1613 several Macintaylors were fined for sheltering outlawed members of the Clan Gregor.
James Taylor, born 1753 in Lanarkshire is credited with the first practical application of steam power to vessels for inland navigation. The great paddle steamers which would later carry passengers and freight on the rivers of North America were derived from Taylor's original work.
Castles
Kirktonhill is situated within Aberdeenshire, some four and a half miles north of Montrose, Angus, and lies directly east of the village of Marykirk. There was a castle at Kirktonhill which had been held from the 18th century by the Taylors, who had made money from sugar plantations in Jamaica. This was replaced by Kirktonhill House, a mansion that itself was demolished in the 1960s. Nearby is Kirktonhill Tower, a three-story folly.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Way, George and Squire, Romily. (1994). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. (Foreword by The Rt Hon. The Earl of Elgin KT, Convenor, The Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). pp. 463.
^ a b c Clan Taylor Profile scotclans.com. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
^ a b c d Coventry, Martin. (2008). Castles of the Clans: The Strongholds and Seats of 750 Scottish Families and Clans. pp. 569. ISBN 978-1-899874-36-1.
See also
Scottish clan
Taillear Dubh na Tuaighe
Taylor sept
vteScottish clansList of Scottish clansClans withchiefs
Agnew
Anstruther
Arbuthnott
Arthur
Bannerman
Barclay
Borthwick
Boyd
Boyle
Brodie
Broun
Bruce
Buchan
Buchanan
Burnett
Cameron
Campbell
Carmichael
Carnegie
Carruthers
Cathcart
Charteris
Chattan
Chisholm
Cochrane
Colquhoun
Colville
Cranstoun
Crichton
Cumming (Comyn)
Cunningham
Darroch
Davidson
Dewar
Drummond
Dunbar
Dundas
Durie
Elliot
Elphinstone
Erskine
Farquharson
Fergusson
Forbes
Forsyth
Fraser
Fraser of Lovat
Gordon
Graham
Grant
Gregor
Grierson
Gunn
Guthrie
Haig
Haldane
Hamilton
Hannay
Hay
Henderson
Home
Hope
Hunter
Irvine
Jardine
Johnstone
Keith
Kennedy
Kerr
Kincaid
Lamont
Leask
Lennox
Leslie
Lindsay
Livingstone
Lockhart
Lumsden
Lyon
MacAlister
MacBean
MacDonald
Macdonald of Clanranald
Macdonald of Sleat
MacDonell of Glengarry
MacDonald of Keppoch
MacDonald of Glencoe
MacDougall
MacDowall
MacIntyre
Mackay
Mackenzie
Mackinnon
Mackintosh
Maclachlan
Maclaine of Lochbuie
MacLaren
Maclean
MacLennan
MacLeod
MacLeod of Lewis
MacMillan
Macnab
Macnaghten
MacNeacail
MacNeil
Macpherson
MacTavish
MacThomas
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Scotland portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan.Encyclopedia.Tailyour-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScotClans-2"},{"link_name":"Scottish clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_clan"},{"link_name":"Lord Lyon King of Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lyon_King_of_Arms"},{"link_name":"clan chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief"},{"link_name":"armigerous clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armigerous_clan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan.Encyclopedia.Tailyour-1"},{"link_name":"sept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sept"},{"link_name":"Clan Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Scottish Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Taillear Dubh na Tuaighe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taillear_Dubh_na_Tuaighe"},{"link_name":"Taylor sept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_sept"}],"text":"Clan Tailyour,[1] also known as Clan Taylor,[2] is a Scottish clan. The clan is recognized by the Lord Lyon King of Arms but it does not currently have a clan chief therefore it is considered an armigerous clan.[1] The surname Taylor is also considered a sept of the Clan Cameron of the Scottish Highlands who are descendants of Taillear Dubh na Tuaighe (b.1550), see: Taylor sept.","title":"Clan Tailyour"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stem_arms_of_Clan_Tailyour_Clan_Taylor.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crest_of_the_Chief_of_Clan_Tailyour.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clan_Tailyour_Chief_Arms.svg"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan.Encyclopedia.Tailyour-1"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan.Encyclopedia.Tailyour-1"},{"link_name":"David I of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan.Encyclopedia.Tailyour-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan.Encyclopedia.Tailyour-1"},{"link_name":"Alexander III of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan.Encyclopedia.Tailyour-1"}],"sub_title":"Origins of the clan","text":"Stem arms of Clan Tailyour clansmenCrest of the Chief of Clan Tailyour (in abeyance)Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. 1994.Arms of the Chief of Clan Tailyour (in abeyance)Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. 1994.\nThe surname Tailyour is derived from the French tailler which means to cut.[1] In Latin it is rendered as cissor.[1] In around 1137 Walter Cissor received a grant of land from David I of Scotland.[1] The historian George Fraser Black states that Taylor is a very common name in early Scots records.[1] In 1276 Alexander le Taillur is listed as valet to Alexander III of Scotland.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunbar Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan.Encyclopedia.Tailyour-1"},{"link_name":"Ragman Rolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragman_Rolls"},{"link_name":"Edward I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Roxburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburgh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan.Encyclopedia.Tailyour-1"}],"sub_title":"Wars of Scottish Independence","text":"In 1296 Bryce le Taillur was one of the Scottish prisoners at the capture of Dunbar Castle.[1] In the same year six people of this name appear on the Ragman Rolls, rendering homage to Edward I of England, from counties as far apart as Angus and Roxburgh.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan.Encyclopedia.Tailyour-1"},{"link_name":"Dornoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornoch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan.Encyclopedia.Tailyour-1"},{"link_name":"Clan Gregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Gregor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan.Encyclopedia.Tailyour-1"},{"link_name":"Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan.Encyclopedia.Tailyour-1"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan.Encyclopedia.Tailyour-1"}],"sub_title":"15th, 16th 17th and 18th centuries","text":"In the Latin form of then name Cissor, both Donald Cissor and Bricius Cissor were witnesses to a deed in Inverness in 1462.[1] In around 1552 Gillepatrick Tailzeour was sergeant of Dornoch.[1]\nThe name is also found rendered as Macintaylor and in 1613 several Macintaylors were fined for sheltering outlawed members of the Clan Gregor.[1]James Taylor, born 1753 in Lanarkshire is credited with the first practical application of steam power to vessels for inland navigation.[1] The great paddle steamers which would later carry passengers and freight on the rivers of North America were derived from Taylor's original work.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberdeenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Montrose, Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrose,_Angus"},{"link_name":"Marykirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marykirk"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coventry-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coventry-3"},{"link_name":"folly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coventry-3"}],"text":"Kirktonhill is situated within Aberdeenshire, some four and a half miles north of Montrose, Angus, and lies directly east of the village of Marykirk. There was a castle at Kirktonhill which had been held from the 18th century by the Taylors, who had made money from sugar plantations in Jamaica.[3] This was replaced by Kirktonhill House, a mansion that itself was demolished in the 1960s.[3] Nearby is Kirktonhill Tower, a three-story folly.[3]","title":"Castles"}] | [{"image_text":"Stem arms of Clan Tailyour clansmen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stem_arms_of_Clan_Tailyour_Clan_Taylor.svg/220px-Stem_arms_of_Clan_Tailyour_Clan_Taylor.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Crest of the Chief of Clan Tailyour (in abeyance)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Crest_of_the_Chief_of_Clan_Tailyour.svg/220px-Crest_of_the_Chief_of_Clan_Tailyour.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Arms of the Chief of Clan Tailyour (in abeyance)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Clan_Tailyour_Chief_Arms.svg/220px-Clan_Tailyour_Chief_Arms.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Scottish clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_clan"},{"title":"Taillear Dubh na Tuaighe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taillear_Dubh_na_Tuaighe"},{"title":"Taylor sept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_sept"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Scottish_clans"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Scottish_clans"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish_clans"},{"title":"Scottish clans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_clan"},{"title":"List of Scottish clans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_clans"},{"title":"Agnew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Agnew"},{"title":"Anstruther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Anstruther"},{"title":"Arbuthnott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Arbuthnott"},{"title":"Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Arthur"},{"title":"Bannerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Bannerman"},{"title":"Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Barclay"},{"title":"Borthwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Borthwick"},{"title":"Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Boyd"},{"title":"Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Boyle"},{"title":"Brodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Brodie"},{"title":"Broun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Broun"},{"title":"Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Bruce"},{"title":"Buchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Buchan"},{"title":"Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Buchanan"},{"title":"Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burnett"},{"title":"Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Cameron"},{"title":"Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Campbell"},{"title":"Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Carmichael"},{"title":"Carnegie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Carnegie"},{"title":"Carruthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Carruthers"},{"title":"Cathcart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Cathcart"},{"title":"Charteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Charteris"},{"title":"Chattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Chattan"},{"title":"Chisholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Chisholm"},{"title":"Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Cochrane"},{"title":"Colquhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Colquhoun"},{"title":"Colville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Colville"},{"title":"Cranstoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Cranstoun"},{"title":"Crichton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Crichton"},{"title":"Cumming (Comyn)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Cumming"},{"title":"Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Cunningham"},{"title":"Darroch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Darroch"},{"title":"Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Davidson"},{"title":"Dewar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Dewar"},{"title":"Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Drummond"},{"title":"Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Dunbar"},{"title":"Dundas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Dundas"},{"title":"Durie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Durie"},{"title":"Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Eliott"},{"title":"Elphinstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Elphinstone"},{"title":"Erskine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Erskine"},{"title":"Farquharson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Farquharson"},{"title":"Fergusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Fergusson"},{"title":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Forbes"},{"title":"Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Forsyth"},{"title":"Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Fraser"},{"title":"Fraser of Lovat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Fraser_of_Lovat"},{"title":"Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Gordon"},{"title":"Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Graham"},{"title":"Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Grant"},{"title":"Gregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Gregor"},{"title":"Grierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Grierson"},{"title":"Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Gunn"},{"title":"Guthrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Guthrie"},{"title":"Haig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Haig"},{"title":"Haldane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Haldane"},{"title":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Hamilton"},{"title":"Hannay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Hannay"},{"title":"Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Hay"},{"title":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Henderson"},{"title":"Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Home"},{"title":"Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Hope"},{"title":"Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Hunter"},{"title":"Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Irvine"},{"title":"Jardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Jardine"},{"title":"Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Johnstone"},{"title":"Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Keith"},{"title":"Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Kennedy"},{"title":"Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Kerr"},{"title":"Kincaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Kincaid"},{"title":"Lamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Lamont"},{"title":"Leask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Leask"},{"title":"Lennox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Lennox"},{"title":"Leslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Leslie"},{"title":"Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Lindsay"},{"title":"Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Livingstone"},{"title":"Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Lockhart"},{"title":"Lumsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Lumsden"},{"title":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Lyon"},{"title":"MacAlister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacAlister"},{"title":"MacBean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacBean"},{"title":"MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Donald"},{"title":"Macdonald of Clanranald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Macdonald_of_Clanranald"},{"title":"Macdonald of Sleat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Macdonald_of_Sleat"},{"title":"MacDonell of Glengarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacDonell_of_Glengarry"},{"title":"MacDonald of Keppoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacDonald_of_Keppoch"},{"title":"MacDonald of Glencoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacDonald_of_Glencoe"},{"title":"MacDougall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacDougall"},{"title":"MacDowall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacDowall"},{"title":"MacIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacIntyre"},{"title":"Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Mackay"},{"title":"Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Mackenzie"},{"title":"Mackinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Mackinnon"},{"title":"Mackintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Mackintosh"},{"title":"Maclachlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Maclachlan"},{"title":"Maclaine of Lochbuie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Maclaine_of_Lochbuie"},{"title":"MacLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacLaren"},{"title":"Maclean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Maclean"},{"title":"MacLennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacLennan"},{"title":"MacLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacLeod"},{"title":"MacLeod of Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacLeod_of_Lewis"},{"title":"MacMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacMillan"},{"title":"Macnab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Macnab"},{"title":"Macnaghten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Macnaghten"},{"title":"MacNeacail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacNeacail"},{"title":"MacNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacNeil"},{"title":"Macpherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Macpherson"},{"title":"MacTavish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacTavish"},{"title":"MacThomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacThomas"},{"title":"Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Maitland"},{"title":"Makgill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Makgill"},{"title":"Malcolm (MacCallum)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Malcolm"},{"title":"Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Mar"},{"title":"Marjoribanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Marjoribanks"},{"title":"Matheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Matheson"},{"title":"Menzies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Menzies"},{"title":"Moffat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Moffat"},{"title":"Moncreiffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Moncreiffe"},{"title":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Montgomery"},{"title":"Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Morrison"},{"title":"Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Munro"},{"title":"Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Murray"},{"title":"Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Napier"},{"title":"Nesbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Nesbitt"},{"title":"Nicolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Nicolson"},{"title":"Ogilvy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Ogilvy"},{"title":"Oliphant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Oliphant"},{"title":"Primrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Primrose"},{"title":"Pringle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Pringle"},{"title":"Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Ramsay"},{"title":"Rattray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Rattray"},{"title":"Riddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Riddell"},{"title":"Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Robertson"},{"title":"Rollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Rollo"},{"title":"Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Rose"},{"title":"Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Ross"},{"title":"Ruthven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Ruthven"},{"title":"Sandilands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Sandilands"},{"title":"Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Scott"},{"title":"Scrymgeour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Scrymgeour"},{"title":"Sempill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Sempill"},{"title":"Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Shaw"},{"title":"Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Sinclair"},{"title":"Skene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Skene"},{"title":"Spens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Spens"},{"title":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Stirling"},{"title":"Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Strange"},{"title":"Stuart of 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.M._Guera | R. M. Guéra | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Rajko Milošević-GuéraBornRajko Milošević-Gera (1959-11-24) November 24, 1959 (age 64)Belgrade, YugoslaviaNationalitySerbianOccupationWriter
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "R. M. Guéra" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Serbian comic book author and illustrator
Rajko Milošević a.k.a. Gera and R. M. Guéra (Serbian Cyrillic: Рајко Милошевић - Гера; November 24, 1959) is a Serbian comic book author and illustrator. He has lived in Barcelona, Spain since 1991.
He debuted in the Yugoslav comic book industry in 1982 with the series Elmer Jones (Serbian Cyrillic: Елмер Џонс), a Leonesque western scripted by Dragan Savić. They later collaborated on Texas Riders (Serbian Cyrillic: Тексашки јахачи) in 1984.
Gera's work has been published in Spain, France and the United States. He worked on the Vertigo Comics series Scalped, with writer Jason Aaron, as well as on Le Lievre de Mars, with writer Patrick Cothias for French publisher Glénat.
Géra is a childhood nickname, and not part of his given name. He changed it to Guéra in the early 1990s when he moved to Barcelona, Spain, to adapt it to Spanish pronunciation.
References
^ Vertigo "On The Ledge" column, by R.M. Guéra, week of June 6th
External links
Rajko Milošević on Lambiek Comiclopedia.
Guéra's official website
Scalped website
RM Guéra: Creator with a Heart, an interview, Broken fontier, Jan 25, 2012
R.M. Guera Takes On Tarantino's "Django Unchained", Comicbook resources, Sep 12th, 2012
Exposition Django Unchained, on Cinechronicle.com
Authority control databases International
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Spain
France
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IdRef
This profile of a comics creator, writer, or artist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Serbian writer or poet is a stub. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_(Thurgau) | Hermann Müller (Swiss botanist) | ["1 Biography","2 Breeding of the Müller-Thurgau grape variety","3 External links","4 References"] | Swiss botanist (1850–1927)
Hermann Müller (Thurgau)
Hermann Müller birthplace, in Tägerwilen/Thurgau
Hermann Müller (21 October 1850 in Tägerwilen, Thurgau, Switzerland – 18 January 1927, in Wädenswil, Zurich), was a Swiss botanist, plant physiologist, oenologist and grape breeder. He called himself Müller-Thurgau, taking the name of his home canton.
Biography
Hermann Müller was born to Konrad Müller, a master baker and vintner, and his wife Maria Egloff, the daughter of Karl Anton Egloff, a wine merchant of Oestrich, Hessen. He attended the Lehrerseminar Kreuzlingen (Kreuzlingen Teachers College) (1869–70). He taught in Stein am Rhein (1870–72) while studying at the Polytechnikum Zürich (1872 graduate). He then attended the University of Würzburg for graduate studies under Julius von Sachs, was awarded his PhD in 1874 and stayed some time as Sachs' assistant. During the years 1876–1890 he worked at the Prussian Institute for Horticulture and Viticulture (Königlich Preussische Lehranstalt für Obst- und Weinbau) in Geisenheim, Rheingau where he led its experimental station for plant physiology.
In 1891 he returned to Switzerland as director of the newly created Experimental Station and School for Horticulture and Viticulture (Versuchsstation und Schule für Obst-, Wein- und Gartenbau) in Wädenswil, where he stayed until his 1924 retirement. From 1902, he was also connected to Polytechnikum Zürich as professor of botany.
He worked on teams which investigated fertility of the vine, vine diseases, and malolactic fermentation in wine.
In 1890, he was made an honorary member of the German Viticultural Association and in 1920 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Bern.
Müller researched and published on a wide range of topics in viticulture and winemaking, including the biology of vine flowering, assimilation of nutrients by the vine, vine diseases, alcoholic fermentation of wine, breeding of strains of yeast with specific properties, malolactic fermentation, development of wine faults, and methods for producing alcohol-free grape juice.
Breeding of the Müller-Thurgau grape variety
Main article: Müller-Thurgau
During his time in Geisenheim, Müller created the grape variety Müller-Thurgau in a breeding programme initiated in 1882, by crossing Riesling with Madeleine Royale, although for a long time it was erroneously assumed to be Riesling x Silvaner. Müller's goal was to combine the aromatic properties of Riesling with the earlier and more reliable ripening of Silvaner. Experimental plantations continued in Geisenheim until 1890, and in 1891 150 plants were shipped to Wädenswil where trials continued under Heinrich Schellenberg (1868–1967). The most successful clone of the trials (serial no. 58) was propagated in 1897 under the designation Riesling x Silvaner 1. Vines of this variety were distributed in Switzerland and abroad from 1908, and in 1913, 100 vines of this variety were taken to Germany by August Dern (1858–1930), who had worked with Müller in Geisenheim. Dern introduced the name "Müller-Thurgau" for the variety, while Müller himself continued to call it Riesling x Silvaner 1, although he did express doubts that this was the actual parentage of the new variety, and speculated that some misidentification of vine material could have occurred in the move from Geisenheim to Wädenswil.
Many experimental plantations of Müller-Thurgau in Germany were conducted from 1920, and its breakthrough from 1938 is credited to the grape breeder Georg Scheu in Alzey. By the 1950s it had become the most cultivated of any newly created grape varieties. It was the most planted grape variety of Germany from the late 1960s to the mid-1990s, and is still the second-most planted.
The standard author abbreviation Müll.-Thurg. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hermann Müller (Thurgau).
References
^ Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz: Müller , Hermann (in German)
^ Gesellschaft für Geschichte des Weines: Müller-Thurgau, Hermann (1850–1927) (in German)
^ Wein-Plus Glossar: Müller-Thurgau, accessed 23 January 2013
^ a b 125 Jahre Müller-Thurgau Archived 16 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 14 October 2009 (in German)
^ International Plant Names Index. Müll.-Thurg.
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Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hermann_M%C3%BCller_(1850-1927).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%BCller-Thurgau_Haus,_T%C3%A4gerwilen.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tägerwilen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4gerwilen"},{"link_name":"Thurgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgau"},{"link_name":"Wädenswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4denswil"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_people"},{"link_name":"botanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"plant physiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_physiology"},{"link_name":"oenologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Hermann Müller (Thurgau)Hermann Müller birthplace, in Tägerwilen/ThurgauHermann Müller (21 October 1850 in Tägerwilen, Thurgau, Switzerland – 18 January 1927, in Wädenswil, Zurich), was a Swiss botanist, plant physiologist, oenologist and grape breeder.[1][2] He called himself Müller-Thurgau, taking the name of his home canton.","title":"Hermann Müller (Swiss botanist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oestrich, Hessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oestrich-Winkel"},{"link_name":"Stein am Rhein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stein_am_Rhein"},{"link_name":"Polytechnikum Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"University of Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg"},{"link_name":"Julius von Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Sachs"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Prussian Institute for Horticulture and Viticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forschungsanstalt_Geisenheim"},{"link_name":"Geisenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisenheim"},{"link_name":"Rheingau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheingau"},{"link_name":"University of Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bern"},{"link_name":"alcoholic fermentation of wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)"},{"link_name":"strains of yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking"},{"link_name":"malolactic fermentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation"},{"link_name":"wine faults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_fault"}],"text":"Hermann Müller was born to Konrad Müller, a master baker and vintner, and his wife Maria Egloff, the daughter of Karl Anton Egloff, a wine merchant of Oestrich, Hessen. He attended the Lehrerseminar Kreuzlingen (Kreuzlingen Teachers College) (1869–70). He taught in Stein am Rhein (1870–72) while studying at the Polytechnikum Zürich (1872 graduate). He then attended the University of Würzburg for graduate studies under Julius von Sachs, was awarded his PhD in 1874 and stayed some time as Sachs' assistant. During the years 1876–1890 he worked at the Prussian Institute for Horticulture and Viticulture (Königlich Preussische Lehranstalt für Obst- und Weinbau) in Geisenheim, Rheingau where he led its experimental station for plant physiology.In 1891 he returned to Switzerland as director of the newly created Experimental Station and School for Horticulture and Viticulture (Versuchsstation und Schule für Obst-, Wein- und Gartenbau) in Wädenswil, where he stayed until his 1924 retirement. From 1902, he was also connected to Polytechnikum Zürich as professor of botany.He worked on teams which investigated fertility of the vine, vine diseases, and malolactic fermentation in wine.In 1890, he was made an honorary member of the German Viticultural Association and in 1920 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Bern.Müller researched and published on a wide range of topics in viticulture and winemaking, including the biology of vine flowering, assimilation of nutrients by the vine, vine diseases, alcoholic fermentation of wine, breeding of strains of yeast with specific properties, malolactic fermentation, development of wine faults, and methods for producing alcohol-free grape juice.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Müller-Thurgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau"},{"link_name":"Riesling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesling"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Royale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Royale"},{"link_name":"Silvaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvaner"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125_Jahre-4"},{"link_name":"Georg Scheu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Scheu"},{"link_name":"Alzey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125_Jahre-4"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"During his time in Geisenheim, Müller created the grape variety Müller-Thurgau in a breeding programme initiated in 1882, by crossing Riesling with Madeleine Royale, although for a long time it was erroneously assumed to be Riesling x Silvaner. Müller's goal was to combine the aromatic properties of Riesling with the earlier and more reliable ripening of Silvaner. Experimental plantations continued in Geisenheim until 1890, and in 1891 150 plants were shipped to Wädenswil where trials continued under Heinrich Schellenberg (1868–1967). The most successful clone of the trials (serial no. 58) was propagated in 1897 under the designation Riesling x Silvaner 1. Vines of this variety were distributed in Switzerland and abroad from 1908, and in 1913, 100 vines of this variety were taken to Germany by August Dern (1858–1930), who had worked with Müller in Geisenheim. Dern introduced the name \"Müller-Thurgau\" for the variety, while Müller himself continued to call it Riesling x Silvaner 1, although he did express doubts that this was the actual parentage of the new variety, and speculated that some misidentification of vine material could have occurred in the move from Geisenheim to Wädenswil.[3][4]Many experimental plantations of Müller-Thurgau in Germany were conducted from 1920, and its breakthrough from 1938 is credited to the grape breeder Georg Scheu in Alzey.[4] By the 1950s it had become the most cultivated of any newly created grape varieties. It was the most planted grape variety of Germany from the late 1960s to the mid-1990s, and is still the second-most planted.The standard author abbreviation Müll.-Thurg. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[5]","title":"Breeding of the Müller-Thurgau grape variety"}] | [{"image_text":"Hermann Müller (Thurgau)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_%281850-1927%29.jpg/220px-Hermann_M%C3%BCller_%281850-1927%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hermann Müller birthplace, in Tägerwilen/Thurgau","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau_Haus%2C_T%C3%A4gerwilen.JPG/220px-M%C3%BCller-Thurgau_Haus%2C_T%C3%A4gerwilen.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"International Plant Names Index. Müll.-Thurg.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=M%C3%BCll.-Thurg.","url_text":"Müll.-Thurg"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D31541.php","external_links_name":"Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz: Müller [Müller-Thurgau], Hermann"},{"Link":"http://www.geschichte-des-weines.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=401:mueller-thurgau-hermann-1850-1927&catid=45:persoenlichkeiten-a-z&Itemid=83","external_links_name":"Gesellschaft für Geschichte des Weines: Müller-Thurgau, Hermann (1850–1927)"},{"Link":"http://www.wein-plus.eu/en/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau_3.0.1450.html","external_links_name":"Wein-Plus Glossar: Müller-Thurgau"},{"Link":"http://www.antes-web.de/125JahreMuellerThurgau.htm","external_links_name":"125 Jahre Müller-Thurgau"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150216145920/http://www.antes-web.de/125JahreMuellerThurgau.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=M%C3%BCll.-Thurg.","external_links_name":"Müll.-Thurg"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/195963/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000082323364","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/52572642","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcrhTWtt6cWpJwVQBm8G3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/122508114","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87816089","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p130810800","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=M%C3%BCll.-Thurg.","external_links_name":"International Plant Names Index"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd122508114.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/031541","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/143360930","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Green_politicians_who_have_held_office_in_Canada | List of Green politicians who have held office in Canada | [] | This is a list of politicians who are Green Party of Canada members and have elected to office in Canada. Or members of the various provincial and territorial green paries who hold office in Canada. With the exception of those who sit in the Parliament of Canada, British Columbia Legislature, New Brunswick Legislature, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario and the Prince Edward Island Legislature most of these politicians have held municipal office in cities where there are no political parties. While these individuals are members of the Green Party in their personal life and may have been supported by Party members, they were not elected as Green party members.
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Contents
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
References
A
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Tom Adams
Oakville
Oakville Town Councillor
C
Trish Altass
Tyne Valley-Sherbrooke
Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
C
Kevin Arseneau
Kent North
Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
C
Jenica Atwin
Fredericton
Member of the Canadian Parliament
Cross the floor to the Liberal Party of Canada
F
B
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Lisa Barrett
Mayor Bowen Island Municipality - Regional Director GVRD/Metrovan Board 1999-2006
Mayor
F
Lara Beckett
Regional District of Fraser – Fort George
Regional Director
C
Michele Beaton
Mermaid-Stratford
Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
C
Bob Bell
Guelph, Ontario
City Councillor
C
Hannah Bell
Charlottetown-Parkdale
Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
Formerly ran the PEI Business Women's Association
C
Karla Bernard
Charlottetown-Victoria Park
Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
C
Peter Bevan-Baker
Kellys Cross-Cumberland
Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
Leader of the Green Party of Prince Edward Island
C
C
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Adriane Carr
Vancouver
City Councillor
Former Deputy leader of the Green Party of Canada
C
Roslyn Cassells
Vancouver
Park Board Commissioner
F
Sonya Chandler
Victoria
City Councillor
F
David Chernushenko
Ottawa
Ottawa City Councillor
Former Deputy Leader of the Green Party of Canada
F
Aislinn Clancy
Kitchener
Member of Provincial Parliament for Kitchener Centre
Kitchener City Councillor(2022–2023)
Deputy Leader of the Green Party of Ontario
C
David Coon
Fredericton South
Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
Leader of the Green Party of New Brunswick
C
D
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Dave Demers
Vancouver
Vancouver Park Board
C
Elio Di Iorio
Richmond Hill
Richmond Hill Town Councillor
Former International Secretary of the Green Party of Canada
F
Camil Dumont
Vancouver
Vancouver Park Board
C
F
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Janet Fraser
Vancouver
Vancouver School Board Trustee
C
Sonia Furstenau
Cowichan Valley
Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
Leader of the Green Party of British Columbia
C
Pete Fry
Vancouver
Vancouver City Council
C
G
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Rick Goldring
Burlington, Ontario
Mayor
F
Estrellita Gonzalez
Vancouver
Vancouver School Board Trustee
C
H
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Ole Hammarlund
Charlottetown-Brighton
Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
C
Dick Hibma
Owen Sound
City Councillor
F
Patty Higgins
Saint John, New Brunswick
City Councillor
F
Steve Howard
Summerside-South Drive
Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
C
Bruce Hyer
Thunder Bay-Superior North
Member of Canadian Parliament
Elected as an NDP MP in 2008 and 2011, crossed the floor to the Green Party in 2013 and served as Deputy leader from 2014-2018. Ran for re-election in 2015 and 2019 but lost.
F
J
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Rylund Johnson
Yellowknife North
Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories
As the Legislative Assembly is a nonpartisan consensus government, Johnson sits as an Independent.
C
K
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Joe Keithley
Burnaby
Burnaby City Council
C
L
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Maggie Laidlaw
Guelph, Ontario
City Councillor
F
Philippe Lucas
Victoria
City Councillor
F
Lynne Lund
Summerside-Wilmot
Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
Deputy leader of the Green Party of Prince Edward Island
C
M
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Matt MacFarlane
Borden-Kinkora
Member of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
Winner of the 2024 Borden-Kinkora provincial by-election which made the Greens equal in size with the Liberal Official opposition (3 seats each).
C
Stuart Mackinnon
Vancouver
Park Board Commissioner
Served on the park board, was defeated, than elected to the board once more.
C
Paul Manly
Nanaimo—Ladysmith
Member of Parliament
The son of the former New Democratic MP Jim Manly; Joined the Green Party in 2015 after he was blocked by his own party, over his stance with the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. He ran for the Green Party in that federal election, finishing in fourth place. It took a second time to finally get elected in the May 6, 2019 by-election.
F
Elizabeth May
Saanich—Gulf Islands
Member of Parliament
Leader of the Green Party of Canada from 2006 to 2019. Parliamentary Leader of the Green Party since 2019.
C
Megan Mitton
Memramcook-Tantramar
Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
C
Mike Morrice
Kitchener Centre
Member of Parliament
First Green MP from Ontario.
C
N
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Pierre Nantel
Longueuil—Saint-Hubert
Member of Parliament
Nantel was elected as a NDP candidate in 2011, and re-elected in 2015. On August 19, 2019, he announced he was joining the Green party and would be running as its candidate in Longueuil—Saint-Hubert for the 2019 election.
F
O
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Josie Osborne
Tofino
Mayor
Later defected to the NDP and was elected as an NDP MLA during the 2020 British Columbia general election.
F
Adam Olsen
Saanich North and the Islands
Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
C
R
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Angela Nagy (nee Reid)
Kelowna
City Councillor
Former deputy leader of the Green Party of British Columbia
F
S
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Dianne Saxe
Toronto
City Councillor
Former deputy leader of the Green Party of Ontario (2020–2022) and former Environmental Commissioner of Ontario
C
Victoria Serda
Saugeen Shores
Councillor
Former deputy leader of the Green Party of Ontario
F
Mike Schreiner
Guelph
Member of Provincial Parliament
Leader of the Green Party of Ontario
C
Andy Shadrack
Regional District of Central Kootenay
Electoral Area "D" Director
F
Erin Shapero
Markham
City Councillor
F
Jane Sterk
Esquimalt
City Councillor
Former BC Green Party leader
C
Rob Strang
Orangeville
Town Councillor
Former Deputy leader of the Green Party of Ontario
F
John Streicker
Whitehorse, Yukon
Whitehorse City Councillor
Former President of the Green Party of Canada. Switched to Yukon Liberal Party.
F
T
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Richard Thomas
Armour Township
Reeve
Died while in office.
F
V
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Art Vanden Berg
Victoria
City Councillor
F
W
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Andrew Weaver
Oak Bay-Gordon Head
Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
Former Leader of the Green Party of British Columbia
F
Paddy Weston
Kimberley
City Councillor
F
Michael Wiebe
Vancouver
Vancouver City Council
C
Blair Wilson
West Vancouver—Sunshine Coast—Sea to Sky Country
Member of Parliament
Joined the Green Party in 2008 as a sitting member of parliament.
F
Z
Name
Area
Office
Other
Citation
Current/Former
Judy Zaichkowsky
Vancouver
Vancouver School Board Trustee
C
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vteGreen parties in CanadaParty entitiesFederal
Green Party of Canada
Provincial & territorial
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Nova Scotia
Ontario
Prince Edward Island
Quebec
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Municipal
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Former parties
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Federal levelLeaders
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Trieger
Cholette
Lea
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Russow
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Harris
May
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Paul
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May
Leadership elections
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Parliamentary electioncandidate lists
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Edmonds – NS
Schreiner – ON
Bernard – PE (interim)
Tyrrell – QC
Hunter – SK
Most recent or upcomingleadership elections
Alberta 2018
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Provincial electioncandidate lists
Green Alberta candidates
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See also
History of the Green Party of Canada
List of Green politicians who have held office in Canada
vteElected Green politiciansCountries
Australia
Canada
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_Green_politicians_who_have_held_office_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"},{"link_name":"References","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#References"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taconic_Hills_Central_School_District | Taconic Hills Central School District | ["1 District history","2 Campus building and facilities","3 Schools","4 References","5 External links"] | School district in Craryville, New York
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Taconic Hills Central School District" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Taconic Hills School District73 County Route 11A
Craryville, New York, US, 12521District informationSuperintendentNeil Howard JrChair of the boardBonnie TorchiaStudents and staffAthletic conferencePatroonDistrict mascotTitanColorsOrange & white
The Taconic Hills Central School District is a rural school district in the upstate town of Craryville, New York, United States with about 1600 students. It serves all or part of the communities of Copake, Hillsdale, Philmont, Ancram, Austerlitz, Claverack, Gallatin, Ghent, Livingston, Mellenville, Northeast and Taghkanic in the southeastern part of Columbia County, New York, United States. The district covers nearly 250 sq mi (650 km2).
District history
The original formal public schools of Columbia County were one room school houses. Many of them were established under the 1812 Common School Act. However, in the 1920s politicians identifying with the Progressive Movement began scrutinizing the one-room school house educational system. These politicians advocated a change to larger, more centralized schools, which they felt would provide more equal educational opportunities for all. When in 1932 the Roeliff Jansen Central School District formed it was made up of twenty-nine smaller districts. It became the largest school district up to that time. In 1947, the Ockawamick Central School District was created from fifteen of these small, rural school districts. Taconic Hills Central School District was formed in 1970 after the unification of the Roeliff Jansen and Ockawamick School Districts, two smaller districts. The School was located in Hillsdale.
In 1989 The Taconic Hills Football team won the New York State Class C Championship with a record of 11–0.
In 2000, faculty, administrators and students moved into a new state of the art, centralized K-12 school building in Craryville.
Campus building and facilities
The Taconic Hills Central School opened in fall 1999 after years of debate about the district's facilities plan and a fast-track design and construction process that took just a year and a half. The $50 million school encompasses 350,000 square feet, making it one of the largest schools in the state of New York. The design, created by Rhinebeck Architecture & Planning in Rhinebeck, New York, is designed for a capacity of 2,000 students in K-12. The design groups the K-grade 2 and grades 3-6 units on one side and the grades 7-8 and grades 9-12 units on the other. The entry to each side features a two-story atrium, which helps orient students to their location in their wing. A community center is situated between the two school wings. The facility includes a 1,000-seat performing arts center that opens to an outdoor amphitheater (the two share a common stage), two media centers, an aquatic/fitness center, and three subdividable gymnasiums with stadium-style seating. The original quote of 759 interior and exterior doors included 276 interior and exterior hollow-metal doors. In mid-project, the school district received a donation that allowed for the addition of the aquatic/fitness center. Taconic Hills Central School has won several national, regional and state awards, including the prestigious Learning by Design 2001 Citation Award from the National School Boards Association. The Taconic Hills district also hosts many visitors from other districts who come to study the facility and borrow ideas for their own schools.
Schools
The district operates the following schools in a single campus in Craryville:
Taconic Hills High School
Taconic Hills Elementary School
References
^ "Best Schools in Taconic Hills Central School District - SchoolDigger.com". SchoolDigger. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ "History Overview - Taconic Hills High School Football - VNSports". Taconichillsfootball.stackuniversity.com. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "About Taconic Hills Central School District's Campus". Archived from the original on December 24, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
External links
Taconic Hills Central School District
Usa.com/school-district
vteEducation in Dutchess County, New YorkCentral and Union Free school districts are authorized to operate high schools, though not all do, while common school districts may not operate high schools.Schooldistricts
Arlington CSD
Beacon City SD
Carmel CSD
Dover UFSD
Haldane CSD
Hyde Park CSD
Millbrook CSD
Northeast CSD
Pawling CSD
Pine Plains CSD
Poughkeepsie City SD
Red Hook CSD
Rhinebeck CSD
Spackenkill UFSD
Taconic Hills CSD
Wappingers CSD
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"school district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_district"},{"link_name":"Craryville, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craryville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Copake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copake,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hillsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsdale,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Philmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philmont,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ancram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancram,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Austerlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austerlitz,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Claverack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claverack,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Gallatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallatin,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Mellenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellenville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Taghkanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taghkanic,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Columbia County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"School district in Craryville, New YorkThe Taconic Hills Central School District is a rural school district in the upstate town of Craryville, New York, United States with about 1600 students.[1] It serves all or part of the communities of Copake, Hillsdale, Philmont, Ancram, Austerlitz, Claverack, Gallatin, Ghent, Livingston, Mellenville, Northeast and Taghkanic in the southeastern part of Columbia County, New York, United States. The district covers nearly 250 sq mi (650 km2).[2]","title":"Taconic Hills Central School District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Common School Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_School_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"K-12 school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-12_school"},{"link_name":"Craryville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craryville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The original formal public schools of Columbia County were one room school houses. Many of them were established under the 1812 Common School Act. However, in the 1920s politicians identifying with the Progressive Movement began scrutinizing the one-room school house educational system. 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[citation needed]In 1989 The Taconic Hills Football team won the New York State Class C Championship with a record of 11–0.[3]In 2000, faculty, administrators and students moved into a new state of the art, centralized K-12 school building in Craryville.[4]","title":"District history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhinebeck, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinebeck,_New_York"}],"text":"The Taconic Hills Central School opened in fall 1999 after years of debate about the district's facilities plan and a fast-track design and construction process that took just a year and a half. The $50 million school encompasses 350,000 square feet, making it one of the largest schools in the state of New York. The design, created by Rhinebeck Architecture & Planning in Rhinebeck, New York, is designed for a capacity of 2,000 students in K-12. The design groups the K-grade 2 and grades 3-6 units on one side and the grades 7-8 and grades 9-12 units on the other. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_skool_breaks | Nu skool breaks | ["1 Origins","2 Artists","3 References","4 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nu skool breaks" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Nu skool breaks or nu breaks is a subgenre of breakbeat originating during the period between 1998 and 2002. The style is usually characterized by more abstract, more technical sounds, sometimes incorporated from other genres of electronic dance music, including UK garage, electro, and drum and bass. Typically, tracks ranged between 125 and 140 beats per minute (bpm), often featuring a dominant bass line. In contrast with big beat, another subgenre of breakbeat, the sound set consisted less of hip hop samples and acid-type sounds, instead emphasizing dance-friendliness and "new" sounds produced by modern production techniques using synthesizers, effect processors, and computers.
Origins
The term "nu skool breaks" is widely attributed to Rennie Pilgrem and Adam Freeland, who used it to describe the sound at their nightclub Friction, which was launched at Bar Rumba in 1996, with promoter Ian Williams.
The tracks "Renegades" by Uptown Connection and "Double Impact" by Boundarie Hunters are considered to be the earliest produced to formally adopt the genre.
In 1998, the term "Nu Skool Breaks" was used on two compilations, Nu Skool Breakz, Volume 1 and 2, mixed by Rennie Pilgrem and released through UK-based Kickin Records. The first volume of these was recorded live at the aforementioned London club night Friction.
Labels that featured early Nu Skool Breaks releases included Botchit & Scarper, Fuel Records (UK), Hard Hands, Marine Parade Records, TCR, and Ultimatum Breaks.
Artists
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Aquasky
BLIM
Dylan Rhymes
Buckfunk 3000
Evil Nine
Freq Nasty
Future Funk Squad
General Midi
Hexadecimal
Hybrid
Hyper
Ils
Koma and Bones
Lee Coombs
Meat Katie
Nubreed
Plump DJs
Stanton Warriors
Tipper
References
^ a b Fonooni, Damon (2002). "Embracing BT". Lunar Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
^ Griffiths, Alex (1998). BeatsElectronicaUK (booklet). Music Collection International, Ltd. p. 1. 50073.
^ a b c McMillan, Danny (1998). Nu Skool Breakz (CD insert). Various. US: Instinct Records. EX390-2.
^ "Breaks Pilgrem-age". Resident Advisor. 24 April 2002.
^ "Bedrock Breaks Compiled & Mixed by Meat Katie". Resident Advisor. 6 Jun 2004. Retrieved 8 Oct 2022.
External links
Nubreaks.com online radio and community
the international breakbeat awards
Future Funk Squad won "Album of the Year" at Breakspoil Awards 2015
New generation of nu skool breaks - The Sables and Future Funk Squad "Right Time Is Now"
vteBreakbeat
Acid breaks
Baltimore club (Jersey club)
Big beat
Breakbeat hardcore
4-beat
Darkcore
Happy hardcore
Breakcore
Breakstep
Broken beat
Drum and bass
Florida breaks
Jungle
Nu skool breaks
Progressive breaks | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"breakbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakbeat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref1-1"},{"link_name":"UK garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_garage"},{"link_name":"electro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro_(music)"},{"link_name":"drum and bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_and_bass"},{"link_name":"beats per minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_per_minute"},{"link_name":"big beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_beat"},{"link_name":"breakbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakbeat"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop"},{"link_name":"samples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)"},{"link_name":"acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_house"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref4-3"},{"link_name":"synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"effect processors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_unit"},{"link_name":"computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref1-1"}],"text":"Nu skool breaks or nu breaks is a subgenre of breakbeat originating during the period between 1998 and 2002.[1] The style is usually characterized by more abstract, more technical sounds, sometimes incorporated from other genres of electronic dance music, including UK garage, electro, and drum and bass. Typically, tracks ranged between 125 and 140 beats per minute (bpm), often featuring a dominant bass line. In contrast with big beat, another subgenre of breakbeat, the sound set consisted less of hip hop samples and acid-type sounds,[2] instead emphasizing dance-friendliness[3] and \"new\" sounds produced by modern production techniques using synthesizers, effect processors, and computers.[1]","title":"Nu skool breaks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rennie Pilgrem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennie_Pilgrem"},{"link_name":"Adam Freeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Freeland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref4-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref3-4"},{"link_name":"Uptown Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uptown_Connection&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boundarie Hunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boundarie_Hunters&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kickin Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickin_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref4-3"},{"link_name":"Botchit & Scarper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botchit_%26_Scarper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fuel Records (UK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tipper"},{"link_name":"Hard Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_Hands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marine Parade Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Parade_Records"},{"link_name":"TCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCR_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Ultimatum Breaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Cox"}],"text":"The term \"nu skool breaks\" is widely attributed to Rennie Pilgrem and Adam Freeland, who used it to describe the sound at their nightclub Friction, which was launched at Bar Rumba in 1996, with promoter Ian Williams.[3][4]The tracks \"Renegades\" by Uptown Connection and \"Double Impact\" by Boundarie Hunters are considered to be the earliest produced to formally adopt the genre.[citation needed]In 1998, the term \"Nu Skool Breaks\" was used on two compilations, Nu Skool Breakz, Volume 1 and 2, mixed by Rennie Pilgrem and released through UK-based Kickin Records. The first volume of these was recorded live at the aforementioned London club night Friction.[3]Labels that featured early Nu Skool Breaks releases included Botchit & Scarper, Fuel Records (UK), Hard Hands, Marine Parade Records, TCR, and Ultimatum Breaks.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aquasky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquasky"},{"link_name":"BLIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BLIM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dylan Rhymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dylan_Rhymes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buckfunk 3000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Begg"},{"link_name":"Evil Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Nine"},{"link_name":"Freq Nasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freq_Nasty"},{"link_name":"General Midi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Midi_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(Welsh_band)"},{"link_name":"Hyper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Hyper"},{"link_name":"Ils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ils_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Koma and Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koma_and_Bones&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lee Coombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Coombs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meat Katie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_Katie"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Plump DJs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plump_DJs"},{"link_name":"Stanton Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Tipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tipper"}],"text":"Aquasky\nBLIM\nDylan Rhymes\nBuckfunk 3000\nEvil Nine\nFreq Nasty\nFuture Funk Squad\nGeneral Midi\nHexadecimal\nHybrid\nHyper\nIls\nKoma and Bones\nLee Coombs\nMeat Katie[5]\nNubreed\nPlump DJs\nStanton Warriors\nTipper","title":"Artists"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Fonooni, Damon (2002). \"Embracing BT\". Lunar Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120624171526/http://www.lunarmagazine.com/features/bt.php","url_text":"\"Embracing BT\""},{"url":"http://www.lunarmagazine.com/features/bt.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, Alex (1998). BeatsElectronicaUK (booklet). Music Collection International, Ltd. p. 1. 50073.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_Collection_International,_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Music Collection International, Ltd"}]},{"reference":"McMillan, Danny (1998). Nu Skool Breakz (CD insert). Various. US: Instinct Records. EX390-2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Breaks Pilgrem-age\". Resident Advisor. 24 April 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.residentadvisor.net/feature-read.aspx?id=113","url_text":"\"Breaks Pilgrem-age\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bedrock Breaks Compiled & Mixed by Meat Katie\". Resident Advisor. 6 Jun 2004. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_Meza | Mundo Meza | ["1 Education","2 Career","3 Legacy","4 Posthumous exhibitions","5 References"] | Edmundo Meza (July 19, 1955 - February 11, 1985), also known as Mundo Meza, was an artist and activist who was born in Tijuana, Mexico and grew up in East Los Angeles. He discovered his passion for the area's avant-garde culture in early 1970. As an emerging artist, Mundo Meza worked for shoe designer Fred Slatten on Santa Monica Boulevard as a window dresser. He also painted unique designs onto Slatten's platform shoes, gathering a celebrity clientele which included Cher, Elton John, and Diana Ross.
Meza collaborated with style icon Simon Doonan and together they created provocative window displays for West Hollywood's Maxfield Bleu. Their brash reportage art combined vintage mannequins, luxury goods, and objects from prop houses, often evoking controversy and strong reactions. One such display satirized a news story about a coyote stealing a child. The hysteria erupted even more for using a taxidermy coyote.
Mundo played a pivotal role in the emergence of Chicano conceptualists which included Robert Legorreta (Cyclona), Joey Terrill, Teddy Sandoval, Jack Vargas and members of the collective Asco led by Harry Gamboa, Jr., Gronk, Willie Herrón, and Patssi Valdez. His work was highly influenced by the Chicano artistic community which has recently started to receive public recognition due to its panache, confrontational aesthetics, and extravagance.
He died in 1985 due to complications from AIDS.
Education
Meza graduated from Huntington Park High School in 1973 with a scholarship to Otis Art Institute.
Career
Mundo Meza had a multidisciplinary practice that encompassed an array of different fields including painting, design, fashion, and installation. Initially, all of his work responded directly to the issues of society, and through his use of mesoamerican imagery, Meza was able to contextualize within the gay liberation movement.
Meza is widely known for his collaborations with Robert Legorreta (Cyclona) and Gronk during the early 1970s. His work included a number of confrontational performances in East Los Angeles, including, Caca-Roaches Have No Friends. His early practice combined Chicano Nationalism with visual panache and psychedelic experimentation in order to enunciate the ideology behind his work.
From 1976 to 1978, Meza danced with the Aisha Dance Company. He performed, with his long time partner Carlos “Charles” Docando for the opening of the King Tut exhibit at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in March 1978.
In the early 1980s, Meza collaborated with British designer Simon Doonan, producing surreal and shocking window displays for Maxfield Bleu in West Hollywood and other Melrose Avenue boutiques. Parody and satire were a common theme which set them apart from other displays.
By 1983, his work became increasingly lyrical and abstract. Most of his paintings depicted the Chicano Body as a site for subversion and were calm simplified compositions. This change in tone was his method of using modernist abstraction in order to shed light on a new dialectic figure of queerness in the face of AIDS.
Legacy
In 2014 and 2015, the Getty Foundation awarded grants totaling $270,000 for exhibition research, support, and implementation of Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A. Organized by the ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives at the University of Southern California Libraries, the exhibition takes its name from Meza's work and focuses on queer, Chicanx artists and their collaborations from the late 1960s to the early 1990s. The exhibit was first shown at the ONE Archives' gallery and the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles before traveling to several galleries across the United States. Co-curators C. Ondine Chavoya and David Evans Frantz worked for four years, on behalf of the ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives at the University of Southern California to assemble and research the collection for the exhibition, spending time in Mexico, Spain, and England.
Posthumous exhibitions
Asco: Elite of the Obscure, A Retrospective, 1972–1987, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2011
Cruising the Archive: Queer Art and Culture in Los Angeles, 1945–1980, ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives, 2011
MEX/LA: Mexican Modernisms in Los Angeles 1930-1985, Museum of Latin American Art, 2011
Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A., ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives, 2017
References
^ "Zully Mejia responds to Mundo Meza". An Inside View of the Barrick Museum. 2019-03-19. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^ a b c d "Getty Foundation Awards Research Grant for Mundo Meza Exhibition | ONE Archives". one.usc.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^ AIDS, Visual (2018-07-25), Simon Doonan on Mundo Meza | Talk + Tour: Axis Mundo, retrieved 2021-11-02
^ Turner, Madeline M. (2019-02-12). "Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A." ARTMargins. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
^ a b c "Queer Chicanx Artists Find a Home in L.A.'s 'Axis Mundo' Exhibition". www.out.com. 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^ "The untold stories of America's queer Chicano art scene". Dazed. 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^ "Your Art Disgusts Me: Early Asco 1971-75". East of Borneo. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^ Assunção, Muri (2017-09-15). "Queer Chicano Art Is as Timeless As It Is Vital". Vice. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^ a b "Mundo Meza". Williams College Museum of Art. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
^ a b c d "Edmundo "Mundo" Meza" (PDF). Edmundo "Mundo" Meza.
^ "Your Art Disgusts Me: Early Asco 1971-75". East of Borneo. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^ Furman, Anna (2017-08-28). "Queer Chicano Artists and Activism in 1970s L.A." The Cut. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^ "An exhibition on L.A.'s queer Chicano networks shows how California artists connected with the world". Los Angeles Times. 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^ Cassidy, Benjamin. "Historical look at queer networks in Chicano L.A." The Berkshire Eagle. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^ "Pacific Standard Time: LA/LA Grant Awarded". The Getty Foundation. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
^ a b "Traveling art exhibit 'Axis Mundo' highlights the work of LA's queer, Chicanx community". Las Vegas Weekly. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
^ "Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A." Los Angeles Magazine. 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^ "Tribeca Art Spaces Yearn for Love in the Time of Cholera". Hyperallergic. 2018-06-25. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^ "Axis Mundo Catalogue wins The American Association of Art Museum Curators' Award for Excellence". Independent Curators International. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^ "Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A." 205 Hudson Gallery. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^ "Houston's Lawndale Art Center Showcases First-ever Archive of LGBTQ Chicanx Art". OutSmart Magazine. 2019-05-07. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
^ "Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A." Williams College Museum of Art. Retrieved 2019-10-30. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon Doonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Doonan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Joey Terrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Terrill"},{"link_name":"Harry Gamboa, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Gamboa_Jr."},{"link_name":"Gronk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gronk_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Willie Herrón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Herr%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Patssi Valdez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patssi_Valdez"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-out.com-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-out.com-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Meza collaborated with style icon Simon Doonan and together they created provocative window displays for West Hollywood's Maxfield Bleu.[3] Their brash reportage art combined vintage mannequins, luxury goods, and objects from prop houses, often evoking controversy and strong reactions. One such display satirized a news story about a coyote stealing a child. The hysteria erupted even more for using a taxidermy coyote. [4]Mundo played a pivotal role in the emergence of Chicano conceptualists which included Robert Legorreta (Cyclona), Joey Terrill, Teddy Sandoval, Jack Vargas and members of the collective Asco led by Harry Gamboa, Jr., Gronk, Willie Herrón, and Patssi Valdez.[5][6] His work was highly influenced by the Chicano artistic community which has recently started to receive public recognition due to its panache, confrontational aesthetics, and extravagance.[2][7]He died in 1985 due to complications from AIDS.[2][5][8]","title":"Mundo Meza"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huntington Park High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Park_High_School"},{"link_name":"Otis Art Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Art_Institute"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"}],"text":"Meza graduated from Huntington Park High School in 1973 with a scholarship to Otis Art Institute.[9]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mesoamerican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Melrose Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-out.com-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Mundo Meza had a multidisciplinary practice that encompassed an array of different fields including painting, design, fashion, and installation. Initially, all of his work responded directly to the issues of society, and through his use of mesoamerican imagery, Meza was able to contextualize within the gay liberation movement.[10]Meza is widely known for his collaborations with Robert Legorreta (Cyclona) and Gronk during the early 1970s. His work included a number of confrontational performances in East Los Angeles, including, Caca-Roaches Have No Friends.[2] His early practice combined Chicano Nationalism with visual panache and psychedelic experimentation in order to enunciate the ideology behind his work.[10]From 1976 to 1978, Meza danced with the Aisha Dance Company. He performed, with his long time partner Carlos “Charles” Docando for the opening of the King Tut exhibit at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in March 1978.[9]In the early 1980s, Meza collaborated with British designer Simon Doonan, producing surreal and shocking window displays for Maxfield Bleu in West Hollywood and other Melrose Avenue boutiques. Parody and satire were a common theme which set them apart from other displays.[5][11] [10]By 1983, his work became increasingly lyrical and abstract. Most of his paintings depicted the Chicano Body as a site for subversion and were calm simplified compositions. This change in tone was his method of using modernist abstraction in order to shed light on a new dialectic figure of queerness in the face of AIDS.[10][12][13][14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Getty Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Foundation"},{"link_name":"ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE_National_Gay_%26_Lesbian_Archives"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California_Libraries"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Museum of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-16"}],"text":"In 2014 and 2015, the Getty Foundation awarded grants totaling $270,000 for exhibition research, support, and implementation of Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A. Organized by the ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives at the University of Southern California Libraries, the exhibition takes its name from Meza's work and focuses on queer, Chicanx artists and their collaborations from the late 1960s to the early 1990s.[15] The exhibit was first shown at the ONE Archives' gallery and the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles before traveling to several galleries across the United States.[16] Co-curators C. Ondine Chavoya and David Evans Frantz worked for four years, on behalf of the ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives at the University of Southern California to assemble and research the collection for the exhibition, spending time in Mexico, Spain, and England.[16]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Museum of Latin American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Latin_American_Art"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Asco: Elite of the Obscure, A Retrospective, 1972–1987, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2011\nCruising the Archive: Queer Art and Culture in Los Angeles, 1945–1980, ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives, 2011\nMEX/LA: Mexican Modernisms in Los Angeles 1930-1985, Museum of Latin American Art, 2011\nAxis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A., ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives, 2017[17][18][19][20][21][22]","title":"Posthumous exhibitions"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Zully Mejia responds to Mundo Meza\". 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Retrieved 2019-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://eastofborneo.org/articles/your-art-disgusts-me-early-asco-1971-75/","url_text":"\"Your Art Disgusts Me: Early Asco 1971-75\""}]},{"reference":"Assunção, Muri (2017-09-15). \"Queer Chicano Art Is as Timeless As It Is Vital\". Vice. Retrieved 2019-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/8x8nxz/queer-chicano-art-is-as-timeless-as-it-is-vital","url_text":"\"Queer Chicano Art Is as Timeless As It Is Vital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mundo Meza\". Williams College Museum of Art. Retrieved 2021-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://artmuseum.williams.edu/collection/featured-acquisitions/mundo-meza/","url_text":"\"Mundo Meza\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edmundo \"Mundo\" Meza\" (PDF). Edmundo \"Mundo\" Meza.","urls":[{"url":"https://one.usc.edu/sites/one/files/images/media/documents/one-foundation_weho-grant_mundo-meza-window-displays.pdf","url_text":"\"Edmundo \"Mundo\" Meza\""}]},{"reference":"\"Your Art Disgusts Me: Early Asco 1971-75\". 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Retrieved 2019-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://lasvegasweekly.com/ae/fine-art/2019/jan/09/traveling-art-exhibit-axis-mundo-highlights-the-wo/","url_text":"\"Traveling art exhibit 'Axis Mundo' highlights the work of LA's queer, Chicanx community\""}]},{"reference":"\"Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A.\" Los Angeles Magazine. 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2019-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lamag.com/sponsored/axis-mundo-queer-networks-chicano-l/","url_text":"\"Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tribeca Art Spaces Yearn for Love in the Time of Cholera\". Hyperallergic. 2018-06-25. Retrieved 2019-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://hyperallergic.com/448514/tribeca-art-and-culture-night-river-to-river-festival-2018/","url_text":"\"Tribeca Art Spaces Yearn for Love in the Time of Cholera\""}]},{"reference":"\"Axis Mundo Catalogue wins The American Association of Art Museum Curators' Award for Excellence\". Independent Curators International. Retrieved 2019-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://curatorsintl.org/posts/axis-mundo-catalogue-wins-the-american-association-of-art-museum-curators-a","url_text":"\"Axis Mundo Catalogue wins The American Association of Art Museum Curators' Award for Excellence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A.\" 205 Hudson Gallery. Retrieved 2019-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.205hudsongallery.org/calendar/2018/6/21/axis-mundo","url_text":"\"Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Houston's Lawndale Art Center Showcases First-ever Archive of LGBTQ Chicanx Art\". OutSmart Magazine. 2019-05-07. Retrieved 2019-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.outsmartmagazine.com/2019/05/houstons-lawndale-art-center-showcases-first-ever-archive-of-lgbtq-chicanx-art/","url_text":"\"Houston's Lawndale Art Center Showcases First-ever Archive of LGBTQ Chicanx Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A.\" Williams College Museum of Art. Retrieved 2019-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://wcma.williams.edu/axis-mundo-queer-networks-in-chicano-l-a/","url_text":"\"Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A.\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://barrickmuseum.wordpress.com/2019/03/19/zully-mejia-responds-to-mundo-meza/","external_links_name":"\"Zully Mejia responds to Mundo Meza\""},{"Link":"https://one.usc.edu/news/getty-foundation-awards-research-grant-mundo-meza-exhibition","external_links_name":"\"Getty Foundation Awards Research Grant for Mundo Meza Exhibition | ONE Archives\""},{"Link":"https://vimeo.com/281713325","external_links_name":"Simon Doonan on Mundo Meza | Talk + Tour: Axis Mundo"},{"Link":"https://artmargins.com/axis-mundo-queer-networks-in-chicano-l-a/","external_links_name":"\"Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A.\""},{"Link":"https://www.out.com/art-books/2017/12/08/queer-chicanx-artists-find-home-las-axis-mundo-exhibition","external_links_name":"\"Queer Chicanx Artists Find a Home in L.A.'s 'Axis Mundo' Exhibition\""},{"Link":"https://www.dazeddigital.com/art-photography/article/37535/1/the-untold-stories-of-americas-queer-chicano-art-scene","external_links_name":"\"The untold stories of America's queer Chicano art scene\""},{"Link":"https://eastofborneo.org/articles/your-art-disgusts-me-early-asco-1971-75/","external_links_name":"\"Your Art Disgusts Me: Early Asco 1971-75\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/8x8nxz/queer-chicano-art-is-as-timeless-as-it-is-vital","external_links_name":"\"Queer Chicano Art Is as Timeless As It Is Vital\""},{"Link":"https://artmuseum.williams.edu/collection/featured-acquisitions/mundo-meza/","external_links_name":"\"Mundo Meza\""},{"Link":"https://one.usc.edu/sites/one/files/images/media/documents/one-foundation_weho-grant_mundo-meza-window-displays.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Edmundo \"Mundo\" Meza\""},{"Link":"https://eastofborneo.org/articles/your-art-disgusts-me-early-asco-1971-75/","external_links_name":"\"Your Art Disgusts Me: Early Asco 1971-75\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecut.com/2017/08/axis-mundo-queer-networks-in-chicano-moca-los-angeles.html","external_links_name":"\"Queer Chicano Artists and Activism in 1970s L.A.\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-et-cam-pst-la-la-axis-mundo-queer-chicano-networks-20171221-htmlstory.html","external_links_name":"\"An exhibition on L.A.'s queer Chicano networks shows how California artists connected with the world\""},{"Link":"https://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/historical-look-at-queer-networks-in-chicano-la,583533","external_links_name":"\"Historical look at queer networks in Chicano L.A.\""},{"Link":"http://www.getty.edu/foundation/initiatives/past/pst_lala/grants_awarded.html","external_links_name":"\"Pacific Standard Time: LA/LA Grant Awarded\""},{"Link":"https://lasvegasweekly.com/ae/fine-art/2019/jan/09/traveling-art-exhibit-axis-mundo-highlights-the-wo/","external_links_name":"\"Traveling art exhibit 'Axis Mundo' highlights the work of LA's queer, Chicanx community\""},{"Link":"https://www.lamag.com/sponsored/axis-mundo-queer-networks-chicano-l/","external_links_name":"\"Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A.\""},{"Link":"https://hyperallergic.com/448514/tribeca-art-and-culture-night-river-to-river-festival-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Tribeca Art Spaces Yearn for Love in the Time of Cholera\""},{"Link":"http://curatorsintl.org/posts/axis-mundo-catalogue-wins-the-american-association-of-art-museum-curators-a","external_links_name":"\"Axis Mundo Catalogue wins The American Association of Art Museum Curators' Award for Excellence\""},{"Link":"http://www.205hudsongallery.org/calendar/2018/6/21/axis-mundo","external_links_name":"\"Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A.\""},{"Link":"http://www.outsmartmagazine.com/2019/05/houstons-lawndale-art-center-showcases-first-ever-archive-of-lgbtq-chicanx-art/","external_links_name":"\"Houston's Lawndale Art Center Showcases First-ever Archive of LGBTQ Chicanx Art\""},{"Link":"https://wcma.williams.edu/axis-mundo-queer-networks-in-chicano-l-a/","external_links_name":"\"Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A.\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkbit | Leontodon | ["1 Ecology","2 Uses","3 Secondary metabolites","4 Species","5 Further reading","6 References"] | Genus of flowering plants
Leontodon
Leontodon hispidus L.
