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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dynamics_AD-150
American Dynamics AD-150
[]
2000s American tiltrotor UAV This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2013) AD-150 Role VTOL UAVType of aircraft National origin United States Manufacturer American Dynamics Flight Systems The AD-150 is a high-speed VTOL tilting ducted fan unmanned aerial vehicle that is being developed by American Dynamics Flight Systems as a future competitor for the United States Marine Corps' Tier III VUAS program as well as other current and future United States VTOL UAV programs. Development The AD-150 program began in response to continued interest in maritime capable VTOL UAVs by the United States Department of Defense. The AD-150 utilizes two wing-tip mounted High Torque Aerial Lift (HTAL) lift and propulsion systems to provide the thrust needed to sustain and transition between hover and forward flight. The two HTAL systems are driven by a single Pratt & Whitney Canada PW200 Turboshaft engine. The vehicle's propulsion configuration is similar to the Doak VZ-4 in that the two propulsion systems are able to tilt from vertical to horizontal mode in order to achieve high-speed forward flight. Unlike the Doak VZ-4, however, the propulsion systems in the AD-150 are also able to pivot longitudinally. A full-scale model of the AD-150 was displayed for the first time at the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International's (AUVSI) Unmanned Systems North America exhibition in Washington, D.C., on August 7, 2007. In February 2010, the University of Maryland's Industrial Partnerships program approved $135,150 in funding to test a scale model of the company's patented High Torque Aerial Lift (HTAL) system in a tunnel at the university. They will utilize a 1/3–1/2 scale model that will be tested at different fan and tunnel speeds and duct angles to represent the transition between vertical and horizontal flight. Specifications (as designed) General characteristics Crew: None Length: 14 ft 6 in (4.42 m) Wingspan: 17 ft 6 in (5.34 m) Height: 4 ft 9 in (1.49 m) Gross weight: 2,250 lb (1,020 kg) Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney Canada PW200 , 750 hp (560 kW) Performance Maximum speed: 345 mph (556 km/h, 300 kn) Endurance: 4 hours Service ceiling: 20,000 ft (6,100 m) See also Related lists List of unmanned aerial vehicles References ^ a b "American Dynamics plans next generation BattleHog unmanned air vehicle". Flight International, 09/08/2007. ^ AD-150 Data Sheet Archived 2008-11-21 at the Wayback Machine. American Dynamics Flight Systems ^ Maryland Funds Work On VTOL Unmanned Aircraft
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[]
[{"title":"List of unmanned aerial vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/08/09/215973/pictures-american-dynamics-plans-next-generation-battlehog-unmanned-air-vehicle.html","external_links_name":"\"American Dynamics plans next generation BattleHog unmanned air vehicle\""},{"Link":"http://adflightsystems.com/public/documents/AD-150.pdf","external_links_name":"AD-150 Data Sheet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121073321/http://adflightsystems.com/public/documents/AD-150.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/asd/2010/02/11/02.xml&headline=Maryland%20Funds%20Work%20On%20VTOL%20Unmanned%20Aircraft","external_links_name":"Maryland Funds Work On VTOL Unmanned Aircraft"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Lines
Valleys & Cardiff Local Routes
["1 History","2 Electrification","3 Lines","3.1 Routes","4 Surrounding lines","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Cardiff's suburban rail network "Valley Lines" redirects here. For the company, see Valley Lines (train operating company). For other uses, see Valley line. vteRailway lines in the Welsh valleys Legend Hirwaun Treherbert Rhymney Ynyswen Ebbw Vale Town Aberdare Merthyr Tydfil Treorchy Pontlottyn Cwmbach Ebbw Vale Parkway Ton Pentre Pentre-bach Ystrad Rhondda Tir-Phil Fernhill Troed-y-rhiw Llwynypia Cwm Mountain Ash Merthyr Vale Tonypandy Brithdir Dinas Rhondda Bargoed Penrhiwceiber Abertillery Porth Quakers Yard Trehafod Llanhilleth Abercynon North Gilfach Fargoed Abercynon Pengam Pontypridd Hengoed Treforest Newbridge Treforest Estate Ystrad Mynach Taffs Well Llanbradach Coryton Energlyn & Churchill Park Whitchurch Crosskeys Rhiwbina Aber Radyr Caerphilly Birchgrove Risca & Pontymister Ty Glas Lisvane & Thornhill Llandaf Llanishen Cathays Heath Low / High Level Danescourt Rogerstone Cardiff Queen Street Pye Corner Fairwater Newport Waun-Gron Park Welsh Marches line Cardiff Bay Cardiff Central Severn Tunnel Junction River Taff South Wales Main Lineto Bristol Parkway Grangetown Caldicot Ninian Park Chepstow Dingle Road Cogan Penarth Eastbrook WalesEngland border Dinas Powys Lydney Cadoxton Gloucester Barry Docks Cheltenham Spa Pontyclun Barry Llanharan Barry Island Pencoed RhooseCardiff International Airport Llantwit Major Bridgend South Wales Main Lineto Swansea Wildmill Sarn Tondu Garth Maesteg (Ewenny Road) Maesteg This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: It needs more explanation of the South Wales Metro. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2022) Valleys & Cardiff Local Routes (Welsh: Llwybrau Lleol y Cymoedd a Chaerdydd) (formerly Valley Lines) is the network of passenger suburban railway services radiating from Cardiff, Wales. It includes lines within the city itself, the Vale of Glamorgan and the South Wales Valleys. The services are currently operated by Transport for Wales Rail. In total, it serves 81 stations in six unitary authority areas: 20 in the city of Cardiff, 11 in the Vale of Glamorgan, 25 in Rhondda Cynon Taf, 15 in Caerphilly, 8 in Bridgend and 5 in Merthyr Tydfil. Services on these routes are provided by Class 150 DMUs and Class 231 Diesel–electric multiple units. They are typically end-to-end, in that they run from one branch terminus, through Cardiff Queen Street station, to another branch terminus, e.g. from Pontypridd to Barry Island. The major hubs of the network are Cardiff Queen Street and Cardiff Central. Other hubs are Pontypridd, Bridgend and Barry. History A stretch of the Vale of Glamorgan Line, on which passenger services were closed under the Beeching Axe, re-opened for passenger service, with services from Cardiff Central to Bridgend, via Barry, Rhoose Cardiff Intl. Airport and Llantwit Major. These services were originally advertised to start in April 2005, but commenced on 12 June 2005. Previously services only went as far as Barry. On 28 March 2020, ownership of the lines between Cardiff and Treherbert, Aberdare, Merthyr Tydfil, Coryton, Rhymney and Cwmbargoed (the "Core Valley Lines") was transferred from Network Rail to Transport for Wales, who leased them to operator AKIL. Electrification See also: Proposed railway electrification in Great Britain On 16 July 2012 the UK Government announced plans to extend the electrification of the network at a cost of £350 million. This was at the same time of the announcement of electrification of the South Wales Main Line from Cardiff to Swansea. This would also see investment in new trains and continued improvements to stations. The investment will require new trains and should result in reduced journey times and cheaper maintenance of the network. Work was expected to start between 2014 and 2019, but has since been pushed back to between 2019 and 2024. Lines The Valley Lines network and surrounding routes The colours used below are from the official network map (see External links). Stations in bold are major interchanges for the network.   Cardiff Bay Line   City Line   Coryton Line   Vale of Glamorgan Line Cardiff Queen St. Cardiff Bay Cardiff Queen St. Cardiff Central Ninian Park Waun-Gron Park Fairwater Danescourt Radyr Cardiff Central Cardiff Queen St. Heath Low Level Ty Glas Birchgrove Rhiwbina Whitchurch Coryton Cardiff Central Grangetown    Dingle Road    Penarth Cogan Eastbrook Dinas Powys Cadoxton Barry Docks Barry    Barry Island Rhoose Cardiff Int. Airport Llantwit Major Bridgend   Merthyr Line   Merthyr Line   Rhondda Line   Rhymney Line Cardiff Central Cardiff Queen St. Cathays Llandaf Radyr Taffs Well Treforest Estate Treforest Pontypridd Abercynon Quakers Yard Merthyr Vale Troed-y-rhiw Pentre-bach Merthyr Tydfil Cardiff Central Cardiff Queen St. Cathays Llandaf Radyr Taffs Well Treforest Estate Treforest Pontypridd Abercynon Penrhiwceiber Mountain Ash Fernhill Cwmbach Aberdare Cardiff Central Cardiff Queen St. Cathays Llandaf Radyr Taffs Well Treforest Estate Treforest Pontypridd Trehafod Porth Dinas Rhondda Tonypandy Llwynypia Ystrad Rhondda Ton Pentre Treorchy Ynyswen Treherbert Cardiff Central Cardiff Queen St. Heath High Level Llanishen Lisvane & Thornhill Caerphilly Aber Energlyn and Churchill Park Llanbradach Ystrad Mynach Hengoed Pengam Gilfach Fargoed Bargoed Brithdir Tir-Phil Pontlottyn Rhymney Routes Generally trains run from one line to another, joining at Cardiff Central eliminating the need for changing trains there. However they may not run for the whole length of the line. Services run between: Bridgend/Barry Island and Merthyr Tydfil/Aberdare - incorporating the Vale of Glamorgan and Merthyr Lines Penarth and Rhymney/Bargoed - incorporating the Vale of Glamorgan and Rhymney Lines Radyr and Coryton - incorporating the City and Coryton Lines Cardiff Central and Treherbert - incorporating the Rhondda Line only Cardiff Queen Street and Cardiff Bay - incorporating the Butetown Branch Line only Surrounding lines The following lines also serve Cardiff and the South Wales Valleys but are not considered part of the network by Transport for Wales and use more "mainline" rolling stock (currently Class 170 units). █ Maesteg - Cheltenham █ Ebbw Valley Railway Cheltenham Spa Gloucester Lydney Chepstow Caldicot Severn Tunnel Junction Newport Cardiff Central Pontyclun Llanharan Pencoed Bridgend Wildmill Sarn Tondu Garth Maesteg (Ewenny Road) Maesteg Cardiff Central Pye Corner Rogerstone Risca and Pontymister Crosskeys Newbridge Llanhilleth Ebbw Vale Parkway Ebbw Vale Town See also South East Wales Metro Rail transport in Cardiff List of Valley Lines stations List of railway stations in Wales References ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b "Showcontent". Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2008. ^ Cardiff Central and Queen Street are where all services pass through and are interchanges to the national network. Pontypridd and Barry are the two stations with the largest passenger numbers outside of Cardiff and they are only served by this network. See respective Wikipedia pages. ^ "Vale of Glamorgen". Railfuture. ^ "Airport rail link 'open in 2005'". BBC News. 4 May 2004. Retrieved 9 April 2010. ^ "Core Valley Lines Infrastructure Manager". Transport for Wales. Retrieved 5 February 2021. ^ "Rail electrification to Swansea and south Wales valleys welcomed". BBC News Wales. 16 July 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012. ^ "Cardiff And Valleys Station Upgrades". Network Rail. 16 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018. ^ "Search & Buy Train Tickets with Arriva Trains Wales for travel in Wales and UK". External links Route map – Transport for Wales Arriva Trains Wales Descriptions of the Valley Lines – Deryck Lewis, archived in 2005 vte Local rail transport in the United KingdomMetros Docklands Light Railway (London) Glasgow Subway London Underground Night Tube Tyne and Wear Metro Tramways Blackpool Edinburgh Greater Manchester Nottingham South Yorkshire South London West Midlands Mainline railways Belfast Birmingham Bristol Cardiff Edinburgh Glasgow Leeds and Bradford Liverpool London London Overground Elizabeth line Manchester vte Railway stations in Cardiff, Newport and the ValleysValley lines    Butetown    Cardiff City    Coryton    Ebbw Valley    Maesteg    Merthyr    Rhondda    Rhymney    Vale of Glamorgan Other lines South Wales Main Line Gloucester–Newport line Welsh Marches line South Wales Metro Major stations Cardiff Central Cardiff Queen Street Newport Bridgend Cardiff stations Rail transport in Cardiff Birchgrove Cardiff Bay Cathays Coryton Danescourt Fairwater Grangetown Heath High Level Heath Low Level Lisvane & Thornhill Llandaf Llanishen Ninian Park Radyr Rhiwbina Ty Glas Waun-gron Park Whitchurch Newport stations Newport Pye Corner Rogerstone Valley Linesstations Aber Abercynon Aberdare Bargoed Barry Barry Docks Barry Island Brithdir Cadoxton Caerphilly Cogan Crosskeys Cwmbach Dinas Powys Dinas Rhondda Dingle Road Eastbrook Ebbw Vale Parkway Ebbw Vale Town Energlyn & Churchill Park Fernhill Garth Gilfach Fargoed Hengoed Llanbradach Llanharan Llanhilleth Llantwit Major Llwynypia Maesteg Maesteg (Ewenny Road) Merthyr Tydfil Merthyr Vale Mountain Ash Newbridge Penarth Pencoed Pengam Penrhiwceiber Pentre-bach Pontlottyn Pontyclun Pontypridd Porth Quakers Yard Rhoose Cardiff International Airport Rhymney Risca & Pontymister Sarn Taffs Well Tir-Phil Tondu Ton Pentre Tonypandy Treforest Treforest Estate Trehafod Treherbert Treorchy Troed-y-rhiw Wildmill Ynyswen Ystrad Mynach Ystrad Rhondda Other stations Abergavenny Caldicot Chepstow Cwmbran Pontypool & New Inn Severn Tunnel Junction Proposed stations Aberbeeg Abertillery Cardiff Parkway Caerleon Crumlin Low Level Cwm Llanwern Newport West St Fagans Transport in Bridgend County Borough Transport in Caerphilly County Borough Transport in Cardiff Transport in Newport Transport in Rhondda Cynon Taf Transport in the Vale of Glamorgan UK railway stations: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Trains portal Wales portal vteRail infrastructure projects in the United KingdomCurrent projectsProjects Camden Highline Camp Hill line East West Rail (Oxford to Bedford section) High Speed 2 Northern Hub Northern Powerhouse Rail (Hull–Liverpool) Northumberland Line South Wales Metro West Midlands Metro extension to Brierley Hill Electrification Bolton–Wigan East Kilbride line Kettering–Wigston Welsh Valleys Stations Ashington Ashley Down Beam Park Beaulieu Park Blyth Bebside Bedlington Belfast Grand Central Birmingham Curzon Street Birmingham Interchange Butetown Cambridge South Darlaston James Bridge Kings Heath Moseley Village Newsham Northumberland Park Old Oak Common Pineapple Road Seaton Delaval White Rose Willenhall Winslow Proposed projectsProjects Aberdare–Hirwaun Line reopening Aberdeen Crossrail Bakerloo line extension Barrow Hill line reopening Bristol Airport Rail Link Brentford branch line reopening Bolton–Bury line reopening Bordon Light Railway reopening Carmarthen–Aberystwyth line reopening Cirencester branch line reopening Consett–Newcastle line reopening Coventry Very Light Rail Cranleigh line reopening Crossrail 2 (London) Crossrail Glasgow Darlaston Loop reopening Parts of Electric Spine (including Coventry–Leamington Spa Coventry–Nuneaton Leamington Spa–Aynho Junction) Bedford–Cambridge reopening Fawley branch line reopening Fleetwood branch line reopening Formartine and Buchan Railway reopening Maid Marian line reopening MetroWest (Bristol) Hall Farm Curve reopening Heathfield Branch Line reopening Heathrow Airport transport proposals including Heathrow Airtrack Heathrow Southern Railway Heathwick Western Rail Approach to Heathrow Leicester–Burton upon Trent line reopening Lisburn–Antrim line reopening Cowley branch line reopening North and West London Light Railway Northern Powerhouse Rail North Wales Metro Oxford, Witney and Fairford Railway reopening Ringwood branch line reopening R25 Orbital Skelmersdale branch reopening Skipton–Colne Rail Link Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway reopening South Staffordshire line reopening Southern Crossrail St Andrews Rail Link Sutton Link Sutton Park line reopening Swansea Bay and West Wales Metro Walsall–Wolverhampton line reopening Wealden Line (Uckfield–Lewes reopening) West London Orbital Wisbech line reopening Windsor Link Railway York–Beverley line reopening Stations Armagh Allandale Aldergrove Aldridge Arthington Ashley Hill Ashton Gate Balgray railway station Balsall Heath Barcombe Mills Beechwood Beeston Castle and Tarporley Bonnybridge Bordon Bradford St James Bramley Broughton (Flintshire) Brownhills Brentford Golden Mile Brinsford Parkway Burgess Park Caerleon Camberwell Cambourne (Cambridgeshire) Canterbury Parkway Cardiff Parkway Carno Carr Mill Carterton Castlethorpe Castle Bromwich Castle Green Charfield Cheadle Chipping Sodbury Claydon Cottam Parkway Corsham Cranleigh Cross Hills Crwys Road Cullompton Cwm Dalston Deeside Parkway Devizes Parkway Ditton Drake Street East Midlands Hub Eastriggs Edwinstowe Elland Eynsham Errol Ferryhill Finningley Fleetwood Fort Parkway Fraserburgh Gabalfa Glasgow Airport Glasgow Cross Glencarse Gloucestershire Parkway Gorbals Greenfield (Flintshire) Hatch End Haxby Heathrow Hub Heathfield Henbury Hirwaun Horfield Horsforth Woodside Hythe Hythe Road Isfield King's Road Chelsea Ladbroke Grove Langport and Somerton Leeds Bradford Airport Parkway Leeds New Lane Liverpool Baltic Lisburn West Llanwern Long Ashton Maiden Lane Manchester Airport High Speed March Elm Road Meir Monkerton Moorside Mouldon Hill Newbiggin-by-the-Sea Newport West Newport West Central Newton Longville North Filton Okehampton Interchange Old Kent Road Old Oak Common Lane Oxford Science Park Oxford Business Park Ollerton Park Farm Pelsall Peterhead Pill Portishead Portobello Poyle Richhill Roseberry Parkway Rugby Parkway Rushden Parkway Saltford Sharnal Street / Hoo Oxford Science Park Silvertown Skelmersdale Slattocks St Anne's Park St Clears Stanley Park Stockingford Stonehouse (Bristol Road) Surrey Canal Thamesmead Templepatrick Tempsford Thornhill (Dumfries) Thornton Thorpe Park Torquay Gateway Town Meadow Vauxhall (Merseyside) Wantage Road Warsop Waverley Weedon Wellington Windsor Royal Witney Wixams Woodchurch Woodhorn Wootton Bassett Wormit Wrexham North Wrexham South Heritage railways Don Valley Railway Norfolk Orbital Railway Wisbech and March Bramley Line Honeybourne Line Cancelled projectsProjects Advanced Passenger Train Bordesley to Birmingham Curzon Street Central Line extension to Richmond Central Line Extension to Denham Chessington branch line (never completed) Cranbrook and Tenterden Light Railway Cromarty and Dingwall Light Railway Croxley Rail Link Docklands Light Railway extension to Dagenham Dock Dawlish Avoiding Line Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway (never completed) East Sussex Light Railway Edinburgh Airport Rail Link Electric Spine Oxford-Bletchley/Bedford Electrification Glasgow Airport Rail Link Hawkhurst branch line (never completed) Hebridean Light Railway Company Heathrow Airport transport proposals Heathrow Airtrack HS4Air Headcorn and Maidstone Junction Light Railway Highclere, Kingsclere and Basingstoke Light Railway InterCity 250 Kingsbridge to Salcombe Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway (never completed) Leeds and York Railway Mid-Suffolk Light Railway (never completed) MML Kettering–Nottingham/Sheffield Electrification Nightstar (train) North Holderness Light Railway Ouse Valley Railway Picc-Vic tunnel Regional Eurostar Robertsbridge & Pevensey Light Railway St Germans & Looe Railway (never completed) Superlink (railway network) Tees Valley Metro UK Ultraspeed York and North Midland Railway (Leeds Extension) York, Hull and East and West Yorkshire Junction Railway Stations Barrhead (New) Brierdene Cassiobridge Collywell Bay Crowlands Doncaster Sheffield Airport Doncaster (York Road) Dykebar Ferguslie Glenfield Lullingstone Paisley East Queens Road (GER) Richboro Port Stanely Swithland Sykehouse Thorpe-in-Balne Watford Vicarage Road West Hampstead interchange Woodhorn Proposed projects category Cancelled projects category Commons vteTransport in Wales Transport in the United Kingdom Transport for Wales Infrastructure Bus stations Railway stations proposed Regional projects North Wales Metro (proposed) South Wales Metro (under-construction) Swansea Bay and West Wales Metro (proposed) Bridges Proposed devolution of railway infrastructure Welsh Government roads review Governance Transport for Wales South East Wales Transport Alliance (defunct) South West Wales Integrated Transport Consortium (defunct) Taith Joint Board (defunct) Network Rail Department for Transport Great British Railways Walking Rights of way in England and Wales Highways in England and Wales Long-distance footpaths Wales Coast Path Byways and Bridleways Trust Road Trunk roads Welsh Government traffic officer Motorways M4 M4 relief road (cancelled) M48 A48(M) motorway Mountain passes Trunk road agent North and Mid Wales Trunk Road Agent South Wales Trunk Road Agent Road signs in Wales UK-wide Roman roads Welsh Government roads review Buses and trams Bus operators template defunct operators Coach operators Bus stations Tramways South Wales tramroads Water Ports and harbours GB-wide Aqueducts Pontcysyllte Aqueduct Canals Llangollen Canal Monmouthshire and Brecon2 Montgomery Canal2 Neath and Tennant2 Swansea Canal2 Glandŵr Cymru (Canal & River Trust) Cancelled canal projects Ellesmere Canal Grand Contour Canal Barmouth Ferry Cardiff Waterbus Lighthouses Marinas Rail Railway lines Wales & Borders franchise Train operating companies (Wales-specific) Wales and Borders Valley Lines Arriva Trains Wales KeolisAmey Wales Transport for Wales Rail railway stations served Other Great Britain-wide operators National Rail Railway stations Proposed railway stations Rail transport in Cardiff Valleys & Cardiff Local Routes British Rail Western Region of British Railways Great Western Railway in West Wales North–South Wales railway (proposed) Premier Service Heritage railways Great Little Trains of Wales Cycling Cycle routes in Cardiff Dragon Ride Wales Tour de Gwent Welsh Cycling Active Travel (Wales) Act 2013 National Cycle Museum Local Bridgend County Borough Caerphilly County Borough Cardiff Carmarthenshire Gwynedd Monmouthshire Neath Port Talbot Newport Pembrokeshire Powys Rhondda Cynon Taf Torfaen Other Airports Cardiff Airport RAF stations Air Wales Welsh Air Service Ambulance services Transport disasters Transport Wales Category Commons Notes: Italics: template or category link. 2 Partly or mostly navigable, and/or under restoration.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valley Lines (train operating company)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Lines_(train_operating_company)"},{"link_name":"Valley line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Line_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"network of passenger suburban railway services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"South Wales Valleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Transport for Wales Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_Wales_Rail"},{"link_name":"20 in the city of Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"Rhondda Cynon Taf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_Cynon_Taf"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Bridgend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arrivatrainswales.co.uk-2"},{"link_name":"Class 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_150"},{"link_name":"DMUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_Multiple_Unit"},{"link_name":"Class 231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_231"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Queen Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Queen_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Pontypridd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd"},{"link_name":"Barry Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Island_(Vale_of_Glamorgan)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Queen Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Queen_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Pontypridd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bridgend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Valley Lines\" redirects here. For the company, see Valley Lines (train operating company). For other uses, see Valley line.Valleys & Cardiff Local Routes (Welsh: Llwybrau Lleol y Cymoedd a Chaerdydd) (formerly Valley Lines) is the network of passenger suburban railway services radiating from Cardiff, Wales. It includes lines within the city itself, the Vale of Glamorgan and the South Wales Valleys.[1]The services are currently operated by Transport for Wales Rail. In total, it serves 81 stations in six unitary authority areas: 20 in the city of Cardiff, 11 in the Vale of Glamorgan, 25 in Rhondda Cynon Taf, 15 in Caerphilly, 8 in Bridgend and 5 in Merthyr Tydfil.[2]Services on these routes are provided by Class 150 DMUs and Class 231 Diesel–electric multiple units. They are typically end-to-end, in that they run from one branch terminus, through Cardiff Queen Street station, to another branch terminus, e.g. from Pontypridd to Barry Island.The major hubs of the network are Cardiff Queen Street and Cardiff Central. Other hubs are Pontypridd, Bridgend and Barry.[3]","title":"Valleys & Cardiff Local Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan_Line"},{"link_name":"Beeching Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeching_Axe"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bridgend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Rhoose Cardiff Intl. Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoose_Cardiff_International_Airport_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Llantwit Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llantwit_Major_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Network Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Rail"},{"link_name":"Transport for Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_Wales"},{"link_name":"AKIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KeolisAmey_Wales"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A stretch of the Vale of Glamorgan Line, on which passenger services were closed under the Beeching Axe, re-opened for passenger service, with services from Cardiff Central to Bridgend, via Barry, Rhoose Cardiff Intl. Airport and Llantwit Major. These services were originally advertised to start in April 2005, but commenced on 12 June 2005.[4][5] Previously services only went as far as Barry.On 28 March 2020, ownership of the lines between Cardiff and Treherbert, Aberdare, Merthyr Tydfil, Coryton, Rhymney and Cwmbargoed (the \"Core Valley Lines\") was transferred from Network Rail to Transport for Wales, who leased them to operator AKIL.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Proposed railway electrification in Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_railway_electrification_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"South Wales Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"See also: Proposed railway electrification in Great BritainOn 16 July 2012 the UK Government announced plans to extend the electrification of the network at a cost of £350 million. This was at the same time of the announcement of electrification of the South Wales Main Line from Cardiff to Swansea. This would also see investment in new trains and continued improvements to stations.[7]The investment will require new trains and should result in reduced journey times and cheaper maintenance of the network. Work was expected to start between 2014 and 2019, but has since been pushed back to between 2019 and 2024.[8]","title":"Electrification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South-east_Wales_rail_network_map.svg"},{"link_name":"External links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#External_links"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arrivatrainswales.co.uk-2"}],"text":"The Valley Lines network and surrounding routesThe colours used below are from the official network map (see External links). Stations in bold are major interchanges for the network.[2]","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Routes","text":"Generally trains run from one line to another, joining at Cardiff Central eliminating the need for changing trains there. However they may not run for the whole length of the line.[9] Services run between:Bridgend/Barry Island and Merthyr Tydfil/Aberdare - incorporating the Vale of Glamorgan and Merthyr Lines\nPenarth and Rhymney/Bargoed - incorporating the Vale of Glamorgan and Rhymney Lines\nRadyr and Coryton - incorporating the City and Coryton Lines\nCardiff Central and Treherbert - incorporating the Rhondda Line only\nCardiff Queen Street and Cardiff Bay - incorporating the Butetown Branch Line only","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Class 170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_170"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The following lines also serve Cardiff and the South Wales Valleys but are not considered part of the network by Transport for Wales and use more \"mainline\" rolling stock (currently Class 170 units).[citation needed]","title":"Surrounding lines"}]
[{"image_text":"The Valley Lines network and surrounding routes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/South-east_Wales_rail_network_map.svg/300px-South-east_Wales_rail_network_map.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"South East Wales Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Wales_Metro"},{"title":"Rail transport in Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Cardiff"},{"title":"List of Valley Lines stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Valley_Lines_stations"},{"title":"List of railway stations in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Wales"}]
[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607092114/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/RoutePlans/2008/Route%2015%20-%20South%20Wales%20Valleys.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/RoutePlans/2008/Route%2015%20-%20South%20Wales%20Valleys.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Showcontent\". Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110525204307/http://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/WorkArea/showcontent.aspx?id=4776","url_text":"\"Showcontent\""},{"url":"http://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/WorkArea/showcontent.aspx?id=4776","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vale of Glamorgen\". Railfuture.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railfuture.org.uk/tiki-index.php?page=Vale+of+Glamorgan","url_text":"\"Vale of Glamorgen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railfuture","url_text":"Railfuture"}]},{"reference":"\"Airport rail link 'open in 2005'\". BBC News. 4 May 2004. Retrieved 9 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/3683923.stm","url_text":"\"Airport rail link 'open in 2005'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Core Valley Lines Infrastructure Manager\". Transport for Wales. Retrieved 5 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tfwrail.wales/about-us/metro/core-valley-lines-infrastructure-manager","url_text":"\"Core Valley Lines Infrastructure Manager\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rail electrification to Swansea and south Wales valleys welcomed\". BBC News Wales. 16 July 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18852955","url_text":"\"Rail electrification to Swansea and south Wales valleys welcomed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cardiff And Valleys Station Upgrades\". Network Rail. 16 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180517010051/https://www.networkrail.co.uk/running-the-railway/our-routes/wales/cardiff-and-valleys/","url_text":"\"Cardiff And Valleys Station Upgrades\""},{"url":"https://www.networkrail.co.uk/running-the-railway/our-routes/wales/cardiff-and-valleys/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Search & Buy Train Tickets with Arriva Trains Wales for travel in Wales and UK\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/WorkArea/showcontent.aspx?id=5952","url_text":"\"Search & Buy Train Tickets with Arriva Trains Wales for travel in Wales and UK\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607092114/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/RoutePlans/2008/Route%2015%20-%20South%20Wales%20Valleys.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/RoutePlans/2008/Route%2015%20-%20South%20Wales%20Valleys.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110525204307/http://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/WorkArea/showcontent.aspx?id=4776","external_links_name":"\"Showcontent\""},{"Link":"http://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/WorkArea/showcontent.aspx?id=4776","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.railfuture.org.uk/tiki-index.php?page=Vale+of+Glamorgan","external_links_name":"\"Vale of Glamorgen\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/3683923.stm","external_links_name":"\"Airport rail link 'open in 2005'\""},{"Link":"https://tfwrail.wales/about-us/metro/core-valley-lines-infrastructure-manager","external_links_name":"\"Core Valley Lines Infrastructure Manager\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18852955","external_links_name":"\"Rail electrification to Swansea and south Wales valleys welcomed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180517010051/https://www.networkrail.co.uk/running-the-railway/our-routes/wales/cardiff-and-valleys/","external_links_name":"\"Cardiff And Valleys Station Upgrades\""},{"Link":"https://www.networkrail.co.uk/running-the-railway/our-routes/wales/cardiff-and-valleys/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/WorkArea/showcontent.aspx?id=5952","external_links_name":"\"Search & Buy Train Tickets with Arriva Trains Wales for travel in Wales and UK\""},{"Link":"https://tfw.wales/sites/default/files/2021-04/TfW%20Valley%20Lines%20Map-A4.pdf","external_links_name":"Route map"},{"Link":"http://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Arriva Trains Wales"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050424075315/http://members.aol.com/Walesrails/crcva.htm","external_links_name":"Descriptions of the Valley Lines"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ross_(Scotland)
Bishop of Ross (Scotland)
["1 List of known bishops and abbots of Ross maic Bairend","2 List of known bishops of Ross","3 References","4 External links"]
This article is about the Scottish bishop. For the Irish bishop, see Bishop of Ross (Ireland). The ruins of Fortrose Cathedral on the Black Isle. After the mid-13th century, it was here, rather than the old Pictish centre of nearby Rosemarkie, where the bishop of Ross had his seat (cathedra). The Bishop of Ross was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Ross, one of Scotland's 13 medieval bishoprics. The first recorded bishop appears in the late 7th century as a witness to Adomnán of Iona's Cáin Adomnáin. The bishopric was based at the settlement of Rosemarkie until the mid-13th century, afterwards being moved to nearby Fortrose and Fortrose Cathedral. As far as the evidence goes, this bishopric was the oldest of all bishoprics north of the Forth, and was perhaps the only Pictish bishopric until the 9th century. Indeed, the Cáin Adomnáin indicates that in the reign of Bruide mac Der Ilei, king of the Picts, the bishop of Rosemarkie was the only significant figure in Pictland other than the king. The bishopric is located conveniently close to the heartland of Fortriu, being just across the water from Moray. However, in the High and Later Middle Ages, the bishopric was only of medium-to-low status in the Scottish church. The Bishopric's links with Rome ceased to exist after the Scottish Reformation, but continued, saving temporary abolition between 1638 and 1661, under the episcopal Church of Scotland until the Revolution of 1688. Episcopacy in the established church in Scotland was permanently abolished in 1689. List of known bishops and abbots of Ross maic Bairend Tenure Incumbent Notes fl. 690x710 Curetán Later named or conflated with St Boniface. He is listed as one of the witnesses in the Cáin Adomnáin, where he is called "Curetan epscop". In the Martyrology of Tallaght he is called "of Ross Mand Bairend" and in the Martyrology of O'Gorman he is styled "bishop and abbot of Ross maic Bairend". It is modern histiography that places this location at Rosemarkie in the Black Isle, Ross. List of known bishops of Ross Tenure Incumbent Notes fl. 1127 x 1131 Mac Bethad of Rosemarkie fl. 1147 x 1151-1155 Symeon of Rosemarkie 1161-1195 Gregoir of Rosemarkie 1195-1213 Reinald Macer Former monk of Melrose Abbey. 1213 x 1214 Andreas de Moravia Was elected, but got permission from the Pope to resign. 1214-1249 Robert (elder) 1249-1271 Robert (younger) 1272-1274 Matthew 1275-1292 x 1295 Robert de Fyvie 1292 x 1295-1295 Adam de Darlington After the death of Bishop Robert (III.) de Fyvie, both Adam, precentor of Ross, and Thomas de Dundee were elected to the see. "Master Adam" voyaged to Rome resigned his claim in Thomas' favour; became Bishop of Caithness in the following year. 1293 x 1295-1325 Thomas de Dundee 1325-1350 Roger Perhaps the same as Roger de Balnebrich, unsuccessful Bishop-elect of Dunblane. 1350-1371 Alexander Stewart 1371-1398 Alexander de Kylwos 1398-1416 x 1418 Alexander de Waghorn 1416 x 1418 Thomas Lyell It appears that, although he appears briefly in the sources as "Bishop elect", he never appears to have been consecrated, namely because Avignon Pope Benedict XIII had reserved the see for his own appointment. 1418-1422 Gruffydd Young Anti-Bishop during schism. Welshman, formerly Bishop of Bangor. Never obtained possession, but retained title until made titular Bishop of Hippo. 1418-1439 x 1440 John Bullock 1440-1441 Andrew Munro Previously, Archdeacon of Ross. He had been postulated by the chapter, but despite great expense and effort, Pope Eugene IV disallowed the postulation and appointed the bishopric to Thomas de Tulloch. 1440-1460 x 1461 Thomas de Tulloch 1461-1476 Henry Cockburn 1476-1480x1481 John Woodman 1481-1483 William Elphinstone Was provided by Pope Sixtus IV, but in 1483 was translated to the Bishopric of Aberdeen. 1483-1488 x 1492 Thomas Hay 1492-1492 x 1494 John Guthrie 1497-1507 John Fraser 1507-1524 Robert Cockburn Translated to bishopric of Dunkeld in 1524. 1523-1538 James Hay 1538-1545 Robert Cairncross 1547-1558 David Panter 1558-1565 Henry Sinclair 1566-1568/73/92 John Lesley Most famous bishop of Ross, because of his work as a historian. He was forfeited on 19 August 1568 (though still acting as bishop in 1573) for his catholic and Marian sympathies by the Scottish church, but had his position reaffirmed by the Papacy. He was rehabilitated as Bishop between March 1587 and May 1589. He was translated as the Bishop of Coutances in 1592. Died 31 May 1596. 1574-1578 Alexander Hepburn See above. 1600-1613 David Lindsay 1613-1633 Patrick Lindsay Became Archbishop of Glasgow. 1633-1638 John Maxwell Episcopacy abolished in December 1638. Maxwell became Bishop of Killala and Achonry in 1641 and Archbishop of Tuam in 1645. 1662-1679 John Paterson First bishop in the "Restoration Episcopate". 1679-1684 Alexander Young Previously Bishop of Edinburgh. Died 1684. 1684-1689 James Ramsay Previously Bishop of Dunblane. Deprived of his see with the Abolition of Episcopacy in the Church of Scotland, 22 July 1689. References Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922), vol. i Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912) Keith, Robert, An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops: Down to the Year 1688, (London, 1824) Lawrie, Sir Archibald, Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153, (Glasgow, 1905) Watt, D. E. R., Fasti Ecclesiae Scotinanae Medii Aevi ad annum 1638, 2nd Draft, (St Andrews, 1969) External links Dauvit Broun's list of 12th century Scottish Bishops vteSenior churchmen of Medieval Scotland (post-1100) Archbishops Glasgow (1492) St Andrews (1472) Bishops Aberdeen Argyll Brechin Caithness Dunblane Dunkeld Galloway Glasgow Isles (Sodor) Moray Orkney Ross St Andrews Archdeacons Aberdeen Argyll Brechin Caithness Dunblane Dunkeld Galloway Glasgow Isles (Sodor) Lothian Moray Orkney Ross St Andrews Shetland Teviotdale Abbots Arbroath Balmerino Cambuskenneth Coupar Angus Crossraguel Culross Deer Dercongal (Holywood) Dryburgh Dundrennan Dunfermline Fearn Glenluce Holyrood Inchaffray Inchcolm Iona Jedburgh Kelso (Selkirk) Kilwinning Kinloss Lindores Melrose Newbattle Paisley Saddell Scone Soulseat Sweetheart Tongland Priors Ardchattan Beauly Blantyre Canonbie Coldingham Fogo Fyvie Inchmahome Lesmahagow May (Pittenweem) Monymusk Oronsay Perth Pluscarden Restenneth St Andrews St Mary's Isle St Serf's Inch, Loch Leven Strathfillan Urquhart Whithorn vteCatholic Church in ScotlandBishops' Conference of ScotlandDioceses Province of St Andrews and Edinburgh: Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh Diocese of Aberdeen Diocese of Argyll & the Isles Diocese of Dunkeld Diocese of Galloway Province of Glasgow: Archdiocese of Glasgow Diocese of Motherwell Diocese of Paisley Bishops Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh (Leo Cushley) Bishop of Aberdeen (Hugh Gilbert) Bishop of Argyll and the Isles (Brian McGee) Bishop of Dunkeld (Stephen Robson) Bishop of Galloway (Francis Dougan) Archbishop of Glasgow (William Nolan) Bishop of Motherwell (Joseph Toal) Bishop of Paisley (John Keenan) Others Military Ordinariate of Great Britain Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London Formerdioceses Diocese of Aberdeen Diocese of Argyll Diocese of Brechin Diocese of Caithness Diocese of Dunblane Diocese of Dunkeld Diocese of Galloway Archdiocese of Glasgow Diocese of the Isles Diocese of Moray Diocese of Orkney Diocese of Ross Archdiocese of St Andrews Churches St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh St Mary's Cathedral, Aberdeen Ayr Cathedral St Andrew's Cathedral, Dundee St Columba's Cathedral, Oban St Andrew's Cathedral, Glasgow Motherwell Cathedral St Mirin's Cathedral, Paisley List of Catholic churches in Scotland See also List of Catholic schools in Scotland List of Catholic seminaries in Scotland List of saints of Scotland Carfin Grotto Pluscarden Abbey St Mary's Monastery, Kinnoull St Catharine's Convent, Edinburgh Greyfriars Convent, Elgin Sancta Maria Abbey, Nunraw Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer Catholicism portal Scotland portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of Ross (Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ross_(Ireland)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FortroseCathedral.PNG"},{"link_name":"Fortrose Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortrose_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Black Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Isle"},{"link_name":"cathedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedra"},{"link_name":"Diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"bishoprics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Adomnán of Iona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adomn%C3%A1n_of_Iona"},{"link_name":"Cáin Adomnáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1in_Adomn%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"Rosemarkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemarkie"},{"link_name":"Fortrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortrose"},{"link_name":"Fortrose Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortrose_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Forth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Forth"},{"link_name":"Pictish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish"},{"link_name":"Bruide mac Der Ilei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridei_IV_of_the_Picts"},{"link_name":"Fortriu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortriu"},{"link_name":"Moray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moray"},{"link_name":"High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Later Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Scottish Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland"}],"text":"This article is about the Scottish bishop. For the Irish bishop, see Bishop of Ross (Ireland).The ruins of Fortrose Cathedral on the Black Isle. After the mid-13th century, it was here, rather than the old Pictish centre of nearby Rosemarkie, where the bishop of Ross had his seat (cathedra).The Bishop of Ross was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Ross, one of Scotland's 13 medieval bishoprics. The first recorded bishop appears in the late 7th century as a witness to Adomnán of Iona's Cáin Adomnáin. The bishopric was based at the settlement of Rosemarkie until the mid-13th century, afterwards being moved to nearby Fortrose and Fortrose Cathedral. As far as the evidence goes, this bishopric was the oldest of all bishoprics north of the Forth, and was perhaps the only Pictish bishopric until the 9th century. Indeed, the Cáin Adomnáin indicates that in the reign of Bruide mac Der Ilei, king of the Picts, the bishop of Rosemarkie was the only significant figure in Pictland other than the king. The bishopric is located conveniently close to the heartland of Fortriu, being just across the water from Moray.However, in the High and Later Middle Ages, the bishopric was only of medium-to-low status in the Scottish church. The Bishopric's links with Rome ceased to exist after the Scottish Reformation, but continued, saving temporary abolition between 1638 and 1661, under the episcopal Church of Scotland until the Revolution of 1688. Episcopacy in the established church in Scotland was permanently abolished in 1689.","title":"Bishop of Ross (Scotland)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of known bishops and abbots of Ross maic Bairend"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of known bishops of Ross"}]
[{"image_text":"The ruins of Fortrose Cathedral on the Black Isle. After the mid-13th century, it was here, rather than the old Pictish centre of nearby Rosemarkie, where the bishop of Ross had his seat (cathedra).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/FortroseCathedral.PNG/300px-FortroseCathedral.PNG"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310212515/http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/History/Scottish/Level1/level1C-material.htm#Bishops%20North%20of%20the%20Forth","external_links_name":"Dauvit Broun's list of 12th century Scottish Bishops"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant_Musgrave%27s_Dance
Serjeant Musgrave's Dance
["1 Plot","2 Characters","3 Meaning","4 Reception","5 Original cast","6 Adaptations","7 References"]
Private Sparky and Annie in the 1965 revival. Serjeant Musgrave's Dance, An Un-historical Parable is a play by English playwright John Arden, written in 1959 and premiered at the Royal Court Theatre on October 22 of that year. In Arden's introductory note to the text, he describes it as "a realistic, but not a naturalistic" play. Four songs are performed that Arden writes should be sung not to an original score but to "folk-song airs." Music for this production was composed by Dudley Moore. It was the first public performance of his own original compositions. Plot The work follows three privates in the British Army and their sergeant, all of whom are deserters from a foreign imperialist war. Serjeant Musgrave and his men, Hurst, Sparky and Attercliffe, come to a northern English coal mining town in 1879, posing as a recruiting party. The community is in the grip of a coal strike and cut off by winter snow. The one means of reaching the town is by canal barge. They arrive in the company of the Bargee, a foul-mouthed, disrespectful individual who teases and abuses everyone, especially those in authority. In the local inn the soldiers meet Mrs Hitchcock, who runs the inn, and the barmaid Annie. The soldiers are greeted by the mayor, parson and constable, who ask them to recruit men in hopes of alleviating some of the town's unemployment as a way to rid the town of their economic dead weight. Musgrave pretends that this is indeed his goal, and asks Mrs Hitchcock about Billy Hicks, a dead fellow soldier from the mining town. It is revealed that Billy was the father of Annie's illegitimate child, but the baby died, and Annie's sanity has suffered from the loss of both Billy and her child. That night in the churchyard, the soldiers talk among themselves and reveal their real purpose: appalled by a violent incident where five innocent men were killed, to avenge the death of a single soldier, they have come to the town to convince the people that the colonial war and the violence used are wrong. The single soldier was Billy Hicks, and the reason they chose this particular town is that it was where he was born. Continuing the pretence of recruiting townsmen, Musgrave throws a sort of party in Mrs Hitchcock's inn, with free drink for all. Private Sparky tries to impress Annie, but she prefers the handsome Hurst and promises to come to him that night. However, he later rejects her, and she goes to Sparky. They agree to run away together, but are overheard by Hurst, who tries to stop them. In the following struggle, Sparky is accidentally killed by falling on a bayonet, held by the pacifist Attercliffe. Serjeant Musgrave rushes in and they hide the body, when they are told that the colliers are stealing the soldiers' guns. The mayor arrives to say that the town is no longer cut off by snow and the dragoons have been called for. Musgrave announces he will hold a recruiting meeting the next morning. Instead of recruiting townsmen, Musgrave takes out a Gatling gun. The gun is loaded and pointed at the audience. Then the soldiers hoist up the skeleton of Billy Hicks on a lamppost, still dressed in uniform. Musgrave dances below it reciting a rhyme: ... Up he goes, and no-one knows, who it was that raised him. ... He sits on your back and you'll never, never lose him.... Musgrave talks about the atrocities that followed the soldier's death, and explains that since this single death caused five on the other side, five times five townsfolk should be killed to avenge their deaths. Attercliffe refuses to take part in any more violence, but Hurst is quite ready to shoot. Annie intervenes and tells everyone of Sparky's death, producing his bloody tunic as evidence. Hurst makes one last desperate attempt to shoot into the crowd but is overpowered by Musgrave and Attercliffe. The dragoons arrive, shoot Hurst and imprison the two remaining soldiers, who will be hanged later. Ever the jester, the Bargee leads the townsfolk in singing "Michael Finnegan" as a way of "beginning again". In the final scene, Attercliffe and Musgrave sit in their cell and talk about their differing views of life. Musgrave has always lived by rules, regulations and honour. Attercliffe tells how he lost his wife to a greengrocer, who looked like "a rat grinning through a brush", but was a better man because he fed people, as he fed Attercliffe's ex-wife, which Attercliffe himself could not do. In the end, Attercliffe seems to say, it is everyday life that matters, not ideals. Characters Serjeant "Black Jack" Musgrave is a lifetime soldier, a man who believes in strict adherence to the rule book. His faith in order was destroyed by the atrocities in the colonies, and he wants to serve justice, by the book, on those who sent him there. Private Attercliffe is an older soldier, broken in spirit by the events he witnessed and in which he participated, killing a young girl. Private Hurst is a brute, who is happy to kill if necessary, and is following Musgrave to work out his aggression on new victims. He is also a womaniser, and is the first one of the soldiers Annie attaches herself to. Private Sparky is the youngest, more of a joker, and is less committed to Musgrave's mission than the others. Annie, apparently a barmaid at Mrs. Hitchcock's inn, may also be the house prostitute. It is never clear if her attentions to the soldiers are motivated by romance or other considerations. Mrs Hitchcock, something of a Mother Courage figure, is a survivor. As long as she can keep serving food and ale, and gets paid for it, she can go on. She develops as a kind of anti-Musgrave. As she says, commenting on Musgrave's rejection of "life and love" for his rules, because life and love leads to chaos: "We had life and love. You came in with yer rules and honour. It's arsy-versy to what you said, but its still chaos in the end, isn't it?" The Mayor, also the owner of the pit. Although in charge of the town, he is actually trapped by the realities of his business. He cannot yield to the strikers. The Parson, a Church authority figure, cold and aloof, who (as in many British dramas) also represents the religious side of state authority. He even uses the metaphor of a sword in a speech to the townspeople. The Constable, nominally the arm of the law, actually in the pay of the Mayor, and unable to exert real authority. He encourages Musgrave to "recruit" the town's troublemakers, using the method of getting them drunk and carrying them off to the barracks. The colliers, three men of different demeanours, named simply "Slow Collier", "Earnest Collier", and "Pugnacious Collier", who represent the townspeople in the play. They also play out their own internal rivalries, as when the Slow Collier drunkenly recites a rhyme suggesting he had sex with the wife of the Pugnacious Collier, resulting in a brawl. Bludgeon, the Bargee, something of a jester in the play, but also able to drive the action by saying what others cannot. At times he acts almost like a master of ceremonies, or a Brechtian narrator. The Officer of Dragoons, in the playwright's own words a deus ex machina who sets the world to rights. He arrives with arrest warrants for the soldiers, two of whom are already dead, and bids the Mayor and townsfolk to carry on with their lives. A Trooper of Dragoons who shoots Hurst and then holds the other soldiers at gunpoint for the Officer. Meaning Arden writes of the meaning of the play: "I think that many of us must at some time have felt an overpowering urge to match some particularly outrageous piece of violence with an even greater and more outrageous retaliation. Musgrave tries to do this: and the fact that the sympathies of the play are clearly with him in his original horror, and then turn against him and his intended remedy, seems to have bewildered people... Again I would suggest that an unwillingness to dwell upon unpleasant situations that do not immediately concern us is a general human trait, and recognition of it need imply neither cynicism nor despair. Complete pacifism is a very hard doctrine: and if this play appears to advocate it with perhaps some timidity, it is probably because I am naturally a timid man -- and also because I know that if I am hit I very easily hit back: and I do not care to preach too confidently what I am not sure I can practise." Reception The play did poorly in its first run and the production lost money. Most critical reviews of the first production were deprecating or at least showed a lack of understanding of the play's message. At the time the play was written, public opinion had not soured on military actions as it did later in the 1960s, primarily due to the coverage of the Vietnam War. The only contemporary British military actions comparable to the colonial conflicts were the Malayan Emergency, and the Mau Mau Uprising. It was only later, in the light of the Vietnam War, that these conflicts also were reported unfavourably, producing a context in which audiences could appreciate Arden's message. Original cast Several people who became well-known names in stage and television were involved in the first production. The director was Lindsay Anderson. Music was provided by Dudley Moore. Donal Donnelly ... Private Sparky Alan Dobie ... Private Hurst Frank Finlay ... Private Attercliffe James Bree ... Bludgeon, a bargee Ian Bannen ... Serjeant Musgrave Richard Caldicot ... The Parson Freda Jackson ... Mrs Hitchcock Patsy Byrne ... Annie Michael Hunt ... The Constable Stratford Johns ... The Mayor Jack Smethurst ... A Slow Collier Colin Blakely ... A Pugnacious Collier Harry Gwynn Davies ... Walsh, an Earnest Collier Barry Wilsher ... Trooper of Dragoons Clinton Greyn ... An Officer of Dragoons Adaptations In 1961 Arden adapted his play for television: some cuts to the text allowed the soldiers' real purpose in visiting the town—a requital for the death of Billy Hicks while on service overseas—to be expressed in clearer relief. The well-received production was directed by Stuart Burge and starred Patrick McGoohan, with members of the original cast (including Donal Donnelly and Freda Jackson) reprising their stage roles. A radio adaptation Serjeant Musgrave's Dance directed by Toby Swift with Iain Glen as Musgrave was broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on 14 December 2003. References ^ John Arden, Arden Plays 1, Methuen Publishing Ltd, London, August 2002 ^ The Officer of Dragoons addresses Musgrave by number, rank and name: "22128480 Serjeant Musgrave, J." The number apparently had some significance for Arden as he used it in other scripts. ^ Arden, John. Serjeant Musgrave's Dance. (Methuen Student Edition). London: Methuen, 1982; p. xxxii ^ "Clearer Serjeant Musgrave". The Times. 25 October 1961. p. 13. vteAngry young menAssociatedwriters Kingsley Amis John Arden Stan Barstow Edward Bond John Braine Michael Hastings Thomas Hinde Stuart Holroyd Bill Hopkins John Osborne Harold Pinter Alan Sillitoe David Storey Kenneth Tynan John Wain Keith Waterhouse Arnold Wesker Colin Wilson Key works Billy Liar Declaration The Divine and the Decay Emergence from Chaos The Entertainer A Kind of Loving "The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner" Look Back in Anger Lucky Jim The Outsider Room at the Top Saturday Night and Sunday Morning Saved Serjeant Musgrave's Dance This Sporting Life Related British New Wave Kitchen sink realism The Movement
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"John Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arden"},{"link_name":"Royal Court Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre"}],"text":"Serjeant Musgrave's Dance, An Un-historical Parable\n[1] is a play by English playwright John Arden, written in 1959 and premiered at the Royal Court Theatre on October 22 of that year. In Arden's introductory note to the text, he describes it as \"a realistic, but not a naturalistic\" play. Four songs are performed that Arden writes should be sung not to an original score but to \"folk-song airs.\" Music for this production was composed by Dudley Moore. It was the first public performance of his own original compositions.","title":"Serjeant Musgrave's Dance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pacifist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifist"},{"link_name":"dragoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoons"},{"link_name":"Gatling gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatling_gun"},{"link_name":"hanged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanged"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Michael Finnegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Finnegan_(song)"},{"link_name":"greengrocer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greengrocer"}],"text":"The work follows three privates in the British Army and their sergeant, all of whom are deserters from a foreign imperialist war. Serjeant Musgrave and his men, Hurst, Sparky and Attercliffe, come to a northern English coal mining town in 1879, posing as a recruiting party. The community is in the grip of a coal strike and cut off by winter snow. The one means of reaching the town is by canal barge. They arrive in the company of the Bargee, a foul-mouthed, disrespectful individual who teases and abuses everyone, especially those in authority. In the local inn the soldiers meet Mrs Hitchcock, who runs the inn, and the barmaid Annie. The soldiers are greeted by the mayor, parson and constable, who ask them to recruit men in hopes of alleviating some of the town's unemployment as a way to rid the town of their economic dead weight. Musgrave pretends that this is indeed his goal, and asks Mrs Hitchcock about Billy Hicks, a dead fellow soldier from the mining town. It is revealed that Billy was the father of Annie's illegitimate child, but the baby died, and Annie's sanity has suffered from the loss of both Billy and her child.That night in the churchyard, the soldiers talk among themselves and reveal their real purpose: appalled by a violent incident where five innocent men were killed, to avenge the death of a single soldier, they have come to the town to convince the people that the colonial war and the violence used are wrong. The single soldier was Billy Hicks, and the reason they chose this particular town is that it was where he was born.Continuing the pretence of recruiting townsmen, Musgrave throws a sort of party in Mrs Hitchcock's inn, with free drink for all. Private Sparky tries to impress Annie, but she prefers the handsome Hurst and promises to come to him that night. However, he later rejects her, and she goes to Sparky. They agree to run away together, but are overheard by Hurst, who tries to stop them. In the following struggle, Sparky is accidentally killed by falling on a bayonet, held by the pacifist Attercliffe. Serjeant Musgrave rushes in and they hide the body, when they are told that the colliers are stealing the soldiers' guns. The mayor arrives to say that the town is no longer cut off by snow and the dragoons have been called for. Musgrave announces he will hold a recruiting meeting the next morning.Instead of recruiting townsmen, Musgrave takes out a Gatling gun. The gun is loaded and pointed at the audience. Then the soldiers hoist up the skeleton of Billy Hicks on a lamppost, still dressed in uniform. Musgrave dances below it reciting a rhyme:... Up he goes, and no-one knows, who it was that raised him. ... He sits on your back and you'll never, never lose him....Musgrave talks about the atrocities that followed the soldier's death, and explains that since this single death caused five on the other side, five times five townsfolk should be killed to avenge their deaths. Attercliffe refuses to take part in any more violence, but Hurst is quite ready to shoot. Annie intervenes and tells everyone of Sparky's death, producing his bloody tunic as evidence. Hurst makes one last desperate attempt to shoot into the crowd but is overpowered by Musgrave and Attercliffe. The dragoons arrive, shoot Hurst and imprison the two remaining soldiers, who will be hanged later.[2] Ever the jester, the Bargee leads the townsfolk in singing \"Michael Finnegan\" as a way of \"beginning again\".In the final scene, Attercliffe and Musgrave sit in their cell and talk about their differing views of life. Musgrave has always lived by rules, regulations and honour. Attercliffe tells how he lost his wife to a greengrocer, who looked like \"a rat grinning through a brush\", but was a better man because he fed people, as he fed Attercliffe's ex-wife, which Attercliffe himself could not do. In the end, Attercliffe seems to say, it is everyday life that matters, not ideals.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mother Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Courage"},{"link_name":"colliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining"},{"link_name":"Brechtian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechtian"},{"link_name":"deus ex machina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_ex_machina"}],"text":"Serjeant \"Black Jack\" Musgrave is a lifetime soldier, a man who believes in strict adherence to the rule book. His faith in order was destroyed by the atrocities in the colonies, and he wants to serve justice, by the book, on those who sent him there.\nPrivate Attercliffe is an older soldier, broken in spirit by the events he witnessed and in which he participated, killing a young girl.\nPrivate Hurst is a brute, who is happy to kill if necessary, and is following Musgrave to work out his aggression on new victims. He is also a womaniser, and is the first one of the soldiers Annie attaches herself to.\nPrivate Sparky is the youngest, more of a joker, and is less committed to Musgrave's mission than the others.\nAnnie, apparently a barmaid at Mrs. Hitchcock's inn, may also be the house prostitute. It is never clear if her attentions to the soldiers are motivated by romance or other considerations.\nMrs Hitchcock, something of a Mother Courage figure, is a survivor. As long as she can keep serving food and ale, and gets paid for it, she can go on. She develops as a kind of anti-Musgrave. As she says, commenting on Musgrave's rejection of \"life and love\" for his rules, because life and love leads to chaos: \"We had life and love. You came in with yer rules and honour. It's arsy-versy to what you said, but its still chaos in the end, isn't it?\"\nThe Mayor, also the owner of the pit. Although in charge of the town, he is actually trapped by the realities of his business. He cannot yield to the strikers.\nThe Parson, a Church authority figure, cold and aloof, who (as in many British dramas) also represents the religious side of state authority. He even uses the metaphor of a sword in a speech to the townspeople.\nThe Constable, nominally the arm of the law, actually in the pay of the Mayor, and unable to exert real authority. He encourages Musgrave to \"recruit\" the town's troublemakers, using the method of getting them drunk and carrying them off to the barracks.\nThe colliers, three men of different demeanours, named simply \"Slow Collier\", \"Earnest Collier\", and \"Pugnacious Collier\", who represent the townspeople in the play. They also play out their own internal rivalries, as when the Slow Collier drunkenly recites a rhyme suggesting he had sex with the wife of the Pugnacious Collier, resulting in a brawl.\nBludgeon, the Bargee, something of a jester in the play, but also able to drive the action by saying what others cannot. At times he acts almost like a master of ceremonies, or a Brechtian narrator.\nThe Officer of Dragoons, in the playwright's own words a deus ex machina who sets the world to rights. He arrives with arrest warrants for the soldiers, two of whom are already dead, and bids the Mayor and townsfolk to carry on with their lives.\nA Trooper of Dragoons who shoots Hurst and then holds the other soldiers at gunpoint for the Officer.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pacifism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism"}],"text":"Arden writes of the meaning of the play: \"I think that many of us must at some time have felt an overpowering urge to match some particularly outrageous piece of violence with an even greater and more outrageous retaliation. Musgrave tries to do this: and the fact that the sympathies of the play are clearly with him in his original horror, and then turn against him and his intended remedy, seems to have bewildered people... Again I would suggest that an unwillingness to dwell upon unpleasant situations that do not immediately concern us is a general human trait, and recognition of it need imply neither cynicism nor despair. Complete pacifism is a very hard doctrine: and if this play appears to advocate it with perhaps some timidity, it is probably because I am naturally a timid man -- and also because I know that if I am hit I very easily hit back: and I do not care to preach too confidently what I am not sure I can practise.\"","title":"Meaning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Malayan Emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency"},{"link_name":"Mau Mau Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"}],"text":"The play did poorly in its first run and the production lost money. Most critical reviews of the first production were deprecating or at least showed a lack of understanding of the play's message.[3] At the time the play was written, public opinion had not soured on military actions as it did later in the 1960s, primarily due to the coverage of the Vietnam War. The only contemporary British military actions comparable to the colonial conflicts were the Malayan Emergency, and the Mau Mau Uprising. It was only later, in the light of the Vietnam War, that these conflicts also were reported unfavourably, producing a context in which audiences could appreciate Arden's message.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lindsay Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Dudley Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Moore"},{"link_name":"Donal Donnelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donal_Donnelly"},{"link_name":"Alan Dobie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dobie"},{"link_name":"Frank Finlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Finlay"},{"link_name":"James Bree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bree_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ian Bannen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Bannen"},{"link_name":"Richard Caldicot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Caldicot"},{"link_name":"Freda Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freda_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Patsy Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patsy_Byrne"},{"link_name":"Michael Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hunt_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Stratford Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_Johns"},{"link_name":"Jack Smethurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Smethurst"},{"link_name":"Colin Blakely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Blakely"},{"link_name":"Clinton Greyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Greyn"}],"text":"Several people who became well-known names in stage and television were involved in the first production. The director was Lindsay Anderson. Music was provided by Dudley Moore.Donal Donnelly ... Private Sparky\nAlan Dobie ... Private Hurst\nFrank Finlay ... Private Attercliffe\nJames Bree ... Bludgeon, a bargee\nIan Bannen ... Serjeant Musgrave\nRichard Caldicot ... The Parson\nFreda Jackson ... Mrs Hitchcock\nPatsy Byrne ... Annie\nMichael Hunt ... The Constable\nStratford Johns ... The Mayor\nJack Smethurst ... A Slow Collier\nColin Blakely ... A Pugnacious Collier\nHarry Gwynn Davies ... Walsh, an Earnest Collier\nBarry Wilsher ... Trooper of Dragoons\nClinton Greyn ... An Officer of Dragoons","title":"Original cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stuart Burge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Burge"},{"link_name":"Patrick McGoohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_McGoohan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"radio adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_play"},{"link_name":"Serjeant Musgrave's Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Swift#Serjeant_Musgrave's_Dance"},{"link_name":"Toby Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Swift"},{"link_name":"Iain Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Glen"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_3"}],"text":"In 1961 Arden adapted his play for television: some cuts to the text allowed the soldiers' real purpose in visiting the town—a requital for the death of Billy Hicks while on service overseas—to be expressed in clearer relief. The well-received production was directed by Stuart Burge and starred Patrick McGoohan, with members of the original cast (including Donal Donnelly and Freda Jackson) reprising their stage roles.[4]A radio adaptation Serjeant Musgrave's Dance directed by Toby Swift with Iain Glen as Musgrave was broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on 14 December 2003.","title":"Adaptations"}]
[{"image_text":"Private Sparky and Annie in the 1965 revival.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Sparky_and_Annie.jpg/250px-Sparky_and_Annie.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Clearer Serjeant Musgrave\". The Times. 25 October 1961. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rans_S-16_Shekari
Rans S-16 Shekari
["1 Design and development","2 Specifications","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Bibliography","4 External links"]
S-16 Shekari Role Amateur-built aerobatic monoplaneType of aircraft National origin United States Manufacturer Rans Inc Designer Randy Schlitter First flight 1994 Introduction 1998 Status Production completed June 2006 Number built 22 (as of December 2004) The Rans S-16 Shekari is an American single-engined, two-seat, low-wing, aerobatic monoplane designed by Randy Schlitter, built by Rans Inc and sold as a kit for amateur construction. Design and development Conceived as a new generation of Rans aircraft focusing on quicker built times and higher performance, the Shekari is stressed for dual aerobatics. The Shekari has a 4130 steel tube-and-fabric forward fuselage with composite covering and 6061-T3 aluminum tube rear fuselage and tail. It is available as either a tail wheel landing gear or tricycle landing gear versions. The wings are removable by one person in ten minutes for storage or trailering. The S-16 has been flown with the Rotax 912UL of 80 hp (60 kW), but is typically equipped with engines such as the Continental IO-240 of 130 hp (97 kW) and can accept engines up to 160 hp (119 kW). Construction time claimed is 600 to 1500 man-hours, depending on builder experience. Production of the S-16 was ended as part of Rans' extensive reorganization of its product line on 1 June 2006, after the kit had been available for 8 years. Twenty-two had been completed and flown by the end of 2005. Specifications Data from Kitplanes, AerocrafterGeneral characteristics Crew: One Capacity: One passenger Length: 18 ft 8 in (5.69 m) Wingspan: 24 ft 0 in (7.32 m) Height: 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) Wing area: 86.5 sq ft (8.04 m2) Empty weight: 850 lb (386 kg) Gross weight: 1,300 lb (590 kg) Fuel capacity: 32 US gallons (121 litres) Powerplant: 1 × Continental IO-240-B piston engine, 130 hp (97 kW) Propellers: 3-bladed composite Performance Maximum speed: 220 mph (350 km/h, 190 kn) Cruise speed: 160 mph (260 km/h, 140 kn) Stall speed: 50 mph (80 km/h, 43 kn) flaps down Never exceed speed: 248 mph (399 km/h, 216 kn) Range: 980 mi (1,570 km, 850 nmi) Service ceiling: 14,000 ft (4,300 m) g limits: +9/-9 Rate of climb: 1,200 ft/min (6.1 m/s) References Notes ^ a b c Downey, 2004, p.77 ^ a b c d Purdy, 1998, p.241 ^ a b c Taylor 1996, p. 502 ^ a b c Bertrand, 2003, p.194 ^ a b c d Downey, 1998, p.66 ^ ANN, 2006, RANS: Light Sport Aircraft Are The Future Bibliography Bertrand, Noel; Coulon, Rene (2003). "World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2003-2004". World Directory of Light Aviation. Lancaster OK: Pagefast Ltd. p. 194. ISSN 1368-485X. Bertrand, Noel; Coulon, Rene (2004). "World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2004-2005". World Directory of Light Aviation. England: Pagefast Ltd. ISSN 1368-485X. Downey, Julia (December 1998). "1999 Kit Aircraft Directory". Kitplanes. Vol. 15, no. 12. Primedia Publications. p. 66. ISSN 0891-1851. Downey, Julia (December 2004). "2005 Kit Aircraft Directory". Kitplanes. Vol. 21, no. 12. Belvoir Publications. p. 77. ISSN 0891-1851. Purdy, Don (1998). AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook. BAI Communications. p. 241. ISBN 978-0963640949. Taylor, Michael J. H. (1996). Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory. London, England: Brassey's. ISBN 1-85753-198-1. Aero News Network (11 May 2006). "RANS: Light Sport Aircraft Are The Future". Retrieved 21 November 2010. External links Official website archive on Archive.org Photo of an S-16 Shekari vteAircraft produced by Rans DesignsHomebuilt aircraft S-4 Coyote S-5 Coyote S-6 Coyote II S-7 Courier S-9 Chaos S-10 Sakota S-11 Pursuit S-12 Airaile S-14 Airaile S-15 Pursuit II S-16 Shekari S-17 Stinger S-18 Stinger II S-19 Venterra S-20 Raven S-21 Outbound
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_Rebellion_(1917)
Tashkent Rebellion (1917)
["1 Background","2 Prelude","3 Rebellion","4 Aftermath","5 References"]