Seed-head of Leontodon hispidus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Asterids
Order:
Asterales
Family:
Asteraceae
Subfamily:
Cichorioideae
Tribe:
Cichorieae
Subtribe:
Hypochaeridinae
Genus:
LeontodonL.
Synonyms
List
Antodon Neck.
Apargia Scop.
Asterothrix Cass.
Bohadschia F.W.Schmidt
Colobium Roth
Dens-leonis Ség.
Microderis DC.
Plancia Neck.
Streckera Sch.Bip.
Thrincia Roth.
Thrixa Dulac
Virea Adans.
Leontodon is a genus of plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae, commonly known as hawkbits.
Their English name derives from the mediaeval belief that hawks ate the plant to improve their eyesight. Although originally only native to Eurasia and North Africa, some species have since become established in other countries, including the United States and New Zealand.
Recent research has shown that the genus Leontodon in the traditional delimitation is polyphyletic. Therefore, the former Leontodon subgenus Oporinia was raised to generic level. According to the nomenclatural rules the name Scorzoneroides has priority at generic level and therefore, the members of Leontodon subgenus Oporinia were transferred to the re-erected genus Scorzoneroides.
Ecology
Seeds of Leontodon species are an important food source for certain bird species.
Uses
In Crete, the roots of the species Leontodon tuberosus are eaten raw and its leaves are eaten steamed.
Secondary metabolites
The genus Leontodon s.str. (i.e. excluding the members of the resurrected genus Scorzoneroides) is a rich source of hypocretenolides, unique guaiane type sesquiterpene lactones with a 12,5-lactone ring instead of the usual 12,6 lactone ring.
Phenolics found in Leontodon species include luteolin type flavonoids and caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives such as chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. Moreover, Leontodon species contain the caffeoyl tartaric acid derivatives caffeoyl tartaric acid and cichoric acid.
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Leontodon:
Leontodon albanicus (F.K.Mey.) F.Conti
Leontodon anomalus Ball
Leontodon apulus (Fiori) Brullo
Leontodon asperrimus (Willd.) Endl.
Leontodon balansae Boiss.
Leontodon berinii (Bartl.) Roth
Leontodon biscutellifolius DC.
Leontodon boryi Boiss. ex DC.
Leontodon bourgaeanus Willk.
Leontodon caroliaedoi Talavera & M.Talavera
Leontodon × carreiroi (Gand.) M.Moura & L.Silva
Leontodon caucasicus (M.Bieb.) Fisch.
Leontodon crispus Vill.
Leontodon djurdjurae Coss. & Durieu ex Batt. & Trab.
Leontodon dubius (Hoppe) Poir.
Leontodon eriopodus Emb. & Maire
Leontodon farinosus Merino & Pau
Leontodon filii (Hochst. ex Seub.) Paiva & Ormonde
Leontodon × friasi M.Moura & Silva
Leontodon graecus Boiss. & Heldr.
Leontodon × grassiorum Zidorn
Leontodon hellenicus Phitos
Leontodon hirtus L.
Leontodon hispidus L.
Leontodon hochstetteri M.Moura & Silva
Leontodon hyoseroides Welw. ex Rchb.
Leontodon incanus (L.) Schrank
Leontodon intermedius Huter, Porta & Rigo
Leontodon kotschyi Boiss.
Leontodon kulczynskii Popov
Leontodon libanoticus Boiss.
Leontodon longirostris (Finch & P.D.Sell) Talavera
Leontodon maroccanus (Pers.) Ball
Leontodon oxylepis Boiss. & Heldr.
Leontodon pinetorum Pau
Leontodon pitardii Maire
Leontodon rigens (Aiton) Paiva & Ormonde
Leontodon rosanoi (Ten.) DC.
Leontodon saxatilis Lam.
Leontodon siculus (Guss.) Nyman
Leontodon stenocalathius Rech.f.
Leontodon tenuiflorus (Gaudin) Rchb.
Leontodon tingitanus (Boiss. & Reut.) Ball
Leontodon tuberosus L.
Leontodon × vegetus Finch & P.D.Sell
Further reading
Euro+Med Plantbase
Battandier, J. A.; L. Trabut (1902). Flore de l'Algérie et de la Tunisie. Alger.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Blatter, E. (1921). Flora Arabica II: Leguminosae-Compositae. Calcutta.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Boulos, L. (2002). Flora of Egypt. Cairo.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Danin, A. (2004). Distribution atlas of plants in the Flora Palaestina area. Jerusalem.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Davis, P. (1975). Flora of Turkey Vol. 5. Edinburgh.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Finch, R. A.; P. D. Sell (1976). "Leontodon L.". In Tutin, T. G.; Heywood, V. H.; Burges, N. A.; Moore, D. M.; Valentine, D. H.; Walters S. M.; Webb D. A. (eds.). Flora Europaea. Vol. 4. Cambridge.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Jafri, S.M.H.; A. El-Gadi (1983). Flora of Libya. Tripoli.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Jahandiez, E.; R. Maire (1934). Catalogue des plantes du Maroc. Vol. 3. Alger.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Moutérde, P. (1983). Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie. Beyrouth.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Pittoni, H. (1977). "Leontodon". In K. H. Rechinger (ed.). Flora Iranica. Vol. 122. Graz.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Quézel, P.; S. Santa (1963). Nouvelle flore de l'Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Rechinger, K. H. (1964). Flora of lowland Iraq. Weinheim.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Vassilev, V. N. (2000). Leontodon. In Bobrov, E. G. & Tzevelev, N. N. Flora of the USSR 29: Compositae, Cichorieae, pages 204-218. Enfield.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Widder, F.J. (1975). "Die Gliederung der Gattung Leontodon". Phyton (Horn, Austria). 17: 23–29. ISSN 0079-2047.
Zidorn, C. (2012). "Leontodon and Scorzoneroides (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) in Italy". Plant Biosystems. 146 (Suppl. 1). Taylor & Francis: 41–51. doi:10.1080/11263504.2012.710272. ISSN 1126-3504. S2CID 86770322.
Zohary, M. (1978). Flora Palaestina Vol. 3. Jerusalem.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
References
^ a b "Leontodon L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
^ "52. Leontodon Linnaeus", Flora of North America
^ "LEONTODON L.", Flora of New Zealand
^ Rosabelle Samuel; Walter Gutermann; Tod F. Stuessy; Claudete F. Ruas; Hans-Walter Lack; Karin Tremetsberger; Salvador Talavera; Barbara Hermanowski; Friedrich Ehrendorfer (2006), "Molecular phylogenetics reveals Leontodon (Asteraceae, Lactuceae) to be diphyletic", American Journal of Botany, 93 (8): 1193–1205, doi:10.3732/ajb.93.8.1193, PMID 21642184
^ Greuter, W.; Gutermann, W. & Talavera, S. (2006), "A preliminary conspectus of Scorzoneroides (Compositae, Cichorieae) with validation of the required new names" (PDF), Willdenowia, 36 (2): 689–692, doi:10.3372/wi.36.36204, ISSN 0511-9618, S2CID 85657923, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-06
^ D. L. Buckingham; W. J. Peach (2005). "The influence of livestock management on habitat quality for farmland birds". Animal Science. 81 (2): 199–203. doi:10.1079/asc50700199.
^ Kleonikos G. Stavridakis; Κλεόνικος Γ. Σταυριδάκης (2006). Wild edible plants of Crete - Η Άγρια βρώσιμη χλωρίδα της Κρήτης. Rethymnon Crete. ISBN 960-631-179-1.
^ Zidorn, C. (2008). "Sesquiterpene lactones and their precursors as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae". Phytochemistry. 69 (12): 2270–2296. Bibcode:2008PChem..69.2270Z. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.06.013. ISSN 0031-9422. PMID 18715600.
^ Zidorn, C.; Stuppner, H. (2001). "Evaluation of chemosystematic characters in the genus Leontodon". Taxon. 50: 115–133. doi:10.2307/1224515. ISSN 0040-0262. JSTOR 1224515.
^ Sareedenchai, V.; Zidorn, C. (2010). "Flavonoids as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 38 (5): 935–957. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2009.09.006. ISSN 0305-1978.
Taxon identifiersLeontodon
Wikidata: Q27909
Wikispecies: Leontodon
APDB: 192038
APNI: 95200
CoL: 5CBX
eFloraSA: Leontodon
EoL: 61769
EPPO: 1LEBG
FloraBase: 22252
FNA: 117988
FoAO2: Leontodon
FoC: 117988
GBIF: 3137422
GRIN: 6653
iNaturalist: 60145
IPNI: 9715-1
IRMNG: 1302787
ITIS: 37882
NBN: NHMSYS0000460233
NCBI: 58659
NZOR: fab2bc9b-e1e8-461e-b8f2-f5eaee48f224
Open Tree of Life: 388996
PLANTS: LEONT
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331707-2
Tropicos: 40003952
VASCAN: 1326
VicFlora: 3b805e25-96db-4133-ba97-5cd666451467
WFO: wfo-4000021031
Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Cichorieae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichorieae"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"mediaeval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-na-2"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nz-3"},{"link_name":"polyphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyly"},{"link_name":"generic level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-samuel-4"},{"link_name":"Scorzoneroides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorzoneroides"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Leontodon is a genus of plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae, commonly known as hawkbits.Their English name derives from the mediaeval belief that hawks ate the plant to improve their eyesight. Although originally only native to Eurasia and North Africa, some species have since become established in other countries, including the United States[2] and New Zealand.[3]Recent research has shown that the genus Leontodon in the traditional delimitation is polyphyletic. Therefore, the former Leontodon subgenus Oporinia was raised to generic level.[4] According to the nomenclatural rules the name Scorzoneroides has priority at generic level and therefore, the members of Leontodon subgenus Oporinia were transferred to the re-erected genus Scorzoneroides.[5]","title":"Leontodon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Seeds of Leontodon species are an important food source for certain bird species.[6]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Leontodon tuberosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontodon_tuberosus"},{"link_name":"steamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steaming"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In Crete, the roots of the species Leontodon tuberosus are eaten raw and its leaves are eaten steamed.[7]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The genus Leontodon s.str. (i.e. excluding the members of the resurrected genus Scorzoneroides) is a rich source of hypocretenolides, unique guaiane type sesquiterpene lactones with a 12,5-lactone ring instead of the usual 12,6 lactone ring.[8]Phenolics found in Leontodon species include luteolin type flavonoids and caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives such as chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. Moreover, Leontodon species contain the caffeoyl tartaric acid derivatives caffeoyl tartaric acid and cichoric acid.[9][10]","title":"Secondary metabolites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon albanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_albanicus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon anomalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_anomalus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon apulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_apulus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon asperrimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_asperrimus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon balansae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_balansae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon berinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_berinii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon biscutellifolius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_biscutellifolius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon boryi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_boryi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon bourgaeanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_bourgaeanus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon caroliaedoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_caroliaedoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon × carreiroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_%C3%97_carreiroi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon caucasicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_caucasicus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon crispus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_crispus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon djurdjurae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_djurdjurae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon dubius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_dubius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon eriopodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_eriopodus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon farinosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_farinosus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon filii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_filii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon × friasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_%C3%97_friasi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon graecus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_graecus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon × grassiorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_%C3%97_grassiorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon hellenicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_hellenicus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon hirtus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_hirtus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon hispidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontodon_hispidus"},{"link_name":"Leontodon hochstetteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_hochstetteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon hyoseroides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontodon_hyoseroides"},{"link_name":"Leontodon incanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_incanus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon intermedius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_intermedius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon kotschyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_kotschyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon kulczynskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_kulczynskii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon libanoticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_libanoticus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon longirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_longirostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon maroccanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_maroccanus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon oxylepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_oxylepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon pinetorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_pinetorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon pitardii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_pitardii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon rigens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontodon_rigens"},{"link_name":"Leontodon rosanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_rosanoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon saxatilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontodon_saxatilis"},{"link_name":"Leontodon siculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_siculus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon stenocalathius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_stenocalathius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon tenuiflorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_tenuiflorus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon tingitanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_tingitanus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leontodon tuberosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontodon_tuberosus"},{"link_name":"Leontodon × vegetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leontodon_%C3%97_vegetus&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The following species are recognised in the genus Leontodon:[1]Leontodon albanicus (F.K.Mey.) F.Conti\nLeontodon anomalus Ball\nLeontodon apulus (Fiori) Brullo\nLeontodon asperrimus (Willd.) Endl.\nLeontodon balansae Boiss.\nLeontodon berinii (Bartl.) Roth\nLeontodon biscutellifolius DC.\nLeontodon boryi Boiss. ex DC.\nLeontodon bourgaeanus Willk.\nLeontodon caroliaedoi Talavera & M.Talavera\nLeontodon × carreiroi (Gand.) M.Moura & L.Silva\nLeontodon caucasicus (M.Bieb.) Fisch.\nLeontodon crispus Vill.\nLeontodon djurdjurae Coss. & Durieu ex Batt. & Trab.\nLeontodon dubius (Hoppe) Poir.\nLeontodon eriopodus Emb. & Maire\nLeontodon farinosus Merino & Pau\nLeontodon filii (Hochst. ex Seub.) Paiva & Ormonde\nLeontodon × friasi M.Moura & Silva\nLeontodon graecus Boiss. & Heldr.\nLeontodon × grassiorum Zidorn\nLeontodon hellenicus Phitos\nLeontodon hirtus L.\nLeontodon hispidus L.\nLeontodon hochstetteri M.Moura & Silva\nLeontodon hyoseroides Welw. ex Rchb.\nLeontodon incanus (L.) Schrank\nLeontodon intermedius Huter, Porta & Rigo\nLeontodon kotschyi Boiss.\nLeontodon kulczynskii Popov\nLeontodon libanoticus Boiss.\nLeontodon longirostris (Finch & P.D.Sell) Talavera\nLeontodon maroccanus (Pers.) Ball\nLeontodon oxylepis Boiss. & Heldr.\nLeontodon pinetorum Pau\nLeontodon pitardii Maire\nLeontodon rigens (Aiton) Paiva & Ormonde\nLeontodon rosanoi (Ten.) DC.\nLeontodon saxatilis Lam.\nLeontodon siculus (Guss.) Nyman\nLeontodon stenocalathius Rech.f.\nLeontodon tenuiflorus (Gaudin) Rchb.\nLeontodon tingitanus (Boiss. & Reut.) Ball\nLeontodon tuberosus L.\nLeontodon × vegetus Finch & P.D.Sell","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euro+Med Plantbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/query.asp"},{"link_name":"Flore de l'Algérie et de la Tunisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/floreanalytiquee1902batt"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Jahandiez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Jahandiez"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0079-2047","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0079-2047"},{"link_name":"\"Leontodon and Scorzoneroides (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) in Italy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/825456"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/11263504.2012.710272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F11263504.2012.710272"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1126-3504","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1126-3504"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"86770322","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86770322"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"text":"Euro+Med Plantbase \nBattandier, J. A.; L. Trabut (1902). Flore de l'Algérie et de la Tunisie. Alger.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nBlatter, E. (1921). Flora Arabica II: Leguminosae-Compositae. Calcutta.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nBoulos, L. (2002). Flora of Egypt. Cairo.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nDanin, A. (2004). Distribution atlas of plants in the Flora Palaestina area. Jerusalem.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nDavis, P. (1975). Flora of Turkey Vol. 5. Edinburgh.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nFinch, R. A.; P. D. Sell (1976). \"Leontodon L.\". In Tutin, T. G.; Heywood, V. H.; Burges, N. A.; Moore, D. M.; Valentine, D. H.; Walters S. M.; Webb D. A. (eds.). Flora Europaea. Vol. 4. Cambridge.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nJafri, S.M.H.; A. El-Gadi (1983). Flora of Libya. Tripoli.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nJahandiez, E.; R. Maire (1934). Catalogue des plantes du Maroc. Vol. 3. Alger.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nMoutérde, P. (1983). Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie. Beyrouth.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nPittoni, H. (1977). \"Leontodon\". In K. H. Rechinger (ed.). Flora Iranica. Vol. 122. Graz.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nQuézel, P.; S. Santa (1963). Nouvelle flore de l'Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nRechinger, K. H. (1964). Flora of lowland Iraq. Weinheim.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nVassilev, V. N. (2000). Leontodon. In Bobrov, E. G. & Tzevelev, N. N. Flora of the USSR 29: Compositae, Cichorieae, pages 204-218. Enfield.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nWidder, F.J. (1975). \"Die Gliederung der Gattung Leontodon\". Phyton (Horn, Austria). 17: 23–29. ISSN 0079-2047.\nZidorn, C. (2012). \"Leontodon and Scorzoneroides (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) in Italy\". Plant Biosystems. 146 (Suppl. 1). Taylor & Francis: 41–51. doi:10.1080/11263504.2012.710272. ISSN 1126-3504. S2CID 86770322.\nZohary, M. (1978). Flora Palaestina Vol. 3. Jerusalem.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Battandier, J. A.; L. Trabut (1902). Flore de l'Algérie et de la Tunisie. Alger.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/floreanalytiquee1902batt","url_text":"Flore de l'Algérie et de la Tunisie"}]},{"reference":"Blatter, E. (1921). Flora Arabica II: Leguminosae-Compositae. Calcutta.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Boulos, L. (2002). Flora of Egypt. Cairo.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Danin, A. (2004). Distribution atlas of plants in the Flora Palaestina area. Jerusalem.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Davis, P. (1975). Flora of Turkey Vol. 5. Edinburgh.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Finch, R. A.; P. D. Sell (1976). \"Leontodon L.\". In Tutin, T. G.; Heywood, V. H.; Burges, N. A.; Moore, D. M.; Valentine, D. H.; Walters S. M.; Webb D. A. (eds.). Flora Europaea. Vol. 4. Cambridge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jafri, S.M.H.; A. El-Gadi (1983). Flora of Libya. Tripoli.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jahandiez, E.; R. Maire (1934). Catalogue des plantes du Maroc. Vol. 3. Alger.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Jahandiez","url_text":"Jahandiez"}]},{"reference":"Moutérde, P. (1983). Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie. Beyrouth.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pittoni, H. (1977). \"Leontodon\". In K. H. Rechinger (ed.). Flora Iranica. Vol. 122. Graz.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Quézel, P.; S. Santa (1963). Nouvelle flore de l'Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales. Paris.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rechinger, K. H. (1964). Flora of lowland Iraq. Weinheim.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vassilev, V. N. (2000). Leontodon. In Bobrov, E. G. & Tzevelev, N. N. Flora of the USSR 29: Compositae, Cichorieae, pages 204-218. Enfield.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Widder, F.J. (1975). \"Die Gliederung der Gattung Leontodon\". Phyton (Horn, Austria). 17: 23–29. ISSN 0079-2047.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0079-2047","url_text":"0079-2047"}]},{"reference":"Zidorn, C. (2012). \"Leontodon and Scorzoneroides (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) in Italy\". Plant Biosystems. 146 (Suppl. 1). Taylor & Francis: 41–51. doi:10.1080/11263504.2012.710272. ISSN 1126-3504. S2CID 86770322.","urls":[{"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/825456","url_text":"\"Leontodon and Scorzoneroides (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) in Italy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F11263504.2012.710272","url_text":"10.1080/11263504.2012.710272"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1126-3504","url_text":"1126-3504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86770322","url_text":"86770322"}]},{"reference":"Zohary, M. (1978). Flora Palaestina Vol. 3. Jerusalem.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Leontodon L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science\". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2023-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331707-2","url_text":"\"Leontodon L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science\""}]},{"reference":"\"52. Leontodon Linnaeus\", Flora of North America","urls":[{"url":"http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=117988","url_text":"\"52. Leontodon Linnaeus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_North_America","url_text":"Flora of North America"}]},{"reference":"\"LEONTODON L.\", Flora of New Zealand","urls":[{"url":"http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Taxon.aspx?id=_8d8e0edb-5cf9-4ca1-a419-23b41e8d5f9c&fileName=Flora%204.xml#_8d8e0edb-5cf9-4ca1-a419-23b41e8d5f9c","url_text":"\"LEONTODON L.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"Flora of New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"Rosabelle Samuel; Walter Gutermann; Tod F. Stuessy; Claudete F. Ruas; Hans-Walter Lack; Karin Tremetsberger; Salvador Talavera; Barbara Hermanowski; Friedrich Ehrendorfer (2006), \"Molecular phylogenetics reveals Leontodon (Asteraceae, Lactuceae) to be diphyletic\", American Journal of Botany, 93 (8): 1193–1205, doi:10.3732/ajb.93.8.1193, PMID 21642184","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Botany","url_text":"American Journal of Botany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.93.8.1193","url_text":"10.3732/ajb.93.8.1193"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21642184","url_text":"21642184"}]},{"reference":"Greuter, W.; Gutermann, W. & Talavera, S. (2006), \"A preliminary conspectus of Scorzoneroides (Compositae, Cichorieae) with validation of the required new names\" (PDF), Willdenowia, 36 (2): 689–692, doi:10.3372/wi.36.36204, ISSN 0511-9618, S2CID 85657923, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-06","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306005934/http://www.bgbm.org/willdenowia/w-pdf/wi36-2Greuter+al.pdf","url_text":"\"A preliminary conspectus of Scorzoneroides (Compositae, Cichorieae) with validation of the required new names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willdenowia_(journal)","url_text":"Willdenowia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3372%2Fwi.36.36204","url_text":"10.3372/wi.36.36204"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0511-9618","url_text":"0511-9618"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85657923","url_text":"85657923"},{"url":"http://www.bgbm.org/willdenowia/w-pdf/wi36-2Greuter+al.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"D. L. Buckingham; W. J. Peach (2005). \"The influence of livestock management on habitat quality for farmland birds\". Animal Science. 81 (2): 199–203. doi:10.1079/asc50700199.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bsas.org.uk/Publications/Animal_Science/text/Volume_81_Part_2/199/","url_text":"\"The influence of livestock management on habitat quality for farmland birds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1079%2Fasc50700199","url_text":"10.1079/asc50700199"}]},{"reference":"Kleonikos G. Stavridakis; Κλεόνικος Γ. Σταυριδάκης (2006). Wild edible plants of Crete - Η Άγρια βρώσιμη χλωρίδα της Κρήτης. Rethymnon Crete. ISBN 960-631-179-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-631-179-1","url_text":"960-631-179-1"}]},{"reference":"Zidorn, C. (2008). \"Sesquiterpene lactones and their precursors as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae\". Phytochemistry. 69 (12): 2270–2296. Bibcode:2008PChem..69.2270Z. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.06.013. ISSN 0031-9422. PMID 18715600.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PChem..69.2270Z","url_text":"2008PChem..69.2270Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2008.06.013","url_text":"10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.06.013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9422","url_text":"0031-9422"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18715600","url_text":"18715600"}]},{"reference":"Zidorn, C.; Stuppner, H. (2001). \"Evaluation of chemosystematic characters in the genus Leontodon\". Taxon. 50: 115–133. doi:10.2307/1224515. ISSN 0040-0262. JSTOR 1224515.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1224515","url_text":"\"Evaluation of chemosystematic characters in the genus Leontodon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1224515","url_text":"10.2307/1224515"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-0262","url_text":"0040-0262"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1224515","url_text":"1224515"}]},{"reference":"Sareedenchai, V.; Zidorn, C. (2010). \"Flavonoids as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae\". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 38 (5): 935–957. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2009.09.006. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayaks_of_Kalahasti | Nayakas of Kalahasti | ["1 Notable rulers","1.1 Damarla Chennappa Nayaka","1.2 Damarla Moodu Venkatappa Nayaka","1.3 Damarla Ayyappa Nayaka","1.4 Damarla Ankabhupala Nayaka","1.5 Damarla Timmappa Nayaka","1.6 Damarla Chenna Venkata","2 Second Mysore Wars","3 Notes","4 References","5 Bibliography"] | Line of rulers of the Kalahasti and Vandavasi principalities
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The Nayakas of Kalahasti were a line of rulers of Kalahasti and Vandavasi principalities. Members of the group include Damarla Chennapa Nayaka, after whom the city of Chennai is named. The Kalahasti Nayaks had their origins in the Velama warrior clans of present-day Andhra Pradesh. These Nayakas served as vassals of the late Vijayanagara Empire, then held by the Aravidu Dynasty and headquartered at Chandragiri and Vellore.
Notable rulers
Damarla Chennappa Nayaka
See also: Damarla Chennapa Nayaka
Chennappa Nayaka was a Nayaka and trusted general under Sriranga Deva Raya. He married Akkamamba, the daughter of Venkatagiri ruler Velugoti Kasturi Ranga and younger sister of Velugoti Yachama Nayaka. Chennai, the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is named in his honor.
Damarla Moodu Venkatappa Nayaka
Also known as Damarla Venkatadri or Venkatappa as he is called in Dutch records, was the son of Damarla Chennapa Nayaka. He was also in-charge of the administration of the Vijayanagara Empire during the reign of Peda Venkata Raya, and was the Nayaka of Kalahasti and directly controlled the region up to Wandiwash.
The land grant for the city of Madras was offered to the British by him and his brother, when they negotiated on behalf of Peda Venkata Raya of Vijayanagara Empire.
Damarla Ayyappa Nayaka
Damarla Ayyappa Nayaka was the brother of Damarla Venkatappa Nayaka and resided at Poonamallee to the west of Madras and administered the territory of Kalahasti for his brother.
Damarla Ankabhupala Nayaka
Damarla Ankabhupala Nayaka was younger brother of Damarla Venkatappa Nayaka and Damarla Ayyappa Nayaka Damarla Ankabhupala Nayaka was son of Damarla Chennapa Nayaka. He was Chief of Kalahasti. Ankabhugala was a well-known Writer In the Telugu literature Ankabhupala known by a Telugu Poem, Ushaparinayam which he wrote and dedicated to his father, Chennappa Nayaka and Ankabhupala has a single kanda verse (16 ganas with 64 matras) from which one can obtain 108 verses in the metre by shortening or elongating the vowels and changing the sequence of the word
Damarla Ankabhupala was Royal Telugu poet
Damarla Timmappa Nayaka
Damarla Timmappa Nayaka son of Damarla Chennapa Nayaka. He was the Chief of Kalahasti.
Damarla Chenna Venkata
Damarla Chenna Venkata was the son of Damarla Chennappa Nayaka. Chenna Venkata was a poet. He wrote the Telugu poem Chitra Kavita.
Second Mysore Wars
During the Second Mysore War, the Nayakas of Kalahasti took to the side of Hyder Ali while their northern superiors Venkatagiri Kings took to the side of Arcot and the British.
Notes
^ The last name of the rulers is also found written as Nayak, Nayakudu, Nayudu, or Nayakkar, depending on the language and orientation of the writers. The first name (which is a family name) is also written as Damal, a simplified form.
References
^ Srinivasachari 1943, p. 94
^ "District Profile - CHENNAI". Chennai.tn.nic.in. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
^ Srinivasachari 1939, pp. 63–69.
^
Alpana Pandey, ed. (2015). Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 9781482850178. By this time there were many Velama principalities whose were called the Nayakas. Some of the famous Velama Nayakas of the time were those of the Kalahasti, Bellamakonda, jataprolu, bobbili, Velugodu Principalities.
Ravula Soma Reddy, ed. (2007). Studies in the Socio-economic History of Medieval: Andhra Desa. Research India Press. p. 150. ISBN 9788189131142. Another interesting thing to be noted in this connection is that several Velama Chiefs , after the conquest of the Rachakonda and Devarakonda Kingdoms carved out small principalities small principalities like those of Velugodu ( Kurnool district ) , Venkatagiri , Kalahasti , Bellamkonda and Nuzividu ( coastal Andhra ) in the Vijayanagara Empire , during the period of the last Sangama rulers.
Alladi Jagannatha Sastri, ed. (1922). A Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas. Addison Press. p. 78. According to the social right established so early as during the days of the second descendant Prasaditya Naidu , under orders of the Emperor Ganapathi Rai , making the Padmanayaka Velamas the first and foremost in rank , the chiefs belonging to the other seventy - six Velama sects , Damara Venkatapathi Naidu of Kalahasti included , paid the customary respects to the Rajah on this occasion by keeping themselves standing . Damara Venkatapathi Naidu himself being the brother - in - law of the Rajah was allowed a seat in the south - east of the hall
W. Francis, ed. (1989). Gazetteer of South India. Mittal Publications. p. 20. Kalahasti Zamindari - One of the largest zamindari estates in Madras, situated partly in North Arcot District, partly in Nellore, and partly in Chingleput. Number of villages, 406 in North Arcot, 201 in Nellore, and 206 in Chingleput; area, 638 square miles in North Arcot, 576 in Nellore, and 250 in Chingleput; total population (1901), 223,327. The capital is the town of Kalahasti, where the zamindar resides. The history of the family, which belongs to the Velama caste, is obscure. The original owner of the estate probably received it from a king of the Vijayanagar dynasty in the fifteenth century, on condition of maintaining order. The estate at one time spread as far as the site of Fort St.George, and the Company obtained the land on which Madras now stands from the proprietor in 1639. The settlement is traditionally said to have been named Chennappapatnam in honour of the zamindar's father. The estate came under British control in 1792, and a formal grant to the family was made in 1801. The zamundar afterwards received the hereditary title of Raja. The gross income amounts to over 5 lakhs.
Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway. Higginbotham Publishing. 1900. p. 336. The Rajahs of Kalahasti appear to have always belonged to the Velama caste and to have come south with the Vijayanagar kings who made them menkavalgars or minor custodians , from which position they rose to be Poligars.
R. Parthasarathy, ed. (1984). Andhra Culture: A Petal in Indian Lotus. Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 120.
C. D. Maclean, ed. (1982). Maclean's Manual of the Administration of the Madras Presidency. Asian Educational Service. p. 58.
^
A. Krishnaswami, ed. (1964). The Tamil country under Vijayanagar. Annamalai University. p. 188.
Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee, ed. (1994). The Body as Temple Erotica from Telugu. Asian Educational Services. p. 43. ISBN 978-81-206-0537-4.
LS, Vuppuluri Lakshminarayana Sastri (1920). Encyclopaedia of the Madras Presidency and the Adjacent States. Oriental Enclyclopaedic Publishing Company. p. 105.
Journal of Indian History. University of Kerala. 1927. p. 43.
IAP, Indo-Aryan philology (1930). The Journal of the Bihar Research Society. p. 145.
^ Srinivasachari 1943, pp. 157, 158.
^ Affiliated East-West Press, S. Muthiah (1987). Madras discovered: a historical guide to looking around, supplemented with tales of "Once upon a city. Affiliated East-West Press. p. 278. ISBN 9788185095608.
^ PPH, People's Publishing House (1970). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526), ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami. p. 1112.
^ Srinivasachari 1943, p. 93.
^ The (India), People's Publishing House (1970). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526), ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizamis. p. 93.
^ MC, Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee (1994). The Madras Tercentenary Commemoration Volume. Asian Educational Services. p. 42. ISBN 9788120605374.
^ Jyeshtha Literary Trust, S. V. S. Rao (1999). Vignettes of Telugu Literature: A Concise History of Classical Telugu Literature. p. 42.
^ Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1974). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Mughul Empire. p. 594.
^ Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1974). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Mughul Empire. p. 594.
^ Chennai, Henry Davidson Love (1913). Indian Records Series Vestiges of Old Madras 1640-1800. p. 347.
^ The hindu, S. MUTHIAH (2005). Explaining Chennai's roots. p. 7. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Sundeep, Gowri; Kuppuswamy, Muthuswamy Hariharan (1982). Glimpses of Indian music. Sundeep. p. 90. ISBN 9788175740372.
^ Sastri 1922, p. 86.
Bibliography
Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David Dean; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1992), Symbols of Substance: Court and state in Nāyaka Period Tamilnadu, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-563021-3
Sastri, Alladi Jagannatha (1922). A Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas. Madras: Addison Press – via archive.org.
Srinivasachari, C. S. (1939). History of the City of Madras. Madras: P. Varadachary & Co – via archive.org.
Srinivasachari, C. S. (1943), A History of Gingee and its Rulers, Madras: Annamalai University – via archive.org | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalahasti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahasti"},{"link_name":"Vandavasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandavasi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Damarla Chennapa Nayaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damarla_Chennapa_Nayaka"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasachari193963%E2%80%9369-4"},{"link_name":"Velama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velama"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire"},{"link_name":"Aravidu Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravidu_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chandragiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragiri_Fort,_Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Vellore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellore_Fort"}],"text":"The Nayakas of Kalahasti were a line of rulers of Kalahasti and Vandavasi principalities.[1][a] Members of the group include Damarla Chennapa Nayaka, after whom the city of Chennai is named.[2][3] The Kalahasti Nayaks had their origins in the Velama warrior clans of present-day Andhra Pradesh.[4] These Nayakas served as vassals of the late Vijayanagara Empire, then held by the Aravidu Dynasty and headquartered at Chandragiri and Vellore.","title":"Nayakas of Kalahasti"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable rulers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Damarla Chennapa Nayaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damarla_Chennapa_Nayaka"},{"link_name":"Sriranga Deva Raya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriranga_Deva_Raya"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"}],"sub_title":"Damarla Chennappa Nayaka","text":"See also: Damarla Chennapa NayakaChennappa Nayaka was a Nayaka and trusted general under Sriranga Deva Raya. 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He was Chief of Kalahasti.[9][10] Ankabhugala was a well-known Writer In the Telugu literature Ankabhupala known by a Telugu Poem, Ushaparinayam[11] which he wrote and dedicated to his father, Chennappa Nayaka and Ankabhupala has a single kanda verse (16 ganas with 64 matras) from which one can obtain 108 verses in the metre by shortening or elongating the vowels and changing the sequence of the word [12]\nDamarla Ankabhupala was Royal Telugu poet [13]\n[14]","title":"Notable rulers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Damarla Timmappa Nayaka","text":"Damarla Timmappa Nayaka son of Damarla Chennapa Nayaka.[15][16][17] He was the Chief of Kalahasti.","title":"Notable rulers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Damarla Chenna Venkata","text":"Damarla Chenna Venkata was the son of Damarla Chennappa Nayaka. Chenna Venkata was a poet. He wrote the Telugu poem Chitra Kavita.","title":"Notable rulers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"Hyder Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Ali"},{"link_name":"Venkatagiri Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_of_Venkatagiri"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri192286-19"}],"text":"During the Second Mysore War, the Nayakas of Kalahasti took to the side of Hyder Ali while their northern superiors Venkatagiri Kings took to the side of Arcot and the British.[18]","title":"Second Mysore Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ The last name of the rulers is also found written as Nayak, Nayakudu, Nayudu, or Nayakkar, depending on the language and orientation of the writers. The first name (which is a family name) is also written as Damal, a simplified form.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Symbols of Substance: Court and state in Nāyaka Period Tamilnadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=znFuAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-563021-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563021-3"},{"link_name":"A Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/familyhistoryofv00sastrich"},{"link_name":"History of the City of Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofthecity035512mbp"},{"link_name":"A History of Gingee and its Rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.500497/page/n5"}],"text":"Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David Dean; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1992), Symbols of Substance: Court and state in Nāyaka Period Tamilnadu, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-563021-3\nSastri, Alladi Jagannatha (1922). A Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas. Madras: Addison Press – via archive.org.\nSrinivasachari, C. S. (1939). History of the City of Madras. Madras: P. Varadachary & Co – via archive.org.\nSrinivasachari, C. S. (1943), A History of Gingee and its Rulers, Madras: Annamalai University – via archive.org","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"District Profile - CHENNAI\". Chennai.tn.nic.in. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160114174944/http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#hist","url_text":"\"District Profile - CHENNAI\""},{"url":"http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#hist","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alpana Pandey, ed. (2015). Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 9781482850178. By this time there were many Velama principalities whose were called the Nayakas. Some of the famous Velama Nayakas of the time were those of the Kalahasti, Bellamakonda, jataprolu, bobbili, Velugodu Principalities.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qtxlCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781482850178","url_text":"9781482850178"}]},{"reference":"Ravula Soma Reddy, ed. (2007). Studies in the Socio-economic History of Medieval: Andhra Desa. Research India Press. p. 150. ISBN 9788189131142. Another interesting thing to be noted in this connection is that several Velama Chiefs , after the conquest of the Rachakonda and Devarakonda Kingdoms carved out small principalities small principalities like those of Velugodu ( Kurnool district ) , Venkatagiri , Kalahasti , Bellamkonda and Nuzividu ( coastal Andhra ) in the Vijayanagara Empire , during the period of the last Sangama rulers.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8wW1AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Studies in the Socio-economic History of Medieval: Andhra Desa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788189131142","url_text":"9788189131142"}]},{"reference":"Alladi Jagannatha Sastri, ed. (1922). A Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas. Addison Press. p. 78. According to the social right established so early as during the days of the second descendant Prasaditya Naidu , under orders of the Emperor Ganapathi Rai , making the Padmanayaka Velamas the first and foremost in rank , the chiefs belonging to the other seventy - six Velama sects , Damara Venkatapathi Naidu of Kalahasti included , paid the customary respects to the Rajah on this occasion by keeping themselves standing . Damara Venkatapathi Naidu himself being the brother - in - law of the Rajah was allowed a seat in the south - east of the hall","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8wW1AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"A Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas"}]},{"reference":"W. Francis, ed. (1989). Gazetteer of South India. Mittal Publications. p. 20. Kalahasti Zamindari - One of the largest zamindari estates in Madras, situated partly in North Arcot District, partly in Nellore, and partly in Chingleput. Number of villages, 406 in North Arcot, 201 in Nellore, and 206 in Chingleput; area, 638 square miles in North Arcot, 576 in Nellore, and 250 in Chingleput; total population (1901), 223,327. The capital is the town of Kalahasti, where the zamindar resides. The history of the family, which belongs to the Velama caste, is obscure. The original owner of the estate probably received it from a king of the Vijayanagar dynasty in the fifteenth century, on condition of maintaining order. The estate at one time spread as far as the site of Fort St.George, and the Company obtained the land on which Madras now stands from the proprietor in 1639. The settlement is traditionally said to have been named Chennappapatnam in honour of the zamindar's father. The estate came under British control in 1792, and a formal grant to the family was made in 1801. The zamundar afterwards received the hereditary title of Raja. The gross income amounts to over 5 lakhs.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vERnljM1uiEC","url_text":"Gazetteer of South India"}]},{"reference":"Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway. Higginbotham Publishing. 1900. p. 336. The Rajahs of Kalahasti appear to have always belonged to the Velama caste and to have come south with the Vijayanagar kings who made them menkavalgars or minor custodians , from which position they rose to be Poligars.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=irg2AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway"}]},{"reference":"R. Parthasarathy, ed. (1984). Andhra Culture: A Petal in Indian Lotus. Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 120.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uSleeGRjcvEC","url_text":"Andhra Culture: A Petal in Indian Lotus"}]},{"reference":"C. D. Maclean, ed. (1982). Maclean's Manual of the Administration of the Madras Presidency. Asian Educational Service. p. 58.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EgFu-Tk5Bq8C","url_text":"Maclean's Manual of the Administration of the Madras Presidency"}]},{"reference":"A. Krishnaswami, ed. (1964). The Tamil country under Vijayanagar. Annamalai University. p. 188.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y1E1AQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Tamil country under Vijayanagar"}]},{"reference":"Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee, ed. (1994). The Body as Temple Erotica from Telugu. Asian Educational Services. p. 43. ISBN 978-81-206-0537-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pwMk4FIcpuUC","url_text":"The Body as Temple Erotica from Telugu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0537-4","url_text":"978-81-206-0537-4"}]},{"reference":"LS, Vuppuluri Lakshminarayana Sastri (1920). Encyclopaedia of the Madras Presidency and the Adjacent States. Oriental Enclyclopaedic Publishing Company. p. 105.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2o_AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of the Madras Presidency and the Adjacent States"}]},{"reference":"Journal of Indian History. University of Kerala. 1927. p. 43.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YxYaAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Journal of Indian History"}]},{"reference":"IAP, Indo-Aryan philology (1930). The Journal of the Bihar Research Society. p. 145.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PVfHAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Journal of the Bihar Research Society"}]},{"reference":"Affiliated East-West Press, S. Muthiah (1987). Madras discovered: a historical guide to looking around, supplemented with tales of \"Once upon a city. Affiliated East-West Press. p. 278. ISBN 9788185095608.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=smtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Damarla+nayaks+ayyappa++venkatappa+Anka+Bhupala++all+brothers+flourish++","url_text":"Madras discovered: a historical guide to looking around, supplemented with tales of \"Once upon a city"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185095608","url_text":"9788185095608"}]},{"reference":"PPH, People's Publishing House (1970). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526), ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami. p. 1112.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ&q=Damarla++viz+venkatappa+ayyappa+Anka","url_text":"A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526), ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami"}]},{"reference":"The (India), People's Publishing House (1970). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526), ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizamis. p. 93.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ&q=Kalahasti+Chief++Ankabhupala","url_text":"A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526), ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizamis"}]},{"reference":"MC, Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee (1994). The Madras Tercentenary Commemoration Volume. Asian Educational Services. p. 42. ISBN 9788120605374.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pwMk4FIcpuUC&q=Ushaparinayam+by+one+Damarla+Ankabhupala&pg=PA42","url_text":"The Madras Tercentenary Commemoration Volume"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120605374","url_text":"9788120605374"}]},{"reference":"Jyeshtha Literary Trust, S. V. S. Rao (1999). Vignettes of Telugu Literature: A Concise History of Classical Telugu Literature. p. 42.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fXJkAAAAMAAJ&q=+++16+ganas+64+108++Damerla+ankaraju+poet","url_text":"Vignettes of Telugu Literature: A Concise History of Classical Telugu Literature"}]},{"reference":"Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1974). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Mughul Empire. p. 594.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kHpDAAAAYAAJ&q=Ushd-parinaya","url_text":"The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Mughul Empire"}]},{"reference":"Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1974). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Mughul Empire. p. 594.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kHpDAAAAYAAJ&q=+telugu+there+so+many+royal+poets++as+were+in+this+age+","url_text":"The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Mughul Empire"}]},{"reference":"Chennai, Henry Davidson Love (1913). Indian Records Series Vestiges of Old Madras 1640-1800. p. 347.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yERBRASUKkoC&q=Butche+Paupana+nayak+Aiyappa++chennappa+brother++sons+++timmappa&pg=PA346","url_text":"Indian Records Series Vestiges of Old Madras 1640-1800"}]},{"reference":"The hindu, S. MUTHIAH (2005). Explaining Chennai's roots. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/11/07/stories/2005110700300500.htm","url_text":"Explaining Chennai's roots"}]},{"reference":"Sundeep, Gowri; Kuppuswamy, Muthuswamy Hariharan (1982). Glimpses of Indian music. Sundeep. p. 90. ISBN 9788175740372.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=93kHAQAAMAAJ&q=timmappa+nayaka++damerla+prince","url_text":"Glimpses of Indian music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788175740372","url_text":"9788175740372"}]},{"reference":"Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David Dean; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1992), Symbols of Substance: Court and state in Nāyaka Period Tamilnadu, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-563021-3","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=znFuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Symbols of Substance: Court and state in Nāyaka Period Tamilnadu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563021-3","url_text":"978-0-19-563021-3"}]},{"reference":"Sastri, Alladi Jagannatha (1922). A Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas. Madras: Addison Press – via archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/familyhistoryofv00sastrich","url_text":"A Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas"}]},{"reference":"Srinivasachari, C. S. (1939). History of the City of Madras. Madras: P. Varadachary & Co – via archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofthecity035512mbp","url_text":"History of the City of Madras"}]},{"reference":"Srinivasachari, C. S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonatas_and_partitas_for_solo_violin | Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin (Bach) | ["1 History of composition","1.1 First performance","2 Manuscripts and published editions","3 Performers","4 Musical structure","5 Alternative scoring","6 The pieces and their movements","6.1 Sonata No. 1 in G minor, BWV 1001","6.2 Partita No. 1 in B minor, BWV 1002","6.3 Sonata No. 2 in A minor, BWV 1003","6.4 Partita No. 2 in D minor, BWV 1004","6.5 Sonata No. 3 in C major, BWV 1005","6.6 Partita No. 3 in E major, BWV 1006","7 Selected arrangements and transcriptions","8 Selected recordings","9 Notes","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"] | Set of six works, BWV 1001–1006
Title page of the autograph manuscript of BWV 1001–1006, dated 1720
The sonatas and partitas for solo violin (BWV 1001–1006) are a set of six works composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. They are sometimes referred to in English as the sonatas and partias for solo violin in accordance with Bach's headings in the autograph manuscript: "Partia" (plural "Partien") was commonly used in German-speaking regions during Bach's time, whereas the Italian "partita" was introduced to this set in the 1879 Bach Gesellschaft edition, having become standard by that time. The set consists of three sonatas da chiesa in four movements and three partitas (or partias) in dance-form movements. The 2nd Partita is widely known for its Chaconne, considered one of the most masterly and expressive works ever written for solo violin.
The set was completed by 1720 but was not published until 1802 by Nikolaus Simrock in Bonn. Even after publication, it was largely ignored until the celebrated violinist Joseph Joachim started performing these works. Today, Bach's Sonatas and Partitas are an essential part of the violin repertoire, and they are frequently performed and recorded.
The Sei Solo a Violino senza Basso accompagnato (Six Solos for Violin Without Bass Accompaniment), as Bach titled them, firmly established the technical capability of the violin as a solo instrument. The pieces often served as archetypes for solo violin pieces by later generations of composers, including Eugène Ysaÿe and Béla Bartók.
History of composition
The surviving autograph manuscript of the sonatas and partitas was made by Bach in 1720 in Köthen, where he was Kapellmeister. As Christoph Wolff comments, the paucity of sources for instrumental compositions prior to Bach's period in Leipzig makes it difficult to establish a precise chronology; nevertheless, a copy made by the Weimar organist Johann Gottfried Walther in 1714 of the Fugue in G minor for violin and continuo, BWV 1026, which has violinistic writing similar to that in BWV 1001–1006, provides support for the commonly held view that the collection could have been reworked from pieces originally composed in Weimar. Bach could have begun composition as early as 1703 during his first Weimar years, having met Johann Paul von Westhoff, a violinist and composer who published a number of works for unaccompanied violin. Nevertheless, composition probably began by 1717, at the onset of Bach's tenure in Köthen.
The goal of producing a polyphonic texture governed by the rules of counterpoint also indicates the influence of the first surviving works of this kind for solo violin, Westhoff's partitas for solo violin composed in 1696. The virtuoso violinist Westhoff served as court musician in Dresden from 1674 to 1697 and in Weimar from 1699 until his death in 1705, so Bach would have known him for two years. The repertoire for solo violin was actively growing at the time: Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber's celebrated solo passacaglia appeared c.1676; Westhoff's collections of solo violin music were published in 1682 and 1696; Johann Joseph Vilsmayr's Artificiosus Concentus pro Camera in 1715, and Johann Georg Pisendel's solo violin sonata was composed around 1716; and finally, Georg Philipp Telemann published 12 Fantasias for solo violin in 1735.
First performance
It is not known whether these violin solos were performed during Bach's lifetime or, if they were, who the performer was. Johann Georg Pisendel and Jean-Baptiste Volumier, both talented violinists in the Dresden court, have been suggested as possible performers, as was Joseph Spiess, leader of the orchestra in Köthen. Friedrich Wilhelm Rust, who would later become part of the Bach family circle in Leipzig, also became a likely candidate. Bach himself was an able violinist from his youth, and his familiarity with the violin and its literature shows in the composition of the set and the very detailed autograph manuscript. According to his son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, "in his youth, and until the approach of old age, he played the violin cleanly and powerfully".
Manuscripts and published editions
Upon Bach's death in 1750, the original manuscript passed into the possession, possibly through his second wife Anna Magdalena, of Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach. It was inherited by the last male descendant of J. C. F. Bach, Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst Bach, who passed it on to his sister Christina Louisa Bach (1762–1852).
Four other early manuscripts also exist. One, originally identified as an authentic Bach autograph from his Leipzig period, is now identified as being a copy dating from 1727–32 by Bach's second wife Anna Magdalena Bach, and is the companion to her copy of the six suites Bach wrote for solo cello.
A copy deriving from circa 1723 and 1726 was completed by two unknown scribes of Bach's inner circle. Peter Wollny believes one of the copyists may well have been Georg Gottfried Wagner , a violinist who played a prominent role in Bach's church performances. This source was copied from the original autograph manuscript and also includes a number of editorial markings, which may reflect Bach's own musical and technical intentions for these compositions. It was discovered in 1814 by music collector Georg Poelchau in Saint Petersburg, apparently amongst a stack of papers destined to be used as butter-wrappings. Poelchau believed this copy was of Bach's own hand, but this was later proven false. Despite this, the belief that the original autograph manuscript was nearly used as butter-wrappings continued through the 20th century. Indeed, Ivan Galamian's 1971 edition of the Sonatas and Partitas included a brief foreword by Paul Affelder which erroneously claims the original autograph manuscript was destined for butter-wrappings.
Another copy, dated July 3, 1726 (the date is on the final page), made by one of Bach's admirers Johann Peter Kellner, is well preserved, despite the fact that the B minor Partita was missing from the set and that there are numerous deviations and omissions. These differences may have come from an earlier source or composing copy, and not necessarily copying errors on Kellner's part. This view is supported by Zoltán Szabó. The three manuscripts are in the Berlin State Museum and have been in the possession of the Bach-Gesellschaft since 1879, through the efforts of Alfred Dörffel. Two other eighteenth century manuscripts, both by unidentified copyists, have also survived.
The first edition was printed in 1802 by Nikolaus Simrock of Bonn. It is clear from errors in it that it was not made with reference to Bach's own manuscript, and it has many mistakes that were frequently repeated in later editions of the 19th century.
Performers
Virtually every great violin performer has recorded the Sonatas and Partitas, often multiple times, as in the case of Joseph Szigeti, Nathan Milstein, Yehudi Menuhin, Henryk Szeryng and many other distinguished players. Strikingly, David Oistrakh, the towering performer of the violin, is not known to have recorded the complete set of Sonatas and Partitas. One of the most famous performers of the Sonatas and Partitas was the violinist and composer George Enescu, who considered this work as "The Himalayas of violinists" and recorded all the sonatas and partitas in the late 1940s. One of his students (Serge Blanc) collected the notes of his master Enescu regarding sonority, phrasing, tempo, fingering and expression, in a now freely distributed document.
Musical structure
The sonatas each consist of four movements, in the typical slow-fast-slow-fast pattern of the sonata da chiesa. The first two movements of each sonata are a prelude and a fugue. The third (slow) movement is lyrical, while the final movement shares the similar musical structure as a typical binary suite movement. Unlike the sonatas, the partitas are of more unorthodox design. Although still making use of the usual baroque style of allemande, courante, sarabande, and gigue, with some omissions and the addition of galanteries, new elements were introduced into each partita to provide variety.
Alternative scoring
Aside from the surviving transcriptions BWV 964 and 968, two different sources also indicate that Bach and his circle performed the Sonatas and Partitas on keyboard instruments, rather than on the violin. Music theorist, instrument maker and organ player Jakob Adlung writes (Anleitung zu der musikalischen Gelahrtheit, Erfurt, 1758), regarding the keyboard works by Bach – ”They are actually violini soli senza basso, 3 Sonatas and 3 Partitas, which are well suited for performance on the keyboard”. Johann Friedrich Agricola, who co-wrote Bach's obituary, reports that ”Their composer often played them himself on the clavichord, and added so much harmonies to them, as he found necessary”.
The pieces and their movements
Sonata No. 1 in G minor, BWV 1001
Bach's autograph of the Adagio of Sonata No. 1 in G minor, BWV 1001
AdagioFuga (Allegro)SicilianaPresto
Though the key signature of the manuscript suggests D minor, such was a notational convention in the Baroque period, and therefore does not necessarily imply that the piece is in the Dorian mode.
The second movement, the fugue, would later be reworked for the organ (in the Prelude and Fugue, BWV 539) and the lute (Fugue, BWV 1000), with the latter being two bars longer than the violin version.
Partita No. 1 in B minor, BWV 1002
Main article: Partita No. 1 in B minor, BWV 1002
Allemanda – DoubleCorrente – Double (Presto)Sarabande – DoubleTempo di Borea – Double
This partita substitutes a bourrée (marked Tempo di Borea) for the gigue. Each movement is followed by a variation (double in French).
Sonata No. 2 in A minor, BWV 1003
GraveFugaAndanteAllegro
Partita No. 2 in D minor, BWV 1004
Main article: Partita No. 2 in D minor, BWV 1004
AllemandaCorrenteSarabandaGigaCiaccona
In the original manuscript, Bach marked 'Segue la Corrente' at the end of Allemanda. The monumental Chaconne, the last and most famous movement of the suite, was regarded as "the greatest structure for solo violin that exists" by Yehudi Menuhin. It involves a set of variations based on a simple phrase repeated in harmonic progression in the bass line (ground bass).
Sonata No. 3 in C major, BWV 1005
AdagioFugaLargoAllegro assai
The opening movement of the work introduced a peaceful, slow stacking up of notes, a technique once thought to be impossible on bowed instruments. The fugue is the most complex and extensive of the three, with the subject derived from the chorale Komm, heiliger Geist, Herre Gott. Bach employs many contrapuntal techniques, including a stretto, an inversion, as well as diverse examples of double counterpoint.
Partita No. 3 in E major, BWV 1006
Autograph of the opening Preludio in Partita No. 3 in E major, BWV 1006.
Main article: Partita No. 3 in E major, BWV 1006
PreludioLoureGavotte en rondeauMenuet IMenuet IIBourréeGigue
Selected arrangements and transcriptions
J. S. Bach often transcribed these works for keyboard, organ and lute of various movements, some of them later attributed to Bach's pupils. Arrangements of the Sonatas and Partitas for keyboard appear in the Miscellaneous Keyboard Works, Bach Gesellschaft Edition, 1853 (reissued by Dover Publications).
Fugue in D minor, BWV 539/ii (BWV 1001/ii) for organ
Fugue in G minor, BWV 1000 (BWV 1001/ii) for lute
Suite in E major, BWV 1006a (BWV 1006) for lute or keyboard
Sonata in D minor, BWV 964 (BWV 1003, doubtful) for keyboard
Adagio in G major, BWV 968 (from BWV 1005, doubtful) for keyboard
Chaconne, BWV 1004.
Johannes Brahms, piano left hand
Ferruccio Busoni, piano solo
William Thomas Best, organ
Henri Messerer, organ
Matthias Keller, organ, Carus-Verlag, 2011
Arno Landmann, organ, Simrock Verlag
Preludio, BWV 1006
J. S. Bach, Sinfonia in BWV 29, a reworking of the Preludio from BWV 1006 for obbligato organ, trumpets, oboes and strings
Various arrangements for organ of the sinfonia, including the versions by Alexandre Guilmant, Marcel Dupré and Friedemann Winklhofer (Hans Sikorski)
British lutenist Nigel North transcribed the entire sequence for lute, as well as Bach's Cello Suites and recorded them on four CDs for Linn Records (volumes 1 to 4, respectively CKD 013, CKD 029, CKD 049, CKD 055)
Selected recordings
Classical violin
Joseph Szigeti, 1931 (selected for the NARAS Hall of Fame) and 1956
Yehudi Menuhin, 1934–1944 and 1957 and 1975
George Enescu, 1948
Jascha Heifetz, 1952
Henryk Szeryng, 1954 and 1967
Emil Telmányi, 1954
Nathan Milstein, 1956 and 1973
Arthur Grumiaux, 1961, included on the Voyager Golden Record
Gidon Kremer, 1980 and 2005
Oscar Shumsky, 1983
Shlomo Mintz, 1984
Itzhak Perlman, 1988
Ida Haendel, 1995
Salvatore Accardo, 1996
Vanessa-Mae, 1996
Dmitry Sitkovetsky, 1997
James Ehnes, 2000
Christian Tetzlaff, 1993, 2006 and 2017
Viktoria Mullova, 2009
Isabelle Faust, 2010–2012
Gil Shaham, 2014
Kyung Wha Chung, 2016
Julia Fischer, 2017 (Re-release)
Hilary Hahn, 1997 and 2018
Milan Pala, 2018
Augustin Hadelich, 2021
Baroque violin
Sergiu Luca, 1977
Sigiswald Kuijken, 1981, 1999-2000
Jaap Schröder, 1984–1985
Monica Huggett, 1991
Lucy van Dael, 1996
Rachel Podger, 1998–1999
Elizabeth Wallfisch, 1997
Ingrid Matthews, 2000
Hélène Schmitt, 2004
John Holloway, 2004
Pavlo Beznosiuk, 2007
Alina Ibragimova, 2008-2009
Amandine Beyer, 2011
Stanley Ritchie, 2013
Giuliano Carmignola, 2018
Fabio Biondi, 2020
Bojan Čičić, 2021
Violoncello
Tanya Anisimova, 2001
Keyboard
Robert Hill, 1999
Mandolin
Chris Thile, 2013
Avi Avital, 2019
Guitar
Paul Galbraith, 1998
Notes
^ Ledbetter 2009
^ Menuhin, Yehudi (2001). Unfinished Journey (new ed.). London: Pimlico. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-7126-6809-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Wolff 2002, p. 133
^ Bach 2001, p. VIII
^ Rust's grandson, Wilhelm Rust, eventually became one of the editors of the Bach-Gesellschaft.
^ "Sonatas & Partitas : Educational Edition".
^ Schulze 1972, p. 124.
^ Schulze 1972, pp. 292, 293.
^ Menuhin, Yehudi (1976). Unfinished Journey. p. 236.
^ "Hall of Fame". grammy.com. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
References
Bach, J. S. (2001), Günter Haußwald; Peter Wollny (eds.), Three Sonatas and three Partitas for Solo Violin, BWV 1001–1006 (Urtext), Bärenreiter, ISMN 979-0-006-46489-0. Preface by Peter Wollny, pages VIII–XII.
Ledbetter, David (2009), Unaccompanied Bach, Performing the Solo Works, Yale University Press
Schulze, Hans-Joachim (1972). Bach-Dokumente, Dokumente zum Nachwirken Bachs. 1750–1800. Vol. III. Kassel: Bärenreiter. ISBN 3761802498.
Wolff, Christoph (2002), Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-924884-2
Further reading
Márta Ábrahám and Barnabás Dukay published a book (2017) about Bach's Chaconne: Excerpts from Eternity – The Purification of Time and Character, the Fulfilment of Love and Cooperation with the Celestial Will in Johann Sebastian Bach's Ciaccona for Violin. ISBN 978-963-12-8720-2
Bach, J. S. (2014), Peter Wollny (ed.), Kammermusik mit Violine BWV 1001–1006, 1021, 1023, 1014–1019 (Urtext), Johann Sebastian Bach. Neue Ausgabe sämtlicher Werke. Revidierte Edition (NBArev), vol. 3, Bärenreiter, ISMN 9790006556328, Part of the preface
Bachmann, Alberto (1925) An Encyclopedia of the violin, Da Capo, ISBN 0-306-80004-7.
Brown, Clive (2011), The Evolution of Annotated String Editions, University of Leeds
Breig, Werner (1997), "The Instrumental Music", in John Butt (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Bach, pp. 123–135, ISBN 9781139002158
Buelow, George J. (2004), "Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750)", A History of Baroque Music, Indiana University Press, pp. 503–558, ISBN 0253343658
Fabian, Dorottya (2005), "Towards a Performance History of Bach's Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin: Preliminary Investigations", Essays in Honor of László Somfai: Studies in the Sources and the Interpretation of Music, Scarecrow Press, pp. 87–108
Geck, Martin (2006), "The Sonatas and Suites", Johann Sebastian Bach: Life and Work, translated by John Hargraves, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, pp. 579–607, ISBN 0151006482
Jones, Richard D. P. (2013), The Creative Development of Johann Sebastian Bach, Volume II: 1717–1750: Music to Delight the Spirit, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199696284
Katz, Mark (2006), The Violin: A Research and Information Guide, Routledge, ISBN 1135576963
Ledbetter, David (2015), "Music reviews: J. S. Bach's chamber music for violin, edited by Peter Wollny", Notes, 72 (2): 415–419, doi:10.1353/not.2015.0134, S2CID 194293060
Lester, Joel (1999), Bach's works for solo violin: style, structure, performance, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-512097-4
Menuhin, Yehudi; Primrose, William (1976), Violin and Viola, MacDonald and Jane's, ISBN 0-356-04716-4
Siegele, Ulrich (2006), "Taktzahlen als Ordnungsfaktor in Suiten- und Sonatensammlungen von J. S. Bach: Mit einem Anhang zu den Kanonischen Veränderungen über "Vom Himmel hoch"", Archiv für Musikwissenschaft, 63 (3): 215–240, JSTOR 25162366
Spitta, Philipp (1884), Johann Sebastian Bach; his work and influence on the music of Germany, 1685–1750, vol. 2, translated by Clara Bell; John Alexander Fuller Maitland, Novello
Stowell, Robin (1992), "The Sonata", in Robin Stowell (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Violin, Cambridge University Press, pp. 122–142, ISBN 0521399238
Tatlow, Ruth (2015), Bach's Numbers: Compositional Proportion and Significance, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107088603
Williams, Peter (2016), Bach: A Musical Biography, Cambridge University Press, pp. 322–325, ISBN 978-1107139251
Wolff, Christoph (1994), "Bach's Leipzig Chamber Music", Bach: Essays on His Life and Work, Harvard University Press, p. 263, ISBN 0674059263 (a reprint of a 1985 publication in Early Music)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sonatas and partitas for solo violin.
Sonatas and partitas for solo violin: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Digitised copy of autograph manuscript (1720) at the Bach Archive, Leipzig.
Free sheet music of all six works from Cantorion.org
MIDI Sequences of Bach's Violin Sonatas/Partitas
Sonatas and Partitas for solo violin Vito Paternoster – MP3 Creative Commons Recording, played on cello
Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin (Bach) at the Mutopia Project
Violinists talk about their approach to Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin
From liner notes of a Benedict Cruft recording
Discussion of recording history
Recordings of the Sonatas and Partitas in the 1950s at Enesco's Profile at The Remington Site
Discussion of publishing history and Second Sonata
Free Bach Violin Sheet Music With bowing and fingering instructions.
Music for Glass Orchestra by Grace Andreacchi, a novel that contains an extensive analysis of the Sonatas and partitas for Solo Violin.
Bach's Chaconne in D minor for solo violin: An application through analysis by Larry Solomon
Violinist and author Arnold Steinhardt discusses his lifelong quest to master the chaconne; interesting interview, good links
In the BBC Discovering Music: Listening Library
vteChamber music and orchestral works by, and transcriptions after, Johann Sebastian BachSolo
Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin, BWV 1001–1006
Partita No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
Cello Suites, BWV 1007–1012
Partita for Solo Flute, BWV 1013
Ensemble
Six Sonatas for Violin and Harpsichord, BWV 1014–1019
Sonatas for viola da gamba and harpsichord, BWV 1027–1029
Flute Sonatas
in B minor, BWV 1030
in E♭ major, BWV 1031 (doubtful)
in A major, BWV 1032
in C major, BWV 1033 (doubtful)
in E minor, BWV 1034
in E major, BWV 1035
Trio Sonatas
Sonata for two flutes and continuo, BWV 1039
Canonic Sonata for oboe, violin and continuo, BWV 1040
Concertos
Violin Concerto in A minor, BWV 1041
Violin Concerto in E major, BWV 1042
Concerto for Two Violins, BWV 1043
Triple Concerto, BWV 1044
Sinfonia for violin and orchestra, BWV 1045
Brandenburg Concertos, BWV 1046–1051
No. 5
Keyboard concertos, BWV 1052–1065
No. 1 in D minor, BWV 1052
No. 2 in E major, BWV 1053
No. 4 in A major, BWV 1055
For two harpsichords in C minor, BWV 1060
Suites
Orchestral Suites, BWV 1066–1069
Orchestral Suite in G minor, BWV 1070 (doubtful)
Fugal
The Musical Offering, BWV 1079
The Art of Fugue, BWV 1080
discography
Adaptations
"Air on the G String"
"Alphabet"
"Ave Maria"
Bach-Busoni Editions
"Everything's Gonna Be Alright"
"Feel My Rhythm"
"Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring"
"Joy"
"Lady Lynda"
"Sheep may safely graze"
"They"
Trio Sonata, BWV 525a
"A Whiter Shade of Pale"
Albums
Bach's Greatest Hits
Back to Bach
Jazz Sebastian Bach
Switched-On Bach
Switched-On Bach II
List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
Portal: Classical music
Authority control databases International
VIAF
2
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Australia
Other
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Title_page_BWV1001-1006_autograph_manuscript_1720.jpg"},{"link_name":"BWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis"},{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"sonatas da chiesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_da_chiesa"},{"link_name":"partitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partita"},{"link_name":"Chaconne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaconne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1802_in_music"},{"link_name":"Nikolaus Simrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Simrock"},{"link_name":"Joseph Joachim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Joachim"},{"link_name":"archetypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype"},{"link_name":"Eugène Ysaÿe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe"},{"link_name":"Béla Bartók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k"}],"text":"Title page of the autograph manuscript of BWV 1001–1006, dated 1720The sonatas and partitas for solo violin (BWV 1001–1006) are a set of six works composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. They are sometimes referred to in English as the sonatas and partias for solo violin in accordance with Bach's headings in the autograph manuscript: \"Partia\" (plural \"Partien\") was commonly used in German-speaking regions during Bach's time, whereas the Italian \"partita\" was introduced to this set in the 1879 Bach Gesellschaft edition, having become standard by that time.[1][page needed] The set consists of three sonatas da chiesa in four movements and three partitas (or partias) in dance-form movements. The 2nd Partita is widely known for its Chaconne, considered one of the most masterly and expressive works ever written for solo violin.[2]The set was completed by 1720 but was not published until 1802 by Nikolaus Simrock in Bonn. Even after publication, it was largely ignored until the celebrated violinist Joseph Joachim started performing these works. Today, Bach's Sonatas and Partitas are an essential part of the violin repertoire, and they are frequently performed and recorded.The Sei Solo a Violino senza Basso accompagnato (Six Solos for Violin Without Bass Accompaniment), as Bach titled them, firmly established the technical capability of the violin as a solo instrument. The pieces often served as archetypes for solo violin pieces by later generations of composers, including Eugène Ysaÿe and Béla Bartók.","title":"Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin (Bach)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6then_(Anhalt)"},{"link_name":"Kapellmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapellmeister"},{"link_name":"Christoph Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Wolff"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar"},{"link_name":"Johann Gottfried Walther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Walther"},{"link_name":"BWV 1026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chamber_music_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach#Other_works_for_accompanied_violin_(BWV_1020%E2%80%931026)"},{"link_name":"Johann Paul von Westhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Paul_von_Westhoff"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"polyphonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony"},{"link_name":"counterpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterpoint"},{"link_name":"partitas for solo violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitas_for_solo_violin_(Westhoff)"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_Biber"},{"link_name":"passacaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passacaglia"},{"link_name":"Johann Joseph Vilsmayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Vilsmayr"},{"link_name":"Johann Georg Pisendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Pisendel"},{"link_name":"Georg Philipp Telemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann"},{"link_name":"12 Fantasias for solo violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Fantasias_for_Solo_Violin_(Telemann)"}],"text":"The surviving autograph manuscript of the sonatas and partitas was made by Bach in 1720 in Köthen, where he was Kapellmeister. As Christoph Wolff comments, the paucity of sources for instrumental compositions prior to Bach's period in Leipzig makes it difficult to establish a precise chronology; nevertheless, a copy made by the Weimar organist Johann Gottfried Walther in 1714 of the Fugue in G minor for violin and continuo, BWV 1026, which has violinistic writing similar to that in BWV 1001–1006, provides support for the commonly held view that the collection could have been reworked from pieces originally composed in Weimar. Bach could have begun composition as early as 1703 during his first Weimar years, having met Johann Paul von Westhoff, a violinist and composer who published a number of works for unaccompanied violin. Nevertheless, composition probably began by 1717, at the onset of Bach's tenure in Köthen.[citation needed]The goal of producing a polyphonic texture governed by the rules of counterpoint also indicates the influence of the first surviving works of this kind for solo violin, Westhoff's partitas for solo violin composed in 1696. The virtuoso violinist Westhoff served as court musician in Dresden from 1674 to 1697 and in Weimar from 1699 until his death in 1705, so Bach would have known him for two years.[3][4] The repertoire for solo violin was actively growing at the time: Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber's celebrated solo passacaglia appeared c.1676; Westhoff's collections of solo violin music were published in 1682 and 1696; Johann Joseph Vilsmayr's Artificiosus Concentus pro Camera in 1715, and Johann Georg Pisendel's solo violin sonata was composed around 1716; and finally, Georg Philipp Telemann published 12 Fantasias for solo violin in 1735.","title":"History of composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann Georg Pisendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Pisendel"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Volumier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Volumier"},{"link_name":"Köthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6then_(Anhalt)"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm Rust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Rust"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach"}],"sub_title":"First performance","text":"It is not known whether these violin solos were performed during Bach's lifetime or, if they were, who the performer was. Johann Georg Pisendel and Jean-Baptiste Volumier, both talented violinists in the Dresden court, have been suggested as possible performers, as was Joseph Spiess, leader of the orchestra in Köthen. Friedrich Wilhelm Rust, who would later become part of the Bach family circle in Leipzig, also became a likely candidate.[5] Bach himself was an able violinist from his youth, and his familiarity with the violin and its literature shows in the composition of the set and the very detailed autograph manuscript. According to his son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, \"in his youth, and until the approach of old age, he played the violin cleanly and powerfully\".","title":"History of composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anna Magdalena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Magdalena_Bach"},{"link_name":"Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_Bach"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedrich_Ernst_Bach"},{"link_name":"Peter Wollny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wollny"},{"link_name":"Georg Gottfried Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Gottfried_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Gottfried_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Georg Poelchau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Poelchau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Poelchau"},{"link_name":"Ivan Galamian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Galamian"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Johann Peter Kellner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Peter_Kellner"},{"link_name":"Alfred Dörffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6rffel"},{"link_name":"Nikolaus Simrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Simrock"}],"text":"Upon Bach's death in 1750, the original manuscript passed into the possession, possibly through his second wife Anna Magdalena, of Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach. It was inherited by the last male descendant of J. C. F. Bach, Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst Bach, who passed it on to his sister Christina Louisa Bach (1762–1852).Four other early manuscripts also exist. One, originally identified as an authentic Bach autograph from his Leipzig period, is now identified as being a copy dating from 1727–32 by Bach's second wife Anna Magdalena Bach, and is the companion to her copy of the six suites Bach wrote for solo cello.A copy deriving from circa 1723 and 1726 was completed by two unknown scribes of Bach's inner circle. Peter Wollny believes one of the copyists may well have been Georg Gottfried Wagner [de], a violinist who played a prominent role in Bach's church performances. This source was copied from the original autograph manuscript and also includes a number of editorial markings, which may reflect Bach's own musical and technical intentions for these compositions. It was discovered in 1814 by music collector Georg Poelchau [de] in Saint Petersburg, apparently amongst a stack of papers destined to be used as butter-wrappings. Poelchau believed this copy was of Bach's own hand, but this was later proven false. Despite this, the belief that the original autograph manuscript was nearly used as butter-wrappings continued through the 20th century. Indeed, Ivan Galamian's 1971 edition of the Sonatas and Partitas included a brief foreword by Paul Affelder which erroneously claims the original autograph manuscript was destined for butter-wrappings.[citation needed]Another copy, dated July 3, 1726 (the date is on the final page), made by one of Bach's admirers Johann Peter Kellner, is well preserved, despite the fact that the B minor Partita was missing from the set and that there are numerous deviations and omissions. These differences may have come from an earlier source or composing copy, and not necessarily copying errors on Kellner's part. This view is supported by Zoltán Szabó. The three manuscripts are in the Berlin State Museum and have been in the possession of the Bach-Gesellschaft since 1879, through the efforts of Alfred Dörffel. Two other eighteenth century manuscripts, both by unidentified copyists, have also survived.The first edition was printed in 1802 by Nikolaus Simrock of Bonn. It is clear from errors in it that it was not made with reference to Bach's own manuscript, and it has many mistakes that were frequently repeated in later editions of the 19th century.","title":"Manuscripts and published editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Szigeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Szigeti"},{"link_name":"Nathan Milstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Milstein"},{"link_name":"Yehudi Menuhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin"},{"link_name":"Henryk Szeryng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Szeryng"},{"link_name":"David Oistrakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Oistrakh"},{"link_name":"George Enescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Enescu"},{"link_name":"Serge Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Blanc_(violinist)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Virtually every great violin performer has recorded the Sonatas and Partitas, often multiple times, as in the case of Joseph Szigeti, Nathan Milstein, Yehudi Menuhin, Henryk Szeryng and many other distinguished players. Strikingly, David Oistrakh, the towering performer of the violin, is not known to have recorded the complete set of Sonatas and Partitas. One of the most famous performers of the Sonatas and Partitas was the violinist and composer George Enescu, who considered this work as \"The Himalayas of violinists\" and recorded all the sonatas and partitas in the late 1940s. One of his students (Serge Blanc) collected the notes of his master Enescu regarding sonority, phrasing, tempo, fingering and expression, in a now freely distributed document.[6]","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sonata da chiesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_da_chiesa"},{"link_name":"prelude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_(music)"},{"link_name":"fugue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugue"},{"link_name":"binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_form"},{"link_name":"baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_music"},{"link_name":"allemande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemande"},{"link_name":"courante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courante"},{"link_name":"sarabande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarabande"},{"link_name":"gigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigue"},{"link_name":"galanteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galanterie"}],"text":"The sonatas each consist of four movements, in the typical slow-fast-slow-fast pattern of the sonata da chiesa. The first two movements of each sonata are a prelude and a fugue. The third (slow) movement is lyrical, while the final movement shares the similar musical structure as a typical binary suite movement. Unlike the sonatas, the partitas are of more unorthodox design. Although still making use of the usual baroque style of allemande, courante, sarabande, and gigue, with some omissions and the addition of galanteries, new elements were introduced into each partita to provide variety.","title":"Musical structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jakob Adlung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Adlung"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulze1972124-7"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Agricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Agricola"},{"link_name":"co-wrote Bach's obituary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach%27s_Nekrolog"},{"link_name":"clavichord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavichord"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulze1972292,_293-8"}],"text":"Aside from the surviving transcriptions BWV 964 and 968, two different sources also indicate that Bach and his circle performed the Sonatas and Partitas on keyboard instruments, rather than on the violin. Music theorist, instrument maker and organ player Jakob Adlung writes (Anleitung zu der musikalischen Gelahrtheit, Erfurt, 1758), regarding the keyboard works by Bach – ”They are actually violini soli senza basso, 3 Sonatas and 3 Partitas, which are well suited for performance on the keyboard”.[7] Johann Friedrich Agricola, who co-wrote Bach's obituary, reports that ”Their composer often played them himself on the clavichord, and added so much harmonies to them, as he found necessary”.[8]","title":"Alternative scoring"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The pieces and their movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BWV1001-cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dorian mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_mode"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Fugue, BWV 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugue_in_G_minor,_BWV_1000"}],"sub_title":"Sonata No. 1 in G minor, BWV 1001","text":"Bach's autograph of the Adagio of Sonata No. 1 in G minor, BWV 1001AdagioFuga (Allegro)SicilianaPrestoThough the key signature of the manuscript suggests D minor, such was a notational convention in the Baroque period, and therefore does not necessarily imply that the piece is in the Dorian mode.[reference or clarification needed]\nThe second movement, the fugue, would later be reworked for the organ (in the Prelude and Fugue, BWV 539) and the lute (Fugue, BWV 1000), with the latter being two bars longer than the violin version.","title":"The pieces and their movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bourrée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourr%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"gigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigue"}],"sub_title":"Partita No. 1 in B minor, BWV 1002","text":"Allemanda – DoubleCorrente – Double (Presto)Sarabande – DoubleTempo di Borea – DoubleThis partita substitutes a bourrée (marked Tempo di Borea) for the gigue. Each movement is followed by a variation (double in French).","title":"The pieces and their movements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sonata No. 2 in A minor, BWV 1003","text":"GraveFugaAndanteAllegro","title":"The pieces and their movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaconne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaconne"},{"link_name":"Yehudi Menuhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"ground bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_bass"}],"sub_title":"Partita No. 2 in D minor, BWV 1004","text":"AllemandaCorrenteSarabandaGigaCiacconaIn the original manuscript, Bach marked 'Segue la Corrente' at the end of Allemanda. The monumental Chaconne, the last and most famous movement of the suite, was regarded as \"the greatest structure for solo violin that exists\" by Yehudi Menuhin.[9] It involves a set of variations based on a simple phrase repeated in harmonic progression in the bass line (ground bass).","title":"The pieces and their movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Komm, heiliger Geist, Herre Gott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Eighteen_Chorale_Preludes#Chorale_Preludes_BWV_651%E2%80%93668"},{"link_name":"stretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretto"},{"link_name":"inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodic_inversion"},{"link_name":"double counterpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_counterpoint"}],"sub_title":"Sonata No. 3 in C major, BWV 1005","text":"AdagioFugaLargoAllegro assaiThe opening movement of the work introduced a peaceful, slow stacking up of notes, a technique once thought to be impossible on bowed instruments. The fugue is the most complex and extensive of the three, with the subject derived from the chorale Komm, heiliger Geist, Herre Gott. Bach employs many contrapuntal techniques, including a stretto, an inversion, as well as diverse examples of double counterpoint.","title":"The pieces and their movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BWV1006_preludio_autograph_manuscript_1720.jpeg"}],"sub_title":"Partita No. 3 in E major, BWV 1006","text":"Autograph of the opening Preludio in Partita No. 3 in E major, BWV 1006.PreludioLoureGavotte en rondeauMenuet IMenuet IIBourréeGigue","title":"The pieces and their movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dover Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications"},{"link_name":"Johannes Brahms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms"},{"link_name":"Ferruccio Busoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni"},{"link_name":"William Thomas Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomas_Best"},{"link_name":"Henri Messerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Messerer"},{"link_name":"Matthias Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Keller_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Carus-Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carus-Verlag"},{"link_name":"BWV 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWV_29"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Guilmant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Guilmant"},{"link_name":"Marcel Dupré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Dupr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Hans Sikorski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sikorski"},{"link_name":"Nigel North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_North"},{"link_name":"Cello Suites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_Suites_(Bach)"}],"text":"J. S. Bach often transcribed these works for keyboard, organ and lute of various movements, some of them later attributed to Bach's pupils. Arrangements of the Sonatas and Partitas for keyboard appear in the Miscellaneous Keyboard Works, Bach Gesellschaft Edition, 1853 (reissued by Dover Publications).\nFugue in D minor, BWV 539/ii (BWV 1001/ii) for organ\nFugue in G minor, BWV 1000 (BWV 1001/ii) for lute\nSuite in E major, BWV 1006a (BWV 1006) for lute or keyboard\nSonata in D minor, BWV 964 (BWV 1003, doubtful) for keyboard\nAdagio in G major, BWV 968 (from BWV 1005, doubtful) for keyboard\nChaconne, BWV 1004.\nJohannes Brahms, piano left hand\nFerruccio Busoni, piano solo\nWilliam Thomas Best, organ\nHenri Messerer, organ\nMatthias Keller, organ, Carus-Verlag, 2011\nArno Landmann, organ, Simrock Verlag\nPreludio, BWV 1006\nJ. S. Bach, Sinfonia in BWV 29, a reworking of the Preludio from BWV 1006 for obbligato organ, trumpets, oboes and strings\nVarious arrangements for organ of the sinfonia, including the versions by Alexandre Guilmant, Marcel Dupré and Friedemann Winklhofer (Hans Sikorski)\nBritish lutenist Nigel North transcribed the entire sequence for lute, as well as Bach's Cello Suites and recorded them on four CDs for Linn Records (volumes 1 to 4, respectively CKD 013, CKD 029, CKD 049, CKD 055)","title":"Selected arrangements and transcriptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Szigeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Szigeti"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Yehudi Menuhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin"},{"link_name":"George Enescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Enescu"},{"link_name":"Jascha Heifetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz"},{"link_name":"Henryk Szeryng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Szeryng"},{"link_name":"Emil Telmányi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Telm%C3%A1nyi"},{"link_name":"Nathan Milstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Milstein"},{"link_name":"Arthur Grumiaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux"},{"link_name":"Voyager Golden Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record"},{"link_name":"Gidon Kremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidon_Kremer"},{"link_name":"Oscar Shumsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Shumsky"},{"link_name":"Shlomo Mintz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Mintz"},{"link_name":"Itzhak Perlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman"},{"link_name":"Ida Haendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Haendel"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Accardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Accardo"},{"link_name":"Vanessa-Mae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa-Mae"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Sitkovetsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Sitkovetsky"},{"link_name":"James Ehnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ehnes"},{"link_name":"Christian Tetzlaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Tetzlaff"},{"link_name":"Viktoria Mullova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoria_Mullova"},{"link_name":"Isabelle Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Faust"},{"link_name":"Gil Shaham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Shaham"},{"link_name":"Kyung Wha Chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyung_Wha_Chung"},{"link_name":"Julia Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Hilary Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Hahn"},{"link_name":"Milan Pala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milan_Pala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Augustin Hadelich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Hadelich"},{"link_name":"Sergiu Luca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergiu_Luca"},{"link_name":"Sigiswald Kuijken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiswald_Kuijken"},{"link_name":"Jaap Schröder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_Schr%C3%B6der"},{"link_name":"Monica Huggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Huggett"},{"link_name":"Lucy van Dael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_van_Dael"},{"link_name":"Rachel Podger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Podger"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Wallfisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wallfisch"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Hélène Schmitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Schmitt"},{"link_name":"John Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Holloway_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Pavlo Beznosiuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavlo_Beznosiuk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alina Ibragimova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alina_Ibragimova"},{"link_name":"Stanley Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Ritchie"},{"link_name":"Giuliano Carmignola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_Carmignola"},{"link_name":"Fabio Biondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Biondi"},{"link_name":"Tanya Anisimova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Anisimova"},{"link_name":"Robert Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hill_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Chris Thile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Thile"},{"link_name":"Avi Avital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi_Avital"},{"link_name":"Paul Galbraith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Galbraith"}],"text":"Classical violin\n\nJoseph Szigeti, 1931 (selected for the NARAS Hall of Fame)[10] and 1956\nYehudi Menuhin, 1934–1944 and 1957 and 1975\nGeorge Enescu, 1948\nJascha Heifetz, 1952\nHenryk Szeryng, 1954 and 1967\nEmil Telmányi, 1954\nNathan Milstein, 1956 and 1973\nArthur Grumiaux, 1961, included on the Voyager Golden Record\nGidon Kremer, 1980 and 2005\nOscar Shumsky, 1983\nShlomo Mintz, 1984\nItzhak Perlman, 1988\nIda Haendel, 1995\nSalvatore Accardo, 1996\nVanessa-Mae, 1996\nDmitry Sitkovetsky, 1997\nJames Ehnes, 2000\nChristian Tetzlaff, 1993, 2006 and 2017\nViktoria Mullova, 2009\nIsabelle Faust, 2010–2012\nGil Shaham, 2014\nKyung Wha Chung, 2016\nJulia Fischer, 2017 (Re-release)\nHilary Hahn, 1997 and 2018\nMilan Pala, 2018\nAugustin Hadelich, 2021\nBaroque violin\n\nSergiu Luca, 1977\nSigiswald Kuijken, 1981, 1999-2000\nJaap Schröder, 1984–1985\nMonica Huggett, 1991\nLucy van Dael, 1996\nRachel Podger, 1998–1999\nElizabeth Wallfisch, 1997\nIngrid Matthews, 2000\nHélène Schmitt, 2004\nJohn Holloway, 2004\nPavlo Beznosiuk, 2007\nAlina Ibragimova, 2008-2009\nAmandine Beyer, 2011\nStanley Ritchie, 2013\nGiuliano Carmignola, 2018\nFabio Biondi, 2020\nBojan Čičić, 2021\n\nVioloncello\n\nTanya Anisimova, 2001\nKeyboard\n\nRobert Hill, 1999\nMandolin\n\nChris Thile, 2013\nAvi Avital, 2019GuitarPaul Galbraith, 1998","title":"Selected recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Ledbetter 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLedbetter2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Menuhin, Yehudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7126-6809-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6809-5"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Wolff 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWolff2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Bach 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBach2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Bach-Gesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach-Gesellschaft"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Sonatas & Partitas : Educational Edition\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.himalayas-of-violinists.org/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulze1972124_7-0"},{"link_name":"Schulze 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSchulze1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulze1972292,_293_8-0"},{"link_name":"Schulze 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSchulze1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Menuhin, Yehudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Hall of Fame\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.grammy.com/awards/hall-of-fame-award"}],"text":"^ Ledbetter 2009\n\n^ Menuhin, Yehudi (2001). Unfinished Journey (new ed.). London: Pimlico. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-7126-6809-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Wolff 2002, p. 133\n\n^ Bach 2001, p. VIII\n\n^ Rust's grandson, Wilhelm Rust, eventually became one of the editors of the Bach-Gesellschaft.\n\n^ \"Sonatas & Partitas : Educational Edition\".\n\n^ Schulze 1972, p. 124.\n\n^ Schulze 1972, pp. 292, 293.\n\n^ Menuhin, Yehudi (1976). Unfinished Journey. p. 236.[full citation needed]\n\n^ \"Hall of Fame\". grammy.com. Retrieved 28 May 2023.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Márta Ábrahám","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1rta_%C3%81brah%C3%A1m&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81brah%C3%A1m_M%C3%A1rta"},{"link_name":"Barnabás Dukay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnab%C3%A1s_Dukay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukay_Barnab%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"Excerpts from Eternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excerpts_from_Eternity"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-963-12-8720-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-12-8720-2"},{"link_name":"Peter Wollny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wollny"},{"link_name":"ISMN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISMN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Part of the preface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baerenreiter.com/resource/public/products/BA5937_01/infoitems/vw/01.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-306-80004-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80004-7"},{"link_name":"The Evolution of Annotated String Editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//chase.leeds.ac.uk/article/the-evolution-of-annotated-string-editions-clive-brown/"},{"link_name":"\"The Instrumental Music\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-companion-to-bach/BB71E9799CBE6751307BE0ECBC24C132"},{"link_name":"John Butt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Butt_(musician)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781139002158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139002158"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0253343658","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253343658"},{"link_name":"\"Towards a Performance History of Bach's Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin: Preliminary Investigations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/277715943"},{"link_name":"\"The Sonatas and Suites\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/johannsebastianb00geck/page/579"},{"link_name":"579–607","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/johannsebastianb00geck/page/579"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0151006482","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0151006482"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780199696284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199696284"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1135576963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135576963"},{"link_name":"\"Music reviews: J. S. Bach's chamber music for violin, edited by Peter Wollny\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//muse.jhu.edu/article/601082/"},{"link_name":"Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/not.2015.0134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fnot.2015.0134"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"194293060","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194293060"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-512097-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512097-4"},{"link_name":"Menuhin, Yehudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin"},{"link_name":"Primrose, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Primrose"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-356-04716-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-04716-4"},{"link_name":"Archiv für Musikwissenschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archiv_f%C3%BCr_Musikwissenschaft"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25162366","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25162366"},{"link_name":"Spitta, Philipp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Spitta"},{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach; his work and influence on the music of Germany, 1685–1750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/johannsebastia02spit"},{"link_name":"Clara Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Bell"},{"link_name":"John Alexander Fuller Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_Fuller_Maitland"},{"link_name":"\"The Sonata\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00stow/page/122"},{"link_name":"122–142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00stow/page/122"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0521399238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521399238"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1107088603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107088603"},{"link_name":"Williams, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Williams_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1107139251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107139251"},{"link_name":"Wolff, Christoph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Wolff"},{"link_name":"\"Bach's Leipzig Chamber Music\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//em.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/2/165.short"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0674059263","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674059263"},{"link_name":"Early Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Music_(journal)"}],"text":"Márta Ábrahám [hu] and Barnabás Dukay [hu] published a book (2017) about Bach's Chaconne: Excerpts from Eternity – The Purification of Time and Character, the Fulfilment of Love and Cooperation with the Celestial Will in Johann Sebastian Bach's Ciaccona for Violin. ISBN 978-963-12-8720-2\nBach, J. S. (2014), Peter Wollny (ed.), Kammermusik mit Violine BWV 1001–1006, 1021, 1023, 1014–1019 (Urtext), Johann Sebastian Bach. Neue Ausgabe sämtlicher Werke. Revidierte Edition (NBArev), vol. 3, Bärenreiter, ISMN 9790006556328, Part of the preface\nBachmann, Alberto (1925) An Encyclopedia of the violin, Da Capo, ISBN 0-306-80004-7.\nBrown, Clive (2011), The Evolution of Annotated String Editions, University of Leeds\nBreig, Werner (1997), \"The Instrumental Music\", in John Butt (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Bach, pp. 123–135, ISBN 9781139002158\nBuelow, George J. (2004), \"Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750)\", A History of Baroque Music, Indiana University Press, pp. 503–558, ISBN 0253343658\nFabian, Dorottya (2005), \"Towards a Performance History of Bach's Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin: Preliminary Investigations\", Essays in Honor of László Somfai: Studies in the Sources and the Interpretation of Music, Scarecrow Press, pp. 87–108\nGeck, Martin (2006), \"The Sonatas and Suites\", Johann Sebastian Bach: Life and Work, translated by John Hargraves, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, pp. 579–607, ISBN 0151006482\nJones, Richard D. P. (2013), The Creative Development of Johann Sebastian Bach, Volume II: 1717–1750: Music to Delight the Spirit, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199696284\nKatz, Mark (2006), The Violin: A Research and Information Guide, Routledge, ISBN 1135576963\nLedbetter, David (2015), \"Music reviews: J. S. Bach's chamber music for violin, edited by Peter Wollny\", Notes, 72 (2): 415–419, doi:10.1353/not.2015.0134, S2CID 194293060\nLester, Joel (1999), Bach's works for solo violin: style, structure, performance, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-512097-4\nMenuhin, Yehudi; Primrose, William (1976), Violin and Viola, MacDonald and Jane's, ISBN 0-356-04716-4\nSiegele, Ulrich (2006), \"Taktzahlen als Ordnungsfaktor in Suiten- und Sonatensammlungen von J. S. Bach: Mit einem Anhang zu den Kanonischen Veränderungen über \"Vom Himmel hoch\"\", Archiv für Musikwissenschaft, 63 (3): 215–240, JSTOR 25162366\nSpitta, Philipp (1884), Johann Sebastian Bach; his work and influence on the music of Germany, 1685–1750, vol. 2, translated by Clara Bell; John Alexander Fuller Maitland, Novello\nStowell, Robin (1992), \"The Sonata\", in Robin Stowell (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Violin, Cambridge University Press, pp. 122–142, ISBN 0521399238\nTatlow, Ruth (2015), Bach's Numbers: Compositional Proportion and Significance, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107088603\nWilliams, Peter (2016), Bach: A Musical Biography, Cambridge University Press, pp. 322–325, ISBN 978-1107139251\nWolff, Christoph (1994), \"Bach's Leipzig Chamber Music\", Bach: Essays on His Life and Work, Harvard University Press, p. 263, ISBN 0674059263 (a reprint of a 1985 publication in Early Music)","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Title page of the autograph manuscript of BWV 1001–1006, dated 1720","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Title_page_BWV1001-1006_autograph_manuscript_1720.jpg/220px-Title_page_BWV1001-1006_autograph_manuscript_1720.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bach's autograph of the Adagio of Sonata No. 1 in G minor, BWV 1001 ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BWV1001-cropped.jpg/220px-BWV1001-cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Autograph of the opening Preludio in Partita No. 3 in E major, BWV 1006.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BWV1006_preludio_autograph_manuscript_1720.jpeg/300px-BWV1006_preludio_autograph_manuscript_1720.jpeg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Menuhin, Yehudi (2001). Unfinished Journey (new ed.). London: Pimlico. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-7126-6809-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin","url_text":"Menuhin, Yehudi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6809-5","url_text":"978-0-7126-6809-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Sonatas & Partitas : Educational Edition\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.himalayas-of-violinists.org/","url_text":"\"Sonatas & Partitas : Educational Edition\""}]},{"reference":"Menuhin, Yehudi (1976). Unfinished Journey. p. 236.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin","url_text":"Menuhin, Yehudi"}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Fame\". grammy.com. Retrieved 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/awards/hall-of-fame-award","url_text":"\"Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"Bach, J. S. (2001), Günter Haußwald; Peter Wollny (eds.), Three Sonatas and three Partitas for Solo Violin, BWV 1001–1006 (Urtext), Bärenreiter, ISMN 979-0-006-46489-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wollny","url_text":"Peter Wollny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISMN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISMN"}]},{"reference":"Ledbetter, David (2009), Unaccompanied Bach, Performing the Solo Works, Yale University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schulze, Hans-Joachim (1972). Bach-Dokumente, Dokumente zum Nachwirken Bachs. 1750–1800. Vol. III. Kassel: Bärenreiter. ISBN 3761802498.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Schulze","url_text":"Schulze, Hans-Joachim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3761802498","url_text":"3761802498"}]},{"reference":"Wolff, Christoph (2002), Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-924884-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Wolff","url_text":"Wolff, Christoph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924884-2","url_text":"0-19-924884-2"}]},{"reference":"Bach, J. S. (2014), Peter Wollny (ed.), Kammermusik mit Violine BWV 1001–1006, 1021, 1023, 1014–1019 (Urtext), Johann Sebastian Bach. Neue Ausgabe sämtlicher Werke. Revidierte Edition (NBArev), vol. 3, Bärenreiter, ISMN 9790006556328","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wollny","url_text":"Peter Wollny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISMN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISMN"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Clive (2011), The Evolution of Annotated String Editions, University of Leeds","urls":[{"url":"http://chase.leeds.ac.uk/article/the-evolution-of-annotated-string-editions-clive-brown/","url_text":"The Evolution of Annotated String Editions"}]},{"reference":"Breig, Werner (1997), \"The Instrumental Music\", in John Butt (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Bach, pp. 123–135, ISBN 9781139002158","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-companion-to-bach/BB71E9799CBE6751307BE0ECBC24C132","url_text":"\"The Instrumental Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Butt_(musician)","url_text":"John Butt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139002158","url_text":"9781139002158"}]},{"reference":"Buelow, George J. (2004), \"Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750)\", A History of Baroque Music, Indiana University Press, pp. 503–558, ISBN 0253343658","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253343658","url_text":"0253343658"}]},{"reference":"Fabian, Dorottya (2005), \"Towards a Performance History of Bach's Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin: Preliminary Investigations\", Essays in Honor of László Somfai: Studies in the Sources and the Interpretation of Music, Scarecrow Press, pp. 87–108","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277715943","url_text":"\"Towards a Performance History of Bach's Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin: Preliminary Investigations\""}]},{"reference":"Geck, Martin (2006), \"The Sonatas and Suites\", Johann Sebastian Bach: Life and Work, translated by John Hargraves, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, pp. 579–607, ISBN 0151006482","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb00geck/page/579","url_text":"\"The Sonatas and Suites\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb00geck/page/579","url_text":"579–607"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0151006482","url_text":"0151006482"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Richard D. P. (2013), The Creative Development of Johann Sebastian Bach, Volume II: 1717–1750: Music to Delight the Spirit, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199696284","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199696284","url_text":"9780199696284"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Mark (2006), The Violin: A Research and Information Guide, Routledge, ISBN 1135576963","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135576963","url_text":"1135576963"}]},{"reference":"Ledbetter, David (2015), \"Music reviews: J. S. Bach's chamber music for violin, edited by Peter Wollny\", Notes, 72 (2): 415–419, doi:10.1353/not.2015.0134, S2CID 194293060","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/601082/","url_text":"\"Music reviews: J. S. 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Bach: Mit einem Anhang zu den Kanonischen Veränderungen über \"Vom Himmel hoch\"\", Archiv für Musikwissenschaft, 63 (3): 215–240, JSTOR 25162366","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archiv_f%C3%BCr_Musikwissenschaft","url_text":"Archiv für Musikwissenschaft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25162366","url_text":"25162366"}]},{"reference":"Spitta, Philipp (1884), Johann Sebastian Bach; his work and influence on the music of Germany, 1685–1750, vol. 2, translated by Clara Bell; John Alexander Fuller Maitland, Novello","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Spitta","url_text":"Spitta, Philipp"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/johannsebastia02spit","url_text":"Johann Sebastian Bach; his work and influence on the music of Germany, 1685–1750"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Bell","url_text":"Clara Bell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_Fuller_Maitland","url_text":"John Alexander Fuller Maitland"}]},{"reference":"Stowell, Robin (1992), \"The Sonata\", in Robin Stowell (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Violin, Cambridge University Press, pp. 122–142, ISBN 0521399238","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00stow/page/122","url_text":"\"The Sonata\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00stow/page/122","url_text":"122–142"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521399238","url_text":"0521399238"}]},{"reference":"Tatlow, Ruth (2015), Bach's Numbers: Compositional Proportion and Significance, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107088603","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107088603","url_text":"978-1107088603"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Peter (2016), Bach: A Musical Biography, Cambridge University Press, pp. 322–325, ISBN 978-1107139251","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Williams_(musicologist)","url_text":"Williams, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107139251","url_text":"978-1107139251"}]},{"reference":"Wolff, Christoph (1994), \"Bach's Leipzig Chamber Music\", Bach: Essays on His Life and Work, Harvard University Press, p. 263, ISBN 0674059263","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Wolff","url_text":"Wolff, Christoph"},{"url":"http://em.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/2/165.short","url_text":"\"Bach's Leipzig Chamber Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674059263","url_text":"0674059263"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.himalayas-of-violinists.org/","external_links_name":"\"Sonatas & Partitas : Educational Edition\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/awards/hall-of-fame-award","external_links_name":"\"Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"https://www.baerenreiter.com/resource/public/products/BA5937_01/infoitems/vw/01.pdf","external_links_name":"Part of the preface"},{"Link":"http://chase.leeds.ac.uk/article/the-evolution-of-annotated-string-editions-clive-brown/","external_links_name":"The Evolution of Annotated String Editions"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-companion-to-bach/BB71E9799CBE6751307BE0ECBC24C132","external_links_name":"\"The Instrumental Music\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277715943","external_links_name":"\"Towards a Performance History of Bach's Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin: Preliminary Investigations\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb00geck/page/579","external_links_name":"\"The Sonatas and Suites\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb00geck/page/579","external_links_name":"579–607"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/601082/","external_links_name":"\"Music reviews: J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Herman | Jerry Herman | ["1 Early life","2 Early career","3 Broadway career","3.1 Hello, Dolly!","3.2 Mame","3.3 1969–1980","3.4 La Cage aux Folles","3.5 Jerry's Girls","4 Songs","5 Impact and recognition","6 Personal life and death","7 Work","7.1 Theater","7.2 Films","7.3 Television","8 Awards and honors","8.1 Grammy Awards","8.2 Tony Awards","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"] | American composer and lyricist (1931–2019)
Jerry HermanHerman at the White House for the 2010 Kennedy Center HonorsBorn(1931-07-10)July 10, 1931New York City, U.S.DiedDecember 26, 2019(2019-12-26) (aged 88)Miami, Florida, U.S.MonumentsJerry Herman Ring Theatre, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, U.S.Alma materUniversity of Miami (BA)Partner(s)Martin Finkelstein (d. 1990)Terry Marler (?–2019)Musical careerGenresMusical theatreOccupation(s)Composer, LyricistInstrument(s)PianoYears active1954–2019
Musical artistWebsitejerryherman.comNotes
Gerald Sheldon Herman (July 10, 1931 – December 26, 2019) was an American composer and lyricist, known for his work in Broadway theatre.
One of the most commercially successful Broadway songwriters of his time, Herman was the composer and lyricist for a number of hit musicals, starting in the 1960s, that were characterized by an upbeat and optimistic outlook and what Herman called "the simple, hummable showtune". His shows include Hello, Dolly! (1964), at one time the longest-running musical in Broadway history, which also produced the hit title song for Louis Armstrong; Mame (1966), a vehicle for Angela Lansbury; and La Cage aux Folles (1984), the first hit Broadway musical about a gay couple.
In 2009, Herman received the Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre. He was a recipient of the 2010 Kennedy Center Honors.
Early life
Herman was born in Manhattan and raised in Jersey City, New Jersey, the only child of musically inclined, middle-class Jewish parents. He learned to play piano at an early age, and he frequently attended Broadway musicals.
Herman's father Harry was a gym teacher and in the summer worked in the Catskill Mountains hotels. His mother Ruth (née Sachs) also worked in the hotels as a singer, pianist, and children's teacher, and eventually became an English teacher. Herman told People Magazine in 1986 that his mother, who died in 1954, long before his success on Broadway, "was glamorous like Mame and witty like Dolly."
After marrying, his parents lived in Jersey City and continued to work in the summers in various camps until they became head counselors and finally ran Stissing Lake Camp in the small town of Pine Plains, New York, in the Taconic Mountains. Herman spent all of his summers there, from age 6 to 23. It was at camp that he first became involved in theatrical productions, as director of Oklahoma!, Finian's Rainbow and A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. Herman graduated from Jersey City's Henry Snyder High School.
At age 17, Herman was introduced to Frank Loesser who, after hearing material he had written, urged him to continue composing. He left the Parsons School of Design to attend the University of Miami, which has one of the nation's most avant garde theater departments. While an undergraduate student at the University of Miami, Herman produced, wrote and directed a college musical called Sketchbook. It was scheduled to run for three performances, but the show was so popular it ran for an additional 17 performances.
Herman belonged to the Zeta Beta Tau fraternity.
Herman graduated from the University of Miami in 1953 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in drama and received a Doctor of Fine Arts degree in 1980.
Early career
Following his graduation from the University of Miami in 1953, Herman moved to New York City, where he produced the Off-Broadway revue I Feel Wonderful, which was made up of material he had written at the university. It opened at the Theatre de Lys in Greenwich Village on October 18, 1954, and ran for 48 performances. It was his only show his mother saw; she died of cancer at the age of forty-four in December 1954. Herman said "I went into serious grieving."
In 1957, Herman approached the owner of a West Fourth Street jazz club called the Showplace and asked to put on a revue. As well as supplying the music, Herman wrote the book and directed the one-hour revue, called Nightcap. He asked his friend, Phyllis Newman, to do movement and dance and it featured Charles Nelson Reilly (who later co-starred in Hello, Dolly!). The show opened in May 1958 and ran for two years.
Herman next collected enough original material to put together an Off-Broadway revue called Parade in 1960. Herman directed with choreography by Richard Tone. The cast included Charles Nelson Reilly and Dody Goodman. It first opened at the Showplace and, expanded, moved to the Players Theatre in January 1960.
Broadway career
In 1960, Herman made his Broadway debut with the revue From A to Z, which featured contributions from newcomers Woody Allen and Fred Ebb as well. That same year producer Gerard Oestreicher approached him after seeing a performance of "Parade", and asked if he would be interested in composing the score for a show about the founding of the state of Israel. The result was his first full-fledged Broadway musical, Milk and Honey in 1961. The show, about American tourists in Israel, starred Robert Weede, Mimi Benzell and Molly Picon. It received respectable reviews, was nominated for a Tony award, and ran for 543 performances.
Herman met playwright Tad Mosel in 1960 and they collaborated on an Off-Broadway musical adaptation of Mosel's 1953 television play, Madame Aphrodite. The musical of the same name, which starred Nancy Andrews in the title role, opened at the Orpheum Theatre in December 1961 but closed after 13 performances. The show has never been performed since. The failure of the musical hurt Herman, who felt that the direction and casting had not worked, but described his decision to make it as a "very brave thing for me to do...It was a dark piece, something more suited to early Sondheim than me".
Hello, Dolly!
Main article: Hello, Dolly! (musical)
In 1964, producer David Merrick united Herman with musical actress Carol Channing and librettist Michael Stewart for a project that was to become one of his more successful, Hello, Dolly!. The original production ran for 2,844 performances, the longest running musical for its time, and was later revived three times. Although facing stiff competition from Funny Girl, Hello, Dolly! swept the Tony Awards that season, winning 10, a record that remained unbroken for 37 years, until The Producers won 12 Tonys in 2001.
Mame
Main article: Mame (musical)
In 1966, Herman's next musical was the hit Mame starring Angela Lansbury, which introduced a string of Herman standards, most notably the ballad "If He Walked Into My Life", the holiday favorite "We Need a Little Christmas", and the title tune.
1969–1980
Although not commercial successes, Dear World (1969) starring Angela Lansbury, Mack & Mabel (1974) starring Robert Preston and Bernadette Peters, and The Grand Tour (1979) starring Joel Grey are noted for their interesting concepts and their melodic, memorable scores. Herman considers Mack & Mabel, also written in collaboration with Michael Stewart, his personal favorite score with later composition La Cage aux Folles in a close second. Both Dear World and Mack & Mabel have developed a cult following among Broadway aficionados.
La Cage aux Folles
Main article: La Cage aux Folles (musical)
In 1983, Herman had his third hit with La Cage aux Folles starring George Hearn and Gene Barry, a show that was notable for being one of the first hit Broadway musicals centered around a gay couple. The musical was tried out in Boston, where Herman worried:
A man singing a love song to another man--I don't think that's ever been done in a Broadway musical before. And, I mean, this was Boston, Katherine Cornell country. Frankly, I didn't know whether or not they'd throw stones. The audience gave it an ovation. That's when I started to think, 'We've done something right. They've bought the characters.' "— Jerry Herman
Ticket sales were strong for its Boston tryout; a two-week extension required the box office to remain open for 36 hours straight to handle the demand. Advance sales for its Broadway debut at the Palace Theatre were described as "something approximating outright pandemonium." La Cage aux Folles won the Tony Award for Best Musical (1983), later became the only musical to win the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical twice (2005 and 2010).
Jerry's Girls
Main article: Jerry's Girls
A revue of Herman's work ran on Broadway from December 1985 to April 1986: Jerry's Girls featured Dorothy Loudon, Leslie Uggams, and Chita Rivera.
Songs
Many of Herman's show tunes have become pop standards. "Hello, Dolly!" was a No. 1 hit in the United States for Louis Armstrong, knocking The Beatles from No. 1 in 1964 after a 14-week run at the top ("I Want to Hold Your Hand", "She Loves You", and "Can't Buy Me Love."). A French recording by Petula Clark charted in the Top Ten in both Canada and France.
"If He Walked into My Life" from Mame was recorded by Eydie Gormé, winning her a Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Female in 1967. "I Am What I Am" from La Cage aux Folles was recorded by Gloria Gaynor.
Other well known Herman showtunes include "Shalom" from Milk and Honey; "Before the Parade Passes By", "Put On Your Sunday Clothes", and "It Only Takes a Moment" from Hello, Dolly!; "It's Today!", "Open a New Window", "We Need a Little Christmas," and "Bosom Buddies" from Mame; and "Tap Your Troubles Away", "I Won't Send Roses" and "Time Heals Everything" from Mack & Mabel. His "I Am What I Am," written for La Cage aux Folles, became a gay pride anthem.
Impact and recognition
According to The Washington Post, Herman's 1983 La Cage aux Folles, which centered on a gay couple whose son is about to marry the daughter of a conservative family, "arrived during the height of the AIDS epidemic and helped put gay life into the cultural mainstream at a time when many gay men were being stigmatized."
Herman is the only composer/lyricist to have had three original productions open on Broadway at the same time, from February to May 1969: Hello, Dolly!, Mame , and Dear World. He was the first (of two) composers/lyricists to have three musicals run more than 1500 consecutive performances on Broadway (the other being Stephen Schwartz): Hello, Dolly! (2,844 performances), Mame (1,508), and La Cage aux Folles (1,761). Herman is honored by a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at the 7000 block of Hollywood Boulevard.
The Jerry Herman Ring Theatre, the campus theater at the University of Miami, his alma mater, is named in his honor. He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1982.
Herman's work has been the subject of two popular musical revues, Jerry's Girls conceived by Larry Alford, and Showtune (2003) conceived by Paul Gilger.
A 90-minute documentary about his life and career, Words and Music by Jerry Herman, by filmmaker Amber Edwards, was screened in 2007 and then broadcast on PBS.
In the 2008 animated film WALL-E, Herman's music from Hello, Dolly! is a theme for the character WALL-E.
In 1989, American-playwright Natalie Gaupp wrote a short play titled The Jerry Herman Center. The play is a comedy which portrays the lives of several patients in "The Jerry Herman Center for Musical Theatre Addiction." In 2012, Jason Graae and Faith Prince collaborated on The Prince and the Showboy, a show which pays tribute to Herman; Graae worked extensively with Herman and described him as "a survivor of the highest degree lives his life as an eternal optimist."
In 2010, he received a Kennedy Center Honor. Introduced by Angela Lansbury, there were performances by Carol Channing, Matthew Morrison, Christine Baranski and Christine Ebersole, Laura Benanti, Sutton Foster, Matthew Bomer and Kelli O' Hara, 2002 Kennedy Center Honoree Chita Rivera, an unknown choir that included the Gay Mens Chorus of Washington, and Lansbury. Also honored were talk show host/actress Oprah Winfrey, dancer/choreographer Bill T. Jones, country singer-songwriter Merle Haggard, and singer-songwriter/musician Paul McCartney.
Personal life and death
Having a flair for decorating in the 1970s, Herman took a break from composition after the failure of Mack and Mabel. Architectural Digest wrote about the firehouse he renovated and he also redecorated other houses and sold them. According to The Washington Post, Herman decorated three dozen homes. Herman reportedly listed his 4,088-square-foot (379.8 m2) West Hollywood condominium apartment for sale early in 2013.
Herman was openly gay, and at the time of his death was partnered with Terry Marler, a real estate broker.
Herman was diagnosed HIV-positive in 1985. As noted in the Words and Music PBS documentary, "He is one of the fortunate ones who survived to see experimental drug therapies take hold and was still, as one of his lyrics proclaims, 'alive and well and thriving' over a quarter of a century later."
Herman's memoir, Showtune, was published in 1996.
He died at a hospital in Miami on December 26, 2019, at age 88.