Coordinates: 41°18′40″N 69°16′47″E / 41.31111°N 69.27972°E / 41.31111; 69.27972Pro-soviet revolution in Tashkent This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tashkent RebellionPart of Russian Civil WarMap of Tashkent and surrounding area, created c. 1916DateSeptember 1917 – 13 November 1917 LocationTashkent, Russian Empire (now Uzbekistan)41°18′40″N 69°16′47″E / 41.31111°N 69.27972°E / 41.31111; 69.27972Result Far-left victory Tashkent falls under soviet control.Belligerents Far-left factions Socialist Revolutionaries Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Mensheviks Bolsheviks Bundists Anarchists State Duma loyalists Moderate left factions Constitutional Democratic Party Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Russian Provisional Government Turkestan CommitteeCommanders and leaders I. I. Bel'kov G. I. Broido I. Tobolin Aleksey Kuropatkin N. N. Shchepkin Vladimir Nalivkin I. N. Shendrikov  (POW) P. A. Korovichenko  (POW)Casualties and losses About 300 arrested vteTheaters of theRussian Civil War October Revolution Left-wing uprisings Allied intervention Central Powers intervention Northern Finland North Russia Heimosodat Eastern Karelia Western Estonia Latvia Lithuania Petrograd Poland Southern Ukraine Ukrainian-Soviet War Western Ukraine South Russia Bessarabia South Caucasus Ossetia Georgia Armenia and Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Armenia Tambov Eastern Czechoslovak Legionary Revolt Siberia 1st Kazan 2nd Kazan 1st Perm Spring 1919 offensive of the White Army Spring 1919 counteroffensive of the Red Army Great Siberian Ice March Chita Mongolia Yakut revolt Central Asian Bukhara Khiva Basmachi vteCentral Asian Theater of the Russian Civil War Bukharan Revolution Khivan Revolution Petro-Aleksandrovsk Tashkent Rebellion (1917) Malleson mission Bukhara operation (1920) Basmachi movement Khiva (1924) The Tashkent Rebellion (September 1917 – 13 November 1917 ) was a 1917 conflict between revolutionary forces and loyalists of the Russian Provisional Government, which occurred in Tashkent, in what is now Uzbekistan. The events leading to the conflict began on 14 March 1917 , when local leader Aleksey Kuropatkin received word of the February Revolution. Rule shifted to various political parties in the city, and the Tashkent Soviet was created. As time progressed, Imperial officials were replaced, the soviet gained more power, and a regional soviet was created in addition to the existing council. The Russian Provisional Government began attempting to regain control in April, but the soviets tightly restricted its efforts. Many locals rallied in support of soviet power, and in September and October, conflict began between the parties, ending on 10 October . In early November , the Provisional Government fell, and loyalists attempted to disarm and imprison rebels, with partial success. The loyalists opened artillery fire on 13 November , however a group under a white flag convinced them to cease fighting. Rebels captured the fortress that night, arresting all loyalist leaders and cadets residing there. In the aftermath, the soviet was represented entirely by Bolsheviks, in spite of their limited role in the rebellion itself. Some Muslims and Turkic peoples in the surrounding areas resisted soviet control, but the region would nonetheless become the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Background Tashkent—in present-day Uzbekistan—was conquered by the Russian Empire in 1865, during a period of Russian expansion throughout Central Asia. It was officially annexed the following year, by Tsar Alexander II, planned as the administrative centre of Russia's recently conquered lands. Russian settlers began arriving soon after, creating their own quarter of the city in which to reside. Prelude The Russian Empire ceased control of Tashkent on 14 March 1917 , when Governor-General Aleksey Kuropatkin learned of the February Revolution via telegram, and there was no official opposition, as tsarist officials were permitted to cede their authority to the new government without breaking their oaths. Kuropatkin did not want to immediately announce these developments, however employees of the telegraph service spread the news to the general population. The existing political parties included the Constitutional Democratic Party, the Socialist Revolutionaries, and in much smaller numbers, the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, although none were able to immediately take control. While later Soviet historians often emphasise the role of the Bolsheviks, most members of the Social Democratic Labour Party belonged to the Menshevik faction, and even combined, there were so few Social Democrats in total that they had to collaborate with the Socialist Revolutionaries, anarchists, Bundists, and other groups. These factions formed a local soviet of workers' deputies, which elected delegates on 15 March 1917 and held its first meeting on 16 March 1917 March, appointing a Menshevik, an I. I. Bel'kov, as its chairman. The next day, another Menshevik, a G. I. Broido, created a soviet of soldiers' deputies. The former body, which held moderate views, included officers, government officials, and merchants, while the latter, with 120 members in total, included almost 60 army officers. Both were headquartered at a public meeting hall. The two merged on 10 April 1917 into a single Tashkent Soviet, with Bel'kov as their chairman. More moderate groups formed a local provisional government, in the building that had previously held the city's local duma. Their first meeting occurred on 4 March, attended by 250 people, mostly Constitutional Democrats, although all twenty attending railroad employees were Social Democrats. On 18 March 1917 , Kuropatkin read Nicholas II's manifesto of abdication at a town meeting in Cathedral Square, as well as Grand Duke Michael's renunciation of the throne and a message from Georgy Lvov. Kuropatkin asked them to pledge their loyalty to the State Duma, work toward a military victory, and maintain public order. This dissatisfied local socialists, and on 13 April 1917 , his own guards arrested him, and from there he was sent to Petrograd. A new commander was elected for the Turkestan Military District, Colonel Leonty Nikolaevich Cherkes, who would later attain the rank of Major General. This marked the beginning of a leftward political shift. The pro-soviet forces were at an advantage, aided by the removal of former leaders and military administrators from office. A local food crisis, a result of a bad crop and distributional issues, was too severe for the local duma to deal with, so the soviet began overseeing food distribution, gradually gaining more governmental power. During 20–28 April 1917 , the First Regional Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies met in the city to form a regional soviet, which was relatively moderate in nature. It shared power with the Executive Committee of the Tashkent Soviet in the city of Tashkent, although it had greater control over the rest of Turkestan. Both replaced Imperial officials with pro-soviet counterparts and worked to provide soviet administration to the region. In mid-April (O.S.), representatives for the Russian Provisional Government arrived in the city to restore authority, not granting recognition to the soviet government. They appointed a Turkestan Committee in Petrograd, with an N. N. Shchepkin as its chairman and an additional four Russian and four Muslim members. Several were former State Duma members, and several were also Constitutional Democrats or Constitutional Democrat–inclined. Each time the committee attempted to gain support or carry out administrative tasks, the soviet government questioned the legality or attempted to counter the efforts. Shchepkin appealed for recall after weeks of the ordeal. Two new officials were selected, considered to be more left-wing: Vladimir Nalivkin and an I. N. Shendrikov. Despite Nalivkin and Shendrikov's efforts, the two soviets maintained their authority, and the Provisional Government could not undertake any actions without their permission. In April (O.S.), the left's power grew as banished revolutionaries, including Social Democrats and Social Revolutionaries, who had been exiled in 1907–1909 began to return. At a 4–10 July meeting of the regional Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, out of thirty-one individuals with the right to vote, twenty-four were Mensheviks and seven were Bolsheviks. During the July days from , and days later, a conference held by representatives for regional soviets and socialist parties encouraged that all power be given to the Provisional Government. However, amongst Social Democrats, pro-soviet sentiment increased and Menshevik influence declined, and on 3 August 1917 , the local Social Democrats voted to adopt the slogan "All power to the soviets". Despite this, the Tashkent Soviet itself did not support taking power into its own hands. Rebellion The Turkestan Committee was aware of the severity of the situation in Tashkent, and attempted to dispatch a commissar general to the region, however in late August, this was cut short by the Kornilov affair, which strengthened the revolutionary movement. The regional soviet tried several officers for speaking favourably about Lavr Kornilov, and 5,000 railroad workers met to demand that power be given to the soviets. Rumours among Russians that native populations were hoarding food as the shortage grew more severe on 22 September , when indigenous people from surrounding areas arrived in Tashkent to purchase food for the approaching Muslim holidays. On 24 September , soldiers from the First Siberian Regiment searched natives on a train for food, confiscating what they found. On the 25th , thousands gathered in a local park, electing a presidium headed by an I. Tobolin, a Bolshevik. The Revolutionary Committee was formed, demanding the soviets take power, with five Bolsheviks—including Tobolin as chairman, two Mensheviks, five Socialist Revolutionaries, and two anarchists. This move upset both the regional soviet and the Provisional Government, and General Cherkes mobilised cadets from the military school to arrest most of the committee. Under threat of armed retribution by the First and Second Siberian Regiments, the prisoners were released. General Cherkes and the cadets were arrested, and the regional soviet was dissolved. At night on 27 September , its members fled to Skobelev, a more loyal town. A new, more radical committee was elected by the Tashkent Soviet on 28 September , and the next day, before they had taken any action, Nalivkin, the head of the Turkestan Committee received orders from Alexander Kerensky to free all arrested by the Revolutionary Committee and to restore order, using force if needed. The Committee managed to free and arm the cadets, and amass a total force of 900, stationed at the local fortress and throughout all government buildings in the city. The recently appointed Commissar General P. A. Korovichenko was on his way to Tashkent by 2 October , leading a punitive expedition. The soviet demanded that it be recalled, the refusal of which led to a general strike. The Turkestan Committee declared martial law, its reinforcements arriving with Korovichenko on 7 October . Korovichenko promised to end martial law if the strike ended, to which the strikers agreed on 10 October . In terms of suppression of rebellious sentiment, Korovichenko was largely ineffective overall, as he was inclined toward nonviolent measures, such as not disarming rebellious members of the garrison and believing negotiation was a valid alternative. He also ignored advice given to him by those under him and removed Nalivkin from his position as head of the Turkestan Committee. Left-wing parties met again at the Second Extraordinary Regional Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies from 12 to 23 October , and moderates failed to convince the congress to condemn the disbanded Revolutionary Committee, walking out in response. Now populated mostly by extremists, led by the Bolsheviks, the congress took over the activities of the regional soviet, calling again for all power to the soviets. Concurrently, Korovichenko tried to expel rebellious units from the city, some of which were his own troops, with partial success. On the night of 31 October–1 November , an opposing artillery company in the fortress ignored his orders to disarm, causing loyalist troops to fire at them with machine guns. None were killed, but the group surrendered. This event harmed Korovichenko's reputation among workers and townspeople. The Provisional Government fell days later, with Korovichenko receiving the news on the 9 November . Martial law was again declared, and the disarming of rebellious units was ordered, as well as the arrests of all leaders of the rebellion in September. The loyalists were able to disarm the First Siberian Regiment but failed to do so to the Second Siberian Regiment, which had been warned in advance. The rebels amassed a force of 3,000, which included German and Hungarian prisoners of war, which successfully disarmed three of sotnias of loyal Cossacks. A new Revolutionary Committee was formed on the 10th of November , with more rebel forces arriving the following two nights, although the rebels had already possessed a numerical advantage. Korovichenko finally permitted artillery fire from the fortress on the railroad repair shops on 13 November , but stopped when a party flying a white flag and a carrying cross from a church approached. The declared that peace needed to be found. Despite being advised otherwise, Korovichenko consented. The gates opened later in the night, and the rebels took control of the fortress. Despite their agreement otherwise, the rebels arrested all leaders and cadets present, including Korovichenko and Shendrikov, a total of about 300. Some were executed, and loyalists were hunted down in the aftermath, as power shifted to the soviets. Aftermath The new representative body created in the aftermath of the rebellion was populated entirely by Bolsheviks. In the time following their victory, Orenburg Cossacks sabotaged the railway between Tashkent and Moscow, attempting to keep food from Tashkent and isolate it from European Russia, which was now under the control of Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks. The Semirechye Oblast refused to grant recognition to the Tashkent Soviet, and Samarkand's professional unions decided they would not send delegates to the city at a meeting on 14 December. The soviet declared a state of siege on 26 December. In January of the following year, the Muslim clergy of Fergana published a manifest which condemned Russians as "infidels and tyrants". They also called on their fellow Muslims to form their own federation. The Muslim government which controlled Fergana was overthrown, but struggles continued with Bukharan Revolution, which interrupted traffic along the Trans-Caspian Railway. Although the Turkic people were a majority in the area dependedent on the railway, which stretched from Fergana to Baku, they were not the only ethnic group, and local Armenians were open to Bolshevik ideas due to their conflict with Turkic groups. By the middle of April 1918, the Bolsheviks and Tashkent Soviet had defeated all the resistance in the region, and later in May it was reorganised as the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. References ^ Sahadeo, Jeff (7 February 2007). Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865--1923. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11669-7. Retrieved 5 December 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Pierce, Richard A. (1975). "Toward Soviet Power in Tashkent, February-October 1917". Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes. 17 (2/3): 261–270. doi:10.1080/00085006.1975.11091408. ISSN 0008-5006. JSTOR 40866869. Retrieved 4 December 2022. ^ a b Dadabayeva, G. R. (2018). "Bolsheviks and Russian Turkestan political development in 1917-1918" (PDF). Journal of History. 90 (3): 16–23. doi:10.26577/JH-2018-3-259. ISSN 1563-0269. S2CID 158701411. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
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Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"South Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Russia_intervention"},{"link_name":"Bessarabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_military_intervention_in_Bessarabia"},{"link_name":"South Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Caucasus_expedition"},{"link_name":"Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Armenia and Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Tambov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak Legionary Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Czechoslovak_Legion"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_intervention"},{"link_name":"1st Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Kazan_by_the_White_Army"},{"link_name":"2nd Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_Operation"},{"link_name":"1st Perm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_Operation_(1918-1919)"},{"link_name":"Spring 1919 offensive of the White Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_offensive_of_the_White_Army"},{"link_name":"Spring 1919 counteroffensive of the Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_counteroffensive"},{"link_name":"Great Siberian Ice March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Siberian_Ice_March"},{"link_name":"Chita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chita_Operations"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921"},{"link_name":"Yakut revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakut_revolt_(1921)"},{"link_name":"Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukharan_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Khiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khivan_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Basmachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmachi_movement"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Central_Asian_Theater_of_the_Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Central_Asian_Theater_of_the_Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Central_Asian_Theater_of_the_Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Bukharan Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukharan_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Khivan Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khivan_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Petro-Aleksandrovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petro-Aleksandrovsk_(1918)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tashkent Rebellion (1917)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Malleson mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleson_mission"},{"link_name":"Bukhara operation (1920)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara_operation_(1920)"},{"link_name":"Basmachi movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmachi_movement"},{"link_name":"Khiva (1924)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Khiva_(1924)"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Russian Provisional Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government"},{"link_name":"Tashkent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Aleksey Kuropatkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Kuropatkin"},{"link_name":"February Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Tashkent Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_Soviet"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"Turkic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"}],"text":"Pro-soviet revolution in TashkentvteTheaters of theRussian Civil War\nOctober Revolution\nLeft-wing uprisings\nAllied intervention\nCentral Powers intervention\nNorthern\nFinland\nNorth Russia\nHeimosodat\nEastern Karelia\nWestern\nEstonia\nLatvia\nLithuania\nPetrograd\nPoland\nSouthern\nUkraine\nUkrainian-Soviet War\nWestern Ukraine\nSouth Russia\nBessarabia\nSouth Caucasus\nOssetia\nGeorgia\nArmenia and Azerbaijan\nAzerbaijan\nArmenia\nTambov\nEastern\nCzechoslovak Legionary Revolt\nSiberia\n1st Kazan\n2nd Kazan\n1st Perm\nSpring 1919 offensive of the White Army\nSpring 1919 counteroffensive of the Red Army\nGreat Siberian Ice March\nChita\nMongolia\nYakut revolt\nCentral Asian\nBukhara\nKhiva\nBasmachivteCentral Asian Theater of the Russian Civil War\nBukharan Revolution\nKhivan Revolution\nPetro-Aleksandrovsk\nTashkent Rebellion (1917)\nMalleson mission\nBukhara operation (1920)\nBasmachi movement\nKhiva (1924)The Tashkent Rebellion (September 1917 – 13 November 1917 [O.S. September 1917 – 31 October 1917]) was a 1917 conflict between revolutionary forces and loyalists of the Russian Provisional Government, which occurred in Tashkent, in what is now Uzbekistan. The events leading to the conflict began on 14 March 1917 [O.S. 1 March 1917], when local leader Aleksey Kuropatkin received word of the February Revolution. Rule shifted to various political parties in the city, and the Tashkent Soviet was created. As time progressed, Imperial officials were replaced, the soviet gained more power, and a regional soviet was created in addition to the existing council. The Russian Provisional Government began attempting to regain control in April, but the soviets tightly restricted its efforts. Many locals rallied in support of soviet power, and in September and October, conflict began between the parties, ending on 10 October [O.S. September 27].In early November [O.S. late October], the Provisional Government fell, and loyalists attempted to disarm and imprison rebels, with partial success. The loyalists opened artillery fire on 13 November [O.S. 31 October], however a group under a white flag convinced them to cease fighting. Rebels captured the fortress that night, arresting all loyalist leaders and cadets residing there. In the aftermath, the soviet was represented entirely by Bolsheviks, in spite of their limited role in the rebellion itself. Some Muslims and Turkic peoples in the surrounding areas resisted soviet control, but the region would nonetheless become the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.","title":"Tashkent Rebellion (1917)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tashkent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Russian expansion throughout Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Tsar Alexander II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Alexander_II"},{"link_name":"administrative centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_centre"},{"link_name":"quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_enclave"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Tashkent—in present-day Uzbekistan—was conquered by the Russian Empire in 1865, during a period of Russian expansion throughout Central Asia. It was officially annexed the following year, by Tsar Alexander II, planned as the administrative centre of Russia's recently conquered lands. Russian settlers began arriving soon after, creating their own quarter of the city in which to reside.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Governor-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate-General_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Aleksey Kuropatkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Kuropatkin"},{"link_name":"February Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolution"},{"link_name":"tsarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarist"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Socialist Revolutionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionaries"},{"link_name":"Russian Social Democratic Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"Menshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menshevik"},{"link_name":"anarchists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchists"},{"link_name":"Bundists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundists"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toward_soviet_power-2"},{"link_name":"soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_(council)"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Tashkent Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_Soviet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toward_soviet_power-2"},{"link_name":"duma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duma"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Nicholas II's manifesto of abdication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication_of_Nicholas_II"},{"link_name":"Cathedral Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustaqillik_Maydoni"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Georgy Lvov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Lvov"},{"link_name":"State Duma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Duma_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Petrograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrograd"},{"link_name":"Turkestan Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan_Military_District"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toward_soviet_power-2"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toward_soviet_power-2"},{"link_name":"Russian Provisional Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government"},{"link_name":"left-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Nalivkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Nalivkin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toward_soviet_power-2"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"All power to the soviets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks#Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toward_soviet_power-2"}],"text":"The Russian Empire ceased control of Tashkent on 14 March 1917 [O.S. 1 March 1917], when Governor-General Aleksey Kuropatkin learned of the February Revolution via telegram, and there was no official opposition, as tsarist officials were permitted to cede their authority to the new government without breaking their oaths. Kuropatkin did not want to immediately announce these developments, however employees of the telegraph service spread the news to the general population. The existing political parties included the Constitutional Democratic Party, the Socialist Revolutionaries, and in much smaller numbers, the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, although none were able to immediately take control. While later Soviet historians often emphasise the role of the Bolsheviks, most members of the Social Democratic Labour Party belonged to the Menshevik faction, and even combined, there were so few Social Democrats in total that they had to collaborate with the Socialist Revolutionaries, anarchists, Bundists, and other groups.[2]These factions formed a local soviet of workers' deputies, which elected delegates on 15 March 1917 [O.S. 2 March 1917] and held its first meeting on 16 March 1917 [O.S. 3 March 1917] March, appointing a Menshevik, an I. I. Bel'kov, as its chairman. The next day, another Menshevik, a G. I. Broido, created a soviet of soldiers' deputies. The former body, which held moderate views, included officers, government officials, and merchants, while the latter, with 120 members in total, included almost 60 army officers. Both were headquartered at a public meeting hall. The two merged on 10 April 1917 [O.S. 28 March 1917] into a single Tashkent Soviet, with Bel'kov as their chairman.[2]More moderate groups formed a local provisional government, in the building that had previously held the city's local duma. Their first meeting occurred on 4 March, attended by 250 people, mostly Constitutional Democrats, although all twenty attending railroad employees were Social Democrats. On 18 March 1917 [O.S. 5 March 1917], Kuropatkin read Nicholas II's manifesto of abdication at a town meeting in Cathedral Square, as well as Grand Duke Michael's renunciation of the throne and a message from Georgy Lvov. Kuropatkin asked them to pledge their loyalty to the State Duma, work toward a military victory, and maintain public order. This dissatisfied local socialists, and on 13 April 1917 [O.S. 31 March 1917], his own guards arrested him, and from there he was sent to Petrograd. A new commander was elected for the Turkestan Military District, Colonel Leonty Nikolaevich Cherkes, who would later attain the rank of Major General. This marked the beginning of a leftward political shift.[2]The pro-soviet forces were at an advantage, aided by the removal of former leaders and military administrators from office. A local food crisis, a result of a bad crop and distributional issues, was too severe for the local duma to deal with, so the soviet began overseeing food distribution, gradually gaining more governmental power. During 20–28 April 1917 [O.S. 7–15 April 1917], the First Regional Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies met in the city to form a regional soviet, which was relatively moderate in nature. It shared power with the Executive Committee of the Tashkent Soviet in the city of Tashkent, although it had greater control over the rest of Turkestan. Both replaced Imperial officials with pro-soviet counterparts and worked to provide soviet administration to the region.[2]In mid-April (O.S.), representatives for the Russian Provisional Government arrived in the city to restore authority, not granting recognition to the soviet government. They appointed a Turkestan Committee in Petrograd, with an N. N. Shchepkin as its chairman and an additional four Russian and four Muslim members. Several were former State Duma members, and several were also Constitutional Democrats or Constitutional Democrat–inclined. Each time the committee attempted to gain support or carry out administrative tasks, the soviet government questioned the legality or attempted to counter the efforts. Shchepkin appealed for recall after weeks of the ordeal. Two new officials were selected, considered to be more left-wing: Vladimir Nalivkin and an I. N. Shendrikov. Despite Nalivkin and Shendrikov's efforts, the two soviets maintained their authority, and the Provisional Government could not undertake any actions without their permission.[2]In April (O.S.), the left's power grew as banished revolutionaries, including Social Democrats and Social Revolutionaries, who had been exiled in 1907–1909 began to return. At a 4–10 July [O.S. 21–27 June] meeting of the regional Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, out of thirty-one individuals with the right to vote, twenty-four were Mensheviks and seven were Bolsheviks. During the July days from , and days later, a conference held by representatives for regional soviets and socialist parties encouraged that all power be given to the Provisional Government. However, amongst Social Democrats, pro-soviet sentiment increased and Menshevik influence declined, and on 3 August 1917 [O.S. 21 July 1917], the local Social Democrats voted to adopt the slogan \"All power to the soviets\". Despite this, the Tashkent Soviet itself did not support taking power into its own hands.[2]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kornilov affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornilov_affair"},{"link_name":"Lavr Kornilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"presidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Skobelev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toward_soviet_power-2"},{"link_name":"radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_politics"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kerensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"punitive expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive_expedition"},{"link_name":"martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toward_soviet_power-2"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"extremists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremists"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toward_soviet_power-2"},{"link_name":"prisoners of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war"},{"link_name":"sotnias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotnia"},{"link_name":"Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"white flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flag"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toward_soviet_power-2"}],"text":"The Turkestan Committee was aware of the severity of the situation in Tashkent, and attempted to dispatch a commissar general to the region, however in late August, this was cut short by the Kornilov affair, which strengthened the revolutionary movement. The regional soviet tried several officers for speaking favourably about Lavr Kornilov, and 5,000 railroad workers met to demand that power be given to the soviets. Rumours among Russians that native populations were hoarding food as the shortage grew more severe on 22 September [O.S. 9 September], when indigenous people from surrounding areas arrived in Tashkent to purchase food for the approaching Muslim holidays. On 24 September [O.S. 11 September], soldiers from the First Siberian Regiment searched natives on a train for food, confiscating what they found. On the 25th [O.S. 12th], thousands gathered in a local park, electing a presidium headed by an I. Tobolin, a Bolshevik. The Revolutionary Committee was formed, demanding the soviets take power, with five Bolsheviks—including Tobolin as chairman, two Mensheviks, five Socialist Revolutionaries, and two anarchists. This move upset both the regional soviet and the Provisional Government, and General Cherkes mobilised cadets from the military school to arrest most of the committee. Under threat of armed retribution by the First and Second Siberian Regiments, the prisoners were released. General Cherkes and the cadets were arrested, and the regional soviet was dissolved. At night on 27 September [O.S. 14 September], its members fled to Skobelev, a more loyal town.[2]A new, more radical committee was elected by the Tashkent Soviet on 28 September [O.S. 15 September], and the next day, before they had taken any action, Nalivkin, the head of the Turkestan Committee received orders from Alexander Kerensky to free all arrested by the Revolutionary Committee and to restore order, using force if needed. The Committee managed to free and arm the cadets, and amass a total force of 900, stationed at the local fortress and throughout all government buildings in the city. The recently appointed Commissar General P. A. Korovichenko was on his way to Tashkent by 2 October [O.S. 19 September], leading a punitive expedition. The soviet demanded that it be recalled, the refusal of which led to a general strike. The Turkestan Committee declared martial law, its reinforcements arriving with Korovichenko on 7 October [O.S. 24 September].[2]Korovichenko promised to end martial law if the strike ended, to which the strikers agreed on 10 October [O.S. September 27]. In terms of suppression of rebellious sentiment, Korovichenko was largely ineffective overall, as he was inclined toward nonviolent measures, such as not disarming rebellious members of the garrison and believing negotiation was a valid alternative. He also ignored advice given to him by those under him and removed Nalivkin from his position as head of the Turkestan Committee. Left-wing parties met again at the Second Extraordinary Regional Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies from 12 to 23 October [O.S. 29 September to 10 October], and moderates failed to convince the congress to condemn the disbanded Revolutionary Committee, walking out in response. Now populated mostly by extremists, led by the Bolsheviks, the congress took over the activities of the regional soviet, calling again for all power to the soviets. Concurrently, Korovichenko tried to expel rebellious units from the city, some of which were his own troops, with partial success. On the night of 31 October–1 November [O.S. 18–19 October], an opposing artillery company in the fortress ignored his orders to disarm, causing loyalist troops to fire at them with machine guns. None were killed, but the group surrendered. This event harmed Korovichenko's reputation among workers and townspeople. The Provisional Government fell days later, with Korovichenko receiving the news on the 9 November [O.S. 27 October]. Martial law was again declared, and the disarming of rebellious units was ordered, as well as the arrests of all leaders of the rebellion in September. The loyalists were able to disarm the First Siberian Regiment but failed to do so to the Second Siberian Regiment, which had been warned in advance.[2]The rebels amassed a force of 3,000, which included German and Hungarian prisoners of war, which successfully disarmed three of sotnias of loyal Cossacks. A new Revolutionary Committee was formed on the 10th of November [O.S. 28th of October], with more rebel forces arriving the following two nights, although the rebels had already possessed a numerical advantage. Korovichenko finally permitted artillery fire from the fortress on the railroad repair shops on 13 November [O.S. 31 October], but stopped when a party flying a white flag and a carrying cross from a church approached. The declared that peace needed to be found. Despite being advised otherwise, Korovichenko consented. The gates opened later in the night, and the rebels took control of the fortress. Despite their agreement otherwise, the rebels arrested all leaders and cadets present, including Korovichenko and Shendrikov, a total of about 300. Some were executed, and loyalists were hunted down in the aftermath, as power shifted to the soviets.[2]","title":"Rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orenburg Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orenburg_Cossacks"},{"link_name":"European Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Semirechye Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semirechye_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Samarkand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarkand"},{"link_name":"state of siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_siege"},{"link_name":"Muslim clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_clergy"},{"link_name":"federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-political_development-3"},{"link_name":"Bukharan Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukharan_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Trans-Caspian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Caspian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Turkic people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_people"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-political_development-3"}],"text":"The new representative body created in the aftermath of the rebellion was populated entirely by Bolsheviks. In the time following their victory, Orenburg Cossacks sabotaged the railway between Tashkent and Moscow, attempting to keep food from Tashkent and isolate it from European Russia, which was now under the control of Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks. The Semirechye Oblast refused to grant recognition to the Tashkent Soviet, and Samarkand's professional unions decided they would not send delegates to the city at a meeting on 14 December. The soviet declared a state of siege on 26 December. In January of the following year, the Muslim clergy of Fergana published a manifest which condemned Russians as \"infidels and tyrants\". They also called on their fellow Muslims to form their own federation.[3]The Muslim government which controlled Fergana was overthrown, but struggles continued with Bukharan Revolution, which interrupted traffic along the Trans-Caspian Railway. Although the Turkic people were a majority in the area dependedent on the railway, which stretched from Fergana to Baku, they were not the only ethnic group, and local Armenians were open to Bolshevik ideas due to their conflict with Turkic groups. By the middle of April 1918, the Bolsheviks and Tashkent Soviet had defeated all the resistance in the region, and later in May it was reorganised as the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.[3]","title":"Aftermath"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Partnership_Council
EU–UK Partnership Council
["1 Agreements covered by the Council","2 Schema of the EU-UK institutional framework","2.1 Secretariat","2.2 Committees and Working Groups","2.3 Other bodies","3 Functioning","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Multinational body to govern relations between the EU and UK This article is about the body established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement. For the body established by the Brexit withdrawal agreement, see EU-UK Joint Committee. EU–UK Partnership Council  United Kingdom (UK)  European Union (EU)Legal statusJoint CommitteeHeadquartersLondon and BrusselsOriginsEU–UK Trade and Cooperation AgreementRegion served United Kingdom European UnionMembership  United Kingdom  European UnionOfficial language EnglishWebsiteEU–UK Partnership Council Part of a series of articles onBrexit Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union Glossary of terms Background European Communities Act 1975 EC membership referendum UK rebate Bruges speech No. No. No. Maastricht Rebels Black Wednesday European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 European Union Act 2011 UK opt-outs from EU legislation Euroscepticism in the UK UK opinion polling on EU membership Campaigns for a referendum People's Pledge Labour for a Referendum Bloomberg speech In or Out 2013–14 EU (Referendum) Bill (unsuccessful) 2014 European Parliament election 2014 UK Parliament by-elections Clacton Heywood and Middleton Rochester and Strood 2015 UK general election 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cooperation Retained EU law 2021 Jersey dispute EU–UK relations Relations pre- and post-Brexit EU–UK trade negotiation EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) Partnership Council Partnership Assembly Relations with EU member states Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Akrotiri and Dhekelia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Ireland–UK border British–Irish Council North/South Ministerial Council Italy Lithuania Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Spain Status of Gibraltar Gibraltar–Spain border Sweden Conjectured EEA membership Opposition Post-referendum opinion polling New initiatives Change Britain More United Open Britain The New European Unite to Remain Led By Donkeys Revoke Article 50 petition Postcards from the 48% Proposed second Scottish independence referendum Calls for a second referendum People's Vote Britain for Europe European Movement UK For our Future's Sake Healthier IN the EU InFacts Open Britain Our Future Our Choice Scientists for EU Other organisations Best for Britain Bollocks to Brexit Change UK Liberal Democrats Right to Vote Timeline Bloomberg speech Jan 2013 Referendum Bill blockedJan 2014 European Parliament election May 2014 2015 general election May 2015 Renegotiation begins Jun 2015 Referendum Act passed Dec 2015 Renegotiation concluded Feb 2016 Referendum held Jun 2016 David Cameron resigns as PM Jul 2016 Theresa May becomes PM Jul 2016 Article 50 judgement Jan 2017 Brexit plan presentedFeb 2017 Notification Act passed Mar 2017 Article 50 invoked Mar 2017 Repeal Bill plan presentedMar 2017 2017 general election Jun 2017 Brexit negotiations begin Jun 2017 Withdrawal Act passedJun 2018 Chequers plan presented Jul 2018 Withdrawal agreement plan presented July 2018 Withdrawal agreement released Nov 2018 Scottish Continuity Bill blockedDec 2018 Meaningful votes Jan–Mar 2019 Brexit delayed until 12 April Mar 2019 Cooper–Letwin Act passed Apr 2019 Brexit delayed until 31 October Apr 2019 European Parliament election May 2019 Theresa May resigns as PM Jul 2019 Boris Johnson becomes PM Jul 2019 Prorogation and annulment Aug–Sep 2019 Benn Act passed Sep 2019 Withdrawal agreement revised Oct 2019 Brexit delayed until 31 January Oct 2019 2019 general election Dec 2019 Agreement Act passed Jan 2020 UK leaves the European Union Jan 2020 Implementation period begins Jan 2020 UK–EU trade deal agreed Dec 2020 Future Relationship Act passed Dec 2020 Scottish Continuity Act passed Dec 2020 Implementation period ends Dec 2020 New EU–UK relationship begins Jan 2021 UK–EU trade deal ratified Apr 2021 Windsor Framework released Feb 2023 Windsor framework adopted Mar 2023 EU portal UK portalvte The EU–UK Partnership Council is a Joint Committee established upon provisional application of the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. It has several governing tasks within the TCA and supplementing agreements between the UK and the EU (Articles 2 and 7.2). Each party to the agreement can refer to the Council any issue relating to the implementation, application and interpretation of the TCA. The council has – in the first years – the power to amend certain parts of the TCA "provided that such amendments are necessary to correct errors, or to address omissions or other deficiencies", and has the ability to delegate certain of its powers to the Trade Partnership Committee or to a Specialised Committee. The Council comprises representatives of the EU and of the UK, and is co-chaired by a member of the European Commission and a ministerial-level representative of the UK government. The draft EU Council decision on the signature of the TCA provides for the right of each member state to be represented in Partnership Council meetings as part of the EU delegation. It meets at the request of the EU or the UK, and at least once a year, with the agenda set by mutual consent. The council is separate from the conflict handling mechanism through an arbitration procedure Agreements covered by the Council The council has a role in the TCA and other "supplementing agreements", unless otherwise provided. The agreements in which a role for the council is established are shown below: Type Convention Entry into force Provisional Application Legal basis Reference TCA EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement 1 May 2021 1 January 2021 Article Inst.1 in the draft SupplementingAgreement Agreement on Security Procedures for Exchanging and Protecting Classified Information 1 May 2021 1 January 2021 Schema of the EU-UK institutional framework Secretariat The Secretariat will be composed of an official of the EU and an official of the Government of the UK. It will perform the tasks conferred in the Rules of Procedure; in particular, it will take care of the administrative tasks such as correspondence between the EU and UK, agendas and minutes. The official languages will be the official languages of the EU and the UK; the working language will be English. Committees and Working Groups Articles 8 and 9 establish 19 committees and 4 Working groups. Together with the council itself and its secretariat the following (sub)organisations exist. Partnership Council Secretariat of the Partnership Council Trade Partnership Committee Trade Specialised Committee on Goods Trade Specialised Committee on Customs Cooperation and Rules of Origin Trade Specialised Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Trade Specialised Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Working Group on Organic Products Working Group on Motor Vehicles and Parts Working Group on Medicinal Products Trade Specialised Committee on Services, Investment and Digital Trade Trade Specialised Committee on Intellectual Property Trade Specialised Committee on Public Procurement Trade Specialised Committee on Regulatory Cooperation Trade Specialised Committee on Level Playing Field for Open and Fair Competition and Sustainable Development Trade Specialised Committee on Administrative Cooperation in VAT and Recovery of Taxes and Duties Specialised Committee on Energy Specialised Committee on Air Transport Specialised Committee on Aviation Safety Specialised Committee on Road Transport Specialised Committee on Social Security Coordination Working Group on Social Security Coordination Specialised Committee on Fisheries Specialised Committee on Law Enforcement and Judicial Cooperation Specialised Committee on Participation in Union Programmes Other bodies The following organisations have been established based on the institutional framework: EU–UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly EU–UK Civil Society Forum Functioning As of September 2022, 3 decisions of the Partnership Council and 1 of a specialized committee have been published. The first one was the extension of the final date of provisional application of the Trade and Cooperation agreement to 30 April 2021. Decision Entity Agreement Date Content Reference 1/2021 Partnership Council EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement 23 February 2021 Extension of ultimate date for provisional application from 28 February until 30 April 2021. 1/2021 Specialised Committee on Social Security Coordination EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement 29 October 2021 Amendment of the Annexes to the Protocol on Social Security Coordination. 2/2021 Partnership Council EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement 21 December 2021 Extension of ultimate date for deletion of Passenger Name Records until 31 December 2022. 1/2022 Partnership Council EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement 5 May 2022 Operation Guidelines of the Civil Society Forum. See also Delegation of the European Union to the United Kingdom European Court of Justice References ^ a b TCA Article 7 (Draft TCA, Article Inst.1), "Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part". 24 December 2020. ^ "COUNCIL DECISION on the signing, on behalf of the Union, and on provisional application of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part, and of the Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning security procedures for exchanging and protecting classified information". Council of the European Union. 28 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020. ^ Article INST.9-20 in the draft TCA. "Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part" (PDF). 24 December 2020. ^ a b "Notice concerning the provisional application of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part, of the Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning security procedures for exchanging and protecting classified information and of the Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the European Atomic Energy Community for Cooperation on the Safe and Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy". Official Journal of the European Union. 31 December 2020. ^ "Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on Security Procedures for Exchanging and Protecting Classified Information" (PDF). UK en EU. Retrieved 29 December 2020. ^ "Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning security procedures for exchanging and protecting classified information". Treaties and Agreements Database. Retrieved 14 September 2022. ^ "First meeting of the EU-UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly | News | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. 2022-11-05. Retrieved 2022-11-10. ^ "What is the UK-EU Parliamentary Partnership Assembly?". www.hansardsociety.org.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-10. ^ "UK-EU Parliamentary Partnership Assembly". ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/uk-eu-trade-and-cooperation-agreement-civil-society-forum ^ "The EU-UK Partnership Council decided, at the EU's request, to extend the provisional application of the agreement until 30 April 2021". 23 February 2021. ^ "Decision No 1/2021 of the Partnership Council established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part". Partnership Council. 23 February 2021. ^ "Decision No 1/2021 of the Specialised Committee established by Article 8(1)(p) of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part, of 29 October 2021 as regards the amendment of the Annexes to the Protocol on Social Security Coordination ". 1 December 2021. ^ "Decision No 2/2021 of the Partnership Council established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other partra of 21 December 2021 as regards the extension of the interim period during which the United Kingdom may derogate from the obligation to deleted Passenger Name Record data of passengers after their departure from the United Kingdom ". Official Journal of the European Union: L 467/6. 29 December 2021. ^ "Decision No 1/2022 of the Partnership Council established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part of 5 May 2022 as regards the adoption of operational guidelines for the conduct of the Civil Society Forum ". Official Journal of the European Union: L 467/6. 29 December 2021. External links Meeting page of the EU-UK institutions set up under the Trade and Cooperation Agreement
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EU-UK Joint Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU-UK_Joint_Committee"},{"link_name":"Joint Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_committee_(diplomatic)"},{"link_name":"provisional application","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_application_(treaty)"},{"link_name":"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCA-1"},{"link_name":"EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"UK government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_government"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCA920-3"}],"text":"This article is about the body established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement. For the body established by the Brexit withdrawal agreement, see EU-UK Joint Committee.The EU–UK Partnership Council is a Joint Committee established upon provisional application of the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement.[1] It has several governing tasks within the TCA and supplementing agreements between the UK and the EU (Articles 2 and 7.2). Each party to the agreement can refer to the Council any issue relating to the implementation, application and interpretation of the TCA. The council has – in the first years – the power to amend certain parts of the TCA \"provided that such amendments are necessary to correct errors, or to address omissions or other deficiencies\", and has the ability to delegate certain of its powers to the Trade Partnership Committee or to a Specialised Committee.The Council comprises representatives of the EU and of the UK, and is co-chaired by a member of the European Commission and a ministerial-level representative of the UK government. The draft EU Council decision on the signature of the TCA provides for the right of each member state to be represented in Partnership Council meetings as part of the EU delegation.[2] It meets at the request of the EU or the UK, and at least once a year, with the agenda set by mutual consent. The council is separate from the conflict handling mechanism through an arbitration procedure [3]","title":"EU–UK Partnership Council"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The council has a role in the TCA and other \"supplementing agreements\", unless otherwise provided. The agreements in which a role for the council is established are shown below:","title":"Agreements covered by the Council"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schema of the EU-UK institutional framework"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Secretariat","text":"The Secretariat will be composed of an official of the EU and an official of the Government of the UK. It will perform the tasks conferred in the Rules of Procedure;[citation needed] in particular, it will take care of the administrative tasks such as correspondence between the EU and UK, agendas and minutes. The official languages will be the official languages of the EU and the UK; the working language will be English.","title":"Schema of the EU-UK institutional framework"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rules of Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_Origin"},{"link_name":"Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_and_phytosanitary_measures_and_agreements"},{"link_name":"Technical Barriers to Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Barriers_to_Trade"},{"link_name":"Public Procurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Procurement"}],"sub_title":"Committees and Working Groups","text":"Articles 8 and 9 establish 19 committees and 4 Working groups. Together with the council itself and its secretariat the following (sub)organisations exist.Partnership Council\nSecretariat of the Partnership Council\nTrade Partnership Committee\nTrade Specialised Committee on Goods\nTrade Specialised Committee on Customs Cooperation and Rules of Origin\nTrade Specialised Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures\nTrade Specialised Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade\nWorking Group on Organic Products\nWorking Group on Motor Vehicles and Parts\nWorking Group on Medicinal Products\nTrade Specialised Committee on Services, Investment and Digital Trade\nTrade Specialised Committee on Intellectual Property\nTrade Specialised Committee on Public Procurement\nTrade Specialised Committee on Regulatory Cooperation\nTrade Specialised Committee on Level Playing Field for Open and Fair Competition and Sustainable Development\nTrade Specialised Committee on Administrative Cooperation in VAT and Recovery of Taxes and Duties\nSpecialised Committee on Energy\nSpecialised Committee on Air Transport\nSpecialised Committee on Aviation Safety\nSpecialised Committee on Road Transport\nSpecialised Committee on Social Security Coordination\nWorking Group on Social Security Coordination\nSpecialised Committee on Fisheries\nSpecialised Committee on Law Enforcement and Judicial Cooperation\nSpecialised Committee on Participation in Union Programmes","title":"Schema of the EU-UK institutional framework"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EU–UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Parliamentary_Partnership_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"EU–UK Civil Society Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EU%E2%80%93UK_Civil_Society_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Other bodies","text":"The following organisations have been established based on the institutional framework:EU–UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly[7][8][9]\nEU–UK Civil Society Forum[10]","title":"Schema of the EU-UK institutional framework"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-E210431-11"}],"text":"As of September 2022, 3 decisions of the Partnership Council and 1 of a specialized committee have been published. The first one was the extension of the final date of provisional application of the Trade and Cooperation agreement to 30 April 2021.[11]","title":"Functioning"}]
[]
[{"title":"Delegation of the European Union to the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegation_of_the_European_Union_to_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"European Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice"}]
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Council of the European Union. 28 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CONSIL:ST_13904_2020_INIT","url_text":"\"COUNCIL DECISION on the signing, on behalf of the Union, and on provisional application of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part, and of the Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning security procedures for exchanging and protecting classified information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part\" (PDF). 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/draft_eu-uk_trade_and_cooperation_agreement.pdf","url_text":"\"Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notice concerning the provisional application of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part, of the Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning security procedures for exchanging and protecting classified information and of the Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the European Atomic Energy Community for Cooperation on the Safe and Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy\". Official Journal of the European Union. 31 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A22021X0101%2801%29","url_text":"\"Notice concerning the provisional application of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part, of the Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning security procedures for exchanging and protecting classified information and of the Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the European Atomic Energy Community for Cooperation on the Safe and Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on Security Procedures for Exchanging and Protecting Classified Information\" (PDF). UK en EU. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/948107/EU_UK_Security_of_Information_Agreement_24.12.2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on Security Procedures for Exchanging and Protecting Classified Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning security procedures for exchanging and protecting classified information\". Treaties and Agreements Database. Retrieved 14 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2020038&DocLanguage=en","url_text":"\"Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning security procedures for exchanging and protecting classified information\""}]},{"reference":"\"First meeting of the EU-UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly | News | European Parliament\". www.europarl.europa.eu. 2022-11-05. Retrieved 2022-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20220509IPR29108/first-meeting-of-the-eu-uk-parliamentary-partnership-assembly","url_text":"\"First meeting of the EU-UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly | News | European Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is the UK-EU Parliamentary Partnership Assembly?\". www.hansardsociety.org.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/publications/briefings/parliamentary-partnership-assembly-ppa-uk-eu","url_text":"\"What is the UK-EU Parliamentary Partnership Assembly?\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK-EU Parliamentary Partnership Assembly\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/offices/delegations/uk-eu-parliamentary-partnership-assembly-delegation/","url_text":"\"UK-EU Parliamentary Partnership Assembly\""}]},{"reference":"\"The EU-UK Partnership Council decided, at the EU's request, to extend the provisional application of the agreement until 30 April 2021\". 23 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-uk-negotiations-on-the-future-relationship","url_text":"\"The EU-UK Partnership Council decided, at the EU's request, to extend the provisional application of the agreement until 30 April 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decision No 1/2021 of the Partnership Council established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part\". Partnership Council. 23 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/4ab31214-77d9-11eb-9ac9-01aa75ed71a1","url_text":"\"Decision No 1/2021 of the Partnership Council established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decision No 1/2021 of the Specialised Committee established by Article 8(1)(p) of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part, of 29 October 2021 as regards the amendment of the Annexes to the Protocol on Social Security Coordination [2021/2114]\". 1 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:22021D2114","url_text":"\"Decision No 1/2021 of the Specialised Committee established by Article 8(1)(p) of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part, of 29 October 2021 as regards the amendment of the Annexes to the Protocol on Social Security Coordination [2021/2114]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decision No 2/2021 of the Partnership Council established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other partra of 21 December 2021 as regards the extension of the interim period during which the United Kingdom may derogate from the obligation to deleted Passenger Name Record data of passengers after their departure from the United Kingdom [2021/2323]\". Official Journal of the European Union: L 467/6. 29 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.europa.eu/eli/dec/2021/2323/oj","url_text":"\"Decision No 2/2021 of the Partnership Council established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other partra of 21 December 2021 as regards the extension of the interim period during which the United Kingdom may derogate from the obligation to deleted Passenger Name Record data of passengers after their departure from the United Kingdom [2021/2323]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decision No 1/2022 of the Partnership Council established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part of 5 May 2022 as regards the adoption of operational guidelines for the conduct of the Civil Society Forum [2022/707]\". Official Journal of the European Union: L 467/6. 29 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2022/707/oj","url_text":"\"Decision No 1/2022 of the Partnership Council established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part of 5 May 2022 as regards the adoption of operational guidelines for the conduct of the Civil Society Forum [2022/707]\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JALways
JALways
["1 History","2 Corporate affairs","3 Destinations","4 Fleet","4.1 Fleet history","5 JAL Mileage Bank","6 Incidents and accidents","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Defunct charter airline of Japan (1990–2010) JALways株式会社ジャルウェイズKabushiki-gaisha Jaruweizu IATA ICAO Callsign JO JAZ JALWAYS Founded5 October 1990 (1990-10-05)(as Japan Air Charter)Commenced operations22 February 1991 (1991-02-22)Ceased operations1 December 2010 (2010-12-01)(re-integrated into Japan Airlines)HubsTokyo–HanedaTokyo–NaritaSecondary hubsOsaka–ItamiOsaka–KansaiFrequent-flyer programJAL Mileage BankAllianceOneworld (affiliate, 2007—2010)Parent companyJapan AirlinesHeadquartersNarita, Chiba, JapanKey peopleHiroshi Ikeda (President and CEO) JALways Co., Ltd. (JAZ) (株式会社ジャルウェイズ, Kabushiki-gaisha Jaruweizu), formerly Japan Air Charter Co., Ltd. (ジャパンエアチャーター株式会社, Japan Ea Chātā Kabushiki-gaisha), was an international airline registered in Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan, with its headquarters and its main hub at Narita International Airport. The airline had a secondary hub at Osaka's Kansai International Airport. Its operations included scheduled and non-scheduled international passenger services to 15 high-density low yield tourist destinations in nine countries using a fleet of Boeing only aircraft wet-leased from Japan Airlines. JALways was founded as Japan Air Charter on October 5, 1990 and began charter operations with a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 on February 22, 1991. The airline obtained a license to operate scheduled services on July 30, 1999 and operated its first scheduled passenger service on October 1. On the same day, the airline changed its name to JALways. In the fiscal year ended March 31, 1999, JALways, together with its sister airlines within the JAL Group, carried over 32 million passengers and over 1.1 million tons of cargo and mail. JALways was once a wholly owned subsidiary of Japan's flag carrier, Japan Airlines, but on December 1, 2010 its operations were merged into those of its parent company. History JAL Narita Operation Center - JALways's headquarters The airline was established on October 5, 1990, as Japan Air Charter Co., Ltd. (JAZ), an 80 percent-owned low-cost charter subsidiary of Japan Airlines (JAL), to operate leisure flights to Asia-Pacific resort destinations from regional airports in Japan; in response to a Ministry of Transport policy. JAZ obtained its aircraft from JAL; its cockpit crews were American contract pilots based in Hawaii and its cabin crews were hired and based in Bangkok, where it operates a cabin crew training centre. JAZ obtained license to operate non-scheduled services on February 22, 1991 and operated its first charter flight from Fukuoka to Honolulu with a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 on July 1. The airline celebrated its 100,000th passenger on July 9, 1993, in a ceremony held in Sendai. During the 1990s, JAL was hit by the effects of Japan's recession, increased foreign competition and the strengthening of the Japanese Yen, JAZ was given a new role to help reduce costs. The airline obtained the license to operate scheduled services on July 30, 1999 and would operate as a scheduled carrier on a wet-lease basis for JAL. It would operate on high-density low yield tourist routes in the Asia-Pacific region, particularly the Japan–Hawaii services; with a fleet of four McDonnell Douglas DC-10s and five Boeing 747s. On October 1, the airline changed its name to JALways Co., Ltd. and operated its first scheduled passenger service from Tokyo to Kona and Honolulu. JALways became a wholly owned subsidiary of Japan Airlines on March 9, 2001 through an exchange of shares. The change in ownership enabled JAL to consolidate and improve management and operational efficiency in the JAL Group's international passenger operations, part of the JAL Medium Term Corporate Plan 2000-2002. The airline introduced new uniforms for its cabin crew on April 1, 2005, and retired its last McDonnell Douglas DC-10 on October 31. JALways became an affiliate member of Oneworld on April 1, 2007, together with four of its sister airlines, in the alliance's biggest expansion in its young history. As part of the JAL Medium Term Corporate Plan for 2005–2007, announced on March 10, 2005, the JAL Group accelerated the retirement of older Boeing 747 aircraft. The airline operated its last Boeing 747-300 Classic Jumbo Jet as JALways Flight 73 from Honolulu to Tokyo on July 30, 2009; after 26 years of service to the airline group. The aircraft was draped in a giant Hawaiian lei before departure at Honolulu International Airport; and the day was declared as "Japan Airlines Classic Jumbo Jet Day" by the State of Hawaii Governor Linda Lingle and Lt. Governor Duke Aiona The aircraft was met on arrival in Tokyo by the "Father of the 747", Mr Joseph F. "Joe" Sutter. A sell-out commemorative flight flew fans of the Boeing 747-300 Classic Jumbo Jet from Tokyo (Haneda) to Shimojishima on a round-trip day tour on July 5, 2009. In May 2009, it was reported that the airline terminated the assignments of 130 American contract Hawaii-based Boeing 747 pilots and closed its Oahu office. Japan-based JAL cockpit crew now operates the five daily flights previously operated by the JALways crew. Corporate affairs Prior to closing, its headquarters were on the third floor of the Japan Airlines Narita Operation Center (日本航空成田オペレーションセンター, Nihon Kōkū Narita Operēshon Sentā) at Narita International Airport in Narita, Chiba Prefecture and its main hub at Narita International Airport. Previously its headquarters were on the 23rd floor of the Spheretower Tennoz (スフィアタワー天王洲 Sufiatawā Tennōzu) in Higashi-Shinagawa, Shinagawa, Tokyo. Destinations Until November 30, 2010, JALways operated scheduled services to 12 international and 3 domestic destinations in 9 countries in 3 continents. Fleet JALways Boeing 747-300 JALways operated a fleet of Boeing 747-400, Boeing 767 and Boeing 777-200 aircraft, wet-leased from its parent, Japan Airlines. Fleet history Aircraft that has been in service with JALways are (in alphabetical order): Boeing 747-100 (JA8128) Boeing 747-200 Boeing 747-300 McDonnell Douglas DC-10 JAL Mileage Bank Main article: JAL Mileage Bank JAL Mileage Bank (JMB) is the travel rewards program of JAL Group, including Japan Airlines, JALways, JAL Express, Japan Transocean Air, Japan Air Commuter, Hokkaido Air System and Ryukyu Air Commuter. Incidents and accidents On August 12, 2005, JALways Flight 58 operated by a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 from Fukuoka to Honolulu experienced left-wing engine trouble shortly after takeoff. The aircraft immediately returned to Fukuoka Airport. Some engine parts fell on the Sharyo district of Fukuoka and several people were slightly injured and parked car windscreens damaged. See also Tokyo portalCompanies portalAviation portal Air transport in Japan List of airports in Japan List of Japanese companies Transport in Japan References ^ 特別なお知らせ "Special News from JALways" (in Japanese) ^ a b c d e "Company Profile - History". JALways. Retrieved 2009-09-08. ^ a b "JAL's Low Cost Charter Subsidiary Reborn as Scheduled Airline - JALways" (Press release). Japan Airlines. 1999-06-25. Retrieved 2009-09-08. ^ a b c d "J-Air" (PDF). Flight International. Reed Business Information. 2004-03-23. p. 89. Retrieved 2009-09-12. ^ "JAL Changes 80% Owned Airline Subsidiary "JALways" to 100% Ownership" (Press release). Japan Airlines. 2001-01-17. Retrieved 2009-09-08. ^ "Japan Airlines". ATW Daily News. Penton Media. 2007-04-03. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2009-09-12. ^ "JAL Medium Term Corporate Plan for 2005-2007" (PDF) (Press release). Japan Airlines. 2005-03-10. p. 4. Retrieved 2009-09-08. ^ a b "JAL Retires Last 747 Classics" (Press release). Japan Airlines. 2009-07-30. Retrieved 2009-09-08. ^ "Japan Airlines subsidiary JALways". ATW Daily News. Penton Media. 2009-05-11. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2009-09-12. ^ "Company Profile" () JALways. Retrieved on December 12, 2009. "Registered Office 4-11, Higashi-Shinagawa 2-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan Head Office Japan Airlines Narita Operation Center 3F, Narita International Airport, Narita, Chiba, Japan 282-8610" Japanese address (Archive): Registered office: "本店所在地 東京都品川区東品川2丁目4番11号" Headquarters: 〒282-8610 千葉県成田市成田国際空港内　日本航空成田オペレーションセンター3階." ^ "Company Profile" (). JALways. April 26, 2008. Retrieved on January 19, 2014. "Head Office Spheretower Tennoz 23F, 2-8, Higashi-Shinagawa 2-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan 140-0002" Japanese address (Archive): "本社事業所 〒140-0002 東京都品川区東品川2丁目2番8号 スフィアタワー天王洲23階" ^ "Timetable - September 1, 2009 - October 24, 2009 - Hawaii, Oceania and Guam" (PDF). Japan Airlines. 2009-08-05. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2012. Retrieved 2009-09-08. ^ "Engine Trouble on JALways Flight 58" (Press release). Japan Airlines. Archived from the original on 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2009-08-19. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to JALways. Official website Japan Airlines JALways Pilot Association vteJAL GroupInternational Japan Airlines Regional Hokkaido Air System J-Air Japan Air Commuter Japan Transocean Air Ryukyu Air Commuter LCC Jetstar Japan Spring Airlines Japan Zipair Tokyo Former Japan Airlines Domestic Japan Asia Airways JAL Express JALways HistoryJAL accidents and incidents Flight 301 (1952) Flight 2 (1968) Flight 351 (1970) Flight 471 (1972) Flight 472 (1972) Flight 446 (1972) Flight 404 (1973) Food poisoning incident (1975) Flight 1045 (1977) Flight 715 (1977) Flight 472 (1977) Flight 350 (1982) Flight 792 (1982) Flight 123 (1985) Flight 1628 incident (1986) Flight 46E (1993) Flights 907 and 958 (2001) Flight 516 (2024) Services JAL destinations People Kazuo Inamori vteMembers of OneworldCurrent membersFounding members American Airlines British Airways Cathay Pacific Qantas Full members Alaska Airlines Finnair Iberia Japan Airlines Malaysia Airlines Qatar Airways Royal Air Maroc Royal Jordanian SriLankan Airlines Affiliate members American Eagle BA CityFlyer Hokkaido Air System Horizon Air Iberia Express Iberia Regional J-Air Japan Air Commuter Japan Transocean Air Nordic Regional Airlines QantasLink Royal Air Maroc Express SkyWest Airlines Sun-Air Oneworld Connect members Fiji Airways Future members Oman Air Former members Aer Lingus Air Berlin Canadian Airlines International LATAM Malév Mexicana Suspended members S7 Airlines vteMembers of the International Air Transport AssociationAfrica and the Middle East Region Africa World Airlines AfriJet Air Algérie Air Arabia Air Botswana Air Burkina Air Cairo Air Madagascar Air Mauritius Air Peace Air Seychelles Air Tanzania Airlink Allied Air AlMasria Universal Airlines ASKY Airlines Badr Airlines Camair-Co Congo Airways DHL International Aviation ME Egyptair Emirates Ethiopian Airlines Etihad Airways Fly Baghdad Flydubai FlyEgypt Flynas Gulf Air Iran Air Iran Airtour Iran Aseman Airlines Jazeera Airways Jordan Aviation Kam Air Kenya Airways 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International Airlines Ural Airlines Utair Uzbekistan Airways Virgin Atlantic Volotea Vueling Wamos Air White Airways Widerøe World2Fly The Americas Region ABX Air Aerolíneas Argentinas Aeromar Aeroméxico Air Canada Air Transat Alaska Airlines American Airlines Atlas Air Avianca Avianca Costa Rica Avianca Ecuador Avianca El Salvador Azul Brazilian Airlines Bahamasair Boliviana de Aviación Cargojet Caribbean Airlines Copa Airlines Copa Airlines Colombia (Aero República) Cubana de Aviación Delta Air Lines Eastern Airlines FedEx Express Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes Hawaiian Airlines JetBlue LATAM Airlines Group LATAM Brasil LATAM Cargo Brasil LATAM Cargo Chile LATAM Colombia LATAM Ecuador LATAM Paraguay LATAM Perú Mas Air National Airlines Paranair Polar Air Cargo Ravn Alaska Sky Airline United Airlines UPS Airlines Voepass Linhas Aéreas Volaris WestJet vteAirlines of JapanMajor airlines All Nippon Airways (ANA) Japan Airlines (JAL) (Flag carrier) Regional airlines RegionalPlus Wings  Air Do Solaseed Air Amakusa Airlines ANA Group ANA Wings Fuji Dream Airlines Ibex Airlines JAL Group Hokkaido Air System J-Air Japan Air Commuter Japan Transocean Air Ryukyu Air Commuter New Central Airservice New Japan Aviation Oriental Air Bridge StarFlyer Toki Air Low-cost airlines ANA Group Air Japan Peach JAL Group Jetstar Japan Spring Airlines Japan Zipair Tokyo Skymark Airlines Helicopter airlines Toho Air Service Cargo airlines Nippon Cargo Airlines Yamato Transport (ja:ヤマト運輸#航空貨物輸送) Defunct airlines AirAsia Japan airtransse Air Central (Nakanihon Air Service) Air Hokkaido Air Next Air Nippon Air Nippon Network ANA & JP Express Fujita Airlines Galaxy Airlines (Japan) Harlequin Air Imperial Japanese Airways JAL Express JALways Japan Air System Japan Air Transport Japan Airlines Domestic Japan Asia Airways Japan Domestic Airlines Kansai Airlines Kyokushin Air Link Airs Orange Cargo Toa Airways Vanilla Air List of airline holding companies
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline"},{"link_name":"Shinagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinagawa,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters"},{"link_name":"main hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_hub"},{"link_name":"Narita International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narita_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Kansai International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"passenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"wet-leased","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_lease#Wet_lease"},{"link_name":"Japan Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlines"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10"},{"link_name":"fiscal year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year"},{"link_name":"million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million"},{"link_name":"tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton"},{"link_name":"mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"flag carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_carrier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Defunct charter airline of Japan (1990–2010)JALways Co., Ltd. (JAZ) (株式会社ジャルウェイズ, Kabushiki-gaisha Jaruweizu), formerly Japan Air Charter Co., Ltd. (ジャパンエアチャーター株式会社, Japan Ea Chātā Kabushiki-gaisha), was an international airline registered in Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan, with its headquarters and its main hub at Narita International Airport. The airline had a secondary hub at Osaka's Kansai International Airport. Its operations included scheduled and non-scheduled international passenger services to 15 high-density low yield tourist destinations in nine countries using a fleet of Boeing only aircraft wet-leased from Japan Airlines.JALways was founded as Japan Air Charter on October 5, 1990 and began charter operations with a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 on February 22, 1991. The airline obtained a license to operate scheduled services on July 30, 1999 and operated its first scheduled passenger service on October 1. On the same day, the airline changed its name to JALways. In the fiscal year ended March 31, 1999, JALways, together with its sister airlines within the JAL Group, carried over 32 million passengers and over 1.1 million tons of cargo and mail.JALways was once a wholly owned subsidiary of Japan's flag carrier, Japan Airlines, but on December 1, 2010 its operations were merged into those of its parent company.[1]","title":"JALways"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JAL_Narita_Operation_Center_Building.JPG"},{"link_name":"airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline"},{"link_name":"charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_airline"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"Japan Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Asia-Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"cockpit crews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"cabin crews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_attendant"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10"},{"link_name":"passenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger"},{"link_name":"Sendai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JALways-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI040323-4"},{"link_name":"recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession"},{"link_name":"Japanese Yen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Yen"},{"link_name":"wet-lease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_lease#Wet_lease"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"Kona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailua,_Hawaii_County,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JALways-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI040323-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-2"},{"link_name":"Oneworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneworld"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian lei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_(Hawaii)"},{"link_name":"Honolulu International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"State of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Governor Linda Lingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Lingle"},{"link_name":"Lt. Governor Duke Aiona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Aiona"},{"link_name":"Mr Joseph F. \"Joe\" Sutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Sutter"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B743-8"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"Oahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"JAL Narita Operation Center - JALways's headquartersThe airline was established on October 5, 1990, as Japan Air Charter Co., Ltd. (JAZ), an 80 percent-owned low-cost charter subsidiary of Japan Airlines (JAL), to operate leisure flights to Asia-Pacific resort destinations from regional airports in Japan; in response to a Ministry of Transport policy. JAZ obtained its aircraft from JAL; its cockpit crews were American contract pilots based in Hawaii and its cabin crews were hired and based in Bangkok, where it operates a cabin crew training centre. JAZ obtained license to operate non-scheduled services on February 22, 1991 and operated its first charter flight from Fukuoka to Honolulu with a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 on July 1. The airline celebrated its 100,000th passenger on July 9, 1993, in a ceremony held in Sendai.[2][3][4]During the 1990s, JAL was hit by the effects of Japan's recession, increased foreign competition and the strengthening of the Japanese Yen, JAZ was given a new role to help reduce costs. The airline obtained the license to operate scheduled services on July 30, 1999 and would operate as a scheduled carrier on a wet-lease basis for JAL. It would operate on high-density low yield tourist routes in the Asia-Pacific region, particularly the Japan–Hawaii services; with a fleet of four McDonnell Douglas DC-10s and five Boeing 747s. On October 1, the airline changed its name to JALways Co., Ltd. and operated its first scheduled passenger service from Tokyo to Kona and Honolulu.[2][3][4]JALways became a wholly owned subsidiary of Japan Airlines on March 9, 2001 through an exchange of shares. The change in ownership enabled JAL to consolidate and improve management and operational efficiency in the JAL Group's international passenger operations, part of the JAL Medium Term Corporate Plan 2000-2002.[5] The airline introduced new uniforms for its cabin crew on April 1, 2005, and retired its last McDonnell Douglas DC-10 on October 31.[2] JALways became an affiliate member of Oneworld on April 1, 2007, together with four of its sister airlines, in the alliance's biggest expansion in its young history.[6]As part of the JAL Medium Term Corporate Plan for 2005–2007, announced on March 10, 2005, the JAL Group accelerated the retirement of older Boeing 747 aircraft. The airline operated its last Boeing 747-300 Classic Jumbo Jet as JALways Flight 73 from Honolulu to Tokyo on July 30, 2009; after 26 years of service to the airline group. The aircraft was draped in a giant Hawaiian lei before departure at Honolulu International Airport; and the day was declared as \"Japan Airlines Classic Jumbo Jet Day\" by the State of Hawaii Governor Linda Lingle and Lt. Governor Duke Aiona The aircraft was met on arrival in Tokyo by the \"Father of the 747\", Mr Joseph F. \"Joe\" Sutter. A sell-out commemorative flight flew fans of the Boeing 747-300 Classic Jumbo Jet from Tokyo (Haneda) to Shimojishima on a round-trip day tour on July 5, 2009.[7][8]In May 2009, it was reported that the airline terminated the assignments of 130 American contract Hawaii-based Boeing 747 pilots and closed its Oahu office. Japan-based JAL cockpit crew now operates the five daily flights previously operated by the JALways crew.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters"},{"link_name":"Narita International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narita_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Narita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narita,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Chiba Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"main hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_hub"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Higashi-Shinagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Higashi-Shinagawa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shinagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinagawa,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Prior to closing, its headquarters were on the third floor of the Japan Airlines Narita Operation Center (日本航空成田オペレーションセンター, Nihon Kōkū Narita Operēshon Sentā) at Narita International Airport in Narita, Chiba Prefecture and its main hub at Narita International Airport.[10]Previously its headquarters were on the 23rd floor of the Spheretower Tennoz (スフィアタワー天王洲 Sufiatawā Tennōzu) in Higashi-Shinagawa, Shinagawa, Tokyo.[11]","title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Until November 30, 2010, JALways operated scheduled services to 12 international and 3 domestic destinations in 9 countries in 3 continents.","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JALways_B747-436SR_(JA8187)_departing_Tokyo_International_Airport.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-400"},{"link_name":"Boeing 767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_767"},{"link_name":"Boeing 777-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777"},{"link_name":"wet-leased","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_lease#Wet_lease"},{"link_name":"Japan Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"JALways Boeing 747-300JALways operated a fleet of Boeing 747-400, Boeing 767 and Boeing 777-200 aircraft, wet-leased from its parent, Japan Airlines.[12]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing 747-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-100"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-200"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-2"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-300"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI040323-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B743-8"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI040323-4"}],"sub_title":"Fleet history","text":"Aircraft that has been in service with JALways are (in alphabetical order):Boeing 747-100 (JA8128)\nBoeing 747-200[2]\nBoeing 747-300[4][8]\nMcDonnell Douglas DC-10[2][4]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlines"},{"link_name":"JAL Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAL_Express"},{"link_name":"Japan Transocean Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Transocean_Air"},{"link_name":"Japan Air Commuter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Air_Commuter"},{"link_name":"Hokkaido Air System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido_Air_System"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu Air Commuter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Air_Commuter"}],"text":"JAL Mileage Bank (JMB) is the travel rewards program of JAL Group, including Japan Airlines, JALways, JAL Express, Japan Transocean Air, Japan Air Commuter, Hokkaido Air System and Ryukyu Air Commuter.","title":"JAL Mileage Bank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_Airport"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"On August 12, 2005, JALways Flight 58 operated by a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 from Fukuoka to Honolulu experienced left-wing engine trouble shortly after takeoff. The aircraft immediately returned to Fukuoka Airport. Some engine parts fell on the Sharyo district of Fukuoka and several people were slightly injured and parked car windscreens damaged.[13]","title":"Incidents and accidents"}]
[{"image_text":"JAL Narita Operation Center - JALways's headquarters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/JAL_Narita_Operation_Center_Building.JPG/220px-JAL_Narita_Operation_Center_Building.JPG"},{"image_text":"JALways Boeing 747-300","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JALways_B747-436SR_%28JA8187%29_departing_Tokyo_International_Airport.jpg/220px-JALways_B747-436SR_%28JA8187%29_departing_Tokyo_International_Airport.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Company Profile - History\". JALways. Retrieved 2009-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jalways.co.jp/english/company/history.html","url_text":"\"Company Profile - History\""}]},{"reference":"\"JAL's Low Cost Charter Subsidiary Reborn as Scheduled Airline - JALways\" (Press release). Japan Airlines. 1999-06-25. Retrieved 2009-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jal.com/en/press/1999/062501/062501.html","url_text":"\"JAL's Low Cost Charter Subsidiary Reborn as Scheduled Airline - JALways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlines","url_text":"Japan Airlines"}]},{"reference":"\"J-Air\" (PDF). Flight International. Reed Business Information. 2004-03-23. p. 89. Retrieved 2009-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200211.html","url_text":"\"J-Air\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Business_Information","url_text":"Reed Business Information"}]},{"reference":"\"JAL Changes 80% Owned Airline Subsidiary \"JALways\" to 100% Ownership\" (Press release). Japan Airlines. 2001-01-17. Retrieved 2009-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jal.com/en/press/2001/011701/011701.html","url_text":"\"JAL Changes 80% Owned Airline Subsidiary \"JALways\" to 100% Ownership\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlines","url_text":"Japan Airlines"}]},{"reference":"\"Japan Airlines\". ATW Daily News. Penton Media. 2007-04-03. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2009-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120718053503/http://www.atwonline.com/news/story.html?storyID=8442","url_text":"\"Japan Airlines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penton_Media","url_text":"Penton Media"},{"url":"http://www.atwonline.com/news/story.html?storyID=8442","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JAL Medium Term Corporate Plan for 2005-2007\" (PDF) (Press release). Japan Airlines. 2005-03-10. p. 4. Retrieved 2009-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jal.com/en/press/0000020/img/CORPLAN%20MAR%2010%202005.pdf","url_text":"\"JAL Medium Term Corporate Plan for 2005-2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlines","url_text":"Japan Airlines"}]},{"reference":"\"JAL Retires Last 747 Classics\" (Press release). Japan Airlines. 2009-07-30. Retrieved 2009-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://press.jal.co.jp/en/release/200907/001271.html","url_text":"\"JAL Retires Last 747 Classics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlines","url_text":"Japan Airlines"}]},{"reference":"\"Japan Airlines subsidiary JALways\". ATW Daily News. Penton Media. 2009-05-11. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2009-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120718221858/http://www.atwonline.com/news/story.html?storyID=16572","url_text":"\"Japan Airlines subsidiary JALways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penton_Media","url_text":"Penton Media"},{"url":"http://www.atwonline.com/news/story.html?storyID=16572","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Timetable - September 1, 2009 - October 24, 2009 - Hawaii, Oceania and Guam\" (PDF). Japan Airlines. 2009-08-05. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2012. Retrieved 2009-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120112104252/http://www.jal.co.jp/inter/time/pdf/hawaii0901_1024.pdf","url_text":"\"Timetable - September 1, 2009 - October 24, 2009 - Hawaii, Oceania and Guam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlines","url_text":"Japan Airlines"},{"url":"http://www.jal.co.jp/inter/time/pdf/hawaii0901_1024.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Engine Trouble on JALways Flight 58\" (Press release). Japan Airlines. Archived from the original on 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2009-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080914161214/http://www.jal.com/en/safety/info/info4.html","url_text":"\"Engine Trouble on JALways Flight 58\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlines","url_text":"Japan Airlines"},{"url":"http://www.jal.com/en/safety/info/info4.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience_movement
Salt March
["1 Civil disobedience movement","2 Choice of salt as protest focus","3 Satyagraha","4 Preparing to march","5 March to Dandi","6 First 78 Marchers","7 Mass civil disobedience","7.1 Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre","7.2 Vedaranyam salt march","7.3 Women in civil disobedience","7.4 Impact","8 Dharasana Satyagraha and aftermath","9 Long-term effect","10 Re-enactment in 2005","11 Memorial","12 March Route","13 See also","14 References","14.1 Citations","14.2 Cited sources","15 Further reading","16 External links"]
1930 Indian protest led by Mahatma Gandhi Salt MarchGandhi leading his followers on the famous Salt March to abolish the British salt laws.Date12 March 1930 – 6 April 1930LocationSabarmati, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, IndiaAlso known asDandi Salt March, Dandi Salt SatyagrahaParticipantsMahatma Gandhi and 78 others The Salt march, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, Dandi March, and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India, led by Mahatma Gandhi. The 24-day march lasted from 12 March 1930 to 6 April 1930 as a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly. Another reason for this march was that the Civil Disobedience Movement needed a strong inauguration that would inspire more people to follow Gandhi's example. Gandhi started this march with 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march spanned 387 kilometres (240 mi), from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, which was called Navsari at that time (now in the state of Gujarat). Growing numbers of Indians joined them along the way. When Gandhi broke the British Raj salt laws at 8:30 am on 6 April 1930, it sparked large-scale acts of civil disobedience against the salt laws by millions of Indians. After making the salt by evaporation at Dandi, Gandhi continued southward along the coast, making salt and addressing meetings on the way. The Congress Party planned to stage a satyagraha at the Dharasana Salt Works, 40 km (25 mi) south of Dandi. However, Gandhi was arrested on the midnight of 4–5 May 1930, just days before the planned action at Dharasana. The Dandi March and the ensuing Dharasana Satyagraha drew worldwide attention to the Indian independence movement through extensive newspaper and newsreel coverage. The satyagraha against the salt tax continued for almost a year, ending with Gandhi's release from jail and negotiations with Viceroy Lord Irwin at the Second Round Table Conference. Although over 60,000 Indians were jailed as a result of the Salt Satyagraha, the British did not make immediate major concessions. The Salt Satyagraha campaign was based upon Gandhi's principles of non-violent protest called satyagraha, which he loosely translated as "truth-force". Literally, it is formed from the Sanskrit words satya, "truth", and agraha, "insistence". In early 1920 the Indian National Congress chose satyagraha as their main tactic for winning Indian sovereignty and self-rule from British rule and appointed Gandhi to organise the campaign. Gandhi chose the 1882 British Salt Act as the first target of satyagraha. The Salt March to Dandi, and the beating by the colonial police of hundreds of nonviolent protesters in Dharasana, which received worldwide news coverage, demonstrated the effective use of civil disobedience as a technique for fighting against social and political injustice. The satyagraha teachings of Gandhi and the March to Dandi had a significant influence on American activists Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel, and others during the Civil Rights Movement for civil rights for African Americans and other minority groups in the 1960s. The march was the most significant organised challenge to British authority since the Non-cooperation movement of 1920–22, and directly followed the Purna Swaraj declaration of sovereignty and self-rule by the Indian National Congress on 26 January 1930 by celebrating Independence Day. It gained worldwide attention which gave impetus to the Indian independence movement and started the nationwide Civil Disobedience Movement which continued until 1934 in Gujarat. Civil disobedience movement Mahatma Gandhi, Mithuben Petit, and Sarojini Naidu during the March. At midnight on 31 December 1929, the INC (Indian National Congress) raised the triple color flag of India on the banks of the Ravi at Lahore. The Indian National Congress, led by Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, publicly issued the Declaration of Sovereignty and Self-rule, or Purna Swaraj, on 26 January 1930. (Literally in Sanskrit, purna, "complete," swa, "self," raj, "rule," so therefore "complete self-rule") The declaration included the readiness to withhold taxes, and the statement: We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities for growth. We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it. The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete sovereignty and self-rule. The Congress Working Committee gave Gandhi the responsibility for organising the first act of civil disobedience, with Congress itself ready to take charge after Gandhi's expected arrest. Gandhi's plan was to begin civil disobedience with a satyagraha aimed at the British salt tax. The 1882 Salt Act gave the British a monopoly on the collection and manufacture of salt, limiting its handling to government salt depots and levying a salt tax. Violation of the Salt Act was a criminal offence. Even though salt was freely available to those living on the coast (by evaporation of sea water), Indians were forced to buy it from the colonial government. Choice of salt as protest focus Initially, Gandhi's choice of the salt tax was met with incredulity by the Working Committee of the Congress, Jawaharlal Nehru and Divyalochan Sahu were ambivalent; Sardar Patel suggested a land revenue boycott instead. The Statesman, a prominent newspaper, wrote about the choice: "It is difficult not to laugh, and we imagine that will be the mood of most thinking Indians." The British colonial administration too was not disturbed by these plans of resistance against the salt tax. The Viceroy himself, Lord Irwin, did not take the threat of a salt protest seriously, writing to London, "At present, the prospect of a salt campaign does not keep me awake at night." However, Gandhi had sound reasons for his decision. An item of daily use could resonate more with all classes of citizens than an abstract demand for greater political rights. The salt tax represented 8.2% of the British Raj tax revenue, and hurt the poorest Indians the most significantly. Explaining his choice, Gandhi said, "Next to air and water, salt is perhaps the greatest necessity of life." In contrast to the other leaders, the prominent Congress statesman and future Governor-General of India, C. Rajagopalachari, understood Gandhi's viewpoint. In a public meeting at Tuticorin, he said: Suppose, a people rise in revolt. They cannot attack the abstract constitution or lead an army against proclamations and statutes ... Civil disobedience has to be directed against the salt tax or the land tax or some other particular point – not that; that is our final end, but for the time being it is our aim, and we must shoot straight. Gandhi felt that this protest would dramatise Purna Swaraj in a way that was meaningful to every Indian. He also reasoned that it would build unity between Hindus and Muslims by fighting a wrong that touched them equally. After the protest gathered steam, the leaders realised the power of salt as a symbol. Nehru remarked about the unprecedented popular response, "it seemed as though a spring had been suddenly released." Satyagraha Main article: Satyagraha Gandhi had a long-standing commitment to nonviolent civil disobedience, which he termed satyagraha, as the basis for achieving Indian sovereignty and self-rule. Referring to the relationship between Satyagraha and Purna Swaraj, Gandhi saw "an inviolable connection between the means and the end as there is between the seed and the tree". He wrote, "If the means employed are impure, the change will not be in the direction of progress but very likely in the opposite. Only a change brought about in our political condition by pure means can lead to real progress." Satyagraha is a synthesis of the Sanskrit words Satya (truth) and Agraha (insistence on). For Gandhi, satyagraha went far beyond mere "passive resistance" and became strength in practicing nonviolent methods. In his words: Truth (satya) implies love, and firmness (agraha) engenders and therefore serves as a synonym for force. I thus began to call the Indian movement Satyagraha, that is to say, the Force which is born of Truth and Love or nonviolence, and gave up the use of the phrase "passive resistance", in connection with it, so much so that even in English writing we often avoided it and used instead the word "satyagraha" ... His first significant attempt in India at leading mass satyagraha was the non-cooperation movement from 1920 to 1922. Even though it succeeded in raising millions of Indians in protest against the British-created Rowlatt Act, violence broke out at Chauri Chaura, where a mob killed 22 unarmed policemen. Gandhi suspended the protest, against the opposition of other Congress members. He decided that Indians were not yet ready for successful nonviolent resistance. The Bardoli Satyagraha in 1928 was much more successful. It succeeded in paralysing the British government and winning significant concessions. More importantly, due to extensive press coverage, it scored a propaganda victory out of all proportion to its size. Gandhi later claimed that success at Bardoli confirmed his belief in satyagraha and Swaraj: "It is only gradually that we shall come to know the importance of the victory gained at Bardoli ... Bardoli has shown the way and cleared it. Swaraj lies on that route, and that alone is the cure ..." Gandhi recruited heavily from the Bardoli Satyagraha participants for the Dandi march, which passed through many of the same villages that took part in the Bardoli protests. This revolt gained momentum and had support from all parts of India. Preparing to march On 5 February, newspapers reported that Gandhi would begin civil disobedience by defying the salt laws. The salt satyagraha would begin on 12 March and end in Dandi with Gandhi breaking the Salt Act on 6 April. Gandhi chose 6 April to launch the mass breaking of the salt laws for a symbolic reason – it was the first day of "National Week", begun in 1919 when Gandhi conceived of the national hartal (strike) against the Rowlatt Act. Gandhi prepared the worldwide media for the march by issuing regular statements from the Ashram, at his regular prayer meetings, and through direct contact with the press. Expectations were heightened by his repeated statements anticipating arrest, and his increasingly dramatic language as the hour approached: "We are entering upon a life and death struggle, a holy war; we are performing an all-embracing sacrifice in which we wish to offer ourselves as an oblation." Correspondents from dozens of Indian, European, and American newspapers, along with film companies, responded to the drama and began covering the event. For the march itself, Gandhi wanted the strictest discipline and adherence to satyagraha and ahimsa. For that reason, he recruited the marchers not from Congress Party members, but from the residents of his own ashram, who were trained in Gandhi's strict standards of discipline. The 24-day march would pass through 4 districts and 48 villages. The route of the march, along with each evening's stopping place, was planned based on recruitment potential, past contacts, and timing. Gandhi sent scouts to each village ahead of the march so he could plan his talks at each resting place, based on the needs of the local residents. Events at each village were scheduled and publicised in Indian and foreign press. On 2 March 1930 Gandhi wrote to the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, offering to stop the march if Irwin met eleven demands, including reduction of land revenue assessments, cutting military spending, imposing a tariff on foreign cloth, and abolishing the salt tax. His strongest appeal to Irwin regarded the salt tax: If my letter makes no appeal to your heart, on the eleventh day of this month I shall proceed with such co-workers of the Ashram as I can take, to disregard the provisions of the Salt Laws. I regard this tax to be the most iniquitous of all from the poor man's standpoint. As the sovereignty and self-rule movement is essentially for the poorest in the land, the beginning will be made with this evil. As mentioned earlier, the Viceroy held any prospect of a "salt protest" in disdain. After he ignored the letter and refused to meet with Gandhi, the march was set in motion. Gandhi remarked, "On bended knees, I asked for bread and I have received stone instead." The eve of the march brought thousands of Indians to Sabarmati to hear Gandhi speak at the regular evening prayer. American academic writing for The Nation reported that "60,000 persons gathered on the bank of the river to hear Gandhi's call to arms. This call to arms was perhaps the most remarkable call to war that has ever been made." March to Dandi Original footage of Gandhi and his followers marching to Dandi in the Salt Satyagraha On 12 March 1930, Gandhi and 78 satyagrahis, among whom were men belonging to almost every region, caste, creed, and religion of India, set out on foot for the coastal village of Dandi in Navsari district of Gujarat, 385 km from their starting point at Sabarmati Ashram. The Salt March was also called the White Flowing River because all the people were joining the procession wearing white Khadi. According to The Statesman, the official government newspaper which usually played down the size of crowds at Gandhi's functions, 100,000 people crowded the road that separated Sabarmati from Ahmedabad. The first day's march of 21 km ended in the village of Aslali, where Gandhi spoke to a crowd of about 4,000. At Aslali, and the other villages that the march passed through, volunteers collected donations, registered new satyagrahis, and received resignations from village officials who chose to end co-operation with British rule. As they entered each village, crowds greeted the marchers, beating drums and cymbals. Gandhi gave speeches attacking the salt tax as inhuman, and the salt satyagraha as a "poor man's struggle". Each night they slept in the open. The only thing that was asked of the villagers was food and water to wash with. Gandhi felt that this would bring the poor into the struggle for sovereignty and self-rule, necessary for eventual victory. Thousands of satyagrahis and leaders like Sarojini Naidu joined him. Every day, more and more people joined the march, until the procession of marchers became at least 3 km long. To keep up their spirits, the marchers used to sing the Hindu Bhajan Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram while walking. At Surat, they were greeted by 30,000 people. When they reached the railhead at Dandi, more than 50,000 were gathered. Gandhi gave interviews and wrote articles along the way. Foreign journalists and three Bombay cinema companies shooting newsreel footage turned Gandhi into a household name in Europe and America (at the end of 1930, Time magazine made him "Man of the Year"). The New York Times wrote almost daily about the Salt March, including two front-page articles on 6 and 7 April. Near the end of the march, Gandhi declared, "I want world sympathy in this battle of right against might." Upon arriving at the seashore on 5 April, Gandhi was interviewed by an Associated Press reporter. He stated: I cannot withhold my compliments from the government for the policy of complete non interference adopted by them throughout the march .... I wish I could believe this non-interference was due to any real change of heart or policy. The wanton disregard shown by them to popular feeling in the Legislative Assembly and their high-handed action leave no room for doubt that the policy of heartless exploitation of India is to be persisted in at any cost, and so the only interpretation I can put upon this non-interference is that the British Government, powerful though it is, is sensitive to world opinion which will not tolerate repression of extreme political agitation which civil disobedience undoubtedly is, so long as disobedience remains civil and therefore necessarily non-violent .... It remains to be seen whether the Government will tolerate as they have tolerated the march, the actual breach of the salt laws by countless people from tomorrow. Mahatma Gandhi at Dandi Beach 6 April 1930. Standing behind him is his second son Manilal Gandhi and Mithuben Petit. The following morning, after a prayer, Gandhi raised a lump of salty mud and declared, "With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire." He then boiled it in seawater, producing illegal salt. He implored his thousands of followers to likewise begin making salt along the seashore, "wherever it is convenient" and to instruct villagers in making illegal, but necessary, salt. The others followed him and Sarojini Naidu addressing Gandhi, shouted 'Hail, law breaker'. In a letter to her daughter, Naidu remarked:The little law breaker is sitting in a state of ‘Maun’ writing his article of triumph for Young India and I am stretched on a hard bench at the open window of a huge room that has 6 windows open to the sea breeze. As far as the eye can see there is a little Army – thousands of pilgrims who have been pouring in since yesterday to this otherwise deserted and exceedingly primitive village of fishermen.After the Gandhi broke the salt laws, about 700 telegrams were sent out from the post office nearest to Dandi, at Jalalpur. Most of them were by the journalists, who were there to break this news. First 78 Marchers 78 marchers accompanied Gandhi on his march. Most of them were between the ages of 20 and 30. These men hailed from almost all parts of the country. The march gathered more people as it gained momentum, but the following list of names consists of Gandhi himself and the first 78 marchers who were with Gandhi from the beginning of the Dandi March until the end. Most of them simply dispersed after the march was over. Number Name Age Province (British India) State (Republic of India) 1 Mahatma Gandhi 61 Porbandar State Gujarat 2 Pyarelal Nayyar 30 Punjab 3 Chhaganlal Naththubhai Joshi 35 Unknown Gujarat 4 Pandit Narayan Moreshwar Khare 42 Bombay Presidency Maharashtra 5 Ganpatrao Godse 25 Bombay Presidency Maharashtra 6 Prithviraj Laxmidas Asar 19 Western India States Agency Gujarat 7 Mahavir Giri 20 Darjeeling Bengal Presidency 8 Bal Dattatreya Kalelkar 18 Bombay Presidency Maharashtra 9 Jayanti Nathubhai Parekh 19 Unknown Gujarat 10 Rasik Desai 19 Unknown Gujarat 11 Vitthal Liladhar Thakkar 16 Unknown Gujarat 12 Harakhji Ramjibhai 18 Unknown Gujarat 13 Tansukh Pranshankar Bhatt 20 Unknown Gujarat 14 Kantilal Harilal Gandhi 20 Unknown Gujarat 15 Chhotubhai Khushalbhai Patel 22 Unknown Gujarat 16 Valjibhai Govindji Desai 35 Unknown Gujarat 17 Pannalal Balabhai Jhaveri 20 Gujarat 18 Abbas Varteji 20 Gujarat 19 Punjabhai Shah 25 Gujarat 20 Madhavjibhai Thakkar 40 Gujarat 21 Naranjibhai 22 Western India States Agency Gujarat 22 Maganbhai Vohra 25 Western India States Agency Gujarat 23 Dungarsibhai 27 Western India States Agency Gujarat 24 Somalal Pragjibhai Patel 25 Gujarat 25 Hasmukhram Jakabar 25 Gujarat 26 Daudbhai 25 Gujarat 27 Ramjibhai Vankar 45 Gujarat 28 Dinkarrai Pandya 30 Gujarat 29 Dwarkanath 30 Bombay Presidency 30 Gajanan Khare 25 Bombay Presidency 31 Jethalal Ruparel 25 Western India States Agency Gujarat 32 Govind Harkare 25 Bombay Presidency 33 Pandurang 22 Bombay Presidency 34 Vinayakrao Apte 33 Bombay Presidency 35 Ramdhirrai 30 United Provinces 36 Bhanushankar Dave 22 Gujarat 37 Munshilal 25 United Provinces 38 Raghavan 25 Madras Presidency Kerala 39 Shivabhai Gokhalbhai Patel 27 Gujarat 40 Shankarbhai Bhikabhai Patel 20 Gujarat 41 Jashbhai Ishwarbhai Patel 20 Gujarat 42 Sumangal Prakash 25 United Provinces 43 Thevarthundiyil Titus 25 Madras Presidency Kerala 44 Krishna Nair 25 Madras Presidency Kerala 45 Tapan Nair 25 Madras Presidency Kerala 46 Haridas Varjivandas Gandhi 25 Gujarat 47 Chimanlal Narsilal Shah 25 Gujarat 48 Shankaran 25 Madras Presidency Kerala 49 Yarneni Subrahmanyam 25 Madras Presidency 50 Ramaniklal Maganlal Modi 38 Gujarat 51 Madanmohan Chaturvedi 27 Rajputana Agency 52 Harilal Mahimtura 27 Bombay Presidency 53 Motibas Das 20 Bihar and Orissa Province 54 Haridas Mazumdar 25 Gujarat 55 Anand Hingorani 24 Bombay Presidency 56 Mahadev Martand 18 Mysore 57 Jayantiprasad 30 United Province 58 Hariprasad 20 United Provinces 59 Girivardhari Chaudhary 20 Bihar and Orissa Province 60 Keshav Chitre 25 Bombay Presidency 61 Ambalal Shankarbhai Patel 30 Gujarat 62 Vishnu Pant 25 Bombay Presidency 63 Premraj 35 Punjab 64 Durgesh Chandra Das 44 Bengal Bengal 65 Madhavlal Shah 27 Gujarat 66 Jyoti Ram Kandpal 30 United Provinces 67 Surajbhan 34 Punjab 68 Bhairav Dutt Joshi 25 United Provinces 69 Lalji Parmar 25 Gujarat 70 Ratnaji Boria 18 Gujarat 71 Chethan Lucky 30 Gujarat 72 Chintamani Shastri 40 Bombay Presidency 73 Narayan Dutt 24 Rajputana Agency 74 Manilal Mohandas Gandhi 38 Gujarat 75 Surendra 30 United Provinces 76 Hari Krishna Mohani 42 Bombay Presidency 77 Puratan Buch 25 Gujarat 78 Kharag Bahadur Singh Thapa 25 Dehradun United Provinces 79 Shri Jagat Narayan 50 United Provinces A memorial has been created inside the campus of IIT Bombay honouring these Satyagrahis who participated in the famous Dandi March. Mass civil disobedience Gandhi at a public rally during the Salt Satyagraha. Mass civil disobedience spread throughout India as millions broke the salt laws by making salt or buying illegal salt. Salt was sold illegally all over the coast of India. A pinch of salt made by Gandhi himself sold for 1,600 rupees (equivalent to $750 at the time). In reaction, the British government arrested over sixty thousand people by the end of the month. What had begun as a Salt Satyagraha quickly grew into a mass Satyagraha. British cloth and goods were boycotted. Unpopular forest laws were defied in the Bombay, Mysore and Central Provinces. Gujarati peasants refused to pay tax, under threat of losing their crops and land. In Midnapore, Bengalis took part by refusing to pay the chowkidar tax. The British responded with more laws, including censorship of correspondence and declaring the Congress and its associate organisations illegal. None of those measures slowed the civil disobedience movement. There were outbreaks of violence in Calcutta (now spelled Kolkata), Karachi, and Gujarat. Unlike his suspension of satyagraha after violence broke out during the Non-co-operation movement, this time Gandhi was "unmoved". Appealing for violence to end, at the same time Gandhi honoured those killed in Chittagong and congratulated their parents "for the finished sacrifices of their sons ... A warrior's death is never a matter for sorrow." During the first phase of the Indian civil disobedience movement from 1929 to 1931, the second MacDonald ministry headed by Ramsay MacDonald was in power in Britain. The attempted suppression of the movement was presided over by MacDonald and his cabinet (including the Secretary of State for India, William Wedgwood Benn). During this period, the MacDonald ministry also oversaw the suppression of the nascent trade unionist movement in India, which was described by historian Sumit Sarkar as "a massive capitalist and government counter-offensive" against workers' rights. Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan with Mahatma Gandhi Main article: Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre In Peshawar, satyagraha was led by a Muslim Pashtun disciple of Gandhi, Ghaffar Khan, who had trained 50,000 nonviolent activists called Khudai Khidmatgar. On 23 April 1930, Ghaffar Khan was arrested. A crowd of Khudai Khidmatgar gathered in Peshawar's Qissa Kahani (Storytellers) Bazaar. The 2/18 battalion of the Royal Garhwal Rifles were ordered to open fire with machine guns on the unarmed crowd, killing an estimated 200–250 people. The Pashtun satyagrahis acted in accord with their training in nonviolence, willingly facing bullets as the troops fired on them. One British Indian Army soldier, Chandra Singh Garhwali and some other troops from the renowned Royal Garhwal Rifles regiment refused to fire at the crowds. The entire platoon was arrested and many received heavy sentences, including life imprisonment. Vedaranyam salt march C. Rajagopalachari leading the march Main article: Vedaranyam March While Gandhi marched along India's west coast, his close associate C. Rajagopalachari, who would later become India's first Indian Governor-General, organized the Vedaranyam salt march in parallel on the east coast. His group started from Tiruchirappalli, in Madras Presidency (now part of Tamil Nadu), to the coastal village of Vedaranyam. After making illegal salt there, he too was arrested by the British. Women in civil disobedience The civil disobedience in 1930 marked the first time women became mass participants in the struggle for freedom. Thousands of women, from large cities to small villages, became active participants in satyagraha. Gandhi had asked that only men take part in the salt march, but eventually women began manufacturing and selling salt throughout India. It was clear that though only men were allowed within the march, that both men and women were expected to forward work that would help dissolve the salt laws. Usha Mehta, an early Gandhian activist, remarked that "Even our old aunts and great-aunts and grandmothers used to bring pitchers of salt water to their houses and manufacture illegal salt. And then they would shout at the top of their voices: 'We have broken the salt law!'" The growing number of women in the fight for sovereignty and self-rule was a "new and serious feature" according to Lord Irwin. A government report on the involvement of women stated "thousands of them emerged ... from the seclusion of their homes ... in order to join Congress demonstrations and assist in picketing: and their presence on these occasions made the work the police was required to perform particularly unpleasant." Though women did become involved in the march, it was clear that Gandhi saw women as still playing a secondary role within the movement, but created the beginning of a push for women to be more involved in the future. "Sarojini Naidu was among the most visible leaders (male or female) of pre-independent India. As president of the Indian National Congress and the first woman governor of free India, she was a fervent advocate for India, avidly mobilizing support for the Indian independence movement. She was also the first woman to be arrested in the salt march." Impact British documents show that the British government was shaken by Satyagraha. Nonviolent protest left the British confused about whether or not to jail Gandhi. John Court Curry, an Indian Imperial Police officer from England, wrote in his memoirs that he felt nausea every time he dealt with Congress demonstrations in 1930. Curry and others in British government, including Wedgwood Benn, Secretary of State for India, preferred fighting violent rather than nonviolent opponents. Dharasana Satyagraha and aftermath Sarojini Naidu leading the Salt March to Dharasana Salt Works Gandhi himself avoided further active involvement after the march, though he stayed in close contact with the developments throughout India. He created a temporary ashram near Dandi. From there, he urged women followers in Bombay (now Mumbai) to picket liquor shops and foreign cloth. He said that "a bonfire should be made of foreign cloth. Schools and colleges should become empty." For his next major action, Gandhi decided on a raid of the Dharasana Salt Works in Gujarat, 40 km south of Dandi. He wrote to Lord Irwin, again telling him of his plans. Around midnight of 4 May, as Gandhi was sleeping on a cot in a mango grove, the District magistrate of Surat drove up with two Indian officers and thirty heavily armed constables. He was arrested under an 1827 regulation calling for the jailing of people engaged in unlawful activities, and held without trial near Poona (now Pune). Main article: Dharasana Satyagraha The Dharasana Satyagraha went ahead as planned, with Abbas Tyabji, a seventy-six-year-old retired judge, leading the march with Gandhi's wife Kasturba at his side. Both were arrested before reaching Dharasana and sentenced to three months in prison. After their arrests, the march continued under the leadership of Sarojini Naidu, a woman poet and freedom fighter, who warned the satyagrahis, "You must not use any violence under any circumstances. You will be beaten, but you must not resist: you must not even raise a hand to ward off blows." Soldiers began clubbing the satyagrahis with steel tipped lathis in an incident that attracted international attention. United Press correspondent Webb Miller reported that: Not one of the marchers even raised an arm to fend off the blows. They went down like ten-pins. From where I stood I heard the sickening whacks of the clubs on unprotected skulls. The waiting crowd of watchers groaned and sucked in their breaths in sympathetic pain at every blow. Those struck down fell sprawling, unconscious or writhing in pain with fractured skulls or broken shoulders. In two or three minutes the ground was quilted with bodies. Great patches of blood widened on their white clothes. The survivors without breaking ranks silently and doggedly marched on until struck down ... Finally the police became enraged by the non-resistance ... They commenced savagely kicking the seated men in the abdomen and testicles. The injured men writhed and squealed in agony, which seemed to inflame the fury of the police ... The police then began dragging the sitting men by the arms or feet, sometimes for a hundred yards, and throwing them into ditches. Vithalbhai Patel, former Speaker of the Assembly, watched the beatings and remarked, "All hope of reconciling India with the British Empire is lost forever." Miller's first attempts at telegraphing the story to his publisher in England were censored by the British telegraph operators in India. Only after threatening to expose British censorship was his story allowed to pass. The story appeared in 1,350 newspapers throughout the world and was read into the official record of the United States Senate by Senator John J. Blaine. Salt Satyagraha succeeded in drawing the attention of the world. Millions saw the newsreels showing the march. Time declared Gandhi its 1930 Man of the Year, comparing Gandhi's march to the sea "to defy Britain's salt tax as some New Englanders once defied a British tea tax". Civil disobedience continued until early 1931, when Gandhi was finally released from prison to hold talks with Irwin. It was the first time the two held talks on equal terms, and resulted in the Gandhi–Irwin Pact. The talks would lead to the Second Round Table Conference at the end of 1931. Long-term effect A 2005 stamp sheet of India dedicated to the Salt March The Salt Satyagraha did not produce immediate progress toward dominion status or self-rule for India, did not elicit major policy concessions from the British, or attract much Muslim support. Congress leaders decided to end satyagraha as official policy in 1934, and Nehru and other Congress members drifted further apart from Gandhi, who withdrew from Congress to concentrate on his Constructive Programme, which included his efforts to end untouchability in the Harijan movement. However, even though British authorities were again in control by the mid-1930s, Indian, British, and world opinion increasingly began to recognise the legitimacy of claims by Gandhi and the Congress Party for sovereignty and self-rule. The Satyagraha campaign of the 1930s also forced the British to recognise that their control of India depended entirely on the consent of the Indians – Salt Satyagraha was a significant step in the British losing that consent. Nehru considered the Salt Satyagraha the high-water mark of his association with Gandhi, and felt that its lasting importance was in changing the attitudes of Indians: Of course these movements exercised tremendous pressure on the British Government and shook the government machinery. But the real importance, to my mind, lay in the effect they had on our own people, and especially the village masses ... Non-cooperation dragged them out of the mire and gave them self-respect and self-reliance ... They acted courageously and did not submit so easily to unjust oppression; their outlook widened and they began to think a little in terms of India as a whole ... It was a remarkable transformation and the Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, must have the credit for it. More than thirty years later, Satyagraha and the March to Dandi exercised a strong influence on American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr., and his fight for civil rights for blacks in the 1960s: Like most people, I had heard of Gandhi, but I had never studied him seriously. As I read I became deeply fascinated by his campaigns of nonviolent resistance. I was particularly moved by his Salt March to the Sea and his numerous fasts. The whole concept of Satyagraha (Satya is truth which equals love, and agraha is force; Satyagraha, therefore, means truth force or love force) was profoundly significant to me. As I delved deeper into the philosophy of Gandhi, my skepticism concerning the power of love gradually diminished, and I came to see for the first time its potency in the area of social reform. Re-enactment in 2005 To commemorate the Great Salt March, the Mahatma Gandhi Foundation re-enacted the Salt March on its 75th anniversary, in its exact historical schedule and route followed by the Mahatma and his band of 78 marchers. The event was known as the "International Walk for Justice and Freedom". What started as a personal pilgrimage for Mahatma Gandhi's great-grandson Tushar Gandhi turned into an international event with 900 registered participants from nine nations and on a daily basis the numbers swelled to a couple of thousands. There was extensive reportage in the international media. The participants halted at Dandi on the night of 5 April, with the commemoration ending on 7 April. At the finale in Dandi, the prime minister of India, Dr Manmohan Singh, greeted the marchers and promised to build an appropriate monument at Dandi to commemorate the marchers and the historical event. The route from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi has now been christened as the Dandi Path and has been declared a historical heritage route. India issued a series of commemorative stamps in 1980 and 2005, on the 50th and 75th anniversaries of the Dandi March. Memorial The National Salt Satyagraha Memorial, a memorial museum, dedicated to the event was opened in Dandi on 30 January 2019. March Route Day 1. Ahmedabad to Anslali: 12 March 1930 Day 2. Aslali to Navagam: 13 March 1930 Day 3. Navagam to Matar: 14 March 1930 Day 4. Matar to Nadiad: 15 March 1930 Day 5. Nadiad to Anand: 16 March 1930 Day 6. Rest Day in Anand: 17 March 1930 Day 7. Anand to Borsad: 18 March 1930 Day 8. Borsad to Kareli (Crossing the Mahi River): 19 March 1930 Day 9. Rest Day in Kareli: 20 March 1930 Day 10. Kareli to Ankhi: 21 March 1930 Day 11. Ankhi to Amod: 22 March 1930 Day 12. Amod to Samni: 23 March 1930 Day 13. Rest Day in Samni: 24 March 1930 Day 14. Samni to Derol: 25 March 1930 Day 15. Derol to Ankleshwar (Crossing the Narmada River): 26 March 1930 Day 16. Ankleswar to Mangrol: 27 March 1930 Day 17. Mangrol to Umracchi: 28 March 1930 Day 18. Umracchi to Bhatgam: 29 March 1930 Day 19. Bhatgam to Delad: 30 March 1930 Day 20. Rest Day in Delad: 31 March 1930 Day 21. Delad to Surat (Crossing the Tapi River): 1 April 1930 Day 22. Surat to Vanz: 2 April 1930 Day 23. Vanz to Navsari: 3 April 1930 Day 24. Navsari to Matwad: 4 April 1930 Day 25. Matwad to Dandi: 5 & 6 April 1930 See also Boston Tea Party Selma to Montgomery marches Suffrage Hikes Gandhi Heritage Portal National Salt Satyagraha Memorial References Citations ^ "Salt March". Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World. Oxford University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-517632-2. Retrieved 4 January 2021. ^ "Mass civil disobedience throughout India followed as millions broke the salt laws", from Dalton's introduction to Gandhi's Civil Disobedience, Gandhi and Dalton, p. 72. ^ Dalton, p. 92. ^ Johnson, p. 234. ^ Ackerman, p. 106. ^ "Its root meaning is holding onto truth, hence truth-force. I have also called it Love-force or Soul-force." Gandhi (2001), p. 6. ^ Martin, p. 35. ^ a b King Jr., Martin Luther; Carson, Clayborne (1998). The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. Warner Books. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-446-67650-2. ^ Eyewitness Gandhi (1 ed.). London: Dorling Kindersaley Ltd. 2014. p. 44. ISBN 978-0241185667. Retrieved 3 September 2015. ^ Wolpert, Stanley A. (2001). Gandhi's passion : the life and legacy of Mahatma Gandhi. Oxford University Press. pp. 141. ISBN 019513060X. OCLC 252581969. ^ Wolpert, Stanley (1999). India. University of California Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-520-22172-7. ^ a b c Ackerman, p. 83. ^ Dalton, p. 91. ^ Dalton, p. 100. ^ "Nehru, who had been skeptical about salt as the primary focus of the campaign, realized how wrong he was ..." Johnson, p. 32. ^ a b c d e Gandhi, Gopalkrishna. "The Great Dandi March – eighty years after", The Hindu, 5 April 1930 ^ Letter to London on 20 February 1930. Ackerman, p. 84. ^ Gross, David M. (2014). 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns. Picket Line Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-1490572741. ^ a b c Gandhi and Dalton, p. 72. ^ "Gandhi's ideas about satyagraha and swaraj, moreover, galvanised the thinking of Congress cadres, most of whom by 1930 were committed to pursuing sovereignty and self-rule by nonviolent means." Ackerman, p. 108. ^ Dalton, pp. 9–10. ^ Hind Swaraj, Gandhi and Dalton, p. 15. ^ Forward to the volume of Gokhale's speeches, "Gopal Krishna Gokahalenan Vyakhyanao" from Johnson, p. 118. ^ Satyagraha in South Africa, 1926 from Johnson, p. 73. ^ Dalton, p. 48. ^ Dalton, p. 93. ^ Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi 41: 208–209 ^ Dalton, p. 94. ^ Dalton, p. 95. ^ a b "Chronology: Event Detail Page". Gandhi Heritage Portal. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ Dalton, p. 113. ^ Dalton, p. 108. ^ Dalton, p. 107. ^ Dalton, p. 104. ^ Dalton, p. 105. ^ Ackerman, p. 85. ^ "The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi". Gandhi Heritage Portal. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ Gandhi's letter to Irwin, Gandhi and Dalton, p. 78. ^ Majmudar, Uma; Gandhi, Rajmohan (2005). Gandhi's Pilgrimage of Faith: From Darkness To Light. New York: SUNY Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-7914-6405-2. ^ "Parliament Museum, New Delhi, India – Official website – Dandi March VR Video". Parliamentmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012. ^ Miller, Herbert A. (23 April 1930) "Gandhi's Campaign Begins", The Nation. ^ Dalton, p. 107 ^ "Dandi march: date, history facts. All you need to know". Website of Indian National Congress. 25 October 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2020. ^ Weber, p. 140. ^ The Statesman, 13 March 1930. ^ "The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi". Gandhi Heritage Portal. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ Weber, pp. 143–144. ^ a b Ackerman, p. 86. ^ "The March to Dandi". English.emory.edu. Retrieved 1 August 2012. ^ "The Man – The Mahatma : Dandi March". Library.thinkquest.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012. ^ Dalton, p. 221. ^ Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi 43: 180, Wolpert, p. 148 ^ a b Jack, pp. 238–239. ^ "The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi". Gandhi Heritage Portal. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ Jack, p. 240. ^ Guha, Ramchandra (2018). Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World. Penguin Allen Lane. p. 336. ISBN 978-0670083886. ^ Guha, Ramchandra (2018). Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World. Penguin Allen Lane. p. 337. ISBN 978-0670083886. ^ Sonawala, Dipti Ramesh (9 February 2014). "Mapping the unknown marcher". The Indian Express. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ "Chronology: Event Detail Page". Gandhi Heritage Portal. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ "Photos: Remembering the 80 unsung heroes of Mahatma Gandhi's Dandi March". The Indian Express. 9 February 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ "The Salt Satyagraha in the meantime grew almost spontaneously into a mass satyagraha." Habib, p. 57. ^ Habib, p. 57. ^ "Correspondence came under censorship, the Congress and its associate organizations were declared illegal, and their funds made subject to seizure. These measures did not appear to have any effect on the movement..." Habib, p. 57. ^ a b Wolpert, p. 149. ^ Newsinger, John (2006). The Blood Never Dried: A People's History of the British Empire. Bookmarks Publications. p. 144. ^ Sarkar, Sumit (1983). Modern India 1885–1947. Basingstoke. p. 271. ^ Habib, p. 55. ^ a b Habib, p. 56. ^ Johansen, Robert C. (1997). "Radical Islam and Nonviolence: A Case Study of Religious Empowerment and Constraint Among Pashtuns". Journal of Peace Research. 34 (1): 53–71 . doi:10.1177/0022343397034001005. S2CID 145684635. ^ Chatterjee, Manini (July–August 2001). "1930: Turning Point in the Participation of Women in the Freedom Struggle". Social Scientist. 29 (7/8): 39–47 . doi:10.2307/3518124. JSTOR 3518124. ...first, it is from this year (1930) that women became mass participants in the struggle for freedom.... But from 1930, that is in the second non-cooperation movement better known as the Civil Disobedience Movement, thousands upon thousands of women in all parts of India, not just in big cities but also in small towns and villages, became part of the satyagraha struggle. ^ a b Kishwar, Madhu (1986). "Gandhi on Women". Race & Class. 28 (41): 1753–1758. doi:10.1177/030639688602800103. JSTOR 4374920. S2CID 143460716. ^ Hardiman, David (2003). Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas. Columbia University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-231-13114-8. ^ a b Johnson, p. 33. ^ Arsenault, Natalie (2009). Restoring Women to World Studies (PDF). The University of Texas at Austin. pp. 60–66. ^ Jack, pp. 244–245. ^ Riddick, John F. (2006). The History of British India: A Chronology. Greenwood Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-313-32280-8. ^ Ackerman, pp. 87–90. ^ Webb Miller's report from May 21, Martin, p. 38. ^ Wolpert, p. 155. ^ Singhal, Arvind (2014). "Mahatma is the Message: Gandhi's Life as Consummate Communicator". International Journal of Communication and Social Research. 2 (1): 4. ^ "Man of the Year, 1930". Time. 5 January 1931. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2007. ^ Gandhi and Dalton, p. 73. ^ Ackerman, p. 106: "...made scant progress toward either dominion status within the empire or outright sovereignty and self-rule. Neither had they won any major concessions on the economic and mundane issues that Gandhi considered vital." ^ Dalton, pp. 119–120. ^ Johnson, p. 36. ^ "Indian, British, and world opinion increasingly recognized the legitimate claims of Gandhi and Congress for Indian independence." Johnson, p. 37. ^ Ackerman, p. 109: "The old order, in which British control rested comfortably on Indian acquiescence, had been sundered. In the midst of civil disobedience, Sir Charles Innes, a provincial governor, circulated his analysis of events to his colleagues. "England can hold India only by consent," he conceded. "We can't rule it by the sword." The British lost that consent...." ^ Fisher, Margaret W. (June 1967). "India's Jawaharlal Nehru". Asian Survey. 7 (6): 363–373 . doi:10.2307/2642611. JSTOR 2642611. ^ Johnson, p. 37. ^ "Gandhi's 1930 march re-enacted". BBC News. 12 March 2005. Retrieved 27 December 2007. ^ Diwanji, Amberish K (15 March 2005). "In the Mahatma's footsteps". Rediff. Retrieved 27 December 2007. ^ Category:Salt March on stamps. commons.wikimedia.org ^ Based on 'Map Retracing Gandhi’s Salt March' produced by Greg Polk, Himanshu Dube snd Linda Logan-Condon. Cited sources Ackerman, Peter; DuVall, Jack (2000). A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-24050-9. Dalton, Dennis (1993). Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231122375. Gandhi, Mahatma; Dalton, Dennis (1996). Selected Political Writings. Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-330-3. Habib, Irfan (September–October 1997). "Civil Disobedience 1930–31". Social Scientist. 25 (9–10): 43–66. doi:10.2307/3517680. JSTOR 3517680. Jack, Homer A., ed. (1994). The Gandhi Reader: A Source Book of His Life and Writings. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3161-4. Johnson, Richard L. (2005). Gandhi's Experiments With Truth: Essential Writings By And About Mahatma Gandhi. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1143-7. Martin, Brian (2006). Justice Ignited. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-4086-6. Weber, Thomas (1998). On the Salt March: The Historiography of Gandhi's March to Dandi. India: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-81-7223-372-3. Wolpert, Stanley (2001). Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515634-8. Further reading Decourcy, Elisa. "Just a grain of salt?: Symbolic construction during the Indian nationalist movement," Melbourne Historical Journal, 2010, Vol. 38, pp 57–72 Gandhi, M. K. (2001). Non-Violent Resistance (Satyagraha). Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-41606-9. Masselos, Jim. "Audiences, Actors and Congress Dramas: Crowd Events in Bombay City in 1930," South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, April 1985, Vol. 8 Issue 1/2, pp 71–86 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salt March. Newsreel footage of Salt Satyagraha Salt march re-enactment slide show Gandhi's 1930 march re-enacted (BBC News) Speech by Prime Minister of India on 75th anniversary of Dandi March. Dandi March Timeline vteIndian independence movementHistory Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo-Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo-Maratha Wars First Second Third Gwalior Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo-Sikh War Second Anglo-Sikh War Sannyasi rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophiesand ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal (1905) Partition of Bengal (1947) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu–German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-cooperation movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie-Begar movement Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi–Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Royal Air Force strikes Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Lucknow Pact Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All-India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Movement Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar movement Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Socialreformers A. 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Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M. N. Roy Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit‎ Mohammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Saheb P. 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F. Andrews Jamnalal Bajaj Shankarlal Banker Sarla Behn Vinoba Bhave Brij Krishna Chandiwala Sudhakar Chaturvedi Jugatram Dave Mahadev Desai Dada Dharmadhikari Kanu Gandhi Shiv Prasad Gupta Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri J. C. Kumarappa Hermann Kallenbach Abdul Ghaffar Khan Acharya Kripalani Mirabehn Mohanlal Pandya Vallabhbhai Patel Narhari Parikh Mithuben Petit Chakravarti Rajagopalachari Bibi Amtus Salam Sonja Schlesin Anugrah Narayan Sinha Sri Krishna Sinha Rettamalai Srinivasan V. A. 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Rajagopalachari Eknath Easwaran Draupadi Murmu François Bayrou Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Govind Vallabh Pant Ho Chi Minh James Bevel James Lawson Jawaharlal Nehru Joan Bondurant Lal Bahadur Shastri Lanza del Vasto Maulana Azad Martin Luther King Jr. Maria Lacerda de Moura Mehdi Bazargan Morarji Desai Narendra Modi Nelson Mandela Rajendra Prasad Ramjee Singh Steve Biko Sane Guruji Vinoba Bhave Vallabhbhai Patel MemorialsStatues Ghana India Patna National Salt Satyagraha Memorial New Delhi South Africa Johannesburg Pietermaritzburg UK Parliament Square Tavistock Square U.S. Davis Denver Houston Milwaukee New York San Francisco San Jose Washington, D.C. Observances Gandhi Jayanti International Day of Non-Violence Martyrs' Day Season for Nonviolence Other Aga Khan Palace Gandhi Bhawan Gandhi Mandapam Gandhi Market Bookstores Gandhi Promenade Gandhi Smriti Gandhi Memorial Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai Gandhi Teerth Gandhi Temple, Bhatara Kaba Gandhi No Delo Kirti Mandir Mahatma Gandhi College Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale Mani Bhavan Mohandas Gandhi High School National Gandhi Museum Raj Ghat Roads named after Gandhi Sabarmati Ashram Satyagraha House vteTax resistanceTopics Conscientious objection to military taxation List of historical acts of tax resistance Tax resistance in the United States . List of tax resisters Methods Barter Gift economy Local currency Rebellion Self-sufficiency Simple living Tax avoidance Tax evasion Unreported employment Organizations Addiopizzo Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation Anti-Poll Tax Unions Association of Real Estate Taxpayers Catalunya Diu Prou Committee for Non-Violent Action Fasci Siciliani I Don't Pay Movement Irish National Land League National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee Northern California War Tax Resistance Pagal Panthis Peace churches Peacemakers Planka.nu Women's Tax Resistance League Zuism Media An Act of Conscience Civil Disobedience Clericis laicos The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest Vyborg Manifesto Campaignsby century14th Tuchin Revolt Harelle Peasants' Revolt 15th Cornish Rebellion of 1497 16th Croquant rebellions Rappenkrieg Revolt of the Pitauds 17th Angelets Revolt of the papier timbré Revolt of the va-nu-pieds Salt Tax Revolt in Spain Salt Riot in Moscow 18th Boston Tea Party Fries's Rebellion Gaspee affair No taxation without representation Philadelphia Tea Party Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada) Regulator Movement in North Carolina Whiskey Rebellion White Lotus Rebellion 19th Anti-Rent War Dog Tax War House Tax Hartal Hut Tax War of 1898 Low Rebellion Mejba Revolt Rebecca Riots Saminism Movement Tancament de Caixes Tithe War Wallachian uprising 20th Agbekoya Bambatha Rebellion Bardoli Satyagraha Beit Sahour Bondelswarts affair Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Johnson cult Mau movement Poll Tax Riots Poplar Rates Rebellion Turra Coo Salt March Vedaranyam March Women's poll tax repeal movement Women's War 21st Anti-austerity movement in Greece Anti-Bin Tax Campaign Edward and Elaine Brown standoff Bonnets Rouges Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes Movimento Passe Livre Movimiento Pos Me Salto Yellow vests protests Related topics Income tax threshold Potentially dangerous taxpayer Render unto Caesar Irwin Schiff Sovereign citizen / Freeman on the land / Redemption movement Tax haven Tax inversion Tax noncompliance Tax protester (arguments / history in the United States) Tax riot Taxation as slavery Taxation as theft vteSaltHistory History In the American Civil War International Salt Co. v. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nonviolent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence"},{"link_name":"civil disobedience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience"},{"link_name":"colonial India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"direct action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_action"},{"link_name":"tax resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_resistance"},{"link_name":"nonviolent protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance"},{"link_name":"British salt monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_salt_tax_in_British_India"},{"link_name":"Sabarmati Ashram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram"},{"link_name":"Dandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandi,_Navsari"},{"link_name":"Navsari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navsari"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"salt laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_salt_tax_in_British_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"Dharasana Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"Indian independence movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"Viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_India"},{"link_name":"Lord Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax"},{"link_name":"Round Table Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_Conference"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"colonial police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Imperial_Police"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"James Bevel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bevel"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King,_p._23-8"},{"link_name":"Non-cooperation movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1909%E2%80%9322)"},{"link_name":"Purna Swaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purna_Swaraj"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Indian independence movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement"}],"text":"1930 Indian protest led by Mahatma GandhiThe Salt march, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, Dandi March, and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India, led by Mahatma Gandhi. The 24-day march lasted from 12 March 1930 to 6 April 1930 as a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly. Another reason for this march was that the Civil Disobedience Movement needed a strong inauguration that would inspire more people to follow Gandhi's example. Gandhi started this march with 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march spanned 387 kilometres (240 mi), from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, which was called Navsari at that time (now in the state of Gujarat).[1] Growing numbers of Indians joined them along the way. When Gandhi broke the British Raj salt laws at 8:30 am on 6 April 1930, it sparked large-scale acts of civil disobedience against the salt laws by millions of Indians.[2]After making the salt by evaporation at Dandi, Gandhi continued southward along the coast, making salt and addressing meetings on the way. The Congress Party planned to stage a satyagraha at the Dharasana Salt Works, 40 km (25 mi) south of Dandi. However, Gandhi was arrested on the midnight of 4–5 May 1930, just days before the planned action at Dharasana. The Dandi March and the ensuing Dharasana Satyagraha drew worldwide attention to the Indian independence movement through extensive newspaper and newsreel coverage. The satyagraha against the salt tax continued for almost a year, ending with Gandhi's release from jail and negotiations with Viceroy Lord Irwin at the Second Round Table Conference.[3] Although over 60,000 Indians were jailed as a result of the Salt Satyagraha,[4] the British did not make immediate major concessions.[5]The Salt Satyagraha campaign was based upon Gandhi's principles of non-violent protest called satyagraha, which he loosely translated as \"truth-force\".[6] Literally, it is formed from the Sanskrit words satya, \"truth\", and agraha, \"insistence\". In early 1920 the Indian National Congress chose satyagraha as their main tactic for winning Indian sovereignty and self-rule from British rule and appointed Gandhi to organise the campaign. Gandhi chose the 1882 British Salt Act as the first target of satyagraha. The Salt March to Dandi, and the beating by the colonial police of hundreds of nonviolent protesters in Dharasana, which received worldwide news coverage, demonstrated the effective use of civil disobedience as a technique for fighting against social and political injustice.[7] The satyagraha teachings of Gandhi and the March to Dandi had a significant influence on American activists Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel, and others during the Civil Rights Movement for civil rights for African Americans and other minority groups in the 1960s.[8] The march was the most significant organised challenge to British authority since the Non-cooperation movement of 1920–22, and directly followed the Purna Swaraj declaration of sovereignty and self-rule by the Indian National Congress on 26 January 1930 by celebrating Independence Day.[9] It gained worldwide attention which gave impetus to the Indian independence movement and started the nationwide Civil Disobedience Movement which continued until 1934 in Gujarat.","title":"Salt March"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahatma_%26_Sarojini_Naidu_1930.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Mithuben Petit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithuben_Petit"},{"link_name":"Sarojini Naidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu"},{"link_name":"flag of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_India"},{"link_name":"Ravi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_River"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"Purna Swaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purna_Swaraj"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolpert2001-10"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolpert1999-11"},{"link_name":"Congress Working Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee"},{"link_name":"civil disobedience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_&_DuVall,_p._83-12"},{"link_name":"British salt tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_salt_tax_in_British_India"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Mahatma Gandhi, Mithuben Petit, and Sarojini Naidu during the March.At midnight on 31 December 1929, the INC (Indian National Congress) raised the triple color flag of India on the banks of the Ravi at Lahore. The Indian National Congress, led by Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, publicly issued the Declaration of Sovereignty and Self-rule, or Purna Swaraj, on 26 January 1930.