Work
Theater
Off-Broadway
I Feel Wonderful (1954)
Nightcap (1958)
Parade (1960)
Madame Aphrodite (1961)
Showtune (2003)
Broadway musicals
From A to Z (1960)
Milk and Honey (1961)
Hello, Dolly! (1964)
Ben Franklin in Paris (additional music) (1964)
Mame (1966)
Dear World (1969)
Mack & Mabel (1974)
The Grand Tour (1979)
A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine (additional songs) (1980)
La Cage aux Folles (1983)
Jerry's Girls (1985)
An Evening with Jerry Herman (1998)
Other stage
Miss Spectacular (2003) recorded but unproduced
Films
Source: TCM
Hello, Dolly! (1969)
Mame (1974)
Barney's Great Adventure (title song) (1998)
WALL-E (excerpts of Hello, Dolly! featured)
Television
Mrs. Santa Claus (1996)
Awards and honors
2010 Kennedy Center Honoree
1999 Theatre World Special Award (An Evening with Jerry Herman)
1999 New York University Musical Theater Hall of Fame
1980 Doctor of Fine Arts, May 4, 1980, University of Miami
Grammy Awards
1966 Best Score From An Original Cast Show Album (Mame)
1964 Song of the Year (Hello, Dolly!)
Tony Awards
2009 Special Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre
1984 Best Original Score (La Cage aux Folles)
1964 Best Composer and Lyricist (Hello, Dolly!)
References
^ Trounson, Rebecca (December 27, 2019). "Jerry Herman, composer behind 'Hello, Dolly!' and 'La Cage aux Folles,' dies at 88". Los Angeles Times.
^ a b
Zak, Dan (December 2, 2010). "Broadway legend Jerry Herman, no stranger to a full house". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
^ a b c Weinraub, Bernard (July 26, 1998). "Theater; Celebrating His Music And Precious Life Itself". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
^ a b Kennedy, Mark (December 27, 2019). "'Mame,' 'Hello, Dolly!' composer Jerry Herman dies at 88". Associated Press. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
^ a b Citron, Stephen (2004). Jerry Herman: Poet of the Showtune. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 10–14, 23. ISBN 0-300-10082-5. LCCN 2003027632. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
^ Ten-Tronck, Rob (2005). Celebrity Locator 2006-2007. Axiom Information Resources. ISBN 9780943213798. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
^ "History of the Jerry Herman Ring Theatre". University of Miami. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
^
"Jerry Herman Biography". IMDb. Retrieved December 5, 2012. University of Miami (Bachelor of Arts) and the Parsons School of Design
^ "Jerry Herman recalls Eydie Gorme". Miami Herald. La vida local. August 14, 2013. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. ...Herman, 82, of Miami Beach...
^ "Herman, Jerry". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
^ a b McFadden, Robert D. (December 27, 2019). "Jerry Herman, Composer of 'Hello, Dolly!' and Other Hits, Dies at 88". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g Schudel, Matt (December 27, 2019). "Jerry Herman, composer of 'Hello, Dolly!' and other Broadway hits, dies at 88". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
^ Ewen, David. Popular American Composers from Revolutionary Times to the Present: A Biographical and Critical Guide, Volume 1, p. 51. Retrieved June 6, 2012. "Following his graduation from Henry Snyder High School in Jersey City, he enrolled at the Parsons School of Design in New York intending to become an interior decorator."
^ "Jerry Herman" kennedy-center.org. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ "University of Miami's Department of Theatre Arts to Honor Jerry Herman at 75th Anniversary Concert, 3/3" broadwayworld.com, February 14, 2014
^ Citron, Stephen, p. 27
^ "Beloved Broadway composer Jerry Herman remembered". U News. December 27, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
^ Citron, Stephen, p. 33
^ "Jerry Herman Biography" masterworksbroadway.com. Retrieved September 1, 2019
^ Citron, Stephen, p. 35
^ Citron, Stephen. pp.39-40
^ jerryherman.com, Parade information
^ Suskin, Steven."Oh! Captain and Jerry Herman's Parade" Archived January 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, playbill.com, November 3, 2002
^ " From A to Z Broadway" Playbill (vault). Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ " Milk and Honey Broadway" Playbill (vault). Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ a b Stephen Citron (October 1, 2008). Jerry Herman: Poet of the Showtune. Yale University Press. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-0-300-13324-0.
^ a b c d e f g h "BREAKING: Legendary Composer and Lyricist Jerry Herman Has Passed Away at 88". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
^ Mame musicals101.com. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ Mame tamswitmark.com. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ Klein, Alvin. "Theater. 'Mack and Mabel' With a New Finale" The New York Times, July 3, 1988
^ Evans, Everett (May 15, 2015). "Cult favorite 'Mack and Mabel' comes to Stages". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
^ "Dear World Will Preem at Goodspeed-at-Chester Fall 2000". Playbill. March 15, 2000. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
^ a b c d Richards, David (August 14, 1983). "Jerry Herman's Gilded 'Cage'". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
^ William A. Henry III. "Theater: Leading Ladies. Actresses reign over Broadway" Time (subscription required), December 30, 1985
^ Adams, Greg. "Hello, Dolly!" AllMusic. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ "Top Records of 1964" Billboard, January 2, 1965. p. 6. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ " "Hello, Dolly!" by Petula Clark" Discogs. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ "Record Charts - Petula Clark". petulaclark.net. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
^ "Eydie Gorme Grammy" National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ "Gloria Gaynor - I Am What I Am (Vinyl)" Discogs. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ Jerry Herman PBS. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ Rimalower, Ben. "Full Of Shine And Full Of Sparkle: Top Ten Jerry Herman Songs" Playbill, December 7, 2013
^ Scott, Kelly. "Jerry Herman" Los Angeles Times, July 6, 2010
^ "History of the Ring". miami.edu.
^ "Songwriters Hall of Fame, 1982". Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
^ "'Jerry's Girls' listing guidetomusicaltheatre.com. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ " 'Showtune' History", mtishows.com. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ Harvey, Dennis. "Review. Words and Music by Jerry Herman " Variety, October 23, 2007
^ Simon, John. Words and Music by Jerry Herman broadway.com, January 9, 2008
^ Chriss Willman (July 10, 2008). "WALL-E Meets Dolly!". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
^ Wong, Curtis M. (August 21, 2012). "Faith Prince, Jason Graae Dish On Their 54 Below Cabaret Gig, Broadway And Jerry Herman". HuffPost. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
^ "Jerry Herman" (fee, via Fairfax County Public Schools). Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol. 20. Detroit: Gale. 2000. Gale Document Number: GALE|K1631007519. Retrieved December 5, 2013. The financial success of Dolly allowed Herman to buy an old firehouse and renovate it. The magazine House Beautiful ran an article on it, and Herman's second career was born. During the 1970s, he turned to decorating houses and reselling them. Herman could have lived well just off the profits of his hits, but he found decorating to be therapeutic. Biography in Context. (subscription required)
^
"Jerry Herman Flips Out in West Hollywood". the REAL ESTALKER. February 8, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013. (blog)
^ Campbell, Mary. "Drug Lets Show Go On for Compose" Los Angeles Times, January 21, 1997
^ "Words and Music by Jerry Herman" PBS. Retrieved December 6, 2010
^ Jerry Herman (1996). Showtune: A Memoir. Donald I. Fine Books. ISBN 978-1-55611-502-8.
^ Trounson, Rebecca. "Jerry Herman, composer behind "Hello, Dolly!" and "La Cage aux Folles," dies at 88" Los Angeles Times, December 27, 2019
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Simonson, Robert (December 27, 2019). "Jerry Herman, Composer of Tuneful Broadway Hits, Dies at 88". Playbill. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
^ Citron, Stephen. Madame Aphrodite Jerry Herman: Poet of the Showtune, Yale University Press, 2008, ISBN 0300133243, p. 287
^ Madame Aphrodite lortel.org. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ Showtune lortel.org. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ Suskin, Steven. "On The Record: 'Into the Woods' with 'Miss Spectacular'" Playbill, July 28, 2002
^ "Jerry Herman Filmography" tcm.com. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ " Mrs. Santa Claus Overview" tcm.com. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ "Broadway Bigs, Choreographer Bill T. Jones and Composer Jerry Herman Awarded Kennedy Center Honors" Daily News (New York), December 6, 2010
^ Willis, John (July 1, 2002). Theatre World 1998-1999. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-55783-433-1.
^ "NYU to honor Broadway's Herman" Variety, November 8, 1999
^ "History and Honorary Degree Recipients | Commencement". University of Miami. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
^ "9th Annual Grammy Awards" National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ "7th Annual Grammy Awards" National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved June 26, 2018
^ "Jerry Herman, 2009 Special Tony Recipient, Takes a Moment to Reflect on a Lifetime" Playbill, August 30, 2011
^ a b "Winners". tonyawards.com. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
Further reading
Showtune: A Memoir by Jerry Herman (1996) (with Marilyn Stasio), Donald I. Fine Books, an imprint of Penguin Books
Citron, Stephen. Jerry Herman: Poet of the Showtune (2004), Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-10082-5
Jerry Herman Official Web Site.
University of Miami's Jerry Herman Ring Theatre Official Web Site
Jerry Herman at IMDb
Jerry Herman at the Internet Broadway Database
Jerry Herman at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Jerry Herman - Downstage Center audio interview at American Theatre Wing.
TonyAwards.com Interview with Jerry Herman
Jerry Herman podcast series by Sony BMG Masterworks
Jerry Herman Gathers His Girls for a Swinging Broadway Bash People Weekly, April 21, 1986
Ken Bloom collection of Jerry Herman memorabilia, 1955-2000, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jerry Herman.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Jerry Herman.
Archives at
LocationMusic Division, Library of CongressSourceJerry Herman collection, 1950-2003
How to use archival material
Official website
vteMusicals by Jerry Herman
Parade
From A to Z
Milk and Honey
Madame Aphrodite
Hello, Dolly!
Mame
Dear World
Mack and Mabel
The Grand Tour
La Cage aux Folles
Jerry's Girls
Mrs. Santa Claus
Showtune
An Evening with Jerry Herman
Miss Spectacular
Awards for Jerry Herman
vteDrama Desk Award for Outstanding Music1969–1975
Al Carmines / Burt Bacharach (1969)
Stephen Sondheim / Kurt Weill (1970)
Stephen Sondheim (1971)
Galt MacDermot (1972)
Stephen Sondheim (1973)
Al Carmines (1974)
Charlie Smalls (1975)
1976–2000
Marvin Hamlisch (1976)
Cy Coleman (1977)
Cy Coleman / Carol Hall (1978)
Stephen Sondheim (1979)
Andrew Lloyd Webber (1980)
Maury Yeston (1982)
Andrew Lloyd Webber (1983)
Jerry Herman (1984)
Larry Grossman (1985)
Rupert Holmes (1986)
Noel Gay / Claude-Michel Schönberg (1987)
Andrew Lloyd Webber (1988)
Cy Coleman (1990)
Cy Coleman (1991)
Erik Frandsen, Michael Garin, Paul Lockheart, and Robert Hipkins (1992)
Marvin Hamlisch (1993)
Stephen Sondheim (1994)
Jonathan Larson (1996)
Cy Coleman (1997)
Stephen Flaherty (1998)
Jason Robert Brown (1999)
Andrew Lippa (2000)
2001–present
David Yazbek (2001)
Jason Robert Brown (2002)
Marc Shaiman (2003)
Jeanine Tesori (2004)
Adam Guettel (2005)
Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison (2006)
Duncan Sheik (2007)
Stew and Heidi Rodewald (2008)
Elton John (2009)
David Bryan (2010)
Trey Parker, Robert Lopez, and Matt Stone (2011)
Alan Menken (2012)
David Byrne and Fatboy Slim (2013)
Jason Robert Brown (2014)
Lin-Manuel Miranda (2015)
Steve Martin and Edie Brickell (2016)
David Yazbek (2017)
David Friedman (2018)
David Yazbek (2019)
Dave Malloy (2020)
No Award (2021)
Toby Marlow and Lucy Moss (2022)
Brandy Clark and Shane McAnally (2023)
Shaina Taub (2024)
vteGrammy Award for Song of the Year1950s
"Nel blu, dipinto di blu (Volare)" – Domenico Modugno (songwriter) (1958)
"The Battle of New Orleans" – Jimmy Driftwood (songwriter) (1959)
1960s
"Theme of Exodus" – Ernest Gold (songwriter) (1960)
"Moon River" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1961)
"What Kind of Fool Am I?" – Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley (songwriters) (1962)
"Days of Wine and Roses" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1963)
"Hello, Dolly!" – Jerry Herman (songwriter) (1964)
"The Shadow of Your Smile" – Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel (songwriters) (1965)
"Michelle" – John Lennon & Paul McCartney (songwriters) (1966)
"Up, Up, and Away" – Jimmy Webb (songwriter) (1967)
"Little Green Apples" – Bobby Russell (songwriter) (1968)
"Games People Play" – Joe South (songwriter) (1969)
1970s
"Bridge over Troubled Water" – Paul Simon (songwriter) (1970)
"You've Got a Friend" – Carole King (songwriter) (1971)
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Ewan MacColl (songwriter) (1972)
"Killing Me Softly with His Song" – Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox (songwriters) (1973)
"The Way We Were" – Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch (songwriters) (1974)
"Send In the Clowns" – Stephen Sondheim (songwriter) (1975)
"I Write the Songs" – Bruce Johnston (songwriter) (1976)
"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" – Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams (songwriters) / "You Light Up My Life" – Joe Brooks (songwriter) (1977)
"Just the Way You Are" – Billy Joel (songwriter) (1978)
"What a Fool Believes" – Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald (songwriters) (1979)
1980s
"Sailing" – Christopher Cross (songwriter) (1980)
"Bette Davis Eyes" – Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon (songwriters) (1981)
"Always on My Mind" – Johnny Christopher, Mark James & Wayne Carson (songwriters) (1982)
"Every Breath You Take" – Sting (songwriter) (1983)
"What's Love Got to Do with It" – Graham Lyle & Terry Britten (songwriters) (1984)
"We Are the World" – Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie (songwriters) (1985)
"That's What Friends Are For" – Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager (songwriters) (1986)
"Somewhere Out There" – James Horner, Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil (songwriters) (1987)
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" – Bobby McFerrin (songwriter) (1988)
"Wind Beneath My Wings" – Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar (songwriters) (1989)
1990s
"From a Distance" – Julie Gold (songwriter) (1990)
"Unforgettable" – Irving Gordon (songwriter) (1991)
"Tears in Heaven" – Eric Clapton & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1992)
"A Whole New World" – Alan Menken & Tim Rice (songwriters) (1993)
"Streets of Philadelphia" – Bruce Springsteen (songwriter) (1994)
"Kiss from a Rose" – Seal (songwriter) (1995)
"Change the World" – Gordon Kennedy, Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims (songwriters) (1996)
"Sunny Came Home" – Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal (songwriters) (1997)
"My Heart Will Go On" – James Horner & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1998)
"Smooth" – Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas (songwriters) (1999)
2000s
"Beautiful Day" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2000)
"Fallin'" – Alicia Keys (songwriter) (2001)
"Don't Know Why" – Jesse Harris (songwriter) (2002)
"Dance with My Father" – Richard Marx & Luther Vandross (songwriters) (2003)
"Daughters" – John Mayer (songwriter) (2004)
"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2005)
"Not Ready to Make Nice" – Emily Burns Erwin, Martha Maguire, Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson (songwriters) (2006)
"Rehab" – Amy Winehouse (songwriter) (2007)
"Viva la Vida" – Guy Berryman, Jonathan Buckland, William Champion & Christopher Martin (songwriters) (2008)
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell, Beyoncé Knowles, Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart (songwriters) (2009)
2010s
"Need You Now" – Dave Haywood, Josh Kear, Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott (songwriters) (2010)
"Rolling in the Deep" – Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth (songwriters) (2011)
"We Are Young" – Jack Antonoff, Jeff Bhasker, Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess (songwriters) (2012)
"Royals" – Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor (songwriters) (2013)
"Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) – James Napier, William Phillips & Sam Smith (songwriters) (2014)
"Thinking Out Loud" – Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge (songwriters) (2015)
"Hello" – Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin (songwriters) (2016)
"That's What I Like" – Christopher Brody Brown, James Fauntleroy, Philip Lawrence, Bruno Mars, Ray Charles McCullough II, Jeremy Reeves, Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip (songwriters) (2017)
"This Is America" – Donald Glover, Ludwig Göransson & Jeffery Lamar Williams (songwriters) (2018)
"Bad Guy" – Billie Eilish O'Connell & Finneas O'Connell (songwriters) (2019)
2020s
"I Can't Breathe" – Dernst Emile II, H.E.R. & Tiara Thomas (songwriters) (2020)
"Leave the Door Open" – Brandon Anderson, Christopher Brody Brown, Dernst Emile II & Bruno Mars (songwriters) (2021)
"Just Like That" – Bonnie Raitt (songwriter) (2022)
"What Was I Made For?" – Billie Eilish O'Connell & Finneas O'Connell (songwriters) (2023)
vteKennedy Center Honorees (2010s)2010
Merle Haggard
Jerry Herman
Bill T. Jones
Paul McCartney
Oprah Winfrey
2011
Barbara Cook
Neil Diamond
Yo-Yo Ma
Sonny Rollins
Meryl Streep
2012
Buddy Guy
Dustin Hoffman
David Letterman
Led Zeppelin
Natalia Makarova
2013
Martina Arroyo
Herbie Hancock
Billy Joel
Shirley MacLaine
Carlos Santana
2014
Al Green
Tom Hanks
Patricia McBride
Sting
Lily Tomlin
2015
Carole King
George Lucas
Rita Moreno
Seiji Ozawa
Cicely Tyson
2016
Martha Argerich
Eagles
Al Pacino
Mavis Staples
James Taylor
2017
Carmen de Lavallade
Gloria Estefan
LL Cool J
Norman Lear
Lionel Richie
2018
Cher
Philip Glass
Reba McEntire
Wayne Shorter
Hamilton (Lin-Manuel Miranda, Thomas Kail, Alex Lacamoire, and Andy Blankenbuehler)
2019
Earth, Wind & Fire
Sally Field
Linda Ronstadt
Sesame Street
Michael Tilson Thomas
Complete list
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
vteSpecial Tony Award1947–1975
Dora Chamberlain / Ira and Rita Katzenberg / Jules Leventhal / Burns Mantle / P. A. MacDonald / Vincent Sardi Sr. (1947)
Vera Allen / Paul Beisman / Joe E. Brown / Cast of The Importance of Being Earnest / Robert W. Dowling / Experimental Theatre Inc. / Rosalind Gilder / June Lockhart / Mary Martin / George Pierce / James Whitmore (1948)
No award (1949)
Maurice Evans / Philip Faversham / Brock Pemberton (1950)
Ruth Green (1951)
Charles Boyer / Judy Garland / Edward Kook (1952)
Danny Kaye / Beatrice Lillie (1953)
No award (1954)
Proscenium Productions (1955)
Fourth Street Chekov Theatre / City Center / The New York Public Library Theatre Collection / The Shakespearewrights / The Threepenny Opera (1956)
American Shakespeare Festival / Jean-Louis Barrault / Robert Russell Bennett / William Hammerstein / Joseph Harbuck / Paul Shyre (1957)
Mrs. Martin Beck / New York Shakespeare Festival (1958)
Russel Crouse and Howard Lindsay / John Gielgud / Cast of La Plume de Ma Tante (1959)
Burgess Meredith and James Thurber / John D. Rockefeller III (1960)
David Merrick / The Theatre Guild (1961)
Brooks Atkinson / Richard Rodgers / Franco Zeffirelli (1962)
Alan Bennett, Peter Cook, Jonathan Miller and Dudley Moore / Irving Berlin / W. McNeil Lowry (1963)
Eva Le Gallienne (1964)
Gilbert Miller / Oliver Smith (1965)
Helen Menken (1966)
No award (1967)
APA-Phoenix Theatre / Pearl Bailey / Carol Channing / Maurice Chevalier / Marlene Dietrich / Audrey Hepburn / David Merrick (1968)
Leonard Bernstein / Carol Burnett / Rex Harrison / The National Theatre Company of Great Britain / The Negro Ensemble Company (1969)
Noël Coward / Lynn Fontanne and Alfred Lunt / New York Shakespeare Festival / Barbra Streisand (1970)
Ingram Ash / Elliot Norton / Playbill / Roger L. Stevens (1971)
Fiddler on the Roof / Ethel Merman / Richard Rodgers / The Theatre Guild-American Theatre Society (1972)
The Actors Fund of America / John Lindsay / Shubert Organization (1973)
Actors' Equity Association / A Moon for the Misbegotten / Candide / Peter Cook and Dudley Moore / Harold Friedlander / Bette Midler / Liza Minnelli / Theatre Development Fund / John F. Wharton (1974)
Al Hirschfeld (1975)
1976–2000
George Abbott / Richard Burton / Circle in the Square Theatre / Thomas H. Fitzgerald / Mathilde Pincus (1976)
Cheryl Crawford / Equity Liberty Theatre / Barry Manilow / National Theatre of the Deaf / Diana Ross / Lily Tomlin (1977)
Irving Berlin / Stan Dragoti and Charles Moss (1978)
Walter F. Diehl / Eugene O'Neill Memorial Theater Center / Henry Fonda / Richard Rodgers (1979)
Richard Fitzgerald / Helen Hayes / Mary Tyler Moore / Hobe Morrison (1980)
Lena Horne (1981)
Radio City Music Hall / The Actors Fund of America / Warner Communications (1982)
No award (1983)
A Chorus Line / Peter Feller / La Tragedie de Carmen (1984)
Yul Brynner / New York State Council on the Arts (1985)
No award (1986)
George Abbott / Jackie Mason (1987)
Brooklyn Academy of Music (1988)
No award (1989)
No award (1990–1992)
Oklahoma! (1993)
Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy (1994)
Carol Channing / National Endowment for the Arts / Harvey Sabinson (1995)
No award (1996)
Bernard B. Jacobs (1997)
Edward E. Colton / Ben Edwards (1998)
Uta Hagen / Arthur Miller / Isabelle Stevenson (1999)
Dame Edna: The Royal Tour / T. Edward Hambleton (2000)
2001–present
Paul Gemignani (2001)
Julie Harris / Robert Whitehead (2002)
Cy Feuer / Russell Simmons' Def Poetry Jam on Broadway (2003)
James M. Nederlander (2004)
Edward Albee (2005)
Sarah Jones / Harold Prince (2006)
No award (2007)
Robert Russell Bennett / Stephen Sondheim (2008)
Jerry Herman (2009)
Alan Ayckbourn / Marian Seldes (2010)
Athol Fugard / Philip J. Smith (2011)
Actors' Equity Association / Hugh Jackman (2012)
Bernard Gersten / Ming Cho Lee / Paul Libin (2013)
Jane Greenwood (2014)
John Cameron Mitchell / Tommy Tune (2015)
Sheldon Harnick / Marshall W. Mason / National Endowment for the Arts / Miles Wilkin (2016)
James Earl Jones (2017)
John Leguizamo / Andrew Lloyd Webber / Chita Rivera / Bruce Springsteen (2018)
Rosemary Harris / Marin Mazzie / Terrence McNally / Sonny Tilders and Creature Technology Company / Jason Michael Webb / Harold Wheeler (2019)
The Broadway Advocacy Coalition / David Byrne's American Utopia / Freestyle Love Supreme / Graciela Daniele (2020/21)
Angela Lansbury / James C. Nicola (2022)
Joel Grey / John Kander (2023)
Alex Edelman / Abe Jacob / Nikiya Mathis / Jack O'Brien / George C. Wolfe (2024)
vteTony Award for Best Original Score1947–1975
Street Scene by Kurt Weill (1947)
Kiss Me, Kate by Cole Porter (1949)
South Pacific by Richard Rodgers (1950)
Call Me Madam by Irving Berlin (1951)
No Strings by Richard Rodgers (1962)
Oliver! by Lionel Bart (1963)
Hello, Dolly! by Jerry Herman (1964)
Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick (1965)
Man of La Mancha by Mitch Leigh and Joe Darion (1966)
Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb (1967)
Hallelujah, Baby! by Jule Styne, Betty Comden, and Adolph Green (1968)
Company by Stephen Sondheim (1971)
Follies by Stephen Sondheim (1972)
A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim (1973)
Gigi by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner (1974)
The Wiz by Charlie Smalls (1975)
1976–2000
A Chorus Line by Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban (1976)
Annie by Charles Strouse and Martin Charnin (1977)
On the Twentieth Century by Cy Coleman, Betty Comden, and Adolph Green (1978)
Sweeney Todd by Stephen Sondheim (1979)
Evita by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice (1980)
Woman of the Year by John Kander and Fred Ebb (1981)
Nine by Maury Yeston (1982)
Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber and T. S. Eliot (1983)
La Cage aux Folles by Jerry Herman (1984)
Big River by Roger Miller (1985)
The Mystery of Edwin Drood by Rupert Holmes (1986)
Les Misérables by Claude-Michel Schönberg, Herbert Kretzmer, and Alain Boublil (1987)
Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim (1988)
No Award (1989)
City of Angels by Cy Coleman and David Zippel (1990)
The Will Rogers Follies by Cy Coleman, Betty Comden, and Adolph Green (1991)
Falsettos by William Finn (1992)
Kiss of the Spider Woman by John Kander and Fred Ebb / The Who's Tommy by Pete Townshend (1993)
Passion by Stephen Sondheim (1994)
Sunset Boulevard by Andrew Lloyd Webber, Don Black, and Christopher Hampton (1995)
Rent by Jonathan Larson (1996)
Titanic by Maury Yeston (1997)
Ragtime by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens (1998)
Parade by Jason Robert Brown (1999)
Aida by Elton John and Tim Rice (2000)
2001–present
The Producers by Mel Brooks (2001)
Urinetown by Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis (2002)
Hairspray by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman (2003)
Avenue Q by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx (2004)
The Light in the Piazza by Adam Guettel (2005)
The Drowsy Chaperone by Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison (2006)
Spring Awakening by Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater (2007)
In the Heights by Lin-Manuel Miranda (2008)
Next to Normal by Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey (2009)
Memphis by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro (2010)
The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker, Robert Lopez and Matt Stone (2011)
Newsies by Alan Menken and Jack Feldman (2012)
Kinky Boots by Cyndi Lauper (2013)
The Bridges of Madison County by Jason Robert Brown (2014)
Fun Home by Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Kron (2015)
Hamilton by Lin-Manuel Miranda (2016)
Dear Evan Hansen by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2017)
The Band's Visit by David Yazbek (2018)
Hadestown by Anaïs Mitchell (2019)
A Christmas Carol by Christopher Nightingale (2020/21)
Six by Toby Marlow and Lucy Moss (2022)
Kimberly Akimbo by Jeanine Tesori and David Lindsay-Abaire (2023)
Suffs by Shaina Taub (2024)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Italy
Israel
Finland
United States
Latvia
Czech Republic
Australia
Croatia
Netherlands
Poland
Academics
CiNii
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MusicBrainz
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RISM
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hello, Dolly!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(musical)"},{"link_name":"the hit title song for Louis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(song)"},{"link_name":"Mame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mame_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Angela Lansbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Lansbury"},{"link_name":"La Cage aux Folles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Center Honors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors"}],"text":"Gerald Sheldon Herman (July 10, 1931 – December 26, 2019) was an American composer and lyricist, known for his work in Broadway theatre.One of the most commercially successful Broadway songwriters of his time, Herman was the composer and lyricist for a number of hit musicals, starting in the 1960s, that were characterized by an upbeat and optimistic outlook and what Herman called \"the simple, hummable showtune\". His shows include Hello, Dolly! (1964), at one time the longest-running musical in Broadway history, which also produced the hit title song for Louis Armstrong; Mame (1966), a vehicle for Angela Lansbury; and La Cage aux Folles (1984), the first hit Broadway musical about a gay couple.In 2009, Herman received the Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre. He was a recipient of the 2010 Kennedy Center Honors.","title":"Jerry Herman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Jersey City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glbtq-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-11"},{"link_name":"Broadway musicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_musicals"},{"link_name":"Catskill Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskill_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"Pine Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Plains_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Taconic Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taconic_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma!"},{"link_name":"Finian's Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finian%27s_Rainbow"},{"link_name":"A Tree Grows in Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tree_Grows_in_Brooklyn_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Citron_2004-5"},{"link_name":"Henry Snyder High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Snyder_High_School"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Frank Loesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Loesser"},{"link_name":"Parsons School of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design"},{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"avant garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant_garde"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Zeta Beta Tau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Beta_Tau"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNews-17"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"Herman was born in Manhattan and raised in Jersey City, New Jersey, the only child of musically inclined, middle-class Jewish parents.[10][11] He learned to play piano at an early age, and he frequently attended Broadway musicals.Herman's father Harry was a gym teacher and in the summer worked in the Catskill Mountains hotels. His mother Ruth (née Sachs) also worked in the hotels as a singer,[12] pianist, and children's teacher, and eventually became an English teacher. Herman told People Magazine in 1986 that his mother, who died in 1954, long before his success on Broadway, \"was glamorous like Mame and witty like Dolly.\"[12]After marrying, his parents lived in Jersey City and continued to work in the summers in various camps until they became head counselors and finally ran Stissing Lake Camp in the small town of Pine Plains, New York, in the Taconic Mountains. Herman spent all of his summers there, from age 6 to 23. It was at camp that he first became involved in theatrical productions, as director of Oklahoma!, Finian's Rainbow and A Tree Grows in Brooklyn.[5] Herman graduated from Jersey City's Henry Snyder High School.[13]At age 17, Herman was introduced to Frank Loesser who, after hearing material he had written, urged him to continue composing. He left the Parsons School of Design to attend the University of Miami,[14] which has one of the nation's most avant garde theater departments.[citation needed] While an undergraduate student at the University of Miami, Herman produced, wrote and directed a college musical called Sketchbook. It was scheduled to run for three performances, but the show was so popular it ran for an additional 17 performances.[15]\nHerman belonged to the Zeta Beta Tau fraternity.[16]Herman graduated from the University of Miami in 1953 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in drama and received a Doctor of Fine Arts degree in 1980.[17][clarification needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"Off-Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway"},{"link_name":"revue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue"},{"link_name":"Theatre de Lys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_de_Lys"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Newman"},{"link_name":"Charles Nelson Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Nelson_Reilly"},{"link_name":"Hello, Dolly!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Off-Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway"},{"link_name":"Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_(revue)"},{"link_name":"Charles Nelson Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Nelson_Reilly"},{"link_name":"Dody Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dody_Goodman"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Following his graduation from the University of Miami in 1953, Herman moved to New York City, where he produced the Off-Broadway revue I Feel Wonderful, which was made up of material he had written at the university. It opened at the Theatre de Lys in Greenwich Village on October 18, 1954, and ran for 48 performances.[18] It was his only show his mother saw; she died of cancer at the age of forty-four in December 1954.[19] Herman said \"I went into serious grieving.\"[20]In 1957, Herman approached the owner of a West Fourth Street jazz club called the Showplace and asked to put on a revue. As well as supplying the music, Herman wrote the book and directed the one-hour revue, called Nightcap. He asked his friend, Phyllis Newman, to do movement and dance and it featured Charles Nelson Reilly (who later co-starred in Hello, Dolly!). The show opened in May 1958 and ran for two years.[21]Herman next collected enough original material to put together an Off-Broadway revue called Parade in 1960. Herman directed with choreography by Richard Tone. The cast included Charles Nelson Reilly and Dody Goodman. It first opened at the Showplace and, expanded, moved to the Players Theatre in January 1960.[22][23]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"From A to Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_A_to_Z"},{"link_name":"Woody Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen"},{"link_name":"Fred Ebb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Ebb"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"\"Parade\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_(revue)"},{"link_name":"Milk and Honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_and_Honey_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Robert Weede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Weede"},{"link_name":"Mimi Benzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimi_Benzell"},{"link_name":"Molly Picon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Picon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Tad Mosel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad_Mosel"},{"link_name":"musical of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Aphrodite_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Nancy Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Andrews_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Orpheum Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheum_Theatre_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Citron2008-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Citron2008-26"}],"text":"In 1960, Herman made his Broadway debut with the revue From A to Z, which featured contributions from newcomers Woody Allen and Fred Ebb as well.[24] That same year producer Gerard Oestreicher approached him after seeing a performance of \"Parade\", and asked if he would be interested in composing the score for a show about the founding of the state of Israel. The result was his first full-fledged Broadway musical, Milk and Honey in 1961. The show, about American tourists in Israel, starred Robert Weede, Mimi Benzell and Molly Picon. It received respectable reviews, was nominated for a Tony award, and ran for 543 performances.[12][25]Herman met playwright Tad Mosel in 1960 and they collaborated on an Off-Broadway musical adaptation of Mosel's 1953 television play, Madame Aphrodite. The musical of the same name, which starred Nancy Andrews in the title role, opened at the Orpheum Theatre in December 1961 but closed after 13 performances.[26] The show has never been performed since. The failure of the musical hurt Herman, who felt that the direction and casting had not worked, but described his decision to make it as a \"very brave thing for me to do...It was a dark piece, something more suited to early Sondheim than me\".[26]","title":"Broadway career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Merrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Merrick"},{"link_name":"Carol Channing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Channing"},{"link_name":"librettist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librettist"},{"link_name":"Michael Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stewart_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Hello, Dolly!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"Funny Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_Girl_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Tony Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Awards"},{"link_name":"The Producers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Producers_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"}],"sub_title":"Hello, Dolly!","text":"In 1964, producer David Merrick united Herman with musical actress Carol Channing and librettist Michael Stewart for a project that was to become one of his more successful, Hello, Dolly!.[12] The original production ran for 2,844 performances, the longest running musical for its time, and was later revived three times.[27] Although facing stiff competition from Funny Girl, Hello, Dolly! swept the Tony Awards that season, winning 10, a record that remained unbroken for 37 years, until The Producers won 12 Tonys in 2001.[27]","title":"Broadway career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mame_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Angela Lansbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Lansbury"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Mame","text":"In 1966, Herman's next musical was the hit Mame starring Angela Lansbury, which introduced a string of Herman standards, most notably the ballad \"If He Walked Into My Life\", the holiday favorite \"We Need a Little Christmas\", and the title tune.[28][29]","title":"Broadway career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dear World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_World"},{"link_name":"Angela Lansbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Lansbury"},{"link_name":"Mack & Mabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_%26_Mabel"},{"link_name":"Robert Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Preston_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Bernadette Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadette_Peters"},{"link_name":"The Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Tour_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Joel Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Grey"},{"link_name":"Michael Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stewart_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"La Cage aux Folles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"1969–1980","text":"Although not commercial successes, Dear World (1969) starring Angela Lansbury, Mack & Mabel (1974) starring Robert Preston and Bernadette Peters, and The Grand Tour (1979) starring Joel Grey are noted for their interesting concepts and their melodic, memorable scores. Herman considers Mack & Mabel, also written in collaboration with Michael Stewart, his personal favorite score[30] with later composition La Cage aux Folles in a close second. Both Dear World and Mack & Mabel have developed a cult following among Broadway aficionados.[31][32]","title":"Broadway career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Cage aux Folles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles_(musical)"},{"link_name":"George Hearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hearn"},{"link_name":"Gene Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Barry"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-33"},{"link_name":"Katherine Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Cornell"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-33"},{"link_name":"Palace Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-33"},{"link_name":"Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Revival_of_a_Musical"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"}],"sub_title":"La Cage aux Folles","text":"In 1983, Herman had his third hit with La Cage aux Folles starring George Hearn and Gene Barry, a show that was notable for being one of the first hit Broadway musicals centered around a gay couple. The musical was tried out in Boston, where Herman worried:[33]A man singing a love song to another man--I don't think that's ever been done in a Broadway musical before. And, I mean, this was Boston, Katherine Cornell country. Frankly, I didn't know whether or not they'd throw stones. The audience gave it an ovation. That's when I started to think, 'We've done something right. They've bought the characters.' \"— Jerry HermanTicket sales were strong for its Boston tryout; a two-week extension required the box office to remain open for 36 hours straight to handle the demand.[33] Advance sales for its Broadway debut at the Palace Theatre were described as \"something approximating outright pandemonium.\"[33] La Cage aux Folles won the Tony Award for Best Musical (1983), later became the only musical to win the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical twice (2005 and 2010).[27]","title":"Broadway career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"revue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue"},{"link_name":"Jerry's Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%27s_Girls"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Loudon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Loudon"},{"link_name":"Leslie Uggams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Uggams"},{"link_name":"Chita Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chita_Rivera"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Jerry's Girls","text":"A revue of Herman's work ran on Broadway from December 1985 to April 1986: Jerry's Girls featured Dorothy Loudon, Leslie Uggams, and Chita Rivera.[34]","title":"Broadway career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"show tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_tune"},{"link_name":"Hello, Dolly!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(song)"},{"link_name":"Louis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"I Want to Hold Your Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Want_to_Hold_Your_Hand"},{"link_name":"She Loves You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Loves_You"},{"link_name":"Can't Buy Me Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Buy_Me_Love"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Petula Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petula_Clark"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Mame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mame_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Eydie Gormé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eydie_Gorm%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Female","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Vocal_Performance,_Female"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"I Am What I Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_What_I_Am_(Broadway_musical_song)"},{"link_name":"La Cage aux Folles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Gloria Gaynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Gaynor"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Milk and Honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_and_Honey_(musical)"},{"link_name":"We Need a Little Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Need_a_Little_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Mack & Mabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_%26_Mabel"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"I Am What I Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_What_I_Am_(Broadway_musical_song)"},{"link_name":"gay pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_pride"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-33"}],"text":"Many of Herman's show tunes have become pop standards. \"Hello, Dolly!\" was a No. 1 hit in the United States for Louis Armstrong, knocking The Beatles from No. 1 in 1964 after a 14-week run at the top (\"I Want to Hold Your Hand\", \"She Loves You\", and \"Can't Buy Me Love.\").[35][36] A French recording by Petula Clark[37] charted in the Top Ten in both Canada and France.[38]\"If He Walked into My Life\" from Mame was recorded by Eydie Gormé, winning her a Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Female in 1967.[39] \"I Am What I Am\" from La Cage aux Folles was recorded by Gloria Gaynor.[40]Other well known Herman showtunes include \"Shalom\" from Milk and Honey; \"Before the Parade Passes By\", \"Put On Your Sunday Clothes\", and \"It Only Takes a Moment\" from Hello, Dolly!; \"It's Today!\", \"Open a New Window\", \"We Need a Little Christmas,\" and \"Bosom Buddies\" from Mame; and \"Tap Your Troubles Away\", \"I Won't Send Roses\" and \"Time Heals Everything\" from Mack & Mabel.[41][42] His \"I Am What I Am,\" written for La Cage aux Folles, became a gay pride anthem.[12][33]","title":"Songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"Hello, Dolly!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Mame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mame_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Dear World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_World"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"Stephen Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Hello, Dolly!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Mame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mame_(musical)"},{"link_name":"La Cage aux Folles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Jerry Herman Ring Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Herman_Ring_Theatre"},{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Songwriters Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Jerry's Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%27s_Girls"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Showtune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtune_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Paul Gilger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gilger"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"animated film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_film"},{"link_name":"WALL-E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WALL-E"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Natalie Gaupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Gaupp"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"Jason Graae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Graae"},{"link_name":"Faith Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Prince"},{"link_name":"The Prince and the Showboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Prince_and_the_Showboy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Center Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honor"},{"link_name":"Angela Lansbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Lansbury"},{"link_name":"Carol Channing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Channing"},{"link_name":"Matthew Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Christine Baranski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Baranski"},{"link_name":"Christine Ebersole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Ebersole"},{"link_name":"Laura Benanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Benanti"},{"link_name":"Sutton Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Foster"},{"link_name":"Matthew Bomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Bomer"},{"link_name":"Kelli O' Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelli_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"Chita Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chita_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Oprah Winfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey"},{"link_name":"Bill T. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_T._Jones"},{"link_name":"Merle Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Haggard"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"}],"text":"According to The Washington Post, Herman's 1983 La Cage aux Folles, which centered on a gay couple whose son is about to marry the daughter of a conservative family, \"arrived during the height of the AIDS epidemic and helped put gay life into the cultural mainstream at a time when many gay men were being stigmatized.\"[12]Herman is the only composer/lyricist to have had three original productions open on Broadway at the same time, from February to May 1969: Hello, Dolly!, Mame , and Dear World.[27] He was the first (of two) composers/lyricists to have three musicals run more than 1500 consecutive performances on Broadway (the other being Stephen Schwartz): Hello, Dolly! (2,844 performances), Mame (1,508), and La Cage aux Folles (1,761).[27] Herman is honored by a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at the 7000 block of Hollywood Boulevard.[43]The Jerry Herman Ring Theatre, the campus theater at the University of Miami, his alma mater, is named in his honor.[44] He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1982.[45]Herman's work has been the subject of two popular musical revues, Jerry's Girls conceived by Larry Alford,[46] and Showtune (2003) conceived by Paul Gilger.[47]A 90-minute documentary about his life and career, Words and Music by Jerry Herman, by filmmaker Amber Edwards, was screened in 2007 and then broadcast on PBS.[48]\n[49] In the 2008 animated film WALL-E, Herman's music from Hello, Dolly! is a theme for the character WALL-E.[50]In 1989, American-playwright Natalie Gaupp wrote a short play titled The Jerry Herman Center.[27] The play is a comedy which portrays the lives of several patients in \"The Jerry Herman Center for Musical Theatre Addiction.\"[27] In 2012, Jason Graae and Faith Prince collaborated on The Prince and the Showboy, a show which pays tribute to Herman; Graae worked extensively with Herman and described him as \"a survivor of the highest degree [who] lives his life as an eternal optimist.\"[51]In 2010, he received a Kennedy Center Honor. Introduced by Angela Lansbury, there were performances by Carol Channing, Matthew Morrison, Christine Baranski and Christine Ebersole, Laura Benanti, Sutton Foster, Matthew Bomer and Kelli O' Hara, 2002 Kennedy Center Honoree Chita Rivera, an unknown choir that included the Gay Mens Chorus of Washington, and Lansbury. Also honored were talk show host/actress Oprah Winfrey, dancer/choreographer Bill T. Jones, country singer-songwriter Merle Haggard, and singer-songwriter/musician Paul McCartney.","title":"Impact and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Architectural Digest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_Digest"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"West Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zak_2010-2"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apobit-4"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herman1996-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-11"}],"text":"Having a flair for decorating in the 1970s, Herman took a break from composition after the failure of Mack and Mabel. Architectural Digest wrote about the firehouse he renovated and he also redecorated other houses and sold them. According to The Washington Post, Herman decorated three dozen homes.[12] Herman reportedly listed his 4,088-square-foot (379.8 m2) West Hollywood condominium apartment for sale early in 2013.[2][52][53]Herman was openly gay, and at the time of his death was partnered with Terry Marler, a real estate broker.[4]Herman was diagnosed HIV-positive in 1985.[54] As noted in the Words and Music PBS documentary, \"He is one of the fortunate ones who survived to see experimental drug therapies take hold and was still, as one of his lyrics proclaims, 'alive and well and thriving' over a quarter of a century later.\"[55]Herman's memoir, Showtune, was published in 1996.[56]He died at a hospital in Miami on December 26, 2019, at age 88.[57][11]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"Madame Aphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Aphrodite_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Showtune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtune_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"From A to Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_A_to_Z"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"Milk and Honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_and_Honey_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"Hello, Dolly!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"Ben Franklin in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Franklin_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"Mame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mame_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"Dear World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_World"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"Mack & Mabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_%26_Mabel"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"The Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Tour_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Day_in_Hollywood/A_Night_in_the_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"La Cage aux Folles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"Jerry's Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%27s_Girls"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"An Evening with Jerry Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Evening_with_Jerry_Herman"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"Miss Spectacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Spectacular"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Theater","text":"Off-BroadwayI Feel Wonderful (1954)[58]\nNightcap (1958)[58]\nParade (1960)[58]\nMadame Aphrodite (1961)[59][60]\nShowtune (2003)[61]Broadway musicalsFrom A to Z (1960)[27]\nMilk and Honey (1961)[58]\nHello, Dolly! (1964)[58]\nBen Franklin in Paris (additional music) (1964)\nMame (1966)[58]\nDear World (1969)[58]\nMack & Mabel (1974)[58]\nThe Grand Tour (1979)[58]\nA Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine (additional songs) (1980)[58]\nLa Cage aux Folles (1983)[58]\nJerry's Girls (1985)[58]\nAn Evening with Jerry Herman (1998)[58]Other stageMiss Spectacular (2003) recorded but unproduced[62]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Hello, Dolly!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weinraubNYT26jul1998-3"},{"link_name":"Mame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mame_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weinraubNYT26jul1998-3"},{"link_name":"Barney's Great Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney%27s_Great_Adventure"},{"link_name":"WALL-E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WALL-E"},{"link_name":"Hello, Dolly!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Dolly!_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"Source: TCM[63]Hello, Dolly! (1969)[3]\nMame (1974)[3]\nBarney's Great Adventure (title song) (1998)\nWALL-E (excerpts of Hello, Dolly! featured)","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mrs. Santa Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Santa_Claus"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Mrs. Santa Claus (1996)[64]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kennedy Center Honoree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"2010 Kennedy Center Honoree[65]\n1999 Theatre World Special Award (An Evening with Jerry Herman)[66]\n1999 New York University Musical Theater Hall of Fame[67]\n1980 Doctor of Fine Arts, May 4, 1980, University of Miami[68]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Grammy Awards","text":"1966 Best Score From An Original Cast Show Album (Mame)[69]\n1964 Song of the Year (Hello, Dolly!)[70]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winners-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winners-72"}],"sub_title":"Tony Awards","text":"2009 Special Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre[71]\n1984 Best Original Score (La Cage aux Folles)[72]\n1964 Best Composer and Lyricist (Hello, Dolly!)[72]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-300-10082-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10082-5"},{"link_name":"Jerry Herman Official Web Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jerryherman.com"},{"link_name":"University of Miami's Jerry Herman Ring Theatre Official Web Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ring-theatre.as.miami.edu/index.html"},{"link_name":"Jerry Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/name/nm0379154/"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/6278"},{"link_name":"Internet Broadway Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363692#P1220"},{"link_name":"Jerry Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iobdb.com/CreditableEntity/6903"},{"link_name":"Internet Off-Broadway Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Off-Broadway_Database"},{"link_name":"Jerry Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//soundcloud.com/american-theatre-wing/episode-28"},{"link_name":"TonyAwards.com Interview with Jerry Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070423055643/http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/interactive/video/index.html#c#h"},{"link_name":"Jerry Herman podcast series by Sony BMG Masterworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081014113414/http://podcasts.sonybmgmasterworks.com/category/masterworks-broadway-podcast-theatre/jerry-herman-masterworks-broadway-podcast-theatre/"},{"link_name":"Jerry Herman Gathers His Girls for a Swinging Broadway Bash People Weekly, April 21, 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//people.com/archive/jerry-herman-gathers-his-girls-for-a-swinging-broadway-bash-vol-25-no-16/"},{"link_name":"Ken Bloom collection of Jerry Herman memorabilia, 1955-2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.nypl.org/the/18890"},{"link_name":"New York Public Library for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts"}],"text":"Showtune: A Memoir by Jerry Herman (1996) (with Marilyn Stasio), Donald I. Fine Books, an imprint of Penguin Books\nCitron, Stephen. Jerry Herman: Poet of the Showtune (2004), Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-10082-5Jerry Herman Official Web Site.\nUniversity of Miami's Jerry Herman Ring Theatre Official Web Site\nJerry Herman at IMDb\nJerry Herman at the Internet Broadway Database \nJerry Herman at the Internet Off-Broadway Database\nJerry Herman - Downstage Center audio interview at American Theatre Wing.\nTonyAwards.com Interview with Jerry Herman\nJerry Herman podcast series by Sony BMG Masterworks\nJerry Herman Gathers His Girls for a Swinging Broadway Bash People Weekly, April 21, 1986\nKen Bloom collection of Jerry Herman memorabilia, 1955-2000, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Trounson, Rebecca (December 27, 2019). \"Jerry Herman, composer behind 'Hello, Dolly!' and 'La Cage aux Folles,' dies at 88\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2019-12-27/jerry-herman-dead","url_text":"\"Jerry Herman, composer behind 'Hello, Dolly!' and 'La Cage aux Folles,' dies at 88\""}]},{"reference":"Zak, Dan (December 2, 2010). \"Broadway legend Jerry Herman, no stranger to a full house\". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/02/AR2010120200168.html","url_text":"\"Broadway legend Jerry Herman, no stranger to a full house\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Weinraub, Bernard (July 26, 1998). \"Theater; Celebrating His Music And Precious Life Itself\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/26/theater/theater-celebrating-his-music-and-precious-life-itself.html","url_text":"\"Theater; Celebrating His Music And Precious Life Itself\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Mark (December 27, 2019). \"'Mame,' 'Hello, Dolly!' composer Jerry Herman dies at 88\". Associated Press. Retrieved December 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/b31590797774bc3133efa5ebd4226244","url_text":"\"'Mame,' 'Hello, Dolly!' composer Jerry Herman dies at 88\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Citron, Stephen (2004). Jerry Herman: Poet of the Showtune. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 10–14, 23. ISBN 0-300-10082-5. LCCN 2003027632. Retrieved December 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fFz5QgJsjL4C&q=gerald+freedman+1927&pg=PA221","url_text":"Jerry Herman: Poet of the Showtune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven","url_text":"New Haven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10082-5","url_text":"0-300-10082-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2003027632","url_text":"2003027632"}]},{"reference":"Ten-Tronck, Rob (2005). Celebrity Locator 2006-2007. Axiom Information Resources. ISBN 9780943213798. Retrieved December 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NDT11q5kOj8C&pg=PA135","url_text":"Celebrity Locator 2006-2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780943213798","url_text":"9780943213798"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Jerry Herman Ring Theatre\". University of Miami. Retrieved December 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.as.miami.edu/theatrearts/ring-history.html","url_text":"\"History of the Jerry Herman Ring Theatre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami","url_text":"University of Miami"}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Herman Biography\". IMDb. Retrieved December 5, 2012. University of Miami (Bachelor of Arts) and the Parsons School of Design","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0379154/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm","url_text":"\"Jerry Herman Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Herman recalls Eydie Gorme\". Miami Herald. La vida local. August 14, 2013. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. ...Herman, 82, of Miami Beach...","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211040153/http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/08/14/3560103/jerry-herman-recalls-eydie-gorme.html","url_text":"\"Jerry Herman recalls Eydie Gorme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald","url_text":"Miami Herald"},{"url":"http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/08/14/3560103/jerry-herman-recalls-eydie-gorme.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Herman, Jerry\". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved September 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061208112400/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/herman_j.html","url_text":"\"Herman, Jerry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glbtq.com","url_text":"glbtq.com"},{"url":"http://www.glbtq.com/arts/herman_j.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McFadden, Robert D. (December 27, 2019). \"Jerry Herman, Composer of 'Hello, Dolly!' and Other Hits, Dies at 88\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._McFadden","url_text":"McFadden, Robert D."},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/27/theater/jerry-herman-dead.html","url_text":"\"Jerry Herman, Composer of 'Hello, Dolly!' and Other Hits, Dies at 88\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Schudel, Matt (December 27, 2019). \"Jerry Herman, composer of 'Hello, Dolly!' and other Broadway hits, dies at 88\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191227205003/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/jerry-herman-composer-of-hello-dolly-and-other-broadway-hits-dies-at-88/2019/12/27/4c7f993a-28ba-11ea-9c21-2c2a4d2c2166_story.html","url_text":"\"Jerry Herman, composer of 'Hello, Dolly!' and other Broadway hits, dies at 88\""},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/jerry-herman-composer-of-hello-dolly-and-other-broadway-hits-dies-at-88/2019/12/27/4c7f993a-28ba-11ea-9c21-2c2a4d2c2166_story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Beloved Broadway composer Jerry Herman remembered\". U News. December 27, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.miami.edu/stories/2019/12/beloved-broadway-composer-jerry-herman-remembered.html","url_text":"\"Beloved Broadway composer Jerry Herman remembered\""}]},{"reference":"Stephen Citron (October 1, 2008). Jerry Herman: Poet of the Showtune. Yale University Press. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-0-300-13324-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fFz5QgJsjL4C&pg=PA69","url_text":"Jerry Herman: Poet of the Showtune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13324-0","url_text":"978-0-300-13324-0"}]},{"reference":"\"BREAKING: Legendary Composer and Lyricist Jerry Herman Has Passed Away at 88\". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved December 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/BREAKING-Legendary-Composer-and-Lyricist-Jerry-Herman-Has-Passed-Away-at-88-20191227","url_text":"\"BREAKING: Legendary Composer and Lyricist Jerry Herman Has Passed Away at 88\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Everett (May 15, 2015). \"Cult favorite 'Mack and Mabel' comes to Stages\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved December 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonchronicle.com/entertainment/theater/article/Cult-favorite-Mack-and-Mabel-comes-to-Stages-6266550.php","url_text":"\"Cult favorite 'Mack and Mabel' comes to Stages\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dear World Will Preem at Goodspeed-at-Chester Fall 2000\". Playbill. March 15, 2000. Retrieved December 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/dear-world-will-preem-at-goodspeed-at-chester-fall-2000-com-87797","url_text":"\"Dear World Will Preem at Goodspeed-at-Chester Fall 2000\""}]},{"reference":"Richards, David (August 14, 1983). \"Jerry Herman's Gilded 'Cage'\". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1983/08/14/jerry-hermans-gilded-cage/90c4fc9a-da77-462c-b90b-1b4c4a3f2289/","url_text":"\"Jerry Herman's Gilded 'Cage'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"\"Record Charts - Petula Clark\". petulaclark.net. Retrieved February 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.petulaclark.net/pages/charts.html","url_text":"\"Record Charts - Petula Clark\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Ring\". miami.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://ring-theatre.as.miami.edu/history/index.html","url_text":"\"History of the Ring\""}]},{"reference":"\"Songwriters Hall of Fame, 1982\". Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629120651/http://songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C162","url_text":"\"Songwriters Hall of Fame, 1982\""},{"url":"http://songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C162","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chriss Willman (July 10, 2008). \"WALL-E Meets Dolly!\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2008/07/14/wall-e-how-he-found-hello-dolly/","url_text":"\"WALL-E Meets Dolly!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Wong, Curtis M. (August 21, 2012). \"Faith Prince, Jason Graae Dish On Their 54 Below Cabaret Gig, Broadway And Jerry Herman\". HuffPost. Retrieved September 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/faith-prince-jason-graae-54-below-new-york-cabaret_n_1812468","url_text":"\"Faith Prince, Jason Graae Dish On Their 54 Below Cabaret Gig, Broadway And Jerry Herman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost","url_text":"HuffPost"}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Herman\" (fee, via Fairfax County Public Schools). Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol. 20. Detroit: Gale. 2000. Gale Document Number: GALE|K1631007519. Retrieved December 5, 2013. The financial success of Dolly allowed Herman to buy an old firehouse and renovate it. The magazine House Beautiful ran an article on it, and Herman's second career was born. During the 1970s, he turned to decorating houses and reselling them. Herman could have lived well just off the profits of his hits, but he found decorating to be therapeutic.","urls":[{"url":"http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=true&displayGroups=&sortBy=&search_within_results=&p=BIC1&action=e&catId=GALE%7CAAA000073094&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CK1631007519&u=fairfax_main&jsid=1cfd2191a37907346d6008c2699534cc","url_text":"\"Jerry Herman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_County_Public_Schools","url_text":"Fairfax County Public Schools"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(publisher)","url_text":"Gale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Beautiful","url_text":"House Beautiful"}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Herman Flips Out in West Hollywood\". the REAL ESTALKER. February 8, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://realestalker.blogspot.com/2013/02/jerry-herman-flips-out-in-west-hollywood.html","url_text":"\"Jerry Herman Flips Out in West Hollywood\""}]},{"reference":"Jerry Herman (1996). Showtune: A Memoir. Donald I. Fine Books. ISBN 978-1-55611-502-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/showtunememoir00herm","url_text":"Showtune: A Memoir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55611-502-8","url_text":"978-1-55611-502-8"}]},{"reference":"Simonson, Robert (December 27, 2019). \"Jerry Herman, Composer of Tuneful Broadway Hits, Dies at 88\". Playbill. Retrieved December 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/jerry-herman-composer-of-tuneful-broadway-hits-dies-at-88","url_text":"\"Jerry Herman, Composer of Tuneful Broadway Hits, Dies at 88\""}]},{"reference":"Willis, John (July 1, 2002). Theatre World 1998-1999. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-55783-433-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=79bPQNwFtg8C&q=1999+Theatre+World+Special+Award+(An+Evening+with+Jerry+Herman)&pg=PA207","url_text":"Theatre World 1998-1999"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55783-433-1","url_text":"978-1-55783-433-1"}]},{"reference":"\"History and Honorary Degree Recipients | Commencement\". University of Miami. Retrieved December 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miami.edu/sa/index.php/commencement/the_ceremony/history_and_honorary_degree_recipients/","url_text":"\"History and Honorary Degree Recipients | Commencement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winners\". tonyawards.com. Retrieved December 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tonyawards.com/","url_text":"\"Winners\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://jerryherman.com/","external_links_name":"jerryherman.com"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2019-12-27/jerry-herman-dead","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Herman, composer behind 'Hello, Dolly!' and 'La Cage aux Folles,' dies at 88\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/02/AR2010120200168.html","external_links_name":"\"Broadway legend Jerry Herman, no stranger to a full house\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/26/theater/theater-celebrating-his-music-and-precious-life-itself.html","external_links_name":"\"Theater; Celebrating His Music And Precious Life Itself\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/b31590797774bc3133efa5ebd4226244","external_links_name":"\"'Mame,' 'Hello, Dolly!' composer Jerry Herman dies at 88\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fFz5QgJsjL4C&q=gerald+freedman+1927&pg=PA221","external_links_name":"Jerry Herman: Poet of the Showtune"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2003027632","external_links_name":"2003027632"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NDT11q5kOj8C&pg=PA135","external_links_name":"Celebrity Locator 2006-2007"},{"Link":"http://www.as.miami.edu/theatrearts/ring-history.html","external_links_name":"\"History of the Jerry Herman Ring Theatre\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0379154/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Herman Biography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211040153/http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/08/14/3560103/jerry-herman-recalls-eydie-gorme.html","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Herman recalls Eydie Gorme\""},{"Link":"http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/08/14/3560103/jerry-herman-recalls-eydie-gorme.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061208112400/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/herman_j.html","external_links_name":"\"Herman, Jerry\""},{"Link":"http://www.glbtq.com/arts/herman_j.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/27/theater/jerry-herman-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Herman, Composer of 'Hello, Dolly!' and Other Hits, Dies at 88\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191227205003/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/jerry-herman-composer-of-hello-dolly-and-other-broadway-hits-dies-at-88/2019/12/27/4c7f993a-28ba-11ea-9c21-2c2a4d2c2166_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Herman, composer of 'Hello, Dolly!' and other Broadway hits, dies at 88\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/jerry-herman-composer-of-hello-dolly-and-other-broadway-hits-dies-at-88/2019/12/27/4c7f993a-28ba-11ea-9c21-2c2a4d2c2166_story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p_s7AQAAIAAJ&q=%22Jerry+Herman%22+%22henry+snyder%22","external_links_name":"Popular American Composers from Revolutionary Times to the Present: A Biographical and Critical Guide, Volume 1"},{"Link":"http://www.kennedy-center.org/Artist/A4388?_ga=2.255161345.86175915.1530036471-966829958.1530036471","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Herman\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/miami/article/University-of-Miamis-Department-of-Theatre-Arts-to-Honor-Jerry-Herman-at-75th-Anniversary-Concert-33-20140214","external_links_name":"\"University of Miami's Department of Theatre Arts to Honor Jerry Herman at 75th Anniversary Concert, 3/3\""},{"Link":"https://news.miami.edu/stories/2019/12/beloved-broadway-composer-jerry-herman-remembered.html","external_links_name":"\"Beloved Broadway composer Jerry Herman remembered\""},{"Link":"https://masterworksbroadway.com/artist/jerry-herman/","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Herman Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.jerryherman.com/parade.htm","external_links_name":"jerryherman.com"},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/66908.html/pg2","external_links_name":"\"Oh! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_redway_system | Milton Keynes redway system | ["1 The Redway Code","2 National Cycle Network","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Shared path network in Milton Keynes, England
A redway runs along the disused track bed of the former Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line.