[10] (Literally in Sanskrit, purna, \"complete,\" swa, \"self,\" raj, \"rule,\" so therefore \"complete self-rule\") The declaration included the readiness to withhold taxes, and the statement:We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities for growth. We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it. The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete sovereignty and self-rule.[11]The Congress Working Committee gave Gandhi the responsibility for organising the first act of civil disobedience, with Congress itself ready to take charge after Gandhi's expected arrest.[12] Gandhi's plan was to begin civil disobedience with a satyagraha aimed at the British salt tax. The 1882 Salt Act gave the British a monopoly on the collection and manufacture of salt, limiting its handling to government salt depots and levying a salt tax.[13] Violation of the Salt Act was a criminal offence. Even though salt was freely available to those living on the coast (by evaporation of sea water), Indians were forced to buy it from the colonial government.","title":"Civil disobedience movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"Sardar Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar_Patel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gopalgandhi-16"},{"link_name":"The Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Statesman_(India)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gopalgandhi-16"},{"link_name":"Viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_India"},{"link_name":"Lord Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gandhi_&_Dalton,_1996,_p._72-19"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_India"},{"link_name":"C. Rajagopalachari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari"},{"link_name":"Tuticorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuticorin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gopalgandhi-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_&_DuVall,_p._83-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gopalgandhi-16"}],"text":"Initially, Gandhi's choice of the salt tax was met with incredulity by the Working Committee of the Congress,[14] Jawaharlal Nehru and Divyalochan Sahu were ambivalent; Sardar Patel suggested a land revenue boycott instead.[15][16] The Statesman, a prominent newspaper, wrote about the choice: \"It is difficult not to laugh, and we imagine that will be the mood of most thinking Indians.\"[16]The British colonial administration too was not disturbed by these plans of resistance against the salt tax. The Viceroy himself, Lord Irwin, did not take the threat of a salt protest seriously, writing to London, \"At present, the prospect of a salt campaign does not keep me awake at night.\"[17]However, Gandhi had sound reasons for his decision. An item of daily use could resonate more with all classes of citizens than an abstract demand for greater political rights.[18] The salt tax represented 8.2% of the British Raj tax revenue, and hurt the poorest Indians the most significantly.[19]\nExplaining his choice, Gandhi said, \"Next to air and water, salt is perhaps the greatest necessity of life.\" In contrast to the other leaders, the prominent Congress statesman and future Governor-General of India, C. Rajagopalachari, understood Gandhi's viewpoint. In a public meeting at Tuticorin, he said:Suppose, a people rise in revolt. They cannot attack the abstract constitution or lead an army against proclamations and statutes ... Civil disobedience has to be directed against the salt tax or the land tax or some other particular point – not that; that is our final end, but for the time being it is our aim, and we must shoot straight.[16]Gandhi felt that this protest would dramatise Purna Swaraj in a way that was meaningful to every Indian. He also reasoned that it would build unity between Hindus and Muslims by fighting a wrong that touched them equally.[12]After the protest gathered steam, the leaders realised the power of salt as a symbol. Nehru remarked about the unprecedented popular response, \"it seemed as though a spring had been suddenly released.\"[16]","title":"Choice of salt as protest focus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"non-cooperation movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1909%E2%80%9322)"},{"link_name":"Rowlatt Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowlatt_Acts"},{"link_name":"Chauri Chaura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Bardoli Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Swaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaraj"},{"link_name":"Swaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaraj"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Bardoli Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Gandhi had a long-standing commitment to nonviolent civil disobedience, which he termed satyagraha, as the basis for achieving Indian sovereignty and self-rule.[20][21] Referring to the relationship between Satyagraha and Purna Swaraj, Gandhi saw \"an inviolable connection between the means and the end as there is between the seed and the tree\".[22] He wrote, \"If the means employed are impure, the change will not be in the direction of progress but very likely in the opposite. Only a change brought about in our political condition by pure means can lead to real progress.\"[23]Satyagraha is a synthesis of the Sanskrit words Satya (truth) and Agraha (insistence on). For Gandhi, satyagraha went far beyond mere \"passive resistance\" and became strength in practicing nonviolent methods. In his words:Truth (satya) implies love, and firmness (agraha) engenders and therefore serves as a synonym for force. I thus began to call the Indian movement Satyagraha, that is to say, the Force which is born of Truth and Love or nonviolence, and gave up the use of the phrase \"passive resistance\", in connection with it, so much so that even in English writing we often avoided it and used instead the word \"satyagraha\" ...[24]His first significant attempt in India at leading mass satyagraha was the non-cooperation movement from 1920 to 1922. Even though it succeeded in raising millions of Indians in protest against the British-created Rowlatt Act, violence broke out at Chauri Chaura, where a mob killed 22 unarmed policemen. Gandhi suspended the protest, against the opposition of other Congress members. He decided that Indians were not yet ready for successful nonviolent resistance.[25] The Bardoli Satyagraha in 1928 was much more successful. It succeeded in paralysing the British government and winning significant concessions. More importantly, due to extensive press coverage, it scored a propaganda victory out of all proportion to its size.[26] Gandhi later claimed that success at Bardoli confirmed his belief in satyagraha and Swaraj: \"It is only gradually that we shall come to know the importance of the victory gained at Bardoli ... Bardoli has shown the way and cleared it. Swaraj lies on that route, and that alone is the cure ...\"[27][28] Gandhi recruited heavily from the Bardoli Satyagraha participants for the Dandi march, which passed through many of the same villages that took part in the Bardoli protests.[29] This revolt gained momentum and had support from all parts of India.","title":"Satyagraha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gandhiheritageportal.org-30"},{"link_name":"hartal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartal"},{"link_name":"Rowlatt Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowlatt_Act"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Ashram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"ashram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashram"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_India"},{"link_name":"Lord Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_&_DuVall,_p._83-12"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Majmudar-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"The Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"On 5 February, newspapers reported that Gandhi would begin civil disobedience by defying the salt laws. The salt satyagraha would begin on 12 March and end in Dandi with Gandhi breaking the Salt Act on 6 April.[30] Gandhi chose 6 April to launch the mass breaking of the salt laws for a symbolic reason – it was the first day of \"National Week\", begun in 1919 when Gandhi conceived of the national hartal (strike) against the Rowlatt Act.[31]Gandhi prepared the worldwide media for the march by issuing regular statements from the Ashram, at his regular prayer meetings, and through direct contact with the press. Expectations were heightened by his repeated statements anticipating arrest, and his increasingly dramatic language as the hour approached: \"We are entering upon a life and death struggle, a holy war; we are performing an all-embracing sacrifice in which we wish to offer ourselves as an oblation.\"[32] Correspondents from dozens of Indian, European, and American newspapers, along with film companies, responded to the drama and began covering the event.[33]For the march itself, Gandhi wanted the strictest discipline and adherence to satyagraha and ahimsa. For that reason, he recruited the marchers not from Congress Party members, but from the residents of his own ashram, who were trained in Gandhi's strict standards of discipline.[34] The 24-day march would pass through 4 districts and 48 villages. The route of the march, along with each evening's stopping place, was planned based on recruitment potential, past contacts, and timing. Gandhi sent scouts to each village ahead of the march so he could plan his talks at each resting place, based on the needs of the local residents.[35] Events at each village were scheduled and publicised in Indian and foreign press.[36]On 2 March 1930 Gandhi wrote to the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, offering to stop the march if Irwin met eleven demands, including reduction of land revenue assessments, cutting military spending, imposing a tariff on foreign cloth, and abolishing the salt tax.[12][37] His strongest appeal to Irwin regarded the salt tax:If my letter makes no appeal to your heart, on the eleventh day of this month I shall proceed with such co-workers of the Ashram as I can take, to disregard the provisions of the Salt Laws. I regard this tax to be the most iniquitous of all from the poor man's standpoint. As the sovereignty and self-rule movement is essentially for the poorest in the land, the beginning will be made with this evil.[38]As mentioned earlier, the Viceroy held any prospect of a \"salt protest\" in disdain. After he ignored the letter and refused to meet with Gandhi, the march was set in motion.[39] Gandhi remarked, \"On bended knees, I asked for bread and I have received stone instead.\"[40] The eve of the march brought thousands of Indians to Sabarmati to hear Gandhi speak at the regular evening prayer. American academic writing for The Nation reported that \"60,000 persons gathered on the bank of the river to hear Gandhi's call to arms. This call to arms was perhaps the most remarkable call to war that has ever been made.\"[41][42]","title":"Preparing to march"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Dandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandi,_Navsari"},{"link_name":"Navsari district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navsari_district"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Sabarmati Ashram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gandhiheritageportal.org-30"},{"link_name":"Khadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadi"},{"link_name":"The Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Statesman_(India)"},{"link_name":"Ahmedabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ackerman_&_DuVall,_p._86-48"},{"link_name":"Sarojini Naidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Bhajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajan"},{"link_name":"Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghupati_Raghava_Raja_Ram"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Time magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"\"Man of the Year\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ackerman_&_DuVall,_p._86-48"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gandhi_&_Jack,_1994,_p._238-239-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhi_at_Dandi_5_April_1930.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Dandi Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandi_Beach"},{"link_name":"Mithuben Petit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithuben_Petit"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gandhi_&_Dalton,_1996,_p._72-19"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Sarojini Naidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Original footage of Gandhi and his followers marching to Dandi in the Salt SatyagrahaOn 12 March 1930, Gandhi and 78 satyagrahis, among whom were men belonging to almost every region, caste, creed, and religion of India,[43] set out on foot for the coastal village of Dandi in Navsari district of Gujarat, 385 km from their starting point at Sabarmati Ashram.[30] The Salt March was also called the White Flowing River because all the people were joining the procession wearing white Khadi.According to The Statesman, the official government newspaper which usually played down the size of crowds at Gandhi's functions, 100,000 people crowded the road that separated Sabarmati from Ahmedabad.[44][45] The first day's march of 21 km ended in the village of Aslali, where Gandhi spoke to a crowd of about 4,000.[46] At Aslali, and the other villages that the march passed through, volunteers collected donations, registered new satyagrahis, and received resignations from village officials who chose to end co-operation with British rule.[47]As they entered each village, crowds greeted the marchers, beating drums and cymbals. Gandhi gave speeches attacking the salt tax as inhuman, and the salt satyagraha as a \"poor man's struggle\". Each night they slept in the open. The only thing that was asked of the villagers was food and water to wash with. Gandhi felt that this would bring the poor into the struggle for sovereignty and self-rule, necessary for eventual victory.[48]Thousands of satyagrahis and leaders like Sarojini Naidu joined him. Every day, more and more people joined the march, until the procession of marchers became at least 3 km long.[49] To keep up their spirits, the marchers used to sing the Hindu Bhajan Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram while walking.[50] At Surat, they were greeted by 30,000 people. When they reached the railhead at Dandi, more than 50,000 were gathered. Gandhi gave interviews and wrote articles along the way. Foreign journalists and three Bombay cinema companies shooting newsreel footage turned Gandhi into a household name in Europe and America (at the end of 1930, Time magazine made him \"Man of the Year\").[48] The New York Times wrote almost daily about the Salt March, including two front-page articles on 6 and 7 April.[51] Near the end of the march, Gandhi declared, \"I want world sympathy in this battle of right against might.\"[52]Upon arriving at the seashore on 5 April, Gandhi was interviewed by an Associated Press reporter. He stated:I cannot withhold my compliments from the government for the policy of complete non interference adopted by them throughout the march .... I wish I could believe this non-interference was due to any real change of heart or policy. The wanton disregard shown by them to popular feeling in the Legislative Assembly and their high-handed action leave no room for doubt that the policy of heartless exploitation of India is to be persisted in at any cost, and so the only interpretation I can put upon this non-interference is that the British Government, powerful though it is, is sensitive to world opinion which will not tolerate repression of extreme political agitation which civil disobedience undoubtedly is, so long as disobedience remains civil and therefore necessarily non-violent .... It remains to be seen whether the Government will tolerate as they have tolerated the march, the actual breach of the salt laws by countless people from tomorrow.[53][54]Mahatma Gandhi at Dandi Beach 6 April 1930. Standing behind him is his second son Manilal Gandhi and Mithuben Petit.The following morning, after a prayer, Gandhi raised a lump of salty mud and declared, \"With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire.\"[19] He then boiled it in seawater, producing illegal salt. He implored his thousands of followers to likewise begin making salt along the seashore, \"wherever it is convenient\" and to instruct villagers in making illegal, but necessary, salt.[55] The others followed him and Sarojini Naidu addressing Gandhi, shouted 'Hail, law breaker'. In a letter to her daughter, Naidu remarked:The little law breaker is sitting in a state of ‘Maun’ [silence] writing his article of triumph for Young India and I am stretched on a hard bench at the open window of a huge room that has 6 windows open to the sea breeze. As far as the eye can see there is a little Army – thousands of pilgrims who have been pouring in since yesterday to this otherwise deserted and exceedingly primitive village of fishermen.[56]After the Gandhi broke the salt laws, about 700 telegrams were sent out from the post office nearest to Dandi, at Jalalpur. Most of them were by the journalists, who were there to break this news.[57]","title":"March to Dandi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"78 marchers accompanied Gandhi on his march. Most of them were between the ages of 20 and 30. These men hailed from almost all parts of the country. The march gathered more people as it gained momentum, but the following list of names consists of Gandhi himself and the first 78 marchers who were with Gandhi from the beginning of the Dandi March until the end. Most of them simply dispersed after the march was over.[58][59]A memorial has been created inside the campus of IIT Bombay honouring these Satyagrahis who participated in the famous Dandi March.[60]","title":"First 78 Marchers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhi_Satyagraha.JPG"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gandhi_&_Dalton,_1996,_p._72-19"},{"link_name":"rupees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee#1900s"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gandhi_&_Jack,_1994,_p._238-239-53"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Presidency"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Central Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Provinces"},{"link_name":"Midnapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnapore"},{"link_name":"Bengalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalis"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolpert,_2001,_p._149-64"},{"link_name":"second MacDonald ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_MacDonald_ministry"},{"link_name":"Ramsay MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India"},{"link_name":"William Wedgwood Benn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wedgwood_Benn,_1st_Viscount_Stansgate"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Sumit Sarkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumit_Sarkar"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"Gandhi at a public rally during the Salt Satyagraha.Mass civil disobedience spread throughout India as millions broke the salt laws by making salt or buying illegal salt.[19] Salt was sold illegally all over the coast of India. A pinch of salt made by Gandhi himself sold for 1,600 rupees (equivalent to $750 at the time). In reaction, the British government arrested over sixty thousand people by the end of the month.[53]What had begun as a Salt Satyagraha quickly grew into a mass Satyagraha.[61] British cloth and goods were boycotted. Unpopular forest laws were defied in the Bombay, Mysore and Central Provinces. Gujarati peasants refused to pay tax, under threat of losing their crops and land. In Midnapore, Bengalis took part by refusing to pay the chowkidar tax.[62] The British responded with more laws, including censorship of correspondence and declaring the Congress and its associate organisations illegal. None of those measures slowed the civil disobedience movement.[63]There were outbreaks of violence in Calcutta (now spelled Kolkata), Karachi, and Gujarat. Unlike his suspension of satyagraha after violence broke out during the Non-co-operation movement, this time Gandhi was \"unmoved\". Appealing for violence to end, at the same time Gandhi honoured those killed in Chittagong and congratulated their parents \"for the finished sacrifices of their sons ... A warrior's death is never a matter for sorrow.\"[64]During the first phase of the Indian civil disobedience movement from 1929 to 1931, the second MacDonald ministry headed by Ramsay MacDonald was in power in Britain. The attempted suppression of the movement was presided over by MacDonald and his cabinet (including the Secretary of State for India, William Wedgwood Benn).[65] During this period, the MacDonald ministry also oversaw the suppression of the nascent trade unionist movement in India, which was described by historian Sumit Sarkar as \"a massive capitalist and government counter-offensive\" against workers' rights.[66]","title":"Mass civil disobedience"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badshah_Khan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"Pashtun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns"},{"link_name":"Ghaffar Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaffar_Khan"},{"link_name":"Khudai Khidmatgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Qissa Kahani (Storytellers) Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre"},{"link_name":"Royal Garhwal Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwal_Rifles"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Habib,_p._56-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johansen-69"},{"link_name":"British Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Habib,_p._56-68"}],"sub_title":"Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre","text":"Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan with Mahatma GandhiIn Peshawar, satyagraha was led by a Muslim Pashtun disciple of Gandhi, Ghaffar Khan, who had trained 50,000 nonviolent activists called Khudai Khidmatgar.[67] On 23 April 1930, Ghaffar Khan was arrested. A crowd of Khudai Khidmatgar gathered in Peshawar's Qissa Kahani (Storytellers) Bazaar. The 2/18 battalion of the Royal Garhwal Rifles were ordered to open fire with machine guns on the unarmed crowd, killing an estimated 200–250 people.[68] The Pashtun satyagrahis acted in accord with their training in nonviolence, willingly facing bullets as the troops fired on them.[69] One British Indian Army soldier, Chandra Singh Garhwali and some other troops from the renowned Royal Garhwal Rifles regiment refused to fire at the crowds. The entire platoon was arrested and many received heavy sentences, including life imprisonment.[68]","title":"Mass civil disobedience"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vedaranyam_salt_march,_April_1930.jpg"},{"link_name":"C. Rajagopalachari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari"},{"link_name":"Governor-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_India"},{"link_name":"Vedaranyam salt march","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedaranyam_March"},{"link_name":"Tiruchirappalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruchirappalli"},{"link_name":"Madras Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Presidency"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Vedaranyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedaranyam"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gopalgandhi-16"}],"sub_title":"Vedaranyam salt march","text":"C. Rajagopalachari leading the marchWhile Gandhi marched along India's west coast, his close associate C. Rajagopalachari, who would later become India's first Indian Governor-General, organized the Vedaranyam salt march in parallel on the east coast. His group started from Tiruchirappalli, in Madras Presidency (now part of Tamil Nadu), to the coastal village of Vedaranyam. After making illegal salt there, he too was arrested by the British.[16]","title":"Mass civil disobedience"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chatterjee-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-71"},{"link_name":"Usha Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usha_Mehta"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardiman-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson,_p._33-73"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-71"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"attribution needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Women in civil disobedience","text":"The civil disobedience in 1930 marked the first time women became mass participants in the struggle for freedom. Thousands of women, from large cities to small villages, became active participants in satyagraha.[70] Gandhi had asked that only men take part in the salt march, but eventually women began manufacturing and selling salt throughout India. It was clear that though only men were allowed within the march, that both men and women were expected to forward work that would help dissolve the salt laws.[71] Usha Mehta, an early Gandhian activist, remarked that \"Even our old aunts and great-aunts and grandmothers used to bring pitchers of salt water to their houses and manufacture illegal salt. And then they would shout at the top of their voices: 'We have broken the salt law!'\"[72] The growing number of women in the fight for sovereignty and self-rule was a \"new and serious feature\" according to Lord Irwin. A government report on the involvement of women stated \"thousands of them emerged ... from the seclusion of their homes ... in order to join Congress demonstrations and assist in picketing: and their presence on these occasions made the work the police was required to perform particularly unpleasant.\"[73] Though women did become involved in the march, it was clear that Gandhi saw women as still playing a secondary role within the movement, but created the beginning of a push for women to be more involved in the future.[71]\"Sarojini Naidu was among the most visible leaders (male or female) of pre-independent India. As president of the Indian National Congress and the first woman governor of free India, she was a fervent advocate for India, avidly mobilizing support for the Indian independence movement. She was also the first woman to be arrested in the salt march.\"[attribution needed][74]","title":"Mass civil disobedience"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Imperial Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Imperial_Police"},{"link_name":"Wedgwood Benn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wedgwood_Benn,_1st_Viscount_Stansgate"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson,_p._33-73"}],"sub_title":"Impact","text":"British documents show that the British government was shaken by Satyagraha. Nonviolent protest left the British confused about whether or not to jail Gandhi. John Court Curry, an Indian Imperial Police officer from England, wrote in his memoirs that he felt nausea every time he dealt with Congress demonstrations in 1930. Curry and others in British government, including Wedgwood Benn, Secretary of State for India, preferred fighting violent rather than nonviolent opponents.[73]","title":"Mass civil disobedience"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_attack_of_the_tigress_of_India_on_Dharsana%27s_salt_factory.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sarojini Naidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolpert,_2001,_p._149-64"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Lord Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax"},{"link_name":"mango grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_(nature)"},{"link_name":"District magistrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_magistrate"},{"link_name":"Surat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_district"},{"link_name":"constables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Poona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riddick-76"},{"link_name":"Abbas Tyabji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Tyabji"},{"link_name":"Kasturba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Sarojini Naidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu"},{"link_name":"lathis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_stick"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Webb Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webb_Miller_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Vithalbhai Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vithalbhai_Patel"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"John J. Blaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Blaine"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Gandhi–Irwin Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact"},{"link_name":"Round Table Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_Conference"}],"text":"Sarojini Naidu leading the Salt March to Dharasana Salt WorksGandhi himself avoided further active involvement after the march, though he stayed in close contact with the developments throughout India. He created a temporary ashram near Dandi. From there, he urged women followers in Bombay (now Mumbai) to picket liquor shops and foreign cloth. He said that \"a bonfire should be made of foreign cloth. Schools and colleges should become empty.\"[64]For his next major action, Gandhi decided on a raid of the Dharasana Salt Works in Gujarat, 40 km south of Dandi. He wrote to Lord Irwin, again telling him of his plans. Around midnight of 4 May, as Gandhi was sleeping on a cot in a mango grove, the District magistrate of Surat drove up with two Indian officers and thirty heavily armed constables.[75] He was arrested under an 1827 regulation calling for the jailing of people engaged in unlawful activities, and held without trial near Poona (now Pune).[76]The Dharasana Satyagraha went ahead as planned, with Abbas Tyabji, a seventy-six-year-old retired judge, leading the march with Gandhi's wife Kasturba at his side. Both were arrested before reaching Dharasana and sentenced to three months in prison. After their arrests, the march continued under the leadership of Sarojini Naidu, a woman poet and freedom fighter, who warned the satyagrahis, \"You must not use any violence under any circumstances. You will be beaten, but you must not resist: you must not even raise a hand to ward off blows.\" Soldiers began clubbing the satyagrahis with steel tipped lathis in an incident that attracted international attention.[77] United Press correspondent Webb Miller reported that:Not one of the marchers even raised an arm to fend off the blows. They went down like ten-pins. From where I stood I heard the sickening whacks of the clubs on unprotected skulls. The waiting crowd of watchers groaned and sucked in their breaths in sympathetic pain at every blow. Those struck down fell sprawling, unconscious or writhing in pain with fractured skulls or broken shoulders. In two or three minutes the ground was quilted with bodies. Great patches of blood widened on their white clothes. The survivors without breaking ranks silently and doggedly marched on until struck down ... Finally the police became enraged by the non-resistance ... They commenced savagely kicking the seated men in the abdomen and testicles. The injured men writhed and squealed in agony, which seemed to inflame the fury of the police ... The police then began dragging the sitting men by the arms or feet, sometimes for a hundred yards, and throwing them into ditches.\n[78]Vithalbhai Patel, former Speaker of the Assembly, watched the beatings and remarked, \"All hope of reconciling India with the British Empire is lost forever.\"[79] Miller's first attempts at telegraphing the story to his publisher in England were censored by the British telegraph operators in India. Only after threatening to expose British censorship was his story allowed to pass. The story appeared in 1,350 newspapers throughout the world and was read into the official record of the United States Senate by Senator John J. Blaine.[80]Salt Satyagraha succeeded in drawing the attention of the world. Millions saw the newsreels showing the march. Time declared Gandhi its 1930 Man of the Year, comparing Gandhi's march to the sea \"to defy Britain's salt tax as some New Englanders once defied a British tea tax\".[81] Civil disobedience continued until early 1931, when Gandhi was finally released from prison to hold talks with Irwin. It was the first time the two held talks on equal terms,[82] and resulted in the Gandhi–Irwin Pact. The talks would lead to the Second Round Table Conference at the end of 1931.","title":"Dharasana Satyagraha and aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salt_March_2005_stampsheet_of_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"untouchability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untouchability"},{"link_name":"Harijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harijan"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fisher-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson,_p._37-89"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King,_p._23-8"}],"text":"A 2005 stamp sheet of India dedicated to the Salt MarchThe Salt Satyagraha did not produce immediate progress toward dominion status or self-rule for India, did not elicit major policy concessions from the British,[83] or attract much Muslim support.[84] Congress leaders decided to end satyagraha as official policy in 1934, and Nehru and other Congress members drifted further apart from Gandhi, who withdrew from Congress to concentrate on his Constructive Programme, which included his efforts to end untouchability in the Harijan movement.[85] However, even though British authorities were again in control by the mid-1930s, Indian, British, and world opinion increasingly began to recognise the legitimacy of claims by Gandhi and the Congress Party for sovereignty and self-rule.[86] The Satyagraha campaign of the 1930s also forced the British to recognise that their control of India depended entirely on the consent of the Indians – Salt Satyagraha was a significant step in the British losing that consent.[87]Nehru considered the Salt Satyagraha the high-water mark of his association with Gandhi,[88] and felt that its lasting importance was in changing the attitudes of Indians:Of course these movements exercised tremendous pressure on the British Government and shook the government machinery. But the real importance, to my mind, lay in the effect they had on our own people, and especially the village masses ... Non-cooperation dragged them out of the mire and gave them self-respect and self-reliance ... They acted courageously and did not submit so easily to unjust oppression; their outlook widened and they began to think a little in terms of India as a whole ... It was a remarkable transformation and the Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, must have the credit for it.[89]More than thirty years later, Satyagraha and the March to Dandi exercised a strong influence on American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr., and his fight for civil rights for blacks in the 1960s:Like most people, I had heard of Gandhi, but I had never studied him seriously. As I read I became deeply fascinated by his campaigns of nonviolent resistance. I was particularly moved by his Salt March to the Sea and his numerous fasts. The whole concept of Satyagraha (Satya is truth which equals love, and agraha is force; Satyagraha, therefore, means truth force or love force) was profoundly significant to me. As I delved deeper into the philosophy of Gandhi, my skepticism concerning the power of love gradually diminished, and I came to see for the first time its potency in the area of social reform.[8]","title":"Long-term effect"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Tushar Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushar_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Dr Manmohan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_Manmohan_Singh"},{"link_name":"Sabarmati Ashram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"text":"To commemorate the Great Salt March, the Mahatma Gandhi Foundation re-enacted the Salt March on its 75th anniversary, in its exact historical schedule and route followed by the Mahatma and his band of 78 marchers. The event was known as the \"International Walk for Justice and Freedom\". What started as a personal pilgrimage for Mahatma Gandhi's great-grandson Tushar Gandhi turned into an international event with 900 registered participants from nine nations and on a daily basis the numbers swelled to a couple of thousands. There was extensive reportage in the international media.The participants halted at Dandi on the night of 5 April, with the commemoration ending on 7 April. At the finale in Dandi, the prime minister of India, Dr Manmohan Singh, greeted the marchers and promised to build an appropriate monument at Dandi to commemorate the marchers and the historical event. The route from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi has now been christened as the Dandi Path and has been declared a historical heritage route.[90][91]India issued a series of commemorative stamps in 1980 and 2005, on the 50th and 75th anniversaries of the Dandi March.[92]","title":"Re-enactment in 2005"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Salt Satyagraha Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Salt_Satyagraha_Memorial"}],"text":"The National Salt Satyagraha Memorial, a memorial museum, dedicated to the event was opened in Dandi on 30 January 2019.","title":"Memorial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"text":"Day 1. Ahmedabad to Anslali: 12 March 1930Day 2. Aslali to Navagam: 13 March 1930Day 3. Navagam to Matar: 14 March 1930Day 4. Matar to Nadiad: 15 March 1930Day 5. Nadiad to Anand: 16 March 1930Day 6. Rest Day in Anand: 17 March 1930Day 7. Anand to Borsad: 18 March 1930Day 8. Borsad to Kareli (Crossing the Mahi River): 19 March 1930Day 9. Rest Day in Kareli: 20 March 1930Day 10. Kareli to Ankhi: 21 March 1930Day 11. Ankhi to Amod: 22 March 1930Day 12. Amod to Samni: 23 March 1930Day 13. Rest Day in Samni: 24 March 1930Day 14. Samni to Derol: 25 March 1930Day 15. Derol to Ankleshwar (Crossing the Narmada River): 26 March 1930Day 16. Ankleswar to Mangrol: 27 March 1930Day 17. Mangrol to Umracchi: 28 March 1930Day 18. Umracchi to Bhatgam: 29 March 1930Day 19. Bhatgam to Delad: 30 March 1930Day 20. Rest Day in Delad: 31 March 1930Day 21. Delad to Surat (Crossing the Tapi River): 1 April 1930Day 22. Surat to Vanz: 2 April 1930Day 23. Vanz to Navsari: 3 April 1930Day 24. Navsari to Matwad: 4 April 1930Day 25. Matwad to Dandi: 5 & 6 April 1930[93]","title":"March Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Courier Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_Dover"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-486-41606-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41606-9"}],"text":"Decourcy, Elisa. \"Just a grain of salt?: Symbolic construction during the Indian nationalist movement,\" Melbourne Historical Journal, 2010, Vol. 38, pp 57–72\nGandhi, M. K. (2001). Non-Violent Resistance (Satyagraha). Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-41606-9.\nMasselos, Jim. \"Audiences, Actors and Congress Dramas: Crowd Events in Bombay City in 1930,\" South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, April 1985, Vol. 8 Issue 1/2, pp 71–86","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Mahatma Gandhi, Mithuben Petit, and Sarojini Naidu during the March.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mahatma_%26_Sarojini_Naidu_1930.JPG/220px-Mahatma_%26_Sarojini_Naidu_1930.JPG"},{"image_text":"Original footage of Gandhi and his followers marching to Dandi in the Salt Satyagraha"},{"image_text":"Mahatma Gandhi at Dandi Beach 6 April 1930. Standing behind him is his second son Manilal Gandhi and Mithuben Petit.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Gandhi_at_Dandi_5_April_1930.jpg/220px-Gandhi_at_Dandi_5_April_1930.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gandhi at a public rally during the Salt Satyagraha.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gandhi_Satyagraha.JPG/220px-Gandhi_Satyagraha.JPG"},{"image_text":"Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan with Mahatma Gandhi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Badshah_Khan.jpg/170px-Badshah_Khan.jpg"},{"image_text":"C. Rajagopalachari leading the march","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vedaranyam_salt_march%2C_April_1930.jpg/220px-Vedaranyam_salt_march%2C_April_1930.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sarojini Naidu leading the Salt March to Dharasana Salt Works","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/The_attack_of_the_tigress_of_India_on_Dharsana%27s_salt_factory.jpg/350px-The_attack_of_the_tigress_of_India_on_Dharsana%27s_salt_factory.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 2005 stamp sheet of India dedicated to the Salt March","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Salt_March_2005_stampsheet_of_India.jpg/350px-Salt_March_2005_stampsheet_of_India.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Boston Tea Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party"},{"title":"Selma to Montgomery marches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches"},{"title":"Suffrage Hikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes"},{"title":"Gandhi Heritage Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal"},{"title":"National Salt Satyagraha Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Salt_Satyagraha_Memorial"}]
[{"reference":"\"Salt March\". Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World. Oxford University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-517632-2. Retrieved 4 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/viewbydoi/10.1093/acref/9780195176322.013.1384","url_text":"\"Salt March\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517632-2","url_text":"978-0-19-517632-2"}]},{"reference":"King Jr., Martin Luther; Carson, Clayborne (1998). The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. Warner Books. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-446-67650-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.","url_text":"King Jr., Martin Luther"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayborne_Carson","url_text":"Carson, Clayborne"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00king","url_text":"The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Books","url_text":"Warner Books"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00king/page/23","url_text":"23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-67650-2","url_text":"978-0-446-67650-2"}]},{"reference":"Eyewitness Gandhi (1 ed.). London: Dorling Kindersaley Ltd. 2014. p. 44. ISBN 978-0241185667. Retrieved 3 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hY3WAwAAQBAJ&q=dharasana+navsari&pg=PA45","url_text":"Eyewitness Gandhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241185667","url_text":"978-0241185667"}]},{"reference":"Wolpert, Stanley A. (2001). Gandhi's passion : the life and legacy of Mahatma Gandhi. Oxford University Press. pp. 141. ISBN 019513060X. OCLC 252581969.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gandhispassionli00wolp/page/141","url_text":"Gandhi's passion : the life and legacy of Mahatma Gandhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gandhispassionli00wolp/page/141","url_text":"141"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/019513060X","url_text":"019513060X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252581969","url_text":"252581969"}]},{"reference":"Wolpert, Stanley (1999). India. University of California Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-520-22172-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22172-7","url_text":"978-0-520-22172-7"}]},{"reference":"Gross, David M. (2014). 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns. Picket Line Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-1490572741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1490572741","url_text":"978-1490572741"}]},{"reference":"\"Chronology: Event Detail Page\". Gandhi Heritage Portal. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/dandi-march-details","url_text":"\"Chronology: Event Detail Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi\". Gandhi Heritage Portal. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/cwmg_redirect/ZW5fX18x/NDNfX18zNg=","url_text":"\"The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi\""}]},{"reference":"Majmudar, Uma; Gandhi, Rajmohan (2005). Gandhi's Pilgrimage of Faith: From Darkness To Light. New York: SUNY Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-7914-6405-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi","url_text":"Gandhi, Rajmohan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_Press","url_text":"SUNY Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6405-2","url_text":"978-0-7914-6405-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Parliament Museum, New Delhi, India – Official website – Dandi March VR Video\". Parliamentmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120523022518/http://www.parliamentmuseum.org/fr_dandee_vr.html","url_text":"\"Parliament Museum, New Delhi, India – Official website – Dandi March VR Video\""},{"url":"http://parliamentmuseum.org/fr_dandee_vr.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dandi march: date, history facts. All you need to know\". Website of Indian National Congress. 25 October 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inc.in/en/in-focus/dandi-march-date-history-facts-all-you-need-to-know","url_text":"\"Dandi march: date, history facts. All you need to know\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi\". Gandhi Heritage Portal. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/cwmg_redirect/ZW5fX18x/NDNfX185Mw=","url_text":"\"The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi\""}]},{"reference":"\"The March to Dandi\". English.emory.edu. Retrieved 1 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Dandi.html","url_text":"\"The March to Dandi\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Man – The Mahatma : Dandi March\". Library.thinkquest.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330054049/http://library.thinkquest.org/26523/mainfiles/dandi.htm","url_text":"\"The Man – The Mahatma : Dandi March\""},{"url":"http://library.thinkquest.org/26523/mainfiles/dandi.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi\". Gandhi Heritage Portal. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/cwmg_redirect/ZW5fX18x/NDNfX18yMTc=","url_text":"\"The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi\""}]},{"reference":"Guha, Ramchandra (2018). Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World. Penguin Allen Lane. p. 336. ISBN 978-0670083886.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670083886","url_text":"978-0670083886"}]},{"reference":"Guha, Ramchandra (2018). Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World. Penguin Allen Lane. p. 337. ISBN 978-0670083886.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670083886","url_text":"978-0670083886"}]},{"reference":"Sonawala, Dipti Ramesh (9 February 2014). \"Mapping the unknown marcher\". The Indian Express. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mapping-the-unknown-marcher/","url_text":"\"Mapping the unknown marcher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Chronology: Event Detail Page\". Gandhi Heritage Portal. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/dandi-march/the-marchers","url_text":"\"Chronology: Event Detail Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Photos: Remembering the 80 unsung heroes of Mahatma Gandhi's Dandi March\". The Indian Express. 9 February 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/remembering-the-80-unsung-heroes-of-mahatma-gandhis-dandi-march/#dandimarchprotestors","url_text":"\"Photos: Remembering the 80 unsung heroes of Mahatma Gandhi's Dandi March\""}]},{"reference":"Newsinger, John (2006). The Blood Never Dried: A People's History of the British Empire. Bookmarks Publications. p. 144.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sarkar, Sumit (1983). Modern India 1885–1947. Basingstoke. p. 271.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Johansen, Robert C. (1997). \"Radical Islam and Nonviolence: A Case Study of Religious Empowerment and Constraint Among Pashtuns\". Journal of Peace Research. 34 (1): 53–71 [62]. doi:10.1177/0022343397034001005. S2CID 145684635.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343397034001005","url_text":"10.1177/0022343397034001005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145684635","url_text":"145684635"}]},{"reference":"Chatterjee, Manini (July–August 2001). \"1930: Turning Point in the Participation of Women in the Freedom Struggle\". Social Scientist. 29 (7/8): 39–47 [41]. doi:10.2307/3518124. JSTOR 3518124. ...first, it is from this year (1930) that women became mass participants in the struggle for freedom.... But from 1930, that is in the second non-cooperation movement better known as the Civil Disobedience Movement, thousands upon thousands of women in all parts of India, not just in big cities but also in small towns and villages, became part of the satyagraha struggle.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3518124","url_text":"10.2307/3518124"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518124","url_text":"3518124"}]},{"reference":"Kishwar, Madhu (1986). \"Gandhi on Women\". Race & Class. 28 (41): 1753–1758. doi:10.1177/030639688602800103. JSTOR 4374920. S2CID 143460716.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030639688602800103","url_text":"10.1177/030639688602800103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4374920","url_text":"4374920"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143460716","url_text":"143460716"}]},{"reference":"Hardiman, David (2003). Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas. Columbia University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-231-13114-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13114-8","url_text":"978-0-231-13114-8"}]},{"reference":"Arsenault, Natalie (2009). Restoring Women to World Studies (PDF). The University of Texas at Austin. pp. 60–66.","urls":[{"url":"https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/hemispheres/_files/pdf/women/RestoringWomenFull.pdf","url_text":"Restoring Women to World Studies"}]},{"reference":"Riddick, John F. (2006). The History of British India: A Chronology. Greenwood Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-313-32280-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Press","url_text":"Greenwood Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32280-8","url_text":"978-0-313-32280-8"}]},{"reference":"Singhal, Arvind (2014). \"Mahatma is the Message: Gandhi's Life as Consummate Communicator\". International Journal of Communication and Social Research. 2 (1): 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309286393","url_text":"\"Mahatma is the Message: Gandhi's Life as Consummate Communicator\""}]},{"reference":"\"Man of the Year, 1930\". Time. 5 January 1931. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071224105013/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,930215,00.html","url_text":"\"Man of the Year, 1930\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,930215,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Margaret W. (June 1967). \"India's Jawaharlal Nehru\". Asian Survey. 7 (6): 363–373 [368]. doi:10.2307/2642611. JSTOR 2642611.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2642611","url_text":"10.2307/2642611"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642611","url_text":"2642611"}]},{"reference":"\"Gandhi's 1930 march re-enacted\". BBC News. 12 March 2005. Retrieved 27 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4342745.stm","url_text":"\"Gandhi's 1930 march re-enacted\""}]},{"reference":"Diwanji, Amberish K (15 March 2005). \"In the Mahatma's footsteps\". Rediff. Retrieved 27 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://specials.rediff.com/news/2005/mar/15sld1.htm","url_text":"\"In the Mahatma's footsteps\""}]},{"reference":"Ackerman, Peter; DuVall, Jack (2000). A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-24050-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ackerman","url_text":"Ackerman, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-24050-9","url_text":"978-0-312-24050-9"}]},{"reference":"Dalton, Dennis (1993). Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231122375.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Dalton","url_text":"Dalton, Dennis"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mahatmagandhinon00dalt","url_text":"Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press","url_text":"Columbia University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231122375","url_text":"978-0231122375"}]},{"reference":"Gandhi, Mahatma; Dalton, Dennis (1996). Selected Political Writings. Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-330-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Dalton","url_text":"Dalton, Dennis"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mahatmagandhisel00maha","url_text":"Selected Political Writings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackett_Publishing_Company","url_text":"Hackett Publishing Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-330-3","url_text":"978-0-87220-330-3"}]},{"reference":"Habib, Irfan (September–October 1997). \"Civil Disobedience 1930–31\". Social Scientist. 25 (9–10): 43–66. doi:10.2307/3517680. JSTOR 3517680.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irfan_Habib","url_text":"Habib, Irfan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3517680","url_text":"10.2307/3517680"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517680","url_text":"3517680"}]},{"reference":"Jack, Homer A., ed. (1994). The Gandhi Reader: A Source Book of His Life and Writings. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3161-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gandhireadersou00gand","url_text":"The Gandhi Reader: A Source Book of His Life and Writings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3161-4","url_text":"978-0-8021-3161-4"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Richard L. (2005). Gandhi's Experiments With Truth: Essential Writings By And About Mahatma Gandhi. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1143-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gandhisexperimen0000unse","url_text":"Gandhi's Experiments With Truth: Essential Writings By And About Mahatma Gandhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Books","url_text":"Lexington Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1143-7","url_text":"978-0-7391-1143-7"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Brian (2006). Justice Ignited. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-4086-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Martin_(social_scientist)","url_text":"Martin, Brian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield","url_text":"Rowman & Littlefield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4086-6","url_text":"978-0-7425-4086-6"}]},{"reference":"Weber, Thomas (1998). On the Salt March: The Historiography of Gandhi's March to Dandi. India: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-81-7223-372-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7223-372-3","url_text":"978-81-7223-372-3"}]},{"reference":"Wolpert, Stanley (2001). Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515634-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert","url_text":"Wolpert, Stanley"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gandhispassionli00wolp","url_text":"Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515634-8","url_text":"978-0-19-515634-8"}]},{"reference":"Gandhi, M. K. (2001). Non-Violent Resistance (Satyagraha). Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-41606-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_Dover","url_text":"Courier Dover"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41606-9","url_text":"978-0-486-41606-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_de_Tocco
Carlo de Tocco
["1 Biography","2 References","3 Sources"]
Italian aristocrat, nobleman and military officer For other people named Carlo Tocco, see Carlo Tocco (disambiguation). Portrait of Carlo di Tocco Carlo de Tocco (11 August 1592 – 14 February 1674), titular Duke of Leucada and Prince of Montemiletto, was an Italian aristocrat, nobleman and military officer. Biography Tocco was born into the Tocco family that had previously ruled the Republic of Genoa during the 14th century and the Despotate of Epirus during the 15th century. His father was Giovanni di Tocco, consignore di Refrancore and his grandfather Leonardo IV Tocco. Tocco fought during the 30 Years' War for the Holy Roman Empire. In 1642 he was made a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. References ^ Geni.com ^ Armorial des Chevaliers de la Toison d'Or: Archived 2010-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Carlo de Tocco Sources Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) . The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604. Zečević, Nada (2014). The Tocco of the Greek Realm: Nobility, Power and Migration in Latin Greece (14th-15th centuries). Belgrade: Makart. ISBN 9788691944100. This biography of an Italian noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility
Pole of inaccessibility
["1 Northern pole of inaccessibility","2 Southern pole of inaccessibility","3 Oceanic pole of inaccessibility","3.1 History","4 Continental poles of inaccessibility","4.1 Eurasia","4.2 Africa","4.3 North America","4.4 South America","4.5 Australia","5 Methods of calculation","6 List of poles of inaccessibility","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Geographic location For the Antarctic research station, see Pole of Inaccessibility research station. Map of distance to the nearest coastline (including oceanic islands, but not lakes) with red spots marking the poles of inaccessibility of main landmasses, Great Britain, and the Iberian Peninsula, and a blue dot marking the oceanic pole of inaccessibility. Thin isolines are 250 km (160 mi) apart; thick lines 1,000 km (620 mi). Mollweide projection. In geography, a pole of inaccessibility is the farthest and most difficult to access location in a given landmass, sea, or topographical feature, category, or criterion, relative to a given origin point. A geographical criterion of inaccessibility marks a location that is the most challenging to reach according to that criterion. Often it refers to the most distant point from the coastline, implying the farthest point into a landmass from touching the shore (continentality), or the farthest point into the ocean from any landmass (oceanity). In these cases, a pole of inaccessibility can be defined as the center of the largest circle that can be drawn within an area of interest without encountering a coast. Where a coast is imprecisely defined, the pole will be similarly imprecise. Northern pole of inaccessibility Northern pole of inaccessibility The Northern pole of inaccessibility, sometimes known as the Arctic pole, is located on the Arctic Ocean pack ice at a distance farthest from any landmass. The original position was wrongly believed to lie at 84°3′N 174°51′W. It is not clear who first defined this point but it may have been Sir Hubert Wilkins, who wished to traverse the Arctic Ocean by aircraft, in 1927. He was finally successful in 1928. In 1968 Sir Wally Herbert came very close to reaching what was then considered to be the position by dogsled, but by his own account, "Across the Roof of the World", did not make it due to the flow of sea ice. In 1986, an expedition of Soviet polar scientists led by Dmitry Shparo claimed to reach the original position by foot during a polar night. In 2005, explorer Jim McNeill asked scientists from The National Snow and Ice Data Center and Scott Polar Research Institute to re-establish the position using modern GPS and satellite technology. This was published as a paper in the Polar Record, Cambridge University Press in 2013. McNeill launched his own, unsuccessful, attempt to reach the new position in 2006, whilst measuring the depth of sea-ice for NASA. In 2010 he and his Ice Warrior team were thwarted again by the poor condition of the sea ice. The new position lies at 85°48′N 176°9′W, 1,008 km (626 mi) from the three closest landmasses: It is 1,008 km from the nearest land, on Henrietta Island in the De Long Islands, at Arctic Cape on Severnaya Zemlya, and on Ellesmere Island. It is over 200 km from the originally accepted position. Due to constant motion of the pack ice, no permanent structure can exist at this pole. As of February 2021, McNeill said that, as far as he could ascertain, no one had reached the new position of the Northern Pole of Inaccessibility - certainly not from the last landfall across the surface of the ocean and it remains an important scientific transect. Southern pole of inaccessibility The old Soviet Pole of Inaccessibility Station, revisited by Team N2i on 19 January 2007 The southern pole of inaccessibility is the point on the Antarctic continent most distant from the Southern Ocean. A variety of coordinate locations have been given for this pole. The discrepancies are due to the question of whether the "coast" is measured to the grounding line or to the edges of ice shelves, the difficulty of determining the location of the "solid" coastline, the movement of ice sheets and improvements in the accuracy of survey data over the years, as well as possible topographical errors. The pole of inaccessibility commonly refers to the site of the Soviet Union research station mentioned below, which was constructed at 82°6′S 54°58′E / 82.100°S 54.967°E / -82.100; 54.967 (Pole of Inaccessibility (WMO)) (though some sources give 83°6′S 54°58′E / 83.100°S 54.967°E / -83.100; 54.967 (South Pole of Inaccessibility (IPHC))). This lies 1,301 km (808 mi) from the South Pole, at an elevation of 3,718 m (12,198 ft). Using different criteria, the Scott Polar Research Institute locates this pole at 85°50′S 65°47′E / 85.833°S 65.783°E / -85.833; 65.783 (South Pole of Inaccessibility (SPRI)). Using recent datasets and cross-confirmation between the adaptive gridding and B9-Hillclimbing methods discussed below, Rees et al. (2021) identify two poles of inaccessibility for Antarctica: an "outer" pole defined by the edge of Antarctica's floating ice shelves and an "inner" pole defined by the grounding lines of these sheets. They find the Outer pole to be at 83°54′14″S 64°53′24″E / 83.904°S 64.890°E / -83.904; 64.890 (Antarctia's Outer Pole of Inaccessibility), 1,590.4 km (988.2 mi) from the ocean, and the Inner pole to be at 83°36′36″S 53°43′12″E / 83.610°S 53.720°E / -83.610; 53.720 (Antarctia's Inner Pole of Inaccessibility), 1,179.4 km (732.8 mi) from the grounding lines. The southern pole of inaccessibility is far more remote and difficult to reach than the geographic South Pole. On 14 December 1958, the 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition for International Geophysical Year research work, led by Yevgeny Tolstikov, established the temporary Pole of Inaccessibility Station (Polyus Nedostupnosti) at 82°6′S 54°58′E / 82.100°S 54.967°E / -82.100; 54.967 (Pole of Inaccessibility Station). A second Russian team returned there in 1967. Today, a building still remains at this location, marked by a bust of Vladimir Lenin that faces towards Moscow, and protected as a historical site. On 11 December 2005, at 7:57 UTC, Ramón Hernando de Larramendi, Juan Manuel Viu, and Ignacio Oficialdegui, members of the Spanish Transantarctic Expedition, reached for the first time in history the southern pole of inaccessibility at 82°53′14″S 55°4′30″E / 82.88722°S 55.07500°E / -82.88722; 55.07500 (British Antarctic Survey-accredited Pole of Inaccessibility), updated that year by the British Antarctic Survey. The team continued their journey towards the second southern pole of inaccessibility, the one that accounts for the ice shelves as well as the continental land, and they were the first expedition to reach it, on 14 December 2005, at 83°50′37″S 65°43′30″E / 83.84361°S 65.72500°E / -83.84361; 65.72500 (British Antarctic Survey-accredited Pole of Inaccessibility). Both achievements took place within an ambitious pioneer crossing of the eastern Antarctic Plateau that started at Novolazarevskaya Station and ended at Progress Base after more than 4,500 km (2,800 mi). This was the fastest polar journey ever achieved without mechanical aid, with an average rate of around 90 km (56 mi) per day and a maximum of 311 km (193 mi) per day, using kites as their power source. On 4 December 2006, Team N2i, consisting of Henry Cookson, Rupert Longsdon, Rory Sweet and Paul Landry, embarked on an expedition to be the first to reach the historic pole of inaccessibility location without direct mechanical assistance, using a combination of traditional man hauling and kite skiing. The team reached the old abandoned station on 19 January 2007, rediscovering the forgotten statue of Lenin left there by the Soviets some 48 years previously. The team found that only the bust on top of the building remained visible; the rest was buried under the snow. The explorers were picked up from the spot by a plane from Vostok base, flown to Progress Base and taken back to Cape Town on the Akademik Fyodorov, a Russian polar research vessel. On 27 December 2011, Sebastian Copeland and partner Eric McNair-Laundry also reached the 82°6′S 54°58′E / 82.100°S 54.967°E / -82.100; 54.967 (Pole of Inaccessibility Station) southern pole of inaccessibility. They were the first to do so without resupply or mechanical support, departing from Novolazarevskaya Station on their way to the South Pole to complete the first East/West crossing of Antarctica through both poles, over 4,000 km (2,485 mi). As mentioned above, due to improvements in technology and the position of the continental edge of Antarctica being debated, the exact position of the best estimate of the pole of inaccessibility may vary. However, for the convenience of sport expeditions, a fixed point is preferred, and the Soviet station has been used for this role. This has been recognized by Guinness World Records for Team N2i's expedition in 2006–2007. Oceanic pole of inaccessibility Location of Point Nemo in relation to three closest coastline points The oceanic pole of inaccessibility, also known as Point Nemo, is located at roughly 48°52.6′S 123°23.6′W / 48.8767°S 123.3933°W / -48.8767; -123.3933 and is the place in the ocean that is farthest from land. It represents the solution to the "longest swim" problem. The problem entails finding such a place in the world ocean where, if a person fell overboard while on a ship at sea, they would be as far away from any land in any direction as possible. It lies in the South Pacific Ocean, and is equally distant from the three closest land vertices which are each roughly 2,688 km (1,670 mi) away. Those vertices are Pandora Islet of the Ducie Island atoll (an island of the Pitcairn Islands) to the north; Motu Nui (adjacent to Easter Island) to the northeast; and Maher Island (near the larger Siple Island, off the coast of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica) to the south. The exact coordinates of Point Nemo depend on what the exact coordinates of these three islands are, since the nature of the "longest swim" problem means that the ocean point is equally far from each. The area is so remote that—as with any location more than 400 kilometres (250 mi) from an inhabited area—sometimes the closest human beings are astronauts aboard the International Space Station when it passes overhead. The antipode of Point Nemo – the point on the surface of the Earth that is diametrically opposite of it – is located at roughly 48°52.6′N 56°36.4′E / 48.8767°N 56.6067°E / 48.8767; 56.6067, in the Aktobe region of western Kazahkstan, roughly 50 km (30 miles) SSE of the town of Shubarkuduk. Point Nemo is relatively lifeless; its location within the South Pacific Gyre blocks nutrients from reaching the area, and being so far from land it gets little nutrient run-off from coastal waters. To the west the region of the South Pacific Ocean is also the site of the geographic center of the water hemisphere, at 47°24′42″S 177°22′45″E / 47.411667°S 177.379167°E / -47.411667; 177.379167 near New Zealand's Bounty Islands. The geographic center of the Pacific Ocean lies further north-west where the Line Islands begin, west from Starbuck Island at 4°58′S 158°45′W / 4.97°S 158.75°W / -4.97; -158.75. History Point Nemo was first identified by Croatian survey engineer Hrvoje Lukatela  in 1992. In 2022, Lukatela recalculated the coordinates of Point Nemo using OpenStreetMap data as well as Google Maps data in order to compare those results with the coordinates he first calculated using Digital Chart of the World data. The point and the areas around it have attracted literary and cultural attention, and the point itself has become known as Point Nemo, a reference to Jules Verne's Captain Nemo from the novel 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. The novel was a childhood favorite of Lukatela's, and such, he named it after Captain Nemo. The general area plays a major role in the 1928 short story "The Call of Cthulhu" by H. P. Lovecraft, as holding the location of the fictional city of R'lyeh, although this story was written 66 years before the identification of Point Nemo. The wider area is also known as a "spacecraft cemetery" because hundreds of decommissioned satellites, space stations, and other spacecraft have been made to fall there upon re-entering the atmosphere, to lessen the risk of hitting inhabited locations or maritime traffic. The International Space Station (ISS) is planned to crash into Point Nemo in 2031. Continental poles of inaccessibility Eurasia Proposed continental pole of inaccessibility at 46°17′N 86°40′EDistance to the sea in Asia, showing the two candidate locations for Eurasian pole of inaccessibility. The Eurasian pole of inaccessibility (EPIA) is located in northwestern China, near the Kazakhstan border. It is also the furthest possible point on land from the ocean, given that Eurasia (or even merely Asia alone) is the largest continent on Earth. Earlier calculations suggested that it is 2,645 km (1,644 mi) from the nearest coastline, located at 46°17′N 86°40′E / 46.283°N 86.667°E / 46.283; 86.667 (Proposed Continental Pole of Inaccessibility), approximately 320 km (200 mi) north of the city of Ürümqi, in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China, in the Gurbantünggüt Desert. The nearest settlements to this location are Hoxtolgay Town at 46°34′N 85°58′E / 46.567°N 85.967°E / 46.567; 85.967 (Hoxtolgay), about 50 km (31 mi) to the northwest, Xazgat Township (Chinese: 夏孜盖乡; pinyin: Xiàzīgài xiāng) at 46°20′N 86°22′E / 46.333°N 86.367°E / 46.333; 86.367 (Xazgat), about 20 km (12 mi) to the west, and Suluk at 46°15′N 86°50′E / 46.250°N 86.833°E / 46.250; 86.833 (Suluk), about 10 km (6.2 mi) to the east. However, the previous pole location disregards the Gulf of Ob as part of the oceans, and a 2007 study proposes two other locations as the ones farther from any ocean (within the uncertainty of coastline definition): EPIA1 44°17′N 82°11′E / 44.29°N 82.19°E / 44.29; 82.19 and EPIA2 45°17′N 88°08′E / 45.28°N 88.14°E / 45.28; 88.14, located respectively at 2,510±10 km (1,560±6 mi) and 2,514±7 km (1,562±4 mi) from the oceans. These points lie in a close triangle about the Dzungarian Gate, a significant historical gateway to migration between the East and West. EPIA2 is located near a settlement called K̂as K̂îr Su in a region named K̂îzîlk̂um (قىزىلقۇم) in the Karamgay Township , Burultokay County. Elsewhere in Xinjiang, the location 43°40′52″N 87°19′52″E / 43.68111°N 87.33111°E / 43.68111; 87.33111 in the southwestern suburbs of Ürümqi (Ürümqi County) was designated by local geography experts as the "center point of Asia" in 1992, and a monument to this effect was erected there in the 1990s. The site is a local tourist attraction. Coincidentally, the continental and oceanic poles of inaccessibility have a similar radius; the Eurasian poles EPIA1 and EPIA2 are about 178 km (111 mi) closer to the ocean than the oceanic pole is to land. Africa In Africa, the pole of inaccessibility is at 5°39′N 26°10′E / 5.65°N 26.17°E / 5.65; 26.17, 1,814 km (1,127 mi) from the coast, near the town of Obo in the Central African Republic and close to the country's tripoint with South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. North America The North-West portion of the North American Pole of Inaccessibility. In North America, the continental pole of inaccessibility is on the Pine Ridge Reservation in southwest South Dakota about 11 km (7 mi) north of the town of Allen, 1,650 km (1,030 mi) from the nearest coastline at 43°22′N 101°58′W / 43.36°N 101.97°W / 43.36; -101.97 (Pole of Inaccessibility North America). The pole was marked in 2021 with a marker that represents the 7 Lakota Values and the four colors of the Lakota Medicine Wheel. South America In South America, the continental pole of inaccessibility is in Brazil at 14°03′S 56°51′W / 14.05°S 56.85°W / -14.05; -56.85 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility in South America), near Arenápolis, Mato Grosso, 1,504 km (935 mi) from the nearest coastline. In 2017, the Turner Twins became the first adventurers to trek to the South American Pole of Inaccessibility. In 2019, it turns out there is a second South American PIA to the north, its position varying greatly between the two coastline datasets used. Australia Australian Pole of Inaccessibility In Australia, the continental pole of inaccessibility is located at 23°10′S 132°16′E / 23.17°S 132.27°E / -23.17; 132.27 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Australia) 920 km (570 mi) from the nearest coastline, approximately 161 km (100 miles) west-northwest of Alice Springs. The nearest town is Papunya, Northern Territory, about 30 km (19 mi) to the southwest of both locations. Methods of calculation As detailed below, several factors determine how a pole is calculated using computer modeling. Poles are calculated with respect to a particular coastline dataset. Currently used datasets are the GSHHG (Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography Database) as well as OpenStreetMap (OSM) planet dumps. The GSHHG claims 500-meter precision for 90% of identifiable coastal features, while the volunteer-build OSM give no such guarantee but nevertheless "have characteristics suggesting accuracy". Next, a distance function must be determined for calculating distances between coastlines and potential Poles. Some works tended to project data onto planes or perform spherical calculations; more recently, other works have used different algorithms and high-performance computing with ellipsoidal calculations. Finally, an optimization algorithm must be developed. Several works use the 2007 adaptive grid method of Garcia-Castellanos and Lombardo. In this method, a rectangular grid of, e.g., 21×21 points is created. Each point's distance from the coastline is determined and the point farthest from the coast identified. The grid is then recentered on this point and shrunk by some factor. This process iterates until the grid becomes very small (e.g. at 100-meter precision). Some authors claim this method could sink into a local minimum. A more recent method from 2019, B9-Hillclimbing by Barnes, uses a polyhedron in 3D space to find initial points evenly spaced by 100 kilometers. These points are then grouped; the more "unique" points are subject to numerical optimization (hill climbing, simulated annealing) for the farthest distance, accelerated by a 3D Cartesian point cloud. Rees (2021) shows that the two methods agree with each other to meter level. To date there has been no meta-study of the various works, and the algorithms and datasets they use. However, successive works have compared themselves with previous calculations and claimed improvement. For example, the GC & L article from 2007 was able to find hundred-kilometer errors in the "traditional" Eurasian PIA in Crane & Crane, 1987. Rees using the same method updated the arctic PIA by over 200 kilometers. Barnes, which improved upon the method and the dataset used, was able to improve the GC & L South American PIA by 50 kilometers, showing that bad coastline data caused an error of 57 kilometers in their reported PIA-to-coast distance. List of poles of inaccessibility Poles of Inaccessibility, as determined by some authors, are listed in the table below. This list is incomplete and may not capture all works done to date. Poles of inaccessibility as calculated by various authors Pole Location Distance fromcoast (km) Dataset Projection Method Reference Africa 5°39′N 26°10′E / 5.65°N 26.17°E / 5.65; 26.17 1,814 GSHHS 1996 Sphere Adaptive Grid Garcia (2007) Africa 5°38′29″N 26°09′12″E / 5.6413°N 26.1533°E / 5.6413; 26.1533 1,814.5158 GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1) WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Africa 5°39′32″N 26°07′46″E / 5.6589°N 26.1295°E / 5.6589; 26.1295 1,815.4150 OpenStreetMap WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Antarctica 82°06′S 54°58′E / 82.100°S 54.967°E / -82.100; 54.967 1,301 ? Traditional ? ? Soviet site (1958) Antarctica 77°23′47″S 105°23′08″E / 77.3963°S 105.3855°E / -77.3963; 105.3855 1,136.2129 GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1+L6). Erroneous. WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Antarctica 78°15′48″S 103°38′02″E / 78.2633°S 103.6340°E / -78.2633; 103.6340 1,273.2928 GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1+L5). Erroneous. WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Antarctica 83°54′14″S 64°53′24″E / 83.904°S 64.890°E / -83.904; 64.890 1,590.36 ADDv7.2 "Outer" WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Rees (2021) Antarctica 83°36′36″S 53°43′12″E / 83.610°S 53.720°E / -83.610; 53.720 1,179.40 ADDv7.2 "Inner" WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Rees (2021) Arctic Pole 85°48′07″N 176°08′56″E / 85.802°N 176.149°E / 85.802; 176.149 1,008 GSHHG 2014 WGS84 Adaptive Grid Rees (2014) Arctic Pole 85°47′28″N 176°14′19″E / 85.7911°N 176.2386°E / 85.7911; 176.2386 1,008.9112 OpenStreetMap WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Arctic Pole 85°48′05″N 176°08′32″E / 85.8015°N 176.1423°E / 85.8015; 176.1423 1,007.6777 GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1) WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Atlantic Ocean 24°11′06″N 43°22′13″W / 24.1851°N 43.3704°W / 24.1851; -43.3704 2,033.8849 OpenStreetMap WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Atlantic Ocean 24°11′32″N 43°22′22″W / 24.1923°N 43.3728°W / 24.1923; -43.3728 2,033.5187 GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1) WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Australia 23°10′S 132°16′E / 23.17°S 132.27°E / -23.17; 132.27 928 GSHHS 1996 Sphere Adaptive Grid Garcia (2007) Australia 23°2′S 132°10′E / 23.033°S 132.167°E / -23.033; 132.167 not claimed SF53-13 ? Planar map Geoscience Australia (2014) Australia 23°10′24″S 132°16′33″E / 23.1732°S 132.2759°E / -23.1732; 132.2759 925.4459 GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1) WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Australia 23°11′41″S 132°10′22″E / 23.1948°S 132.1727°E / -23.1948; 132.1727 921.9290 OpenStreetMap WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Eurasia 1 45°17′N 88°08′E / 45.28°N 88.14°E / 45.28; 88.14 2,514 GSHHS 1996 Sphere Adaptive Grid Garcia (2007) Eurasia 1 45°20′29″N 88°14′54″E / 45.3413°N 88.2483°E / 45.3413; 88.2483 2,513.9415 GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1) WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Eurasia 1 45°26′37″N 88°19′02″E / 45.4435°N 88.3172°E / 45.4435; 88.3172 2,509.9536 OpenStreetMap WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Eurasia 2 44°17′N 82°11′E / 44.29°N 82.19°E / 44.29; 82.19 2,510 GSHHS 1996 Sphere Adaptive Grid Garcia (2007) Eurasia 2 44°19′06″N 82°06′52″E / 44.3184°N 82.1144°E / 44.3184; 82.1144 2,509.9685 GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1) WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Eurasia 2 44°40′26″N 83°58′10″E / 44.6740°N 83.9694°E / 44.6740; 83.9694 2,505.2134 OpenStreetMap WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Great Britain 52°39′N 1°34′W / 52.65°N 1.56°W / 52.65; -1.56 108 GSHHS 1996 Sphere Adaptive Grid Garcia (2007) Great Britain 52°00′51″N 0°57′50″W / 52.0141°N 0.9640°W / 52.0141; -0.9640 114.4462 OpenStreetMap WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Great Britain 52°39′19″N 1°33′51″W / 52.6552°N 1.5641°W / 52.6552; -1.5641 108.0925 GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1) WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Greenland 76°30′N 41°00′W / 76.50°N 41.0°W / 76.50; -41.0 469 GSHHS 1996 Sphere Adaptive Grid Garcia (2007) Greenland 75°57′58″N 40°25′26″W / 75.9660°N 40.4239°W / 75.9660; -40.4239 471.9905 GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1) WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Greenland 76°01′50″N 40°23′25″W / 76.0305°N 40.3902°W / 76.0305; -40.3902 474.2257 OpenStreetMap WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Indian Ocean 47°37′55″S 99°58′04″E / 47.6319°S 99.9677°E / -47.6319; 99.9677 1,940.8913 OpenStreetMap WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Indian Ocean 47°44′05″S 100°03′17″E / 47.7347°S 100.0547°E / -47.7347; 100.0547 1,943.3848 GSHHG L1 WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Madagascar 18°20′S 46°40′E / 18.33°S 46.67°E / -18.33; 46.67 260 GSHHS 1996 Sphere Adaptive Grid Garcia (2007) Madagascar 18°20′18″S 46°39′59″E / 18.3382°S 46.6663°E / -18.3382; 46.6663 259.5957 GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1) WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Madagascar 18°15′52″S 46°42′01″E / 18.2645°S 46.7003°E / -18.2645; 46.7003 264.0657 OpenStreetMap WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) North America 43°28′N 101°58′W / 43.46°N 101.97°W / 43.46; -101.97 1,639 GSHHS 1996 Sphere Adaptive Grid Garcia (2007) North America 43°22′35″N 102°00′40″W / 43.3764°N 102.0111°W / 43.3764; -102.0111 1,639.6549 GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1) WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) North America 43°26′13″N 102°00′36″W / 43.4370°N 102.0101°W / 43.4370; -102.0101 1,643.7562 OpenStreetMap WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo) 48°53′S 123°27′W / 48.89°S 123.45°W / -48.89; -123.45 2,690 GSHHS 1996 Sphere Adaptive Grid Garcia (2007) Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo) 49°00′11″S 123°23′31″W / 49.0031°S 123.3920°W / -49.0031; -123.3920 2,701.1721 OpenStreetMap WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo) 49°01′38″S 123°26′04″W / 49.0273°S 123.4345°W / -49.0273; -123.4345 2,704.7991 GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1) WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) South America 14°03′S 56°51′W / 14.05°S 56.85°W / -14.05; -56.85 1,517 GSHHS 1996 Sphere Adaptive Grid Garcia (2007) South America 1 14°23′25″S 56°59′32″W / 14.3902°S 56.9922°W / -14.3902; -56.9922 1,490.5321 GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1) WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) South America 1 6°19′29″S 63°11′19″W / 6.3248°S 63.1885°W / -6.3248; -63.1885 1,511.6636 OpenStreetMap WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) South America 2 10°44′03″S 59°12′45″W / 10.7342°S 59.2126°W / -10.7342; -59.2126 1,467.2206 OpenStreetMap WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) South America 2 5°03′13″S 65°32′55″W / 5.0537°S 65.5487°W / -5.0537; -65.5487 1,476.4901 GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1) WGS84 B9-Hillclimbing Barnes (2019) ^ Claimed; actually 915.6601 in GSHHG v2.3.6. ^ Claimed; actually 1629.7740 in GSHHG v2.3.6. ^ Claimed; actually 1449.9471 in GSHHG v2.3.6. ArcGIS personnel wrote a 2015 page with their calculations based on a flat Earth. The results are too inaccurate to be included here. See also Antipodes Pole of Inaccessibility research station Geographical pole Extremes on Earth Land and water hemispheres Geographical centre List of mainland settlements that are inaccessible by road References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Garcia-Castellanos, Daniel; Lombardo, Umberto (September 2007). "Poles of inaccessibility: A calculation algorithm for the remotest places on earth" (PDF). Scottish Geographical Journal. 123 (3): 227–233. doi:10.1080/14702540801897809. S2CID 55876083. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2016. ^ a b c d e Rees, Gareth; Headland, Robert; Scambos, Ted; Haran, Terry (2014). "Finding the Arctic pole of inaccessibility". Polar Record. 50: 86–91. doi:10.1017/S003224741300051X. S2CID 140637055. ^ "Explorer set for historic Arctic adventure". BBC. 20 February 2006. 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Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. ^ Wessel, Paul; Walter, Smith (2016). "A Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography Database". ^ "Centre of Australia, States and Territories". ga.gov.au. Geoscience Australia. 15 May 2014. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pole of inaccessibility. Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) How to calculate PIAs Team N2i successfully conquer the Pole of Inaccessibility by foot and kite on 19th Jan '07 vtePolar explorationArctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest NorthNorth Pole Barentsz Heemskerck Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North magnetic pole J. Ross J. C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris expedition Polaris C. F. 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Corte-Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J. C. Ross Coppermine expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae–Richardson expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East PassageRussian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Heemskerck Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh. Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenshtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro-Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A. E. Nordenskiöld Palander Jeannette expedition USS Jeannette De Long Melville Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov expedition Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov expedition Sv. Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev A. Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear-powered icebreakers Lenin Arktika-class icebreaker Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Antarctic/Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus (J. C. Ross Abernethy) HMS Terror (Crozier) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C. A. Larsen "Heroic Age" Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C. A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi-Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E. R. Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition Endurance Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton–Rowett Expedition Quest IPY · IGYModern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest SouthSouth Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J. C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South magnetic pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Cherry-Garrard Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility research station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pole of Inaccessibility research station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distancia_a_la_costa.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garcia2007-1"},{"link_name":"landmasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmass"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"isolines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolines"},{"link_name":"Mollweide projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollweide_projection"},{"link_name":"topographical feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topographical_feature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"geographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"coastline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastline"},{"link_name":"landmass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmass"},{"link_name":"continentality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/continentality"},{"link_name":"ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean"},{"link_name":"oceanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oceanity"},{"link_name":"area of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Area_of_interest&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Geographic locationFor the Antarctic research station, see Pole of Inaccessibility research station.Map of distance to the nearest coastline[1] (including oceanic islands, but not lakes) with red spots marking the poles of inaccessibility of main landmasses, Great Britain, and the Iberian Peninsula, and a blue dot marking the oceanic pole of inaccessibility. Thin isolines are 250 km (160 mi) apart; thick lines 1,000 km (620 mi). Mollweide projection.In geography, a pole of inaccessibility is the farthest and most difficult to access location in a given landmass, sea, or topographical feature, category, or criterion, relative to a given origin point. A geographical criterion of inaccessibility marks a location that is the most challenging to reach according to that criterion. Often it refers to the most distant point from the coastline, implying the farthest point into a landmass from touching the shore (continentality), or the farthest point into the ocean from any landmass (oceanity). In these cases, a pole of inaccessibility can be defined as the center of the largest circle that can be drawn within an area of interest without encountering a coast. Where a coast is imprecisely defined, the pole will be similarly imprecise.","title":"Pole of inaccessibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C%E1%BB%B1c_b%E1%BA%A5t_kh%E1%BA%A3_ti%E1%BA%BFp_c%E1%BA%ADn_B%E1%BA%AFc_-_Northern_pole_of_inaccessibility.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"pack ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack_ice"},{"link_name":"Hubert Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Sir Wally Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Shparo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Shparo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jim McNeill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McNeill,_Polar_Explorer"},{"link_name":"National Snow and Ice Data Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Snow_and_Ice_Data_Center"},{"link_name":"Scott Polar Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Polar_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rees2014-2"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ice Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Warrior_Project"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Island"},{"link_name":"De Long Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Long_Islands"},{"link_name":"Arctic Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Cape"},{"link_name":"Severnaya Zemlya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Island"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Northern pole of inaccessibilityThe Northern pole of inaccessibility, sometimes known as the Arctic pole, is located on the Arctic Ocean pack ice at a distance farthest from any landmass. The original position was wrongly believed to lie at 84°3′N 174°51′W. It is not clear who first defined this point but it may have been Sir Hubert Wilkins, who wished to traverse the Arctic Ocean by aircraft, in 1927. He was finally successful in 1928. In 1968 Sir Wally Herbert came very close to reaching what was then considered to be the position by dogsled, but by his own account, \"Across the Roof of the World\", did not make it due to the flow of sea ice. In 1986, an expedition of Soviet polar scientists led by Dmitry Shparo claimed to reach the original position by foot during a polar night.[citation needed]In 2005, explorer Jim McNeill asked scientists from The National Snow and Ice Data Center and Scott Polar Research Institute to re-establish the position using modern GPS and satellite technology. This was published as a paper in the Polar Record, Cambridge University Press in 2013.[2] McNeill launched his own, unsuccessful, attempt to reach the new position in 2006, whilst measuring the depth of sea-ice for NASA.[3] In 2010 he and his Ice Warrior team were thwarted again by the poor condition of the sea ice.[4]The new position lies at 85°48′N 176°9′W, 1,008 km (626 mi) from the three closest landmasses: It is 1,008 km from the nearest land, on Henrietta Island in the De Long Islands, at Arctic Cape on Severnaya Zemlya, and on Ellesmere Island. It is over 200 km from the originally accepted position.[5] Due to constant motion of the pack ice, no permanent structure can exist at this pole. As of February 2021, McNeill said that, as far as he could ascertain, no one had reached the new position of the Northern Pole of Inaccessibility - certainly not from the last landfall across the surface of the ocean and it remains an important scientific transect.","title":"Northern pole of inaccessibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_Pole_of_Inaccessibility_Henry_Cookson_team_n2i.jpg"},{"link_name":"Team N2i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cookson#Team_N2i"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Southern Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union research station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility_(Antarctic_research_station)"},{"link_name":"82°6′S 54°58′E / 82.100°S 54.967°E / -82.100; 54.967 (Pole of Inaccessibility (WMO))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=82_6_S_54_58_E_&title=Pole+of+Inaccessibility+%28WMO%29"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meteorological-6"},{"link_name":"83°6′S 54°58′E / 83.100°S 54.967°E / -83.100; 54.967 (South Pole of Inaccessibility (IPHC))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=83_6_S_54_58_E_&title=South+Pole+of+Inaccessibility+%28IPHC%29"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"South Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"Scott Polar Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Polar_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"85°50′S 65°47′E / 85.833°S 65.783°E / -85.833; 65.783 (South Pole of Inaccessibility (SPRI))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=85_50_S_65_47_E_&title=South+Pole+of+Inaccessibility+%28SPRI%29"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes2019-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rees2021-10"},{"link_name":"83°54′14″S 64°53′24″E / 83.904°S 64.890°E / -83.904; 64.890 (Antarctia's Outer Pole of Inaccessibility)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=83.904_S_64.890_E_&title=Antarctia%27s+Outer+Pole+of+Inaccessibility"},{"link_name":"83°36′36″S 53°43′12″E / 83.610°S 53.720°E / -83.610; 53.720 (Antarctia's Inner Pole of Inaccessibility)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=83.610_S_53.720_E_&title=Antarctia%27s+Inner+Pole+of+Inaccessibility"},{"link_name":"geographic South Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_South_Pole"},{"link_name":"3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition"},{"link_name":"International Geophysical Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Tolstikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov"},{"link_name":"Pole of Inaccessibility Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility_(Antarctic_research_station)"},{"link_name":"82°6′S 54°58′E / 82.100°S 54.967°E / -82.100; 54.967 (Pole of Inaccessibility Station)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=82_6_S_54_58_E_&title=Pole+of+Inaccessibility+Station"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Ramón Hernando de Larramendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Hernando_de_Larramendi"},{"link_name":"82°53′14″S 55°4′30″E / 82.88722°S 55.07500°E / -82.88722; 55.07500 (British Antarctic Survey-accredited Pole of Inaccessibility)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=82_53_14_S_55_4_30_E_&title=British+Antarctic+Survey-accredited+Pole+of+Inaccessibility"},{"link_name":"83°50′37″S 65°43′30″E / 83.84361°S 65.72500°E / -83.84361; 65.72500 (British Antarctic Survey-accredited Pole of Inaccessibility)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=83_50_37_S_65_43_30_E_&title=British+Antarctic+Survey-accredited+Pole+of+Inaccessibility"},{"link_name":"Novolazarevskaya Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novolazarevskaya_Station"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thepoles.com-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Henry Cookson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cookson"},{"link_name":"Paul Landry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Landry"},{"link_name":"man hauling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhauling"},{"link_name":"kite skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_skiing"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teamn2i-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-16"},{"link_name":"Vostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_Station"},{"link_name":"Progress Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Base"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Akademik Fyodorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademik_Fyodorov"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-16"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Copeland"},{"link_name":"82°6′S 54°58′E / 82.100°S 54.967°E / -82.100; 54.967 (Pole of Inaccessibility Station)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=82_6_S_54_58_E_&title=Pole+of+Inaccessibility+Station"},{"link_name":"Novolazarevskaya Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novolazarevskaya_Station"},{"link_name":"South Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The old Soviet Pole of Inaccessibility Station, revisited by Team N2i on 19 January 2007The southern pole of inaccessibility is the point on the Antarctic continent most distant from the Southern Ocean. A variety of coordinate locations have been given for this pole. The discrepancies are due to the question of whether the \"coast\" is measured to the grounding line or to the edges of ice shelves, the difficulty of determining the location of the \"solid\" coastline, the movement of ice sheets and improvements in the accuracy of survey data over the years, as well as possible topographical errors.The pole of inaccessibility commonly refers to the site of the Soviet Union research station mentioned below, which was constructed at 82°6′S 54°58′E / 82.100°S 54.967°E / -82.100; 54.967 (Pole of Inaccessibility (WMO))[6] (though some sources give 83°6′S 54°58′E / 83.100°S 54.967°E / -83.100; 54.967 (South Pole of Inaccessibility (IPHC))[7]). This lies 1,301 km (808 mi) from the South Pole, at an elevation of 3,718 m (12,198 ft). Using different criteria, the Scott Polar Research Institute locates this pole at 85°50′S 65°47′E / 85.833°S 65.783°E / -85.833; 65.783 (South Pole of Inaccessibility (SPRI)).[8]Using recent datasets and cross-confirmation between the adaptive gridding and B9-Hillclimbing[9] methods discussed below, Rees et al. (2021)[10] identify two poles of inaccessibility for Antarctica: an \"outer\" pole defined by the edge of Antarctica's floating ice shelves and an \"inner\" pole defined by the grounding lines of these sheets. They find the Outer pole to be at 83°54′14″S 64°53′24″E / 83.904°S 64.890°E / -83.904; 64.890 (Antarctia's Outer Pole of Inaccessibility), 1,590.4 km (988.2 mi) from the ocean, and the Inner pole to be at 83°36′36″S 53°43′12″E / 83.610°S 53.720°E / -83.610; 53.720 (Antarctia's Inner Pole of Inaccessibility), 1,179.4 km (732.8 mi) from the grounding lines.The southern pole of inaccessibility is far more remote and difficult to reach than the geographic South Pole. On 14 December 1958, the 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition for International Geophysical Year research work, led by Yevgeny Tolstikov, established the temporary Pole of Inaccessibility Station (Polyus Nedostupnosti) at 82°6′S 54°58′E / 82.100°S 54.967°E / -82.100; 54.967 (Pole of Inaccessibility Station). A second Russian team returned there in 1967. Today, a building still remains at this location, marked by a bust of Vladimir Lenin that faces towards Moscow, and protected as a historical site.On 11 December 2005, at 7:57 UTC, Ramón Hernando de Larramendi, Juan Manuel Viu, and Ignacio Oficialdegui, members of the Spanish Transantarctic Expedition, reached for the first time in history the southern pole of inaccessibility at 82°53′14″S 55°4′30″E / 82.88722°S 55.07500°E / -82.88722; 55.07500 (British Antarctic Survey-accredited Pole of Inaccessibility), updated that year by the British Antarctic Survey. The team continued their journey towards the second southern pole of inaccessibility, the one that accounts for the ice shelves as well as the continental land, and they were the first expedition to reach it, on 14 December 2005, at 83°50′37″S 65°43′30″E / 83.84361°S 65.72500°E / -83.84361; 65.72500 (British Antarctic Survey-accredited Pole of Inaccessibility). Both achievements took place within an ambitious pioneer crossing of the eastern Antarctic Plateau that started at Novolazarevskaya Station and ended at Progress Base after more than 4,500 km (2,800 mi). This was the fastest polar journey ever achieved without mechanical aid, with an average rate of around 90 km (56 mi) per day and a maximum of 311 km (193 mi) per day, using kites as their power source.[11][12][13][14]On 4 December 2006, Team N2i, consisting of Henry Cookson, Rupert Longsdon, Rory Sweet and Paul Landry, embarked on an expedition to be the first to reach the historic pole of inaccessibility location without direct mechanical assistance, using a combination of traditional man hauling and kite skiing. The team reached the old abandoned station on 19 January 2007, rediscovering the forgotten statue of Lenin left there by the Soviets some 48 years previously.[15] The team found that only the bust on top of the building remained visible; the rest was buried under the snow.[16] The explorers were picked up from the spot by a plane from Vostok base, flown to Progress Base and taken back to Cape Town on the Akademik Fyodorov, a Russian polar research vessel.[16]On 27 December 2011, Sebastian Copeland and partner Eric McNair-Laundry also reached the 82°6′S 54°58′E / 82.100°S 54.967°E / -82.100; 54.967 (Pole of Inaccessibility Station) southern pole of inaccessibility. They were the first to do so without resupply or mechanical support, departing from Novolazarevskaya Station on their way to the South Pole to complete the first East/West crossing of Antarctica through both poles, over 4,000 km (2,485 mi).[17]As mentioned above, due to improvements in technology and the position of the continental edge of Antarctica being debated, the exact position of the best estimate of the pole of inaccessibility may vary. However, for the convenience of sport expeditions, a fixed point is preferred, and the Soviet station has been used for this role. This has been recognized by Guinness World Records for Team N2i's expedition in 2006–2007.[18]","title":"Southern pole of inaccessibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Point_Nemo_in_the_South_Pacific_Ocean.png"},{"link_name":"48°52.6′S 123°23.6′W / 48.8767°S 123.3933°W / -48.8767; -123.3933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=48_52.6_S_123_23.6_W_"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Where_is_Point_Nemo-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Point_Nemo,_revisited-20"},{"link_name":"South Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Pandora Islet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_Islet"},{"link_name":"Ducie Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducie_Island"},{"link_name":"Pitcairn Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands"},{"link_name":"Motu Nui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motu_Nui"},{"link_name":"Easter Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island"},{"link_name":"Maher Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maher_Island"},{"link_name":"Siple Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siple_Island"},{"link_name":"Marie Byrd Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Byrd_Land"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Where_is_Point_Nemo-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Point_Nemo,_revisited-20"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pointnemo-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plastic-22"},{"link_name":"antipode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipodal_point"},{"link_name":"48°52.6′N 56°36.4′E / 48.8767°N 56.6067°E / 48.8767; 56.6067","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=48_52.6_N_56_36.4_E_"},{"link_name":"Aktobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktobe"},{"link_name":"Kazahkstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahkstan"},{"link_name":"South Pacific Gyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific_Gyre"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pointnemo-21"},{"link_name":"water hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hemisphere"},{"link_name":"47°24′42″S 177°22′45″E / 47.411667°S 177.379167°E / -47.411667; 177.379167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=47.411667_S_177.379167_E_type:landmark_region:FR_scale:10000"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Bounty Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounty_Islands"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Line Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_Islands"},{"link_name":"Starbuck Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbuck_Island"},{"link_name":"4°58′S 158°45′W / 4.97°S 158.75°W / -4.97; -158.75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=4.97_S_158.75_W_type:landmark_region:FR_scale:10000"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Location of Point Nemo in relation to three closest coastline pointsThe oceanic pole of inaccessibility, also known as Point Nemo, is located at roughly 48°52.6′S 123°23.6′W / 48.8767°S 123.3933°W / -48.8767; -123.3933[19] and is the place in the ocean that is farthest from land. It represents the solution to the \"longest swim\" problem.[20] The problem entails finding such a place in the world ocean where, if a person fell overboard while on a ship at sea, they would be as far away from any land in any direction as possible. It lies in the South Pacific Ocean, and is equally distant from the three closest land vertices which are each roughly 2,688 km (1,670 mi) away. Those vertices are Pandora Islet of the Ducie Island atoll (an island of the Pitcairn Islands) to the north; Motu Nui (adjacent to Easter Island) to the northeast; and Maher Island (near the larger Siple Island, off the coast of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica) to the south.[19] The exact coordinates of Point Nemo depend on what the exact coordinates of these three islands are, since the nature of the \"longest swim\" problem means that the ocean point is equally far from each.[20]The area is so remote that—as with any location more than 400 kilometres (250 mi) from an inhabited area—sometimes the closest human beings are astronauts aboard the International Space Station when it passes overhead.[21][22]The antipode of Point Nemo – the point on the surface of the Earth that is diametrically opposite of it – is located at roughly 48°52.6′N 56°36.4′E / 48.8767°N 56.6067°E / 48.8767; 56.6067, in the Aktobe region of western Kazahkstan, roughly 50 km (30 miles) SSE of the town of Shubarkuduk.Point Nemo is relatively lifeless; its location within the South Pacific Gyre blocks nutrients from reaching the area, and being so far from land it gets little nutrient run-off from coastal waters.[21]To the west the region of the South Pacific Ocean is also the site of the geographic center of the water hemisphere, at 47°24′42″S 177°22′45″E / 47.411667°S 177.379167°E / -47.411667; 177.379167 near New Zealand's Bounty Islands. The geographic center of the Pacific Ocean lies further north-west where the Line Islands begin, west from Starbuck Island at 4°58′S 158°45′W / 4.97°S 158.75°W / -4.97; -158.75.[23]","title":"Oceanic pole of inaccessibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hrvoje Lukatela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hrvoje_Lukatela&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvoje_Lukatela"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plastic-22"},{"link_name":"Digital Chart of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Chart_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Point_Nemo,_revisited-20"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"Captain Nemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Nemo"},{"link_name":"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20,000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pointnemo-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Where_is_Point_Nemo-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Where_is_Point_Nemo-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Call of Cthulhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu"},{"link_name":"H. P. Lovecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft"},{"link_name":"R'lyeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%27lyeh"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pointnemo-21"},{"link_name":"spacecraft cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_cemetery"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"maritime traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_lane"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Point Nemo was first identified by Croatian survey engineer Hrvoje Lukatela [fr] in 1992.[22] In 2022, Lukatela recalculated the coordinates of Point Nemo using OpenStreetMap data as well as Google Maps data in order to compare those results with the coordinates he first calculated using Digital Chart of the World data.[20]The point and the areas around it have attracted literary and cultural attention, and the point itself has become known as Point Nemo, a reference to Jules Verne's Captain Nemo from the novel 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.[21][19] The novel was a childhood favorite of Lukatela's, and such, he named it after Captain Nemo.[19][24] The general area plays a major role in the 1928 short story \"The Call of Cthulhu\" by H. P. Lovecraft, as holding the location of the fictional city of R'lyeh, although this story was written 66 years before the identification of Point Nemo.[21]The wider area is also known as a \"spacecraft cemetery\" because hundreds of decommissioned satellites, space stations, and other spacecraft have been made to fall there upon re-entering the atmosphere, to lessen the risk of hitting inhabited locations[25] or maritime traffic. The International Space Station (ISS) is planned to crash into Point Nemo in 2031.[26][27]","title":"Oceanic pole of inaccessibility"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Continental poles of inaccessibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Continental_pole_of_inaccessibility.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distance_to_the_sea_in_Asia.jpg"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"46°17′N 86°40′E / 46.283°N 86.667°E / 46.283; 86.667 (Proposed Continental Pole of Inaccessibility)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=46_17_N_86_40_E_&title=Proposed+Continental+Pole+of+Inaccessibility"},{"link_name":"Ürümqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang Autonomous Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Gurbantünggüt Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert"},{"link_name":"Hoxtolgay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoxtolgay"},{"link_name":"Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_(PRC)"},{"link_name":"46°34′N 85°58′E / 46.567°N 85.967°E / 46.567; 85.967 (Hoxtolgay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=46_34_N_85_58_E_&title=Hoxtolgay"},{"link_name":"Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(PRC)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"夏孜盖乡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%9C%E7%9B%96%E4%B9%A1"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"46°20′N 86°22′E / 46.333°N 86.367°E / 46.333; 86.367 (Xazgat)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=46_20_N_86_22_E_&title=Xazgat"},{"link_name":"46°15′N 86°50′E / 46.250°N 86.833°E / 46.250; 86.833 (Suluk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=46_15_N_86_50_E_&title=Suluk"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Ob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Ob"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garcia2007-1"},{"link_name":"44°17′N 82°11′E / 44.29°N 82.19°E / 44.29; 82.19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=44.29_N_82.19_E_"},{"link_name":"45°17′N 88°08′E / 45.28°N 88.14°E / 45.28; 88.14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=45.28_N_88.14_E_"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garcia2007-1"},{"link_name":"Dzungarian Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungarian_Gate"},{"link_name":"Karamgay Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karamgay_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E6%8B%89%E7%8E%9B%E7%9B%96%E4%B9%A1"},{"link_name":"Burultokay County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burultokay_County"},{"link_name":"43°40′52″N 87°19′52″E / 43.68111°N 87.33111°E / 43.68111; 87.33111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=43_40_52_N_87_19_52_E_"},{"link_name":"Ürümqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi"},{"link_name":"Ürümqi County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_County"},{"link_name":"monument to this effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Center_of_Asian_Continent"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confluence-28"}],"sub_title":"Eurasia","text":"Proposed continental pole of inaccessibility at 46°17′N 86°40′EDistance to the sea in Asia, showing the two candidate locations for Eurasian pole of inaccessibility.The Eurasian pole of inaccessibility (EPIA) is located in northwestern China, near the Kazakhstan border. It is also the furthest possible point on land from the ocean, given that Eurasia (or even merely Asia alone) is the largest continent on Earth.Earlier calculations suggested that it is 2,645 km (1,644 mi) from the nearest coastline, located at 46°17′N 86°40′E / 46.283°N 86.667°E / 46.283; 86.667 (Proposed Continental Pole of Inaccessibility), approximately 320 km (200 mi) north of the city of Ürümqi, in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China, in the Gurbantünggüt Desert. The nearest settlements to this location are Hoxtolgay Town at 46°34′N 85°58′E / 46.567°N 85.967°E / 46.567; 85.967 (Hoxtolgay), about 50 km (31 mi) to the northwest, Xazgat Township (Chinese: 夏孜盖乡; pinyin: Xiàzīgài xiāng) at 46°20′N 86°22′E / 46.333°N 86.367°E / 46.333; 86.367 (Xazgat), about 20 km (12 mi) to the west, and Suluk at 46°15′N 86°50′E / 46.250°N 86.833°E / 46.250; 86.833 (Suluk), about 10 km (6.2 mi) to the east.[citation needed]However, the previous pole location disregards the Gulf of Ob as part of the oceans, and a 2007 study[1] proposes two other locations as the ones farther from any ocean (within the uncertainty of coastline definition): EPIA1 44°17′N 82°11′E / 44.29°N 82.19°E / 44.29; 82.19 and EPIA2 45°17′N 88°08′E / 45.28°N 88.14°E / 45.28; 88.14, located respectively at 2,510±10 km (1,560±6 mi) and 2,514±7 km (1,562±4 mi) from the oceans.[1] These points lie in a close triangle about the Dzungarian Gate, a significant historical gateway to migration between the East and West. EPIA2 is located near a settlement called K̂as K̂îr Su in a region named K̂îzîlk̂um (قىزىلقۇم) in the Karamgay Township [zh], Burultokay County.Elsewhere in Xinjiang, the location 43°40′52″N 87°19′52″E / 43.68111°N 87.33111°E / 43.68111; 87.33111 in the southwestern suburbs of Ürümqi (Ürümqi County) was designated by local geography experts as the \"center point of Asia\" in 1992, and a monument to this effect was erected there in the 1990s. The site is a local tourist attraction.[28]Coincidentally, the continental and oceanic poles of inaccessibility have a similar radius; the Eurasian poles EPIA1 and EPIA2 are about 178 km (111 mi) closer to the ocean than the oceanic pole is to land.","title":"Continental poles of inaccessibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"5°39′N 26°10′E / 5.65°N 26.17°E / 5.65; 26.17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=5.65_N_26.17_E_"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garcia2007-1"},{"link_name":"Obo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obo"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"tripoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoint"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"}],"sub_title":"Africa","text":"In Africa, the pole of inaccessibility is at 5°39′N 26°10′E / 5.65°N 26.17°E / 5.65; 26.17, 1,814 km (1,127 mi) from the coast,[1] near the town of Obo in the Central African Republic and close to the country's tripoint with South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.","title":"Continental poles of inaccessibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_American_Pole_of_Inaccessibility.jpg"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Pine Ridge Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Reservation"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"43°22′N 101°58′W / 43.36°N 101.97°W / 43.36; -101.97 (Pole of Inaccessibility North America)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=43.36_N_101.97_W_&title=Pole+of+Inaccessibility+North+America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garcia2007-1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"North America","text":"The North-West portion of the North American Pole of Inaccessibility.In North America, the continental pole of inaccessibility is on the Pine Ridge Reservation in southwest South Dakota about 11 km (7 mi) north of the town of Allen, 1,650 km (1,030 mi) from the nearest coastline at 43°22′N 101°58′W / 43.36°N 101.97°W / 43.36; -101.97 (Pole of Inaccessibility North America).[1] The pole was marked in 2021 with a marker that represents the 7 Lakota Values and the four colors of the Lakota Medicine Wheel.[29]","title":"Continental poles of inaccessibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"14°03′S 56°51′W / 14.05°S 56.85°W / -14.05; -56.85 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility in South America)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=14.05_S_56.85_W_&title=Continental+Pole+of+Inaccessibility+in+South+America"},{"link_name":"Arenápolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aren%C3%A1polis"},{"link_name":"Mato Grosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garcia2007-1"},{"link_name":"the Turner Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turner_Twins"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes2019-9"}],"sub_title":"South America","text":"In South America, the continental pole of inaccessibility is in Brazil at 14°03′S 56°51′W / 14.05°S 56.85°W / -14.05; -56.85 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility in South America), near Arenápolis, Mato Grosso,[1] 1,504 km (935 mi) from the nearest coastline. In 2017, the Turner Twins became the first adventurers to trek to the South American Pole of Inaccessibility.[30] In 2019, it turns out there is a second South American PIA to the north, its position varying greatly between the two coastline datasets used.[9]","title":"Continental poles of inaccessibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pole_of_innaccessibility.jpg"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_(continent)"},{"link_name":"23°10′S 132°16′E / 23.17°S 132.27°E / -23.17; 132.27 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pole_of_inaccessibility&params=23.17_S_132.27_E_&title=Continental+Pole+of+Inaccessibility+of+Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garcia2007-1"},{"link_name":"Alice Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Springs"},{"link_name":"Papunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papunya"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Australian Pole of InaccessibilityIn Australia, the continental pole of inaccessibility is located at 23°10′S 132°16′E / 23.17°S 132.27°E / -23.17; 132.27 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Australia)[1] 920 km (570 mi) from the nearest coastline, approximately 161 km (100 miles) west-northwest of Alice Springs. The nearest town is Papunya, Northern Territory, about 30 km (19 mi) to the southwest of both locations.","title":"Continental poles of inaccessibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GSHHG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSHHG"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSHHG-31"},{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes2019-9"},{"link_name":"distance function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_function"},{"link_name":"ellipsoidal calculations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics_on_an_ellipsoid"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes2019-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garcia2007-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rees2014-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rees2014-2"},{"link_name":"local minimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_minimum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rees2021-10"},{"link_name":"numerical optimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_optimization"},{"link_name":"hill climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_climbing"},{"link_name":"simulated annealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulated_annealing"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes2019-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rees2021-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garcia2007-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rees2014-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes2019-9"}],"text":"As detailed below, several factors determine how a pole is calculated using computer modeling.Poles are calculated with respect to a particular coastline dataset. Currently used datasets are the GSHHG (Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography Database)[31] as well as OpenStreetMap (OSM) planet dumps. The GSHHG claims 500-meter precision for 90% of identifiable coastal features, while the volunteer-build OSM give no such guarantee but nevertheless \"have characteristics suggesting accuracy\".[9]Next, a distance function must be determined for calculating distances between coastlines and potential Poles. Some works tended to project data onto planes or perform spherical calculations; more recently, other works have used different algorithms and high-performance computing with ellipsoidal calculations.[9]Finally, an optimization algorithm must be developed. Several works[1][2] use the 2007 adaptive grid method of Garcia-Castellanos and Lombardo. In this method, a rectangular grid of, e.g., 21×21 points is created. Each point's distance from the coastline is determined and the point farthest from the coast identified. The grid is then recentered on this point and shrunk by some factor. This process iterates until the grid becomes very small (e.g. at 100-meter precision).[2] Some authors claim this method could sink into a local minimum.[10] A more recent method from 2019, B9-Hillclimbing by Barnes, uses a polyhedron in 3D space to find initial points evenly spaced by 100 kilometers. These points are then grouped; the more \"unique\" points are subject to numerical optimization (hill climbing, simulated annealing) for the farthest distance, accelerated by a 3D Cartesian point cloud.[9] Rees (2021) shows that the two methods agree with each other to meter level.[10]To date there has been no meta-study of the various works, and the algorithms and datasets they use. However, successive works have compared themselves with previous calculations and claimed improvement. For example, the GC & L article from 2007 was able to find hundred-kilometer errors in the \"traditional\" Eurasian PIA in Crane & Crane, 1987.[1] Rees using the same method updated the arctic PIA by over 200 kilometers.[2] Barnes, which improved upon the method and the dataset used, was able to improve the GC & L South American PIA by 50 kilometers, showing that bad coastline data caused an error of 57 kilometers in their reported PIA-to-coast distance.[9]","title":"Methods of calculation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes2019-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes2019-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes2019-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes2019-9"}],"text":"Poles of Inaccessibility, as determined by some authors, are listed in the table below. This list is incomplete and may not capture all works done to date.^ Claimed; actually 915.6601 in GSHHG v2.3.6.[9]\n\n^ Claimed; actually 1629.7740 in GSHHG v2.3.6.[9]\n\n^ Claimed; actually 1449.9471 in GSHHG v2.3.6.[9]ArcGIS personnel wrote a 2015 page with their calculations based on a flat Earth. The results are too inaccurate to be included here.[9]","title":"List of poles of inaccessibility"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of distance to the nearest coastline[1] (including oceanic islands, but not lakes) with red spots marking the poles of inaccessibility of main landmasses, Great Britain, and the Iberian Peninsula, and a blue dot marking the oceanic pole of inaccessibility. Thin isolines are 250 km (160 mi) apart; thick lines 1,000 km (620 mi). Mollweide projection.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Distancia_a_la_costa.png/400px-Distancia_a_la_costa.png"},{"image_text":"Northern pole of inaccessibility","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/C%E1%BB%B1c_b%E1%BA%A5t_kh%E1%BA%A3_ti%E1%BA%BFp_c%E1%BA%ADn_B%E1%BA%AFc_-_Northern_pole_of_inaccessibility.jpg/220px-C%E1%BB%B1c_b%E1%BA%A5t_kh%E1%BA%A3_ti%E1%BA%BFp_c%E1%BA%ADn_B%E1%BA%AFc_-_Northern_pole_of_inaccessibility.jpg"},{"image_text":"The old Soviet Pole of Inaccessibility Station, revisited by Team N2i on 19 January 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Southern_Pole_of_Inaccessibility_Henry_Cookson_team_n2i.jpg/220px-Southern_Pole_of_Inaccessibility_Henry_Cookson_team_n2i.jpg"},{"image_text":"Location of Point Nemo in relation to three closest coastline points","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Location_of_Point_Nemo_in_the_South_Pacific_Ocean.png/220px-Location_of_Point_Nemo_in_the_South_Pacific_Ocean.png"},{"image_text":"The North-West portion of the North American Pole of Inaccessibility.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/North_American_Pole_of_Inaccessibility.jpg/220px-North_American_Pole_of_Inaccessibility.jpg"},{"image_text":"Australian Pole of Inaccessibility","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pole_of_innaccessibility.jpg/220px-Pole_of_innaccessibility.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Antipodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipodes"},{"title":"Pole of Inaccessibility research station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station"},{"title":"Geographical pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_pole"},{"title":"Extremes on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth"},{"title":"Land and water hemispheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres"},{"title":"Geographical centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_centre"},{"title":"List of mainland settlements that are inaccessible by road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mainland_settlements_that_are_inaccessible_by_road"}]
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Retrieved 10 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/centre-of-australia-states-territories","url_text":"\"Centre of Australia, States and Territories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoscience_Australia","url_text":"Geoscience Australia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161031170641/http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/centre-of-australia-states-territories","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Continent_Makers_and_Other_Tales_of_the_Viagens
The Continent Makers and Other Tales of the Viagens
["1 Contents","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]
1953 collection of stories by L. Sprague de Camp The Continent Makers and Other Tales of the Viagens dust-jacket for the first edition of The Continent Makers and Other Tales of the ViagensAuthorL. Sprague de CampCover artistHerbtsmannLanguageEnglishSeriesViagens InterplanetariasGenreScience fictionPublisherTwayne PublishersPublication date1953Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardback)Pagesxi, 272OCLC00490130LC ClassPZ3.D3555 The Continent Makers and Other Tales of the Viagens is a 1953 collection of science fiction stories by American writer L. Sprague de Camp, the fifth book in his Viagens Interplanetarias series. It was first published in hardcover by Twayne Publishers, and in paperback by Signet Books in 1971 with a cover by illustrator Bob Pepper. An E-book edition was published by Gollancz's SF Gateway imprint on September 29, 2011 as part of a general release of de Camp's works in electronic form. It has also been translated into Portuguese, Dutch, and Italian. The pieces were originally published between 1949 and 1951 in the magazines Astounding Science-Fiction, Startling Stories, Future Combined with Science Fiction, and Thrilling Wonder Stories. The book is a collection of most of de Camp's early "Viagens Interplanetarias" tales, all of which are set in a future in which interstellar travel between the Solar System and nearby stellar systems inhabited by alien races is common, and an Interplanetary Council regulates relations between the various civilizations. Terrans and the reptilian natives of the planet Osiris are the main spacefaring peoples. The tales take place in the period from the mid-21st-century to the mid-twenty-second. Individual stories are set on spaceships traveling between planets and individual planets such as Earth, Krishna, Ganesha and Osiris (it being assumed that Terrans will have carried their penchant for naming planets after gods to other star systems). Features of the postulated future include an Earth governed by a World Federation in which Brazil has become the paramount great power, with Terran space travel monopolized by a Brazilian-dominated agency called the Viagens Interplanetarias ("Interplanetary Tours" in Portuguese). Interstellar travel is limited to sub-light speeds, as the author eschews such common science fiction gimmicks as hyperdrives. Contents The date headings to the individual stories are as listed in the collection's table of contents and at the beginning of each story. "In Re Sprague" by Isaac Asimov (introduction) "Author's Note" A.D. 2054-2088: "The Inspector's Teeth" A.D. 2104-2128: "Summer Wear" A.D. 2114-2140: "Finished" A.D. 2117: "The Galton Whistle" A.D. 2120: "The Animal-Cracker Plot" A.D. 2135-2148: "Git Along!" A.D. 2137: "Perpetual Motion" A.D. 2153: "The Continent Makers" Reception Critical response to the book was mixed. The most extensive examination of the book came from P. Schuyler Miller, who wrote "Here you will find entertainment, ideas skillfully played with, precise care for detail and consistency, but actually not too much plot-suspense. So logical is the development of most of the stories, that the experienced reader knows what must be coming next." Of the setting, he observed that it allowed "ample room for swashbuckling, skullduggery and horseplay, in which de Camp deals deftly from time to time," but noted that "ut of this setting, on the other hand, has come just one really memorable book--'Rogue Queen.'" Mark Reinsberg wrote that "De Camp's style is adroit and witty as he develops science-fiction take-offs on themes like sea piracy, head hunters, the wild west, and jousting knight-hood," and noted that "he tales are spiced with glamorous other worldly women." He also rated it "robably the most entertaining collection of 'tomorrow tales' by an individual author" published in 1953, whose "yarns kept the reader laughing over space pioneering in the 22d century and a marvelous pair of interstellar swindlers named Koshay and Borel." The English Journal stated that "or fantasy, irony, and imagination these stories are remarkable." The Los Angeles Times noted that in postulating the rise of Brazil as a world power, de Camp "develops an interesting and not too improbable theme." On the other hand, Boucher and McComas felt "the stories of the Viagens Interplanetarias have usually struck us as pretty routine work unworthy of L. Sprague de Camp, but devotees of the series will welcome the collected volume." Groff Conklin assessed it as a "cream-puff-light book of space opera ... ine stuff for bedtime, but I do feel that the stories were written with the left hind paw of an immensely brilliant fellow who just wasn't trying hard. Perhaps we should call it 'relentlessly light reading!'" References ^ a b Laughlin, Charlotte; Daniel J. H. Levack (1983). De Camp: An L. Sprague de Camp Bibliography. San Francisco: Underwood/Miller. pp. 44–45. ^ The Continent Makers and Other Tales of the Viagens title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database ^ Orion Publishing Group's L. Sprague de Camp webpage ^ Amazon.com entry for e-book edition ^ "The Reference Library," Astounding Science-Fiction, November 1953, p. 150-152. ^ "It's 21st Century and Brazil Rules Stellar World," Chicago Daily Tribune, July 26, 1953, p. B5. ^ "Exciting Year for Futuristic, Fantastic," Chicago Daily Tribune, December 6, 1953, p. 136 ^ "New Books," The English Journal, April 1953, p. 226. ^ "Storytellers Deal With Instruments of Future World," Los Angeles Times, May 31, 1953, p. D6. ^ "Recommended Reading," The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, May 1953, p. 89. ^ "Galaxy's 5 Star Shelf," Galaxy Science Fiction, June 1953, p. 122-123. External links list of planets vteL. Sprague de CampViagens InterplanetariasKrishna "Finished" (1949) The Queen of Zamba (1949) The Hand of Zei (1950) "Perpetual Motion" (1950) "Calories" (1951) The Virgin of Zesh (1953) The Tower of Zanid (1958) The Hostage of Zir (1977) The Prisoner of Zhamanak (1982) The Bones of Zora (1983) The Swords of Zinjaban (1991) Kukulkan The Stones of Nomuru (1988) The Venom Trees of Sunga (1992) Other "The Animal-Cracker Plot" (1949) "The Colorful Character" (1949) "Git Along!" (1950) "The Inspector's Teeth" (1950) "Summer Wear" (1950) The Continent Makers (1951) "The Galton Whistle" (1951) Rogue Queen (1951) Harold Shea "The Roaring Trumpet" (1940) "The Mathematics of Magic" (1940) The Castle of Iron (1941/50) The Wall of Serpents (1953) The Green Magician (1954) Sir Harold and the Gnome King (1990) Sir Harold of Zodanga (1995) Pusadian The Tritonian Ring (1951) "The Eye of Tandyla" (1951) "The Owl and the Ape" (1951) "The Hungry Hercynian" (1953) "The Stronger Spell" (1953) "Ka the Appalling" (1958) "The Rug and the Bull" (1974) "The Stone of the Witch Queen" (1977) Novarian The Goblin Tower (1968) The Clocks of Iraz (1971) "The Emperor's Fan" (1973) The Fallible Fiend (1973) The Unbeheaded King (1983) The Honorable Barbarian (1989) Neo-Napolitanian The Incorporated Knight (1987) The Pixilated Peeress (1991) ConanNovels Conan and the Spider God (1980) Conan of the Isles (1968) Conan the Barbarian (1982) Conan the Buccaneer (1971) Conan the Liberator (1979) The Return of Conan (1957) Short stories "Black Sphinx of Nebthu" (1973) "The Treasure of Tranicos" (1953) "Black Tears" (1968) "The Blood-Stained God" (1955) "The Castle of Terror" (1969) "The City of Skulls" (1967) "The Curse of the Monolith" (1968) "Drums of Tombalku" (1966) The Flame Knife (1955/81) "The Frost Giant's Daughter" Conan (1953) "The Gem in the Tower" (1978) "The God in the Bowl" (1952) "The Hall of the Dead" (1967) "Hawks Over Shem" (1955) "The Ivory Goddess" (1978) "The Lair of the Ice Worm" (1969) "Legions of the Dead" (1978) "Moon of Blood" (1978) "The People of the Summit" (1970/78) "Red Moon of Zembabwei" (1974) "The Road of the Eagles" (1955) "Shadows in the Dark" (1978) "Shadows in the Skull" (1975) "The Snout in the Dark" (1969) "The Star of Khorala" (1978) "The Thing in the Crypt" (1967) "The Witch of the Mists" (1972) "Wolves Beyond the Border" (1967) Other speculative fictionNovels The Carnelian Cube (1948) Genus Homo (1950) The Glory That Was (1960) The Great Fetish (1978) Land of Unreason (1942) Lest Darkness Fall (1941) None but Lucifer (1939) Solomon's Stone (1942) Short stories "Aristotle and the Gun" (1958) "The Blue Giraffe" (1939) "The Command" (1938) "The Contraband Cow" (1942) "Cornzan the Mighty" (1955) "Divide and Rule" (1939) "The Egg" (1956) "Employment" (1939) "The Gnarly Man" (1939) "The Guided Man" (1952) "A Gun for Dinosaur" (1956) "The Hardwood Pile" (1940) "The Hibited Man" (1949) "Hyperpilosity" (1938) "In-Group" (1952) "Internal Combustion" (1956) "The Isolinguals" (1937) "Judgment Day" (1955) "Let's Have Fun" (1957) "Living Fossil" (1939) "The Merman" (1938) "Nothing in the Rules" (1939) "The Reluctant Shaman" (1947) "The Saxon Pretender" (1952) "The Space Clause" (1952) "The Stolen Dormouse" (1941) "Throwback" (1949) "The Wheels of If" (1940) Historical fiction The Dragon of the Ishtar Gate (1961) The Arrows of Hercules (1965) An Elephant for Aristotle (1958) The Bronze God of Rhodes (1960) The Golden Wind (1969) Fiction edited The Wolf Leader (1950) Swords and Sorcery (1963) The Spell of Seven (1965) Conan the Warrior (1967) The Fantastic Swordsmen (1967) Conan the Conqueror (1967) Warlocks and Warriors (1970) 3000 Years of Fantasy and Science Fiction (1972) Tales Beyond Time (1973) NonfictionScience andhistory Inventions and Their Management (1937) The Evolution of Naval Weapons (1947) Antarctic Conquest (1949) Engines (1959) The Heroic Age of American Invention (1961) Man and Power (1961) Energy and Power (1962) The Ancient Engineers (1963) Ancient Ruins and Archaeology (1964) Elephant (1964) Spirits, Stars, and Spells (1966) The Story of Science in America (1967) The Day of the Dinosaur (1968) The Great Monkey Trial (1968) Darwin and His Great Discovery (1972) Great Cities of the Ancient World (1972) The Ragged Edge of Science (1980) The Fringe of the Unknown (1983) The Ape-Man Within (1995) Rubber Dinosaurs and Wooden Elephants (1996) Lit crit andbiography Blond Barbarians and Noble Savages (1975) The Conan Reader (1968) Dark Valley Destiny (1983) Lands Beyond (1952) Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers (1976) Lost Continents (1954) Lovecraft: A Biography (1975) The Miscast Barbarian (1975) Science-Fiction Handbook (1953/75) Time and Chance (1996) Nonfiction edited The Conan Swordbook (1969) The Conan Grimoire (1972) To Quebec and the Stars (1976) The Blade of Conan (1979) The Spell of Conan (1980) Poetry Demons and Dinosaurs (1970) Heroes and Hobgoblins (1981) Phantoms and Fancies (1972) Collections The Continent Makers and Other Tales of the Viagens (1953) The Virgin of Zesh & The Tower of Zanid (1983) The Incomplete Enchanter (1941) Wall of Serpents (1960) The Compleat Enchanter (1975) The Complete Compleat Enchanter (1989) The Enchanter Reborn (1992) The Exotic Enchanter (1995) The Mathematics of Magic (2007) The Tritonian Ring and Other Pusadian Tales (1953) The Reluctant King (1985) Conan (1967) The Conan Chronicles (1989) The Conan Chronicles 2 (1990) Conan of Aquilonia (1977) Conan of Cimmeria (1969) Conan the Adventurer (1966) Conan the Avenger (1968) Conan the Freebooter (1968) Conan the Swordsman (1978) Conan the Usurper (1967) Conan the Wanderer (1968) Sagas of Conan (2004) Tales of Conan (1955) The Treasure of Tranicos (1980) Aristotle and the Gun (2002) The Best of L. Sprague de Camp (1978) Divide and Rule (1948) Footprints on Sand (1981) A Gun for Dinosaur (1963) The Purple Pterodactyls (1980) The Reluctant Shaman (1970) Rivers of Time (1993) Scribblings (1972) Sprague de Camp's New Anthology (1953) Tales from Gavagan's Bar (1953/78) The Undesired Princess (1951) The Virgin & the Wheels (1976) The Wheels of If (1948) Years in the Making (2005) About de Camp GURPS Planet Krishna (1997) The Enchanter Completed (2005)
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Sprague de Camp, the fifth book in his Viagens Interplanetarias series. It was first published in hardcover by Twayne Publishers, and in paperback by Signet Books in 1971 with a cover by illustrator Bob Pepper.[1][2] An E-book edition was published by Gollancz's SF Gateway imprint on September 29, 2011 as part of a general release of de Camp's works in electronic form.[3][4] It has also been translated into Portuguese, Dutch, and Italian.[1] The pieces were originally published between 1949 and 1951 in the magazines Astounding Science-Fiction, Startling Stories, Future Combined with Science Fiction, and Thrilling Wonder Stories.The book is a collection of most of de Camp's early \"Viagens Interplanetarias\" tales, all of which are set in a future in which interstellar travel between the Solar System and nearby stellar systems inhabited by alien races is common, and an Interplanetary Council regulates relations between the various civilizations. Terrans and the reptilian natives of the planet Osiris are the main spacefaring peoples. The tales take place in the period from the mid-21st-century to the mid-twenty-second. Individual stories are set on spaceships traveling between planets and individual planets such as Earth, Krishna, Ganesha and Osiris (it being assumed that Terrans will have carried their penchant for naming planets after gods to other star systems).Features of the postulated future include an Earth governed by a World Federation in which Brazil has become the paramount great power, with Terran space travel monopolized by a Brazilian-dominated agency called the Viagens Interplanetarias (\"Interplanetary Tours\" in Portuguese). Interstellar travel is limited to sub-light speeds, as the author eschews such common science fiction gimmicks as hyperdrives.","title":"The Continent Makers and Other Tales of the Viagens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isaac Asimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"},{"link_name":"The Inspector's Teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inspector%27s_Teeth"},{"link_name":"Summer Wear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Wear"},{"link_name":"Finished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finished_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"The Galton Whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Galton_Whistle"},{"link_name":"The Animal-Cracker Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Animal-Cracker_Plot"},{"link_name":"Git Along!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_Along!"},{"link_name":"Perpetual Motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_Motion_(novella)"},{"link_name":"The Continent Makers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Continent_Makers"}],"text":"The date headings to the individual stories are as listed in the collection's table of contents and at the beginning of each story.\"In Re Sprague\" by Isaac Asimov (introduction)\n\"Author's Note\"\nA.D. 2054-2088: \"The Inspector's Teeth\"\nA.D. 2104-2128: \"Summer Wear\"\nA.D. 2114-2140: \"Finished\"\nA.D. 2117: \"The Galton Whistle\"\nA.D. 2120: \"The Animal-Cracker Plot\"\nA.D. 2135-2148: \"Git Along!\"\nA.D. 2137: \"Perpetual Motion\"\nA.D. 2153: \"The Continent Makers\"","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P. Schuyler Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Schuyler_Miller"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mark Reinsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Reinsberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The English Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Journal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Boucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Boucher"},{"link_name":"McComas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Francis_McComas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Groff Conklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groff_Conklin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Critical response to the book was mixed. The most extensive examination of the book came from P. Schuyler Miller, who wrote \"Here you will find entertainment, ideas skillfully played with, precise care for detail and consistency, but actually not too much plot-suspense. So logical is the development of most of the stories, that the experienced reader knows what must be coming next.\" Of the setting, he observed that it allowed \"ample room for swashbuckling, skullduggery and horseplay, in which de Camp deals deftly from time to time,\" but noted that \"[o]ut of this setting, on the other hand, has come just one really memorable book--'Rogue Queen.'\"[5] Mark Reinsberg wrote that \"De Camp's style is adroit and witty as he develops science-fiction take-offs on themes like sea piracy, head hunters, the wild west, and jousting knight-hood,\" and noted that \"[t]he tales are spiced with glamorous other worldly women.\"[6] He also rated it \"[p]robably the most entertaining collection of 'tomorrow tales' by an individual author\" published in 1953, whose \"yarns kept the reader laughing over space pioneering in the 22d century and a marvelous pair of interstellar swindlers named Koshay and Borel.\"[7] The English Journal stated that \"[f]or fantasy, irony, and imagination these stories are remarkable.\"[8] The Los Angeles Times noted that in postulating the rise of Brazil as a world power, de Camp \"develops an interesting and not too improbable theme.\"[9]On the other hand, Boucher and McComas felt \"the stories of the Viagens Interplanetarias have usually struck us as pretty routine work unworthy of L. Sprague de Camp, but devotees of the series will welcome the collected volume.\"[10] Groff Conklin assessed it as a \"cream-puff-light book of space opera ... [f]ine stuff for bedtime, but I do feel that the stories were written with the left hind paw of an immensely brilliant fellow who just wasn't trying hard. Perhaps we should call it 'relentlessly light reading!'\"[11]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Laughlin, Charlotte; Daniel J. H. Levack (1983). De Camp: An L. Sprague de Camp Bibliography. San Francisco: Underwood/Miller. pp. 44–45.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/00490130","external_links_name":"00490130"},{"Link":"https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?37048","external_links_name":"The Continent Makers and Other Tales of the Viagens"},{"Link":"http://www.orionbooks.co.uk/authors/de-camp-l.-sprague2","external_links_name":"Orion Publishing Group's L. Sprague de Camp webpage"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Continent-Makers-Other-Viagens-ebook/dp/B005HRT82C","external_links_name":"Amazon.com entry for e-book edition"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061109024829/http://www.infoshop.org/sf/index.php/List_of_Planets_in_Science_Fiction","external_links_name":"list of planets"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Bronco_(Western_Michigan)
Buster Bronco (Western Michigan)
["1 See also","2 References"]
Western Michigan University mascot Buster BroncoBuster Bronco at a men's home basketball game.UniversityWestern Michigan UniversityConferenceMid-American ConferenceDescriptionBroncoFirst seen1988 Buster Bronco is the official Mascot of Western Michigan University athletic teams. "Born" in 1981, Buster is an official member of the WMU Cheer Team. Along with cheering at Bronco athletic events, Buster also makes appearances at community schools, hospitals, libraries and parades. Initially Buster was a student dressed in a horse's head. After a few changes, the current Buster Bronco took the form seen today in 1991. See also List of U.S. college mascots References vteWestern Michigan Broncos footballVenues Waldo Stadium (1939–present) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Central Michigan Central Michigan, Eastern Michigan: Michigan MAC Trophy Culture & lore Buster Bronco Bronco Marching Band People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteWestern Michigan Broncos men's basketballVenues East Hall gymnasium (1913–1938) Oakland Gymnasium (1938–1957) Read Fieldhouse (1957–1992) Lawson Arena (1992–1994) University Arena (1994–present) Rivalries In-state MAC schools Culture & lore Buster Bronco The Zoo People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons List of seasons 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vteWestern Michigan UniversityLocated in: Kalamazoo, MichiganAcademics Haworth College of Business International Congress on Medieval Studies New Issues Poetry & Prose Paper engineering Stryker School of Medicine Cooley Law School Sunseeker Athletics Baseball Men's basketball Women's basketball Broncos Buster Bronco Central Collegiate Hockey Association Ebert Field Football Hyames Field Ice hockey Kanley Track Lawson Arena Michigan MAC Trophy Mid-American Conference Seelye Athletic Center Men's soccer University Arena Waldo Stadium WMU Soccer Complex CMU–WMU Rivalry Trophy Campus East Campus Kalamazoo Miller Auditorium Oakland Drive Campus History William McCracken Bill Spaulding Buck Read Charles Van Riper Dwight B. Waldo Western State Normal Railroad People Alumni John Dunn Diether Haenicke Steve Hawkins Tim Lester Paul L. Maier Andy Murray Michael Swords Student life Western Herald WIDR WKDS WMUK Founded: 1903 Students: 23,914 Endowment: 330 million vteMascots of the Mid-American ConferenceEast Division Zippy (Akron) Freddie and Frieda (Bowling Green) Victor E. Bull (Buffalo) Flash the Golden Eagle (Kent State) Swoop (Miami) Rufus (Ohio) West Division Charlie Cardinal (Ball State) No mascot (Central Michigan) Swoop (Eastern Michigan) Victor E. Huskie (Northern Illinois) Rocky the Rocket (Toledo) Buster Bronco (Western Michigan) This article about a sports, promotional, or other mascot is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascot"},{"link_name":"Western Michigan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Michigan_University"}],"text":"Buster Bronco is the official Mascot of Western Michigan University athletic teams. \"Born\" in 1981, Buster is an official member of the WMU Cheer Team. Along with cheering at Bronco athletic events, Buster also makes appearances at community schools, hospitals, libraries and parades.Initially Buster was a student dressed in a horse's head. After a few changes, the current Buster Bronco took the form seen today in 1991.","title":"Buster Bronco (Western Michigan)"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of U.S. college mascots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._college_mascots"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buster_Bronco_(Western_Michigan)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language_literature
Scots-language literature
["1 Background","2 Development","3 Golden age","4 Decline","5 Revival","6 Marginalisation","7 Twentieth-century renaissance","8 Notes"]