The Milton Keynes redway system (locally known as redways) is an over 200 miles (320 kilometres) network of shared use paths for cyclists and pedestrians in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. It is generally surfaced with red tarmac, and criss-crosses most of the city.
Some of these redways run next to the grid roads and local roads, with underpasses or bridges where they intersect major roads. Others run through park land and along the floodplain of the Great Ouse and its tributaries.
Construction of the redway commenced in the 1970s with the start of the construction of the "new city". By 1980 it was the largest urban cycleway system in the UK with 22 miles (35.4 km) in use.
The Redway Code
A Starship Technologies delivery robot, with its camera array visible
The redway system is restricted to cyclists, pedestrians, and powered wheelchairs. It may not be used by horses (except where they run along designated bridleways), motorcycles, mopeds or motor-scooters ("e-scooters"), though (walking-pace) electric delivery robots are permitted.
National Cycle Network
Cycleway network in Milton Keynes. NCR routes 6 and 51 are highlighted in red. (Extracted from Openstreetmap.org © OpenStreetMap contributors).
The national Sustrans National Cycle Network Route 6 (Derby – Luton) and Route 51 (Harwich - Cambridge – Oxford) runs to and through the city.
Route 6 enters Milton Keynes from the south following the Grand Union Canal in southern Bletchley. After a loop through central Bletchley close to Bletchley railway station and Bletchley Park, it resumes its track northwards via Fenny Stratford along the valley of the River Ouzel (near The Open University campus and Milton Keynes University Hospital) and the Grand Union to Campbell Park (where it intersects National Cycle Route 51 heading west to Central Milton Keynes and Milton Keynes Central railway station). At Great Linford, the route heads west along the former Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line (now a rail trail). At Old Wolverton (near Wolverton railway station), the route crosses the River Great Ouse to leave the Milton Keynes Urban Area for the rural villages of Castlethorpe and Hanslope before crossing into Northamptonshire.
Route 51 enters the east of the city at Wavendon then turns north at Walton alongside the Grand Union to Willen Lake then west again to cross NCR6 at Campbell Park. It ascends westwards again through the Park to Central Milton Keynes, leaving the central business district beside Milton Keynes Central railway station. The route runs south by the 'teardrop lakes' to the National Bowl then west again past Furzton Lake, leaving the city at Tattenhoe.
Cycle storage can be found along route 51 at Milton Keynes Central train station (covered cycle racks) and at the junction of Midsummer Boulevard and Witan Gate where there are storage and changing facilities available. There are also frequent Sheffield cycle racks near the station, and outside the shopping centre and theatre, on both sides of Midsummer Boulevard. Cyclists appear to be encouraged to cycle through car parks (with two-way lanes) on each side of Midsummer Boulevard, and use pedestrian underpasses at the major junctions (cars use the roundabouts and/or traffic lights).
The Swan's Way long-distance footpath also uses part of the redway system.
See also
Cycleways in England
Segregated cycle facilities
Shared use path
References
^ "Redways". MK Council. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
^ Bainbridge, Cyril (22 November 1980). "Six million with nothing to lose but their chains". The Times. No. 60783. p. 3. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ "Redways: The Redway Code: respect, protect, enjoy". Get smarter travel in MK. Milton Keynes Council. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
^ Sally Murrer (27 August 2020). "Council admits gaffe over electric scooters, which are ILLEGAL to ride on pavements in Milton Keynes". Milton Keynes Citizen. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
^ WSP.com (January 2019). "Milton Keynes Council INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN Stage 1 Evidence Review" (PDF). milton-keynes.gov.uk. p. 89. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
^ "Milton Keynes now has 'world's largest autonomous robot fleet' as Starship expand further". MKFM. 30 May 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
External links
"Cycle Routes & Redways". Milton Keynes Council. 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2019. (includes link to maps).
"New Residential Design Guide" (PDF). Milton Keynes Council. April 2012. p. 43–45. (and various other references within the document).
vteTransport in Milton KeynesRoad
Milton Keynes grid road system
A421
A422
A4146
A5
A509
Watling Street (Roman road, "Old A5")
Rail
Bletchley Flyover
Bletchley railway station
Bletchley TMD
Bow Brickhill railway station
East West Rail
Fenny Stratford railway station
Marston Vale line
Milton Keynes Central railway station
Varsity Line
West Coast Main Line
Woburn Sands railway station
Wolverton railway station
Wolverton–Newport Pagnell line
Wolverton and Stony Stratford Tramway
Bus
Buses in Milton Keynes
Arriva Shires & Essex
Milton Keynes Coachway
MK Metro
Stagecoach Midlands
United Counties Omnibus
Water
Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway (proposed)
Cosgrove aqueduct
Grand Union Canal
Other transport
Milton Keynes redway system (shared path network)
vte Transport in BuckinghamshireRoadMotorways
M1
M4
M25
M40
A-roads
A4
A40
A41
A404
A412
A413
A418
A421
A422
A428
A4010
A4012
A4146
A4155
A5
A508
A509
A5130
Roman roads
Akeman Street
Watling Street
Notable junctions
Handy Cross roundabout
Denham Roundabout
Magic Roundabout (High Wycombe)
Motorway service stations
Beaconsfield
Newport Pagnell
RailMain lines
West Coast Main Line
Chiltern Main Line
Great Western Main Line
Other lines
Marston Vale line
London–Aylesbury line
Metropolitan line
Aylesbury–Princes Risborough line
Marlow branch line
Closed lines
Varsity Line
Great Central Main Line
Banbury to Verney Junction branch line
Brill Tramway
Wycombe Railway
Watlington and Princes Risborough Railway
Cheddington to Aylesbury Line
Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway
Wolverton–Newport Pagnell line
Bedford–Northampton line
Other
Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway
East West Rail
Buckinghamshire Railway Centre
Seer Green rail crash
Air
Denham Aerodrome
Turweston Aerodrome
Silverstone Heliport
Wycombe Air Park
WaterwaysRivers
River Thames
River Great Ouse
Canals
Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway (planned)
Grand Union Canal
Slough Arm
Wendover Arm
Aylesbury Arm
FootpathsNational Trails
Thames Path
The Ridgeway
Long-distance footpaths
Icknield Way (path)
Chiltern Way
Greater Ridgeway
Midshires Way
Ouse Valley Way
Shakespeare's Way
Swan's Way
Cycle paths
Route 4
Route 6
Route 51
Route 57
Related articlesvteTransport in Milton KeynesRoad
Milton Keynes grid road system
A421
A422
A4146
A5
A509
Watling Street (Roman road, "Old A5")
Rail
Bletchley Flyover
Bletchley railway station
Bletchley TMD
Bow Brickhill railway station
East West Rail
Fenny Stratford railway station
Marston Vale line
Milton Keynes Central railway station
Varsity Line
West Coast Main Line
Woburn Sands railway station
Wolverton railway station
Wolverton–Newport Pagnell line
Wolverton and Stony Stratford Tramway
Bus
Buses in Milton Keynes
Arriva Shires & Essex
Milton Keynes Coachway
MK Metro
Stagecoach Midlands
United Counties Omnibus
Water
Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway (proposed)
Cosgrove aqueduct
Grand Union Canal
Other transport
Milton Keynes redway system (shared path network) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fomer_Bradwell_Halt,_July_2009.JPG"},{"link_name":"Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverton_to_Newport_Pagnell_Line"},{"link_name":"shared use paths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_use_path"},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"tarmac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"},{"link_name":"grid roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_grid_road_system"},{"link_name":"start of the construction of the \"new city\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Milton_Keynes#Milton_Keynes_Development_Corporation:_designing_a_city_for_250,000_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A redway runs along the disused track bed of the former Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line.The Milton Keynes redway system (locally known as redways) is an over 200 miles (320 kilometres) network of shared use paths for cyclists and pedestrians in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England.[1] It is generally surfaced with red tarmac, and criss-crosses most of the city.Some of these redways run next to the grid roads and local roads, with underpasses or bridges where they intersect major roads. Others run through park land and along the floodplain of the Great Ouse and its tributaries.Construction of the redway commenced in the 1970s with the start of the construction of the \"new city\". By 1980 it was the largest urban cycleway system in the UK with 22 miles (35.4 km) in use.[2]","title":"Milton Keynes redway system"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starship_Robot_in_Winter.jpg"},{"link_name":"Starship Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A Starship Technologies delivery robot, with its camera array visibleThe redway system is restricted to cyclists, pedestrians, and powered wheelchairs.[3] It may not be used by horses (except where they run along designated bridleways), motorcycles, mopeds or motor-scooters (\"e-scooters\"),[4] though (walking-pace) electric delivery robots are permitted.[5][6]","title":"The Redway Code"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milton_Keynes_Redway.gif"},{"link_name":"Sustrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustrans"},{"link_name":"National Cycle Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cycle_Network"},{"link_name":"Route 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_6"},{"link_name":"Route 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_51"},{"link_name":"Grand Union Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Union_Canal"},{"link_name":"Bletchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley"},{"link_name":"Bletchley railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bletchley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park"},{"link_name":"Fenny Stratford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenny_Stratford"},{"link_name":"River Ouzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ouzel"},{"link_name":"Open University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_University"},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Campbell Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Park"},{"link_name":"National Cycle Route 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_51"},{"link_name":"Central Milton Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Milton_Keynes"},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes Central railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Great Linford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Linford"},{"link_name":"Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverton_to_Newport_Pagnell_Line"},{"link_name":"rail trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trail"},{"link_name":"Old Wolverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Wolverton"},{"link_name":"Wolverton railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"River Great Ouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Great_Ouse"},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes Urban Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Urban_Area"},{"link_name":"Castlethorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlethorpe"},{"link_name":"Hanslope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanslope"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Wavendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavendon"},{"link_name":"Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton,_Milton_Keynes"},{"link_name":"Central Milton Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Milton_Keynes"},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes Central railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"National Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Furzton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furzton"},{"link_name":"Tattenhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattenhoe"},{"link_name":"Swan's Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan%27s_Way_(footpath)"}],"text":"Cycleway network in Milton Keynes. NCR routes 6 and 51 are highlighted in red. (Extracted from Openstreetmap.org © OpenStreetMap contributors).The national Sustrans National Cycle Network Route 6 (Derby – Luton) and Route 51 (Harwich - Cambridge – Oxford) runs to and through the city.Route 6 enters Milton Keynes from the south following the Grand Union Canal in southern Bletchley. After a loop through central Bletchley close to Bletchley railway station and Bletchley Park, it resumes its track northwards via Fenny Stratford along the valley of the River Ouzel (near The Open University campus and Milton Keynes University Hospital) and the Grand Union to Campbell Park (where it intersects National Cycle Route 51 heading west to Central Milton Keynes and Milton Keynes Central railway station). At Great Linford, the route heads west along the former Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line (now a rail trail). At Old Wolverton (near Wolverton railway station), the route crosses the River Great Ouse to leave the Milton Keynes Urban Area for the rural villages of Castlethorpe and Hanslope before crossing into Northamptonshire.Route 51 enters the east of the city at Wavendon then turns north at Walton alongside the Grand Union to Willen Lake then west again to cross NCR6 at Campbell Park. It ascends westwards again through the Park to Central Milton Keynes, leaving the central business district beside Milton Keynes Central railway station. The route runs south by the 'teardrop lakes' to the National Bowl then west again past Furzton Lake, leaving the city at Tattenhoe.Cycle storage can be found along route 51 at Milton Keynes Central train station (covered cycle racks) and at the junction of Midsummer Boulevard and Witan Gate where there are storage and changing facilities available. There are also frequent Sheffield cycle racks near the station, and outside the shopping centre and theatre, on both sides of Midsummer Boulevard. Cyclists appear to be encouraged to cycle through car parks (with two-way lanes) on each side of Midsummer Boulevard, and use pedestrian underpasses at the major junctions (cars use the roundabouts and/or traffic lights).The Swan's Way long-distance footpath also uses part of the redway system.","title":"National Cycle Network"}] | [{"image_text":"A redway runs along the disused track bed of the former Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fomer_Bradwell_Halt%2C_July_2009.JPG/170px-Fomer_Bradwell_Halt%2C_July_2009.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Starship Technologies delivery robot, with its camera array visible","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Starship_Robot_in_Winter.jpg/110px-Starship_Robot_in_Winter.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cycleway network in Milton Keynes. NCR routes 6 and 51 are highlighted in red. (Extracted from Openstreetmap.org © OpenStreetMap contributors).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Milton_Keynes_Redway.gif/220px-Milton_Keynes_Redway.gif"}] | [{"title":"Cycleways in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycleways_in_England"},{"title":"Segregated cycle facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregated_cycle_facilities"},{"title":"Shared use path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_use_path"}] | [{"reference":"\"Redways\". MK Council. Retrieved 23 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.getsmartertravelmk.org/cycling/redways","url_text":"\"Redways\""}]},{"reference":"Bainbridge, Cyril (22 November 1980). \"Six million with nothing to lose but their chains\". The Times. No. 60783. p. 3. Retrieved 16 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=buc_ttda&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS51087222&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0","url_text":"\"Six million with nothing to lose but their chains\""}]},{"reference":"\"Redways: The Redway Code: respect, protect, enjoy\". Get smarter travel in MK. Milton Keynes Council. Retrieved 28 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.getsmartertravelmk.org/cycling/redways#:~:text=The%20Redway%20Code%20%E2%80%93%20Respect%2C%20Protect%2C%20Enjoy","url_text":"\"Redways: The Redway Code: respect, protect, enjoy\""}]},{"reference":"Sally Murrer (27 August 2020). \"Council admits gaffe over electric scooters, which are ILLEGAL to ride on pavements in Milton Keynes\". Milton Keynes Citizen. Retrieved 28 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/news/people/council-admits-gaffe-over-electric-scooters-which-are-illegal-ride-pavements-milton-keynes-2954931","url_text":"\"Council admits gaffe over electric scooters, which are ILLEGAL to ride on pavements in Milton Keynes\""}]},{"reference":"WSP.com (January 2019). \"Milton Keynes Council INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN Stage 1 Evidence Review\" (PDF). milton-keynes.gov.uk. p. 89. Retrieved 28 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/assets/attach/60384/Stage-1-Evidence-Report-TN01-MASTER-_RevB.PDF","url_text":"\"Milton Keynes Council INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN Stage 1 Evidence Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Milton Keynes now has 'world's largest autonomous robot fleet' as Starship expand further\". MKFM. 30 May 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mkfm.com/news/local-news/milton-keynes-now-has-worlds-largest-autonomous-robot-fleet-as-starship-expand-further/","url_text":"\"Milton Keynes now has 'world's largest autonomous robot fleet' as Starship expand further\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cycle Routes & Redways\". Milton Keynes Council. 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/highways-and-transport-hub/get-cycling-mk/cycle-routes-and-maps","url_text":"\"Cycle Routes & Redways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Council","url_text":"Milton Keynes Council"}]},{"reference":"\"New Residential Design Guide\" (PDF). Milton Keynes Council. April 2012. p. 43–45.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/assets/attach/9826/New_Residential_Design_Guide__SPD_Adopted_April_2012_Sections_1_to_3.pdf","url_text":"\"New Residential Design Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Council","url_text":"Milton Keynes Council"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.getsmartertravelmk.org/cycling/redways","external_links_name":"\"Redways\""},{"Link":"http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=buc_ttda&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS51087222&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0","external_links_name":"\"Six million with nothing to lose but their chains\""},{"Link":"https://www.getsmartertravelmk.org/cycling/redways#:~:text=The%20Redway%20Code%20%E2%80%93%20Respect%2C%20Protect%2C%20Enjoy","external_links_name":"\"Redways: The Redway Code: respect, protect, enjoy\""},{"Link":"https://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/news/people/council-admits-gaffe-over-electric-scooters-which-are-illegal-ride-pavements-milton-keynes-2954931","external_links_name":"\"Council admits gaffe over electric scooters, which are ILLEGAL to ride on pavements in Milton Keynes\""},{"Link":"https://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/assets/attach/60384/Stage-1-Evidence-Report-TN01-MASTER-_RevB.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Milton Keynes Council INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN Stage 1 Evidence Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.mkfm.com/news/local-news/milton-keynes-now-has-worlds-largest-autonomous-robot-fleet-as-starship-expand-further/","external_links_name":"\"Milton Keynes now has 'world's largest autonomous robot fleet' as Starship expand further\""},{"Link":"https://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/highways-and-transport-hub/get-cycling-mk/cycle-routes-and-maps","external_links_name":"\"Cycle Routes & Redways\""},{"Link":"https://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/assets/attach/9826/New_Residential_Design_Guide__SPD_Adopted_April_2012_Sections_1_to_3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New Residential Design Guide\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Copa_Libertadores | 2016 Copa Libertadores | ["1 Teams","2 Draw","3 Schedule","4 First stage","5 Second stage","5.1 Group 1","5.2 Group 2","5.3 Group 3","5.4 Group 4","5.5 Group 5","5.6 Group 6","5.7 Group 7","5.8 Group 8","6 Final stages","6.1 Seeding","6.2 Bracket","6.3 Round of 16","6.4 Quarterfinals","6.5 Semifinals","6.6 Finals","7 Statistics","7.1 Top goalscorers","7.2 Top assists","8 Prize money dispute","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | 57th season of Copa Libertadores
2016 Copa Libertadores2016 Copa Bridgestone Libertadores de AméricaTournament detailsDates2 February – 27 July 2016Teams38 (from 11 associations)Final positionsChampions Atlético Nacional (2nd title)Runners-up Independiente del ValleTournament statisticsMatches played138Goals scored378 (2.74 per match)Top scorer(s) Jonathan Calleri (9 goals)Best player(s) Alejandro Guerra← 2015 2017 → International football competition
The 2016 Copa Libertadores de América (officially the 2016 Copa Bridgestone Libertadores for sponsorship reasons) was the 57th edition of the Copa Libertadores de América, South America's premier club football tournament organized by CONMEBOL.
In the finals, Colombian club Atlético Nacional defeated Ecuadorian club Independiente del Valle by an aggregate score of 2–1 to win their second tournament title in team history and qualify for the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup in Japan, their first appearance in the FIFA Club World Cup. They also earned the right to play against the winners of the 2016 Copa Sudamericana in the 2017 Recopa Sudamericana. They also automatically qualified for the 2017 Copa Libertadores group stage.
River Plate were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Independiente del Valle in the round of 16.
Teams
The following 38 teams from 11 associations (the 10 CONMEBOL members plus Mexico which were invited to compete) qualified for the tournament:
Title holders
Argentina and Brazil: 5 berths each
All other associations: 3 berths each
The entry stage is determined as follows:
Second stage: 26 teams (top four teams from Argentina and Brazil, and top two teams from all other associations)
First stage: 12 teams (team with the lowest berth from each association, plus team with the second lowest berth from association of title holders)
Association
Team (Berth)
Entry stage
Qualification method
Argentina5 + 1 berths
River Plate (Argentina 1; Title holders)
Second stage
2015 Copa Libertadores champion
Boca Juniors (Argentina 2)
2015 Primera División champion
San Lorenzo (Argentina 3)
2015 Primera División runner-up
Rosario Central (Argentina 4)
2014–15 Copa Argentina runner-up
Racing (Argentina 5)
First stage
2015 Primera División Liguilla Pre-Libertadores winner
Huracán (Argentina 6)
2015 Copa Sudamericana best Argentine team not yet qualified
Bolivia3 berths
Bolívar (Bolivia 1)
Second stage
2014 Apertura champion and 2015 Clausura champion
The Strongest (Bolivia 2)
2014–15 Primera División aggregate table best team not yet qualified
Oriente Petrolero (Bolivia 3)
First stage
2014–15 Primera División aggregate table 2nd best team not yet qualified
Brazil5 berths
Corinthians (Brazil 1)
Second stage
2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A champion
Palmeiras (Brazil 2)
2015 Copa do Brasil champion
Atlético Mineiro (Brazil 3)
2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A runner-up
Grêmio (Brazil 4)
2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 3rd place
São Paulo (Brazil 5)
First stage
2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 4th place
Chile3 berths
Cobresal (Chile 1)
Second stage
2015 Clausura champion
Colo-Colo (Chile 2)
2015 Apertura champion
Universidad de Chile (Chile 3)
First stage
2015 Copa Chile champion
Colombia3 berths
Deportivo Cali (Colombia 1)
Second stage
2015 Apertura champion
Atlético Nacional (Colombia 2)
2015 Finalización champion
Santa Fe (Colombia 3)
First stage
2015 Copa Sudamericana champion
Ecuador3 berths
Emelec (Ecuador 1)
Second stage
2015 Serie A champion
LDU Quito (Ecuador 2)
2015 Serie A runner-up
Independiente del Valle (Ecuador 3)
First stage
2015 Serie A aggregate table best team not yet qualified
Mexico3 invitees
UNAM (Mexico 1)
Second stage
2015 Apertura classification table best team not qualified for 2015–16 CONCACAF Champions League
Toluca (Mexico 2)
2015 Apertura classification table 2nd best team not qualified for 2015–16 CONCACAF Champions League
Puebla (Mexico 3)
First stage
2015 Supercopa MX champion
Paraguay3 berths
Cerro Porteño (Paraguay 1)
Second stage
2015 tournament (2015 Apertura or 2015 Clausura) champion with better record in aggregate table
Olimpia (Paraguay 2)
2015 tournament (2015 Apertura or 2015 Clausura) champion with worse record in aggregate table
Guaraní (Paraguay 3)
First stage
2015 Primera División aggregate table best team not yet qualified
Peru3 berths
Melgar (Peru 1)
Second stage
2015 Descentralizado champion
Sporting Cristal (Peru 2)
2015 Descentralizado runner-up
Universidad César Vallejo (Peru 3)
First stage
2015 Descentralizado 3rd place
Uruguay3 berths
Nacional (Uruguay 1)
Second stage
2014–15 Primera División champion
Peñarol (Uruguay 2)
2014–15 Primera División runner-up
River Plate (Uruguay 3)
First stage
2014–15 Primera División aggregate table best team not yet qualified
Venezuela3 berths
Deportivo Táchira (Venezuela 1)
Second stage
2014–15 Primera División champion
Trujillanos (Venezuela 2)
2014–15 Primera División runner-up
Caracas (Venezuela 3)
First stage
2014–15 Primera División aggregate table best team not yet qualified
Draw
Boca JuniorsHuracánRacingRiver PlateSan LorenzoRosario CentralBolívarThe StrongestOriente PetroleroCorinthiansPalmeirasSão PauloAtlético MineiroGrêmioCobresalColo-ColoUniversidad de ChileDeportivo CaliAtlético NacionalSanta FeEmelecLDU QuitoIndependiente del ValleCerro PorteñoGuaraníOlimpiaMelgarSporting CristalUniversidad César VallejoNacionalPeñarolRiver PlateDeportivo TáchiraTrujillanosCaracasclass=notpageimage| Location of teams of the 2016 Copa Libertadores from South America.
UNAMTolucaPueblaclass=notpageimage| Location of teams of the 2016 Copa Libertadores from Mexico.
The draw of the tournament was held on 22 December 2015, 20:30 PYST (UTC−3), at the CONMEBOL Convention Centre in Luque, Paraguay.
Starting from this season, teams were seeded by the newly established CONMEBOL ranking of the Copa Libertadores (except for teams from Mexico which were not ranked and thus seeded last in all draws), taking into account of the following three factors:
Performance in the last 10 years, taking into account Copa Libertadores results in the period 2006–2015
Historical coefficient, taking into account Copa Libertadores results in the period 1960–2005
Local tournament champion, with bonus points awarded to domestic league champions of the last 10 years
For the first stage, the 12 teams were drawn into six ties containing a team from Pot A and a team from Pot B, with the former hosting the second leg. The teams were seeded based on their CONMEBOL ranking (shown in parentheses). Teams from the same association could not be drawn into the same tie.
Pots for the first stage draw
Pot A
Pot B
São Paulo (11) Universidad de Chile (17) Santa Fe (22) Guaraní (29) Racing (39) Caracas (43)
Oriente Petrolero (64) Huracán (72) Independiente del Valle (78) Universidad César Vallejo (152) River Plate (no rank) Puebla (no rank)
For the second stage, the 32 teams were drawn into eight groups of four containing a team from each of the four pots. The defending champions (River Plate) were automatically placed first in Pot 1 and allocated to Group 1 for the draw. The remaining teams were seeded based on their CONMEBOL ranking (shown in parentheses). Teams from the same association in Pots 1, 2 and 3 could not be drawn into the same group. Teams from Mexico were allocated to Pot 4, together with the winners of the first stage, whose identity was not known at the time of the draw, and they could be drawn into the same group with another team from the same association.
Pot 1Pot 2Pot 3Pot 4 River Plate (2) Boca Juniors (1) Peñarol (3) Nacional (5) Olimpia (7) Corinthians (9) Atlético Mineiro (13) San Lorenzo (14) Grêmio (16) Emelec (18) Cerro Porteño (19) Atlético Nacional (20) Bolívar (21) Colo-Colo (24) Palmeiras (31) The Strongest (33) LDU Quito (34) Sporting Cristal (38) Deportivo Cali (44) Deportivo Táchira (49) Rosario Central (71) Melgar (108) Cobresal (123) Trujillanos (175) UNAM (no rank) Toluca (no rank)Winner G1Winner G2Winner G3Winner G4Winner G5Winner G6
Schedule
The schedule of the competition is as follows (all dates listed are Wednesdays, but matches may be played on Tuesdays and Thursdays as well). There is a one-month break between the quarterfinals and semifinals due to the Copa América Centenario held in June.
Stage
First leg
Second leg
First stage
3 February
10 February
Second stage
17, 24 February2, 9, 16 March6, 13, 20 April
Round of 16
27 April
4 May
Quarterfinals
11, 18 May
18, 25 May
Semifinals
6 July
13 July
Finals
20 July
27 July
Notes
† For matches involving teams from Mexico.
First stage
Main article: 2016 Copa Libertadores first stage
In the first stage, each tie was played on a home-and-away two-legged basis. If tied on aggregate, the away goals rule would be used. If still tied, extra time would not be played, and the penalty shoot-out would be used to determine the winner (Regulations Article 5.2). The six winners of the first stage advanced to the second stage to join the 26 direct entrants.
Team 1
Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Oriente Petrolero
1–6
Santa Fe
1–3
0–3
Huracán
2–2 (a)
Caracas
1–0
1–2
Puebla
2–3
Racing
2–2
0–1
River Plate
2–0
Universidad de Chile
2–0
0–0
Independiente del Valle
2–2 (a)
Guaraní
1–0
1–2
Universidad César Vallejo
1–2
São Paulo
1–1
0–1
Second stage
Main article: 2016 Copa Libertadores second stage
In the second stage, each group was played on a home-and-away round-robin basis. The teams were ranked according to points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, and 0 points for a loss). If tied on points, the following criteria would be used to determine the ranking: 1. Goal difference; 2. Goals scored; 3. Away goals scored; 4. Drawing of lots (Regulations Article 5.1). The winners and runners-up of each group advanced to the round of 16.
Group 1
Pos
Teamvte
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
RIV
SAO
STR
TRU
1
River Plate
6
3
2
1
17
7
+10
11
Final stages
—
1–1
6–0
4–3
2
São Paulo
6
2
3
1
11
5
+6
9
2–1
—
0–1
6–0
3
The Strongest
6
2
2
2
6
11
−5
8
1–1
1–1
—
2–1
4
Trujillanos
6
1
1
4
7
18
−11
4
0–4
1–1
2–1
—
Source: CONMEBOL
Group 2
Pos
Teamvte
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
RCE
NAC
PAL
RPM
1
Rosario Central
6
3
2
1
13
8
+5
11
Final stages
—
1–1
3–3
4–1
2
Nacional
6
2
3
1
6
6
0
9
0–2
—
1–0
0–0
3
Palmeiras
6
2
2
2
12
8
+4
8
2–0
1–2
—
4–0
4
River Plate
6
0
3
3
6
15
−9
3
1–3
2–2
2–2
—
Source: CONMEBOL
Group 3
Pos
Teamvte
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
BOC
RAC
BOL
CAL
1
Boca Juniors
6
3
3
0
11
4
+7
12
Final stages
—
0–0
3–1
6–2
2
Racing
6
2
3
1
11
7
+4
9
0–1
—
4−1
4–2
3
Bolívar
6
1
3
2
10
10
0
6
1–1
1–1
—
5–0
4
Deportivo Cali
6
0
3
3
7
18
−11
3
0−0
2–2
1–1
—
Source: CONMEBOL
Group 4
Pos
Teamvte
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
ATL
HUR
PEN
CRI
1
Atlético Nacional
6
5
1
0
12
0
+12
16
Final stages
—
0–0
2–0
3–0
2
Huracán
6
2
2
2
7
7
0
8
0–2
—
0–0
4–2
3
Peñarol
6
1
2
3
5
11
−6
5
0–4
0–1
—
4–3
4
Sporting Cristal
6
1
1
4
9
15
−6
4
0–1
3–2
1–1
—
Source: CONMEBOL
Group 5
Pos
Teamvte
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
CAM
IDV
CCL
MEL
1
Atlético Mineiro
6
4
1
1
12
4
+8
13
Final stages
—
1−0
3−0
4–0
2
Independiente del Valle
6
3
2
1
7
4
+3
11
3–2
—
1–1
2−0
3
Colo-Colo
6
2
3
1
4
5
−1
9
0–0
0–0
—
1−0
4
Melgar
6
0
0
6
2
12
−10
0
1–2
0–1
1–2
—
Source: CONMEBOL
Group 6
Pos
Teamvte
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
TOL
GRE
SLA
LDU
1
Toluca
6
4
1
1
9
5
+4
13
Final stages
—
2–0
2–1
2–1
2
Grêmio
6
3
2
1
10
6
+4
11
1–0
—
1–1
4–0
3
San Lorenzo
6
0
4
2
5
8
−3
4
1–1
1–1
—
1–1
4
LDU Quito
6
1
1
4
7
12
−5
4
1–2
2–3
2–0
—
Source: CONMEBOL
Group 7
Pos
Teamvte
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
PUM
TAC
OLI
EME
1
UNAM
6
5
0
1
17
8
+9
15
Final stages
—
4–1
4–1
4–2
2
Deportivo Táchira
6
3
0
3
6
11
−5
9
2–0
—
2–1
1–0
3
Olimpia
6
2
1
3
12
12
0
7
0–2
4–0
—
4–2
4
Emelec
6
1
1
4
10
14
−4
4
2–3
2–0
2–2
—
Source: CONMEBOL
Group 8
Pos
Teamvte
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
COR
CER
ISF
COB
1
Corinthians
6
4
1
1
13
4
+9
13
Final stages
—
2–0
1–0
6–0
2
Cerro Porteño
6
3
1
2
6
7
−1
10
3–2
—
1–0
2–1
3
Santa Fe
6
2
2
2
6
4
+2
8
1–1
0–0
—
3–0
4
Cobresal
6
1
0
5
4
14
−10
3
0–1
2–0
1–2
—
Source: CONMEBOL
Final stages
Main article: 2016 Copa Libertadores final stages
In the final stages, the 16 teams played a single-elimination tournament, with the following rules:
Each tie was played on a home-and-away two-legged basis, with the higher-seeded team hosting the second leg (Regulations Article 3.4). However, CONMEBOL required that the second leg of the finals had to be played in South America, i.e., if there was a finalist from Mexico, they would have to host the first leg regardless of seeding (Regulations Article 3.7b).
In the round of 16, quarterfinals, and semifinals, if tied on aggregate, the away goals rule would be used. If still tied, extra time would not be played, and the penalty shoot-out would be used to determine the winner (Regulations Article 5.2).
In the finals, if tied on aggregate, the away goals rule would not be used, and 30 minutes of extra time would be played. If still tied after extra time, the penalty shoot-out would be used to determine the winner (Regulations Article 5.3).
If there were two semifinalists from the same association, they would have to play each other (Regulations Article 3.6).
Seeding
The qualified teams were seeded in the final stages according to their results in the second stage, with the group winners seeded 1–8, and the group runners-up seeded 9–16.
Seed
Grp
Teamvte
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
1
4
Atlético Nacional
6
5
1
0
12
0
+12
16
2
7
UNAM
6
5
0
1
17
8
+9
15
3
8
Corinthians
6
4
1
1
13
4
+9
13
4
5
Atlético Mineiro
6
4
1
1
12
4
+8
13
5
6
Toluca
6
4
1
1
9
5
+4
13
6
3
Boca Juniors
6
3
3
0
11
4
+7
12
7
1
River Plate
6
3
2
1
17
7
+10
11
8
2
Rosario Central
6
3
2
1
13
8
+5
11
9
6
Grêmio
6
3
2
1
10
6
+4
11
10
5
Independiente del Valle
6
3
2
1
7
4
+3
11
11
8
Cerro Porteño
6
3
1
2
6
7
−1
10
12
1
São Paulo
6
2
3
1
11
5
+6
9
13
3
Racing
6
2
3
1
11
7
+4
9
14
2
Nacional
6
2
3
1
6
6
0
9
15
7
Deportivo Táchira
6
3
0
3
6
11
−5
9
16
4
Huracán
6
2
2
2
7
7
0
8
Source: CONMEBOLRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Away goals scored; 5) Drawing of lots (Regulations Article 3.3h).
Bracket
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
10
Independiente del Valle
2
0
2
7
River Plate
0
1
1
10
Independiente del Valle (p)
2
1
3 (5)
2
UNAM
1
2
3 (3)
15
Deportivo Táchira
1
0
1
2
UNAM
0
2
2
10
Independiente del Valle
2
3
5
6
Boca Juniors
1
2
3
14
Nacional (a)
0
2
2
3
Corinthians
0
2
2
14
Nacional
1
1
2 (3)
6
Boca Juniors (p)
1
1
2 (4)
11
Cerro Porteño
1
1
2
6
Boca Juniors
2
3
5
10
Independiente del Valle
1
0
1
1
Atlético Nacional
1
1
2
12
São Paulo
4
1
5
5
Toluca
0
3
3
12
São Paulo (a)
1
1
2
4
Atlético Mineiro
0
2
2
13
Racing
0
1
1
4
Atlético Mineiro
0
2
2
12
São Paulo
0
1
1
1
Atlético Nacional
2
2
4
9
Grêmio
0
0
0
8
Rosario Central
1
3
4
8
Rosario Central
1
1
2
1
Atlético Nacional
0
3
3
16
Huracán
0
2
2
1
Atlético Nacional
0
4
4
Round of 16
Team 1
Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Huracán
2–4
Atlético Nacional
0–0
2–4
Deportivo Táchira
1–2
UNAM
1–0
0–2
Nacional
2–2 (a)
Corinthians
0–0
2–2
Racing
1–2
Atlético Mineiro
0–0
1–2
São Paulo
5–3
Toluca
4–0
1–3
Cerro Porteño
2–5
Boca Juniors
1–2
1–3
Independiente del Valle
2–1
River Plate
2–0
0–1
Grêmio
0–4
Rosario Central
0–1
0–3
Quarterfinals
Team 1
Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Rosario Central
2–3
Atlético Nacional
1–0
1–3
Independiente del Valle
3–3 (5–3 p)
UNAM
2–1
1–2
Nacional
2–2 (3–4 p)
Boca Juniors
1–1
1–1
São Paulo
2–2 (a)
Atlético Mineiro
1–0
1–2
Semifinals
Team 1
Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
São Paulo
1–4
Atlético Nacional
0–2
1–2
Independiente del Valle
5–3
Boca Juniors
2–1
3–2
Finals
Main article: 2016 Copa Libertadores Finals
The finals were played on a home-and-away two-legged basis, with the higher-seeded team hosting the second leg. If tied on aggregate, the away goals rule would not be used, and 30 minutes of extra time would be played. If still tied after extra time, the penalty shoot-out would be used to determine the winner.
20 July 2016 (2016-07-20)19:45 UTC−5
Independiente del Valle 1–1 Atlético Nacional
Mina 86'
Report
Berrío 35'
Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa, QuitoAttendance: 38,500Referee: Enrique Cáceres (Paraguay)
27 July 2016 (2016-07-27)19:45 UTC−5
Atlético Nacional 1–0 Independiente del Valle
Borja 8'
Report
Estadio Atanasio Girardot, MedellínAttendance: 46,000Referee: Néstor Pitana (Argentina)
Atlético Nacional won 2–1 on aggregate.
Statistics
Top goalscorers
Rank
Player
Team
Goals
1
Jonathan Calleri
São Paulo
9
2
Marco Ruben
Rosario Central
8
Ismael Sosa
UNAM
8
4
José Enrique Angulo
Independiente del Valle
6
Junior Sornoza
Independiente del Valle
6
6
Ramón Ábila
Huracán
5
Miguel Borja
Atlético Nacional
5
Michael Santos
River Plate
5
Carlos Tévez
Boca Juniors
5
Fernando Uribe
Toluca
5
Source: CONMEBOL.com
Top assists
Rank
Player
Team
Assists
1
Ganso
São Paulo
4
Marlos Moreno
Atlético Nacional
4
Jorge Alberto Rojas
Deportivo Táchira
4
Luis Manuel Seijas
Santa Fe
4
Alejandro Silva
Olimpia
4
6
Orlando Berrío
Atlético Nacional
3
Matías Britos
UNAM
3
Javier Cortés
UNAM
3
Cristian Espinoza
Huracán
3
Luís Leal
Cerro Porteño
3
Luan
Grêmio
3
Ángel Mena
Emelec
3
Gabriel Mercado
River Plate
3
Michel Bastos
São Paulo
3
Luis Quiñones
UNAM
3
Mario Rizotto
Independiente del Valle
3
Óscar Romero
Racing
3
Macnelly Torres
Atlético Nacional
3
Source: CONMEBOL.com
Prize money dispute
In January 2016, several clubs threatened to withdraw from the competition due a disagreement regarding prize money. CONMEBOL had offered a 40% increase on what was given in the 2015 edition but clubs wanted a 150% increase. On 2 February, CONMEBOL announced that the prize money paid to each club was doubled from the previous amount.
See also
2016 FIFA Club World Cup
2016 Copa Sudamericana
2017 Recopa Sudamericana
References
^ "Bridgestone es el nuevo patrocinador de la Libertadores" (in Spanish). Pasión Fútbol. December 3, 2012. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
^ "Atletico Nacional crowned kings, claim Japan ticket". FIFA.com. 28 July 2016. Archived from the original on July 30, 2016.
^ a b c d e f "Copa Bridgestone Libertadores 2016 – Reglamento" (PDF) (in Spanish). CONMEBOL.com.
^ a b "Sorteo de la Copa Bridgestone Libertadores: se acerca la gran cita". CONMEBOL.com. 18 December 2015.
^ a b c d e "Reglamento del Campeonato de Primera División 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). AFA.
^ a b c "Con 12 o más, el Apertura se jugará 'todos contra todos'". la-razon.com. 28 May 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
^ a b c d e "Campeonato Brasileiro da Série A de 2015 REC - REGULAMENTO ESPECÍFICO DA COMPETIÇÃO" (PDF). CBF.
^ "Bases Campeonato Nacional Primera División 2014-2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). ANFP.
^ a b "Bases Campeonato Nacional Primera División 2015-2016" (PDF) (in Spanish). ANFP.
^ a b "Reglamento Liga Águila 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). dimayor.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-01. Retrieved 2015-02-01.
^ a b c "Reglamento del Comité Ejecutivo de fútbol Profesional" (PDF) (in Spanish). FEF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-02-08.
^ a b c "Reglamento del Campeonato Oficial Año 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). APF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-08.
^ a b c "Bases del Torneo Descentralizado 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). ADFP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-22.
^ a b c "Reglamento de Primera División" (in Spanish). AUF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-26. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
^ a b c "Comisión de Torneos Nacionales Normas Reguladoras de Categoría Nacional Temporada 2014–2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). FVF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-03.
^ "El 22 de diciembre se realizará el sorteo de la Copa Libertadores" (in Spanish). CONMEBOL.com. 25 September 2015.
^ "La Copa Bridgestone Libertadores toma forma tras un emocionante sorteo" (in Spanish). CONMEBOL.com. 21 December 2015.
^ "Importantes decisiones del Comité Ejecutivo" (in Spanish). CONMEBOL.com. 26 November 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015. la utilización del Ranking de Clubes para establecer los cabezas de serie de cada grupo así como también los demás equipos que integrarán las distintas líneas para el sorteo
^ a b c "Se lanza el Ranking CONMEBOL de Copa Libertadores" (in Spanish). CONMEBOL.com. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
^ "Conmebol Ranking of the Copa Libertadores". CONMEBOL.com. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
^ a b "Pautas y formato de sorteo Copa Bridgestone Libertadores 2016" (in Spanish). CONMEBOL.com. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
^ "Copa Libertadores 2016 — Goleadores" (in Spanish). CONMEBOL.com.
^ "RESUMEN COMPLETO DE JUGADORES" (in Spanish). CONMEBOL.com.
^ Panja, Tariq (26 January 2016). "Clubs Threaten to Walk Out of Top Soccer Event in Cash Dispute". Bloomberg.
^ "CONMEBOL duplica ingresos para clubes en la Copa Bridgestone Libertadores" (in Spanish). CONMEBOL.com. 2 February 2016.
External links
Copa Bridgestone Libertadores (in Spanish)
Copa Libertadores 2016, CONMEBOL.com (in Spanish)
vteCopa LibertadoresSeasons
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
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1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
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1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Finals
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
History
Finals
Historical table
Records and statistics
Top scorers
Winning managers
Winning players
Broadcasters
Trophy
Qualifying method in Argentina
vte2016 in South American football (CONMEBOL) « 2015 2017 » Domestic leagues
Argentina (2016, 2016–17)
Bolivia (2015–16, 2016–17)
Brazil
Chile (2015–16, 2016–17)
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay (2015–16, 2016)
Venezuela
Domestic cups
Argentina (2015–16, 2016–17)
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Venezuela
Super cups
Argentina
Chile
Colombia
CONMEBOL competitions
Copa Libertadores (first stage, second stage, final stages, finals)
Copa Sudamericana (elimination stages, final stages, finals)
Recopa Sudamericana
Suruga Bank Championship
U-20 Copa Libertadores
Copa Libertadores Femenina
Copa Libertadores de Beach Soccer | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Copa Libertadores de América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONMEBOL"},{"link_name":"finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Copa_Libertadores_Finals"},{"link_name":"Atlético Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Independiente del Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independiente_del_Valle"},{"link_name":"2016 FIFA Club World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FIFA_Club_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"first appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIFA_Club_World_Cup_participants"},{"link_name":"FIFA Club World 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CONMEBOL.In the finals, Colombian club Atlético Nacional defeated Ecuadorian club Independiente del Valle by an aggregate score of 2–1 to win their second tournament title in team history and qualify for the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup in Japan, their first appearance in the FIFA Club World Cup.[2] They also earned the right to play against the winners of the 2016 Copa Sudamericana in the 2017 Recopa Sudamericana.[3] They also automatically qualified for the 2017 Copa Libertadores group stage.River Plate were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Independiente del Valle in the round of 16.","title":"2016 Copa Libertadores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entries-4"}],"text":"The following 38 teams from 11 associations (the 10 CONMEBOL members plus Mexico which were invited to compete) qualified for the tournament:[4]Title holders\nArgentina and Brazil: 5 berths each\nAll other associations: 3 berths eachThe entry stage is determined as follows:Second stage: 26 teams (top four teams from Argentina and Brazil, and top two teams from all other associations)\nFirst stage: 12 teams (team with the lowest berth from each association, plus team with the second lowest berth from association of title holders)","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CONMEBOL_laea_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Boca Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Juniors"},{"link_name":"Huracán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Hurac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Club_de_Avellaneda"},{"link_name":"River Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo_de_Almagro"},{"link_name":"Rosario Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Central"},{"link_name":"Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"link_name":"The Strongest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strongest"},{"link_name":"Oriente Petrolero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriente_Petrolero"},{"link_name":"Corinthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Club_Corinthians_Paulista"},{"link_name":"Palmeiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_Palmeiras"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_FC"},{"link_name":"Atlético Mineiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_Atl%C3%A9tico_Mineiro"},{"link_name":"Grêmio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%AAmio_Foot-Ball_Porto_Alegrense"},{"link_name":"Cobresal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobresal"},{"link_name":"Colo-Colo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colo-Colo"},{"link_name":"Universidad de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Universidad_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"Deportivo Cali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_Cali"},{"link_name":"Atlético Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independiente_Santa_Fe"},{"link_name":"Emelec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Sport_Emelec"},{"link_name":"LDU Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDU_Quito"},{"link_name":"Independiente del Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independiente_del_Valle"},{"link_name":"Cerro Porteño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Porte%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Guaraní","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Guaran%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Olimpia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Olimpia"},{"link_name":"Melgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBC_Melgar"},{"link_name":"Sporting Cristal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Cristal"},{"link_name":"Universidad César Vallejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Universidad_C%C3%A9sar_Vallejo"},{"link_name":"Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Nacional_de_Football"},{"link_name":"Peñarol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arol"},{"link_name":"River Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate_(Montevideo)"},{"link_name":"Deportivo Táchira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_T%C3%A1chira"},{"link_name":"Trujillanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillanos_FC"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas_FC"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CONMEBOL_laea_location_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mexico_States_blank_map.svg"},{"link_name":"UNAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Toluca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_Toluca_F.C."},{"link_name":"Puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla_F.C."},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mexico_States_blank_map.svg"},{"link_name":"UTC−3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9203:00"},{"link_name":"Luque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luque"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entries-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seeding-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seeding-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-procedure-21"},{"link_name":"River Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seeding-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-procedure-21"}],"text":"Boca JuniorsHuracánRacingRiver PlateSan LorenzoRosario CentralBolívarThe StrongestOriente PetroleroCorinthiansPalmeirasSão PauloAtlético MineiroGrêmioCobresalColo-ColoUniversidad de ChileDeportivo CaliAtlético NacionalSanta FeEmelecLDU QuitoIndependiente del ValleCerro PorteñoGuaraníOlimpiaMelgarSporting CristalUniversidad César VallejoNacionalPeñarolRiver PlateDeportivo TáchiraTrujillanosCaracasclass=notpageimage| Location of teams of the 2016 Copa Libertadores from South America.UNAMTolucaPueblaclass=notpageimage| Location of teams of the 2016 Copa Libertadores from Mexico.The draw of the tournament was held on 22 December 2015, 20:30 PYST (UTC−3), at the CONMEBOL Convention Centre in Luque, Paraguay.[16][4][17]Starting from this season, teams were seeded by the newly established CONMEBOL ranking of the Copa Libertadores (except for teams from Mexico which were not ranked and thus seeded last in all draws),[18][19] taking into account of the following three factors:[20]Performance in the last 10 years, taking into account Copa Libertadores results in the period 2006–2015\nHistorical coefficient, taking into account Copa Libertadores results in the period 1960–2005\nLocal tournament champion, with bonus points awarded to domestic league champions of the last 10 yearsFor the first stage, the 12 teams were drawn into six ties containing a team from Pot A and a team from Pot B, with the former hosting the second leg. The teams were seeded based on their CONMEBOL ranking (shown in parentheses).[19] Teams from the same association could not be drawn into the same tie.[21]For the second stage, the 32 teams were drawn into eight groups of four containing a team from each of the four pots. The defending champions (River Plate) were automatically placed first in Pot 1 and allocated to Group 1 for the draw. The remaining teams were seeded based on their CONMEBOL ranking (shown in parentheses).[19] Teams from the same association in Pots 1, 2 and 3 could not be drawn into the same group. Teams from Mexico were allocated to Pot 4, together with the winners of the first stage, whose identity was not known at the time of the draw, and they could be drawn into the same group with another team from the same association.[21]","title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copa América Centenario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica_Centenario"}],"text":"The schedule of the competition is as follows (all dates listed are Wednesdays, but matches may be played on Tuesdays and Thursdays as well). There is a one-month break between the quarterfinals and semifinals due to the Copa América Centenario held in June.Notes† For matches involving teams from Mexico.","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"two-legged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-legged_tie"},{"link_name":"away goals rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_goals_rule"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regulations-3"},{"link_name":"second stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Copa_Libertadores_second_stage"}],"text":"In the first stage, each tie was played on a home-and-away two-legged basis. If tied on aggregate, the away goals rule would be used. If still tied, extra time would not be played, and the penalty shoot-out would be used to determine the winner (Regulations Article 5.2).[3] The six winners of the first stage advanced to the second stage to join the 26 direct entrants.","title":"First stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"round-robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Goal difference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_difference"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regulations-3"},{"link_name":"round of 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Copa_Libertadores_final_stages"}],"text":"In the second stage, each group was played on a home-and-away round-robin basis. The teams were ranked according to points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, and 0 points for a loss). If tied on points, the following criteria would be used to determine the ranking: 1. Goal difference; 2. Goals scored; 3. Away goals scored; 4. Drawing of lots (Regulations Article 5.1).[3] The winners and runners-up of each group advanced to the round of 16.","title":"Second stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//estadisticas.conmebol.com/html/v3/?channel=deportes.futbol.libertadores.posiciones&lang=es_LA"}],"sub_title":"Group 1","text":"Source: CONMEBOL","title":"Second stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//estadisticas.conmebol.com/html/v3/?channel=deportes.futbol.libertadores.posiciones&lang=es_LA"}],"sub_title":"Group 2","text":"Source: CONMEBOL","title":"Second stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//estadisticas.conmebol.com/html/v3/?channel=deportes.futbol.libertadores.posiciones&lang=es_LA"}],"sub_title":"Group 3","text":"Source: CONMEBOL","title":"Second stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//estadisticas.conmebol.com/html/v3/?channel=deportes.futbol.libertadores.posiciones&lang=es_LA"}],"sub_title":"Group 4","text":"Source: CONMEBOL","title":"Second stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//estadisticas.conmebol.com/html/v3/?channel=deportes.futbol.libertadores.posiciones&lang=es_LA"}],"sub_title":"Group 5","text":"Source: CONMEBOL","title":"Second stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//estadisticas.conmebol.com/html/v3/?channel=deportes.futbol.libertadores.posiciones&lang=es_LA"}],"sub_title":"Group 6","text":"Source: CONMEBOL","title":"Second stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//estadisticas.conmebol.com/html/v3/?channel=deportes.futbol.libertadores.posiciones&lang=es_LA"}],"sub_title":"Group 7","text":"Source: CONMEBOL","title":"Second stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//estadisticas.conmebol.com/html/v3/?channel=deportes.futbol.libertadores.posiciones&lang=es_LA"}],"sub_title":"Group 8","text":"Source: CONMEBOL","title":"Second stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single-elimination tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regulations-3"},{"link_name":"two-legged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-legged_tie"},{"link_name":"away goals rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_goals_rule"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"away goals rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_goals_rule"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"}],"text":"In the final stages, the 16 teams played a single-elimination tournament, with the following rules:[3]Each tie was played on a home-and-away two-legged basis, with the higher-seeded team hosting the second leg (Regulations Article 3.4). However, CONMEBOL required that the second leg of the finals had to be played in South America, i.e., if there was a finalist from Mexico, they would have to host the first leg regardless of seeding (Regulations Article 3.7b).\nIn the round of 16, quarterfinals, and semifinals, if tied on aggregate, the away goals rule would be used. If still tied, extra time would not be played, and the penalty shoot-out would be used to determine the winner (Regulations Article 5.2).\nIn the finals, if tied on aggregate, the away goals rule would not be used, and 30 minutes of extra time would be played. If still tied after extra time, the penalty shoot-out would be used to determine the winner (Regulations Article 5.3).\nIf there were two semifinalists from the same association, they would have to play each other (Regulations Article 3.6).","title":"Final stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//estadisticas.conmebol.com/html/v3/?channel=deportes.futbol.libertadores.posiciones&lang=es_LA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regulations-3"}],"sub_title":"Seeding","text":"The qualified teams were seeded in the final stages according to their results in the second stage, with the group winners seeded 1–8, and the group runners-up seeded 9–16.Source: CONMEBOLRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Away goals scored; 5) Drawing of lots (Regulations Article 3.3h).[3]","title":"Final stages"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bracket","title":"Final stages"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Round of 16","title":"Final stages"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Quarterfinals","title":"Final stages"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Semifinals","title":"Final stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"two-legged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-legged_tie"},{"link_name":"away goals rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_goals_rule"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regulations-3"},{"link_name":"UTC−5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00"},{"link_name":"Independiente del Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independiente_del_Valle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Atlético Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Mina"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//estadisticas.conmebol.com/html/v3/index.html?channel=deportes.futbol.libertadores.257866&lang=es_LA"},{"link_name":"Berrío","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Berr%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Ol%C3%ADmpico_Atahualpa"},{"link_name":"Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito"},{"link_name":"Enrique Cáceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_C%C3%A1ceres"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"UTC−5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00"},{"link_name":"Atlético Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Nacional"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Independiente del Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independiente_del_Valle"},{"link_name":"Borja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Borja"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//estadisticas.conmebol.com/html/v3/index.html?channel=deportes.futbol.libertadores.257867&lang=es_LA"},{"link_name":"Estadio Atanasio Girardot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasio_Girardot_Sports_Complex"},{"link_name":"Medellín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Néstor Pitana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Pitana"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"Finals","text":"The finals were played on a home-and-away two-legged basis, with the higher-seeded team hosting the second leg. If tied on aggregate, the away goals rule would not be used, and 30 minutes of extra time would be played. If still tied after extra time, the penalty shoot-out would be used to determine the winner.[3]20 July 2016 (2016-07-20)19:45 UTC−5\nIndependiente del Valle 1–1 Atlético Nacional\nMina 86'\nReport\nBerrío 35'\nEstadio Olímpico Atahualpa, QuitoAttendance: 38,500Referee: Enrique Cáceres (Paraguay)27 July 2016 (2016-07-27)19:45 UTC−5\nAtlético Nacional 1–0 Independiente del Valle\nBorja 8'\nReport\n\nEstadio Atanasio Girardot, MedellínAttendance: 46,000Referee: Néstor Pitana (Argentina)Atlético Nacional won 2–1 on aggregate.","title":"Final stages"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Top goalscorers","text":"Source: CONMEBOL.com[22]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Top assists","text":"Source: CONMEBOL.com[23]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"In January 2016, several clubs threatened to withdraw from the competition due a disagreement regarding prize money. CONMEBOL had offered a 40% increase on what was given in the 2015 edition but clubs wanted a 150% increase.[24] On 2 February, CONMEBOL announced that the prize money paid to each club was doubled from the previous amount.[25]","title":"Prize money dispute"}] | [] | [{"title":"2016 FIFA Club World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FIFA_Club_World_Cup"},{"title":"2016 Copa Sudamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Copa_Sudamericana"},{"title":"2017 Recopa Sudamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Recopa_Sudamericana"}] | [{"reference":"\"Bridgestone es el nuevo patrocinador de la Libertadores\" (in Spanish). Pasión Fútbol. December 3, 2012. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190330143612/https://www.pasionfutbol.com/noticias/Bridgestone-es-el-nuevo-patrocinador-de-la-Libertadores-20121202-0011.html","url_text":"\"Bridgestone es el nuevo patrocinador de la Libertadores\""},{"url":"http://www.pasionfutbol.com/noticias/Bridgestone-es-el-nuevo-patrocinador-de-la-Libertadores-20121202-0011.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Atletico Nacional crowned kings, claim Japan ticket\". FIFA.com. 28 July 2016. Archived from the original on July 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160730175453/http://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2016/m=7/news=atletico-nacional-crowned-kings-claim-japan-ticket-2813183.html","url_text":"\"Atletico Nacional crowned kings, claim Japan ticket\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2016/m=7/news=atletico-nacional-crowned-kings-claim-japan-ticket-2813183.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Copa Bridgestone Libertadores 2016 – Reglamento\" (PDF) (in Spanish). CONMEBOL.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://conmebol.com/sites/default/files/reglamento_copa_libertadores_2016_-_edicion_final.pdf","url_text":"\"Copa Bridgestone Libertadores 2016 – Reglamento\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sorteo de la Copa Bridgestone Libertadores: se acerca la gran cita\". CONMEBOL.com. 18 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.conmebol.com/es/18122015-1937/sorteo-de-la-copa-bridgestone-libertadores-se-acerca-la-gran-cita","url_text":"\"Sorteo de la Copa Bridgestone Libertadores: se acerca la gran cita\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reglamento del Campeonato de Primera División 2015\" (PDF) (in Spanish). AFA.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afa.org.ar/upload/reglamento/Reglamento_PrimeraDivision_2015.pdf","url_text":"\"Reglamento del Campeonato de Primera División 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Con 12 o más, el Apertura se jugará 'todos contra todos'\". la-razon.com. 28 May 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221813/http://la-razon.com/marcas/futbol/Apertura-jugara_0_2059594138.html","url_text":"\"Con 12 o más, el Apertura se jugará 'todos contra todos'\""},{"url":"http://la-razon.com/marcas/futbol/Apertura-jugara_0_2059594138.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Campeonato Brasileiro da Série A de 2015 REC - REGULAMENTO ESPECÍFICO DA COMPETIÇÃO\" (PDF). CBF.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdn.cbf.com.br/content/201503/20150310112715_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Campeonato Brasileiro da Série A de 2015 REC - REGULAMENTO ESPECÍFICO DA COMPETIÇÃO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bases Campeonato Nacional Primera División 2014-2015\" (PDF) (in Spanish). ANFP.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anfp.cl/documentos/1371251641-BASES%20PD%20Temporada%202014-2015.pdf","url_text":"\"Bases Campeonato Nacional Primera División 2014-2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bases Campeonato Nacional Primera División 2015-2016\" (PDF) (in Spanish). 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Retrieved 2015-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191757/http://www.ecuafutbol.org/pdfs/reglamento_comite_ejecutivo_2014.pdf","url_text":"\"Reglamento del Comité Ejecutivo de fútbol Profesional\""},{"url":"http://www.ecuafutbol.org/pdfs/reglamento_comite_ejecutivo_2014.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reglamento del Campeonato Oficial Año 2015\" (PDF) (in Spanish). APF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150208203600/http://www.apf.org.py/media/REGLAMENTO-DIV-HONOR-2015.pdf","url_text":"\"Reglamento del Campeonato Oficial Año 2015\""},{"url":"http://www.apf.org.py/media/REGLAMENTO-DIV-HONOR-2015.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bases del Torneo Descentralizado 2015\" (PDF) (in Spanish). ADFP. 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Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903040637/http://www.federacionvenezolanadefutbol.org/pdf/NORMAS_REGULADORAS_2014_2015.pdf","url_text":"\"Comisión de Torneos Nacionales Normas Reguladoras de Categoría Nacional Temporada 2014–2015\""},{"url":"http://www.federacionvenezolanadefutbol.org/pdf/NORMAS_REGULADORAS_2014_2015.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"El 22 de diciembre se realizará el sorteo de la Copa Libertadores\" (in Spanish). CONMEBOL.com. 25 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.conmebol.com/es/25092015-1003/el-22-de-diciembre-se-realizara-el-sorteo-de-la-copa-libertadores","url_text":"\"El 22 de diciembre se realizará el sorteo de la Copa Libertadores\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Copa Bridgestone Libertadores toma forma tras un emocionante sorteo\" (in Spanish). 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Retrieved 21 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.conmebol.com/es/21122015-1749/pautas-y-formato-de-sorteo-copa-bridgestone-libertadores-2016","url_text":"\"Pautas y formato de sorteo Copa Bridgestone Libertadores 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Copa Libertadores 2016 — Goleadores\" (in Spanish). CONMEBOL.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://estadisticas.conmebol.com/html/v3/index.html?channel=deportes.futbol.libertadores.goleadores&lang=es_LA","url_text":"\"Copa Libertadores 2016 — Goleadores\""}]},{"reference":"\"RESUMEN COMPLETO DE JUGADORES\" (in Spanish). CONMEBOL.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://estadisticas.conmebol.com/html/v3/index.html?channel=deportes.futbol.libertadores.statsCenterPerPlayer&lang=es_LA","url_text":"\"RESUMEN COMPLETO DE JUGADORES\""}]},{"reference":"Panja, Tariq (26 January 2016). \"Clubs Threaten to Walk Out of Top Soccer Event in Cash Dispute\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Reeves_(footballer) | James Reeves (footballer) | ["1 Early life","2 Footballing career","2.1 First steps in Spain","2.2 Founding the Barcelona Football Club","2.3 1892–93 season","2.4 1893–94 season","2.5 1894–95 season","2.6 1895–96 season","3 Later life and death","4 References"] | English footballer (1869–1937)
James Reeves
Reeves (sitting second to the right, with the ball on his feet) in 1895Personal informationFull name
Herbert James ReevesDate of birth
c. May 1869Place of birth
ScotlandDate of death
4 June 1937(1937-06-04) (aged 68)Position(s)
ForwardSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1892–1894
British Club de Barcelona
+3
(+1)1895
Sociedad de Foot-Ballde Barcelona
2
(+3)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Herbert James Reeves (1869 – 4 June 1937), also known as James Reeves or Captain Reeves, was an English football pioneer who is regarded as one of the most important figures in the amateur beginnings of football in Catalonia, being noted for his prominent role in promoting football in the city and as the undisputed leader and fundamental head behind the foundations of some of the earliest Catalan clubs in existence such as British Club de Barcelona and Sociedad de Foot-Ball de Barcelona, serving both teams as its captain. In addition to his leadership skills, he also stood out as a great striker, netting some of the first goals in the history of Catalan football.