Robert Burns in portrait by Alexander Nasmyth Scots-language literature is literature, including poetry, prose and drama, written in the Scots language in its many forms and derivatives. Middle Scots became the dominant language of Scotland in the late Middle Ages. The first surviving major text in Scots literature is John Barbour's Brus (1375). Some ballads may date back to the thirteenth century, but were not recorded until the eighteenth century. In the early fifteenth century Scots historical works included Andrew of Wyntoun's verse Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland and Blind Harry's The Wallace. Much Middle Scots literature was produced by makars, poets with links to the royal court, which included James I, who wrote the extended poem The Kingis Quair. Writers such as William Dunbar, Robert Henryson, Walter Kennedy and Gavin Douglas have been seen as creating a golden age in Scottish poetry. In the late fifteenth century, Scots prose also began to develop as a genre. The first complete surviving work is John Ireland's The Meroure of Wyssdome (1490). There were also prose translations of French books of chivalry that survive from the 1450s. The landmark work in the reign of James IV was Gavin Douglas's version of Virgil's Aeneid. James V supported William Stewart and John Bellenden, who translated the Latin History of Scotland compiled in 1527 by Hector Boece, into verse and prose. David Lyndsay wrote elegiac narratives, romances and satires. From the 1550s cultural pursuits were limited by the lack of a royal court and the Kirk heavily discouraged poetry that was not devotional. Nevertheless, poets from this period included Richard Maitland of Lethington, John Rolland and Alexander Hume. Alexander Scott's use of short verse designed to be sung to music, opened the way for the Castilan poets of James VI's adult reign. who included William Fowler, John Stewart of Baldynneis, and Alexander Montgomerie. Plays in Scots included Lyndsay's The Thrie Estaitis, the anonymous The Maner of the Cyring of ane Play and Philotus. After his accession to the English throne, James VI increasingly favoured the language of southern England and the loss of the court as a centre of patronage in 1603 was a major blow to Scottish literature. The poets who followed the king to London began to anglicise their written language and only significant court poet to continue to work in Scotland after the king's departure was William Drummond of Hawthornden. After the Union in 1707 the use of Scots was discouraged. Allan Ramsay (1686–1758) is often described as leading a "vernacular revival" and he laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish literature. He was part of a community of poets working in Scots and English that included William Hamilton of Gilbertfield, Robert Crawford, Alexander Ross, William Hamilton of Bangour, Alison Rutherford Cockburn and James Thomson. Also important was Robert Fergusson. Robert Burns is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland, working in both Scots and English. His "Auld Lang Syne" is often sung at Hogmanay, and "Scots Wha Hae" served for a long time as an unofficial national anthem. Scottish poetry is often seen as entering a period of decline in the nineteenth century, with Scots-language poetry criticised for its use of parochial dialect. Conservative and anti-radical Burns clubs sprang up around Scotland, filled with poets who fixated on the "Burns stanza" as a form. Scottish poetry has been seen as descending into infantalism as exemplified by the highly popular Whistle Binkie anthologies, leading into the sentimental parochialism of the Kailyard school. Poets from the lower social orders who used Scots included the weaver-poet William Thom. Walter Scott, the leading literary figure of the early nineteenth century, largely wrote in English, and Scots was confined to dialogue or interpolated narrative, in a model that would be followed by other novelists such as John Galt and Robert Louis Stevenson. James Hogg provided a Scots counterpart to the work of Scott. However, popular Scottish newspapers regularly included articles and commentary in the vernacular and there was an interest in translations into Scots from other Germanic languages, such as Danish, Swedish and German, including those by Robert Jamieson and Robert Williams Buchanan. In the early twentieth century there was a new surge of activity in Scottish literature, influenced by modernism and resurgent nationalism, known as the Scottish Renaissance. The leading figure in the movement was Hugh MacDiarmid who attempted to revive the Scots language as a medium for serious literature, developing a form of Synthetic Scots that combined different regional dialects and archaic terms. Other writers that emerged in this period, and are often treated as part of the movement, include the poets Edwin Muir and William Soutar. Some writers that emerged after the Second World War followed MacDiarmid by writing in Scots, including Robert Garioch, Sydney Goodsir Smith and Edwin Morgan, who became known for translations of works from a wide range of European languages. Alexander Gray is chiefly remembered for this translations into Scots from the German and Danish ballad traditions into Scots. Writers who reflected urban contemporary Scots included Douglas Dunn, Tom Leonard and Liz Lochhead. The Scottish Renaissance increasingly concentrated on the novel. George Blake pioneered the exploration of the experiences of the working class. Lewis Grassic Gibbon produced one of the most important realisations of the ideas of the Scottish Renaissance in his trilogy A Scots Quair. Other writers that investigated the working class included James Barke and J. F. Hendry. From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival, particularly associated with a group of Glasgow writers that included Alasdair Gray and James Kelman were among the first novelists to fully utilise a working class Scots voice as the main narrator. Irvine Welsh and Alan Warner both made use of vernacular language including expletives and words from the Scots language. Background Main article: Scots language In the late Middle Ages, Middle Scots, often simply called English, became the dominant language of the country. It was derived largely from Old English, with the addition of elements from Gaelic and French. Although resembling the language spoken in northern England, it became a distinct dialect from the late fourteenth century onwards. It began to be adopted by the ruling elite as they gradually abandoned French. By the fifteenth century it was the language of government, with acts of parliament, council records and treasurer's accounts almost all using it from the reign of James I (1406–37) onwards. As a result, Gaelic, once dominant north of the Tay, began a steady decline. Development See also: Scottish literature in the Middle Ages The seal of Gavin Douglas as Bishop of Dunkeld The first surviving major text in Scots literature is John Barbour's Brus (1375), composed under the patronage of Robert II and telling the story in epic poetry of Robert I's actions before the English invasion until the end of the first war of independence. The work was extremely popular among the Scots-speaking aristocracy and Barbour is referred to as the father of Scots poetry, holding a similar place to his contemporary Chaucer in England. Some Scots ballads may date back to the late medieval era and deal with events and people that can be traced back as far as the thirteenth century, including "Sir Patrick Spens" and "Thomas the Rhymer", but which are not known to have existed until they were collected and recorded in the eighteenth century. They were probably composed and transmitted orally and only began to be written down and printed, often as broadsides and as part of chapbooks, later being recorded and noted in books by collectors including Robert Burns and Walter Scott. In the early fifteenth century Scots historical works included Andrew of Wyntoun's verse Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland and Blind Harry's The Wallace, which blended historical romance with the verse chronicle. They were probably influenced by Scots versions of popular French romances that were also produced in the period, including The Buik of Alexander, Launcelot o the Laik, The Porteous of Noblenes by Gilbert Hay. Much Middle Scots literature was produced by makars, poets with links to the royal court, which included James I, who wrote the extended poem The Kingis Quair. Many of the makars had university education and so were also connected with the Kirk. However, William Dunbar's (1460–1513) Lament for the Makaris (c. 1505) provides evidence of a wider tradition of secular writing outside of Court and Kirk now largely lost. Writers such as Dunbar, Robert Henryson, Walter Kennedy and Gavin Douglas have been seen as creating a golden age in Scottish poetry. Major works include Richard Holland's satire the Buke of the Howlat (c. 1448). Dunbar produced satires, lyrics, invectives and dream visions that established the vernacular as a flexible medium for poetry of any kind. Robert Henryson (c. 1450-c. 1505), re-worked Medieval and Classical sources, such as Chaucer and Aesop in works such as his Testament of Cresseid and The Morall Fabillis. Gavin Douglas (1475–1522), who became Bishop of Dunkeld, injected Humanist concerns and classical sources into his poetry. Much of their work survives in a single collection. The Bannatyne Manuscript was collated by George Bannatyne (1545–1608) around 1560 and contains the work of many Scots poets who would otherwise be unknown. In the late fifteenth century, Scots prose also began to develop as a genre. Although there are earlier fragments of original Scots prose, such as the Auchinleck Chronicle, the first complete surviving work is John Ireland's The Meroure of Wyssdome (1490). There were also prose translations of French books of chivalry that survive from the 1450s, including The Book of the Law of Armys and the Order of Knychthode and the treatise Secreta Secetorum, an Arabic work believed to be Aristotle's advice to Alexander the Great. The landmark work in the reign of James IV was Gavin Douglas's version of Virgil's Aeneid, the Eneados, which was the first complete translation of a major classical text in an Anglic language, finished in 1513, but overshadowed by the disaster at Flodden in the same year. Golden age See also: Literature in early modern Scotland James VI in 1585, aged 19. He promoted poetry in his native Scots but abandoned it after he acceded to the English throne in 1603 As a patron of poets and authors James V (r. 1513–42) supported William Stewart and John Bellenden, who translated the Latin History of Scotland compiled in 1527 by Hector Boece, into verse and prose. David Lyndsay (c. 1486 – 1555), diplomat and the head of the Lyon Court, was a prolific poet. He wrote elegiac narratives, romances and satires. From the 1550s, in the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542–67) and the minority of her son James VI (r. 1567–1625), cultural pursuits were limited by the lack of a royal court and by political turmoil. The Kirk, heavily influenced by Calvinism, also discouraged poetry that was not devotional in nature. Nevertheless, poets from this period included Richard Maitland of Lethington (1496–1586), who produced meditative and satirical verses in the style of Dunbar; John Rolland (fl. 1530–75), who wrote allegorical satires in the tradition of Douglas and courtier and minister Alexander Hume (c. 1556–1609), whose corpus of work includes nature poetry and epistolary verse. Alexander Scott's (?1520–82/3) use of short verse designed to be sung to music, opened the way for the Castilan poets of James VI's adult reign. From the mid sixteenth century, written Scots was increasingly influenced by the developing Standard English of Southern England due to developments in royal and political interactions with England. The English supplied books and distributing Bibles and Protestant literature in the Lowlands when they invaded in 1547. With the increasing influence and availability of books printed in England, most writing in Scotland came to be done in the English fashion. Leading figure of the Scottish Reformation John Knox was accused of being hostile to Scots because he wrote in a Scots-inflected English developed while in exile at the English court. In the 1580s and 1590s James VI strongly promoted the literature of the country of his birth in Scots. His treatise, Some Rules and Cautions to be Observed and Eschewed in Scottish Prosody, published in 1584 when he was aged 18, was both a poetic manual and a description of the poetic tradition in his mother tongue, to which he applied Renaissance principles. He became patron and member of a loose circle of Scottish Jacobean court poets and musicians, later called the Castalian Band, which included William Fowler (c. 1560 – 1612), John Stewart of Baldynneis (c. 1545 – c. 1605), and Alexander Montgomerie (c. 1550 – 1598). They translated key Renaissance texts and produced poems using French forms, including sonnets and short sonnets, for narrative, nature description, satire and meditations on love. Later poets that followed in this vein included William Alexander (c. 1567 – 1640), Alexander Craig (c. 1567 – 1627) and Robert Ayton (1570–1627). By the late 1590s the king's championing of his native Scottish tradition was to some extent diffused by the prospect of inheriting of the English throne. In drama Lyndsay produced an interlude at Linlithgow Palace for the king and queen thought to be a version of his play The Thrie Estaitis in 1540, which satirised the corruption of church and state, and which is the only complete play to survive from before the Reformation. The anonymous The Maner of the Cyring of ane Play (before 1568) and Philotus (published in London in 1603), are isolated examples of surviving plays. The latter is a vernacular Scots comedy of errors, probably designed for court performance for Mary, Queen of Scots or James VI. Decline William Drummond of Hawthornden Having extolled the virtues of Scots "poesie", after his accession to the English throne, James VI increasingly favoured the language of southern England. In 1611 the Kirk adopted the English Authorised King James Version of the Bible. In 1617 interpreters were declared no longer necessary in the port of London because Scots and Englishmen were now "not so far different bot ane understandeth ane uther". Jenny Wormald, describes James as creating a "three-tier system, with Gaelic at the bottom and English at the top". The loss of the court as a centre of patronage in 1603 was a major blow to Scottish literature. A number of Scottish poets, including William Alexander, John Murray and Robert Aytoun accompanied the king to London, where they continued to write, but they soon began to anglicise their written language. James's characteristic role as active literary participant and patron in the English court made him a defining figure for English Renaissance poetry and drama, which would reach a pinnacle of achievement in his reign, but his patronage for the high style in his own Scottish tradition largely became sidelined. The only significant court poet to continue to work in Scotland after the king's departure was William Drummond of Hawthornden (1585–1649), and he largely abandoned Scots for a form of court English. The most influential Scottish literary figure of the mid-seventeenth century, Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty (1611 – c. 1660), who translated The Works of Rabelais, worked largely in English, only using occasional Scots for effect. In the late seventeenth century it looked as if Scots might disappear as a literary language. Revival See also: Scottish literature in the eighteenth century After the Union in 1707 and the shift of political power to England, the use of Scots was discouraged by many in authority and education. Intellectuals of the Scottish Enlightenment like David Hume and Adam Smith, went to great lengths to get rid of every Scotticism from their writings. Following such examples, many well-off Scots took to learning English through the activities of those such as Thomas Sheridan, who in 1761 gave a series of lectures on English elocution. Charging a guinea at a time (about £200 in today's money,) they were attended by over 300 men, and he was made a freeman of the City of Edinburgh. Following this, some of the city's intellectuals formed the Select Society for Promoting the Reading and Speaking of the English Language in Scotland. From such eighteenth-century activities grew Scottish Standard English. Scots remained the vernacular of many rural communities and the growing number of urban working class Scots. Allan Ramsay who led a vernacular revival in the eighteenth century Allan Ramsay (1686–1758) was the most important literary figure of the era, often described as leading a "vernacular revival". He laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish literature, publishing The Ever Green (1724), a collection that included many major poetic works of the Stewart period. He led the trend for pastoral poetry, helping to develop the Habbie stanza, which would be later be used by Robert Burns as a poetic form. His Tea-Table Miscellany (1724–37) contained poems old Scots folk material, his own poems in the folk style and "gentilizings" of Scots poems in the English neo-classical style. Ramsay was part of a community of poets working in Scots and English. These included William Hamilton of Gilbertfield (c. 1665 – 1751), Robert Crawford (1695–1733), Alexander Ross (1699–1784), the Jacobite William Hamilton of Bangour (1704–1754), socialite Alison Rutherford Cockburn (1712–1794), and poet and playwright James Thomson (1700–1748). Also important was Robert Fergusson (1750–1774), a largely urban poet, recognised in his short lifetime as the unofficial "laureate" of Edinburgh. His most famous work was his unfinished long poem, Auld Reekie (1773), dedicated to the life of the city. His borrowing from a variety of dialects prefigured the creation of Synthetic Scots in the twentieth century and he would be a major influence on Robert Burns. Burns (1759–1796), an Ayrshire poet and lyricist, is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland and a major figure in the Romantic movement. As well as making original compositions, Burns also collected folk songs from across Scotland, often revising or adapting them. His poem (and song) "Auld Lang Syne" is often sung at Hogmanay (the last day of the year), and "Scots Wha Hae" served for a long time as an unofficial national anthem of the country. Burns's poetry drew upon a substantial familiarity with and knowledge of Classical, Biblical, and English literature, as well as the Scottish Makar tradition. Burns was skilled in writing not only in the Scots language but also in the Scottish English dialect of the English language. Some of his works, such as "Love and Liberty" (also known as "The Jolly Beggars"), are written in both Scots and English for various effects. His themes included republicanism, radicalism, Scottish patriotism, anticlericalism, class inequalities, gender roles, commentary on the Scottish Kirk of his time, Scottish cultural identity, poverty, sexuality, and the beneficial aspects of popular socialising. Marginalisation See also: Scottish literature in the eighteenth century Scottish poetry is often seen as entering a period of decline in the nineteenth century, with Scots-language poetry criticised for its use of parochial dialect. Conservative and anti-radical Burns clubs sprang up around Scotland, filled with members that praised a sanitised version of Robert Burns' life and work and poets who fixated on the "Burns stanza" as a form. Scottish poetry has been seen as descending into infantalism as exemplified by the highly popular Whistle Binkie anthologies, which appeared 1830–90 and which notoriously included in one volume "Wee Willie Winkie" by William Miler (1810–1872). This tendency has been seen as leading late-nineteenth-century Scottish poetry into the sentimental parochialism of the Kailyard school. Poets from the lower social orders who used Scots included the weaver-poet William Thom (1799–1848), whose his "A chieftain unknown to the Queen" (1843) combined simple Scots language with a social critique of Queen Victoria's visit to Scotland. Walter Scott (1771–1832), the leading literary figure of the era began his career as a ballad collector and became the most popular poet in Britain and then its most successful novelist. His works were largely written in English and Scots was largely confined to dialogue or interpolated narrative, in a model that would be followed by other novelists such as John Galt (1779–1839) and later Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894). James Hogg (1770–1835) worked largely in Scots, providing a counterpart to Scott's work in English. Popular Scottish newspapers regularly included articles and commentary in the vernacular. There was an interest in translations into Scots from other Germanic languages, such as Danish, Swedish and German. These included Robert Jamieson's (c. 1780–1844) Popular Ballads And Songs From Tradition, Manuscripts And Scarce Editions With Translations Of Similar Pieces From The Ancient Danish Language and Illustrations of Northern Antiquities (1814) and Robert Williams Buchanan's (1841–1901) Ballad Stories of the Affections (1866). Twentieth-century renaissance See also: Literature in modern Scotland and Scottish Renaissance Edwin Morgan, poet, playwright and the first official Scots Makar In the early twentieth century there was a new surge of activity in Scottish literature, influenced by modernism and resurgent nationalism, known as the Scottish Renaissance. The leading figure in the movement was Hugh MacDiarmid (the pseudonym of Christopher Murray Grieve, 1892–1978). MacDiarmid attempted to revive the Scots language as a medium for serious literature in poetic works including "A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle" (1936), developing a form of Synthetic Scots that combined different regional dialects and archaic terms. Other writers that emerged in this period, and are often treated as part of the movement, include the poets Edwin Muir (1887–1959) and William Soutar (1898–1943), who pursued an exploration of identity, rejecting nostalgia and parochialism and engaging with social and political issues. Some writers that emerged after the Second World War followed MacDiarmid by writing in Scots, including Robert Garioch (1909–1981) and Sydney Goodsir Smith (1915–1975). The Glaswegian poet Edwin Morgan (1920–2010) became known for translations of works from a wide range of European languages. He was also the first Scots Makar (the official national poet), appointed by the inaugural Scottish government in 2004. Alexander Gray was an academic and poet, but is chiefly remembered for this translations into Scots from the German and Danish ballad traditions into Scots, including Arrows. A Book of German Ballads and Folksongs Attempted in Scots (1932) and Four-and-Forty. A Selection of Danish Ballads Presented in Scots (1954). The generation of poets that grew up in the postwar period included Douglas Dunn (born 1942), whose work has often seen a coming to terms with class and national identity within the formal structures of poetry and commenting on contemporary events, as in Barbarians (1979) and Northlight (1988). His most personal work is contained in the collection of Elegies (1985), which deal with the death of his first wife from cancer. Tom Leonard (born 1944), works in the Glaswegian dialect, pioneering the working class voice in Scottish poetry. Liz Lochhead (born 1947) also explored the lives of working-class people of Glasgow, but added an appreciation of female voices within a sometimes male dominated society. She also adapted classic texts into Scots, with versions of Molière's Tartuffe (1985) and The Misanthrope (1973–2005), while Edwin Morgan translated Cyrano de Bergerac (1992). The Scottish Renaissance increasingly concentrated on the novel, particularly after the 1930s when Hugh MacDiarmid was living in isolation in Shetland and many of these were written in English and not Scots. However, George Blake pioneered the exploration of the experiences of the working class in his major works such as The Shipbuilders (1935). Lewis Grassic Gibbon, the pseudonym of James Leslie Mitchell, produced one of the most important realisations of the ideas of the Scottish Renaissance in his trilogy A Scots Quair (Sunset Song, 1932, Cloud Howe, 1933 and Grey Granite, 1934), which mixed different Scots dialects with the narrative voice. Other works that investigated the working class included James Barke's (1905–1958), Major Operation (1936) and The Land of the Leal (1939) and J. F. Hendry's (1912–1986) Fernie Brae (1947). From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival, particularly associated with a group of Glasgow writers focused around meetings in the house of critic, poet and teacher Philip Hobsbaum (1932–2005). Also important in the movement was Peter Kravitz, editor of Polygon Books. These included Alasdair Gray (born 1934), whose epic Lanark (1981) built on the working class novel to explore realistic and fantastic narratives. James Kelman’s (born 1946) The Busconductor Hines (1984) and A Disaffection (1989) were among the first novels to fully utilise a working class Scots voice as the main narrator. In the 1990s major, prize winning, Scottish novels that emerged from this movement included Gray's Poor Things (1992), which investigated the capitalist and imperial origins of Scotland in an inverted version of the Frankenstein myth, Irvine Welsh's (born 1958), Trainspotting (1993), which dealt with the drug addiction in contemporary Edinburgh, Alan Warner’s (born 1964) Morvern Callar (1995), dealing with death and authorship and Kelman's How Late It Was, How Late (1994), a stream of consciousness novel dealing with a life of petty crime. These works were linked by a reaction to Thatcherism that was sometimes overtly political, and explored marginal areas of experience using vivid vernacular language (including expletives and Scots dialect). But'n'Ben A-Go-Go (2000) by Matthew Fitt is the first cyberpunk novel written entirely in Scots. One major outlet for literature in Lallans (Lowland Scots) is Lallans, the magazine of the Scots Language Society. Notes ^ G. Carruthers, Scottish Literature (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), ISBN 074863309X, p. 58. ^ a b c d e f J. Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), ISBN 0748602763, pp. 60–7. ^ A. A. M. Duncan, ed., The Brus (Canongate, 1997), ISBN 0-86241-681-7, p. 3. ^ N. Jayapalan, History of English Literature (Atlantic, 2001), ISBN 81-269-0041-5, p. 23. ^ E. Lyle, Scottish Ballads (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 2001), ISBN 0-86241-477-6, pp. 9–10. ^ R. Crawford, Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), ISBN 0-19-538623-X, pp. 216–9. ^ A. Grant, Independence and Nationhood, Scotland 1306–1469 (Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1984), pp. 102–3. ^ a b M. Lynch, "Culture: 3 Medieval", in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 117–8. ^ a b c d T. van Heijnsbergen, "Culture: 9 Renaissance and Reformation: poetry to 1603", in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 129–30. ^ Thomas Thomson ed., Auchinleck Chronicle (Edinburgh, 1819). ^ J. Martin, Kingship and Love in Scottish poetry, 1424–1540 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), ISBN 0-7546-6273-X, p. 111. ^ a b I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds, The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), ISBN 0-7486-1615-2, pp. 256–7. ^ J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, "A Brief History of Scots" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, The Edinburgh Companion to Scots (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), ISBN 0-7486-1596-2, p. 10ff. ^ J. Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), ISBN 0-7486-0276-3, pp. 102–4. ^ J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, "A Brief History of Scots" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, The Edinburgh Companion to Scots (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), ISBN 0-7486-1596-2, p. 11. ^ G. Carruthers, Scottish Literature (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), ISBN 074863309X, p. 44. ^ R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed., The History of Scottish Literature (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, ISBN 0-08-037728-9, pp. 126–7. ^ R. D. S. Jack, Alexander Montgomerie (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985), ISBN 0-7073-0367-2, pp. 1–2. ^ R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed., The History of Scottish Literature (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, ISBN 0-08-037728-9, p. 137. ^ a b T. van Heijnsbergen, "Culture: 7 Renaissance and Reformation (1460–1660): literature", in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 127–8. ^ S. Carpenter, "Scottish drama until 1650", in I. Brown, ed., The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), ISBN 0748641076, p. 15. ^ J. Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), ISBN 0748602763, pp. 192–3. ^ K. M. Brown, "Scottish identity", in B. Bradshaw and P. Roberts, eds, British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533–1707 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), ISBN 0521893615, pp. 253–3. ^ M. Spiller, "Poetry after the Union 1603–1660" in C. Cairns, ed., The History of Scottish Literature (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, ISBN 0-08-037728-9, pp. 141–52. ^ N. Rhodes, "Wrapped in the Strong Arm of the Union: Shakespeare and King James" in W. Maley and A. Murphy, eds, Shakespeare and Scotland (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), ISBN 0-7190-6636-0, pp. 38–9. ^ R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed., The History of Scottish Literature (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, ISBN 0-08-037728-9, pp. 137–8. ^ J. Corbett, Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots (Multilingual Matters, 1999), ISBN 1853594318, p. 77. ^ J. Corbett, Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots (Multilingual Matters, 1999), ISBN 1853594318, p. 89. ^ J. Corbett, Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots (Multilingual Matters, 1999), ISBN 1853594318, p. 94. ^ C. Jones, A Language Suppressed: The Pronunciation of the Scots Language in the 18th Century (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1993), p. vii. ^ Ian Simpson Ross, The Life of Adam Smith (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd edn., 2010), ISBN 0191613940. ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved May 7, 2024. ^ J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, "A Brief History of Scots" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, The Edinburgh Companion to Scots (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), ISBN 0-7486-1596-2, p. 13. ^ J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, "A Brief History of Scots" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, The Edinburgh Companion to Scots (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), ISBN 0-7486-1596-2, p. 14. ^ R. M. Hogg, The Cambridge History of the English Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), ISBN 0521264782, p. 39. ^ J. Buchan (2003), Crowded with Genius, Harper Collins, p. 311, ISBN 0-06-055888-1 ^ "Poetry in Scots: Brus to Burns" in C. R. Woodring and J. S. Shapiro, eds, The Columbia History of British Poetry (Columbia University Press, 1994), ISBN 0585041555, p. 100. ^ C. Maclachlan, Before Burns (Canongate Books, 2010), ISBN 1847674666, pp. ix–xviii. ^ J. Corbett, Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots (Multilingual Matters, 1999), ISBN 1853594318, p. 106. ^ R. Crawford, Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), ISBN 0-19-538623-X, p. 335. ^ L. McIlvanney (Spring 2005), "Hugh Blair, Robert Burns, and the Invention of Scottish Literature", Eighteenth-Century Life, 29 (2): 25–46, doi:10.1215/00982601-29-2-25 ^ Robert Burns: "Literary Style Archived 2013-10-16 at the Wayback Machine", retrieved 24 September 2010. ^ Robert Burns: "hae meat", retrieved 24 September 2010. ^ Red Star Cafe: "to the Kibble." Retrieved 24 September 2010. ^ a b L. Mandell, "Nineteenth-century Scottish poetry", in I. Brown, ed., The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: Enlightenment, Britain and empire (1707–1918) (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), ISBN 0748624813, pp. 301–07. ^ a b c G. Carruthers, Scottish Literature (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), ISBN 074863309X, pp. 58–9. ^ M. Lindsay and L. Duncan, The Edinburgh Book of Twentieth-Century Scottish Poetry (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), ISBN 074862015X, pp. xxxiv–xxxv. ^ A. Calder, Byron and Scotland: Radical Or Dandy? (Rowman & Littlefield, 1989), ISBN 0389208736, p. 112. ^ William Donaldson, The Language of the People: Scots Prose from the Victorian Revival, Aberdeen University Press 1989. ^ J. Corbett, Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots (Multilingual Matters, 1999), ISBN 1853594318, pp. 116. ^ a b c d e f "The Scottish 'Renaissance' and beyond", Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile, archived from the original on 30 September 2011 ^ The Scots Makar, The Scottish Government, 16 February 2004, archived from the original on 4 February 2012, retrieved 2007-10-28 ^ J. Corbett, Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots (Multilingual Matters, 1999), ISBN 1853594318, pp. 161–4. ^ a b "Scottish poetry" in S. Cushman, C. Cavanagh, J. Ramazani and P. Rouzer, eds, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition (Princeton University Press, 2012), ISBN 1400841429, pp. 1276–9. ^ G. Carruthers, Scottish Literature (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), ISBN 074863309X, pp. 67–9. ^ J. MacDonald, "Theatre in Scotland" in B. Kershaw and P. Thomson, The Cambridge History of British Theatre: Volume 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), ISBN 0521651328, p. 223. ^ a b c d C. Craig, "Culture: modern times (1914–): the novel", in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 157–9. ^ J. Corbett, "Past and future language: Matthew Fitt and Iain M. Banks" in C. McCracken-Flesher, ed., Scotland as Science Fiction (Rowman & Littlefield, 2012), ISBN 1611483743, p. 121. ^ J. Corbett, Language and Scottish Literature (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997), ISBN 0748608265, p. 16. vteScottish literatureEras Medieval Early modern 18th century 19th century 20th century Movements Makars Renaissance in Scotland Castalian Band Enlightenment Romanticism Kailyard school Scottish Renaissance Scottish Gaelic Renaissance Tartan Noir Forms Drama Novel Poetry By language English Lowland Scots Scottish Gaelic Norn Lists Writers Dramatists Novelists Poets Short story writers Science fiction writers Related articles British literature Celtic literature (mythology) Irish literature Opera in Scotland Theatres Welsh literature Scotland portal vteEuropean literature Abkhaz Albanian Anglo-Norman Aragonese Armenian Aromanian Asturian Austrian Basque Belarusian Belgian Bosnian Breton British Bulgarian Catalan Chuvash Cornish Crimean Tatar Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch English Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Middle English Estonian Faroese Finnish Flemish French Frisian Friulian Gaelic Gagauz  Galician Georgian German Greek ancient medieval modern Hungarian Icelandic Irish Northern Irish Italian Jèrriais Kazakh Kashubian Kosovar Latin Latvian Lithuanian Luxembourg Macedonian Maltese Manx Moldovan Montenegrin Norwegian Occitan (Provençal) Old Norse Ossetian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Sardinian Scottish Scots Scottish Gaelic Serbian Silesian  Slovak Slovene Spanish Swedish Swiss Turkish Turkish Cypriot Ukrainian Venetian Welsh in English in Welsh Western Lombard Yiddish
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scots language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language"},{"link_name":"Middle Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Scots"},{"link_name":"John Barbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barbour_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Brus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brus"},{"link_name":"ballads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad"},{"link_name":"Andrew of Wyntoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_of_Wyntoun"},{"link_name":"Blind Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Harry"},{"link_name":"The Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Actes_and_Deidis_of_the_Illustre_and_Vallyeant_Campioun_Schir_William_Wallace"},{"link_name":"makars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makars"},{"link_name":"James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"The Kingis Quair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingis_Quair"},{"link_name":"William Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dunbar"},{"link_name":"Robert Henryson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henryson"},{"link_name":"Walter Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kennedy_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Gavin Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Douglas"},{"link_name":"John Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ireland_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"James IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Gavin Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Virgil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil"},{"link_name":"Aeneid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneid"},{"link_name":"James V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"John Bellenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bellenden"},{"link_name":"Hector Boece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Boece"},{"link_name":"David Lyndsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyndsay"},{"link_name":"Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Richard Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Maitland"},{"link_name":"John Rolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rolland"},{"link_name":"Alexander Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hume"},{"link_name":"Alexander Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Scott_(16th-century_poet)"},{"link_name":"James VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"William Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fowler_(makar)"},{"link_name":"John Stewart of Baldynneis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stewart_of_Baldynneis"},{"link_name":"Alexander Montgomerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Montgomerie"},{"link_name":"The Thrie Estaitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Satire_of_the_Three_Estates"},{"link_name":"anglicise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicise"},{"link_name":"William Drummond of Hawthornden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Drummond_of_Hawthornden"},{"link_name":"Union in 1707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707"},{"link_name":"Allan Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Ramsay_(poet)"},{"link_name":"William Hamilton of Gilbertfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hamilton_(comic_poet)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ross_(poet)"},{"link_name":"William Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hamilton_(Jacobite_poet)"},{"link_name":"Alison Rutherford Cockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"James Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thomson_(poet,_born_1700)"},{"link_name":"Robert Fergusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fergusson"},{"link_name":"Robert Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns"},{"link_name":"national poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_poet"},{"link_name":"Auld Lang Syne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auld_Lang_Syne"},{"link_name":"Hogmanay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogmanay"},{"link_name":"Scots Wha Hae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Wha_Hae"},{"link_name":"national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem"},{"link_name":"Burns clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burns_club"},{"link_name":"Whistle Binkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle_Binkie"},{"link_name":"Kailyard school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailyard_school"},{"link_name":"William Thom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thom_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"John Galt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Galt_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"James Hogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hogg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carruthers2009p58-1"},{"link_name":"Robert Jamieson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jamieson_(antiquary)"},{"link_name":"Robert Williams Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Williams_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"Scottish Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Hugh MacDiarmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_MacDiarmid"},{"link_name":"Synthetic Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_Scots"},{"link_name":"Edwin Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Muir"},{"link_name":"William Soutar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Soutar"},{"link_name":"Robert Garioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Garioch"},{"link_name":"Sydney Goodsir Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Goodsir_Smith"},{"link_name":"Edwin Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Morgan_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gray_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Douglas Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Dunn"},{"link_name":"Tom Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Leonard_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Liz Lochhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Lochhead"},{"link_name":"George Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Blake_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"A Scots Quair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Scots_Quair"},{"link_name":"J. F. Hendry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._F._Hendry"},{"link_name":"Alasdair Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alasdair_Gray"},{"link_name":"James Kelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kelman"},{"link_name":"Irvine Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine_Welsh"},{"link_name":"Alan Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Warner"}],"text":"Scots-language literature is literature, including poetry, prose and drama, written in the Scots language in its many forms and derivatives. Middle Scots became the dominant language of Scotland in the late Middle Ages. The first surviving major text in Scots literature is John Barbour's Brus (1375). Some ballads may date back to the thirteenth century, but were not recorded until the eighteenth century. In the early fifteenth century Scots historical works included Andrew of Wyntoun's verse Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland and Blind Harry's The Wallace. Much Middle Scots literature was produced by makars, poets with links to the royal court, which included James I, who wrote the extended poem The Kingis Quair. Writers such as William Dunbar, Robert Henryson, Walter Kennedy and Gavin Douglas have been seen as creating a golden age in Scottish poetry. In the late fifteenth century, Scots prose also began to develop as a genre. The first complete surviving work is John Ireland's The Meroure of Wyssdome (1490). There were also prose translations of French books of chivalry that survive from the 1450s. The landmark work in the reign of James IV was Gavin Douglas's version of Virgil's Aeneid.James V supported William Stewart and John Bellenden, who translated the Latin History of Scotland compiled in 1527 by Hector Boece, into verse and prose. David Lyndsay wrote elegiac narratives, romances and satires. From the 1550s cultural pursuits were limited by the lack of a royal court and the Kirk heavily discouraged poetry that was not devotional. Nevertheless, poets from this period included Richard Maitland of Lethington, John Rolland and Alexander Hume. Alexander Scott's use of short verse designed to be sung to music, opened the way for the Castilan poets of James VI's adult reign. who included William Fowler, John Stewart of Baldynneis, and Alexander Montgomerie. Plays in Scots included Lyndsay's The Thrie Estaitis, the anonymous The Maner of the Cyring of ane Play and Philotus. After his accession to the English throne, James VI increasingly favoured the language of southern England and the loss of the court as a centre of patronage in 1603 was a major blow to Scottish literature. The poets who followed the king to London began to anglicise their written language and only significant court poet to continue to work in Scotland after the king's departure was William Drummond of Hawthornden.After the Union in 1707 the use of Scots was discouraged. Allan Ramsay (1686–1758) is often described as leading a \"vernacular revival\" and he laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish literature. He was part of a community of poets working in Scots and English that included William Hamilton of Gilbertfield, Robert Crawford, Alexander Ross, William Hamilton of Bangour, Alison Rutherford Cockburn and James Thomson. Also important was Robert Fergusson. Robert Burns is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland, working in both Scots and English. His \"Auld Lang Syne\" is often sung at Hogmanay, and \"Scots Wha Hae\" served for a long time as an unofficial national anthem. Scottish poetry is often seen as entering a period of decline in the nineteenth century, with Scots-language poetry criticised for its use of parochial dialect. Conservative and anti-radical Burns clubs sprang up around Scotland, filled with poets who fixated on the \"Burns stanza\" as a form. Scottish poetry has been seen as descending into infantalism as exemplified by the highly popular Whistle Binkie anthologies, leading into the sentimental parochialism of the Kailyard school. Poets from the lower social orders who used Scots included the weaver-poet William Thom. Walter Scott, the leading literary figure of the early nineteenth century, largely wrote in English, and Scots was confined to dialogue or interpolated narrative, in a model that would be followed by other novelists such as John Galt and Robert Louis Stevenson. James Hogg provided a Scots counterpart to the work of Scott.[1] However, popular Scottish newspapers regularly included articles and commentary in the vernacular and there was an interest in translations into Scots from other Germanic languages, such as Danish, Swedish and German, including those by Robert Jamieson and Robert Williams Buchanan.In the early twentieth century there was a new surge of activity in Scottish literature, influenced by modernism and resurgent nationalism, known as the Scottish Renaissance. The leading figure in the movement was Hugh MacDiarmid who attempted to revive the Scots language as a medium for serious literature, developing a form of Synthetic Scots that combined different regional dialects and archaic terms. Other writers that emerged in this period, and are often treated as part of the movement, include the poets Edwin Muir and William Soutar. Some writers that emerged after the Second World War followed MacDiarmid by writing in Scots, including Robert Garioch, Sydney Goodsir Smith and Edwin Morgan, who became known for translations of works from a wide range of European languages. Alexander Gray is chiefly remembered for this translations into Scots from the German and Danish ballad traditions into Scots. Writers who reflected urban contemporary Scots included Douglas Dunn, Tom Leonard and Liz Lochhead. The Scottish Renaissance increasingly concentrated on the novel. George Blake pioneered the exploration of the experiences of the working class. Lewis Grassic Gibbon produced one of the most important realisations of the ideas of the Scottish Renaissance in his trilogy A Scots Quair. Other writers that investigated the working class included James Barke and J. F. Hendry. From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival, particularly associated with a group of Glasgow writers that included Alasdair Gray and James Kelman were among the first novelists to fully utilise a working class Scots voice as the main narrator. Irvine Welsh and Alan Warner both made use of vernacular language including expletives and words from the Scots language.","title":"Scots-language literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Scots"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wormald1991pp60-7-2"},{"link_name":"James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wormald1991pp60-7-2"}],"text":"In the late Middle Ages, Middle Scots, often simply called English, became the dominant language of the country. It was derived largely from Old English, with the addition of elements from Gaelic and French. Although resembling the language spoken in northern England, it became a distinct dialect from the late fourteenth century onwards.[2] It began to be adopted by the ruling elite as they gradually abandoned French. By the fifteenth century it was the language of government, with acts of parliament, council records and treasurer's accounts almost all using it from the reign of James I (1406–37) onwards. As a result, Gaelic, once dominant north of the Tay, began a steady decline.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish literature in the Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_literature_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_Gavin_Douglas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gavin Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Dunkeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Dunkeld"},{"link_name":"John Barbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barbour_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Brus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brus"},{"link_name":"Robert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Robert I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce"},{"link_name":"first war of independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Scottish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaucer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ballads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad"},{"link_name":"Sir Patrick Spens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Patrick_Spens"},{"link_name":"Thomas the Rhymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Rhymer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"broadsides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_ballad"},{"link_name":"chapbooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapbooks"},{"link_name":"Robert Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns"},{"link_name":"Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Andrew of Wyntoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_of_Wyntoun"},{"link_name":"Blind Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Harry"},{"link_name":"The Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Actes_and_Deidis_of_the_Illustre_and_Vallyeant_Campioun_Schir_William_Wallace"},{"link_name":"historical romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)"},{"link_name":"verse chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle"},{"link_name":"The Buik of Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buik_of_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Launcelot o the Laik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Hay_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wormald1991pp60-7-2"},{"link_name":"makars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makars"},{"link_name":"James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"The Kingis Quair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingis_Quair"},{"link_name":"Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Church"},{"link_name":"William Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dunbar"},{"link_name":"Lament for the Makaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lament_for_the_Makaris"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Robert Henryson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henryson"},{"link_name":"Walter Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kennedy_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Gavin Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wormald1991pp60-7-2"},{"link_name":"Richard Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Holland"},{"link_name":"Buke of the Howlat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buke_of_the_Howlat"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lynch2001pp117-18-8"},{"link_name":"Robert Henryson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henryson"},{"link_name":"Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaucer"},{"link_name":"Aesop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop"},{"link_name":"Gavin Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Dunkeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Dunkeld"},{"link_name":"Humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanHeijnsbergen2001pp129-30-9"},{"link_name":"Bannatyne Manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannatyne_Manuscript"},{"link_name":"George Bannatyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bannatyne"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lynch2001pp117-18-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Secreta Secetorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wormald1991pp60-7-2"},{"link_name":"James IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Gavin Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Virgil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil"},{"link_name":"Aeneid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneid"},{"link_name":"Eneados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneados"},{"link_name":"Anglic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglic_languages"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wormald1991pp60-7-2"}],"text":"See also: Scottish literature in the Middle AgesThe seal of Gavin Douglas as Bishop of DunkeldThe first surviving major text in Scots literature is John Barbour's Brus (1375), composed under the patronage of Robert II and telling the story in epic poetry of Robert I's actions before the English invasion until the end of the first war of independence.[3] The work was extremely popular among the Scots-speaking aristocracy and Barbour is referred to as the father of Scots poetry, holding a similar place to his contemporary Chaucer in England.[4] Some Scots ballads may date back to the late medieval era and deal with events and people that can be traced back as far as the thirteenth century, including \"Sir Patrick Spens\" and \"Thomas the Rhymer\", but which are not known to have existed until they were collected and recorded in the eighteenth century.[5] They were probably composed and transmitted orally and only began to be written down and printed, often as broadsides and as part of chapbooks, later being recorded and noted in books by collectors including Robert Burns and Walter Scott.[6] In the early fifteenth century Scots historical works included Andrew of Wyntoun's verse Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland and Blind Harry's The Wallace, which blended historical romance with the verse chronicle. They were probably influenced by Scots versions of popular French romances that were also produced in the period, including The Buik of Alexander, Launcelot o the Laik, The Porteous of Noblenes by Gilbert Hay.[2]Much Middle Scots literature was produced by makars, poets with links to the royal court, which included James I, who wrote the extended poem The Kingis Quair. Many of the makars had university education and so were also connected with the Kirk. However, William Dunbar's (1460–1513) Lament for the Makaris (c. 1505) provides evidence of a wider tradition of secular writing outside of Court and Kirk now largely lost.[7] Writers such as Dunbar, Robert Henryson, Walter Kennedy and Gavin Douglas have been seen as creating a golden age in Scottish poetry.[2] Major works include Richard Holland's satire the Buke of the Howlat (c. 1448).[8] Dunbar produced satires, lyrics, invectives and dream visions that established the vernacular as a flexible medium for poetry of any kind. Robert Henryson (c. 1450-c. 1505), re-worked Medieval and Classical sources, such as Chaucer and Aesop in works such as his Testament of Cresseid and The Morall Fabillis. Gavin Douglas (1475–1522), who became Bishop of Dunkeld, injected Humanist concerns and classical sources into his poetry.[9] Much of their work survives in a single collection. The Bannatyne Manuscript was collated by George Bannatyne (1545–1608) around 1560 and contains the work of many Scots poets who would otherwise be unknown.[8]In the late fifteenth century, Scots prose also began to develop as a genre. Although there are earlier fragments of original Scots prose, such as the Auchinleck Chronicle,[10] the first complete surviving work is John Ireland's The Meroure of Wyssdome (1490).[11] There were also prose translations of French books of chivalry that survive from the 1450s, including The Book of the Law of Armys and the Order of Knychthode and the treatise Secreta Secetorum, an Arabic work believed to be Aristotle's advice to Alexander the Great.[2] The landmark work in the reign of James IV was Gavin Douglas's version of Virgil's Aeneid, the Eneados, which was the first complete translation of a major classical text in an Anglic language, finished in 1513, but overshadowed by the disaster at Flodden in the same year.[2]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Literature in early modern Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_in_early_modern_Scotland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_James_I_of_England_and_James_VI_of_Scotland.jpg"},{"link_name":"James VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"James V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"John Bellenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bellenden"},{"link_name":"Hector Boece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Boece"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brownetalpp256-7-12"},{"link_name":"David Lyndsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyndsay"},{"link_name":"Lyon Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Court"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanHeijnsbergen2001pp129-30-9"},{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"},{"link_name":"James VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Calvinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"Richard Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Maitland"},{"link_name":"John Rolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rolland"},{"link_name":"Alexander Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hume"},{"link_name":"epistolary verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistolary_poem"},{"link_name":"Alexander Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Scott_(16th-century_poet)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanHeijnsbergen2001pp129-30-9"},{"link_name":"Standard English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_English"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_lowlands"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"John Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knox"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carruthers2009p44-16"},{"link_name":"Some Rules and Cautions to be Observed and Eschewed in Scottish Prosody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reulis_and_Cautelis"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Jacobean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobean_era"},{"link_name":"Castalian Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castalian_Band"},{"link_name":"William Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fowler_(makar)"},{"link_name":"John Stewart of Baldynneis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stewart_of_Baldynneis"},{"link_name":"Alexander Montgomerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Montgomerie"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"sonnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet"},{"link_name":"William Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander,_1st_Earl_of_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Robert Ayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Aytoun"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanHeijnsbergen2001pp129-30-9"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Linlithgow Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace"},{"link_name":"The Thrie Estaitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Satire_of_the_Three_Estates"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brownetalpp256-7-12"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanHeijnsbergen2001pp127-8-20"},{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carpenter2011p15-21"}],"text":"See also: Literature in early modern ScotlandJames VI in 1585, aged 19. He promoted poetry in his native Scots but abandoned it after he acceded to the English throne in 1603As a patron of poets and authors James V (r. 1513–42) supported William Stewart and John Bellenden, who translated the Latin History of Scotland compiled in 1527 by Hector Boece, into verse and prose.[12] David Lyndsay (c. 1486 – 1555), diplomat and the head of the Lyon Court, was a prolific poet. He wrote elegiac narratives, romances and satires.[9] From the 1550s, in the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542–67) and the minority of her son James VI (r. 1567–1625), cultural pursuits were limited by the lack of a royal court and by political turmoil. The Kirk, heavily influenced by Calvinism, also discouraged poetry that was not devotional in nature. Nevertheless, poets from this period included Richard Maitland of Lethington (1496–1586), who produced meditative and satirical verses in the style of Dunbar; John Rolland (fl. 1530–75), who wrote allegorical satires in the tradition of Douglas and courtier and minister Alexander Hume (c. 1556–1609), whose corpus of work includes nature poetry and epistolary verse. Alexander Scott's (?1520–82/3) use of short verse designed to be sung to music, opened the way for the Castilan poets of James VI's adult reign.[9]From the mid sixteenth century, written Scots was increasingly influenced by the developing Standard English of Southern England due to developments in royal and political interactions with England.[13] The English supplied books and distributing Bibles and Protestant literature in the Lowlands when they invaded in 1547.[14] With the increasing influence and availability of books printed in England, most writing in Scotland came to be done in the English fashion.[15] Leading figure of the Scottish Reformation John Knox was accused of being hostile to Scots because he wrote in a Scots-inflected English developed while in exile at the English court.[16]In the 1580s and 1590s James VI strongly promoted the literature of the country of his birth in Scots. His treatise, Some Rules and Cautions to be Observed and Eschewed in Scottish Prosody, published in 1584 when he was aged 18, was both a poetic manual and a description of the poetic tradition in his mother tongue, to which he applied Renaissance principles.[17] He became patron and member of a loose circle of Scottish Jacobean court poets and musicians, later called the Castalian Band, which included William Fowler (c. 1560 – 1612), John Stewart of Baldynneis (c. 1545 – c. 1605), and Alexander Montgomerie (c. 1550 – 1598).[18] They translated key Renaissance texts and produced poems using French forms, including sonnets and short sonnets, for narrative, nature description, satire and meditations on love. Later poets that followed in this vein included William Alexander (c. 1567 – 1640), Alexander Craig (c. 1567 – 1627) and Robert Ayton (1570–1627).[9] By the late 1590s the king's championing of his native Scottish tradition was to some extent diffused by the prospect of inheriting of the English throne.[19]In drama Lyndsay produced an interlude at Linlithgow Palace for the king and queen thought to be a version of his play The Thrie Estaitis in 1540, which satirised the corruption of church and state, and which is the only complete play to survive from before the Reformation.[12] The anonymous The Maner of the Cyring of ane Play (before 1568)[20] and Philotus (published in London in 1603), are isolated examples of surviving plays. The latter is a vernacular Scots comedy of errors, probably designed for court performance for Mary, Queen of Scots or James VI.[21]","title":"Golden age"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Attributed_to_Abraham_van_Blijenberch_-_William_Drummond_of_Hawthornden,_1585_-_1649._Poet_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Drummond of Hawthornden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Drummond_of_Hawthornden"},{"link_name":"Authorised King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorised_King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wormald1991pp192-3-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown2003pp253-4-23"},{"link_name":"anglicise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicise"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"high style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylistics_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"William Drummond of Hawthornden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Drummond_of_Hawthornden"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanHeijnsbergen2001pp127-8-20"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Thomas Urquhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Urquhart"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"William Drummond of HawthorndenHaving extolled the virtues of Scots \"poesie\", after his accession to the English throne, James VI increasingly favoured the language of southern England. In 1611 the Kirk adopted the English Authorised King James Version of the Bible. In 1617 interpreters were declared no longer necessary in the port of London because Scots and Englishmen were now \"not so far different bot ane understandeth ane uther\". Jenny Wormald, describes James as creating a \"three-tier system, with Gaelic at the bottom and English at the top\".[22] The loss of the court as a centre of patronage in 1603 was a major blow to Scottish literature. A number of Scottish poets, including William Alexander, John Murray and Robert Aytoun accompanied the king to London, where they continued to write,[23] but they soon began to anglicise their written language.[24] James's characteristic role as active literary participant and patron in the English court made him a defining figure for English Renaissance poetry and drama, which would reach a pinnacle of achievement in his reign,[25] but his patronage for the high style in his own Scottish tradition largely became sidelined.[26] The only significant court poet to continue to work in Scotland after the king's departure was William Drummond of Hawthornden (1585–1649),[20] and he largely abandoned Scots for a form of court English.[27] The most influential Scottish literary figure of the mid-seventeenth century, Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty (1611 – c. 1660), who translated The Works of Rabelais, worked largely in English, only using occasional Scots for effect.[28] In the late seventeenth century it looked as if Scots might disappear as a literary language.[29]","title":"Decline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish literature in the eighteenth century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_literature_in_the_eighteenth_century"},{"link_name":"Union in 1707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Scottish Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"David Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume"},{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sheridan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"elocution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elocution"},{"link_name":"guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-32"},{"link_name":"freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/freeman"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Scottish Standard English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_English"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allan-Ramsay.jpg"},{"link_name":"Allan Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Ramsay_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Allan Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Ramsay_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"pastoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral"},{"link_name":"Habbie stanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habbie_stanza"},{"link_name":"poetic form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_form"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"William Hamilton of Gilbertfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hamilton_(comic_poet)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ross_(poet)"},{"link_name":"William Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hamilton_(Jacobite_poet)"},{"link_name":"Alison Rutherford Cockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"James Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thomson_(poet,_born_1700)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Robert Fergusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fergusson"},{"link_name":"Synthetic Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_Scots"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Robert Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"national poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_poet"},{"link_name":"folk songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"adapting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_adaptation"},{"link_name":"Auld Lang Syne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auld_Lang_Syne"},{"link_name":"Hogmanay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogmanay"},{"link_name":"Scots Wha Hae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Wha_Hae"},{"link_name":"national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics"},{"link_name":"Biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"English literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature"},{"link_name":"Makar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makar"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Literary-Style-42"},{"link_name":"Scots language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language"},{"link_name":"Scottish English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_English"},{"link_name":"dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect"},{"link_name":"English language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-some-hae-meat-43"},{"link_name":"republicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism"},{"link_name":"radicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)"},{"link_name":"Scottish patriotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_patriotism"},{"link_name":"anticlericalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-clericalism"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class"},{"link_name":"gender roles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_roles"},{"link_name":"Scottish cultural identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_cultural_identity"},{"link_name":"poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"},{"link_name":"sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Address-to-the-Kibble-44"}],"text":"See also: Scottish literature in the eighteenth centuryAfter the Union in 1707 and the shift of political power to England, the use of Scots was discouraged by many in authority and education.[30] Intellectuals of the Scottish Enlightenment like David Hume and Adam Smith, went to great lengths to get rid of every Scotticism from their writings.[31] Following such examples, many well-off Scots took to learning English through the activities of those such as Thomas Sheridan, who in 1761 gave a series of lectures on English elocution. Charging a guinea at a time (about £200 in today's money,[32]) they were attended by over 300 men, and he was made a freeman of the City of Edinburgh. Following this, some of the city's intellectuals formed the Select Society for Promoting the Reading and Speaking of the English Language in Scotland. From such eighteenth-century activities grew Scottish Standard English.[33] Scots remained the vernacular of many rural communities and the growing number of urban working class Scots.[34]Allan Ramsay who led a vernacular revival in the eighteenth centuryAllan Ramsay (1686–1758) was the most important literary figure of the era, often described as leading a \"vernacular revival\". He laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish literature, publishing The Ever Green (1724), a collection that included many major poetic works of the Stewart period.[35] He led the trend for pastoral poetry, helping to develop the Habbie stanza, which would be later be used by Robert Burns as a poetic form.[36] His Tea-Table Miscellany (1724–37) contained poems old Scots folk material, his own poems in the folk style and \"gentilizings\" of Scots poems in the English neo-classical style.[37] Ramsay was part of a community of poets working in Scots and English. These included William Hamilton of Gilbertfield (c. 1665 – 1751), Robert Crawford (1695–1733), Alexander Ross (1699–1784), the Jacobite William Hamilton of Bangour (1704–1754), socialite Alison Rutherford Cockburn (1712–1794), and poet and playwright James Thomson (1700–1748).[38] Also important was Robert Fergusson (1750–1774), a largely urban poet, recognised in his short lifetime as the unofficial \"laureate\" of Edinburgh. His most famous work was his unfinished long poem, Auld Reekie (1773), dedicated to the life of the city. His borrowing from a variety of dialects prefigured the creation of Synthetic Scots in the twentieth century[39] and he would be a major influence on Robert Burns.[40]Burns (1759–1796), an Ayrshire poet and lyricist, is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland and a major figure in the Romantic movement. As well as making original compositions, Burns also collected folk songs from across Scotland, often revising or adapting them. His poem (and song) \"Auld Lang Syne\" is often sung at Hogmanay (the last day of the year), and \"Scots Wha Hae\" served for a long time as an unofficial national anthem of the country.[41] Burns's poetry drew upon a substantial familiarity with and knowledge of Classical, Biblical, and English literature, as well as the Scottish Makar tradition.[42] Burns was skilled in writing not only in the Scots language but also in the Scottish English dialect of the English language. Some of his works, such as \"Love and Liberty\" (also known as \"The Jolly Beggars\"), are written in both Scots and English for various effects.[43] His themes included republicanism, radicalism, Scottish patriotism, anticlericalism, class inequalities, gender roles, commentary on the Scottish Kirk of his time, Scottish cultural identity, poverty, sexuality, and the beneficial aspects of popular socialising.[44]","title":"Revival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish literature in the eighteenth century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_literature_in_the_eighteenth_century"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandell2007pp301-07-45"},{"link_name":"Burns clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burns_club"},{"link_name":"Robert Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carruthers2009pp58-9-46"},{"link_name":"Whistle Binkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle_Binkie"},{"link_name":"Wee Willie Winkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wee_Willie_Winkie"},{"link_name":"William Miler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Miller_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carruthers2009pp58-9-46"},{"link_name":"Kailyard school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailyard_school"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LindsayandDuncan2005ppxxxiv-xxxv-47"},{"link_name":"William Thom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thom_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandell2007pp301-07-45"},{"link_name":"Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"John Galt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Galt_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carruthers2009pp58-9-46"},{"link_name":"James Hogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hogg"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Robert Jamieson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jamieson_(antiquary)"},{"link_name":"Illustrations of Northern Antiquities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrations_of_Northern_Antiquities"},{"link_name":"Robert Williams Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Williams_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"See also: Scottish literature in the eighteenth centuryScottish poetry is often seen as entering a period of decline in the nineteenth century, with Scots-language poetry criticised for its use of parochial dialect.