Early life
Herbert James Reeves was born in 1869 in Hackney, then a municipality in the county of Middlesex (now a district of Greater London). The exact date of birth is not known, but he was registered in the civil registry between April and June of that year. Reeves was born to a wealthy family, being the second of eight children of John Reeves (1838–1902) and Elizabeth Sowter (1848–1926). He studied engineering, and graduated as an artisan engineer. While in Middlesex, he developed a deep interest in football, already showing great leadership skills from a young age.
Footballing career
First steps in Spain
At some point in late 1891, Reeves arrived in Huelva after being hired by the local Waterworks Company and while he was there, he began playing football with Recreativo de Huelva, featuring as a defender in a match against Sevilla FC in 1892, just two years after these two sides had played the first official football match in Spain.
At some point in 1892, the 23-year-old Reeves arrived in Barcelona due to work reasons, like so many other Britons who moved to the Catalan capital. He was hired by the Barcelona Waterworks Company Ltd and remained in Barcelona for as long as the company lasted (1892–1895). At that time, football was a sport practically unknown in the city. The Barcelona Cricket Club (one of the many branches of the British Club de Barcelona), founded by Britons a year earlier, was the only sign of football in Catalonia, as they played cricket in the summer and then football in the winter (which was common at the time). However, they were a strictly British club, so instead of joining this team, Reeves, an enthusiastic and passionate lover of the game, aimed to create an organization exclusively dedicated to the practice of football and open to everyone, regardless of their origin, a club which would include British and Catalans alike.
Founding the Barcelona Football Club
As part of his "waterworks" duty, Reeves became a member of Club Regatas de Barcelona, a club of rowing and sailing, where he was the spokesman for the club's British members (or British Club Regatas). During his time there, he met and convinced some of the club's British members to play football, but also some French members and most notably, three Catalans, Figueras, Tuñí, and Alberto Serra, who thus became the first documented Catalans to practice football in Catalonia. They began to play football around the autumn of 1892 in Casa Antúnez, a field between the Hippodrome of Can Tunis and the civil arsenal, which was the same ground that the Cricket Club was using to play football, and thus, they began facing each other, preferably on holidays, since Sundays were not a non-working day until 1905.
The individual from the English colony, Reeves, was the soul of that Club and managed to impress some of his countrymen with his entrepreneurial spirit so that in a short time he achieved a respectable number of members.
Joaquim Escardó of Los Deportes in 1906.
During their matches in the Spanish public holidays of 6 and 8 December, Reeves proposed to the cricketers the idea of creating a well-organized football club, and having impressed some of his countrymen with his passionate and entrepreneurial spirit, he convinced some of the Cricket Club members to join him, including some of its founders, such as Henry Wood, William MacAndrews, and the Morris (Jaime and Samuel), thus achieving a respectable number of partners in a short period of time. Apparently, this group of football pioneers led by Reeves was constituted as Barcelona Football Club, thus following the same structure of English club names.
1892–93 season
Even though the British colony of Barcelona had a large presence in the city, finding 22 individuals (plus the referee) was not an easy task, given that the expatriates came to work and many of them had positions of responsibility. It was not until the end of 1892, after months of hard work, that Reeves finally managed to gather enough players to assemble two teams to start practicing football, although in the vast majority of matches, they did not complete the 11s per side. At last, on 25 December 1892, they were able to play the first known football match in the city (actually in the neighboring municipality of Sants). Very little is known about that Christmas Day in 1892, only that the venue was near the grounds of the Can Tunis hippodrome, and that Reeves was the captain of one of the teams.
The two sides of the British Club de Barcelona. Taken on 12 March 1893, it is the oldest documented image of a football team in Spain. Reeves can be seen sitting in the middle between George Cochran, the blue's captain, and Ubaldo Noble.
Reeves kept organizing football games between the members of the British Club de Barcelona, including the infamous match on 12 March 1893 between a blue team captained by George Cochran and a red one led by himself, and Reeves captained by example, netting his side's only goal in a 1–2 loss, with both Blue goals coming from non-Britons (Figueras and Jorge Barrié), meaning that his club's inclusion of locals was paying off, albeit they scored against the 51-year-old Jaime Morris (Senior). The photograph of these two sides just before the match is widely regarded as the oldest photo of a football team in Spain. Moreover, this game was the catalyst for the first proper chronicle of the dispute of a football match, which appeared in the newspaper La Dinastia on 16 March 1893.
1893–94 season
During the winter of 1893–94, he captained the so-called English colony from Barcelona in a series of matches against the Scottish colony from Sant Martí, which was captained by the Scot Willie Gold. They faced each other at least three times on 8 December 1893, 11 March, and 15 April 1894, however, due to the little statistical rigor that the newspapers had at that time, very little is known about those matches. Local historians claim that this was the first ever 'unofficial' rivalry in Spanish football.
1894–95 season
Members of the Sociedad de Foot-Ball de Barcelona in 1895. James Reeves sitting second to the right, with the ball on his feet.
Between 1892 and 1894, Reeves and Cochran always acted as captains of the two sides into which the members of the club were divided every Sunday. The last example of this was on 8 December 1894, this time with Reeves being the captain of the Reds and Cochran of the Blues. Either at the end of 1894 or the beginning of 1895, Reeves's group formally started a football club in Barcelona, founding Sociedad de Foot-Ball de Barcelona. In his next and last match with the Barcelona club, Cochran appeared with the loss of the captaincy, which was given to the 20-year-old John Beaty-Pownall. This was most likely the result of a growing conflict between him and Reeves, probably about the formalization process that the club was going through, which eventually caused the entity to split into two groups, one headed by Reeves and the other by Cochran, Wood, and MacAndrews, which went on to form the Torelló Foot-ball Association.
With the change of name came also the change of field, leaving the Hippodrome of Can Tunis to settle at the Velódromo de la Bonanova, as Reeves wanted a place of easier access to the city center. Something that did not change, however, was the captain, as Reeves remained the undisputed leader of the entity, captaining one of the sides that disputed the first football match played in Bonanova on 27 January 1895, which was played by 16 players from the Barcelona Football Society divided into two teams (Blues vs Reds). On 2 February, he captained the Blue Team in a match against the Reds led by Beaty-Pownall, and once again he led by example, netting his side's only goal in a 1–4 loss, courtesy of Pownall and John Parsons (2).
Apart from the Blue v Red games, the Barcelona Football Society only played two matches in the 1894–95 season, both against a team from Torelló (Torelló Foot-ball Association), which was the very first time that teams from two different cities played against each other in Catalonia, and Reeves was the captain in both games. With a capacity of 3,000, Bonanova was seen completely full on both occasions, and he was the first who gave them something to cheer as he netted the opening goal in an 8–3 local win on 24 March 1895. In the return fixture in Torelló, he captained his side in a 3–5 loss, courtesy of a hat-trick from Cochran. Reeves played several friendly matches at Can Tunis and a few others at Bonanova between 1892 and 1895, where he stood out as a great goal scorer, however, due to the little statistical rigor that the newspapers had at that time, the exact number of goals he netted is unknown. Despite some encouraging first steps, the club was never officially established as Reeves just wanted to play football for fun and was not worried about the official status and legal questions involved in a sport that was still in its infancy in Spain.
1895–96 season
Coinciding with the closure of the Barcelona Waterworks Company Ltd, Reeves returned to the United Kingdom in November 1895, leaving the club orphaned in its management. Following his departure, it was the Catalans who took the reins of the team, but without him, the entity soon declined, collapsed and around 1896 this society, which was never officially established, seems to disappear. For this reason, no Briton played football in Spain (that we know of) in 1897 and 1898. They only began to play again in 1899, with the emergence of Team Anglès.
Later life and death
In 1907, Reeves married Katherine Margaret Beaty-Pownall (1870–1942), widow of Henry Wood and sister of John Beaty-Pownall. Katherine already had two children from her previous marriage to Wood, and in 1910 they had a child of their own, John Pownall Reeves.
Reeves died on 4 June 1937 at the age of 68.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Reeves, el capità del decenni ocult" . memoriesfutbolcatala.com. 4 September 2022. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
^ a b "Herbert James Reeves 1869-1937 - Ancestry". www.ancestry.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
^ "1890: el origen del fútbol sevillano y sus clubes" (in Spanish). CIHEFE. 17 December 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Barcelona Cricket Club: els primers en jugar a futbol" . memoriesfutbolcatala.com (in Spanish). 25 December 2020. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
^ "Els inicis del futbol a Catalunya" . www.ara.cat (in Catalan). 5 September 2015. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
^ a b "Dues nissagues britàniques en el futbol català" . www.ara.cat (in Spanish). 6 September 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
^ a b c d "Orígenes del fútbol en barcelona" . lafutbolteca.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
^ a b c d e "Una agosarada suposició?: Cochran" . memoriesfutbolcatala.com (in Spanish). 18 March 2023. Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
^ a b "Fútbol en el velódromo" . hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. 28 January 1895. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
^ "Plantilla 1894-1896: Delanteros" . estadijohan.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
^ "Blues 1–4 Reds". hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. 5 February 1895. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^ "Barcelona 8–3 Torelló". hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. 27 March 1895. p. 6. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
^ "Torelló 5–3 Barcelona". hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. 17 April 1895. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
^ "La Sociedad de Football de Barcelona de 1894 y el Foot-ball Club Barcelona de 1899" (in Spanish). CIHEFE. 17 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2022. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"football in Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"British Club de Barcelona and Sociedad de Foot-Ball de Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Angl%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"}],"text":"Herbert James Reeves (1869 – 4 June 1937), also known as James Reeves or Captain Reeves, was an English football pioneer who is regarded as one of the most important figures in the amateur beginnings of football in Catalonia, being noted for his prominent role in promoting football in the city and as the undisputed leader and fundamental head behind the foundations of some of the earliest Catalan clubs in existence such as British Club de Barcelona and Sociedad de Foot-Ball de Barcelona, serving both teams as its captain.[1] In addition to his leadership skills, he also stood out as a great striker, netting some of the first goals in the history of Catalan football.","title":"James Reeves (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney,_London"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ancestry-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ancestry-2"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"}],"text":"Herbert James Reeves was born in 1869 in Hackney, then a municipality in the county of Middlesex (now a district of Greater London).[1][2] The exact date of birth is not known, but he was registered in the civil registry between April and June of that year.[1] Reeves was born to a wealthy family, being the second of eight children of John Reeves (1838–1902) and Elizabeth Sowter (1848–1926).[1][2] He studied engineering, and graduated as an artisan engineer. While in Middlesex, he developed a deep interest in football, already showing great leadership skills from a young age.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Footballing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huelva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelva"},{"link_name":"Recreativo de Huelva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreativo_de_Huelva"},{"link_name":"Sevilla FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla_FC"},{"link_name":"first official football match in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_official_football_match_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"link_name":"football in Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primers-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"}],"sub_title":"First steps in Spain","text":"At some point in late 1891, Reeves arrived in Huelva after being hired by the local Waterworks Company and while he was there, he began playing football with Recreativo de Huelva, featuring as a defender in a match against Sevilla FC in 1892, just two years after these two sides had played the first official football match in Spain.[3]At some point in 1892, the 23-year-old Reeves arrived in Barcelona due to work reasons, like so many other Britons who moved to the Catalan capital. He was hired by the Barcelona Waterworks Company Ltd and remained in Barcelona for as long as the company lasted (1892–1895).[1] At that time, football was a sport practically unknown in the city. The Barcelona Cricket Club (one of the many branches of the British Club de Barcelona), founded by Britons a year earlier, was the only sign of football in Catalonia, as they played cricket in the summer and then football in the winter (which was common at the time).[4] However, they were a strictly British club, so instead of joining this team, Reeves, an enthusiastic and passionate lover of the game, aimed to create an organization exclusively dedicated to the practice of football and open to everyone, regardless of their origin, a club which would include British and Catalans alike.[1]","title":"Footballing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Club Regatas de Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Barcelona_Maritime_Club"},{"link_name":"rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primers-4"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"Alberto Serra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Serra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primers-4"},{"link_name":"autumn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn"},{"link_name":"Hippodrome of Can Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Can_Tunis"},{"link_name":"Sundays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inicis-5"},{"link_name":"Los Deportes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Deportes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primers-4"},{"link_name":"Spanish public holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Day"},{"link_name":"8 December","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Henry Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wood_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"William MacAndrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_MacAndrews"},{"link_name":"Jaime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_James_Morris"},{"link_name":"Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morris_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primers-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lineages-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lafutbolteca-7"}],"sub_title":"Founding the Barcelona Football Club","text":"As part of his \"waterworks\" duty, Reeves became a member of Club Regatas de Barcelona, a club of rowing and sailing, where he was the spokesman for the club's British members (or British Club Regatas).[1][4] During his time there, he met and convinced some of the club's British members to play football, but also some French members and most notably, three Catalans, Figueras, Tuñí, and Alberto Serra, who thus became the first documented Catalans to practice football in Catalonia.[1][4] They began to play football around the autumn of 1892 in Casa Antúnez, a field between the Hippodrome of Can Tunis and the civil arsenal, which was the same ground that the Cricket Club was using to play football, and thus, they began facing each other, preferably on holidays, since Sundays were not a non-working day until 1905.[5]The individual from the English colony, Reeves, was the soul of that Club and managed to impress some of his countrymen with his entrepreneurial spirit so that in a short time he achieved a respectable number of members.\n\n\nJoaquim Escardó of Los Deportes in 1906.[4]During their matches in the Spanish public holidays of 6 and 8 December, Reeves proposed to the cricketers the idea of creating a well-organized football club, and having impressed some of his countrymen with his passionate and entrepreneurial spirit, he convinced some of the Cricket Club members to join him, including some of its founders, such as Henry Wood, William MacAndrews, and the Morris (Jaime and Samuel), thus achieving a respectable number of partners in a short period of time.[4][6] Apparently, this group of football pioneers led by Reeves was constituted as Barcelona Football Club, thus following the same structure of English club names.[7]","title":"Footballing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primers-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primers-4"},{"link_name":"Sants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sants"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barcelona_FC_1893.jpg"},{"link_name":"football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_team"},{"link_name":"Ubaldo Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaldo_Noble"},{"link_name":"infamous match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_Blues_v_Reds_football_match"},{"link_name":"George Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cochran_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Jorge Barrié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Barri%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primers-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lineages-6"},{"link_name":"football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primers-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primers-4"}],"sub_title":"1892–93 season","text":"Even though the British colony of Barcelona had a large presence in the city, finding 22 individuals (plus the referee) was not an easy task, given that the expatriates came to work and many of them had positions of responsibility.[4] It was not until the end of 1892, after months of hard work, that Reeves finally managed to gather enough players to assemble two teams to start practicing football, although in the vast majority of matches, they did not complete the 11s per side.[4] At last, on 25 December 1892, they were able to play the first known football match in the city (actually in the neighboring municipality of Sants).[1] Very little is known about that Christmas Day in 1892, only that the venue was near the grounds of the Can Tunis hippodrome, and that Reeves was the captain of one of the teams.[1]The two sides of the British Club de Barcelona. Taken on 12 March 1893, it is the oldest documented image of a football team in Spain. Reeves can be seen sitting in the middle between George Cochran, the blue's captain, and Ubaldo Noble.Reeves kept organizing football games between the members of the British Club de Barcelona, including the infamous match on 12 March 1893 between a blue team captained by George Cochran and a red one led by himself, and Reeves captained by example, netting his side's only goal in a 1–2 loss, with both Blue goals coming from non-Britons (Figueras and Jorge Barrié), meaning that his club's inclusion of locals was paying off, albeit they scored against the 51-year-old Jaime Morris (Senior).[4][6] The photograph of these two sides just before the match is widely regarded as the oldest photo of a football team in Spain.[4] Moreover, this game was the catalyst for the first proper chronicle of the dispute of a football match, which appeared in the newspaper La Dinastia on 16 March 1893.[1][4]","title":"Footballing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sant Martí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_de_Proven%C3%A7als"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primers-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lafutbolteca-7"},{"link_name":"Willie Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Gold"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primers-4"}],"sub_title":"1893–94 season","text":"During the winter of 1893–94, he captained the so-called English colony from Barcelona in a series of matches against the Scottish colony from Sant Martí,[4][7] which was captained by the Scot Willie Gold. They faced each other at least three times on 8 December 1893, 11 March, and 15 April 1894, however, due to the little statistical rigor that the newspapers had at that time, very little is known about those matches. Local historians claim that this was the first ever 'unofficial' rivalry in Spanish football.[4]","title":"Footballing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barcelona_FC_1895.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lafutbolteca-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coch-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coch-8"},{"link_name":"John Beaty-Pownall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beaty-Pownall"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coch-8"},{"link_name":"Torelló","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torell%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coch-8"},{"link_name":"field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_pitch"},{"link_name":"Velódromo de la Bonanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%C3%B3dromo_de_la_Bonanova"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primers-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonanova-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonanova-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"John Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Parsons_(footballer,_born_1875)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Torelló","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torell%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torell%C3%B36-12"},{"link_name":"hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick#Association_football"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coch-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"friendly matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LaSociedad-14"}],"sub_title":"1894–95 season","text":"Members of the Sociedad de Foot-Ball de Barcelona in 1895. James Reeves sitting second to the right, with the ball on his feet.Between 1892 and 1894, Reeves and Cochran always acted as captains of the two sides into which the members of the club were divided every Sunday.[7] The last example of this was on 8 December 1894, this time with Reeves being the captain of the Reds and Cochran of the Blues.[8] Either at the end of 1894 or the beginning of 1895, Reeves's group formally started a football club in Barcelona, founding Sociedad de Foot-Ball de Barcelona.[1][8] In his next and last match with the Barcelona club, Cochran appeared with the loss of the captaincy, which was given to the 20-year-old John Beaty-Pownall.[8] This was most likely the result of a growing conflict between him and Reeves, probably about the formalization process that the club was going through, which eventually caused the entity to split into two groups, one headed by Reeves and the other by Cochran, Wood, and MacAndrews, which went on to form the Torelló Foot-ball Association.[8]With the change of name came also the change of field, leaving the Hippodrome of Can Tunis to settle at the Velódromo de la Bonanova, as Reeves wanted a place of easier access to the city center.[4][9] Something that did not change, however, was the captain, as Reeves remained the undisputed leader of the entity, captaining one of the sides that disputed the first football match played in Bonanova on 27 January 1895, which was played by 16 players from the Barcelona Football Society divided into two teams (Blues vs Reds).[9][10] On 2 February, he captained the Blue Team in a match against the Reds led by Beaty-Pownall, and once again he led by example, netting his side's only goal in a 1–4 loss, courtesy of Pownall and John Parsons (2).[11]Apart from the Blue v Red games, the Barcelona Football Society only played two matches in the 1894–95 season, both against a team from Torelló (Torelló Foot-ball Association), which was the very first time that teams from two different cities played against each other in Catalonia, and Reeves was the captain in both games.[1] With a capacity of 3,000, Bonanova was seen completely full on both occasions, and he was the first who gave them something to cheer as he netted the opening goal in an 8–3 local win on 24 March 1895.[12] In the return fixture in Torelló, he captained his side in a 3–5 loss, courtesy of a hat-trick from Cochran.[8][13] Reeves played several friendly matches at Can Tunis and a few others at Bonanova between 1892 and 1895, where he stood out as a great goal scorer, however, due to the little statistical rigor that the newspapers had at that time, the exact number of goals he netted is unknown.[1] Despite some encouraging first steps, the club was never officially established as Reeves just wanted to play football for fun and was not worried about the official status and legal questions involved in a sport that was still in its infancy in Spain.[14]","title":"Footballing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lafutbolteca-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"link_name":"Team Anglès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Angl%C3%A8s"}],"sub_title":"1895–96 season","text":"Coinciding with the closure of the Barcelona Waterworks Company Ltd, Reeves returned to the United Kingdom in November 1895, leaving the club orphaned in its management.[1][7] Following his departure, it was the Catalans who took the reins of the team, but without him, the entity soon declined, collapsed and around 1896 this society, which was never officially established, seems to disappear. For this reason, no Briton played football in Spain (that we know of) in 1897 and 1898.[1] They only began to play again in 1899, with the emergence of Team Anglès.","title":"Footballing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPTAIN-1"}],"text":"In 1907, Reeves married Katherine Margaret Beaty-Pownall (1870–1942), widow of Henry Wood and sister of John Beaty-Pownall.[1] Katherine already had two children from her previous marriage to Wood, and in 1910 they had a child of their own, John Pownall Reeves.[1]Reeves died on 4 June 1937 at the age of 68.[1]","title":"Later life and death"}] | [{"image_text":"The two sides of the British Club de Barcelona. Taken on 12 March 1893, it is the oldest documented image of a football team in Spain. Reeves can be seen sitting in the middle between George Cochran, the blue's captain, and Ubaldo Noble.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Barcelona_FC_1893.jpg/300px-Barcelona_FC_1893.jpg"},{"image_text":"Members of the Sociedad de Foot-Ball de Barcelona in 1895. James Reeves sitting second to the right, with the ball on his feet.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Barcelona_FC_1895.jpg/300px-Barcelona_FC_1895.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Reeves, el capità del decenni ocult\" [Reeves, the captain of the hidden decade]. memoriesfutbolcatala.com. 4 September 2022. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://memoriesfutbolcatala.com/2022/09/04/reeves-el-capita-del-decenni-ocult/","url_text":"\"Reeves, el capità del decenni ocult\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220913230533/https://memoriesfutbolcatala.com/2022/09/04/reeves-el-capita-del-decenni-ocult/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Herbert James Reeves 1869-1937 - Ancestry\". www.ancestry.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/herbert-james-reeves-24-jrw4bm","url_text":"\"Herbert James Reeves 1869-1937 - Ancestry\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220919105343/https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/herbert-james-reeves-24-jrw4bm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1890: el origen del fútbol sevillano y sus clubes\" [1890: the origin of Sevillian football and its clubs] (in Spanish). CIHEFE. 17 December 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cuadernosdefutbol.com/2011/01/1890-el-origen-del-futbol-sevillano-y-sus-clubes/","url_text":"\"1890: el origen del fútbol sevillano y sus clubes\""},{"url":"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaciones_de_Historia_y_Estad%C3%ADstica_del_F%C3%BAtbol_Espa%C3%B1ol","url_text":"CIHEFE"}]},{"reference":"\"Barcelona Cricket Club: els primers en jugar a futbol\" [Barcelona Cricket Club: the first to play football]. memoriesfutbolcatala.com (in Spanish). 25 December 2020. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://memoriesfutbolcatala.com/2020/12/25/barcelona-cricket-club-els-primers-en-jugar-a-futbol/","url_text":"\"Barcelona Cricket Club: els primers en jugar a futbol\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220811011124/https://memoriesfutbolcatala.com/2020/12/25/barcelona-cricket-club-els-primers-en-jugar-a-futbol/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Els inicis del futbol a Catalunya\" [The beginnings of football in Catalonia]. www.ara.cat (in Catalan). 5 September 2015. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ara.cat/esports/inicis-del-futbol-catalunya_1_1815861.html","url_text":"\"Els inicis del futbol a Catalunya\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210320142818/https://www.ara.cat/esports/inicis-del-futbol-catalunya_1_1815861.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dues nissagues britàniques en el futbol català\" [Two British lineages in Catalan football]. www.ara.cat (in Spanish). 6 September 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ara.cat/esports/dues-nissagues-britaniques-futbol-catala_1_1814112.html","url_text":"\"Dues nissagues britàniques en el futbol català\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220728235927/https://www.ara.cat/esports/dues-nissagues-britaniques-futbol-catala_1_1814112.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Orígenes del fútbol en barcelona\" [Origins of football in Barcelona]. lafutbolteca.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://lafutbolteca.com/futbol-club-barcelona/","url_text":"\"Orígenes del fútbol en barcelona\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201009040408/http://lafutbolteca.com/futbol-club-barcelona/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Una agosarada suposició?: Cochran\" [A bold assumption?: Cochran]. memoriesfutbolcatala.com (in Spanish). 18 March 2023. Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://memoriesfutbolcatala.com/2023/03/18/una-agosarada-suposicio-cochran/","url_text":"\"Una agosarada suposició?: Cochran\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240218043103/https://memoriesfutbolcatala.com/2023/03/18/una-agosarada-suposicio-cochran/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fútbol en el velódromo\" [Football at the Velodrome]. hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. 28 January 1895. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1895/01/28/pagina-2/33402532/pdf.html","url_text":"\"Fútbol en el velódromo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vanguardia","url_text":"La Vanguardia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220903005945/http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1895/01/28/pagina-2/33402532/pdf.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Plantilla 1894-1896: Delanteros\" [Squad 1894-1896: Forwards]. estadijohan.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://estadijohan.com/plantilla-1984-1986/","url_text":"\"Plantilla 1894-1896: Delanteros\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240218235916/https://estadijohan.com/plantilla-1984-1986/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Blues 1–4 Reds\". hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. 5 February 1895. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1895/02/05/pagina-5/33402591/pdf.html","url_text":"\"Blues 1–4 Reds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vanguardia","url_text":"La Vanguardia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230205153636/https://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1895/02/05/pagina-5/33402591/pdf.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Barcelona 8–3 Torelló\". hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. 27 March 1895. p. 6. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1895/03/27/pagina-6/33394648/pdf.html","url_text":"\"Barcelona 8–3 Torelló\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vanguardia","url_text":"La Vanguardia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220929161652/http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1895/03/27/pagina-6/33394648/pdf.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Torelló 5–3 Barcelona\". hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. 17 April 1895. Retrieved 20 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1895/04/17/pagina-3/33395255/pdf.html","url_text":"\"Torelló 5–3 Barcelona\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vanguardia","url_text":"La Vanguardia"}]},{"reference":"\"La Sociedad de Football de Barcelona de 1894 y el Foot-ball Club Barcelona de 1899\" [The Barcelona Football Society of 1894 and the Foot-ball Club Barcelona of 1899] (in Spanish). CIHEFE. 17 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2010/02/la-sociedad-de-footbal-de-barcelona-de-1894-y-el-foot-ball-club-barcelona-de-1899-%C2%BFun-mismo-club-o-clubes-diferentes/","url_text":"\"La Sociedad de Football de Barcelona de 1894 y el Foot-ball Club Barcelona de 1899\""},{"url":"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaciones_de_Historia_y_Estad%C3%ADstica_del_F%C3%BAtbol_Espa%C3%B1ol","url_text":"CIHEFE"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230205152019/https://www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2010/02/la-sociedad-de-footbal-de-barcelona-de-1894-y-el-foot-ball-club-barcelona-de-1899-%C2%BFun-mismo-club-o-clubes-diferentes/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://memoriesfutbolcatala.com/2022/09/04/reeves-el-capita-del-decenni-ocult/","external_links_name":"\"Reeves, el capità del decenni ocult\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220913230533/https://memoriesfutbolcatala.com/2022/09/04/reeves-el-capita-del-decenni-ocult/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/herbert-james-reeves-24-jrw4bm","external_links_name":"\"Herbert James Reeves 1869-1937 - Ancestry\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220919105343/https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/herbert-james-reeves-24-jrw4bm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cuadernosdefutbol.com/2011/01/1890-el-origen-del-futbol-sevillano-y-sus-clubes/","external_links_name":"\"1890: el origen del fútbol sevillano y sus clubes\""},{"Link":"https://memoriesfutbolcatala.com/2020/12/25/barcelona-cricket-club-els-primers-en-jugar-a-futbol/","external_links_name":"\"Barcelona Cricket Club: els primers en jugar a futbol\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220811011124/https://memoriesfutbolcatala.com/2020/12/25/barcelona-cricket-club-els-primers-en-jugar-a-futbol/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ara.cat/esports/inicis-del-futbol-catalunya_1_1815861.html","external_links_name":"\"Els inicis del futbol a Catalunya\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210320142818/https://www.ara.cat/esports/inicis-del-futbol-catalunya_1_1815861.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ara.cat/esports/dues-nissagues-britaniques-futbol-catala_1_1814112.html","external_links_name":"\"Dues nissagues britàniques en el futbol català\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220728235927/https://www.ara.cat/esports/dues-nissagues-britaniques-futbol-catala_1_1814112.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://lafutbolteca.com/futbol-club-barcelona/","external_links_name":"\"Orígenes del fútbol en barcelona\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201009040408/http://lafutbolteca.com/futbol-club-barcelona/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://memoriesfutbolcatala.com/2023/03/18/una-agosarada-suposicio-cochran/","external_links_name":"\"Una agosarada suposició?: Cochran\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240218043103/https://memoriesfutbolcatala.com/2023/03/18/una-agosarada-suposicio-cochran/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1895/01/28/pagina-2/33402532/pdf.html","external_links_name":"\"Fútbol en el velódromo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220903005945/http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1895/01/28/pagina-2/33402532/pdf.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://estadijohan.com/plantilla-1984-1986/","external_links_name":"\"Plantilla 1894-1896: Delanteros\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240218235916/https://estadijohan.com/plantilla-1984-1986/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1895/02/05/pagina-5/33402591/pdf.html","external_links_name":"\"Blues 1–4 Reds\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230205153636/https://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1895/02/05/pagina-5/33402591/pdf.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1895/03/27/pagina-6/33394648/pdf.html","external_links_name":"\"Barcelona 8–3 Torelló\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220929161652/http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1895/03/27/pagina-6/33394648/pdf.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1895/04/17/pagina-3/33395255/pdf.html","external_links_name":"\"Torelló 5–3 Barcelona\""},{"Link":"https://www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2010/02/la-sociedad-de-footbal-de-barcelona-de-1894-y-el-foot-ball-club-barcelona-de-1899-%C2%BFun-mismo-club-o-clubes-diferentes/","external_links_name":"\"La Sociedad de Football de Barcelona de 1894 y el Foot-ball Club Barcelona de 1899\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230205152019/https://www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2010/02/la-sociedad-de-footbal-de-barcelona-de-1894-y-el-foot-ball-club-barcelona-de-1899-%C2%BFun-mismo-club-o-clubes-diferentes/","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovians_and_Herculians | Jovians and Herculians | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References"] | Imperial guard units under Roman Emperor Diocletian in the late 3rd century AD
JoviansIovianiShield pattern of the palatine legion of Ioviani seniores, according to the Notitia Dignitatum.TypeSenior palatine imperial guard unitsMilitary unit
HerculiansHerculianiShield pattern of the palatine legion of Herculiani seniores, according to the Notitia Dignitatum.TypeSenior palatine imperial guard unitsMilitary unit
The Jovians (Latin: Ioviani) and Herculians (Latin: Herculiani) were the senior palatine imperial guard units under the rule of Roman Emperor Diocletian (r. 284–305). They continued in existence thereafter as senior units in the field armies of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires.
History
The name originated in the equation of the two co-emperors Diocletian and Maximian with the Roman gods Jove and Hercules. The old-established Praetorian Guard was based at the Castra Praetoria in Rome, and had frequently proved disloyal, making and deposing emperors and even on one occasion in 193 putting the Imperial throne up for auction to the highest bidder (cf: Didius Julianus).
Thus Diocletian, who ruled from Nicomedia, promoted two faithful legions from the Illyricum (Legio V Iovia and VI Herculia), the area he was also descended from, to be the personal protectors of the Roman Emperors. On their promotion, the two old legions were renamed Ioviani and Herculiani. The Praetorian Guard continued to exist until its abolishment by Constantine I in ca. 312, and replaced as the imperial guard by the Scholae Palatinae. The two legions however continued to be counted among the senior units of the army, and after its division between East and West, they too were divided.
In the late 4th century document Notitia Dignitatum, they are listed, for the West (bearing the title seniores), as directly under the command of the magister peditum, and for the East (the iuniores, junior to their counterparts in the West), as being under the command of the magister militum praesentalis. In 398, the Jovians and Herculians of the West were part of the small body that invaded Africa and suppressed the Gildonic revolt.
See also
List of Roman legions
Primani
References
^ a b Gibbon, Edward. The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire Vol 1 Chapter XIII New Bodies of Guards, Jovians and Herculians
^ Notitia Dignitatum, Pars Occidentalis, V
^ Notitia Dignitatum, Pars Orientalis, V | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"imperial guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_guard"},{"link_name":"Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Eastern Roman Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire"}],"text":"Military unitMilitary unitThe Jovians (Latin: Ioviani) and Herculians (Latin: Herculiani) were the senior palatine imperial guard units under the rule of Roman Emperor Diocletian (r. 284–305). They continued in existence thereafter as senior units in the field armies of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires.","title":"Jovians and Herculians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"Maximian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximian"},{"link_name":"Jove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules"},{"link_name":"Praetorian Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guard"},{"link_name":"Castra Praetoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_Praetoria"},{"link_name":"Didius Julianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didius_Julianus"},{"link_name":"Nicomedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomedia"},{"link_name":"Illyricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyria"},{"link_name":"Legio V Iovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_V_Iovia"},{"link_name":"VI Herculia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_VI_Herculia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GE-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GE-1"},{"link_name":"Constantine I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I"},{"link_name":"Scholae Palatinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Notitia Dignitatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"magister militum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_militum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Gildonic revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildonic_revolt"}],"text":"The name originated in the equation of the two co-emperors Diocletian and Maximian with the Roman gods Jove and Hercules. The old-established Praetorian Guard was based at the Castra Praetoria in Rome, and had frequently proved disloyal, making and deposing emperors and even on one occasion in 193 putting the Imperial throne up for auction to the highest bidder (cf: Didius Julianus).Thus Diocletian, who ruled from Nicomedia, promoted two faithful legions from the Illyricum (Legio V Iovia and VI Herculia), the area he was also descended from, to be the personal protectors of the Roman Emperors.[1] On their promotion, the two old legions were renamed Ioviani and Herculiani.[1] The Praetorian Guard continued to exist until its abolishment by Constantine I in ca. 312, and replaced as the imperial guard by the Scholae Palatinae. The two legions however continued to be counted among the senior units of the army, and after its division between East and West, they too were divided.In the late 4th century document Notitia Dignitatum, they are listed, for the West (bearing the title seniores), as directly under the command of the magister peditum,[2] and for the East (the iuniores, junior to their counterparts in the West), as being under the command of the magister militum praesentalis.[3] In 398, the Jovians and Herculians of the West were part of the small body that invaded Africa and suppressed the Gildonic revolt.","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Roman legions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions"},{"title":"Primani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primani"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume1/chap13.htm#newb","external_links_name":"Vol 1 Chapter XIII New Bodies of Guards, Jovians and Herculians"},{"Link":"http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~halsteis/notitia.htm","external_links_name":"Notitia Dignitatum"},{"Link":"http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~halsteis/notitia.htm","external_links_name":"Notitia Dignitatum"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_Journal | Telegraph-Journal | ["1 History","2 Controversies","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Telegraph-JournalFront page of the Telegraph JournalTypeDaily newspaperFormatBroadsheetOwner(s)Postmedia NetworkFounded1862Headquarters380 Bayside DriveSaint John, New BrunswickE2L 2X7Circulation233,549 WeeklyReadership~100,000 DailySister newspapersThe Daily GleanerTimes & TranscriptWebsitetj.news/telegraph-journal
The Telegraph-Journal is a daily newspaper published in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, owned by Postmedia Network. It serves as both a provincial daily and as a local newspaper for Saint John. The Telegraph-Journal is the only New Brunswick-based English-language newspaper to be distributed province-wide, and has the highest readership in the province at a weekly circulation of 233,549 and a daily readership of about 100,000.
In May 2022 the Monday print edition was discontinued, and in March 2023 the print edition was reduced to three days a week. Daily news coverage continues online.
History
The paper has been published out of Saint John since 1862, when it was started as The Morning Telegraph. The paper merged with several other New Brunswick papers in the following decades: the Morning Journal in 1869, The Sun in 1910, and The Daily Journal in 1923, which is when it first adopted the name Telegraph-Journal. Capitalist Kenneth Colin (K.C.) Irving, without formal announcement bought New Brunswick Publishing and the Telegraph-Journal, as well as a local Saint John radio station CHSJ in 1944. Eventually word got out that Irving had bought the paper as he began purchasing others in the province.
In 1998, the Irving family created Brunswick News to merge their various media holdings, including the Telegraph-Journal. In 2022, Toronto-based Postmedia acquired Brunswick News for $7.5 million cash and $8.6 million in variable voting shares.
Controversies
The Telegraph-Journal has been the focus of controversy several times, with allegations of media control, bias and advocacy journalism on behalf of business and political interests. A report from the Canadian Senate in 2006 on media control in Canada singled out New Brunswick because of the Irving companies' ownership of all English-language daily newspapers in the province, including the Telegraph-Journal. Senator Joan Fraser, author of the Senate report, stated, "We didn't find anywhere else in the developed world a situation like the situation in New Brunswick." The report went further, stating, "the Irvings' corporate interests form an industrial-media complex that dominates the province" to a degree "unique in developed countries." At the Senate hearing, journalists and academics cited Irving newspapers' lack of critical reporting on the family's influential businesses.
Irving family scion Jamie Irving took over as publisher in 2005, after which criticism of the Telegraph-Journal's journalism became even more prevalent. This was particularly notable during the newspaper's reporting of issues related to electricity rates and NB Power, the crown corporation responsible for power generation and distribution. Editorials argued against rate increases that would harm J.D. Irving Ltd but failed to acknowledge the conflict of interest.
In 2009 the Telegraph-Journal weathered a storm of national attention after a series of incidents that raised issues regarding the newspaper's credibility. The Telegraph-Journal faced charges of political bias when it fired intern Matt McCann for writing a story about a protest against the award by the University of New Brunswick of an honorary degree to New Brunswick Premier Shawn Graham. In response to the firing, respected professors from the University of New Brunswick, Mount Allison University and St. Thomas University announced a boycott of the newspaper.
Further controversy arose over the Telegraph-Journal's reporting of municipal affairs in Saint John. The newspaper ran a series of stories alleging mismanagement and inappropriate conduct by the City Manager and senior staff, based on what were later seen as fabrications, and faced allegations that it was using negative coverage to blackmail the City into making changes in administration and the tax rate. This led to a very public conflict between the Mayor and the newspaper.
Shortly after, in the "Wafergate" affair, Telegraph-Journal editors altered a news story about the funeral of Governor General Roméo LeBlanc to allege that the Prime Minister of Canada 'pocketed' a communion wafer while attending. The resulting controversy dominated national news coverage. Embarrassingly, the Telegraph-Journal was later forced to retract the allegation and apologize for fabricating the story after its own reporters threatened a lawsuit over editorial manipulation. The newspaper's credibility suffered further under critical national media attention. Editor Shawna Richer was dismissed and publisher Jamie Irving was suspended. A well-respected editor was brought in from outside the province to rehabilitate the publication, though Jamie Irving quietly returned to manage the Telegraph-Journal later in the year.
Controversy continued in 2009 when a Telegraph-Journal writer plagiarized an entire story from the French-language paper, L’Acadie Nouvelle. The incident triggered another apology from the Telegraph-Journal.
In 2015 the Telegraph-Journal once again came under scrutiny over its efforts to obtain, as part of a campaign for greater transparency into government lobbying and partisanship, lists of guests at the Government of New Brunswick's "Larry’s Gulch" luxury fishing lodge. An employee of Brunswick News, the newspaper's parent organization, had been a guest at the lodge and contrived to have his own name deleted from the lists prior to publication. Brunswick News had become aware of this ethical breach but didn't act until another news outlet, Canadaland, was about to break the story. The employee was forced out, and despite its earlier fervour for transparency the Telegraph-Journal quietly dropped further efforts to publish Larry's Gulch guest lists. Court proceedings in 2019 suggested that greater Irving family control over the newspaper's editorial direction was a factor in how the organization handled this affair.
See also
List of newspapers in Canada
References
^ Poitras, Jacques (7 February 2023). "English-language dailies in N.B. will print only 3 days a week". CBC News. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
^ "The Morning Telegraph (Saint John, New Brunswick: 1862)". New Brunswick Historical Newspapers Project. University of New Brunswick Libraries. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
^ "St. John Daily Telegraph and Morning Journal (1869)". New Brunswick Historical Newspapers Project. University of New Brunswick Libraries. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
^ "The Daily Telegraph and The Sun (Saint John, New Brunswick: 1910)". New Brunswick Historical Newspapers Project. University of New Brunswick Libraries. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
^ "Telegraph Journal (1923)". New Brunswick Historical Newspapers Project. University of New Brunswick Libraries. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
^ Poitras, Jacques (2014). Irving vs. Irving: Canada's Feuding Billionaires And The Stories They Won't Tell. Toronto: Penguin Canada. ISBN 978-0-14-319302-9.
^ Poitras, Jacques (2014). Irving vs. Irving: Canada's Feuding Billionaires And The Stories They Won't Tell. Toronto: Penguin Canada. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-14-319302-9.
^ "Postmedia buys Telegraph-Journal, other N.B. papers". TJ.news. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
^ Ibrahim, Hadeel (18 February 2022). "Irving-owned New Brunswick newspapers to be sold to Postmedia". CBC News. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
^ "CBC: Feds must examine Irving media empire". 12 October 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
^ "The Star: Hot scoop burns reporter at Irving paper". Toronto Star. 17 June 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
^ a b "Ryerson Review of Journalism: The Calm after the Storm". 23 June 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
^ a b "CBC: Publisher, editor out over wafer story". 28 July 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
^ "Columbia Journalism Review: Three Strikes and You're Fired". 26 June 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
^ "CBC: Saint John mayor claims Irving demanded city hall changes". 29 June 2009.
^ "Macleans: Er, never mind". 28 July 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
^ "Changes Confirmed at Local Paper". 29 July 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
^ "CBC: 2 Moncton Times & Transcript editors out after ethics probe". 16 February 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
^ "CBC: Trial begins in NB editor's fishing-lodge firing case". 24 June 2019.
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint John, New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Postmedia Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmedia_Network"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Telegraph-Journal is a daily newspaper published in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, owned by Postmedia Network. It serves as both a provincial daily and as a local newspaper for Saint John. The Telegraph-Journal is the only New Brunswick-based English-language newspaper to be distributed province-wide, and has the highest readership in the province at a weekly circulation of 233,549 and a daily readership of about 100,000.In May 2022 the Monday print edition was discontinued, and in March 2023 the print edition was reduced to three days a week. Daily news coverage continues online.[1]","title":"Telegraph-Journal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Colin (K.C.) Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.C._Irving"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Irving family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Family_(New_Brunswick)"},{"link_name":"Brunswick News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_News"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Postmedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmedia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The paper has been published out of Saint John since 1862, when it was started as The Morning Telegraph.[2] The paper merged with several other New Brunswick papers in the following decades: the Morning Journal in 1869,[3] The Sun in 1910,[4] and The Daily Journal in 1923, which is when it first adopted the name Telegraph-Journal.[5] Capitalist Kenneth Colin (K.C.) Irving, without formal announcement bought New Brunswick Publishing and the Telegraph-Journal, as well as a local Saint John radio station CHSJ in 1944. Eventually word got out that Irving had bought the paper as he began purchasing others in the province.[6]In 1998, the Irving family created Brunswick News to merge their various media holdings, including the Telegraph-Journal.[7] In 2022, Toronto-based Postmedia acquired Brunswick News for $7.5 million cash and $8.6 million in variable voting shares.[8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC_Feds-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Star-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryerson_Review_of_Journalism-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC_Publisher-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Columbia_Journalism_Review-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC_Saint-15"},{"link_name":"Roméo LeBlanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc"},{"link_name":"communion wafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communion_wafer"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macleans-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC_Publisher-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHSJ_News-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryerson_Review_of_Journalism-12"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC_Moncton-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC_Saint_John-19"}],"text":"The Telegraph-Journal has been the focus of controversy several times, with allegations of media control, bias and advocacy journalism on behalf of business and political interests. A report from the Canadian Senate in 2006 on media control in Canada singled out New Brunswick because of the Irving companies' ownership of all English-language daily newspapers in the province, including the Telegraph-Journal. Senator Joan Fraser, author of the Senate report, stated, \"We didn't find anywhere else in the developed world a situation like the situation in New Brunswick.\"[10] The report went further, stating, \"the Irvings' corporate interests form an industrial-media complex that dominates the province\" to a degree \"unique in developed countries.\" At the Senate hearing, journalists and academics cited Irving newspapers' lack of critical reporting on the family's influential businesses.[11]Irving family scion Jamie Irving took over as publisher in 2005, after which criticism of the Telegraph-Journal's journalism became even more prevalent. This was particularly notable during the newspaper's reporting of issues related to electricity rates and NB Power, the crown corporation responsible for power generation and distribution. Editorials argued against rate increases that would harm J.D. Irving Ltd but failed to acknowledge the conflict of interest.[12]In 2009 the Telegraph-Journal weathered a storm of national attention after a series of incidents that raised issues regarding the newspaper's credibility. The Telegraph-Journal faced charges of political bias when it fired intern Matt McCann for writing a story about a protest against the award by the University of New Brunswick of an honorary degree to New Brunswick Premier Shawn Graham. In response to the firing, respected professors from the University of New Brunswick, Mount Allison University and St. Thomas University announced a boycott of the newspaper.[13][14]Further controversy arose over the Telegraph-Journal's reporting of municipal affairs in Saint John. The newspaper ran a series of stories alleging mismanagement and inappropriate conduct by the City Manager and senior staff, based on what were later seen as fabrications, and faced allegations that it was using negative coverage to blackmail the City into making changes in administration and the tax rate. This led to a very public conflict between the Mayor and the newspaper.[15]Shortly after, in the \"Wafergate\" affair, Telegraph-Journal editors altered a news story about the funeral of Governor General Roméo LeBlanc to allege that the Prime Minister of Canada 'pocketed' a communion wafer while attending. The resulting controversy dominated national news coverage. Embarrassingly, the Telegraph-Journal was later forced to retract the allegation and apologize for fabricating the story after its own reporters threatened a lawsuit over editorial manipulation. The newspaper's credibility suffered further under critical national media attention.[16] Editor Shawna Richer was dismissed and publisher Jamie Irving was suspended.[13][17] A well-respected editor was brought in from outside the province to rehabilitate the publication, though Jamie Irving quietly returned to manage the Telegraph-Journal later in the year.Controversy continued in 2009 when a Telegraph-Journal writer plagiarized an entire story from the French-language paper, L’Acadie Nouvelle. The incident triggered another apology from the Telegraph-Journal.[12]In 2015 the Telegraph-Journal once again came under scrutiny over its efforts to obtain, as part of a campaign for greater transparency into government lobbying and partisanship, lists of guests at the Government of New Brunswick's \"Larry’s Gulch\" luxury fishing lodge. An employee of Brunswick News, the newspaper's parent organization, had been a guest at the lodge and contrived to have his own name deleted from the lists prior to publication. Brunswick News had become aware of this ethical breach but didn't act until another news outlet, Canadaland, was about to break the story. The employee was forced out, and despite its earlier fervour for transparency the Telegraph-Journal quietly dropped further efforts to publish Larry's Gulch guest lists.[18] Court proceedings in 2019 suggested that greater Irving family control over the newspaper's editorial direction was a factor in how the organization handled this affair.[19]","title":"Controversies"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of newspapers in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Canada"}] | [{"reference":"Poitras, Jacques (7 February 2023). \"English-language dailies in N.B. will print only 3 days a week\". CBC News. Retrieved 8 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-reduces-print-editions-1.6740032","url_text":"\"English-language dailies in N.B. will print only 3 days a week\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Morning Telegraph (Saint John, New Brunswick: 1862)\". New Brunswick Historical Newspapers Project. University of New Brunswick Libraries. Retrieved 20 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/newspaper/morning-telegraph-saint-john-new-brunswick-1862","url_text":"\"The Morning Telegraph (Saint John, New Brunswick: 1862)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick","url_text":"University of New Brunswick"}]},{"reference":"\"St. John Daily Telegraph and Morning Journal (1869)\". New Brunswick Historical Newspapers Project. University of New Brunswick Libraries. Retrieved 20 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/newspaper/st-john-daily-telegraph-and-morning-journal-1869","url_text":"\"St. John Daily Telegraph and Morning Journal (1869)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick","url_text":"University of New Brunswick"}]},{"reference":"\"The Daily Telegraph and The Sun (Saint John, New Brunswick: 1910)\". New Brunswick Historical Newspapers Project. University of New Brunswick Libraries. Retrieved 20 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/newspaper/daily-telegraph-and-sun-saint-john-new-brunswick-1910","url_text":"\"The Daily Telegraph and The Sun (Saint John, New Brunswick: 1910)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick","url_text":"University of New Brunswick"}]},{"reference":"\"Telegraph Journal (1923)\". New Brunswick Historical Newspapers Project. University of New Brunswick Libraries. Retrieved 20 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/newspaper/telegraph-journal-1923","url_text":"\"Telegraph Journal (1923)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick","url_text":"University of New Brunswick"}]},{"reference":"Poitras, Jacques (2014). Irving vs. Irving: Canada's Feuding Billionaires And The Stories They Won't Tell. Toronto: Penguin Canada. ISBN 978-0-14-319302-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yl5WBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Irving vs. Irving: Canada's Feuding Billionaires And The Stories They Won't Tell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-319302-9","url_text":"978-0-14-319302-9"}]},{"reference":"Poitras, Jacques (2014). Irving vs. Irving: Canada's Feuding Billionaires And The Stories They Won't Tell. Toronto: Penguin Canada. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-14-319302-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yl5WBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Irving vs. Irving: Canada's Feuding Billionaires And The Stories They Won't Tell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-319302-9","url_text":"978-0-14-319302-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Postmedia buys Telegraph-Journal, other N.B. papers\". TJ.news. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tj.news/telegraph-journal/101800917","url_text":"\"Postmedia buys Telegraph-Journal, other N.B. papers\""}]},{"reference":"Ibrahim, Hadeel (18 February 2022). \"Irving-owned New Brunswick newspapers to be sold to Postmedia\". CBC News. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-sold-postmedia-1.6356427","url_text":"\"Irving-owned New Brunswick newspapers to be sold to Postmedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBC: Feds must examine Irving media empire\". 12 October 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/feds-must-examine-irving-media-empire-fraser-1.677605","url_text":"\"CBC: Feds must examine Irving media empire\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Star: Hot scoop burns reporter at Irving paper\". Toronto Star. 17 June 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2009/06/17/hot_scoop_burns_reporter_at_irving_paper.html","url_text":"\"The Star: Hot scoop burns reporter at Irving paper\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Ryerson Review of Journalism: The Calm after the Storm\". 23 June 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://rrj.ca/the-calm-after-the-storm/","url_text":"\"Ryerson Review of Journalism: The Calm after the Storm\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBC: Publisher, editor out over wafer story\". 28 July 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/publisher-editor-out-over-wafer-story-1.834758","url_text":"\"CBC: Publisher, editor out over wafer story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Columbia Journalism Review: Three Strikes and You're Fired\". 26 June 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/three_strikes_and_youre_fired.php?page=all","url_text":"\"Columbia Journalism Review: Three Strikes and You're Fired\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBC: Saint John mayor claims Irving demanded city hall changes\". 29 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/saint-john-mayor-claims-irving-demanded-city-hall-changes-1.799186","url_text":"\"CBC: Saint John mayor claims Irving demanded city hall changes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Macleans: Er, never mind\". 28 July 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/er-never-mind/","url_text":"\"Macleans: Er, never mind\""}]},{"reference":"\"Changes Confirmed at Local Paper\". 29 July 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.country94.ca/news/changes-confirmed-local-paper","url_text":"\"Changes Confirmed at Local Paper\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBC: 2 Moncton Times & Transcript editors out after ethics probe\". 16 February 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/2-moncton-times-transcript-editors-out-after-ethics-probe-1.2958665","url_text":"\"CBC: 2 Moncton Times & Transcript editors out after ethics probe\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBC: Trial begins in NB editor's fishing-lodge firing case\". 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-al-hogan-wrong-alter-1.5188272","url_text":"\"CBC: Trial begins in NB editor's fishing-lodge firing case\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.tj.news/telegraph-journal","external_links_name":"tj.news/telegraph-journal"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-reduces-print-editions-1.6740032","external_links_name":"\"English-language dailies in N.B. will print only 3 days a week\""},{"Link":"https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/newspaper/morning-telegraph-saint-john-new-brunswick-1862","external_links_name":"\"The Morning Telegraph (Saint John, New Brunswick: 1862)\""},{"Link":"https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/newspaper/st-john-daily-telegraph-and-morning-journal-1869","external_links_name":"\"St. John Daily Telegraph and Morning Journal (1869)\""},{"Link":"https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/newspaper/daily-telegraph-and-sun-saint-john-new-brunswick-1910","external_links_name":"\"The Daily Telegraph and The Sun (Saint John, New Brunswick: 1910)\""},{"Link":"https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/newspaper/telegraph-journal-1923","external_links_name":"\"Telegraph Journal (1923)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yl5WBAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Irving vs. Irving: Canada's Feuding Billionaires And The Stories They Won't Tell"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yl5WBAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Irving vs. Irving: Canada's Feuding Billionaires And The Stories They Won't Tell"},{"Link":"https://tj.news/telegraph-journal/101800917","external_links_name":"\"Postmedia buys Telegraph-Journal, other N.B. papers\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-sold-postmedia-1.6356427","external_links_name":"\"Irving-owned New Brunswick newspapers to be sold to Postmedia\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/feds-must-examine-irving-media-empire-fraser-1.677605","external_links_name":"\"CBC: Feds must examine Irving media empire\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2009/06/17/hot_scoop_burns_reporter_at_irving_paper.html","external_links_name":"\"The Star: Hot scoop burns reporter at Irving paper\""},{"Link":"http://rrj.ca/the-calm-after-the-storm/","external_links_name":"\"Ryerson Review of Journalism: The Calm after the Storm\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/publisher-editor-out-over-wafer-story-1.834758","external_links_name":"\"CBC: Publisher, editor out over wafer story\""},{"Link":"https://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/three_strikes_and_youre_fired.php?page=all","external_links_name":"\"Columbia Journalism Review: Three Strikes and You're Fired\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/saint-john-mayor-claims-irving-demanded-city-hall-changes-1.799186","external_links_name":"\"CBC: Saint John mayor claims Irving demanded city hall changes\""},{"Link":"https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/er-never-mind/","external_links_name":"\"Macleans: Er, never mind\""},{"Link":"http://www.country94.ca/news/changes-confirmed-local-paper","external_links_name":"\"Changes Confirmed at Local Paper\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/2-moncton-times-transcript-editors-out-after-ethics-probe-1.2958665","external_links_name":"\"CBC: 2 Moncton Times & Transcript editors out after ethics probe\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-al-hogan-wrong-alter-1.5188272","external_links_name":"\"CBC: Trial begins in NB editor's fishing-lodge firing case\""},{"Link":"http://www.tj.news/telegraph-journal","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Meng-hsiu | Chen Meng-hsiu | ["1 References"] | Taiwanese lawyer and politician
Chen Meng-hsiu陳孟秀Secretary-General of the New Power PartyIn office1 March 2019 (2019-03-01) – 30 August 2019 (2019-08-30)Preceded byChen Hui-minSucceeded byWu Pei-yun
Personal detailsBorn (1975-11-21) 21 November 1975 (age 48)NationalityTaiwaneseOccupationHuman rights lawyer, politicianIn this Chinese name, the family name is Chen.
Chen Meng-hsiu (Chinese: 陳孟秀; pinyin: Chén Mèngxiù; born 21 November 1975) or Cirasmita Chen is a Taiwanese lawyer and politician.
Chen was a human rights lawyer prior to her career in politics. She was appointed Chen Hui-min's successor as secretary-general of the New Power Party on 1 March 2019, when party chairman Chiu Hsien-chih took office. As secretary-general, Chen Meng-hsiu announced the party's electoral strategy for the 2020 legislative election. When Chiu resigned from the chairmanship on 12 August 2019, Chen managed party affairs while the position was vacant. Hsu Yung-ming, Chiu's successor as New Power Party chair, announced on 30 August 2019 that Wu Pei-yun would replace Chen as secretary-general.
References
^ Chen, Wei-han (8 January 2018). "DPP sees no way of cooperating with NPP on labor law". Taipei Times. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
^ 黃揚明 (28 February 2019). "小燈泡媽委任律師陳孟秀 任時代力量祕書長" (in Chinese). Mirror Media. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019. Alt URL
^ Maxon, Ann (11 April 2019). "NPP sets down nomination rules for legislative vote". Taipei Times. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
^ Maxon, Ann (14 August 2019). "Hung Tzu-yung to leave NPP over internal row". Taipei Times. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
^ "吳佩芸任時力秘書長 徐永明喊拚8席不分區". Taiwan People News (in Chinese). 30 August 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Taiwan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chen Hui-min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Hui-min"},{"link_name":"New Power Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Power_Party"},{"link_name":"Chiu Hsien-chih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiu_Hsien-chih"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hsu Yung-ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsu_Yung-ming"},{"link_name":"Wu Pei-yun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wu_Pei-yun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E4%BD%A9%E8%8A%B8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Chen.Chen Meng-hsiu (Chinese: 陳孟秀; pinyin: Chén Mèngxiù; born 21 November 1975) or Cirasmita Chen is a Taiwanese lawyer and politician.Chen was a human rights lawyer prior to her career in politics.[1] She was appointed Chen Hui-min's successor as secretary-general of the New Power Party on 1 March 2019, when party chairman Chiu Hsien-chih took office.[2] As secretary-general, Chen Meng-hsiu announced the party's electoral strategy for the 2020 legislative election.[3] When Chiu resigned from the chairmanship on 12 August 2019, Chen managed party affairs while the position was vacant.[4] Hsu Yung-ming, Chiu's successor as New Power Party chair, announced on 30 August 2019 that Wu Pei-yun [zh] would replace Chen as secretary-general.[5]","title":"Chen Meng-hsiu"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Chen, Wei-han (8 January 2018). \"DPP sees no way of cooperating with NPP on labor law\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 28 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2018/01/08/2003685379","url_text":"\"DPP sees no way of cooperating with NPP on labor law\""}]},{"reference":"黃揚明 (28 February 2019). \"小燈泡媽委任律師陳孟秀 任時代力量祕書長\" (in Chinese). Mirror Media. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190301130114/https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20190301inv001","url_text":"\"小燈泡媽委任律師陳孟秀 任時代力量祕書長\""},{"url":"https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20190301inv001/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Maxon, Ann (11 April 2019). \"NPP sets down nomination rules for legislative vote\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 28 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/04/11/2003713204","url_text":"\"NPP sets down nomination rules for legislative vote\""}]},{"reference":"Maxon, Ann (14 August 2019). \"Hung Tzu-yung to leave NPP over internal row\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 28 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/08/14/2003720468","url_text":"\"Hung Tzu-yung to leave NPP over internal row\""}]},{"reference":"\"吳佩芸任時力秘書長 徐永明喊拚8席不分區\". Taiwan People News (in Chinese). 30 August 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.peoplenews.tw/news/9806ae81-5e38-4400-9b90-8a29c292e875","url_text":"\"吳佩芸任時力秘書長 徐永明喊拚8席不分區\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2018/01/08/2003685379","external_links_name":"\"DPP sees no way of cooperating with NPP on labor law\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190301130114/https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20190301inv001","external_links_name":"\"小燈泡媽委任律師陳孟秀 任時代力量祕書長\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20190301inv001/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%B0%8F%E7%87%88%E6%B3%A1%E5%AA%BD%E5%A7%94%E4%BB%BB%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E9%99%B3%E5%AD%9F%E7%A7%80-%E4%BB%BB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E7%A5%95%E6%9B%B8%E9%95%B7-031928279.html","external_links_name":"Alt URL"},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/04/11/2003713204","external_links_name":"\"NPP sets down nomination rules for legislative vote\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/08/14/2003720468","external_links_name":"\"Hung Tzu-yung to leave NPP over internal row\""},{"Link":"https://www.peoplenews.tw/news/9806ae81-5e38-4400-9b90-8a29c292e875","external_links_name":"\"吳佩芸任時力秘書長 徐永明喊拚8席不分區\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/784145857068522921453","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=000262194&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Taiwan"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYK_Line | Nippon Yusen | ["1 History","1.1 1870-1900","1.2 1900-1945","1.3 Fleet until 1945","1.4 Fleet in post-war era","1.5 1950-present","2 Merger of container operations","3 Container vessels fleet","4 Roll-on/roll-off division","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Bibliography","7 Further reading","8 External links","9 Image gallery"] | Japanese shipping line
Nippon Yusen Kabushiki KaishaHeadquarters in Marunouchi, Chiyoda, TokyoNative name日本郵船株式会社Company typePublic K.K.Traded asTYO: 9101NSE: 9101Nikkei 225 ComponentIndustryTransportationFoundedSeptember 29, 1885; 138 years ago (1885-09-29)HeadquartersMarunouchi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, JapanKey peopleTadaaki Naito(Chairman, Director)Hitoshi Nagasawa(President)ProductsMarine transportationAir transportationCruisesTerminal and harbor transportShipping-related servicesRevenue JP¥ 1,829 billion (US$ 16.5 billion) — FY 2019Net income JP¥ 60.3 billion (US$ 543.4 million) — FY 2019Number of employees35,711 (as of March 31, 2019)Websitenyk.comFootnotes / references
NYK Maritime Museum and NYK's Yokohama branch
NYK Line container
The Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha (日本郵船株式会社, Nippon Yūsen kabushiki kaisha, lit. 'Japan Mail Ship Company'), also known as NYK Line, is a Japanese shipping company. The company headquarters are located in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It operates a fleet of over 800 ships, which includes container ships, tankers, bulk and woodchip carriers, roll-on/roll-off car carriers, reefer vessels, LNG carriers, and cruise ships. It is a member of the Ocean Network Express and Mitsubishi Group.
History
1870-1900
The company traces its history back to the Tsukumo Shokai shipping company founded by the Tosa clan in 1870. In 1875, as the renamed Mitsubishi Shokai, the company inaugurated Japan's first passenger liner service, with a route from Yokohama to Shanghai; in that same year, the company name was changed to Mitsubishi Mail Steamship Company. In 1885, a merger with Kyodo Unyu Kaisha (founded 1882) led to the adoption of the company's present name.
The merged company had a fleet of 58 steamships and expanded its operations rapidly, first to other Asian ports and then worldwide, with a line service to Seattle established in 1896 and to London in 1899.
The company's Katori Maru was used by Chinese Muslims to travel to Singapore on their way to Makkah for the Hajj in 1925. From there, the company had the pilgrims travel on board other Japanese steamships to Suez and then to Makkah. The company promised to take responsibility for all the necessary formalities and helped contact other local transportation agencies that could take the pilgrims to Makkah. Chinese pilgrims were promised a 20% discount for their tickets. A third-class ticket that sold for £5/10/0 would be £4/8/0, while a second-class ticket sold for £14/0/0 would be sold for £11/5/0.
1900-1945
The majority of Japanese merchant ships, tankers, and liners sailed under the NYK banner in this period. Regular services linked Kobe and Yokohama with South America, Batavia, Melbourne, and Cape Town, with frequent crossings to San Francisco and Seattle. Other routes connected local Chinese cabotage vessels on the Chinese coasts and upper Yangtze River.
Ocean routes went east from Japan to Vancouver (Canada) or Seattle. Another way was to stop in Hawaii, which continued to San Francisco and the Panama Canal. The next commercial routes were south from Japan, across the East China Sea. These went to Southeast Asia, the China coasts, and towards India and the Indian Ocean, to Europe or Batavia (Dutch Indies), or Australia and New Zealand. The fastest services took 10 days from Yokohama to Seattle, and one month to Europe.
Local sea routes connected 78 home seaports (38 open to foreign trade). Yokohama, Kobe, and Osaka had the greatest importance for trading with Japan. These ports had the third, fourth, and eighth place in net tonnage registered in the world. Coal passed from Moji to Osaka and Yokohama. Karafuto timber represented a third part of local trade. Soybean products from Dairen and Ryojun arrived at Yokohama. The sugarcane of the South Seas Mandate and Formosa, cotton, salt, and minerals represented other important parts of these transport transactions. In 1926, Toyo Kisen Line (TKK), with its fleet of nine ships, merged with NYK. The current funnel livery was introduced in 1929. The company also ran services connecting metropolitan Japan to its exterior provinces (Chosen, Karafuto, Kwantung, Formosa and South Mandate) of the Empire.
From 1924, all new cargo ships for NYK were motor ships. NYK introduced its first passenger motor ships in 1929, but continued to buy a mixture of steam and motor passenger ships until 1939.
In World War II, the NYK Line provided military transport and hospital ships for the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy. Many vessels were sunk by the Allied navies, and installations and ports were attacked from the air. Only 37 NYK ships survived the war. The company lost 185 ships in support of military operations in the Pacific. Before the war, NYK had 36 passenger ships; by the time of Japan's surrender only one, the motor ship Hikawa Maru, survived.
NYK's surviving vessels and equipment were confiscated by the Allied authorities as reparations, or taken by recently liberated Asian states in 1945-46. Shipping Control Authority for the Japanese Merchant Marine requisitioned Hikawa Maru as a transport ship to repatriate Japanese soldiers and civilians from territories that had been liberated from Japanese occupation.
Fleet until 1945
The NYK tonnage expanded in bursts, responding to changes economic conditions and perceived changes in the market for passenger liner travel. The evolution of the fleet mirrors some of those developments. In the following lists, the dates of maiden voyages are indicated with each ship's name.
Amongst the many ships in the early NYK fleet, some names comprise serial categories. Some ships were named after Shinto shrines, and others were named after ancient provinces of Japan, cities of Japan, mountains of Japan or islands of Japan. Some ships had explicitly non-Japanese names, such as ships named after cities.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Shinto shrines
Chichibu Maru (1930).
Hie Maru (1930).
Heian Maru (1930).
Hikawa Maru (1930).
Kasuga Maru (1940).
Kitano Maru (1909).
Nitta Maru (1939).
Tatsuta Maru (1930).
Terukuni Maru (1930).
Yawata Maru (1939)
Provinces
Awa Maru (1899).
Awa Maru (1943).
Kaga Maru (19__).
Noto Maru (1934).
Tango Maru (1905).
Mountains
Asama Maru (1929).
Maya Maru (1925).
Rokko Maru (1923).
Cities
Asuka Maru (1924).
Calcutta Maru (1917).
Dakar Maru (1920).
Durban Maru (1920).
Hakone Maru (1921)
Lima Maru (1920).
Lisbon Maru (1920).
Lyons Maru (1920).
Miscellaneous
Korea Maru (1901).
Kyushu Maru (1862).
Rosetta Maru (1900).
Siberia Maru (1901).
Taiyo Maru (1911).
Toyama Maru (1915).
Yoshida Maru (1941).
Fleet in post-war era
The modern NYK tonnage encompasses a variety of ship names. Some names form series, as in those ships named after flowers, stars, star constellations, and provinces of pre-Meiji Japan.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Flowers
ACX Cherry (1994)
ACX Hibiscus (1997)
ACX Jasmine (1996)
ACX Lily (1990)
ACX Magnolia (1998)
ACX Marguerite (1997)
ACX Salvia (1997)
Plumeria Leader (2022)
Stars
Altair Leader (2011)
NYK Altair (2010)
NYK Canopus (1998)
NYK Deneb (2007)
NYK Rigel (2009)
NYK Sirius (1998)
NYK Vega (2006)
Rigel Leader (2011)
Constellations
Andromeda Leader (2007)
Aphrodite Leader (2007)
Apollon Leader (2007)
Aries Leader (2014)
Auriga Leader (2008)
Cepheus Leader (2006)
Cetus Leader (2005)
Equuleus Leader (2005)
NYK Antares (1997)
NYK Leo (2002)
NYK Orion (2008)
NYK Pegasus (2003)
NYK Phoenix (2003)
NYK Virgo (2007)
Volans Leader (2003)
Provinces
Iga Maru (1996)
Izu Maru (1997)
Izumo Maru (1997)
Kaga Maru (1988)
Sanuki Maru (1997)
Settsu Maru (1997)
Shima Maru (1997)
Miscellaneous
Asama Maru (1954)
Astoria Maru (1952)
Galaxy Leader (2002)
Hakone Maru (1968)
Hikawa Maru (1974)
Zeus Leader (2009)
1950-present
Head office of NYK Line (日本郵船) at Marunouchi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
The NYK liner Hikawa Maru preserved at Naka-ku, Yokohama
By the mid-1950s NYK ships were again seen around the world.
As the demand for passenger ships dwindled in the 1960s, NYK expanded its cargo operation, running Japan's first container ship Hakone Maru on a route to California in 1968 and soon establishing container ship routes to many other ports. NYK became a partner in Nippon Cargo Airlines in 1978, and in 1985, added United States container train service in cooperation with Southern Pacific.
NYK revived its passenger ship business in 1989 with cruise ships operated by its newly formed subsidiary Crystal Cruises.
In 1990 NYK resumed passenger services under its own name when MS Asuka entered service on the Japanese cruise market. In 2006 Asuka was replaced by the much larger Asuka II, formerly Crystal Cruises' Crystal Harmony.
At the end of March 2008, the NYK Group was operating about 776 major ocean vessels, as well as fleets of planes, trains, and trucks. The company's shipping fleet includes around 155 containerships, 286 bulk carriers, 55 woodchip carriers, 113 car carriers, 21 reefer carriers, 78 tankers, 30 LNG carriers, and three cruise ships. NYK's revenue in fiscal 2007 was about US$26 billion, and as a group NYK employs about 55,000 people worldwide. The company has offices in 240 places in 27 countries, warehouses on nearly every continent, and harbor operations in Asia, North America, and Europe. NYK head office is based in Tokyo, and has regional headquarters in London, New York, Singapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Sydney, and São Paulo.
During the first decade of 2000s, NYK reached a remarkable position within the Liner ranking, as one of top twelve companies in the number of containers carried, number one RORO Carrier, and one of the main player in LNG and break bulk transport fields, plus several prominent awards for its cruise service quality.
In April 2014, eight container sister ships of a new series were commissioned, and two more units were inserted as options in the construction contract. Both options were converted into firm orders in July 2014. The building began in spring 2015 at the shipyard Japan Marine United in Kure, Hiroshima. The first delivered ship of the ten units to be built within end of 2018, was mv NYK Blue Jay launched in 2016. All 10 vessels received names of bird species (therefore called the NYK-bird class). The ships are used on the European Far East route and are the largest container ships built in Japan so far, having a maximum container capacity of 14,026 TEU.
In May 2021 NYK Line became the first Japanese shipping firm to join the Sustainable Shipping Initiative's Ship Recycling Transparency Initiative, which incorporates the Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships.
The NYK car carrier Galaxy Leader
On 19 November 2023, the NYK operated vessel Galaxy Leader, while sailing in Red Sea en route to India, was hijacked by the Iranian backed Houthi on the grounds it was an Israeli owned vessel. In May 2024 the owners asked the Houthis to release the crew.
Merger of container operations
Main article: Ocean Network Express
On Monday, 31 October 2016, Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha, Mitsui OSK Lines and Nippon Yusen Kaisha agreed to merge their container shipping business by establishing a completely new joint venture company. The integration included their overseas terminal activities. The joint venture company operates under the name "Ocean Network Express" (ONE), with the company headquarters in Japan (Tokyo), a global business operations headquarters in Singapore and regional headquarters in United Kingdom (London), United States (Richmond, VA), Hong Kong, and Brazil (São Paulo). The new company started its operations on 1 April 2018.
Container vessels fleet
NYK Virgo
Container ship classes of NYK Line
Ship class
Built
Capacity (TEU)
Ships in class
Notes
NYK Vega-class
2006–2007
9,012
4
Operated by Ocean Network Express
NYK Oceanus-class
2007–2008
8,628–9,040
4
Operated by Ocean Network Express
NYK Adonis-class
2010–2011
9,592
3
Operated by Ocean Network Express
NYK Bird-class
2016–2019
14,000
15
Operated by Ocean Network Express
Roll-on/roll-off division
Heritage Leader vehicle carrier at Southampton
NYK is also the world's largest roll-on/roll-off ocean carrier. NYK's RORO fleet has a 660,000 car capacity which represents just over 17% of the global car transportation fleet capacity. Over 123 vessels are deployed worldwide transporting cars manufactured in Japan, US, EU towards Asia, Middle East, North & South America, Australia, Africa and Europe.
In addition to brand new cars, High and Heavy cargo (such as excavators, mobile cranes, new and used trucks and buses, trailers, Mafi roll trailers) and break bulk static pieces are carried all over the globe by NYK.
Advertisement of Seattle, Washington sailings, March 1918
Advertisement circa 1930s
Advertisement circa 1935
See also
Japan portalTransport portalCompanies portalTokyo portal
Hikawa Maru-class ocean liner
New Carissa
Terukuni Maru-class ocean liner
John Wilson
References
^ "New NYK boss Hitoshi Nagasawa gets tough on ethics". Trade Winds. 20 June 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
^ a b "Corporate Profile". NYK Line. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Directors and Auditors". NYK Line. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Company Snapshot". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ "Financials". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ a b NYK: History.
^ Shinmasu, Ikuo (May 14, 2022), "Part 5, The Great Seattle Shipping Route", North American Post
^ Li, Gang (2021). The Hui Muslims' Identity Negotiations (PhD Thesis). University of Groningen. pp. 212–213.
^ Talbot-Booth 1942, pp. 516–517.
^ a b Talbot-Booth 1942, pp. 515–516.
^ NYK Europe: Europe: Corporate Profile, history
^ a b Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Cundall, Peter (1998–2011). "IJN Hospital Ship Hikawa Maru: Tabular Record of Movement". Japanese Hospital Ships. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
^ Although conventionally used today, unofficial names or sobriquets like Yamashiro Maru II or Yamashiro III are not used here, since each ship's official name was simply Yamashiro Maru. Instead, the year of the ship's maiden voyage or year the vessel entered service is used to tell the ships apart when names are repeated (as in article names), hence Yamashiro Maru (1899), Yamashiro Maru (1912) and Yamashiro Maru (1963) — not Yamashiro Maru, Yamashiro Maru II and Yamashiro Maru III.
^ a b c ShipsList: NYK Line fleet.
^ Ponsonby-Fane 1931, p. 48. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPonsonby-Fane1931 (help)
^ a b c d e Jordan 2006, p. 258.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Hie Maru, ID#4036219.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Heian Maru, ID#4036813.
^ Miramar Ship Index: HIkawa Maru, ID#4035370.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Kasuga Maru, ID#4035370.
^ N.Y.K. Line S. S. Kitano Maru, Einstein Archives Online, named after the shrine Kitano Tenmangū
^ Haworth, R.B. Miramar Ship Index: Nitta Maru, ID#4046813.
^ Ponsonby-Fane 1931, p. 50. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPonsonby-Fane1931 (help)
^ Haworth, R.B. Miramar Ship Index: Tatsuta Maru, ID#4035362.
^ Ponsonby-Fane 1931, p. 39. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPonsonby-Fane1931 (help)
^ Miramar Ship Index: Yawata Maru, ID#4047477.
^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1964). Visiting Famous Shrines in Japan. Kyoto: Kamikamo. p. 365.
^ N.b. NYK ships named after the former provinces of Japan or kunikyū class
^ Ponsonby-Fane 1931, p. 8. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPonsonby-Fane1931 (help)
^ Miramar Ship Index: Awa Maru, ID#4004181.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Awa Maru, ID#4049894.
^ Ponsonby-Fane 1931, p. 9. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPonsonby-Fane1931 (help)
^ Peterson, Rick. Noto Maru, Hell ship
^ Miramar Ship Index: Noto Maru, ID#4039723.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Tango Maru, ID#4009330.
^ Ponsonby-Fane 1931, p. 45. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPonsonby-Fane1931 (help)
^ Haworth, R.B. Miramar Ship Index: Asama Maru, ID#4035342.
^ a b Ponsonby-Fane 1931, Appendix, p. 3. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPonsonby-Fane1931 (help)
^ Miramar Ship Index: Asuka Maru, ID#4030494.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Calcutta Maru, ID#4020373.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Dakar Maru, ID#4026933.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Durban Maru, ID#4026431.
^ Jordan 1931, p. 257
^ Miramar Ship Index: Hakone Maru, ID#4028453.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Lima Maru, ID#4026947.
^ Sinking of Lisbon Maru; Miramar Ship Index: Lisbon Maru, ID#4027254.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Lyons Maru, ID#4026949.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Korea Maru, ID#2161196.
^ "Rosetta (1880)" (PDF). P&O Heritage.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Siberia Maru, ID #2117179.
^ Ponsonby-Fane 1931, p. 48-49. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPonsonby-Fane1931 (help)
^ Miramar Ship Index: Toyama Maru, ID#4018180.
^ ShipHistory: Yoshida Maru, April 26, 1944; Archived January 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ Miramar Ship Index: Yoshida Maru, ID#4048724.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj NYK: fleet list
^ New Car Carrier Aries Leader Delivered
^ NYK-Nippon Oil Joint Project: The World First Solar-Powered Ship Sails Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
^ Miramar Ship Index: Asama Maru, ID#5026499.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Astoria Maru, ID#5027572.
^ ShipPhotos, NYK: ship at Southampton, 2006;
^ Miramar Ship Index: Galaxy Leader, ID#9237307.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Hakone Maru, ID#6817194.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Hikawa Maru, ID#7380590.
^ Asklander, Micke. "M/S Asuka". Fakta om Fartyg (in Swedish). Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Asuka, ID#8913162.
^ Asklander, Micke. "M/S Crystal Harmony (1990)". Fakta om Fartyg (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
^ Miramar Ship Index: Crystal Harmony, ID#8806204.
^ McAlpine, Andrew (16 June 2016). "Introducing NYK Blue Jay". Container Shipping and Trade. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016.
^ Labrut, Michele (May 19, 2021). "NYK joins ship recycling transparency initiative". Seatrade Maritime News. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
^ https://splash247.com/two-more-msc-ships-targeted-by-the-houthis/
^ Wackett, Mike (3 October 2017). "Creation of Ocean Network Express will be a turning point for NYK, says president". The Loadstar.
^ Chambers, Sam (31 May 2017). "Japan's big three lines christen new merged container entity Ocean Network Express". Splash 247.
^ Ken Belson (13 July 2012). "Around the World With 5,500 Cars". New York Times.
^ "NYK Line Starts South America RoRo Service from Port Everglades". World Maritime News.
Bibliography
Chida, Momohei; Davies, Peter (1990). The Japanese Shipping and Shipbuilding Industries: A History of their Modern Growth. London: Athlone Press. ISBN 978-0-485-11271-9. OCLC 20799046.
Jordan, Roger (2006). The World's Merchant Fleets, 1939: The Particulars And Wartime Fates of 6,000 Ships. pp. 257–261. ISBN 9781591149590.
Kizu, Shigetoshi (1984). A 100 Years' History of the Ships of Nippon Yusen Kaisha. Tokyo: NYK. ISBN 978-4-905551-20-1. OCLC 16781302.
Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1935). The Nomenclature of the N.Y.K. Fleet. Tokyo: NYK. OCLC 27933596.
Talbot-Booth, E.C. (1942) . Ships and the Sea (Seventh ed.). London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. Ltd. pp. 515–517.
Wray, William D (1984). Mitsubishi and the N.Y.K., 1870-1914: Business Strategy in the Japanese Shipping Industry. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-57665-0. OCLC 10825248.
Further reading
Cook, Richard; Oleniuk, Marcus (2007). Around the World in 40 Feet, Two Hundred Days in the Life of a 40 ft NYK Shipping Container. WordAsia Publishing. ISBN 978-988-97392-3-2.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nippon Yusen.
Company website (in English)
Regional website for NYK Group in Europe (in English)
NYK History
NYK Group vessels at The Ships List
Menus c.1900 & others from various Nippon Yusen oceanliners
NYK Line RORO
Image gallery
NYK Aphrodite
NYK Argus
NYK Meteor
NYK Fuji
NYK Venus
NYK Helios
NYK Leo
NYK Libra
NYK Orpheus
NYK Vega
NYK Vesta
Apollon Leader
Galaxy Leader
Pegasus Leader
Pleiades Leader
Castor Leader
Cetus Leader
Gentle Leader
Cepheus Leader
Eridanus Leader
Rhea Leader
Coral Leader
Cygnus Leader
Daedalus Leader
Glorious Express
Aries Leader
Pegasus Leader
Pyxis Leader
Victory Leader
Volans Leader
Pacific Islander
Chichiro
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYK_maritime_museum01s3200.jpg"},{"link_name":"NYK Maritime Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYK_Maritime_Museum"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYK_LINE_container.jpeg"},{"link_name":"kabushiki kaisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki_kaisha"},{"link_name":"shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping"},{"link_name":"Chiyoda, Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"container ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship"},{"link_name":"tankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_(ship)"},{"link_name":"roll-on/roll-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off"},{"link_name":"LNG carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG_carrier"},{"link_name":"Ocean Network Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Network_Express"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-2"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Group"}],"text":"NYK Maritime Museum and NYK's Yokohama branchNYK Line containerThe Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha (日本郵船株式会社, Nippon Yūsen kabushiki kaisha, lit. 'Japan Mail Ship Company'), also known as NYK Line, is a Japanese shipping company. The company headquarters are located in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It operates a fleet of over 800 ships, which includes container ships, tankers, bulk and woodchip carriers, roll-on/roll-off car carriers, reefer vessels, LNG carriers, and cruise ships. It is a member of the Ocean Network Express[2] and Mitsubishi Group.","title":"Nippon Yusen"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosa_Domain"},{"link_name":"passenger liner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_liner"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-6"},{"link_name":"steamships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamship"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shinmasu-7"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-6"},{"link_name":"Katori Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katori_Maru_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Chinese Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_China"},{"link_name":"Makkah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkah"},{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"1870-1900","text":"The company traces its history back to the Tsukumo Shokai shipping company founded by the Tosa clan in 1870. In 1875, as the renamed Mitsubishi Shokai, the company inaugurated Japan's first passenger liner service, with a route from Yokohama to Shanghai; in that same year, the company name was changed to Mitsubishi Mail Steamship Company. In 1885, a merger with Kyodo Unyu Kaisha (founded 1882) led to the adoption of the company's present name.[6]The merged company had a fleet of 58 steamships and expanded its operations rapidly, first to other Asian ports and then worldwide, with a line service to Seattle established in 1896[7] and to London in 1899.[6]The company's Katori Maru was used by Chinese Muslims to travel to Singapore on their way to Makkah for the Hajj in 1925. From there, the company had the pilgrims travel on board other Japanese steamships to Suez and then to Makkah. The company promised to take responsibility for all the necessary formalities and helped contact other local transportation agencies that could take the pilgrims to Makkah. Chinese pilgrims were promised a 20% discount for their tickets. A third-class ticket that sold for £5/10/0 would be £4/8/0, while a second-class ticket sold for £14/0/0 would be sold for £11/5/0.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Batavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"cabotage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabotage"},{"link_name":"Yangtze River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"East China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"Dutch Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Indies"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Moji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moji,_Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"Karafuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karafuto"},{"link_name":"Soybean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean"},{"link_name":"Dairen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairen"},{"link_name":"Ryojun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryojun"},{"link_name":"sugarcane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane"},{"link_name":"South Seas Mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate"},{"link_name":"Formosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Chosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule"},{"link_name":"Karafuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karafuto"},{"link_name":"Kwantung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantung"},{"link_name":"Formosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule"},{"link_name":"South Mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate"},{"link_name":"motor ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_ship"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot-Booth1942516%E2%80%93517-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot-Booth1942515%E2%80%93516-10"},{"link_name":"hospital ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_ship"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot-Booth1942515%E2%80%93516-10"},{"link_name":"Japan's surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan#Surrender"},{"link_name":"Hikawa Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikawa_Maru"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CF-12"},{"link_name":"reparations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reparations"},{"link_name":"Shipping Control Authority for the Japanese Merchant Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_Control_Authority_for_the_Japanese_Merchant_Marine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CF-12"}],"sub_title":"1900-1945","text":"The majority of Japanese merchant ships, tankers, and liners sailed under the NYK banner in this period. Regular services linked Kobe and Yokohama with South America, Batavia, Melbourne, and Cape Town, with frequent crossings to San Francisco and Seattle. Other routes connected local Chinese cabotage vessels on the Chinese coasts and upper Yangtze River.Ocean routes went east from Japan to Vancouver (Canada) or Seattle. Another way was to stop in Hawaii, which continued to San Francisco and the Panama Canal. The next commercial routes were south from Japan, across the East China Sea. These went to Southeast Asia, the China coasts, and towards India and the Indian Ocean, to Europe or Batavia (Dutch Indies), or Australia and New Zealand. The fastest services took 10 days from Yokohama to Seattle, and one month to Europe.Local sea routes connected 78 home seaports (38 open to foreign trade). Yokohama, Kobe, and Osaka had the greatest importance for trading with Japan. These ports had the third, fourth, and eighth place in net tonnage registered in the world. Coal passed from Moji to Osaka and Yokohama. Karafuto timber represented a third part of local trade. Soybean products from Dairen and Ryojun arrived at Yokohama. The sugarcane of the South Seas Mandate and Formosa, cotton, salt, and minerals represented other important parts of these transport transactions. In 1926, Toyo Kisen Line (TKK), with its fleet of nine ships, merged with NYK. The current funnel livery was introduced in 1929. The company also ran services connecting metropolitan Japan to its exterior provinces (Chosen, Karafuto, Kwantung, Formosa and South Mandate) of the Empire.From 1924, all new cargo ships for NYK were motor ships.[9] NYK introduced its first passenger motor ships in 1929, but continued to buy a mixture of steam and motor passenger ships until 1939.[10]In World War II, the NYK Line provided military transport and hospital ships for the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy. Many vessels were sunk by the Allied navies, and installations and ports were attacked from the air. Only 37 NYK ships survived the war. The company lost 185 ships in support of military operations in the Pacific.[11] Before the war, NYK had 36 passenger ships;[10] by the time of Japan's surrender only one, the motor ship Hikawa Maru, survived.[12]NYK's surviving vessels and equipment were confiscated by the Allied authorities as reparations, or taken by recently liberated Asian states in 1945-46. Shipping Control Authority for the Japanese Merchant Marine requisitioned Hikawa Maru as a transport ship to repatriate Japanese soldiers and civilians from territories that had been liberated from Japanese occupation.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sl_nyk1-14"},{"link_name":"Shinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"},{"link_name":"provinces of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"cities of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"mountains of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_of_Japan_by_height"},{"link_name":"islands of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nippon_Yusen"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Chichibu Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichibu_Maru"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane193148-15"},{"link_name":"Hie Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hie_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2006258-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Heian Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_Maru_(1930)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2006258-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hikawa Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikawa_Maru"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Kasuga Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Taiy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2006258-16"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Kitano Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kitano_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Nitta Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitta_Maru"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Tatsuta Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsuta_Maru"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2006258-16"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane193150-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Terukuni Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terukuni_Maru_(1929)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane193139-25"},{"link_name":"Yawata Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawata_Maru"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Awa Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awa_Maru_(1899)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane19318-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Awa Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awa_Maru_(1943)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Kaga Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaga_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane19319-32"},{"link_name":"Noto Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noto_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2006258-16"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Asama Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asama_Maru"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane193145-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Maya Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maya_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane1931Appendix,_p._3-38"},{"link_name":"Rokko Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rokko_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane1931Appendix,_p._3-38"},{"link_name":"Asuka Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asuka_Maru_(1924)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Lima Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_Maru"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Lisbon Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Maru"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Lyons Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyons_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Korea Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korea_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Kyushu Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyushu_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sl_nyk1-14"},{"link_name":"Rosetta Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosetta_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Siberia Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siberia_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Taiyo Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiyo_Maru"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonsonby-Fane193148-49-51"},{"link_name":"Toyama Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyama_Maru"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Yoshida Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshida_Maru"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Fleet until 1945","text":"The NYK tonnage expanded in bursts, responding to changes economic conditions and perceived changes in the market for passenger liner travel. The evolution of the fleet mirrors some of those developments. In the following lists, the dates of maiden voyages are indicated with each ship's name.[13]Amongst the many ships in the early NYK fleet, some names comprise serial categories.[14] Some ships were named after Shinto shrines, and others were named after ancient provinces of Japan, cities of Japan, mountains of Japan or islands of Japan. Some ships had explicitly non-Japanese names, such as ships named after cities.This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.Shinto shrines\nChichibu Maru (1930).[15]\nHie Maru (1930).[16][17]\nHeian Maru (1930).[16][18]\nHikawa Maru (1930).[19] \nKasuga Maru (1940).[16][20]\nKitano Maru (1909).[21]\nNitta Maru (1939).[22] \nTatsuta Maru (1930).[16][23][24]\nTerukuni Maru (1930).[25]\nYawata Maru (1939)[26]\n\n\n\n\nProvinces[27][28]\nAwa Maru (1899).[29][30]\nAwa Maru (1943).[31]\nKaga Maru (19__).[32]\nNoto Maru (1934).[33][34]\nTango Maru (1905).[16][35]\n\n\n\n\nMountains\nAsama Maru (1929).[36][37]\nMaya Maru (1925).[38]\nRokko Maru (1923).[38]\n\n\n\n\nCities\nAsuka Maru (1924).[39]\nCalcutta Maru (1917).[40]\nDakar Maru (1920).[41]\nDurban Maru (1920).[42]\nHakone Maru (1921)[43][44]\nLima Maru (1920).[45]\nLisbon Maru (1920).[46]\nLyons Maru (1920).[47]\n\n\n\n\nMiscellaneous\nKorea Maru (1901).[48]\nKyushu Maru (1862).[14]\nRosetta Maru (1900).[49]\nSiberia Maru (1901).[50]\nTaiyo Maru (1911).[51]\nToyama Maru (1915).[52]\nYoshida Maru (1941).[53][54]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sl_nyk1-14"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers"},{"link_name":"stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars"},{"link_name":"star constellations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_stars_by_constellation"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_provinces_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Meiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period"},{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nippon_Yusen"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"NYK Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYK_Vega"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ariesleader-56"},{"link_name":"Auriga Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriga_Leader"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aurigaleader-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"NYK Virgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYK_Virgo"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Galaxy Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Leader"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nykfleet-55"}],"sub_title":"Fleet in post-war era","text":"The modern NYK tonnage encompasses a variety of ship names.[14] Some names form series, as in those ships named after flowers, stars, star constellations, and provinces of pre-Meiji Japan.This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.Flowers\nACX Cherry (1994)[55]\nACX Hibiscus (1997)[55]\nACX Jasmine (1996)[55]\nACX Lily (1990)[55]\nACX Magnolia (1998)[55]\nACX Marguerite (1997)[55]\nACX Salvia (1997)[55]\nPlumeria Leader (2022)\n\n\n\nStars\nAltair Leader (2011)[55]\nNYK Altair (2010)[55]\nNYK Canopus (1998)[55]\nNYK Deneb (2007)[55]\nNYK Rigel (2009)[55]\nNYK Sirius (1998)[55]\nNYK Vega (2006)[55]\nRigel Leader (2011)[55]\n\n\n\nConstellations\nAndromeda Leader (2007)[55]\nAphrodite Leader (2007)[55]\nApollon Leader (2007)[55]\nAries Leader (2014)[56] \nAuriga Leader (2008)[57]\nCepheus Leader (2006) [55]\nCetus Leader (2005) [55]\nEquuleus Leader (2005) [55]\nNYK Antares (1997)[55]\nNYK Leo (2002)[55]\nNYK Orion (2008)[55]\nNYK Pegasus (2003)[55]\nNYK Phoenix (2003)[55]\nNYK Virgo (2007)[55]\nVolans Leader (2003)[55]\n\n\n\nProvinces\nIga Maru (1996)[55]\nIzu Maru (1997)[55]\nIzumo Maru (1997)[55]\nKaga Maru (1988)[55]\nSanuki Maru (1997)[55]\nSettsu Maru (1997)[55]\nShima Maru (1997)[55]\n\n\n\nMiscellaneous \nAsama Maru (1954)[58]\nAstoria Maru (1952)[59]\nGalaxy Leader (2002)[60][61]\nHakone Maru (1968)[62]\nHikawa Maru (1974)[63]\nZeus Leader (2009)[55]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yusen_Building,_at_Marunouchi_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hikawa-maruYokohama.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hikawa Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikawa_Maru"},{"link_name":"Naka-ku, Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naka-ku,_Yokohama"},{"link_name":"container ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship"},{"link_name":"Hakone Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hakone_Maru_(1968)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Nippon Cargo Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Cargo_Airlines"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"cruise ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ship"},{"link_name":"Crystal Cruises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Cruises"},{"link_name":"MS Asuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Amadea"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Asuka II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Asuka_II"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"NYK-bird class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYK-Bird-Klasse"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Shipping Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Shipping_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ship Recycling Transparency Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ship_Recycling_Transparency_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Convention_for_the_Safe_and_Environmentally_Sound_Recycling_of_Ships"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_carrier_Galaxy_Leader.jpg"},{"link_name":"Galaxy Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Leader"},{"link_name":"Galaxy Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Leader"},{"link_name":"Houthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"1950-present","text":"Head office of NYK Line (日本郵船) at Marunouchi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, JapanThe NYK liner Hikawa Maru preserved at Naka-ku, YokohamaBy the mid-1950s NYK ships were again seen around the world.As the demand for passenger ships dwindled in the 1960s, NYK expanded its cargo operation, running Japan's first container ship Hakone Maru on a route to California in 1968 and soon establishing container ship routes to many other ports. NYK became a partner in Nippon Cargo Airlines in 1978, and in 1985, added United States container train service in cooperation with Southern Pacific.NYK revived its passenger ship business in 1989 with cruise ships operated by its newly formed subsidiary Crystal Cruises.In 1990 NYK resumed passenger services under its own name when MS Asuka entered service on the Japanese cruise market.[64][65] In 2006 Asuka was replaced by the much larger Asuka II, formerly Crystal Cruises' Crystal Harmony.[66][67]At the end of March 2008, the NYK Group was operating about 776 major ocean vessels, as well as fleets of planes, trains, and trucks. The company's shipping fleet includes around 155 containerships, 286 bulk carriers, 55 woodchip carriers, 113 car carriers, 21 reefer carriers, 78 tankers, 30 LNG carriers, and three cruise ships. NYK's revenue in fiscal 2007 was about US$26 billion, and as a group NYK employs about 55,000 people worldwide. The company has offices in 240 places in 27 countries, warehouses on nearly every continent, and harbor operations in Asia, North America, and Europe. NYK head office is based in Tokyo, and has regional headquarters in London, New York, Singapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Sydney, and São Paulo.During the first decade of 2000s, NYK reached a remarkable position within the Liner ranking, as one of top twelve companies in the number of containers carried, number one RORO Carrier, and one of the main player in LNG and break bulk transport fields, plus several prominent awards for its cruise service quality.In April 2014, eight container sister ships of a new series were commissioned, and two more units were inserted as options in the construction contract. Both options were converted into firm orders in July 2014. The building began in spring 2015 at the shipyard Japan Marine United in Kure, Hiroshima. The first delivered ship of the ten units to be built within end of 2018, was mv NYK Blue Jay launched in 2016.[68] All 10 vessels received names of bird species (therefore called the NYK-bird class). The ships are used on the European Far East route and are the largest container ships built in Japan so far, having a maximum container capacity of 14,026 TEU.In May 2021 NYK Line became the first Japanese shipping firm to join the Sustainable Shipping Initiative's Ship Recycling Transparency Initiative, which incorporates the Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships.[69]The NYK car carrier Galaxy LeaderOn 19 November 2023, the NYK operated vessel Galaxy Leader, while sailing in Red Sea en route to India, was hijacked by the Iranian backed Houthi on the grounds it was an Israeli owned vessel. In May 2024 the owners asked the Houthis to release the crew. [70]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Kisen_Kaisha"},{"link_name":"Mitsui OSK Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui_OSK_Lines"},{"link_name":"Ocean Network Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Network_Express"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"On Monday, 31 October 2016, Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha, Mitsui OSK Lines and Nippon Yusen Kaisha agreed to merge their container shipping business by establishing a completely new joint venture company. The integration included their overseas terminal activities. The joint venture company operates under the name \"Ocean Network Express\" (ONE), with the company headquarters in Japan (Tokyo), a global business operations headquarters in Singapore and regional headquarters in United Kingdom (London), United States (Richmond, VA), Hong Kong, and Brazil (São Paulo).[71] The new company started its operations on 1 April 2018.[72]","title":"Merger of container operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYK_Virgo_(8154929586).jpg"}],"text":"NYK Virgo","title":"Container vessels fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heritage_Leader,_Southampton.jpg"},{"link_name":"roll-on/roll-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Mafi roll trailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafi_roll_trailer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nippon_Yusen_Kaisha_1918_ad.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYK_art_waves_and_cranes_c1930s.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYK_Line_departure1935.jpg"}],"text":"Heritage Leader vehicle carrier at SouthamptonNYK is also the world's largest roll-on/roll-off ocean carrier. NYK's RORO fleet has a 660,000 car capacity which represents just over 17% of the global car transportation fleet capacity. Over 123 vessels are deployed worldwide transporting cars[73] manufactured in Japan, US, EU towards Asia, Middle East, North & South America,[74] Australia, Africa and Europe.\nIn addition to brand new cars, High and Heavy cargo (such as excavators, mobile cranes, new and used trucks and buses, trailers, Mafi roll trailers) and break bulk static pieces are carried all over the globe by NYK.Advertisement of Seattle, Washington sailings, March 1918Advertisement circa 1930sAdvertisement circa 1935","title":"Roll-on/roll-off division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-988-97392-3-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-97392-3-2"}],"text":"Cook, Richard; Oleniuk, Marcus (2007). Around the World in 40 Feet, Two Hundred Days in the Life of a 40 ft NYK Shipping Container. WordAsia Publishing. ISBN 978-988-97392-3-2.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nyk_Aphrodite_p5_approaching_Port_of_Rotterdam,_Holland_09-Apr-2007.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYK_Argus_(ship,_2003)_001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYK_Meteor_-_IMO_9337638,_Port_of_Antwerp,_pic1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYK_Fuji_(ship,_2011)_001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nyk_Venus,_at_the_Amazone_harbour,_Port_of_Rotterdam,_Holland_29-Aug-2007.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neubau_NYK_HELIOS_der_NYK_LINE_einkommend_Hamburg_H%C3%B6he_Tinsdal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYK_Leo_p2_15feb2008_IJmuiden_15-Feb-2008.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYK_Libra_(ship,_2002)_001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYK_Orpheus_(ship,_2008)_001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Havre_(France),_NYK_Vega_in_containers_terminal_(2013)_2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nyk_Vesta,_at_the_Amazone_harbour,_Port_of_Rotterdam,_Holland_08-Apr-2007.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollon_Leader_departs_Barbados.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_carrier_Galaxy_Leader.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pegasus_Leader.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_carrier_Pleiades_Leader.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_carrier_CASTOR_LEADER_au_port_de_Casablanca.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYK_Line_-_panoramio_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_carrier_Gentle_Leader_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_carrier_Cepheus_Leader.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eridanus_Leader_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_Carrier_Rhea_Leader.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_carrier_Coral_Leader_River_Weser.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_carrier_Cygnus_Leader.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_carrier_Daedalus_Leader.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYK_Line_Glorious_Express.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYK_Aries_Leader_in_San_Diego_Harbor.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pegasus_Leader_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyxis_Leader_NYK_Line_-_IMO_9284738_-_Panama.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victory_Leader_in_Cura%C3%A7ao.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_carrier_Volans_Leader.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYK_Bulk_Carrier_(30675228534).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chihiro_p3_approaching_Port_of_Rotterdam,_Holland_15-Dec-2007.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_Clarion_p4_Port_of_Rotterdam_21March2009.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_Corona_(ship,_2009)_IMO_9410404,_Mississippi_haven_Port_of_Rotterdam_pic1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nippon_Yusen_Kabushiki_Kaisha_asuka.jpg"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mitsubishi_Group"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mitsubishi_Group"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mitsubishi_Group"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi"},{"link_name":"Iwasaki Yataro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwasaki_Yataro"},{"link_name":"MCDecaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCDecaux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Aircraft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Aircraft_Corporation"},{"link_name":"SpaceJet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_SpaceJet"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors"},{"link_name":"Fuso Truck & Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuso_(company)"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Chemical_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi 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CGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMA_CGM"},{"link_name":"ANL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Line"},{"link_name":"APL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_President_Lines"},{"link_name":"Comanav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_Marocaine_de_Navigation"},{"link_name":"Delmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmas_(shipping_company)"},{"link_name":"NOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_Orient_Lines"},{"link_name":"COSCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO_Shipping_Lines"},{"link_name":"CSCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO_Shipping_Development"},{"link_name":"OOCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OOCL"},{"link_name":"Evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_Marine_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Italia Marittima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_Marittima"},{"link_name":"Hapag-Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapag-Lloyd"},{"link_name":"CP Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_Ships"},{"link_name":"CSAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSAV"},{"link_name":"UASC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapag-Lloyd#United_Arab_Shipping_Company_(UASC)"},{"link_name":"DAL/JTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Afrika-Linien/John_T._Essberger_Group_of_Companies"},{"link_name":"HMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM_(company)"},{"link_name":"Ocean Network Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Network_Express"},{"link_name":"NYK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"MOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui_O.S.K._Lines"},{"link_name":"K Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_Line"},{"link_name":"Yang Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Ming_Marine_Transport_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Arkas Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkas_Container_Transport"},{"link_name":"IRISL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRISL_Group"},{"link_name":"Matson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matson,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Pacific International Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_International_Lines"},{"link_name":"Swire Shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Navigation_Company"},{"link_name":"Wan Hai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan_Hai_Lines"},{"link_name":"X-Press Feeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Press_Feeders"},{"link_name":"ZIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIM_(shipping_company)"},{"link_name":"Hanjin Shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanjin_Shipping"},{"link_name":"United States Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Lines"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478918#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000121979981"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/165956761"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12122042f"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12122042f"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/5055922-9"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265916005171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n81053621"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00257280"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35726951"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/029636973"}],"text":"NYK Aphrodite\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNYK Argus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNYK Meteor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNYK Fuji\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNYK Venus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNYK Helios\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNYK Leo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNYK Libra\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNYK Orpheus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNYK Vega\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNYK Vesta\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tApollon Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGalaxy Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPegasus Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPleiades Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCastor Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCetus Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGentle Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCepheus Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEridanus Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRhea Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoral Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCygnus Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDaedalus Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGlorious Express\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAries Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPegasus Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPyxis Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVictory Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVolans Leader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPacific Islander\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChichiro\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOcean Clarion\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOcean Corona\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAsukavteMitsubishi GroupEstablished 1870 by Iwasaki YataroAdvertising\nMCDecaux (15%)\nAircraft\nMitsubishi Aircraft Company (defunct)\nMitsubishi Aircraft Corporation\nSpaceJet\nMitsubishi Heavy Industries\nAutomobiles\nMitsubishi Motors✝\nFuso Truck & 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Nikkei 225 companies of Japan\n7&i\nAdvantest\nÆON\nAGC\nAjinomoto\nAlps\nANA\nAmada\nAozora Bank\nAsahi Breweries\nAsahi Kasei\nAstellas\nBandai Namco Holdings\nBridgestone\nCanon\nCasio\nChiba Bank\nChiyoda\nChuden\nChugai\nCitizen Holdings\nComsys\nConcordia Financial\nCredit Saison\nDai-ichi Life\nDaiichi Sankyo\nDaikin\nDaiwa House\nDaiwa Securities\nDenka\nDenso\nDentsu\nDNP\nDowa\nEbara\nEisai\nENEOS\nFanuc\nFast Retailing\nFuji Electric\nFujifilm\nFujikura\nFujitsu\nFukuoka Financial\nFurukawa Group\nFurukawa Electric\nGS Yuasa\nHeiwa Real Estate\nHino\nHitachi\nHitachi Construction Machinery\nHitz\nHokuetsu Paper\nHonda\nIHI\nINPEX\nIsetan-Mitsukoshi\nIsuzu\nItochu\nJFE\nJ. Front Retailing\nJGC\nJR Central\nJR East\nJR West\nJSW\nJT\nJTEKT\nKajima\nKEPCO\nKao\nKawasaki\nKDDI\nKeio\nKeisei\nKeyence\nKikkoman\nKirin\nK Line\nKobelco\nKomatsu\nKonami\nKonica Minolta\nKubota\nKuraray\nKyocera\nKyowa Hakko Kirin\nMarubeni\nMaruha Nichiro\nMarui\nMatsui Securities\nMazda\nMeidensha\nMeiji Holdings\nMES\nMinebea\nMitsubishi Chemical\nMitsubishi Corporation\nMitsubishi Electric\nMitsubishi Estate\nMitsubishi Heavy Industries\nMitsubishi Logistics\nMitsubishi Materials\nMitsubishi Motors\nMitsui & Co\nMitsui Chemicals\nMitsui Fudosan\nMitsui Kinzoku\nMitsumi Electric\nMizuho\nMOL\nMS&AD\nMUFG\nMurata Manufacturing\nNEC\nNexon\nNEG\nNGK\nNichirei\nNikon\nNintendo\nNippon Express\nNippon Kayaku\nNippon Light Metal\nNippon Ham\nNippon Paper Industries\nNippon Soda\nNissan Motor Company\nNissan Chemical\nNisshin Seifun\nNisshin Steel\nNissui\nNittobo\nNitto Denko\nSompo Japan Nipponkoa Holdings\nNomura\nNSG\nNSK\nNSSMC\nNTN\nNTT\nNTT Data\nNYK\nObayashi\nOdakyu\nOji Holdings Corporation\nOKI\nOkuma\nOlympus\nOsaka Gas\nPacific Metals\nPanasonic\nPioneer\nResona\nRicoh\nSapporo Holdings\nSCREEN\nSecom\nSekisui House\nSharp\nShimz\nShin-Etsu\nShinsei Bank\nShionogi\nShiseido\nShizuoka Bank\nShowa Denko\nShowa Shell\nSoftBank\nSojitz\nSony\nSubaru Corporation\nSUMCO\nSumitomo Chemical\nSumitomo Corporation\nSumitomo Electric\nSumitomo Heavy Industries\nSumitomo Metal Mining\nSumitomo Mitsui Financial\nSumitomo Mitsui Trust\nSumitomo Osaka Cement\nSumitomo Pharma\nSumitomo Realty\nSuzuki\nT&D\nTaiheiyo Cement\nTaisei\nTaiyo Yuden\nTakara\nTakashimaya\nTakeda\nTDK\nTeijin\nTEPCO\nTerumo\nTobu\nToho\nToho Zinc\nTokai Carbon\nTokuyama Corporation\nTokio Marine\nTokyo Dome\nTokyo Electron\nTokyo Gas\nTokyo Tatemono\nTokyu\nTokyu Land\nToppan\nToray\nToshiba\nTosoh\nToto\nToyobo\nToyota\nToyota Tsusho\nTrend Micro\nUBE\nUnitika\nUny\nYahoo! Japan\nYamaha\nYamato Transport\nYasakawa\nYokogawa Electric\nYokohama RubbervteMajor container shipping companiesActive2M Alliance\nMaersk\nP&O Nedlloyd\nHamburg Süd\nSafmarine\nSeaLand\nMSC\nOcean Alliance\nCMA CGM\nANL\nAPL\nComanav\nDelmas\nNOL\nCOSCO\nCSCL\nOOCL\nEvergreen\nItalia Marittima\nTHE Alliance\nHapag-Lloyd\nCP Ships\nCSAV\nUASC\nDAL/JTE\nHMM\nOcean Network Express\nNYK\nMOL\nK Line\nYang Ming\nOthers\nArkas Line\nIRISL\nMatson\nPacific International Lines\nSwire Shipping\nWan Hai\nX-Press Feeders\nZIM\nDefunct\nHanjin Shipping\nUnited States LinesAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nJapan\nAustralia\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Image gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"NYK Maritime Museum and NYK's Yokohama branch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NYK_maritime_museum01s3200.jpg/275px-NYK_maritime_museum01s3200.jpg"},{"image_text":"NYK Line container","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NYK_LINE_container.jpeg/275px-NYK_LINE_container.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Head office of NYK Line (日本郵船) at Marunouchi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Yusen_Building%2C_at_Marunouchi_1.jpg/170px-Yusen_Building%2C_at_Marunouchi_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The NYK liner Hikawa Maru preserved at Naka-ku, Yokohama","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hikawa-maruYokohama.jpg/220px-Hikawa-maruYokohama.jpg"},{"image_text":"The NYK car carrier Galaxy Leader","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Car_carrier_Galaxy_Leader.jpg/220px-Car_carrier_Galaxy_Leader.jpg"},{"image_text":"NYK Virgo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/NYK_Virgo_%288154929586%29.jpg/220px-NYK_Virgo_%288154929586%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heritage Leader vehicle carrier at Southampton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Heritage_Leader%2C_Southampton.jpg/220px-Heritage_Leader%2C_Southampton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Advertisement of Seattle, Washington sailings, March 1918","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Nippon_Yusen_Kaisha_1918_ad.png/220px-Nippon_Yusen_Kaisha_1918_ad.png"},{"image_text":"Advertisement circa 1930s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/NYK_art_waves_and_cranes_c1930s.jpg/220px-NYK_art_waves_and_cranes_c1930s.jpg"},{"image_text":"Advertisement circa 1935","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/NYK_Line_departure1935.jpg/220px-NYK_Line_departure1935.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Japan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg"},{"title":"Transport portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport"},{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"title":"Tokyo portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tokyo"},{"title":"Hikawa Maru-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikawa_Maru-class_ocean_liner"},{"title":"New Carissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Carissa"},{"title":"Terukuni Maru-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terukuni_Maru-class_ocean_liner"},{"title":"John Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilson_(Captain)"}] | [{"reference":"\"New NYK boss Hitoshi Nagasawa gets tough on ethics\". Trade Winds. 20 June 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tradewindsnews.com/boxships/new-nyk-boss-hitoshi-nagasawa-gets-tough-on-ethics/2-1-624733","url_text":"\"New NYK boss Hitoshi Nagasawa gets tough on ethics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corporate Profile\". NYK Line. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160110074534/http://www.nyk.com/english/profile/profile/profile/","url_text":"\"Corporate Profile\""},{"url":"http://www.nyk.com/english/profile/profile/profile/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Directors and Auditors\". NYK Line. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160110074535/http://www.nyk.com/english/profile/profile/directors/","url_text":"\"Directors and Auditors\""},{"url":"http://www.nyk.com/english/profile/profile/directors/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Company Snapshot\". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved September 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=9101:JP","url_text":"\"Company Snapshot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.","url_text":"Bloomberg L.P."}]},{"reference":"\"Financials\". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved September 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=9101:JP","url_text":"\"Financials\""}]},{"reference":"Shinmasu, Ikuo (May 14, 2022), \"Part 5, The Great Seattle Shipping Route\", North American Post","urls":[{"url":"https://napost.com/2022/part-5-the-great-seattle-shipping-route/","url_text":"\"Part 5, The Great Seattle Shipping Route\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Post","url_text":"North American Post"}]},{"reference":"Li, Gang (2021). The Hui Muslims' Identity Negotiations (PhD Thesis). University of Groningen. pp. 212–213.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Cundall, Peter (1998–2011). \"IJN Hospital Ship Hikawa Maru: Tabular Record of Movement\". Japanese Hospital Ships. Retrieved 16 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.combinedfleet.com/Hikawa_t.htm","url_text":"\"IJN Hospital Ship Hikawa Maru: Tabular Record of Movement\""}]},{"reference":"Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1964). Visiting Famous Shrines in Japan. Kyoto: Kamikamo. p. 365.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ponsonby-Fane","url_text":"Ponsonby-Fane, Richard"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosetta (1880)\" (PDF). P&O Heritage.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/94407ROSETTA-1880pdf.pdf","url_text":"\"Rosetta (1880)\""}]},{"reference":"Asklander, Micke. \"M/S Asuka\". Fakta om Fartyg (in Swedish). Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090101213920/http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/asuka_1991.htm","url_text":"\"M/S Asuka\""},{"url":"http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/asuka_1991.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Asklander, Micke. \"M/S Crystal Harmony (1990)\". Fakta om Fartyg (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120729133058/http://www.faktaomfartyg.nu/crystal_harmony_1990.htm","url_text":"\"M/S Crystal Harmony (1990)\""},{"url":"http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/crystal_harmony_1990.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McAlpine, Andrew (16 June 2016). \"Introducing NYK Blue Jay\". Container Shipping and Trade. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011110658/http://www.containerst.com/news/view,introducing-inyk-blue-jayi_43354.htm","url_text":"\"Introducing NYK Blue Jay\""},{"url":"http://www.containerst.com/news/view,introducing-inyk-blue-jayi_43354.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Labrut, Michele (May 19, 2021). \"NYK joins ship recycling transparency initiative\". Seatrade Maritime News. Retrieved May 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/environmental/nyk-joins-ship-recycling-transparency-initiative","url_text":"\"NYK joins ship recycling transparency initiative\""}]},{"reference":"Wackett, Mike (3 October 2017). \"Creation of Ocean Network Express will be a turning point for NYK, says president\". The Loadstar.","urls":[{"url":"https://theloadstar.co.uk/creation-ocean-network-express-will-turning-point-nyk-says-president/","url_text":"\"Creation of Ocean Network Express will be a turning point for NYK, says president\""}]},{"reference":"Chambers, Sam (31 May 2017). \"Japan's big three lines christen new merged container entity Ocean Network Express\". Splash 247.","urls":[{"url":"http://splash247.com/japans-big-three-lines-christen-new-merged-container-entity-ocean-network-express/","url_text":"\"Japan's big three lines christen new merged container entity Ocean Network Express\""}]},{"reference":"Ken Belson (13 July 2012). \"Around the World With 5,500 Cars\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/automobiles/around-the-world-with-5500-cars.html","url_text":"\"Around the World With 5,500 Cars\""}]},{"reference":"\"NYK Line Starts South America RoRo Service from Port Everglades\". World Maritime News.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/205927/nyk-starts-south-america-roro-service-from-port-everglades/","url_text":"\"NYK Line Starts South America RoRo Service from Port Everglades\""}]},{"reference":"Chida, Momohei; Davies, Peter (1990). The Japanese Shipping and Shipbuilding Industries: A History of their Modern Growth. London: Athlone Press. ISBN 978-0-485-11271-9. OCLC 20799046.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Davies_(economic_historian)","url_text":"Davies, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlone_Press","url_text":"Athlone Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-485-11271-9","url_text":"978-0-485-11271-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20799046","url_text":"20799046"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Roger (2006). The World's Merchant Fleets, 1939: The Particulars And Wartime Fates of 6,000 Ships. pp. 257–261. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Is..._Pretty_Purdie | Soul Is... Pretty Purdie | ["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","3.1 Production","4 Sample use","5 References"] | 1972 studio album by Pretty PurdieSoul Is... Pretty PurdieStudio album by Pretty PurdieReleased1972RecordedMarch 10 & June 23, 1972New York CityGenreJazz-funk, soul jazzLength32:54LabelFlying DutchmanFD-10154ProducerBernard Purdie & Bob ThieleBernard Purdie chronology
Shaft(1971)
Soul Is... Pretty Purdie(1972)
Delights of the Garden(1977)
Soul Is... Pretty Purdie is an album led by R&B drummer Bernard Purdie which was recorded for the Flying Dutchman label in 1972.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
The Allmusic site awarded the album 4½ stars.