[45] Conservative and anti-radical Burns clubs sprang up around Scotland, filled with members that praised a sanitised version of Robert Burns' life and work and poets who fixated on the \"Burns stanza\" as a form.[46] Scottish poetry has been seen as descending into infantalism as exemplified by the highly popular Whistle Binkie anthologies, which appeared 1830–90 and which notoriously included in one volume \"Wee Willie Winkie\" by William Miler (1810–1872).[46] This tendency has been seen as leading late-nineteenth-century Scottish poetry into the sentimental parochialism of the Kailyard school.[47] Poets from the lower social orders who used Scots included the weaver-poet William Thom (1799–1848), whose his \"A chieftain unknown to the Queen\" (1843) combined simple Scots language with a social critique of Queen Victoria's visit to Scotland.[45]Walter Scott (1771–1832), the leading literary figure of the era began his career as a ballad collector and became the most popular poet in Britain and then its most successful novelist.[48] His works were largely written in English and Scots was largely confined to dialogue or interpolated narrative, in a model that would be followed by other novelists such as John Galt (1779–1839) and later Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894).[46] James Hogg (1770–1835) worked largely in Scots, providing a counterpart to Scott's work in English. Popular Scottish newspapers regularly included articles and commentary in the vernacular.[49]There was an interest in translations into Scots from other Germanic languages, such as Danish, Swedish and German. These included Robert Jamieson's (c. 1780–1844) Popular Ballads And Songs From Tradition, Manuscripts And Scarce Editions With Translations Of Similar Pieces From The Ancient Danish Language and Illustrations of Northern Antiquities (1814) and\nRobert Williams Buchanan's (1841–1901) Ballad Stories of the Affections (1866).[50]","title":"Marginalisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Literature in modern Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_in_modern_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scottish Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Renaissance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edwin_Morgan_by_Alex_Boyd.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edwin Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Morgan_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Scots Makar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Makar"},{"link_name":"modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VisitingArtsScotland-51"},{"link_name":"Hugh MacDiarmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_MacDiarmid"},{"link_name":"A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Drunk_Man_Looks_at_the_Thistle"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VisitingArtsScotland-51"},{"link_name":"Edwin Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Muir"},{"link_name":"William Soutar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Soutar"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VisitingArtsScotland-51"},{"link_name":"Robert Garioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Garioch"},{"link_name":"Sydney Goodsir Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Goodsir_Smith"},{"link_name":"Edwin Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Morgan_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Scots Makar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Makar"},{"link_name":"national poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_poet"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Alexander Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gray_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Douglas Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Dunn"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Princetonpp1276-9-54"},{"link_name":"Tom Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Leonard_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Glaswegian dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_patter"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carruthers2009pp67-9-55"},{"link_name":"Liz Lochhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Lochhead"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Princetonpp1276-9-54"},{"link_name":"Molière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Tartuffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartuffe"},{"link_name":"The Misanthrope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Misanthrope"},{"link_name":"Cyrano de Bergerac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"A Scots Quair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Scots_Quair"},{"link_name":"Sunset Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Song"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craig2001bpp157-9-57"},{"link_name":"J. F. Hendry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._F._Hendry"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craig2001bpp157-9-57"},{"link_name":"Philip Hobsbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hobsbaum"},{"link_name":"Peter Kravitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kravitz"},{"link_name":"Polygon Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birlinn_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VisitingArtsScotland-51"},{"link_name":"Alasdair Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alasdair_Gray"},{"link_name":"Lanark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanark:_A_Life_in_Four_Books"},{"link_name":"working class novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarian_literature"},{"link_name":"James Kelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kelman"},{"link_name":"A Disaffection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Disaffection"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craig2001bpp157-9-57"},{"link_name":"Poor Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Things"},{"link_name":"Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craig2001bpp157-9-57"},{"link_name":"Irvine Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine_Welsh"},{"link_name":"Trainspotting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainspotting_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Alan Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Warner"},{"link_name":"Morvern Callar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morvern_Callar"},{"link_name":"How Late It Was, How Late","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Late_It_Was,_How_Late"},{"link_name":"stream of consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(narrative_mode)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VisitingArtsScotland-51"},{"link_name":"Thatcherism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcherism"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VisitingArtsScotland-51"},{"link_name":"But'n'Ben A-Go-Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/But%27n%27Ben_A-Go-Go"},{"link_name":"Matthew Fitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Fitt"},{"link_name":"cyberpunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Lallans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lallans"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"See also: Literature in modern Scotland and Scottish RenaissanceEdwin Morgan, poet, playwright and the first official Scots MakarIn the early twentieth century there was a new surge of activity in Scottish literature, influenced by modernism and resurgent nationalism, known as the Scottish Renaissance.[51] The leading figure in the movement was Hugh MacDiarmid (the pseudonym of Christopher Murray Grieve, 1892–1978). MacDiarmid attempted to revive the Scots language as a medium for serious literature in poetic works including \"A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle\" (1936), developing a form of Synthetic Scots that combined different regional dialects and archaic terms.[51] Other writers that emerged in this period, and are often treated as part of the movement, include the poets Edwin Muir (1887–1959) and William Soutar (1898–1943), who pursued an exploration of identity, rejecting nostalgia and parochialism and engaging with social and political issues.[51] Some writers that emerged after the Second World War followed MacDiarmid by writing in Scots, including Robert Garioch (1909–1981) and Sydney Goodsir Smith (1915–1975). The Glaswegian poet Edwin Morgan (1920–2010) became known for translations of works from a wide range of European languages. He was also the first Scots Makar (the official national poet), appointed by the inaugural Scottish government in 2004.[52] Alexander Gray was an academic and poet, but is chiefly remembered for this translations into Scots from the German and Danish ballad traditions into Scots, including Arrows. A Book of German Ballads and Folksongs Attempted in Scots (1932) and Four-and-Forty. A Selection of Danish Ballads Presented in Scots (1954).[53]The generation of poets that grew up in the postwar period included Douglas Dunn (born 1942), whose work has often seen a coming to terms with class and national identity within the formal structures of poetry and commenting on contemporary events, as in Barbarians (1979) and Northlight (1988). His most personal work is contained in the collection of Elegies (1985), which deal with the death of his first wife from cancer.[54] Tom Leonard (born 1944), works in the Glaswegian dialect, pioneering the working class voice in Scottish poetry.[55] Liz Lochhead (born 1947) also explored the lives of working-class people of Glasgow, but added an appreciation of female voices within a sometimes male dominated society.[54] She also adapted classic texts into Scots, with versions of Molière's Tartuffe (1985) and The Misanthrope (1973–2005), while Edwin Morgan translated Cyrano de Bergerac (1992).[56]The Scottish Renaissance increasingly concentrated on the novel, particularly after the 1930s when Hugh MacDiarmid was living in isolation in Shetland and many of these were written in English and not Scots. However, George Blake pioneered the exploration of the experiences of the working class in his major works such as The Shipbuilders (1935). Lewis Grassic Gibbon, the pseudonym of James Leslie Mitchell, produced one of the most important realisations of the ideas of the Scottish Renaissance in his trilogy A Scots Quair (Sunset Song, 1932, Cloud Howe, 1933 and Grey Granite, 1934), which mixed different Scots dialects with the narrative voice.[57] Other works that investigated the working class included James Barke's (1905–1958), Major Operation (1936) and The Land of the Leal (1939) and J. F. Hendry's (1912–1986) Fernie Brae (1947).[57]From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival, particularly associated with a group of Glasgow writers focused around meetings in the house of critic, poet and teacher Philip Hobsbaum (1932–2005). Also important in the movement was Peter Kravitz, editor of Polygon Books.[51] These included Alasdair Gray (born 1934), whose epic Lanark (1981) built on the working class novel to explore realistic and fantastic narratives. James Kelman’s (born 1946) The Busconductor Hines (1984) and A Disaffection (1989) were among the first novels to fully utilise a working class Scots voice as the main narrator.[57] In the 1990s major, prize winning, Scottish novels that emerged from this movement included Gray's Poor Things (1992), which investigated the capitalist and imperial origins of Scotland in an inverted version of the Frankenstein myth,[57] Irvine Welsh's (born 1958), Trainspotting (1993), which dealt with the drug addiction in contemporary Edinburgh, Alan Warner’s (born 1964) Morvern Callar (1995), dealing with death and authorship and Kelman's How Late It Was, How Late (1994), a stream of consciousness novel dealing with a life of petty crime.[51] These works were linked by a reaction to Thatcherism that was sometimes overtly political, and explored marginal areas of experience using vivid vernacular language (including expletives and Scots dialect).[51] But'n'Ben A-Go-Go (2000) by Matthew Fitt is the first cyberpunk novel written entirely in Scots.[58] One major outlet for literature in Lallans (Lowland Scots) is Lallans, the magazine of the Scots Language Society.[59]","title":"Twentieth-century 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Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_literature"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_literature"},{"link_name":"Cypriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypriot_literature"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_literature"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_literature"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch-language_literature"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature"},{"link_name":"Old English (Anglo-Saxon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_literature"},{"link_name":"Middle English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English_literature"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_literature"},{"link_name":"Faroese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroese_literature"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_literature"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_literature"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_literature"},{"link_name":"Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisian_literature"},{"link_name":"Friulian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friulian_literature"},{"link_name":"Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_literature"},{"link_name":"Gagauz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gagauz_literature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Galician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician-language_literature"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_literature"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_literature"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_literature"},{"link_name":"ancient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_literature"},{"link_name":"modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_literature"},{"link_name":"Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_literature"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_literature"},{"link_name":"Northern Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_literature"},{"link_name":"Jèrriais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_literature"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_literature"},{"link_name":"Kashubian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_literature"},{"link_name":"Kosovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_literature"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_literature"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_literature"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_literature"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_literature"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_literature"},{"link_name":"Manx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_literature"},{"link_name":"Moldovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Montenegrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_literature"},{"link_name":"Occitan (Provençal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_literature"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_literature"},{"link_name":"Ossetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetian_literature"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_literature"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_literature"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_literature"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_literature"},{"link_name":"Sardinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_literature"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_literature"},{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_literature"},{"link_name":"Silesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silesian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slezsk%C3%A1_literatura"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_literature"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_literature"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_literature"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_literature"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_literature"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_literature"},{"link_name":"Turkish Cypriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus#Literature"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_literature"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_literature"},{"link_name":"in English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English"},{"link_name":"in Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh-language_literature"},{"link_name":"Western Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Lombard_literature"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_literature"}],"text":"^ G. Carruthers, Scottish Literature (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), ISBN 074863309X, p. 58.\n\n^ a b c d e f J. Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), ISBN 0748602763, pp. 60–7.\n\n^ A. A. M. Duncan, ed., The Brus (Canongate, 1997), ISBN 0-86241-681-7, p. 3.\n\n^ N. Jayapalan, History of English Literature (Atlantic, 2001), ISBN 81-269-0041-5, p. 23.\n\n^ E. Lyle, Scottish Ballads (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 2001), ISBN 0-86241-477-6, pp. 9–10.\n\n^ R. Crawford, Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), ISBN 0-19-538623-X, pp. 216–9.\n\n^ A. Grant, Independence and Nationhood, Scotland 1306–1469 (Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1984), pp. 102–3.\n\n^ a b M. Lynch, \"Culture: 3 Medieval\", in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 117–8.\n\n^ a b c d T. van Heijnsbergen, \"Culture: 9 Renaissance and Reformation: poetry to 1603\", in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 129–30.\n\n^ Thomas Thomson ed., Auchinleck Chronicle (Edinburgh, 1819).\n\n^ J. Martin, Kingship and Love in Scottish poetry, 1424–1540 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), ISBN 0-7546-6273-X, p. 111.\n\n^ a b I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds, The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), ISBN 0-7486-1615-2, pp. 256–7.\n\n^ J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, \"A Brief History of Scots\" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, The Edinburgh Companion to Scots (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), ISBN 0-7486-1596-2, p. 10ff.\n\n^ J. Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), ISBN 0-7486-0276-3, pp. 102–4.\n\n^ J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, \"A Brief History of Scots\" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, The Edinburgh Companion to Scots (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), ISBN 0-7486-1596-2, p. 11.\n\n^ G. Carruthers, Scottish Literature (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), ISBN 074863309X, p. 44.\n\n^ R. D. S. Jack, \"Poetry under King James VI\", in C. Cairns, ed., The History of Scottish Literature (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, ISBN 0-08-037728-9, pp. 126–7.\n\n^ R. D. S. Jack, Alexander Montgomerie (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985), ISBN 0-7073-0367-2, pp. 1–2.\n\n^ R. D. S. Jack, \"Poetry under King James VI\", in C. Cairns, ed., The History of Scottish Literature (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, ISBN 0-08-037728-9, p. 137.\n\n^ a b T. van Heijnsbergen, \"Culture: 7 Renaissance and Reformation (1460–1660): literature\", in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 127–8.\n\n^ S. Carpenter, \"Scottish drama until 1650\", in I. Brown, ed., The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), ISBN 0748641076, p. 15.\n\n^ J. Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), ISBN 0748602763, pp. 192–3.\n\n^ K. M. Brown, \"Scottish identity\", in B. Bradshaw and P. Roberts, eds, British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533–1707 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), ISBN 0521893615, pp. 253–3.\n\n^ M. Spiller, \"Poetry after the Union 1603–1660\" in C. Cairns, ed., The History of Scottish Literature (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, ISBN 0-08-037728-9, pp. 141–52.\n\n^ N. Rhodes, \"Wrapped in the Strong Arm of the Union: Shakespeare and King James\" in W. Maley and A. Murphy, eds, Shakespeare and Scotland (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), ISBN 0-7190-6636-0, pp. 38–9.\n\n^ R. D. S. Jack, \"Poetry under King James VI\", in C. Cairns, ed., The History of Scottish Literature (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, ISBN 0-08-037728-9, pp. 137–8.\n\n^ J. Corbett, Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots (Multilingual Matters, 1999), ISBN 1853594318, p. 77.\n\n^ J. Corbett, Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots (Multilingual Matters, 1999), ISBN 1853594318, p. 89.\n\n^ J. Corbett, Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots (Multilingual Matters, 1999), ISBN 1853594318, p. 94.\n\n^ C. Jones, A Language Suppressed: The Pronunciation of the Scots Language in the 18th Century (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1993), p. vii.\n\n^ Ian Simpson Ross, The Life of Adam Smith (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd edn., 2010), ISBN 0191613940.\n\n^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved May 7, 2024.\n\n^ J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, \"A Brief History of Scots\" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, The Edinburgh Companion to Scots (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), ISBN 0-7486-1596-2, p. 13.\n\n^ J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, \"A Brief History of Scots\" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, The Edinburgh Companion to Scots (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), ISBN 0-7486-1596-2, p. 14.\n\n^ R. M. Hogg, The Cambridge History of the English Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), ISBN 0521264782, p. 39.\n\n^ J. Buchan (2003), Crowded with Genius, Harper Collins, p. 311, ISBN 0-06-055888-1\n\n^ \"Poetry in Scots: Brus to Burns\" in C. R. Woodring and J. S. Shapiro, eds, The Columbia History of British Poetry (Columbia University Press, 1994), ISBN 0585041555, p. 100.\n\n^ C. Maclachlan, Before Burns (Canongate Books, 2010), ISBN 1847674666, pp. ix–xviii.\n\n^ J. Corbett, Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots (Multilingual Matters, 1999), ISBN 1853594318, p. 106.\n\n^ R. Crawford, Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), ISBN 0-19-538623-X, p. 335.\n\n^ L. McIlvanney (Spring 2005), \"Hugh Blair, Robert Burns, and the Invention of Scottish Literature\", Eighteenth-Century Life, 29 (2): 25–46, doi:10.1215/00982601-29-2-25\n\n^ Robert Burns: \"Literary Style Archived 2013-10-16 at the Wayback Machine\", retrieved 24 September 2010.\n\n^ Robert Burns: \"hae meat\", retrieved 24 September 2010.\n\n^ Red Star Cafe: \"to the Kibble.\" Retrieved 24 September 2010.\n\n^ a b L. Mandell, \"Nineteenth-century Scottish poetry\", in I. Brown, ed., The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: Enlightenment, Britain and empire (1707–1918) (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), ISBN 0748624813, pp. 301–07.\n\n^ a b c G. Carruthers, Scottish Literature (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), ISBN 074863309X, pp. 58–9.\n\n^ M. Lindsay and L. Duncan, The Edinburgh Book of Twentieth-Century Scottish Poetry (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), ISBN 074862015X, pp. xxxiv–xxxv.\n\n^ A. Calder, Byron and Scotland: Radical Or Dandy? (Rowman & Littlefield, 1989), ISBN 0389208736, p. 112.\n\n^ William Donaldson, The Language of the People: Scots Prose from the Victorian Revival, Aberdeen University Press 1989.\n\n^ J. Corbett, Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots (Multilingual Matters, 1999), ISBN 1853594318, pp. 116.\n\n^ a b c d e f \"The Scottish 'Renaissance' and beyond\", Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile, archived from the original on 30 September 2011\n\n^ The Scots Makar, The Scottish Government, 16 February 2004, archived from the original on 4 February 2012, retrieved 2007-10-28\n\n^ J. Corbett, Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation: A History of Literary Translation Into Scots (Multilingual Matters, 1999), ISBN 1853594318, pp. 161–4.\n\n^ a b \"Scottish poetry\" in S. Cushman, C. Cavanagh, J. Ramazani and P. Rouzer, eds, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition (Princeton University Press, 2012), ISBN 1400841429, pp. 1276–9.\n\n^ G. Carruthers, Scottish Literature (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), ISBN 074863309X, pp. 67–9.\n\n^ J. MacDonald, \"Theatre in Scotland\" in B. Kershaw and P. Thomson, The Cambridge History of British Theatre: Volume 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), ISBN 0521651328, p. 223.\n\n^ a b c d C. Craig, \"Culture: modern times (1914–): the novel\", in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 157–9.\n\n^ J. Corbett, \"Past and future language: Matthew Fitt and Iain M. Banks\" in C. McCracken-Flesher, ed., Scotland as Science Fiction (Rowman & Littlefield, 2012), ISBN 1611483743, p. 121.\n\n^ J. Corbett, Language and Scottish Literature (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997), ISBN 0748608265, p. 16.vteScottish literatureEras\nMedieval\nEarly modern\n18th century\n19th century\n20th century\nMovements\nMakars\nRenaissance in Scotland\nCastalian Band\nEnlightenment\nRomanticism\nKailyard school\nScottish Renaissance\nScottish Gaelic Renaissance\nTartan Noir\nForms\nDrama\nNovel\nPoetry\nBy language\nEnglish\nLowland Scots\nScottish Gaelic\nNorn\nLists\nWriters\nDramatists\nNovelists\nPoets\nShort story writers\nScience fiction writers\nRelated articles\nBritish literature\nCeltic literature (mythology)\nIrish literature\nOpera in Scotland\nTheatres\nWelsh literature\n Scotland portalvteEuropean literature\nAbkhaz\nAlbanian\nAnglo-Norman\nAragonese\nArmenian\nAromanian\nAsturian\nAustrian\nBasque\nBelarusian\nBelgian\nBosnian\nBreton\nBritish\nBulgarian\nCatalan\nChuvash\nCornish\nCrimean Tatar\nCroatian\nCypriot\nCzech\nDanish\nDutch\nEnglish\nOld English (Anglo-Saxon)\nMiddle English\nEstonian\nFaroese\nFinnish\nFlemish\nFrench\nFrisian\nFriulian\nGaelic\nGagauz [ru]\nGalician\nGeorgian\nGerman\nGreek\nancient\nmedieval\nmodern\nHungarian\nIcelandic\nIrish\nNorthern Irish\nItalian\nJèrriais\nKazakh\nKashubian\nKosovar\nLatin\nLatvian\nLithuanian\nLuxembourg\nMacedonian\nMaltese\nManx\nMoldovan\nMontenegrin\nNorwegian\nOccitan (Provençal)\nOld Norse\nOssetian\nPolish\nPortuguese\nRomanian\nRussian\nSardinian\nScottish\nScots\nScottish Gaelic\nSerbian\nSilesian [cs]\nSlovak\nSlovene\nSpanish\nSwedish\nSwiss\nTurkish\nTurkish Cypriot\nUkrainian\nVenetian\nWelsh\nin English\nin Welsh\nWestern Lombard\nYiddish","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Robert Burns in portrait by Alexander Nasmyth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/PG_1063Burns_Naysmithcrop.jpg"},{"image_text":"The seal of Gavin Douglas as Bishop of Dunkeld","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_Gavin_Douglas.jpg/220px-Seal_of_Gavin_Douglas.jpg"},{"image_text":"James VI in 1585, aged 19. He promoted poetry in his native Scots but abandoned it after he acceded to the English throne in 1603","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Portrait_of_James_I_of_England_and_James_VI_of_Scotland.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_James_I_of_England_and_James_VI_of_Scotland.jpg"},{"image_text":"William Drummond of Hawthornden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Attributed_to_Abraham_van_Blijenberch_-_William_Drummond_of_Hawthornden%2C_1585_-_1649._Poet_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Attributed_to_Abraham_van_Blijenberch_-_William_Drummond_of_Hawthornden%2C_1585_-_1649._Poet_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Allan Ramsay who led a vernacular revival in the eighteenth century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Allan-Ramsay.jpg/170px-Allan-Ramsay.jpg"},{"image_text":"Edwin Morgan, poet, playwright and the first official Scots Makar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Edwin_Morgan_by_Alex_Boyd.jpg/170px-Edwin_Morgan_by_Alex_Boyd.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Clark, Gregory (2017). \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved May 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","url_text":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeasuringWorth","url_text":"MeasuringWorth"}]},{"reference":"J. Buchan (2003), Crowded with Genius, Harper Collins, p. 311, ISBN 0-06-055888-1","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/crowdedwithgeniu00buch/page/311","url_text":"Crowded with Genius"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/crowdedwithgeniu00buch/page/311","url_text":"311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-055888-1","url_text":"0-06-055888-1"}]},{"reference":"L. McIlvanney (Spring 2005), \"Hugh Blair, Robert Burns, and the Invention of Scottish Literature\", Eighteenth-Century Life, 29 (2): 25–46, doi:10.1215/00982601-29-2-25","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00982601-29-2-25","url_text":"10.1215/00982601-29-2-25"}]},{"reference":"\"The Scottish 'Renaissance' and beyond\", Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile, archived from the original on 30 September 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930034437/http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5403.html","url_text":"\"The Scottish 'Renaissance' and beyond\""},{"url":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5403.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Scots Makar, The Scottish Government, 16 February 2004, archived from the original on 4 February 2012, retrieved 2007-10-28","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042020/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2004/02/5075","url_text":"The Scots Makar"},{"url":"http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2004/02/5075","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/auchinleckchron00thomgoog#page/n1/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Auchinleck Chronicle"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J38Ll9DUsUAC&dq=David+Hume+and+Adam+Smith+Scotticism&pg=PT174","external_links_name":"The Life of Adam Smith"},{"Link":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","external_links_name":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/crowdedwithgeniu00buch/page/311","external_links_name":"Crowded with Genius"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/crowdedwithgeniu00buch/page/311","external_links_name":"311"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00982601-29-2-25","external_links_name":"10.1215/00982601-29-2-25"},{"Link":"http://www.blurbwire.com/topics/Robert_Burns::sub::Literary_Style","external_links_name":"Literary Style"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131016215809/http://www.blurbwire.com/topics/Robert_Burns::sub::Literary_Style","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://poetrydispatch.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/robert-burns-some-hae-meat/some","external_links_name":"hae meat"},{"Link":"http://redstarcafe.wordpress.com/2008/01/25/address-to-the-kibble/Address","external_links_name":"to the Kibble"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930034437/http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5403.html","external_links_name":"\"The Scottish 'Renaissance' and beyond\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5403.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042020/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2004/02/5075","external_links_name":"The Scots Makar"},{"Link":"http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2004/02/5075","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Shot
Bloody Mary (cocktail)
["1 History","1.1 Origin of the name","2 Preparation and serving","2.1 Variations","2.1.1 Virgin Mary","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Popular cocktail containing vodka and tomato juice Bloody MaryIBA official cocktailA Bloody Mary garnished with celery served with ice cubes in a Highball glassTypeMixed drinkBase spirit Vodka ServedOn the rocks: poured over iceStandard garnishCelery and lemon wedge (optional)Standard drinkware Rocks glassIBA specifiedingredients† 45 ml vodka 90 ml tomato juice 15 ml fresh lemon juice 2 dashes of Worcestershire Sauce Tabasco sauce Celery salt Black pepper PreparationStir gently all the ingredients in a mixing glass with ice, pour into rocks glass.NotesIf requested served with ice, pour into highball glass.† Bloody Mary recipe at International Bartenders Association Bloody Mary A Bloody Mary is a cocktail containing vodka, tomato juice, and other spices and flavorings including Worcestershire sauce, hot sauces, garlic, herbs, horseradish, celery, olives, pickled vegetables, salt, black pepper, lemon juice, lime juice and celery salt. Some versions of the drink, such as the "surf 'n turf" Bloody Mary, include shrimp and bacon as garnishes. In the United States, it is usually consumed in the morning or early afternoon, and is popular as a hangover cure. The Bloody Mary was invented in the 1920s or 1930s. There are various theories as to the origin of the drink and its name. It has many variants, most notably the red snapper, Bloody Maria (made with tequila blanco), and the Virgin Mary. History Seafood Bloody Mary The French bartender Fernand Petiot claimed to have invented the Bloody Mary in 1921, well before any of the later claims, according to his granddaughter. He was working at the New York Bar in Paris at the time, which later became Harry's New York Bar, a frequent Paris hangout for Ernest Hemingway and other American migrants. The cocktail is said to have been created on the spur of the moment, according to the bar's own traditions, consisting only of vodka and tomato juice. It was originally referred to as a "Bucket of Blood". Harry's Bar also claims to have created numerous other classic cocktails, including the White Lady and the Side Car. New York's 21 Club has two claims associated with it. One is that it was invented in the 1930s by bartender Henry Zbikiewicz, who was charged with mixing Bloody Marys. Another attributes its invention to the comedian George Jessel, who frequented the 21 Club. In 1939, Lucius Beebe printed in his gossip column This New York one of the earliest U.S. references to this drink, along with the original recipe: "George Jessel's newest pick-me-up which is receiving attention from the town's paragraphers is called a Bloody Mary: half tomato juice, half vodka." In a 1939 publication by El Floridita called Floridita Cocktails a recipe called "Mary Rose" lists the main ingredients of a modern Bloody Mary. This booklet may be one of the earliest publications depicting the name Mary, while using the same ingredients in today's Bloody Mary. Fernand Petiot claimed to have invented the modern Bloody Mary in 1934 as a refinement to George Jessel's drink, at the King Cole Room in New York's St. Regis Hotel, according to the hotel's own history. Petiot told The New Yorker in July 1964: I initiated the Bloody Mary of today. Jessel said he created it, but it was really nothing but vodka and tomato juice when I took it over. I cover the bottom of the shaker with four large dashes of salt, two dashes of black pepper, two dashes of cayenne pepper, and a layer of Worcestershire sauce; I then add a dash of lemon juice and some cracked ice, put in two ounces of vodka and two ounces of thick tomato juice, shake, strain, and pour. We serve a hundred to a hundred and fifty Bloody Marys a day here in the King Cole Room and in the other restaurants and the banquet rooms." The cocktail was claimed as a new cocktail under the name "red hammer" in Life magazine in 1942, consisting of tomato juice, vodka, and lemon juice. Less than a month later, a Life advertisement for French's Worcestershire Sauce suggested that it be added to a virgin "Tomato Juice Cocktail" along with tomato juice, salt, and pepper. The addition of salt to the alcoholic beverage was suggested that same year in a story in Hearst's International Combined with Cosmopolitan. Origin of the name Some drink aficionados believe the inspiration for the name was Hollywood star Mary Pickford. Others trace the name to a waitress named Mary who worked at a Chicago bar called the Bucket of Blood. The tradition at Harry's New York Bar in Paris, according to manager Alain Da Silva in a 2011 interview, is that one of the patrons for whom the cocktail was first mixed in 1920 or 1921 declared, "It looks like my girlfriend who I met in a cabaret"; the cabaret's name was the Bucket of Blood and the girlfriend's name was Mary, so the patrons and bartender Petiot agreed to call it a "Bloody Mary". Alternatively, the name may have arisen from "a failure to pronounce the Slav syllables of a drink called Vladimir" in English. This gains some credibility from the anecdotal observation that the customer at the New York Bar for whom Petiot prepared the drink in 1920/21 was Vladimir Smirnov, of the Smirnoff vodka family. The name "Bloody Mary" is associated with a number of historical figures—particularly Queen Mary I of England, who was nicknamed "Bloody Mary" due to the executions of Protestants during her reign. Preparation and serving In the United States, the Bloody Mary is a common "hair of the dog" drink, reputed to cure hangovers with its combination of a heavy vegetable base (to settle the stomach), salt (to replenish lost electrolytes), and alcohol (to relieve head and body aches). Bloody Mary enthusiasts enjoy some relief from the numbing effects of the alcohol, as well as the placebo effect. Its reputation as a restorative beverage contributes to the popularity of the Bloody Mary in the morning and early afternoon, especially at brunches. The Bloody Mary is traditionally served over ice in a tall glass, such as a highball, flared pint or hurricane glass. The two critical ingredients, vodka and tomato juice, are relatively simple; however, the drink almost never consists of these two ingredients alone. Among the more common additions to the juice base are salt or celery salt (either mixed in or as a salted rim), cracked pepper, hot sauce (such as Tabasco), citrus juices (especially lemon or lime), Worcestershire sauce, celery seed, horseradish, clam juice or olive brine, brown sugar or molasses, or bitters. Some or all of these ingredients can come pre-mixed with the tomato juice as a single "Bloody Mary mix" to which the vodka is added, or the drink may be hand-constructed by the bartender from raw ingredients according to the patron's preference. A common garnish is a celery stalk when served in a tall glass; other common garnishes include olives, cheese cubes, a dill pickle spear, lemon wedges, dried sausage, bacon, and shrimp (as the taste of the drink is often reminiscent of shrimp cocktail sauce). In addition to the aforementioned more traditional ingredients, practically anything can be added to the drink itself or as a garnish according to the drinker's wishes or the bartender's or establishment's traditions. Some variations of the Bloody Mary served by restaurants are designed to be a meal as well as a drink, coming with massive "garnishes" on skewers inserted into the glass, including ribs, miniature hamburgers called "sliders", grilled or fried shrimp, kebabs, sandwich wedges, fruit slices, and even sashimi. The drink itself can be served in any of a variety of glasses, from wine glasses to schooners or beer steins, according to tradition or availability. It is a tradition in the upper Midwest, particularly in Wisconsin, to serve a Bloody Mary with a small beer chaser. Variations There is a considerable amount of variation available in the drink's construction and presentation including the use of different base spirits like bourbon, rye, tequila, or gin. With tequila, it is often called a bloody Maria. Gin is often preferred in the UK, sometimes called a Bloody Margaret or red snapper (although this name is also used for other variants), or ruddy Mary. Similar variations exist: with absinthe the drink is called a Bloody Fairy, with sake it's a Bloody Geisha, with the anise-flavored Arak it's the Bloody Miriam, and so forth. Another notable variation is the Bull Shot, popular in the late '50s and '60s, which replaces tomato juice with beef bouillon or consommé. Virgin Mary A "Virgin Mary", also known as a "bloody virgin", a "virgin bloody Mary", or "bloody shame" is a non-alcoholic cocktail, generally using the same ingredients and garnish as a Bloody Mary (according to local custom), but with the spirits replaced by additional tomato juice or prepared mix. See also Drink portalLiquor portal Caesar (cocktail) List of cocktails Michelada Queen Mary (cocktail) Vampiro (cocktail) References ^ Sutcliffe, Theodora. "Fernand Petiot". Difford's guide. Odd Firm of Sin Ltd. Retrieved 9 November 2017. ^ MacElhone, Andrew & MacElhone, Duncan (1996) . Harry's ABC of Mixing Cocktails. Souvenir Press. p. 35. ISBN 0-285-63358-9. ^ a b Chazan, David (25 November 2011). "A century of Harry's Bar in Paris". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 9 November 2017. The story is that there were a few customers, a few friends, and the bartender, Pete Petiot, made a cocktail for them with tomato juice and vodka. ^ John Mariani (21 February 2014). "The Secret Origins of the Bloody Mary". Esquire. ^ The History of Harry's New York Bar – Book and Bar's Website article ^ Smith, Andrew F. (2007). The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 55. ^ Lucius Beebe (December 2, 1939). "George Jessel's newest pick-me-up which is receiving attention from the town's paragraphers is called Bloody Mary". New York Herald Tribune. p. 9. ^ Floridita Cocktails ^ Floridita Cocktails. El Floridita. 1939. p. 44. ^ "King Cole Bar: The History Of The Red Snapper". The St. Regis New York. Marriott International, Inc. Retrieved 9 November 2017. ^ Park, Michael Y. (1 December 2008). "Happy Birthday, Bloody Mary!". Epicurious. Retrieved 11 July 2011. ^ "Hollywood goes Russian". Life Magazine. 13 (8): 38. 1942. 'Red Hammer' is a new Hollywood cocktail. Helene Reynolds mixes one for Bob Turner at her party. It is part tomato juice and part vodka, with a dash of lemon. ^ LIFE. Time Inc. 5 October 1942. p. 110. Retrieved 15 April 2014. ^ Dodge, David (July 1942), "Shear the Black Sheep", Hearst's international combined with Cosmopolitan, vol. 113, no. 1, p. 144, retrieved 15 April 2014, 'A couple of Bloody Marys.' The bartender shook his head. 'You got me, friend.' 'A glass of tomato juice, ice, a slug of vodka and some salt.' ^ "Potent pick-me-up". Chicago Tribune. 24 July 2002. Retrieved 1 May 2012. ^ Bloody Marys at 1933 prices just the tonic for NYC Reuters, 2 December 2008 ^ Leigh Fermor, Patrick (November 1, 1976). "Auberon Herbert". In Joliffe, John (ed.). Auberon Herbert: A Composite Portrait. Michael Russell. ISBN 978-0859550482. Cited in Leigh Fermor, Patrick (2003). Cooper, Artemis (ed.). Words of Mercury. John Murray. p. 160. ISBN 978-0719561061. ^ Samuels, Brian (March 18, 2013). "The History of the Bloody Mary". The Boys Club. Archived from the original on October 13, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2018. ^ Waller, Maureen (2006). Sovereign ladies: the six reigning queens of England. London: Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6628-8. ^ Shoffner, Robert (2008-07-01). "Here's to the Bloody Mary". The Washingtonian. Retrieved 2009-06-09. ^ "9 Myths About Your Hangover" Archived 2011-12-25 at the Wayback Machine by Dana Dudepohl, Marie Claire, at WebMD.com ^ But Does It Actually Cure Hangovers? Cracked.com ^ Mud in Your Eye; a Sheep's Eye in Your Drink Los Angeles Times, 30 December 2001 ^ Hangovers: There Is A Cure Huffington Post, 29 November 2011 ^ Garbarino, Steve (21 May 2011). "The Bloody Mary Makeover". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 July 2011. ^ "Ask OMC: Why do Bloodys come with beer chasers?". OnMilwaukee.com. 18 August 2009. Retrieved 2016-05-01. ^ Cloake, Felicity (2 May 2013). "How to make the perfect bloody mary". theguardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 November 2017. ^ a b Emen, Jake (Feb 16, 2016). "A Guide to the Bloody Mary and its Many Variations". Eater. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2017. This article lists many variations. ^ The 12 Bottle Bar: A Dozen Bottles. Hundreds of Cocktails. A New Way to Drink. Workman. 29 July 2014. ISBN 9780761181385. ^ "The Bloody Miriam: A Classic Cocktail with a Jewish Twist". 8 March 2018. ^ Erickson, Nate (2019-02-10). "I Urge You to Replace Your Bloody Mary with a Shot of Vodka and Beef Stock". Esquire. Retrieved 2022-10-09. ^ Wondrich, David (2017-04-10). "Why the Bullshot Cocktail Is No Joke". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2022-10-09. ^ "Bartending/Cocktails/Bloody Mary". WikiBooks. WikiMedia. Retrieved 9 November 2017. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bloodymary.JPG"},{"link_name":"cocktail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail"},{"link_name":"vodka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka"},{"link_name":"tomato juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_juice"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire_sauce"},{"link_name":"hot sauces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_sauce"},{"link_name":"horseradish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseradish"},{"link_name":"celery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celery"},{"link_name":"olives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive"},{"link_name":"pickled vegetables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickled_vegetables"},{"link_name":"black pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper"},{"link_name":"lemon juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_juice"},{"link_name":"lime juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_juice"},{"link_name":"celery salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celery_salt"},{"link_name":"shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food"},{"link_name":"bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon"},{"link_name":"hangover cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangover_cure"},{"link_name":"red snapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Margaret"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary_(cocktail)"}],"text":"Bloody MaryA Bloody Mary is a cocktail containing vodka, tomato juice, and other spices and flavorings including Worcestershire sauce, hot sauces, garlic, herbs, horseradish, celery, olives, pickled vegetables, salt, black pepper, lemon juice, lime juice and celery salt. Some versions of the drink, such as the \"surf 'n turf\" Bloody Mary, include shrimp and bacon as garnishes. In the United States, it is usually consumed in the morning or early afternoon, and is popular as a hangover cure.The Bloody Mary was invented in the 1920s or 1930s. There are various theories as to the origin of the drink and its name. It has many variants, most notably the red snapper, Bloody Maria (made with tequila blanco), and the Virgin Mary.","title":"Bloody Mary (cocktail)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bloody_mary.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fernand Petiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Petiot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Harry's New York Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%27s_New_York_Bar"},{"link_name":"Ernest Hemingway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Paris-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"White Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Lady_(cocktail)"},{"link_name":"Side Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidecar_(cocktail)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"21 Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Club"},{"link_name":"George Jessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jessel_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lucius Beebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Beebe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"El Floridita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floridita"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"King Cole Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Cole_Bar"},{"link_name":"St. Regis Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Regis_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"shaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_shaker"},{"link_name":"black pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper"},{"link_name":"cayenne pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne_pepper"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire_sauce"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"French's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%27s"},{"link_name":"virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-alcoholic_beverage"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hearst's International Combined with Cosmopolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst%27s_International_Combined_with_Cosmopolitan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Seafood Bloody MaryThe French bartender Fernand Petiot claimed to have invented the Bloody Mary in 1921, well before any of the later claims, according to his granddaughter.[1][failed verification] He was working at the New York Bar in Paris at the time, which later became Harry's New York Bar, a frequent Paris hangout for Ernest Hemingway and other American migrants.[2] The cocktail is said to have been created on the spur of the moment, according to the bar's own traditions, consisting only of vodka and tomato juice.[3] It was originally referred to as a \"Bucket of Blood\".[4] Harry's Bar also claims to have created numerous other classic cocktails, including the White Lady and the Side Car.[5]New York's 21 Club has two claims associated with it. One is that it was invented in the 1930s by bartender Henry Zbikiewicz, who was charged with mixing Bloody Marys. Another attributes its invention to the comedian George Jessel, who frequented the 21 Club.[6] In 1939, Lucius Beebe printed in his gossip column This New York one of the earliest U.S. references to this drink, along with the original recipe: \"George Jessel's newest pick-me-up which is receiving attention from the town's paragraphers is called a Bloody Mary: half tomato juice, half vodka.\"[7][verification needed]In a 1939 publication by El Floridita called Floridita Cocktails a recipe called \"Mary Rose\" lists the main ingredients of a modern Bloody Mary.[8] This booklet may be one of the earliest publications depicting the name Mary, while using the same ingredients in today's Bloody Mary.[9]Fernand Petiot claimed to have invented the modern Bloody Mary in 1934 as a refinement to George Jessel's drink, at the King Cole Room in New York's St. Regis Hotel, according to the hotel's own history.[10] Petiot told The New Yorker in July 1964:I initiated the Bloody Mary of today. Jessel said he created it, but it was really nothing but vodka and tomato juice when I took it over. I cover the bottom of the shaker with four large dashes of salt, two dashes of black pepper, two dashes of cayenne pepper, and a layer of Worcestershire sauce; I then add a dash of lemon juice and some cracked ice, put in two ounces of vodka and two ounces of thick tomato juice, shake, strain, and pour. We serve a hundred to a hundred and fifty Bloody Marys a day here in the King Cole Room and in the other restaurants and the banquet rooms.\"[11]The cocktail was claimed as a new cocktail under the name \"red hammer\" in Life magazine in 1942, consisting of tomato juice, vodka, and lemon juice.[12] Less than a month later, a Life advertisement for French's Worcestershire Sauce suggested that it be added to a virgin \"Tomato Juice Cocktail\" along with tomato juice, salt, and pepper.[13] The addition of salt to the alcoholic beverage was suggested that same year in a story in Hearst's International Combined with Cosmopolitan.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pickford"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Paris-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Smirnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smirnoff#History"},{"link_name":"Smirnoff vodka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smirnoff"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Origin of the name","text":"Some drink aficionados believe the inspiration for the name was Hollywood star Mary Pickford.[15] Others trace the name to a waitress named Mary who worked at a Chicago bar called the Bucket of Blood.[16] The tradition at Harry's New York Bar in Paris, according to manager Alain Da Silva in a 2011 interview, is that one of the patrons for whom the cocktail was first mixed in 1920 or 1921 declared, \"It looks like my girlfriend who I met in a cabaret\"; the cabaret's name was the Bucket of Blood and the girlfriend's name was Mary, so the patrons and bartender Petiot agreed to call it a \"Bloody Mary\".[3]Alternatively, the name may have arisen from \"a failure to pronounce the Slav syllables of a drink called Vladimir\" in English.[17] This gains some credibility from the anecdotal observation that the customer at the New York Bar for whom Petiot prepared the drink in 1920/21 was Vladimir Smirnov, of the Smirnoff vodka family.[18]The name \"Bloody Mary\" is associated with a number of historical figures—particularly Queen Mary I of England, who was nicknamed \"Bloody Mary\" due to the executions of Protestants during her reign.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hair of the dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_of_the_dog"},{"link_name":"hangovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangover"},{"link_name":"placebo effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo_effect"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonian-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"brunches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunch"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"highball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highball_glass"},{"link_name":"pint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pint_glass"},{"link_name":"hurricane glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_glass"},{"link_name":"Tabasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabasco_sauce"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire_sauce"},{"link_name":"clam juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clam_juice"},{"link_name":"bitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitters"},{"link_name":"garnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_garnish"},{"link_name":"sausage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage"},{"link_name":"bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon"},{"link_name":"shrimp cocktail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_cocktail"},{"link_name":"sashimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sashimi"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"In the United States, the Bloody Mary is a common \"hair of the dog\" drink, reputed to cure hangovers with its combination of a heavy vegetable base (to settle the stomach), salt (to replenish lost electrolytes), and alcohol (to relieve head and body aches). Bloody Mary enthusiasts enjoy some relief from the numbing effects of the alcohol, as well as the placebo effect.[20][21][22][23][24] Its reputation as a restorative beverage contributes to the popularity of the Bloody Mary in the morning and early afternoon, especially at brunches.[25]The Bloody Mary is traditionally served over ice in a tall glass, such as a highball, flared pint or hurricane glass. The two critical ingredients, vodka and tomato juice, are relatively simple; however, the drink almost never consists of these two ingredients alone. Among the more common additions to the juice base are salt or celery salt (either mixed in or as a salted rim), cracked pepper, hot sauce (such as Tabasco), citrus juices (especially lemon or lime), Worcestershire sauce, celery seed, horseradish, clam juice or olive brine, brown sugar or molasses, or bitters. Some or all of these ingredients can come pre-mixed with the tomato juice as a single \"Bloody Mary mix\" to which the vodka is added, or the drink may be hand-constructed by the bartender from raw ingredients according to the patron's preference. A common garnish is a celery stalk when served in a tall glass; other common garnishes include olives, cheese cubes, a dill pickle spear, lemon wedges, dried sausage, bacon, and shrimp (as the taste of the drink is often reminiscent of shrimp cocktail sauce).In addition to the aforementioned more traditional ingredients, practically anything can be added to the drink itself or as a garnish according to the drinker's wishes or the bartender's or establishment's traditions. Some variations of the Bloody Mary served by restaurants are designed to be a meal as well as a drink, coming with massive \"garnishes\" on skewers inserted into the glass, including ribs, miniature hamburgers called \"sliders\", grilled or fried shrimp, kebabs, sandwich wedges, fruit slices, and even sashimi. The drink itself can be served in any of a variety of glasses, from wine glasses to schooners or beer steins, according to tradition or availability. It is a tradition in the upper Midwest, particularly in Wisconsin, to serve a Bloody Mary with a small beer chaser.[26]","title":"Preparation and serving"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eater-28"},{"link_name":"absinthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absinthe"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Variations","text":"There is a considerable amount of variation available in the drink's construction and presentation including the use of different base spirits like bourbon, rye, tequila, or gin. With tequila, it is often called a bloody Maria. Gin is often preferred in the UK, sometimes called a Bloody Margaret[citation needed] or red snapper (although this name is also used for other variants), or ruddy Mary.[27][28] Similar variations exist: with absinthe the drink is called a Bloody Fairy, with sake it's a Bloody Geisha, with the anise-flavored Arak it's the Bloody Miriam, and so forth.[29][30]Another notable variation is the Bull Shot, popular in the late '50s and '60s, which replaces tomato juice with beef bouillon or consommé.[31][32]","title":"Preparation and serving"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-alcoholic cocktail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-alcoholic_mixed_drink"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eater-28"}],"sub_title":"Variations - Virgin Mary","text":"A \"Virgin Mary\", also known as a \"bloody virgin\", a \"virgin bloody Mary\", or \"bloody shame\" is a non-alcoholic cocktail, generally using the same ingredients and garnish as a Bloody Mary (according to local custom), but with the spirits replaced by additional tomato juice or prepared mix.[33][28]","title":"Preparation and serving"}]
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[{"title":"Drink portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Drink"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg"},{"title":"Liquor portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Liquor"},{"title":"Caesar (cocktail)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(cocktail)"},{"title":"List of cocktails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cocktails"},{"title":"Michelada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelada"},{"title":"Queen Mary (cocktail)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mary_(cocktail)"},{"title":"Vampiro (cocktail)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampiro_(cocktail)"}]
[{"reference":"Sutcliffe, Theodora. \"Fernand Petiot\". Difford's guide. Odd Firm of Sin Ltd. Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diffordsguide.com/people/51603/bartender/fernand-petiot","url_text":"\"Fernand Petiot\""}]},{"reference":"MacElhone, Andrew & MacElhone, Duncan (1996) [1986]. Harry's ABC of Mixing Cocktails. Souvenir Press. p. 35. ISBN 0-285-63358-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-285-63358-9","url_text":"0-285-63358-9"}]},{"reference":"Chazan, David (25 November 2011). \"A century of Harry's Bar in Paris\". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 9 November 2017. The story is that there were a few customers, a few friends, and the bartender, Pete [sic] Petiot, made a cocktail for them with tomato juice and vodka.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-15887142","url_text":"\"A century of Harry's Bar in Paris\""}]},{"reference":"John Mariani (21 February 2014). \"The Secret Origins of the Bloody Mary\". Esquire.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Mariani&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"John Mariani"},{"url":"https://www.esquire.com/food-drink/drinks/recipes/a27481/bloody-mary-origins-recipe/","url_text":"\"The Secret Origins of the Bloody Mary\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Andrew F. (2007). The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lucius Beebe (December 2, 1939). \"George Jessel's newest pick-me-up which is receiving attention from the town's paragraphers is called Bloody Mary\". New York Herald Tribune. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune","url_text":"New York Herald Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Floridita Cocktails. El Floridita. 1939. p. 44.","urls":[{"url":"https://euvs-vintage-cocktail-books.cld.bz/1939-Floridita-Cock-tails/44","url_text":"Floridita Cocktails"}]},{"reference":"\"King Cole Bar: The History Of The Red Snapper\". The St. Regis New York. Marriott International, Inc. Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stregisnewyork.com/king-cole-bar","url_text":"\"King Cole Bar: The History Of The Red Snapper\""}]},{"reference":"Park, Michael Y. (1 December 2008). \"Happy Birthday, Bloody Mary!\". Epicurious. Retrieved 11 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epicurious.com/articlesguides/blogs/editor/2008/12/happy-birthday.html","url_text":"\"Happy Birthday, Bloody Mary!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hollywood goes Russian\". Life Magazine. 13 (8): 38. 1942. 'Red Hammer' is a new Hollywood cocktail. Helene Reynolds mixes one for Bob Turner at her party. It is part tomato juice and part vodka, with a dash of lemon.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fk4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38","url_text":"\"Hollywood goes Russian\""}]},{"reference":"LIFE. Time Inc. 5 October 1942. p. 110. Retrieved 15 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UUAEAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"LIFE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Inc","url_text":"Time Inc"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UUAEAAAAMBAJ/page/n111","url_text":"110"}]},{"reference":"Dodge, David (July 1942), \"Shear the Black Sheep\", Hearst's international combined with Cosmopolitan, vol. 113, no. 1, p. 144, retrieved 15 April 2014, 'A couple of Bloody Marys.' The bartender shook his head. 'You got me, friend.' 'A glass of tomato juice, ice, a slug of vodka and some salt.'","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_F._Dodge","url_text":"Dodge, David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cKJXAAAAMAAJ&q=Bloody+Marys","url_text":"\"Shear the Black Sheep\""}]},{"reference":"\"Potent pick-me-up\". Chicago Tribune. 24 July 2002. Retrieved 1 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-07-24/entertainment/0207240062_1_bloody-mary-vodka-lemon-juice","url_text":"\"Potent pick-me-up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Leigh Fermor, Patrick (November 1, 1976). \"Auberon Herbert\". In Joliffe, John (ed.). Auberon Herbert: A Composite Portrait. Michael Russell. ISBN 978-0859550482.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor","url_text":"Leigh Fermor, Patrick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auberon_Herbert","url_text":"Auberon Herbert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859550482","url_text":"978-0859550482"}]},{"reference":"Leigh Fermor, Patrick (2003). Cooper, Artemis (ed.). Words of Mercury. John Murray. p. 160. ISBN 978-0719561061.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor","url_text":"Leigh Fermor, Patrick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719561061","url_text":"978-0719561061"}]},{"reference":"Samuels, Brian (March 18, 2013). \"The History of the Bloody Mary\". The Boys Club. Archived from the original on October 13, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141013104147/http://theboysclub.net/brian/the-history-of-the-bloody-mary/","url_text":"\"The History of the Bloody Mary\""},{"url":"http://theboysclub.net/brian/the-history-of-the-bloody-mary/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Waller, Maureen (2006). Sovereign ladies: the six reigning queens of England. London: Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6628-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6628-8","url_text":"978-0-7195-6628-8"}]},{"reference":"Shoffner, Robert (2008-07-01). \"Here's to the Bloody Mary\". The Washingtonian. Retrieved 2009-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/restaurants/8837.html","url_text":"\"Here's to the Bloody Mary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washingtonian_(magazine)","url_text":"The Washingtonian"}]},{"reference":"Garbarino, Steve (21 May 2011). \"The Bloody Mary Makeover\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703421204576327380762930852","url_text":"\"The Bloody Mary Makeover\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ask OMC: Why do Bloodys come with beer chasers?\". OnMilwaukee.com. 18 August 2009. Retrieved 2016-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://onmilwaukee.com/bars/articles/askomcbloodymarys.html","url_text":"\"Ask OMC: Why do Bloodys come with beer chasers?\""}]},{"reference":"Cloake, Felicity (2 May 2013). \"How to make the perfect bloody mary\". theguardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/may/02/how-to-make-perfect-bloody-mary","url_text":"\"How to make the perfect bloody mary\""}]},{"reference":"Emen, Jake (Feb 16, 2016). \"A Guide to the Bloody Mary and its Many Variations\". Eater. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190216122943/https://www.eater.com/drinks/2016/2/16/10985162/bloody-mary-cocktail-guide","url_text":"\"A Guide to the Bloody Mary and its Many Variations\""},{"url":"https://www.eater.com/drinks/2016/2/16/10985162/bloody-mary-cocktail-guide","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The 12 Bottle Bar: A Dozen Bottles. Hundreds of Cocktails. A New Way to Drink. Workman. 29 July 2014. ISBN 9780761181385.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lfElAgAAQBAJ&dq=bloody+fairy+absinthe&pg=PA120","url_text":"The 12 Bottle Bar: A Dozen Bottles. Hundreds of Cocktails. A New Way to Drink"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761181385","url_text":"9780761181385"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bloody Miriam: A Classic Cocktail with a Jewish Twist\". 8 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://spoonuniversity.com/recipe/the-bloody-miriam-a-classic-cocktail-with-a-jewish-twist","url_text":"\"The Bloody Miriam: A Classic Cocktail with a Jewish Twist\""}]},{"reference":"Erickson, Nate (2019-02-10). \"I Urge You to Replace Your Bloody Mary with a Shot of Vodka and Beef Stock\". Esquire. Retrieved 2022-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esquire.com/food-drink/drinks/a26243113/bullshot-cocktail-beef-broth-recipe/","url_text":"\"I Urge You to Replace Your Bloody Mary with a Shot of Vodka and Beef Stock\""}]},{"reference":"Wondrich, David (2017-04-10). \"Why the Bullshot Cocktail Is No Joke\". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2022-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/04/10/why-the-bullshot-cocktail-is-no-joke","url_text":"\"Why the Bullshot Cocktail Is No Joke\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bartending/Cocktails/Bloody Mary\". WikiBooks. WikiMedia. Retrieved 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Bartending/Cocktails/Bloody_Mary&stable=0#Variations_in_alcohol","url_text":"\"Bartending/Cocktails/Bloody Mary\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.iba-world.com/bloody-mary","external_links_name":"Bloody Mary recipe"},{"Link":"https://www.diffordsguide.com/people/51603/bartender/fernand-petiot","external_links_name":"\"Fernand Petiot\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-15887142","external_links_name":"\"A century of Harry's Bar in Paris\""},{"Link":"https://www.esquire.com/food-drink/drinks/recipes/a27481/bloody-mary-origins-recipe/","external_links_name":"\"The Secret Origins of the Bloody Mary\""},{"Link":"https://euvslibrary.com/?p=532","external_links_name":"Floridita Cocktails"},{"Link":"https://euvs-vintage-cocktail-books.cld.bz/1939-Floridita-Cock-tails/44","external_links_name":"Floridita Cocktails"},{"Link":"http://www.stregisnewyork.com/king-cole-bar","external_links_name":"\"King Cole Bar: The History Of The Red Snapper\""},{"Link":"http://www.epicurious.com/articlesguides/blogs/editor/2008/12/happy-birthday.html","external_links_name":"\"Happy Birthday, Bloody Mary!\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fk4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38","external_links_name":"\"Hollywood goes Russian\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UUAEAAAAMBAJ","external_links_name":"LIFE"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UUAEAAAAMBAJ/page/n111","external_links_name":"110"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cKJXAAAAMAAJ&q=Bloody+Marys","external_links_name":"\"Shear the Black Sheep\""},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-07-24/entertainment/0207240062_1_bloody-mary-vodka-lemon-juice","external_links_name":"\"Potent pick-me-up\""},{"Link":"http://in.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idINIndia-36812420081201","external_links_name":"Bloody Marys at 1933 prices just the tonic for NYC"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141013104147/http://theboysclub.net/brian/the-history-of-the-bloody-mary/","external_links_name":"\"The History of the Bloody Mary\""},{"Link":"http://theboysclub.net/brian/the-history-of-the-bloody-mary/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/restaurants/8837.html","external_links_name":"\"Here's to the Bloody Mary\""},{"Link":"http://women.webmd.com/features/9-myths-about-your-hangover","external_links_name":"\"9 Myths About Your Hangover\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111225232328/http://women.webmd.com/features/9-myths-about-your-hangover","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cracked.com/funny-5644-bloody-marys/","external_links_name":"But Does It Actually Cure Hangovers?"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/dec/30/news/mn-19052","external_links_name":"Mud in Your Eye; a Sheep's Eye in Your Drink"},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zane-lamprey/why-i-love-the-bloody-mar_b_1118895.html","external_links_name":"Hangovers: There Is A Cure"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703421204576327380762930852","external_links_name":"\"The Bloody Mary Makeover\""},{"Link":"http://onmilwaukee.com/bars/articles/askomcbloodymarys.html","external_links_name":"\"Ask OMC: Why do Bloodys come with beer chasers?\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/may/02/how-to-make-perfect-bloody-mary","external_links_name":"\"How to make the perfect bloody mary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190216122943/https://www.eater.com/drinks/2016/2/16/10985162/bloody-mary-cocktail-guide","external_links_name":"\"A Guide to the Bloody Mary and its Many Variations\""},{"Link":"https://www.eater.com/drinks/2016/2/16/10985162/bloody-mary-cocktail-guide","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lfElAgAAQBAJ&dq=bloody+fairy+absinthe&pg=PA120","external_links_name":"The 12 Bottle Bar: A Dozen Bottles. Hundreds of Cocktails. A New Way to Drink"},{"Link":"https://spoonuniversity.com/recipe/the-bloody-miriam-a-classic-cocktail-with-a-jewish-twist","external_links_name":"\"The Bloody Miriam: A Classic Cocktail with a Jewish Twist\""},{"Link":"https://www.esquire.com/food-drink/drinks/a26243113/bullshot-cocktail-beef-broth-recipe/","external_links_name":"\"I Urge You to Replace Your Bloody Mary with a Shot of Vodka and Beef Stock\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/04/10/why-the-bullshot-cocktail-is-no-joke","external_links_name":"\"Why the Bullshot Cocktail Is No Joke\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Bartending/Cocktails/Bloody_Mary&stable=0#Variations_in_alcohol","external_links_name":"\"Bartending/Cocktails/Bloody Mary\""},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007394394005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2016000553","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkasan
Hakkasan