Track listing
"What's Going On/Ain't No Sunshine" (Renaldo Benson, Al Cleveland, Marvin Gaye/Bill Withers) – 3:58
"Don't Go" (Bernard "Pretty" Purdie) – 3:15
"Good Livin' (Good Lovin')" (Horace Ott) – 3:35
"Day Dreaming" (Aretha Franklin) – 5:05
"Song for Aretha" (Ott, Purdie, Bob Thiele) – 7:30
"Put It Where You Want It" (Joe Sample) – 5:15
"Heavy Soul Slinger" (Ott) – 4:16
Personnel
Bernard Purdie – drums, vocals
Danny Moore, Ernie Royal – trumpet (tracks 2 & 5)
Garnett Brown – trombone (tracks 2 & 5)
Jimmy Powell – alto saxophone (tracks 2 & 5)
Charlie Brown (tracks 1, 3, 4, 6 & 7), Harold Vick (tracks 2 & 5), Seldon Powell (tracks 2 & 5) – tenor saxophone
Arthur Clarke – baritone saxophone (tracks 2 & 5)
Cornell Dupree (tracks 2 & 5), Jay Berliner (tracks 2 & 5), Billy Nichols (tracks 1, 3, 4, 6 & 7), Lloyd Davis (tracks 1, 3, 4, 6 & 7) – guitar
Horace Ott – electric piano, piano, arranger, conductor
Paul Griffin (tracks 1, 4 & 6), Richard Tee (Tracks 2 & 5) – organ
Jerry Jemmott (tracks 2 & 5), Paul Martinez – electric bass (tracks 1, 3, 4, 6 & 7)
Norman Pride – congas, bongos
Gayle Dixon, Julien Barber, Noel DaCosta, Sanford Allen – violin (tracks 2 & 5)
Alfred Brown, Selwart Clarke – viola (tracks 2 & 5)
Kermit Moore, Ronald Lipscomb – cello (tracks 2 & 5)
Ralph MacDonald – bongos (track 2 & 5)
Gordon Powell – percussion (tracks 2 & 5)
Barbara Massey, Carl Hall, Eileen Gilbert, Hilda Harris, Maeretha Stewart – backing vocals (track 5)
Production
Bob Thiele – producer
Bob Simpson and Tony May – engineer
Sample use
"Good Livin' (Good Lovin')" has been sampled in "3 Kilos" by The Prodigy, from their album Music for the Jilted Generation (1994).
"Song for Aretha" has been sampled by Beck in the song "Hotwax" from his 1996 album Odelay'.
"Heavy Soul Slinger" has been sampled in "Poison" by The Prodigy, from their album Music for the Jilted Generation (1994), and by Massive Attack in the song Mezzanine from the eponymous 1998 album.
References
^ Flying Dutchman Label Discography accessed July 4, 2013
^ Bernard Purdie discography accessed July 4, 2013
^ a b Allmusic listing accessed July 4, 2013.
^ "The Prodigy's '3 Kilos' - Discover the Sample Source". WhoSampled.
^ "Beck's 'Hotwax' - Discover the Sample Source". WhoSampled.
^ "The Prodigy's 'Poison' - Discover the Sample Source". WhoSampled.
^ "Massive Attack's 'Mezzanine' - Discover the Sample Source". WhoSampled. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"Bernard Purdie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Purdie"},{"link_name":"Flying Dutchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Dutchman_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"1972 studio album by Pretty PurdieSoul Is... Pretty Purdie is an album led by R&B drummer Bernard Purdie which was recorded for the Flying Dutchman label in 1972.[1][2]","title":"Soul Is... Pretty Purdie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-3"}],"text":"The Allmusic site awarded the album 4½ stars.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"What's Going On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Going_On_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ain't No Sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_No_Sunshine"},{"link_name":"Renaldo Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaldo_Benson"},{"link_name":"Al Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Marvin Gaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Gaye"},{"link_name":"Bill Withers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Withers"},{"link_name":"Day Dreaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_Dreaming_(Aretha_Franklin_song)"},{"link_name":"Aretha Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Joe Sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Sample"}],"text":"\"What's Going On/Ain't No Sunshine\" (Renaldo Benson, Al Cleveland, Marvin Gaye/Bill Withers) – 3:58\n\"Don't Go\" (Bernard \"Pretty\" Purdie) – 3:15\n\"Good Livin' (Good Lovin')\" (Horace Ott) – 3:35\n\"Day Dreaming\" (Aretha Franklin) – 5:05\n\"Song for Aretha\" (Ott, Purdie, Bob Thiele) – 7:30\n\"Put It Where You Want It\" (Joe Sample) – 5:15\n\"Heavy Soul Slinger\" (Ott) – 4:16","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernard Purdie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Purdie"},{"link_name":"Ernie Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Royal"},{"link_name":"Garnett Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnett_Brown"},{"link_name":"trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Powell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"alto saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Harold Vick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Vick"},{"link_name":"Seldon Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seldon_Powell"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"baritone saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Cornell Dupree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Dupree"},{"link_name":"Jay Berliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Berliner"},{"link_name":"Billy Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Nichols"},{"link_name":"Horace Ott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Ott"},{"link_name":"electric piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_piano"},{"link_name":"Paul Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Griffin_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Richard Tee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Tee"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_organ"},{"link_name":"Jerry Jemmott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Jemmott"},{"link_name":"Paul Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Martinez"},{"link_name":"congas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congas"},{"link_name":"bongos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongos"},{"link_name":"viola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola"},{"link_name":"Kermit Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Moore"},{"link_name":"Ralph MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Gordon Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specs_Powell"}],"text":"Bernard Purdie – drums, vocals\nDanny Moore, Ernie Royal – trumpet (tracks 2 & 5)\nGarnett Brown – trombone (tracks 2 & 5)\nJimmy Powell – alto saxophone (tracks 2 & 5)\nCharlie Brown (tracks 1, 3, 4, 6 & 7), Harold Vick (tracks 2 & 5), Seldon Powell (tracks 2 & 5) – tenor saxophone\nArthur Clarke – baritone saxophone (tracks 2 & 5)\nCornell Dupree (tracks 2 & 5), Jay Berliner (tracks 2 & 5), Billy Nichols (tracks 1, 3, 4, 6 & 7), Lloyd Davis (tracks 1, 3, 4, 6 & 7) – guitar\nHorace Ott – electric piano, piano, arranger, conductor\nPaul Griffin (tracks 1, 4 & 6), Richard Tee (Tracks 2 & 5) – organ\nJerry Jemmott (tracks 2 & 5), Paul Martinez – electric bass (tracks 1, 3, 4, 6 & 7)\nNorman Pride – congas, bongos\nGayle Dixon, Julien Barber, Noel DaCosta, Sanford Allen – violin (tracks 2 & 5)\nAlfred Brown, Selwart Clarke – viola (tracks 2 & 5)\nKermit Moore, Ronald Lipscomb – cello (tracks 2 & 5)\nRalph MacDonald – bongos (track 2 & 5)\nGordon Powell – percussion (tracks 2 & 5)\nBarbara Massey, Carl Hall, Eileen Gilbert, Hilda Harris, Maeretha Stewart – backing vocals (track 5)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Thiele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Thiele"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Bob Thiele – producer\nBob Simpson and Tony May – engineer","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Prodigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prodigy"},{"link_name":"Music for the Jilted Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_the_Jilted_Generation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck"},{"link_name":"Odelay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odelay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Poison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_(The_Prodigy_song)"},{"link_name":"The Prodigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prodigy"},{"link_name":"Music for the Jilted Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_the_Jilted_Generation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Massive Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_Attack"},{"link_name":"eponymous 1998 album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzanine_(album)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"\"Good Livin' (Good Lovin')\" has been sampled in \"3 Kilos\" by The Prodigy, from their album Music for the Jilted Generation (1994).[4]\n\"Song for Aretha\" has been sampled by Beck in the song \"Hotwax\" from his 1996 album Odelay'.[5]\n\"Heavy Soul Slinger\" has been sampled in \"Poison\" by The Prodigy, from their album Music for the Jilted Generation (1994),[6] and by Massive Attack in the song Mezzanine from the eponymous 1998 album.[7]","title":"Sample use"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Prodigy's '3 Kilos' - Discover the Sample Source\". WhoSampled.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whosampled.com/sample/12614/The-Prodigy-3-Kilos-Bernard-Purdie-Good-Livin%27-(Good-Lovin%27)/","url_text":"\"The Prodigy's '3 Kilos' - Discover the Sample Source\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beck's 'Hotwax' - Discover the Sample Source\". WhoSampled.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whosampled.com/sample/30641/Beck-Hotwax-Bernard-Purdie-Song-for-Aretha/","url_text":"\"Beck's 'Hotwax' - Discover the Sample Source\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Prodigy's 'Poison' - Discover the Sample Source\". WhoSampled.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whosampled.com/sample/25291/The-Prodigy-Poison-Bernard-Purdie-Heavy-Soul-Slinger/","url_text":"\"The Prodigy's 'Poison' - Discover the Sample Source\""}]},{"reference":"\"Massive Attack's 'Mezzanine' - Discover the Sample Source\". WhoSampled.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whosampled.com/sample/55069/Massive-Attack-Mezzanine-Bernard-Purdie-Heavy-Soul-Slinger/","url_text":"\"Massive Attack's 'Mezzanine' - Discover the Sample Source\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bsnpubs.com/new/flyingdutchman.pdf","external_links_name":"Flying Dutchman Label Discography"},{"Link":"http://www.bernardpurdie.com/discography.htm","external_links_name":"Bernard Purdie discography"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/soul-ispretty-purdie-mw0000767729","external_links_name":"Allmusic listing"},{"Link":"https://www.whosampled.com/sample/12614/The-Prodigy-3-Kilos-Bernard-Purdie-Good-Livin%27-(Good-Lovin%27)/","external_links_name":"\"The Prodigy's '3 Kilos' - Discover the Sample Source\""},{"Link":"https://www.whosampled.com/sample/30641/Beck-Hotwax-Bernard-Purdie-Song-for-Aretha/","external_links_name":"\"Beck's 'Hotwax' - Discover the Sample Source\""},{"Link":"https://www.whosampled.com/sample/25291/The-Prodigy-Poison-Bernard-Purdie-Heavy-Soul-Slinger/","external_links_name":"\"The Prodigy's 'Poison' - Discover the Sample Source\""},{"Link":"https://www.whosampled.com/sample/55069/Massive-Attack-Mezzanine-Bernard-Purdie-Heavy-Soul-Slinger/","external_links_name":"\"Massive Attack's 'Mezzanine' - Discover the Sample Source\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perodua_Axia | Perodua Axia | ["1 First generation (B200; 2014)","1.1 Facelift","1.2 Safety","1.3 Powertrains","2 Second generation (A300; 2023)","2.1 Safety","2.2 Side collision test manipulation","3 Sales","4 Awards and accolades","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Motor vehicle
Perodua Axia2014 Perodua Axia SEOverviewManufacturerPeroduaAlso calledToyota Agya/WigoProduction2014–presentAssemblyMalaysia: Serendah (PGMSB)Body and chassisClassCity car (A)Body style5-door hatchbackLayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-driveChronologyPredecessorPerodua Viva
The Perodua Axia is a city car produced by Malaysian automobile manufacturer Perodua. It was launched on 15 September 2014 as the successor to the Viva. The car takes over the title of being the most affordable car in Malaysia from the Viva, and the best-selling car in Malaysia for three consecutive years, between 2015 until 2017. The Axia is the first model to debut from Perodua's all-new second factory in Rawang, Selangor. As of mid-2023, the Axia reached 600,000 units sold since the launch of its first generation in 2014.
The name "Axia", which is pronounced a-zee-a or A-xia, is derived from the Greek word ΑΞΙΑ (axia) which means value. The word Axia also resembles the word Asia but with the letter 's' having been replaced by 'x' which represents the number ten, as the Axia is Perodua's tenth model.
First generation (B200; 2014)
See also: Daihatsu Ayla (B100)Motor vehicle
First generation2014 Perodua Axia GOverviewModel codeB200Also calledDaihatsu Ayla (Indonesia)Toyota Agya/WigoProductionSeptember 2014 – December 2022September 2014 – present (E variant)Body and chassisPlatformDaihatsu Global A-Segment PlatformRelatedDaihatsu Ayla/Toyota Agya/Toyota WigoPerodua BezzaDaihatsu SigraPowertrainEnginePetrol:1.0 L 1KR-DE2 l3 (2014–2017)1.0 L 1KR-VE I3 (2017–present)Transmission5-speed manual4-speed automaticDimensionsWheelbase2,455 mm (96.7 in)Length3,645–3,650 mm (143.5–143.7 in)Width1,620–1,625 mm (63.8–64.0 in)Height1,510–1,525 mm (59.4–60.0 in)Kerb weight825–865 kg (1,819–1,907 lb)
The Axia was developed as the successor to the Viva. Perodua chose to license the Daihatsu Ayla/Toyota Agya platform for their Viva Replacement Model (VRM). The Ayla and Agya duo have been on sale in neighbouring Indonesia and Philippines since 2013. Although the Viva replacement model will be based on the Ayla/Agya platform, Perodua has iterated that the upper body and external elements will be indigenously designed, and the car would not be just a rebadged model.
On 26 August 2013, the former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Najib Razak announced that the replacement model to the Viva will launch in 2014 as the cheapest new car on the market. The new model will be built at Perodua's all-new RM1.3 billion, 65,000 sq ft second manufacturing plant, located adjacent to the company's original factory in Rawang, Selangor. Perodua's new factory will mirror Daihatsu Kyushu's factory in terms of work ethics, technology and efficiency. Perodua has since announced the construction of a new engine manufacturing factory in Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan at cost of RM600 million.
Perodua showcased the Global Model A Segment Space (GMA) concept at the 2013 Kuala Lumpur International Motor Show in November. The GMA previewed the interior design of the Viva Replacement Model (VRM). Perodua also showcased a new engine, the 1.0-litre Daihatsu 1KR-DE as a possible candidate for the VRM.
On 11 August 2014, Perodua teased a photo of the Axia on their official Facebook page. Perodua released a teaser of the front end of the Axia Standard E and G variants on 19 August 2014.
The more expensive Axia SE and Advance variants sport a more aggressive and sporty exterior, whereas the cheaper Standard E and G trim lines offer a more modest and basic package.
Perodua claimed that the all-new Axia will have 95% locally sourced content, with the remainder being imported from Indonesia and Japan. The company aims to sell 10,000 Axia units per month.
The pre-facelift Axia is briefly sold in Brunei by the previous Perodua's distributor, Econ Motors Sdn Bhd with the 1.0G variant (4-speed automatic) in August 2015, where the Toyota-branded twin model, the Wigo was also sold in the country before the Axia will be replaced by the identical Wigo in 2017.
Rear view (E, pre-facelift)
Rear view (SE, pre-facelift)
Interior
Facelift
The Axia received first facelift update on 20 January 2017 with the new 1.0-litre VVT-i engine. The same four variants remained on sale. The facelift brought along revised front grill and bumpers, an external boot release and revised equipment list.
On 20 September 2019, the second-facelifted Axia was launched with six variants: E, G, GXtra, crossover-inspired Style, SE and AV. Only E variant has manual transmission while the rest have automatic transmissions with ABS and EBD. The 1KR-VE engine also retained. At this facelift, both SE and AV variants share similar appearance with E, G and GXtra variants with few trim differences. New safety features are fitted such as Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) for GXtra variant and upwards, and Advanced Safety Assist 2.0 (ASA 2.0) was available only on range-topping AV variant. Other features such as retractable side mirrors, reverse sensors, driver seat height adjuster and anti-snatch hook are fitted for GXtra variant and upwards also.
The crossover-inspired Style variant differs from other variants with SUV-style bumpers, decorative roof rails, different grille and clear tail lamps. The Style, together with SE and AV variants have keyless entry, push start button and white-illuminated meter panel as additional standard features.
With the second-generation Axia was launched on 14 February 2023, the previous-generation Axia E equipped with manual transmission will continue to be built as an entry-level option. The updated Axia E manual was reintroduced on 15 June 2023 as Malaysia's cheapest car priced at RM22,000 (about $4,770). It uses the 2017 facelift grille on the front while the 2019 facelift styling retained on the rear portion of the bumper.
2017 first facelift styling
Front (G)
Front (Advance)
Rear (Advance)
2019 second facelift styling
Front (E)
Rear (GXtra)
Front (SE)
Rear (G)
Axia Style
Front
Side
Rear
Safety
In a 2014 testing under 2012–2016 ASEAN NCAP standards, the first-generation Axia received a 4-star rating.
2014 Perodua Axia
Score
Rating
Adult Occupant Protection
12.91/16.00
Child Occupant Protection
34.62/49.00
71%
Overall
At launch, anti-lock braking system (ABS) with electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD) and Brake assist (BA) were equipped on the SE and Advance variant while the more affordable Standard E and Standard G variant were not equipped with the aforementioned features. The Axia is equipped with 2 airbags for all variants.
For 2016, the Standard G variant gained ABS with EBD and BA.
In September 2019, all models of the refreshed Axia except the Standard E and Standard G variant now gets vehicle stability control. Airbag count remains at 2 across the board. The range-topping Advance variant now features the Advanced Safety Assist 2.0 (ASA 2.0) which debuted in the Perodua Aruz, which includes Forward Collision Warning with pedestrian detection, Automatic Emergency Braking (operative from speeds of 4–80 km/h), Pedal Misoperation Control and Front Departure Alert, which alerts the driver of the vehicle in front has proceeded ahead, e.g. from a traffic light.
Powertrains
The pre-facelift Perodua Axia was offered with one petrol engine, the 998cc 12-valve DOHC 1KR-DE2 l3, sourced from Toyota and Daihatsu but redesigned by Perodua. The new 1.0 litre engine offers 66 hp (49 kW) at 6,000 rpm and 90 Nm (66 lb ft) of torque at 3,600 rpm. It is Perodua's first engine to be made with aluminium parts, which are lighter than their cast iron equivalents and it is the first to use drive by wire technology. As a result, the new 1KR-DE2 engine weighs 69 kg, or 10 kg less than the old 989cc EJ-VE engine in the Perodua Viva. Unlike the 1KR-FE engine, The 1KR-DE2 in the Axia is not equipped with Toyota's Variable Valve Timing with intelligence (VVT-i) technology. The new engine is also Euro IV compliant.
The 1KR-DE2 1.0L engine in the Axia is paired to a choice of two transmissions, a five-speed manual and a four-speed automatic respectively. Perodua claims that the Axia is capable of achieving up to 21.6 km/L with the manual, and 20.1 km/L with the automatic while in ‘ECO Mode’. All Axias will come equipped with an Electric Power Steering (EPS) system for greater ease of steering, in addition to improved fuel-efficiency.
The Perodua Axia became the first car to qualify under Malaysia's 2014 National Automotive Policy (NAP) Energy Efficient Vehicle (EEV) fuel-efficiency standards on its late 2014 launch.
The facelift versions of the Perodua Axia gained Toyota's Variable Valve Timing with intelligence (VVT-i) in the form of the 1KR-VE engine.
Second generation (A300; 2023)
See also: Daihatsu Ayla (A350)Motor vehicle
Second generation2023 Perodua Axia GOverviewModel codeA300Also calledToyota Agya/WigoProductionJanuary 2023 – presentBody and chassisPlatformDaihatsu New Global Architecture: DNGA-ARelatedDaihatsu Rocky (A200)PowertrainEnginePetrol:1.0 L 1KR-VE I3Power output50 kW (67 hp; 91 Nm)TransmissionCVTDimensionsWheelbase2,525 mm (99.4 in)Length3,760 mm (148.0 in)Width1,665 mm (65.6 in)Height1,505 mm (59.3 in)Kerb weight865–890 kg (1,907–1,962 lb)
The second generation Axia was launched on 14 February 2023. Vehicles with camouflage stickers are shown to the media on 8 February 2023, while in the same day Perodua released teaser images.
The second generation Axia is based on the Daihatsu New Global Architecture (DNGA). It is powered by a carryover 1.0-litre VVT-i engine, now equipped with Eco Idle auto start-stop technology. The previous 4-speed automatic transmission has been replaced by a brand new Dual-Mode CVT (D-CVT) developed by Daihatsu. The new Axia no longer has a 5-speed manual transmission as an option like before, with all models being automatic only. 4 grade levels are available on offer at launch – G, X, SE and AV. Advanced driver-assistance systems branded as Perodua Smart Drive Assist (PSDA) is also available, albeit only limited to the range-topping AV variant.
The development of the vehicle commenced in October 2019 with a total cost of RM546 million and 300,000 man-hours invested into the project. Daihatsu provided support throughout the process. Before its launch, Perodua targeted sales of 5,700 units per month.
The second generation Axia has been launched in Brunei on 3 May 2024 and the car were offered in G and AV variants.
2023 Perodua Axia AV (front)
2023 Perodua Axia AV (rear)
Safety
In a testing conducted in January 2023, the second generation Axia received four stars in ASEAN NCAP crash testing.
Advanced Safety Assist or (A.S.A.) includes:
PCW (Pre-Collision Warning)
PCB (Pre-Collision Braking)
PMC (Pedal Misoperation Control)
FDA (Front Departure Alert)
2023 Perodua Axia SE (2 airbags)
ASEAN NCAP scores
Overall stars / Score
73.55
Adult occupant
25.65/32.00
Child occupant
43.43/51.00
Safety assist
16.50/21.00
Motorcyclist safety
7.00/16.00
Safety Features
Model Year
2023 – present
Variant
G
X
SE
AV
Market
ABS + EBD + BA
✔
VSC + TRC + HSA
Advance Safety Assist (A.S.A)
✘
✔
Airbag
2(Front)
6(Front, Side, Curtain)
Side collision test manipulation
On 28 April 2023, Daihatsu confirmed that the company had committed "wrongdoings" in approval application for side collision tests under UN-R95 requirements for four vehicles, including the A300 series Perodua Axia which was developed by the company. According to Daihatsu, the inside lining of the front seat door was improperly modified with a "notch" to prevent the part from breaking into pieces with sharp edges that could injure occupants during a side airbag deployment. These modifications are not present in production vehicles. 11,834 units of the model that has been delivered in Malaysia are affected. In response, Perodua suspended deliveries until the vehicles are re-tested.
Sales
Year
Malaysia
2014
29,070
2015
99,722
2016
85,895
2017
67,463
2018
70,819
2019
67,267
2020
59,651
2021
43,081
2022
59,763
2023
75,256
^ Figures based on registration
Awards and accolades
Winner Compact Car of The Year - DSF.my Allianz VOTY (Vehicle of the Year) 2017
Winner Value-for-Money Car of The Year - Frost & Sullivan
Most Favourite Brand 2016/17 Automotive Sedan/Compact Cars - The Brand Laureate
See also
Daihatsu Ayla / Toyota Agya, the models that the Perodua Axia is based on.
Perodua Bezza, a sedan car based on Axia platform.
References
^ a b "Perodua Axia launched – final prices lower than estimated, from RM24,600 to RM44,530 on-the-road". paultan.org. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
^ "DRIVEN: Perodua Axia, first impressions of the EEV". paultan.org. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
^ "Perodua Axia sales in Malaysia - 606756 units of both generations delivered to customers as of May 31, 2023". paultan.org. 15 June 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
^ Tan, Paul (14 August 2014). "Perodua Axia open for booking, priced from RM24,900". paultan.org. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ Chan, Mick (February 14, 2023). "Perodua Axia E manual to live on – first-gen MT still cheapest car in Malaysia; updated specs, price soon". Paul Tan's Automotive News. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
^ "Affordable and High-Quality". Daihatsu Global Wesbsite. Retrieved 2021-06-23. The Indonesian compact car "Ayla" and the Malaysian car "Axia" are built upon the Global A Segment Platform,
^ a b Shah, Hafriz (11 August 2014). "Perodua Axia – official photo of the next Viva released!". paultan.org. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ Lim, Anthony (26 August 2013). "Perodua Viva replacement to debut next year". paultan.org. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ Tan, Danny (27 December 2012). "Perodua to build new RM790m plant in Rawang, adding 100,000 units to annual production capacity". paultan.org. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ Tan, Danny (1 December 2013). "Perodua Global Manufacturing plant to mirror Daihatsu Kyushu's best practices, tech and low defect rate". paultan.org. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ a b c Lim, Anthony (29 May 2014). "Perodua to build new engine manufacturing plant". paultan.org. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ Lim, Anthony (15 November 2013). "Perodua GMA Space previews new Viva interior". paultan.org. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ Lim, Anthony (15 November 2013). "Perodua 1KR-DE 1.0 litre engine shown at KLIMS13". paultan.org. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ Tan, Jonathan James (19 August 2014). "Perodua Axia – first official pic of Standard face". paultan.org. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
^ Tan, Jonathan James (19 August 2014). "Perodua Axia – 3,500 bookings recorded to date". paultan.org. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
^ Tan, Paul (11 June 2014). "Perodua 'Axia' Global EEV leaked onto the internet – here's what we know about the new hatchback". paultan.org. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
^ Shah, Hafriz (20 January 2017). "2017 Perodua Axia facelift officially launched – 1.0L VVT-i engine, two new faces and features, from RM25k". paultan.org. Malaysia. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
^ Tan, Danny. "2019 Perodua Axia launched in Malaysia – 6 variants; new SUV-like 'Style' model; VSC, ASA; RM24k-RM43k". paultan.org.
^ Chan, Mick. "GALLERY: 2019 Perodua Axia – Style and AV in detail". paultan.org.
^ Tan, Danny (January 31, 2023). "2023 Perodua Axia Manual will be launched after Hari Raya – could base MT be a sub-RM25k carryover?". Paul Tan's Automotive News. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
^ Lye, Gerard (June 15, 2023). "2023 Perodua Axia E launched, cheapest car in Msia at RM22k, RM300/month – old 2017 bumper, still no VSC". Paul Tan's Automotive News. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
^ a b "PERODUA AXIA". Aseancap. 2017-08-14. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
^ "Perodua includes ABS for Axia G beginning January 2016". www.perodua.com.my. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
^ a b Lim, Anthony (15 August 2014). "Perodua Axia – SE face revealed, yet more details". paultan.org. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ Aaron, Chris (18 August 2014). "2014 Perodua Axia Unveiled On Website: Here's What You Get From RM25k Onwards". livelifedrive.com. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
^ Tan, Danny (2 April 2014). "Perodua's new model will meet EEV fuel-efficiency standards, incentive wishlist submitted to Govt". paultan.org. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ "3rd Generation Perodua Axia Launched; Priced From RM38,600". Malaysia: AutoWorld. 14 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
^ Tan, Danny (February 14, 2023). "2023 Perodua Axia D74A launched – 1.0L D-CVT; DNGA; larger body; G, X, SE, AV variants, fr RM38.6k". Paul Tan's Automotive News. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
^ Tan, Danny (February 8, 2023). "2023 Perodua Axia D74A - first look at all-new model!". Paul Tan's Automotive News. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
^ Tan, Danny (February 8, 2023). "2023 Perodua Axia D74A 1.0L CVT – official teaser images released, full front and rear angles uncovered". Paul Tan's Automotive News. Retrieved February 13, 2023.
^ "2023 Perodua Axia from RM38,600 – here are some never before offered features and items!". AutoBuzz. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
^ Tan, Danny (February 14, 2023). "2023 Perodua Axia D74A spec-by-spec comparison – 4 1.0L CVT variants; G, X, SE, AV; RM38.6k to RM49.5k". Paul Tan's Automotive News. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
^ Tan, Danny (February 15, 2023). "VIDEO: 2023 Perodua Axia D74A G, X, SE, AV variants compared – 1.0L D-CVT from RM38.6k to RM49.5k". Paul Tan's Automotive News. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
^ "New Perodua Axia Launched With More Features And New Technologies". Piston Malaysia. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
^ Chan, Mick (February 10, 2023). "2023 Perodua Axia D74A – 3,591 new bookings, 5,700-unit monthly target, to be Perodua's best-seller". Paul Tan's Automotive News. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
^ Chan, Mick (February 14, 2023). "2023 Perodua Axia – 20,100 orders received so far, with 13,600 orders converted from outgoing model". Paul Tan's Automotive News. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
^ "All-new Perodua models unveiled". Borneo Bulletin. 2024-05-04. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
^ Chan, Mick (February 8, 2023). "2023 Perodua Axia gets four-star ASEAN NCAP rating". Paul Tan's Automotive News. Retrieved February 13, 2023.
^ "PERODUA AXIA (2023)". v4-web.aseancap.org. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
^ Teerapat, Moo (2023-04-29). "โตโยต้า มอเตอร์ ประเทศไทย ประกาศยุติการขาย และ ส่งมอบ Toyota Yaris ATIV ชั่วคราว" . Autolifethailand.tv. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
^ "Toyota Chairman Apologises Over Falsifiying Test Results On Daihatsu, Perodua And Yaris". Business Today. 2023-04-29. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
^ "Daihatsu admits wrongdoings in crash safety tests for 2023 Perodua Axia, Toyota Vios: shipments suspended - paultan.org". Paul Tan's Automotive News. 2023-04-28. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
^ "PERODUA AXIA: Popularity over the Years". data.gov.my.
^ LegendBlue : Standard across all trim levels.Green : Available on selected trim level(s) only, full package.Yellow : Available on selected trim level(s) only, but is not the full package.Red : Not available on selected trim level(s), or is the no-frills package.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Perodua Axia.
Perodua Axia official website
vtePeroduaParent
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vtePerodua road vehicle timeline, 1994–present
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4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Rusa | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"city car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_car"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Perodua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perodua"},{"link_name":"Viva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perodua_Viva"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rawang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawang,_Selangor"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Language"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_Axia_booking_opens-4"}],"text":"The Perodua Axia is a city car produced by Malaysian automobile manufacturer Perodua. It was launched on 15 September 2014 as the successor to the Viva.[1] The car takes over the title of being the most affordable car in Malaysia from the Viva, and the best-selling car in Malaysia for three consecutive years, between 2015 until 2017.[2] The Axia is the first model to debut from Perodua's all-new second factory in Rawang, Selangor. As of mid-2023, the Axia reached 600,000 units sold since the launch of its first generation in 2014.[3]The name \"Axia\", which is pronounced a-zee-a or A-xia, is derived from the Greek word ΑΞΙΑ (axia) which means value. The word Axia also resembles the word Asia but with the letter 's' having been replaced by 'x' which represents the number ten, as the Axia is Perodua's tenth model.[4]","title":"Perodua Axia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daihatsu Ayla (B100)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihatsu_Ayla_(B100)"},{"link_name":"Daihatsu Ayla/Toyota Agya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihatsu_Ayla#B100"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_Axia_first_teaser-7"},{"link_name":"rebadged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebadging"},{"link_name":"Najib Razak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najib_Razak"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_Viva_replacement_early_details-8"},{"link_name":"Rawang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawang,_Selangor"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_second_factory-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_second_factory_2-10"},{"link_name":"Negeri Sembilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_new_engine_factory-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_GMA_interior-12"},{"link_name":"Daihatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihatsu"},{"link_name":"1KR-DE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_KR_engine#1KR-DE"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_GMA_engine-13"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_Axia_first_teaser-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_Axia_Standard_face-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_Axia_Bookings-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_Viva_replacement_early_details_2-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perodua_Axia_Standard_E_in_Penang,_Malaysia_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_Perodua_Axia_SE_in_Cyberjaya,_Malaysia_(02).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015_Perodua_Axia_1.0_Standard_G_(58).jpg"}],"text":"See also: Daihatsu Ayla (B100)Motor vehicleThe Axia was developed as the successor to the Viva. Perodua chose to license the Daihatsu Ayla/Toyota Agya platform for their Viva Replacement Model (VRM).[7] The Ayla and Agya duo have been on sale in neighbouring Indonesia and Philippines since 2013. Although the Viva replacement model will be based on the Ayla/Agya platform, Perodua has iterated that the upper body and external elements will be indigenously designed, and the car would not be just a rebadged model.On 26 August 2013, the former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Najib Razak announced that the replacement model to the Viva will launch in 2014 as the cheapest new car on the market.[8] The new model will be built at Perodua's all-new RM1.3 billion, 65,000 sq ft second manufacturing plant, located adjacent to the company's original factory in Rawang, Selangor.[9] Perodua's new factory will mirror Daihatsu Kyushu's factory in terms of work ethics, technology and efficiency.[10] Perodua has since announced the construction of a new engine manufacturing factory in Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan at cost of RM600 million.[11]Perodua showcased the Global Model A Segment Space (GMA) concept at the 2013 Kuala Lumpur International Motor Show in November.[12] The GMA previewed the interior design of the Viva Replacement Model (VRM). Perodua also showcased a new engine, the 1.0-litre Daihatsu 1KR-DE as a possible candidate for the VRM.[13]On 11 August 2014, Perodua teased a photo of the Axia on their official Facebook page.[7] Perodua released a teaser of the front end of the Axia Standard E and G variants on 19 August 2014.[14]The more expensive Axia SE and Advance variants sport a more aggressive and sporty exterior, whereas the cheaper Standard E and G trim lines offer a more modest and basic package.Perodua claimed that the all-new Axia will have 95% locally sourced content, with the remainder being imported from Indonesia and Japan.[15] The company aims to sell 10,000 Axia units per month.[16]The pre-facelift Axia is briefly sold in Brunei by the previous Perodua's distributor, Econ Motors Sdn Bhd with the 1.0G variant (4-speed automatic) in August 2015, where the Toyota-branded twin model, the Wigo was also sold in the country before the Axia will be replaced by the identical Wigo in 2017.Rear view (E, pre-facelift)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRear view (SE, pre-facelift)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior","title":"First generation (B200; 2014)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perodua_Axia_Standard_G_in_Penang,_Malaysia_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perodua_Axia_Advance_in_Penang,_Malaysia_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perodua_Axia_Advance_in_Penang,_Malaysia_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_Perodua_Axia_1.0_Standard_E.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_Perodua_Axia_1.0_GXtra_(32).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_Perodua_Axia_1.0_SE_(6).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perodua_Axia_G_2019.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_Perodua_Axia_1.0_Style_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_Perodua_Axia_1.0_Style_(42).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_Perodua_Axia_1.0_Style_(31).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Facelift","text":"The Axia received first facelift update on 20 January 2017 with the new 1.0-litre VVT-i engine. The same four variants remained on sale. The facelift brought along revised front grill and bumpers, an external boot release and revised equipment list.[17]On 20 September 2019, the second-facelifted Axia was launched with six variants: E, G, GXtra, crossover-inspired Style, SE and AV. Only E variant has manual transmission while the rest have automatic transmissions with ABS and EBD. The 1KR-VE engine also retained. At this facelift, both SE and AV variants share similar appearance with E, G and GXtra variants with few trim differences. New safety features are fitted such as Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) for GXtra variant and upwards, and Advanced Safety Assist 2.0 (ASA 2.0) was available only on range-topping AV variant. Other features such as retractable side mirrors, reverse sensors, driver seat height adjuster and anti-snatch hook are fitted for GXtra variant and upwards also.[18]The crossover-inspired Style variant differs from other variants with SUV-style bumpers, decorative roof rails, different grille and clear tail lamps. The Style, together with SE and AV variants have keyless entry, push start button and white-illuminated meter panel as additional standard features.[19]With the second-generation Axia was launched on 14 February 2023, the previous-generation Axia E equipped with manual transmission will continue to be built as an entry-level option.[20] The updated Axia E manual was reintroduced on 15 June 2023 as Malaysia's cheapest car priced at RM22,000 (about $4,770). It uses the 2017 facelift grille on the front while the 2019 facelift styling retained on the rear portion of the bumper.[21]2017 first facelift stylingFront (G)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFront (Advance)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRear (Advance)2019 second facelift stylingFront (E)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRear (GXtra)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFront (SE)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRear (G)Axia StyleFront\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSide\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRear","title":"First generation (B200; 2014)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASEAN NCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_NCAP"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-22"},{"link_name":"anti-lock braking system (ABS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system"},{"link_name":"electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_brakeforce_distribution"},{"link_name":"Brake assist (BA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_brake_assist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Perodua Aruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Rush"}],"sub_title":"Safety","text":"In a 2014 testing under 2012–2016 ASEAN NCAP standards, the first-generation Axia received a 4-star rating.[22]2014 Perodua Axia[22]\n\n\n\n\nScore\n\nRating\n\n\nAdult Occupant Protection\n\n12.91/16.00\n\n\n\n\nChild Occupant Protection\n\n34.62/49.00\n\n71%\n\n\nOverallAt launch, anti-lock braking system (ABS) with electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD) and Brake assist (BA) were equipped on the SE and Advance variant while the more affordable Standard E and Standard G variant were not equipped with the aforementioned features. The Axia is equipped with 2 airbags for all variants.[1]For 2016, the Standard G variant gained ABS with EBD and BA.[23]In September 2019, all models of the refreshed Axia except the Standard E and Standard G variant now gets vehicle stability control. Airbag count remains at 2 across the board. The range-topping Advance variant now features the Advanced Safety Assist 2.0 (ASA 2.0) which debuted in the Perodua Aruz, which includes Forward Collision Warning with pedestrian detection, Automatic Emergency Braking (operative from speeds of 4–80 km/h), Pedal Misoperation Control and Front Departure Alert, which alerts the driver of the vehicle in front has proceeded ahead, e.g. from a traffic light.","title":"First generation (B200; 2014)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1KR-DE2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_KR_engine#1KR-DE"},{"link_name":"l3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-three_engine"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"Daihatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihatsu"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_Axia_1.0_SE-24"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"cast iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron"},{"link_name":"drive by wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_by_wire"},{"link_name":"EJ-VE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihatsu_E-series_engine#EJ"},{"link_name":"Perodua Viva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perodua_Viva"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_new_engine_factory-11"},{"link_name":"1KR-FE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_KR_engine#1KR-FE"},{"link_name":"Variable Valve Timing with intelligence (VVT-i)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVT-i"},{"link_name":"Euro IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_emission_standards#Euro_IV"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_new_engine_factory-11"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_Axia_1.0_SE-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_Axia_Safety-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perodua_EEV-26"},{"link_name":"Variable Valve Timing with intelligence (VVT-i)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVT-i"}],"sub_title":"Powertrains","text":"The pre-facelift Perodua Axia was offered with one petrol engine, the 998cc 12-valve DOHC 1KR-DE2 l3, sourced from Toyota and Daihatsu but redesigned by Perodua.[24] The new 1.0 litre engine offers 66 hp (49 kW) at 6,000 rpm and 90 Nm (66 lb ft) of torque at 3,600 rpm. It is Perodua's first engine to be made with aluminium parts, which are lighter than their cast iron equivalents and it is the first to use drive by wire technology. As a result, the new 1KR-DE2 engine weighs 69 kg, or 10 kg less than the old 989cc EJ-VE engine in the Perodua Viva.[11] Unlike the 1KR-FE engine, The 1KR-DE2 in the Axia is not equipped with Toyota's Variable Valve Timing with intelligence (VVT-i) technology. The new engine is also Euro IV compliant.[11]The 1KR-DE2 1.0L engine in the Axia is paired to a choice of two transmissions, a five-speed manual and a four-speed automatic respectively. Perodua claims that the Axia is capable of achieving up to 21.6 km/L with the manual, and 20.1 km/L with the automatic while in ‘ECO Mode’.[24] All Axias will come equipped with an Electric Power Steering (EPS) system for greater ease of steering, in addition to improved fuel-efficiency.[25]The Perodua Axia became the first car to qualify under Malaysia's 2014 National Automotive Policy (NAP) Energy Efficient Vehicle (EEV) fuel-efficiency standards on its late 2014 launch.[26]The facelift versions of the Perodua Axia gained Toyota's Variable Valve Timing with intelligence (VVT-i) in the form of the 1KR-VE engine.","title":"First generation (B200; 2014)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daihatsu Ayla (A350)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihatsu_Ayla_(A350)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Daihatsu New Global Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihatsu_New_Global_Architecture"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Advanced driver-assistance systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_driver-assistance_systems"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"RM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perodua_Axia_1.0_AV_Test_Drive_Car_in_Malaysia_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perodua_Axia_1.0_AV_Test_Drive_Car_in_Malaysia_(2).jpg"}],"text":"See also: Daihatsu Ayla (A350)Motor vehicleThe second generation Axia was launched on 14 February 2023.[28] Vehicles with camouflage stickers are shown to the media on 8 February 2023, while in the same day Perodua released teaser images.[29][30]The second generation Axia is based on the Daihatsu New Global Architecture (DNGA).[31] It is powered by a carryover 1.0-litre VVT-i engine, now equipped with Eco Idle auto start-stop technology. The previous 4-speed automatic transmission has been replaced by a brand new Dual-Mode CVT (D-CVT) developed by Daihatsu. The new Axia no longer has a 5-speed manual transmission as an option like before, with all models being automatic only. 4 grade levels are available on offer at launch – G, X, SE and AV.[32] Advanced driver-assistance systems branded as Perodua Smart Drive Assist (PSDA) is also available, albeit only limited to the range-topping AV variant.[33]The development of the vehicle commenced in October 2019 with a total cost of RM546 million and 300,000 man-hours invested into the project. Daihatsu provided support throughout the process.[34] Before its launch, Perodua targeted sales of 5,700 units per month.[35][36]The second generation Axia has been launched in Brunei on 3 May 2024 and the car were offered in G and AV variants.[37]2023 Perodua Axia AV (front)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2023 Perodua Axia AV (rear)","title":"Second generation (A300; 2023)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASEAN NCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_NCAP"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Safety","text":"In a testing conducted in January 2023, the second generation Axia received four stars in ASEAN NCAP crash testing.[38]Advanced Safety Assist or (A.S.A.) includes:PCW (Pre-Collision Warning)\nPCB (Pre-Collision Braking)\nPMC (Pedal Misoperation Control)\nFDA (Front Departure Alert)","title":"Second generation (A300; 2023)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"side collision tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_test"},{"link_name":"UN-R95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe#Inland_Transport_Committee"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Side collision test manipulation","text":"On 28 April 2023, Daihatsu confirmed that the company had committed \"wrongdoings\" in approval application for side collision tests under UN-R95 requirements[40] for four vehicles, including the A300 series Perodua Axia which was developed by the company. According to Daihatsu, the inside lining of the front seat door was improperly modified with a \"notch\" to prevent the part from breaking into pieces with sharp edges that could injure occupants during a side airbag deployment. These modifications are not present in production vehicles. 11,834 units of the model that has been delivered in Malaysia are affected. In response, Perodua suspended deliveries until the vehicles are re-tested.[41][42]","title":"Second generation (A300; 2023)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"}],"text":"^ Figures based on registration","title":"Sales"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Winner Compact Car of The Year - DSF.my Allianz VOTY (Vehicle of the Year) 2017\nWinner Value-for-Money Car of The Year - Frost & Sullivan\nMost Favourite Brand 2016/17 Automotive Sedan/Compact Cars - The Brand Laureate","title":"Awards and accolades"}] | [] | [{"title":"Daihatsu Ayla / Toyota Agya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihatsu_Ayla"},{"title":"Perodua Bezza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perodua_Bezza"}] | [{"reference":"\"Perodua Axia launched – final prices lower than estimated, from RM24,600 to RM44,530 on-the-road\". paultan.org. Retrieved 8 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://paultan.org/2014/09/15/perodua-axia-launched/","url_text":"\"Perodua Axia launched – final prices lower than estimated, from RM24,600 to RM44,530 on-the-road\""}]},{"reference":"\"DRIVEN: Perodua Axia, first impressions of the EEV\". paultan.org. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://paultan.org/2014/08/19/perodua-axia-first-impressions/","url_text":"\"DRIVEN: Perodua Axia, first impressions of the EEV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perodua Axia sales in Malaysia - 606756 units of both generations delivered to customers as of May 31, 2023\". paultan.org. 15 June 2022. 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updated specs, price soon\""},{"Link":"https://www.daihatsu.com/car_information/quality.html","external_links_name":"\"Affordable and High-Quality\""},{"Link":"http://paultan.org/2014/08/11/perodua-axia-new-viva-first-pic/","external_links_name":"\"Perodua Axia – official photo of the next Viva released!\""},{"Link":"http://paultan.org/2013/08/26/perodua-viva-replacement-to-debut-next-year/","external_links_name":"\"Perodua Viva replacement to debut next year\""},{"Link":"http://paultan.org/2012/12/27/perodua-to-build-new-rm790m-plant-in-rawang-adding-100000-units-to-annual-production-capacity/","external_links_name":"\"Perodua to build new RM790m plant in Rawang, adding 100,000 units to annual production capacity\""},{"Link":"http://paultan.org/2012/12/27/perodua-to-build-new-rm790m-plant-in-rawang-adding-100000-units-to-annual-production-capacity/","external_links_name":"\"Perodua Global Manufacturing plant to mirror Daihatsu Kyushu's best practices, tech and low defect rate\""},{"Link":"http://paultan.org/2014/05/29/perodua-to-build-new-engine-plant-in-sendayan/","external_links_name":"\"Perodua to build new engine manufacturing plant\""},{"Link":"http://paultan.org/2013/11/15/perodua-gma-space-previews-new-viva-interior/","external_links_name":"\"Perodua GMA Space previews new Viva interior\""},{"Link":"http://paultan.org/2013/11/15/perodua-1kr-de-1-0-litre-engine-showcased-klims13/","external_links_name":"\"Perodua 1KR-DE 1.0 litre engine shown at KLIMS13\""},{"Link":"http://paultan.org/2014/08/19/perodua-axia-standard-face/","external_links_name":"\"Perodua Axia – first official pic of Standard face\""},{"Link":"http://paultan.org/2014/08/19/perodua-axia-bookings/","external_links_name":"\"Perodua Axia – 3,500 bookings recorded to date\""},{"Link":"http://paultan.org/2014/06/11/perodua-axia-global-eev/","external_links_name":"\"Perodua 'Axia' Global EEV leaked onto the internet – here's what we know about the new hatchback\""},{"Link":"http://paultan.org/2017/01/17/2017-perodua-axia-facelift-in-showrooms-from-rm25k/","external_links_name":"\"2017 Perodua Axia facelift officially launched – 1.0L VVT-i engine, two new faces and features, from RM25k\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2019/09/20/2019-perodua-axia-launched-6-variants-new-suv-inspired-style-model-vsc-and-asa-rm24k-to-rm43k/","external_links_name":"\"2019 Perodua Axia launched in Malaysia – 6 variants; new SUV-like 'Style' model; VSC, ASA; RM24k-RM43k\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2019/10/09/gallery-2019-perodua-axia-style-and-av-in-detail/","external_links_name":"\"GALLERY: 2019 Perodua Axia – Style and AV in detail\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2023/01/31/2023-perodua-axia-manual-will-be-launched-after-hari-raya-could-base-mt-be-a-sub-rm25k-carryover/","external_links_name":"\"2023 Perodua Axia Manual will be launched after Hari Raya – could base MT be a sub-RM25k carryover?\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2023/06/15/2023-perodua-axia-e-manual-launched-in-malaysia/","external_links_name":"\"2023 Perodua Axia E launched, cheapest car in Msia at RM22k, RM300/month – old 2017 bumper, still no VSC\""},{"Link":"https://aseancap.org/v2/?p=3538","external_links_name":"\"PERODUA AXIA\""},{"Link":"http://www.perodua.com.my/press-release/view/285","external_links_name":"\"Perodua includes ABS for Axia G beginning January 2016\""},{"Link":"http://paultan.org/2014/08/15/perodua-axia-se-face-revealed-details/","external_links_name":"\"Perodua Axia – SE face revealed, yet more details\""},{"Link":"http://www.livelifedrive.com/malaysia/news/view/188259/2014-perodua-axia-unveiled-on-website-heres-what-you-get-from-rm25k-onwards","external_links_name":"\"2014 Perodua Axia Unveiled On Website: Here's What You Get From RM25k Onwards\""},{"Link":"http://paultan.org/2014/04/02/perodua-new-model-meets-eev-standards/","external_links_name":"\"Perodua's new model will meet EEV fuel-efficiency standards, incentive wishlist submitted to Govt\""},{"Link":"http://autoworld.com.my/news/2023/02/14/3rd-generation-perodua-axia-launched-priced-from-rm38600/","external_links_name":"\"3rd Generation Perodua Axia Launched; Priced From RM38,600\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2023/02/14/2023-perodua-axia-d74a-launched-1-0l-d-cvt-dnga-larger-body-g-x-se-av-variants-fr-rm38-6k/","external_links_name":"\"2023 Perodua Axia D74A launched – 1.0L D-CVT; DNGA; larger body; G, X, SE, AV variants, fr RM38.6k\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2023/02/08/2023-perodua-axia-d74a-first-look-at-all-new-model/","external_links_name":"\"2023 Perodua Axia D74A - first look at all-new model!\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2023/02/08/2023-perodua-axia-d74a-1-0l-cvt-official-teaser-images-released-full-front-and-rear-angles-uncovered/","external_links_name":"\"2023 Perodua Axia D74A 1.0L CVT – official teaser images released, full front and rear angles uncovered\""},{"Link":"https://autobuzz.my/2023/02/14/2023-perodua-axia-from-rm38600-here-are-some-never-before-offered-features-and-items/","external_links_name":"\"2023 Perodua Axia from RM38,600 – here are some never before offered features and items!\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2023/02/14/2023-perodua-axia-d74a-spec-by-spec-comparison-4-1-0l-cvt-variants-g-x-se-av-rm38-6k-to-rm49-5k/","external_links_name":"\"2023 Perodua Axia D74A spec-by-spec comparison – 4 1.0L CVT variants; G, X, SE, AV; RM38.6k to RM49.5k\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2023/02/15/video-2023-perodua-axia-d74a-1-0l-d-cvt-g-x-se-and-av-variants-compared-from-rm38-6k-to-rm49-5k/","external_links_name":"\"VIDEO: 2023 Perodua Axia D74A G, X, SE, AV variants compared – 1.0L D-CVT from RM38.6k to RM49.5k\""},{"Link":"https://www.piston.my/2023/02/14/new-perodua-axia-launched-with-more-features-and-new-technologies/","external_links_name":"\"New Perodua Axia Launched With More Features And New Technologies\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2023/02/10/2023-perodua-axia-d74a-3591-new-bookings-5700-unit-monthly-target-to-be-peroduas-best-seller/","external_links_name":"\"2023 Perodua Axia D74A – 3,591 new bookings, 5,700-unit monthly target, to be Perodua's best-seller\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2023/02/14/2023-perodua-axia-20100-orders-received-so-far-with-13600-orders-converted-from-outgoing-model/","external_links_name":"\"2023 Perodua Axia – 20,100 orders received so far, with 13,600 orders converted from outgoing model\""},{"Link":"https://borneobulletin.com.bn/all-new-perodua-models-unveiled/","external_links_name":"\"All-new Perodua models unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2023/02/08/2023-perodua-axia-gets-four-star-asean-ncap-rating/","external_links_name":"\"2023 Perodua Axia gets four-star ASEAN NCAP rating\""},{"Link":"https://v4-web.aseancap.org/result/9923","external_links_name":"\"PERODUA AXIA (2023)\""},{"Link":"https://autolifethailand.tv/toyota-motor-thailand-yaris-ativ-scandal-crash-test/","external_links_name":"\"โตโยต้า มอเตอร์ ประเทศไทย ประกาศยุติการขาย และ ส่งมอบ Toyota Yaris ATIV ชั่วคราว\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesstoday.com.my/2023/04/29/toyota-chairman-apologises-over-falsifiying-test-results-on-daihatsu-perodua-and-yaris/","external_links_name":"\"Toyota Chairman Apologises Over Falsifiying Test Results On Daihatsu, Perodua And Yaris\""},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2023/04/28/daihatsu-admits-wrongdoings-in-crash-safety-tests-for-2023-perodua-axia-toyota-vios-shipments-suspended/","external_links_name":"\"Daihatsu admits wrongdoings in crash safety tests for 2023 Perodua Axia, Toyota Vios: shipments suspended - paultan.org\""},{"Link":"https://data.gov.my/dashboard/car-popularity","external_links_name":"\"PERODUA AXIA: Popularity over the Years\""},{"Link":"https://www.perodua.com.my/our-models/axia.html","external_links_name":"Perodua Axia official website"}] |
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