["1 History","2 Hakkasan Las Vegas","3 Rankings","4 In popular culture","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°31′1.9″N 0°7′54.3″W / 51.517194°N 0.131750°W / 51.517194; -0.131750Restaurant chain Hakkasan in London Hakkasan in Abu Dhabi Hakkasan is a Chinese restaurant first opened in Fitzrovia in London, England but has since expanded to many cities worldwide. The restaurant was founded in 2001 by Alan Yau, who was also behind the Wagamama Japanese restaurants and later the Yauatcha restaurant, also in London. It serves modern Chinese cuisine fused with Western upscale dining experience. The Hakkasan group has also branched into hospitality and entertainment including a nightclub opened in Las Vegas. History The restaurant opened in April 2001 at Hanway Place, London by Alan Yau. It distinguished itself from the other Chinese restaurants in London by offering upmarket fare combined with Western dining experience. The restaurant has a distinctive interior designed by the French designer Christian Liaigre fusing modern aesthetic with traditional Chinese motifs, and features a carved wooden cage as dining space. Elements of the restaurant design is replicated in other Hakkasan restaurants. In January 2008, Yau sold the majority interest of Hakkasan and Yauatcha to Tasameem Real Estate, an investment company based in Abu Dhabi. The restaurant expanded quickly, a second London restaurant covering two floors for up to 220 guests opened in November 2010 on Bruton Street in Mayfair. Other Hakkasan restaurants have opened in New York City, San Francisco, Miami, Shanghai, Mumbai, Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Jakarta, with 12 locations opened in total. Hakkasan has developed into a global brand since its beginning as a restaurant in London and diversified into other activities. Associated brands of Hakkasan include Ling Ling, OMNIA and Jewel. The Hakkasan Group has also opened a number of sister restaurants named Ling Ling in Marrakesh, Mykonos, Mexico City, as well as Aker Brygge in Oslo, Norway opened in April 2017. In April 2018, Hakkasan entered into a partnership with Grupo Vidanta to open a chain of venues including an Omnia Dayclub in Mexico. They have also opened a Dayclub Indonesia with KAJA Group and Alila Hotels, and more planned in Saudi Arabia. The group also intends to open boutique hotels. In May 2020, the Hakkasan Group announced the permanent closure of their San Francisco restaurant, due to the economic impact of COVID-19. Hakkasan Las Vegas The Chainsmokers performing at the Hakkasan nightclub in Las Vegas In 2013, Hakkasan formed a partnership with Angel Management Group creating their first nightclub located at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas. The five-story 80,000 square foot venue holds close to 7,500 patrons. It typically features world class DJs such as Calvin Harris, Hardwell, Nervo and Tiësto, some of which have regular residencies . It is said that some DJs such as Tiësto are paid from $150,000 to $300,000 per night. Rankings The London restaurant on Hanway Place gained its first Michelin star rating in January 2003, and became the first Chinese restaurant in Britain to earn a Michelin star. The second restaurant opened in Mayfair also received a Michelin star in 2012, and both have kept their Michelin star as of 2019. In the British magazine Restaurant annual global ranking of The World's 50 Best Restaurants, Hakkasan was ranked in the list from 2004 to 2009, for example, it was rated 14th in 2004, and 19th in 2008. The Hakkasan nightclub in Las Vegas was ranked No. 3 in the list of Top 100 clubs by DJ Magazine in 2015. In popular culture The restaurant was featured in the film About A Boy. See also List of Chinese restaurants References ^ Web, Andrew (2011). Food Britannia. Random House. p. 378. ISBN 978-1847946232. ^ a b c "Hakkasan". ^ a b c Mac, Ryan (15 August 2013). "Hakkasan Evolution: Growing From Las Vegas Megaclub To Global Lifestyle Brand". Forbes. ^ a b Roberts, J.A.G. (2004). China to Chinatown: Chinese Food in the West. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1861892270. ^ "Hanway Place". Hakkasan. 4 October 2023. ^ Ryder, Bethan (2004). Restaurant Design. Laurence King. p. 43. ISBN 9781856693639. ^ "Going beyond chow mein". China Daily. 18 April 2014. ^ Hope, Bradley (18 August 2016). "Key Figure in 1MDB Probe Is Arrested in Abu Dhabi". The Wall Street Journal. ^ "HK-born Alan Yau sells pair of London restaurants for US$60m". South China Morning Post. 11 January 2008. ^ a b Brennan, Ailis; Thomson, Lizzie; Fletcher, Harry (7 October 2019). "Michelin star restaurants in London 2020: The capital's one, two and three star restaurants". Evening Standard. ^ "Luxury in MarrakechA – Ling Ling by Hakkasan". Business of Everything. 2 February 2017. ^ Sergeeva, Elena (13 October 2017). "Ling Ling Mykonos: Glamorous Cantonese cuisine by Hakkasan". Passion for Greece. ^ "– Vi kommer til å ha mange av Hakkasans signaturretter". 12 March 2017. ^ "Superkjendisenes favorittrestaurant åpner i Oslo". 20 March 2017. ^ Dobson, Jim. "Hakkasan Expands Omnia Dayclub and Restaurant Brands To Vidanta Los Cabos And Beyond". Forbes. ^ "San Francisco's Hakkasan will close permanently". SFGate. 28 May 2020. ^ Mac, Ryan. "DJ Wars: Inside The Las Vegas Battles for the World's Top Electronic Music Talent". Forbes. ^ Mac, Ryan. "Hakkasan Evolution: Growing From Las Vegas Megaclub To Global Lifestyle Brand". Forbes. ^ Sheckells, Melinda (15 April 2021). "Tiësto Starting 'New Life in Las Vegas' With 3-Year Zouk Group Deal". Billboard. Retrieved 25 November 2021. ^ a b Foster, Peter (17 January 2003). "Chinese restaurant wins Michelin star". The Telegraph. ^ Time out guide pubs & bars. Time Out Guides Ltd. 2003. p. 42. ISBN 9780903446839. ^ "2004 List". The World's Best 50 Best Restaurants. ^ "2008 List". The World's Best 50 Best Restaurants. ^ "Hakkasan". DJ magazine. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hakkasan. Official website vteRestaurants in LondonCurrent A. Wong Ace Cafe Alain Ducasse at the Dorchester Angus Steakhouse Bar Italia Bel Canto Bentley's Oyster Bar and Grill The Blues Kitchen Bob Bob Ricard Bocca di Lupo Bombay Brasserie Bread Street Kitchen Captain Kidd Casa Tua Camden Chez Bruce Chiltern Firehouse China Tang Chutney Mary Cipriani S.A. Club Gascon Colony Côte The Cube D&D London Dell Restaurant Din Tai Fung Dinner by Heston Blumenthal Dishoom East India Arms Elystan Street L'Escargot The French House, Soho The Fryer's Delight Galvin at Windows Le Gavroche Goat, Chelsea Gordon Ramsay Plane Food Gourmet Burger Kitchen Grodzinski Bakery Hakkasan Hampshire Hog Hard Rock Cafe Harry's Bar Hawksmoor itsu The Ivy Joe Allen Kai Mayfair Kerbisher & Malt Kettner's Townhouse Kitchen Table Langan's Brasserie The Ledbury Leon Restaurants Lima Locanda Locatelli Mark's Club Mash Mon Plaisir Murano Nando's Nobu Berkeley St Pétrus Pied à Terre PizzaExpress Polish Hearth Club Pollen Street Social Pret a Manger Prospect of Whitby Quaglino's Quo Vadis Regency Cafe Restaurant Gordon Ramsay The River Café Rules St. John San Lorenzo Scandinavian Kitchen Scoff & Banter Kensington Scott's Seashell of Lisson Grove Sexy Fish Simpson's-in-the-Strand sketch Sofra Sticks'n'Sushi Sweetings Tamarind Tokyo Diner La Trompette Veeraswamy Wagamama Wasabi The Wolseley Wong Kei Yauatcha Zafferano Zaika Zuma Defunct Angela Hartnett at The Connaught L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon Aubergine L'Autre Pied Bincho Bloom's restaurant The Blue Cockatoo Café Monico The Capital Restaurant Le Caprice Cereal Killer Cafe The Chicago Pizza Pie Factory Cranks Dickie Fitz Food for Thought Fuzzy's Grub Gaby's Deli The Gay Hussar Gilgamesh Gioconda coffee bar Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's Granita Grecian Coffee House Harveys Herman ze German Hibiscus Hindoostane Coffee House Hotel Café Royal InSpiral Lounge Isow's Kuo Yuan Lee Ho Fook Maison Novelli The Mangrove Minerva Café Mirabelle Mont Blanc Restaurant La Noisette The Nosh Bar Pall Mall Restaurant Parsons Restaurant Pearce & Plenty Pharmacy Pinoli's Restaurant The Restaurant Marco Pierre White Rhodes Twenty Four Rhodes W1 Roussillon Les Saveurs de Jean-Christophe Novelli The Square La Tante Claire Titanic Tom Aikens Union Street Café Vineet Bhatia London Related Chinatown, London The Cut, London Greek Street 51°31′1.9″N 0°7′54.3″W / 51.517194°N 0.131750°W / 51.517194; -0.131750
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The restaurant was founded in 2001 by Alan Yau, who was also behind the Wagamama Japanese restaurants and later the Yauatcha restaurant, also in London. It serves modern Chinese cuisine fused with Western upscale dining experience.[1][2] The Hakkasan group has also branched into hospitality and entertainment including a nightclub opened in Las Vegas.[3]","title":"Hakkasan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roberts-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roberts-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bruton Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruton_Street"},{"link_name":"Mayfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hakkasan-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ailis-10"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hakkasan-2"},{"link_name":"Marrakesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh"},{"link_name":"Mykonos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykonos"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Aker Brygge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aker_Brygge"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Grupo Vidanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Vidanta"},{"link_name":"boutique hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutique_hotel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The restaurant opened in April 2001 at Hanway Place, London by Alan Yau.[4][5] It distinguished itself from the other Chinese restaurants in London by offering upmarket fare combined with Western dining experience. The restaurant has a distinctive interior designed by the French designer Christian Liaigre fusing modern aesthetic with traditional Chinese motifs, and features a carved wooden cage as dining space.[4] Elements of the restaurant design is replicated in other Hakkasan restaurants.[6]In January 2008, Yau sold the majority interest of Hakkasan and Yauatcha to Tasameem Real Estate, an investment company based in Abu Dhabi.[7][8][9] The restaurant expanded quickly, a second London restaurant covering two floors for up to 220 guests opened in November 2010 on Bruton Street in Mayfair.[2][10] Other Hakkasan restaurants have opened in New York City, San Francisco, Miami, Shanghai, Mumbai, Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Jakarta, with 12 locations opened in total.[3][2]Hakkasan has developed into a global brand since its beginning as a restaurant in London and diversified into other activities. Associated brands of Hakkasan include Ling Ling, OMNIA and Jewel.The Hakkasan Group has also opened a number of sister restaurants named Ling Ling in Marrakesh, Mykonos, Mexico City, as well as Aker Brygge in Oslo, Norway opened in April 2017.[11][12][13][14] In April 2018, Hakkasan entered into a partnership with Grupo Vidanta to open a chain of venues including an Omnia Dayclub in Mexico. They have also opened a Dayclub Indonesia with KAJA Group and Alila Hotels, and more planned in Saudi Arabia. The group also intends to open boutique hotels.[15]In May 2020, the Hakkasan Group announced the permanent closure of their San Francisco restaurant, due to the economic impact of COVID-19.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Chainsmokers_at_Hakkasan_Night_Club,_Las_Vegas_-_35072203621.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Chainsmokers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chainsmokers"},{"link_name":"MGM Grand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Grand_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Calvin Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Harris"},{"link_name":"Hardwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwell"},{"link_name":"Nervo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NERVO_(duo)"},{"link_name":"Tiësto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-3"},{"link_name":"Tiësto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The Chainsmokers performing at the Hakkasan nightclub in Las VegasIn 2013, Hakkasan formed a partnership with Angel Management Group creating their first nightclub located at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas.[17][18] The five-story 80,000 square foot venue holds close to 7,500 patrons. It typically features world class DJs such as Calvin Harris, Hardwell, Nervo and Tiësto, some of which have regular residencies .[3] It is said that some DJs such as Tiësto are paid from $150,000 to $300,000 per night.[19]","title":"Hakkasan Las Vegas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelin star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_star"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ailis-10"},{"link_name":"Restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The World's 50 Best Restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_50_Best_Restaurants"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"DJ Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The London restaurant on Hanway Place gained its first Michelin star rating in January 2003, and became the first Chinese restaurant in Britain to earn a Michelin star.[20][21] The second restaurant opened in Mayfair also received a Michelin star in 2012, and both have kept their Michelin star as of 2019.[10] In the British magazine Restaurant annual global ranking of The World's 50 Best Restaurants, Hakkasan was ranked in the list from 2004 to 2009, for example, it was rated 14th in 2004,[22] and 19th in 2008.[23]The Hakkasan nightclub in Las Vegas was ranked No. 3 in the list of Top 100 clubs by DJ Magazine in 2015.[24]","title":"Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"About A Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_a_Boy_(film)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-20"}],"text":"The restaurant was featured in the film About A Boy.[20]","title":"In popular culture"}]
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[{"title":"List of Chinese restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_restaurants"}]
[{"reference":"Web, Andrew (2011). Food Britannia. Random House. p. 378. ISBN 978-1847946232.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Djd21CZ8p8cC&pg=PA376","url_text":"Food Britannia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847946232","url_text":"978-1847946232"}]},{"reference":"\"Hakkasan\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hakkasan.com/","url_text":"\"Hakkasan\""}]},{"reference":"Mac, Ryan (15 August 2013). \"Hakkasan Evolution: Growing From Las Vegas Megaclub To Global Lifestyle Brand\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2013/08/15/hakkasan-evolution-growing-from-las-vegas-megaclub-to-global-lifestyle-brand/","url_text":"\"Hakkasan Evolution: Growing From Las Vegas Megaclub To Global Lifestyle Brand\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, J.A.G. (2004). China to Chinatown: Chinese Food in the West. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1861892270.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6Oxh3JUVK3sC&pg=PA185","url_text":"China to Chinatown: Chinese Food in the West"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861892270","url_text":"978-1861892270"}]},{"reference":"\"Hanway Place\". Hakkasan. 4 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hakkasan.com/hanway-place/","url_text":"\"Hanway Place\""}]},{"reference":"Ryder, Bethan (2004). Restaurant Design. Laurence King. p. 43. ISBN 9781856693639.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0nRm7TfbjsUC&pg=PT34","url_text":"Restaurant Design"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781856693639","url_text":"9781856693639"}]},{"reference":"\"Going beyond chow mein\". China Daily. 18 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201404/18/WS5a30c7e7a3108bc8c672eb67.html","url_text":"\"Going beyond chow mein\""}]},{"reference":"Hope, Bradley (18 August 2016). \"Key Figure in 1MDB Probe Is Arrested in Abu Dhabi\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/key-figure-in-1mdb-probe-is-arrested-in-abu-dhabi-1471561639","url_text":"\"Key Figure in 1MDB Probe Is Arrested in Abu Dhabi\""}]},{"reference":"\"HK-born Alan Yau sells pair of London restaurants for US$60m\". South China Morning Post. 11 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/article/622495/hk-born-alan-yau-sells-pair-london-restaurants-us60m","url_text":"\"HK-born Alan Yau sells pair of London restaurants for US$60m\""}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Ailis; Thomson, Lizzie; Fletcher, Harry (7 October 2019). \"Michelin star restaurants in London 2020: The capital's one, two and three star restaurants\". Evening Standard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/restaurants/michelin-starred-restaurants-in-london-the-capital-s-one-two-and-three-star-restaurants-mapped-a3351891.html","url_text":"\"Michelin star restaurants in London 2020: The capital's one, two and three star restaurants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luxury in MarrakechA – Ling Ling by Hakkasan\". Business of Everything. 2 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boemagazine.com/2017/02/luxury-marrakech-ling-ling-hakkasan/","url_text":"\"Luxury in MarrakechA – Ling Ling by Hakkasan\""}]},{"reference":"Sergeeva, Elena (13 October 2017). \"Ling Ling Mykonos: Glamorous Cantonese cuisine by Hakkasan\". Passion for Greece.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.passionforhospitality.net/ling-ling-mykonos-glamorous-cantonese-cuisine-hakkasan/","url_text":"\"Ling Ling Mykonos: Glamorous Cantonese cuisine by Hakkasan\""}]},{"reference":"\"– Vi kommer til å ha mange av Hakkasans signaturretter\". 12 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dn.no/smak/2017/03/12/1140/Restauranter/-vi-kommer-til-a-ha-mange-av-hakkasans-signaturretter","url_text":"\"– Vi kommer til å ha mange av Hakkasans signaturretter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Superkjendisenes favorittrestaurant åpner i Oslo\". 20 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dagbladet.no/mat/stjernenes-favorittrestaurant-apner-i-norge/67095478","url_text":"\"Superkjendisenes favorittrestaurant åpner i Oslo\""}]},{"reference":"Dobson, Jim. \"Hakkasan Expands Omnia Dayclub and Restaurant Brands To Vidanta Los Cabos And Beyond\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2018/04/05/hakkasan-expands-omnia-dayclub-and-restaurant-brands-to-vidanta-los-cabos-and-beyond/#1a0caa30450b","url_text":"\"Hakkasan Expands Omnia Dayclub and Restaurant Brands To Vidanta Los Cabos And Beyond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"San Francisco's Hakkasan will close permanently\". SFGate. 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/food/article/San-Francisco-s-Hakkasan-will-close-permanently-15301850.php","url_text":"\"San Francisco's Hakkasan will close permanently\""}]},{"reference":"Mac, Ryan. \"DJ Wars: Inside The Las Vegas Battles for the World's Top Electronic Music Talent\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2013/08/14/dj-wars-inside-the-las-vegas-battles-for-top-electronic-music-talent/","url_text":"\"DJ Wars: Inside The Las Vegas Battles for the World's Top Electronic Music Talent\""}]},{"reference":"Mac, Ryan. \"Hakkasan Evolution: Growing From Las Vegas Megaclub To Global Lifestyle Brand\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2013/08/15/hakkasan-evolution-growing-from-las-vegas-megaclub-to-global-lifestyle-brand","url_text":"\"Hakkasan Evolution: Growing From Las Vegas Megaclub To Global Lifestyle Brand\""}]},{"reference":"Sheckells, Melinda (15 April 2021). \"Tiësto Starting 'New Life in Las Vegas' With 3-Year Zouk Group Deal\". Billboard. Retrieved 25 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/pro/tiesto-las-vegas-zouk-group-deal-resorts-world-venues-interview/","url_text":"\"Tiësto Starting 'New Life in Las Vegas' With 3-Year Zouk Group Deal\""}]},{"reference":"Foster, Peter (17 January 2003). \"Chinese restaurant wins Michelin star\". The Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1419087/Chinese-restaurant-wins-Michelin-star.html","url_text":"\"Chinese restaurant wins Michelin star\""}]},{"reference":"Time out guide pubs & bars. Time Out Guides Ltd. 2003. p. 42. ISBN 9780903446839.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vkxV79F3Gh4C&q=hakkasan+michelin","url_text":"Time out guide pubs & bars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780903446839","url_text":"9780903446839"}]},{"reference":"\"2004 List\". The World's Best 50 Best Restaurants.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theworlds50best.com/list/past-lists/2004","url_text":"\"2004 List\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 List\". The World's Best 50 Best Restaurants.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theworlds50best.com/list/past-lists/2008","url_text":"\"2008 List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hakkasan\". DJ magazine. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200810025812/https://djmag.com/content/poll-clubs-2015-hakkasan","url_text":"\"Hakkasan\""},{"url":"https://djmag.com/content/poll-clubs-2015-hakkasan","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obermorschwihr
Obermorschwihr
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 48°01′10″N 7°17′54″E / 48.0194°N 7.2983°E / 48.0194; 7.2983Commune in Grand Est, France Commune in Grand Est, FranceObermorschwihrCommuneThe bell tower in Obermorschwihr Coat of armsLocation of Obermorschwihr ObermorschwihrShow map of FranceObermorschwihrShow map of Grand EstCoordinates: 48°01′10″N 7°17′54″E / 48.0194°N 7.2983°E / 48.0194; 7.2983CountryFranceRegionGrand EstDepartmentHaut-RhinArrondissementColmar-RibeauvilléCantonWintzenheimIntercommunalityPays de Rouffach, Vignobles et ChâteauxGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Bertrand HeybergerArea11.59 km2 (0.61 sq mi)Population (2021)392 • Density250/km2 (640/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code68244 /68420Elevation220–350 m (720–1,150 ft) (avg. 260 m or 850 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Obermorschwihr (German: Obermorschweier) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 330—    1975 376+1.88%1982 371−0.19%1990 354−0.58%1999 358+0.12%2007 379+0.72%2012 364−0.80%2017 359−0.28%Source: INSEE See also Communes of the Haut-Rhin department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Obermorschwihr. vte Communes of the Haut-Rhin department Algolsheim Altenach Altkirchsubpr Ammerschwihr Andolsheim Appenwihr Artzenheim Aspach Aspach-le-Bas Aspach-Michelbach Attenschwiller Aubure Baldersheim Balgau Ballersdorf Balschwiller Baltzenheim Bantzenheim Bartenheim Battenheim Beblenheim Bellemagny Bendorf Bennwihr Berentzwiller Bergheim Bergholtz Bergholtzzell Bernwiller Berrwiller Bettendorf Bettlach Biederthal Biesheim Biltzheim Bischwihr Bisel Bitschwiller-lès-Thann Blodelsheim Blotzheim Bollwiller Le Bonhomme Bourbach-le-Bas Bourbach-le-Haut Bouxwiller Bréchaumont Breitenbach-Haut-Rhin Bretten Brinckheim Bruebach Brunstatt-Didenheim Buethwiller Buhl Burnhaupt-le-Bas Burnhaupt-le-Haut Buschwiller Carspach Cernay Chalampé Chavannes-sur-l'Étang Colmarpref Courtavon Dannemarie Dessenheim Diefmatten Dietwiller Dolleren Durlinsdorf Durmenach Durrenentzen Eglingen Eguisheim Elbach Emlingen Ensisheim Eschbach-au-Val Eschentzwiller Eteimbes Falkwiller Feldbach Feldkirch Fellering Ferrette Fessenheim Fislis Flaxlanden Folgensbourg Fortschwihr Franken Fréland Friesen Frœningen Fulleren Galfingue Geishouse Geispitzen Geiswasser Gildwiller Goldbach-Altenbach Gommersdorf Griesbach-au-Val Grussenheim Gueberschwihr Guebwiller Guémar Guevenatten Guewenheim Gundolsheim Gunsbach Habsheim Hagenbach Hagenthal-le-Bas Hagenthal-le-Haut Hartmannswiller Hattstatt Hausgauen Le Haut-Soultzbach Hecken Hégenheim Heidwiller Heimersdorf Heimsbrunn Heiteren Heiwiller Helfrantzkirch Herrlisheim-près-Colmar Hésingue Hettenschlag Hindlingen Hirsingue Hirtzbach Hirtzfelden Hochstatt Hohrod Hombourg Horbourg-Wihr Houssen Hunawihr Hundsbach Huningue Husseren-les-Châteaux Husseren-Wesserling Illfurth Illhaeusern Illtal Illzach Ingersheim Issenheim Jebsheim Jettingen Jungholtz Kappelen Katzenthal Kaysersberg Vignoble Kembs Kiffis Kingersheim Kirchberg Knœringue Kœstlach Kœtzingue Kruth Kunheim Labaroche Landser Lapoutroie Largitzen Lautenbach Lautenbachzell Lauw Leimbach Levoncourt Leymen Liebenswiller Liebsdorf Lièpvre Ligsdorf Linsdorf Linthal Logelheim Lucelle Luemschwiller Luttenbach-près-Munster Lutter Lutterbach Magny Magstatt-le-Bas Magstatt-le-Haut Malmerspach Manspach Masevaux-Niederbruck Mertzen Merxheim Metzeral Meyenheim Michelbach-le-Bas Michelbach-le-Haut Mittelwihr Mittlach Mitzach Mœrnach Mollau Montreux-Jeune Montreux-Vieux Moosch Mooslargue Morschwiller-le-Bas Muespach Muespach-le-Haut Muhlbach-sur-Munster Mulhousesubpr Munchhouse Munster Muntzenheim Munwiller Murbach Nambsheim Neuf-Brisach Neuwiller Niederentzen Niederhergheim Niedermorschwihr Niffer Oberbruck Oberentzen Oberhergheim Oberlarg Obermorschwihr Obermorschwiller Obersaasheim Oderen Oltingue Orbey Orschwihr Osenbach Ostheim Ottmarsheim Petit-Landau Pfaffenheim Pfastatt Pfetterhouse Porte du Ried Pulversheim Raedersdorf Raedersheim Rammersmatt Ranspach Ranspach-le-Bas Ranspach-le-Haut Rantzwiller Réguisheim Reiningue Retzwiller Ribeauvillé Richwiller Riedisheim Riespach Rimbach-près-Guebwiller Rimbach-près-Masevaux Rimbachzell Riquewihr Rixheim Roderen Rodern Roggenhouse Romagny Rombach-le-Franc Roppentzwiller Rorschwihr Rosenau Rouffach Ruederbach Ruelisheim Rumersheim-le-Haut Rustenhart Saint-Amarin Saint-Bernard Saint-Cosme Sainte-Croix-aux-Mines Sainte-Croix-en-Plaine Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines Saint-Hippolyte Saint-Louis Saint-Ulrich Sausheim Schlierbach Schweighouse-Thann Schwoben Sentheim Seppois-le-Bas Seppois-le-Haut Sewen Sickert Sierentz Sondernach Sondersdorf Soppe-le-Bas Soultzbach-les-Bains Soultzeren Soultz-Haut-Rhin Soultzmatt Spechbach Staffelfelden Steinbach Steinbrunn-le-Bas Steinbrunn-le-Haut Steinsoultz Sternenberg Stetten Storckensohn Stosswihr Strueth Sundhoffen Tagolsheim Tagsdorf Thannsubpr Thannenkirch Traubach-le-Bas Traubach-le-Haut Turckheim Ueberstrass Uffheim Uffholtz Ungersheim Urbès Urschenheim Valdieu-Lutran Vieux-Ferrette Vieux-Thann Village-Neuf Vœgtlinshoffen Vogelgrun Volgelsheim Wahlbach Walbach Waldighofen Walheim Waltenheim Wasserbourg Wattwiller Weckolsheim Wegscheid Wentzwiller Werentzhouse Westhalten Wettolsheim Wickerschwihr Widensolen Wihr-au-Val Wildenstein Willer Willer-sur-Thur Winkel Wintzenheim Wittelsheim Wittenheim Wittersdorf Wolfersdorf Wolfgantzen Wolschwiller Wuenheim Zaessingue Zellenberg Zillisheim Zimmerbach Zimmersheim pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Haut-Rhin geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Haut-Rhin department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Haut-Rhin_department"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_London_Sevens
2015 London Sevens
["1 Format","2 Teams","3 Pool Stage","3.1 Pool A","3.2 Pool B","3.3 Pool C","3.4 Pool D","4 Knockout stage","4.1 Shield","4.2 Bowl","4.3 Plate","4.4 Cup","5 Scoring","6 References","7 External links"]
2015 London SevensSevens World Series XVIHost nation EnglandDate16–17 May 2015CupChampion United StatesRunner-up AustraliaThird FijiPlateWinner New ZealandRunner-up South AfricaBowlWinner KenyaRunner-up ArgentinaShieldWinner JapanRunner-up FranceTournament detailsMatches played45← 2014 2016 → The 2015 London Sevens was the ninth and final tournament within the 2014–15 Sevens World Series. This edition of the London Sevens was held over the weekend of 16–17 May 2015 at Twickenham in London. The most notable headline from this event was the first-ever overall tournament victory by the United States. The USA's Madison Hughes was named player of the tournament, with Hughes and Danny Barrett the two Americans selected for the tournament Dream Team. The overall series crown was secured by Fiji when they defeated South Africa in the Cup quarter-finals. Format The teams were drawn into four pools of four teams each. Each team plays all the others in their pool once. The top two teams from each pool advance to the Cup/Plate brackets. The bottom two teams go into the Bowl/Shield brackets. Teams The pools and schedule were announced on 10 April 2015.  Argentina  Australia  Brazil  Canada  England  Fiji  France  Japan  Kenya  New Zealand  Portugal  South Africa  Samoa  Scotland  United States  Wales Pool Stage Key to colours in group tables Teams that advanced to the Cup Quarterfinal Pool A Teams Pld W D L PF PA +/− Pts  Fiji 3 3 0 0 81 45 +36 9  Canada 3 2 0 1 57 50 +7 7  Samoa 3 1 0 2 45 53 -8 5  Argentina 3 0 0 3 34 69 -35 3 16 May 201509:44Canada 17–14 SamoaTwickenham 16 May 201510:06Fiji 24–19 ArgentinaTwickenham 16 May 201512:50Canada 26–5 ArgentinaTwickenham 16 May 201513:12Fiji 26–12 SamoaTwickenham 16 May 201515:56Argentina 10–19 SamoaTwickenham 16 May 201516:18Fiji 31–14 CanadaTwickenham Pool B Teams Pld W D L PF PA +/− Pts  New Zealand 3 3 0 0 88 24 +64 9  Australia 3 2 0 1 70 38 +32 7  Wales 3 1 0 2 38 78 -40 5  Japan 3 0 0 3 35 91 -56 3 16 May 201510:28Australia 41–0 JapanTwickenham 16 May 201510:50New Zealand 38–0 WalesTwickenham 16 May 201513:34Australia 19–14 WalesTwickenham 16 May 201513:56New Zealand 26–14 JapanTwickenham 16 May 201516:40Wales 24–21 JapanTwickenham 16 May 201517:02New Zealand 24–10 AustraliaTwickenham Pool C Teams Pld W D L PF PA +/− Pts  Scotland 3 3 0 0 67 45 +22 9  England 3 2 0 1 115 29 +86 7  Kenya 3 1 0 2 31 80 -49 5  Brazil 3 0 0 3 35 94 -59 3 16 May 201511:12Scotland 19–14 BrazilTwickenham 16 May 201511:34England 40–0 KenyaTwickenham 16 May 201514:18Scotland 26–12 KenyaTwickenham 16 May 201514:40England 56–7 BrazilTwickenham 16 May 201517:24Kenya 19–14 BrazilTwickenham 16 May 201517:46England 19–22 ScotlandTwickenham Pool D Teams Pld W D L PF PA +/− Pts  United States 3 3 0 0 73 43 +30 9  South Africa 3 2 0 1 59 28 +31 7  France 3 1 0 2 52 71 -19 5  Portugal 3 0 0 3 31 73 -42 3 16 May 201509:00South Africa 19–0 PortugalTwickenham 16 May 201509:22United States 24–19 FranceTwickenham 16 May 201512:06South Africa 28–7 FranceTwickenham 16 May 201512:28United States 28–12 PortugalTwickenham 16 May 201515:12France 26–19 PortugalTwickenham 16 May 201515:34United States 21–12 South AfricaTwickenham Knockout stage Shield  Quarter-finalsSemi-finalsFinal            17 May 2015 – 09:00 – Twickenham    Samoa33 17 May 2015 – 12:06 – Twickenham   Portugal14  Portugal21 17 May 2015 – 09:22 – Twickenham   Japan26   Kenya24 17 May 2015 – 15:22 – Twickenham   Japan12  Japan21 17 May 2015 – 09:44 – Twickenham   France19   France14 17 May 2015 – 12:28 – Twickenham   Argentina17  France35 17 May 2015 – 10:06 – Twickenham   Brazil12   Wales29   Brazil0   Bowl  Quarter-finalsSemi-finalsFinal            17 May 2015 – 09:00 – Twickenham    Samoa33 17 May 2015 – 12:50 – Twickenham   Portugal14  Samoa7 17 May 2015 – 09:22 – Twickenham   Kenya38   Kenya24 17 May 2015 – 15:47 – Twickenham   Japan12   Kenya26 17 May 2015 – 09:44 – Twickenham   Argentina12   France14 17 May 2015 – 13:12 – Twickenham   Argentina17  Argentina26 17 May 2015 – 10:06 – Twickenham   Wales14   Wales29   Brazil0   Plate  Quarter-finalsSemi-finalsFinal            17 May 2015 – 10:28 – Twickenham    Fiji19 17 May 2015 – 13:34 – Twickenham   South Africa7  South Africa31 17 May 2015 – 10:50 – Twickenham   Scotland7   Scotland19 17 May 2015 – 16:12 – Twickenham   Australia31   South Africa14 17 May 2015 – 11:12 – Twickenham   New Zealand26   United States29 17 May 2015 – 13:56 – Twickenham   Canada10   Canada15 17 May 2015 – 11:34 – Twickenham   New Zealand33   New Zealand17   England21   Cup  Quarter-finalsSemi-finalsFinal            17 May 2015 – 10:28 – Twickenham    Fiji19 17 May 2015 – 14:18 – Twickenham   South Africa7  Fiji7 17 May 2015 – 10:50 – Twickenham   Australia33   Scotland19 17 May 2015 – 17:02 – Twickenham   Australia31  Australia22 17 May 2015 – 11:12 – Twickenham   United States45   United States29 17 May 2015 – 14:40 – Twickenham   Canada10   United States43 17 May 2015 – 11:34 – Twickenham   England12 Third place  New Zealand17 17 May 2015 – 16:37 – Twickenham   England21   Fiji26   England12   Scoring Rank Player Tries 1 Billy Odhiambo 7 1 Rieko Ioane 7 1 Madison Hughes 7 4 Perry Baker 6 4 Nicholas Malouf 6 4 Sherwin Stowers 6 Source: WR website References ^ Hamilton, Tom (17 May 2015). "USA make history at Twickenham with first World Rugby Series tournament win". ESPN (US). Retrieved 17 May 2015. ^ "Fiji secure second World Series title after victory over South Africa". ESPN (US). 17 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015. ^ "2014/15 HSBC Sevens World Series - London: Fixtures". Fiji Live. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-05-09. Retrieved 10 May 2015. ^ "Leaders Fiji in tough London 7s pool". Fiji Live. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 10 May 2015. External links Official website vte2014–15 Sevens World SeriesLegs Gold Coast Dubai South Africa New Zealand USA Hong Kong Japan Scotland England Core teams Argentina Australia Canada England Fiji France Japan Kenya New Zealand Portugal Samoa Scotland South Africa United States Wales Other teams American Samoa Belgium Brazil Hong Kong Papua New Guinea Russia Zimbabwe World Rugby Sevens Series vteLondon SevensMen's events 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2022 2023 Women's events 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016–2018
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This edition of the London Sevens was held over the weekend of 16–17 May 2015 at Twickenham in London.The most notable headline from this event was the first-ever overall tournament victory by the United States.[1] The USA's Madison Hughes was named player of the tournament, with Hughes and Danny Barrett the two Americans selected for the tournament Dream Team.The overall series crown was secured by Fiji when they defeated South Africa in the Cup quarter-finals.[2]","title":"2015 London Sevens"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The teams were drawn into four pools of four teams each. Each team plays all the others in their pool once. The top two teams from each pool advance to the Cup/Plate brackets. The bottom two teams go into the Bowl/Shield brackets.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fixtures-2015-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fiji-live-2015-4"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_sevens_team"}],"text":"The pools and schedule were announced on 10 April 2015.[3][4]Argentina\n Australia\n Brazil\n Canada\n England\n Fiji\n France\n Japan\n\n\n Kenya\n New Zealand\n Portugal\n South Africa\n Samoa\n Scotland\n United States\n Wales","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pool Stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"}],"sub_title":"Pool A","text":"16 May 201509:44Canada 17–14 SamoaTwickenham16 May 201510:06Fiji 24–19 ArgentinaTwickenham16 May 201512:50Canada 26–5 ArgentinaTwickenham16 May 201513:12Fiji 26–12 SamoaTwickenham16 May 201515:56Argentina 10–19 SamoaTwickenham16 May 201516:18Fiji 31–14 CanadaTwickenham","title":"Pool Stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"}],"sub_title":"Pool B","text":"16 May 201510:28Australia 41–0 JapanTwickenham16 May 201510:50New Zealand 38–0 WalesTwickenham16 May 201513:34Australia 19–14 WalesTwickenham16 May 201513:56New Zealand 26–14 JapanTwickenham16 May 201516:40Wales 24–21 JapanTwickenham16 May 201517:02New Zealand 24–10 AustraliaTwickenham","title":"Pool Stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"}],"sub_title":"Pool C","text":"16 May 201511:12Scotland 19–14 BrazilTwickenham16 May 201511:34England 40–0 KenyaTwickenham16 May 201514:18Scotland 26–12 KenyaTwickenham16 May 201514:40England 56–7 BrazilTwickenham16 May 201517:24Kenya 19–14 BrazilTwickenham16 May 201517:46England 19–22 ScotlandTwickenham","title":"Pool Stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"}],"sub_title":"Pool D","text":"16 May 201509:00South Africa 19–0 PortugalTwickenham16 May 201509:22United States 24–19 FranceTwickenham16 May 201512:06South Africa 28–7 FranceTwickenham16 May 201512:28United States 28–12 PortugalTwickenham16 May 201515:12France 26–19 PortugalTwickenham16 May 201515:34United States 21–12 South AfricaTwickenham","title":"Pool Stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shield","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bowl","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Plate","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cup","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WR website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.worldrugby.org/sevens-series/stage/1545/statistics"}],"text":"Source: WR website","title":"Scoring"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hamilton, Tom (17 May 2015). \"USA make history at Twickenham with first World Rugby Series tournament win\". ESPN (US). Retrieved 17 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/rugby/story/_/id/12902812/usa-make-history-twickenham-first-world-rugby-series-tournament-win","url_text":"\"USA make history at Twickenham with first World Rugby Series tournament win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPN (US)"}]},{"reference":"\"Fiji secure second World Series title after victory over South Africa\". ESPN (US). 17 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/rugby/story/_/id/12901873/fiji-secure-second-world-series-title-victory-south-africa","url_text":"\"Fiji secure second World Series title after victory over South Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPN (US)"}]},{"reference":"\"2014/15 HSBC Sevens World Series - London: Fixtures\". Fiji Live. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-05-09. Retrieved 10 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldrugby.org/sevens-series/stage/1551/fixtures","url_text":"\"2014/15 HSBC Sevens World Series - London: Fixtures\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150509195507/http://www.worldrugby.org:80/sevens-series/stage/1551/fixtures","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Leaders Fiji in tough London 7s pool\". Fiji Live. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 10 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://fijilive.com/sports/news/2015/05/leaders-fiji-in-tough-pool/36638.Fijilive","url_text":"\"Leaders Fiji in tough London 7s pool\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111512/http://fijilive.com/sports/news/2015/05/leaders-fiji-in-tough-pool/36638.Fijilive","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.worldrugby.org/sevens-series/stage/1545/statistics","external_links_name":"WR website"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/rugby/story/_/id/12902812/usa-make-history-twickenham-first-world-rugby-series-tournament-win","external_links_name":"\"USA make history at Twickenham with first World Rugby Series tournament win\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/rugby/story/_/id/12901873/fiji-secure-second-world-series-title-victory-south-africa","external_links_name":"\"Fiji secure second World Series title after victory over South Africa\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldrugby.org/sevens-series/stage/1551/fixtures","external_links_name":"\"2014/15 HSBC Sevens World Series - London: Fixtures\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150509195507/http://www.worldrugby.org:80/sevens-series/stage/1551/fixtures","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fijilive.com/sports/news/2015/05/leaders-fiji-in-tough-pool/36638.Fijilive","external_links_name":"\"Leaders Fiji in tough London 7s pool\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111512/http://fijilive.com/sports/news/2015/05/leaders-fiji-in-tough-pool/36638.Fijilive","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.worldrugby.org/sevens-series/stage/1550","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvester_Jenks
Silvester Jenks
["1 Biography","2 Works","3 References"]
English Catholic priest and theologian Silvester Jenks (c. 1656 – December 1714) was an English Catholic priest and theologian. Biography Born in Shropshire, Jenks attended the English College, Douai, where he served as Professor of Philosophy from 1680 to 1686. He later served as a preacher to James II. After the Glorious Revolution in 1688, he fled to Flanders. Upon his return to England, he laboured as a missionary in or near London and was appointed Archdeacon of Surrey and Kent. In 1711, he was elected Vicar Apostolic of the Northern District. Bishops Giffard and Witham wrote Rome to say that Jenks had been ill, and that it would be better to defer his consecration until after parliament had been dissolved to avoid any disturbance. Jenks died before being consecrated, probably in mid-December 1714. Works Among Jenks's works are: A Contrite and Humble Heart Practical Discourses on the Morality of the Gospel The Blind Obedience of a Humble Penitent the Best Cure for Scruples The Whole Duty of a Christian A Short Review of the Book of Jansenius A portrait engraved by le Pouter in 1694 is prefixed to a Paris edition of A Contrite and Humble Heart. References ^ a b c Burton, Edwin. "Silvester Jenks." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 1 March 2020 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Brady, William Maziere. Annals of the Catholic Hierarchy in England and Scotland, J. M. Stark, 1883, p. 248 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Edwin Burton (1913). "Silvester Jenks". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway United States Netherlands This biography article of an English religious figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a British Roman Catholic cleric is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Silvester Jenks (c. 1656 – December 1714) was an English Catholic priest and theologian.","title":"Silvester Jenks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"English College, Douai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_College,_Douai"},{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Glorious Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burton-1"},{"link_name":"Vicar Apostolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_Apostolic"},{"link_name":"Giffard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventure_Giffard"},{"link_name":"Witham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Witham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brady-2"}],"text":"Born in Shropshire, Jenks attended the English College, Douai, where he served as Professor of Philosophy from 1680 to 1686. He later served as a preacher to James II. After the Glorious Revolution in 1688, he fled to Flanders. Upon his return to England, he laboured as a missionary in or near London and was appointed Archdeacon of Surrey and Kent.[1] In 1711, he was elected Vicar Apostolic of the Northern District. Bishops Giffard and Witham wrote Rome to say that Jenks had been ill, and that it would be better to defer his consecration until after parliament had been dissolved to avoid any disturbance. Jenks died before being consecrated, probably in mid-December 1714.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burton-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burton-1"}],"text":"Among Jenks's works are:A Contrite and Humble Heart\nPractical Discourses on the Morality of the Gospel\nThe Blind Obedience of a Humble Penitent the Best Cure for Scruples\nThe Whole Duty of a Christian\nA Short Review of the Book of Jansenius[1]A portrait engraved by le Pouter in 1694 is prefixed to a Paris edition of A Contrite and Humble Heart.[1]","title":"Works"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/344th_Military_Intelligence_Battalion
344th Military Intelligence Battalion
["1 Lineage and honors","2 Coat of arms","3 Distinctive unit insignia","4 References"]
344th Military Intelligence BattalionCoat of armsActive1962–19681990–presentCountryUnited StatesBranchU.S. ArmyTypeMilitary IntelligencePart of111th Military Intelligence BrigadeGarrison/HQGoodfellow Air Force BaseMotto(s)Silent SentinelInsigniaDistinctive Unit InsigniaMilitary unit The 344th Military Intelligence Battalion (MI Bn) is located in San Angelo, Texas at Goodfellow Air Force Base. The 344th's mission is to train, develop, and educate soldiers to become signals intelligence and firefighting professionals for the U.S. Army. The 344th MI Bn is subordinate to the 111th Military Intelligence Brigade headquartered at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. The 344th MI Bn trains these soldiers in four different military occupational specialties for enlisted, non-commissioned officers, and warrant officers within the Military Intelligence Corps and Army Corps of Engineers: Signals Intelligence Analysts (35N) and Technicians (352N) Cryptologic Linguists (35P) Signals Collectors (35S) and Technicians (352S) Firefighters (12M) The 344th MI Bn teaches 21 different courses and has more than 70 classes in session at any given time. It consists of three companies located on two installations belonging to two different armed services, Goodfellow Air Force Base and Naval Air Station Pensacola Corry Station. The battalion has more than 300 permanent party members with an annual student throughput of about 1,700 soldiers. Lineage and honors Lineage Constituted 5 November 1962 in the Army Reserve as the 344th Army Security Agency Company Activated 28 February 1963 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Reorganized and redesignated 15 April 1966 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 344th Army Security Agency Battalion Inactivated 31 January 1968 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Redesignated 1 February 1990 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 344th Military Intelligence Battalion ; concurrently withdrawn from the Army Reserve and allotted to the Regular Army Headquarters transferred 25 May 1990 to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and activated at Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas Decorations Army Superior Unit Award, Streamer embroidered 1 August 1990 – 31 December 1991 (344th Military Intelligence Battalion cited; DA GO 34, 1992) Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, Streamer embroidered 1 July 1995 – 30 June 1997 Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, Streamer embroidered 1 July 1997 – 30 June 1999 Coat of arms Description Shield: Argent on a saltire celeste a key ward up bendwise sinister surmounted by two pikes bendwise Or. Motto: Silent Sentinel Distinctive unit insignia Description A gold color metal and enamel device consisting of a gold key, ward slanted upward to right behind the shafts of two pikes; all encircled by a continuous oval-shaped scroll passing through the bow of the key, behind the pike heads, key ward and over the pike staffs and bearing the inscription in black letters SILENT SENTINEL. Symbolism: The key, symbol for security and secrecy, and the pikes, weapons used by sentries in the Middle Ages, symbolize the basic mission of the organization. The shape of the bow of the key and the two pikes further simulates the numerical designation of the organization. Symbolism Shield: Oriental blue and silver gray are the colors used for military intelligence. The key, symbol for security and secrecy, and the pikes, weapons used by sentries in the Middle Ages, symbolize the basic mission of the organization. References ^ a b c SILENT SENTINELS - "Relevant and Ready", Goodfellow Air Force Base homepage, last accessed 29 August 2020 ^ a b 344 MI BN In-processing Instructions (A and B Companies), Goodfellow Air Force Base homepage, last accessed 29 August 2020 ^ a b Lineage And Honors Information, 344th Military Intelligence Battalion, history.army.mil, dated 7 December 2004, last accessed 29 August 2020 ^ a b c 344TH MILITARY INTELLIGENCE BATTALION, Distinctive Unit Insignia and Coat of Arms, U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry, dated 16 October 1995, last accessed 29 August 2020
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The 344th's mission is to train, develop, and educate soldiers to become signals intelligence and firefighting professionals for the U.S. Army.[1] The 344th MI Bn is subordinate to the 111th Military Intelligence Brigade headquartered at Fort Huachuca, Arizona.The 344th MI Bn trains these soldiers in four different military occupational specialties for enlisted, non-commissioned officers, and warrant officers within the Military Intelligence Corps and Army Corps of Engineers:[2]Signals Intelligence Analysts (35N) and Technicians (352N)\nCryptologic Linguists (35P)\nSignals Collectors (35S) and Technicians (352S)\nFirefighters (12M)The 344th MI Bn teaches 21 different courses and has more than 70 classes in session at any given time.[2] It consists of three companies located on two installations belonging to two different armed services, Goodfellow Air Force Base and Naval Air Station Pensacola Corry Station.[1] The battalion has more than 300 permanent party members with an annual student throughput of about 1,700 soldiers.[1]","title":"344th Military Intelligence Battalion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"}],"text":"Lineage[3]Constituted 5 November 1962 in the Army Reserve as the 344th Army Security Agency Company\nActivated 28 February 1963 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\nReorganized and redesignated 15 April 1966 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 344th Army Security Agency Battalion\nInactivated 31 January 1968 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\nRedesignated 1 February 1990 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 344th Military Intelligence Battalion ; concurrently withdrawn from the Army Reserve and allotted to the Regular Army\nHeadquarters transferred 25 May 1990 to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and activated at Goodfellow Air Force Base, TexasDecorations[3]Army Superior Unit Award, Streamer embroidered 1 August 1990 – 31 December 1991 (344th Military Intelligence Battalion cited; DA GO 34, 1992)\nAir Force Outstanding Unit Award, Streamer embroidered 1 July 1995 – 30 June 1997\nAir Force Outstanding Unit Award, Streamer embroidered 1 July 1997 – 30 June 1999","title":"Lineage and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIOH-4"}],"text":"Description[4]Shield: Argent on a saltire celeste a key ward up bendwise sinister surmounted by two pikes bendwise Or.Motto: Silent Sentinel","title":"Coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIOH-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIOH-4"}],"text":"Description[4]A gold color metal and enamel device consisting of a gold key, ward slanted upward to right behind the shafts of two pikes; all encircled by a continuous oval-shaped scroll passing through the bow of the key, behind the pike heads, key ward and over the pike staffs and bearing the inscription in black letters SILENT SENTINEL.Symbolism: The key, symbol for security and secrecy, and the pikes, weapons used by sentries in the Middle Ages, symbolize the basic mission of the organization. The shape of the bow of the key and the two pikes further simulates the numerical designation of the organization.Symbolism[4]Shield: Oriental blue and silver gray are the colors used for military intelligence. The key, symbol for security and secrecy, and the pikes, weapons used by sentries in the Middle Ages, symbolize the basic mission of the organization.","title":"Distinctive unit insignia"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratyphoid_fever
Paratyphoid fever
["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Cause","2.1 Transmission","2.2 Paratyphoid B","2.3 Paratyphoid C","2.4 Carriers","3 Pathophysiology","4 Diagnosis","5 Prevention","6 Treatments","7 Prognosis","8 Epidemiology","9 References","10 Further reading"]
Bacterial infection caused by one of the three types of Salmonella enterica Medical conditionParatyphoid feverOther namesParatyphoidRose colored spots on the chest of a man with typhoid fever, similar to those of paratyphoidSpecialtyInfectious diseaseSymptomsFever, headache, rash, weaknessUsual onset6–30 days post-exposureDurationWeeks to monthsCausesSalmonella enterica spread by food or water contaminated with fecesRisk factorsPoor sanitation, crowded populationsDiagnostic methodCulturing the bacteria or detecting its DNA in the blood, stool, or bone marrowPreventionHandwashing, clean waterTreatmentAntibioticsFrequency529,000Deaths29,200 Paratyphoid fever, also known simply as paratyphoid, is a bacterial infection caused by one of three types of Salmonella enterica. Symptoms usually begin 6–30 days after exposure and are the same as those of typhoid fever. Often, a gradual onset of a high fever occurs over several days. Weakness, loss of appetite, and headaches also commonly occur. Some people develop a skin rash with rose-colored spots. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. Other people may carry the bacteria without being affected; however, they are still able to spread the disease to others. Typhoid and paratyphoid are of similar severity. Paratyphoid and typhoid fever are types of enteric fever. Paratyphoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica of the serotypes Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, or Paratyphi C growing in the intestines and blood. They are usually spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. They may occur when a person who prepares food is infected. Risk factors include poor sanitation as is found among poor crowded populations. Occasionally, they may be transmitted by sex. Humans are the only animals infected. Diagnosis may be based on symptoms and confirmed by either culturing the bacteria or detecting the bacterial DNA in the blood, stool, or bone marrow. Culturing the bacteria can be difficult. Bone-marrow testing is the most accurate. Symptoms are similar to those of many other infectious diseases. Typhus is a different disease. While no vaccine is available specifically for paratyphoid, the typhoid vaccine may provide some benefit. Prevention includes drinking clean water, better sanitation, and better handwashing. Treatment of the disease is with antibiotics such as azithromycin. Resistance to a number of other previously effective antibiotics is common. Paratyphoid affects about six million people a year. It is most common in parts of Asia and rare in the developed world. Most cases are due to Paratyphi A rather than Paratyphi B or C. In 2015, paratyphoid fever resulted in about 29,200 deaths, down from 63,000 deaths in 1990. The risk of death is between 10% and 15% without treatment, while with treatment, it may be less than 1%. Signs and symptoms Rose spots on the abdomen of a man with typhoid fever Paratyphoid fever resembles typhoid fever. Infection is characterized by a sustained fever, headache, abdominal pain, malaise, anorexia, a nonproductive cough (in early stage of illness), a relative bradycardia (slow heart rate), and hepatosplenomegaly (an enlargement of the liver and spleen). About 30% of people with light skin colour who are infected develop rosy spots on the central body. In adults, constipation is more common than diarrhea. Only 20 to 40% of people initially have abdominal pain. Nonspecific symptoms such as chills, sweating, headache, loss of appetite, cough, weakness, sore throat, dizziness, and muscle pains are frequently present before the onset of fever. Some very rare symptoms are psychosis (mental disorder), confusion, and seizures. Cause Paratyphoid fever is caused by any of three serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica: S. Paratyphi A, S. Paratyphi B (invalid alias S. schottmuelleri), S. Paratyphi C (invalid alias S. hirschfeldii). Transmission They are usually spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. They may occur when a person who prepares food is infected. Risk factors include poor sanitation as is found among poor crowded populations. Occasionally, they may be transmitted by sex. Humans are the only animals infected. Paratyphoid B Paratyphoid B is more frequent in Europe. It can present as a typhoid-like illness, as a severe gastroenteritis or with features of both. Herpes labialis, rare in true typhoid fever, is frequently seen in paratyphoid B. Rarely a subdural empyema can occur. Diagnosis is with isolation of the agent in blood or stool and demonstration of antibodies antiBH in the Widal test. The disease responds well to chloramphenicol or co-trimoxazole. Paratyphoid C Paratyphoid C is a rare infection, generally seen in the Far East. It presents as a septicaemia with metastatic abscesses. Cholecystitis is possible in the course of the disease. Antibodies to paratyphoid C are not usually tested and the diagnosis is made with blood cultures. Chloramphenicol therapy is generally effective. Carriers Humans and, occasionally, domestic animals are the carriers of paratyphoid fever. Members of the same family can be transient or permanent carriers. In most parts of the world, short-term fecal carriers are more common than urinary carriers. The chronic urinary carrier state occurs in those who have schistosomiasis (parasitic blood fluke). Continuing to shed Salmonella Paratyphi is possible for up to one year, and during this phase, a person is considered to be a carrier. The chronic carrier state may follow acute illness, or mild or even subclinical infections. Chronic carriers are most often women who were infected in their middle age. Pathophysiology After ingestion, if the immune system is unable to stop the infection, the bacteria multiply and then spread to the bloodstream, after which the first signs of disease are observed in the form of fever. They penetrate further to the bone marrow, liver, and bile ducts, from which bacteria are excreted into the bowel contents. In the second phase of the disease, the bacteria penetrate the immune tissue of the small intestine, and the initial symptoms of small-bowel movements begin. Diagnosis This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (June 2022) Prevention Providing basic sanitation and safe drinking water and food are the keys for controlling the disease. In developed countries, enteric fever rates decreased in the past when treatment of municipal water was introduced, human feces were excluded from food production, and pasteurization of dairy products began. In addition, children and adults should be carefully educated about personal hygiene. This would include careful handwashing after defecation and sexual contact, before preparing or eating food, and especially the sanitary disposal of feces. Food handlers should be educated in personal hygiene prior to handling food or utensils and equipment. Infected individuals should be advised to avoid food preparation. Sexually active people should be educated about the risks of sexual practices that permit fecal-oral contact. Those who travel to countries with poor sanitation should receive a live attenuated typhoid vaccine—Ty21a (Vivotif), which, in addition to the protection against typhoid fever, may provide some protection against paratyphoid fever caused by the S. enterica serotypes A and B. In particular, a reanalysis of data from a trial conducted in Chile showed the Ty21a vaccine was 49% effective (95% CI: 8–73%) in preventing paratyphoid fever caused by the serotype B. Evidence from a study of international travelers in Israel also indicates the vaccine may prevent a fraction of infections by the serotype A, although no trial confirms this. This cross-protection by a typhoid vaccine is most likely due to O antigens shared between different S. enterica serotypes. Exclusion from work and social activities should be considered for symptomatic, and asymptomatic people who are food handlers, healthcare/daycare staff who are involved in patient care and/or child care, children attending unsanitary daycare centers, and older children who are unable to implement good standards of personal hygiene. The exclusion applies until two consecutive stool specimens are taken from the infected patient and are reported negative. Treatments Control requires treatment of antibiotics and vaccines prescribed by a doctor. Major control treatments for paratyphoid fever include ciprofloxacin for 10 days, ceftriaxone/cefotaxime for 14 days, or aziththromycin. Prognosis Those diagnosed with Type A of the bacterial strain rarely die from it except in rare cases of severe intestinal complications. With proper testing and diagnosis, the mortality rate falls to less than 1%. Antibiotics such as azithromycin are particularly effective in treating the disease. Epidemiology Factors outside the household, such as unclean food from street vendors and flooding, help distribute the disease from person to person. Because of poverty and poor hygiene and insanitary conditions, the disease is more common in less-industrialized countries, principally owing to the problem of unsafe drinking water, inadequate sewage disposal, and flooding. Occasionally causing epidemics, paratyphoid fever is found in large parts of Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. Many of those infected get the disease in Asian countries. About 16 million cases occur a year, which result in about 25,000 deaths worldwide. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Newton, Anna E. (2014). "3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel". CDC health information for international travel 2014: the yellow book. Oup USA. ISBN 9780199948499. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. ^ a b c d e f Hawker, Jeremy (2012). "3.56". Communicable disease control and health protection handbook (3rd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781444346947. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Magill, Alan J. (2013). Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases (9th ed.). London: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 568–572. ISBN 9781455740437. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. ^ a b c d e f Crump, JA; Mintz, ED (15 January 2010). "Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 50 (2): 241–246. doi:10.1086/649541. PMC 2798017. PMID 20014951. ^ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". The Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". The Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. ^ Wain, J; Hendriksen, RS; Mikoleit, ML; Keddy, KH; Ochiai, RL (21 March 2015). "Typhoid fever". The Lancet. 385 (9973): 1136–1145. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7. PMID 25458731. S2CID 1499916. ^ Cunha, BA (March 2004). "Osler on typhoid fever: differentiating typhoid from typhus and malaria". Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 18 (1): 111–125. doi:10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00094-1. PMID 15081508. ^ Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators (22 August 2015). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". The Lancet. 386 (9995): 743–800. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMC 4561509. PMID 26063472. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". The Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442. ^ Williams, V; Lakshmikantha, KM; Nallasamy, K; Sudeep, KC; Baranwal, AK; Jayashree, M (November 2018). "Subdural empyema due to Salmonella paratyphi B in an infant: a case report and review of literature". Child's Nervous System. 34 (11): 2317–2320. doi:10.1007/s00381-018-3825-7. PMID 29748704. S2CID 13689184. ^ a b Bhan MK, Bahl R, Bhatnagar S (2005). "Typhoid and paratyphoid fever". The Lancet. 366 (9487): 749–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67181-4. PMID 16125594. S2CID 28367429. ^ Levine, M. M.; Ferreccio, C.; Black, R. E.; Lagos, R.; Martin, O. S.; Blackwelder, W. C. (2007). "Ty21a Live Oral Typhoid Vaccine and Prevention of Paratyphoid Fever Caused by Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 45: S24–S28. doi:10.1086/518141. PMID 17582564. ^ a b Whitaker, J. A.; Franco-Paredes, C.; Del Rio, C.; Edupuganti, S. (2009). "Rethinking Typhoid Fever Vaccines: Implications for Travelers and People Living in Highly Endemic Areas". Journal of Travel Medicine. 16 (1): 46–52. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8305.2008.00273.x. PMID 19192128. ^ "Medical Conditions and Medical Information: ADAM Medical Library of Health Condi". Healthatoz.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-08. Retrieved 2011-10-06. ^ "Water-related Diseases." Communicable Diseases 2001. World Health Organization. 31 Oct 2008 <"WHO | Water-related Diseases". Archived from the original on 2008-11-14. Retrieved 2008-11-15.>. ^ Rubin, Raphael., David S. Strayer., Emanuel Rubin., Jay M. McDonald. Rubin's Pathology. 5th ed. 2007 Further reading Wikipedia's health care articles can be viewed offline with the Medical Wikipedia app. "Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever." Communicable Disease Management Protocol. November 2001 https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/cdc/protocol/typhoid.pdf. "Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever." Public Health Notifiable Disease Management Guidelines. Disease Control and Prevention. Alberta Health and Wellness: June 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130925214850/http://www.health.alberta.ca/documents/Guidelines-Paratyphoid-Fever-2013.pdf ClassificationDICD-10: A01.1-A01.4ICD-9-CM: 002MeSH: D010284DiseasesDB: 33218External resourcesPatient UK: Paratyphoid fever vtePseudomonadota-associated Gram-negative bacterial infectionsαRickettsialesRickettsiaceae/(Rickettsioses)Typhus Rickettsia typhi Murine typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus, Brill–Zinsser disease, Flying squirrel typhus SpottedfeverTick-borne Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia conorii Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia japonica Japanese spotted fever Rickettsia sibirica North Asian tick typhus Rickettsia australis Queensland tick typhus Rickettsia honei Flinders Island spotted fever Rickettsia africae African tick bite fever Rickettsia parkeri American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Mite-borne Rickettsia akari Rickettsialpox Orientia tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus Flea-borne Rickettsia felis Flea-borne spotted fever Anaplasmataceae Ehrlichiosis: Anaplasma phagocytophilum Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasmosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia ewingii Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection HyphomicrobialesBrucellaceae Brucella abortus Brucellosis Bartonellaceae Bartonellosis: Bartonella henselae Cat-scratch disease Bartonella quintana Trench fever Either B. henselae or B. quintana Bacillary angiomatosis Bartonella bacilliformis Carrion's disease, Verruga peruana βNeisserialesM+ Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus Meningococcal disease, Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome, Meningococcal septicaemia M− Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus Gonorrhea ungrouped: Eikenella corrodens/Kingella kingae HACEK Chromobacterium violaceum Chromobacteriosis infection Burkholderiales Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Burkholderia mallei Glanders Burkholderia cepacia complex Bordetella pertussis/Bordetella parapertussis Pertussis γEnterobacteriales(OX−)Lac+ Klebsiella pneumoniae Rhinoscleroma, Pneumonia Klebsiella granulomatis Granuloma inguinale Klebsiella oxytoca Escherichia coli: Enterotoxigenic Enteroinvasive Enterohemorrhagic O157:H7 O104:H4 Hemolytic-uremic syndrome Enterobacter aerogenes/Enterobacter cloacae Slow/weak Serratia marcescens Serratia infection Citrobacter koseri/Citrobacter freundii Lac−H2S+ Salmonella enterica Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonellosis H2S− Shigella dysenteriae/sonnei/flexneri/boydii Shigellosis, Bacillary dysentery Proteus mirabilis/Proteus vulgaris Yersinia pestis Plague/Bubonic plague Yersinia enterocolitica Yersiniosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Far East scarlet-like fever PasteurellalesHaemophilus: H. influenzae Haemophilus meningitis Brazilian purpuric fever H. ducreyi Chancroid H. parainfluenzae HACEK Pasteurella multocida Pasteurellosis Actinobacillus Actinobacillosis Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans HACEK Legionellales Legionella pneumophila/Legionella longbeachae Legionnaires' disease Coxiella burnetii Q fever Thiotrichales Francisella tularensis Tularemia Vibrionaceae Vibrio cholerae Cholera Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio alginolyticus Plesiomonas shigelloides Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas infection Moraxella catarrhalis Acinetobacter baumannii Xanthomonadaceae Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Cardiobacteriaceae Cardiobacterium hominis HACEK Aeromonadales Aeromonas hydrophila/Aeromonas veronii Aeromonas infection εCampylobacterales Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacteriosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer, MALT lymphoma, Gastric cancer Helicobacter cinaedi Helicobacter cellulitis Authority control databases: National Latvia Czech Republic
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fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteric_fever"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lancet2015-7"},{"link_name":"intestines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestine"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yellow2014-1"},{"link_name":"feces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yellow2014-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jer2012-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crump2010-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yellow2014-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yellow2014-1"},{"link_name":"culturing the bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_culture"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"bone marrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yellow2014-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunter2013-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunter2013-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crump2010-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunter2013-3"},{"link_name":"Typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine"},{"link_name":"typhoid vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yellow2014-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jer2012-2"},{"link_name":"drinking clean water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water"},{"link_name":"handwashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwashing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yellow2014-1"},{"link_name":"antibiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic"},{"link_name":"azithromycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yellow2014-1"},{"link_name":"Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yellow2014-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yellow2014-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"developed world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_world"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yellow2014-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jer2012-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunter2013-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBD204-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBD2015De-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunter2013-3"}],"text":"Medical conditionParatyphoid fever, also known simply as paratyphoid, is a bacterial infection caused by one of three types of Salmonella enterica.[1] Symptoms usually begin 6–30 days after exposure and are the same as those of typhoid fever.[1][3] Often, a gradual onset of a high fever occurs over several days.[1] Weakness, loss of appetite, and headaches also commonly occur.[1] Some people develop a skin rash with rose-colored spots.[2] Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months.[1] Other people may carry the bacteria without being affected; however, they are still able to spread the disease to others.[3] Typhoid and paratyphoid are of similar severity.[3] Paratyphoid and typhoid fever are types of enteric fever.[7]Paratyphoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica of the serotypes Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, or Paratyphi C growing in the intestines and blood.[1] They are usually spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person.[1] They may occur when a person who prepares food is infected.[2] Risk factors include poor sanitation as is found among poor crowded populations.[4] Occasionally, they may be transmitted by sex.[1] Humans are the only animals infected.[1] Diagnosis may be based on symptoms and confirmed by either culturing the bacteria or detecting the bacterial DNA in the blood, stool, or bone marrow.[1][3] Culturing the bacteria can be difficult.[3] Bone-marrow testing is the most accurate.[4] Symptoms are similar to those of many other infectious diseases.[3] Typhus is a different disease.[8]While no vaccine is available specifically for paratyphoid, the typhoid vaccine may provide some benefit.[1][2] Prevention includes drinking clean water, better sanitation, and better handwashing.[1] Treatment of the disease is with antibiotics such as azithromycin.[1] Resistance to a number of other previously effective antibiotics is common.[1]Paratyphoid affects about six million people a year.[1][9] It is most common in parts of Asia and rare in the developed world.[1][2] Most cases are due to Paratyphi A rather than Paratyphi B or C.[3] In 2015, paratyphoid fever resulted in about 29,200 deaths, down from 63,000 deaths in 1990.[10][6] The risk of death is between 10% and 15% without treatment, while with treatment, it may be less than 1%.[3]","title":"Paratyphoid fever"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PHIL_2214.tif"},{"link_name":"bradycardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradycardia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nonspecific symptoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonspecific_symptoms"},{"link_name":"sweating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphoresis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Rose spots on the abdomen of a man with typhoid feverParatyphoid fever resembles typhoid fever. Infection is characterized by a sustained fever, headache, abdominal pain, malaise, anorexia, a nonproductive cough (in early stage of illness), a relative bradycardia (slow heart rate), and hepatosplenomegaly (an enlargement of the liver and spleen). About 30% of people with light skin colour who are infected develop rosy spots on the central body. In adults, constipation is more common than diarrhea.[citation needed]Only 20 to 40% of people initially have abdominal pain. Nonspecific symptoms such as chills, sweating, headache, loss of appetite, cough, weakness, sore throat, dizziness, and muscle pains are frequently present before the onset of fever. Some very rare symptoms are psychosis (mental disorder), confusion, and seizures.[citation needed]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_enterica_subsp._enterica"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Paratyphoid fever is caused by any of three serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica: S. Paratyphi A, S. Paratyphi B (invalid alias S. schottmuelleri), S. Paratyphi C (invalid alias S. hirschfeldii).[citation needed]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yellow2014-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jer2012-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crump2010-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yellow2014-1"}],"sub_title":"Transmission","text":"They are usually spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person.[1] They may occur when a person who prepares food is infected.[2] Risk factors include poor sanitation as is found among poor crowded populations.[4] Occasionally, they may be transmitted by sex. Humans are the only animals infected.[1]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herpes labialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_labialis"},{"link_name":"subdural empyema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdural_empyema"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Widal test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widal_test"},{"link_name":"chloramphenicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicol"},{"link_name":"co-trimoxazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-trimoxazole"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Paratyphoid B","text":"Paratyphoid B is more frequent in Europe. It can present as a typhoid-like illness, as a severe gastroenteritis or with features of both. Herpes labialis, rare in true typhoid fever, is frequently seen in paratyphoid B. Rarely a subdural empyema can occur.[11] Diagnosis is with isolation of the agent in blood or stool and demonstration of antibodies antiBH in the Widal test. The disease responds well to chloramphenicol or co-trimoxazole.[citation needed]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"septicaemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septicaemia"},{"link_name":"metastatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis"},{"link_name":"abscesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscess"},{"link_name":"Cholecystitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystitis"},{"link_name":"Antibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Paratyphoid C","text":"Paratyphoid C is a rare infection, generally seen in the Far East. It presents as a septicaemia with metastatic abscesses. Cholecystitis is possible in the course of the disease. Antibodies to paratyphoid C are not usually tested and the diagnosis is made with blood cultures. Chloramphenicol therapy is generally effective.[citation needed]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Carriers","text":"Humans and, occasionally, domestic animals are the carriers of paratyphoid fever. Members of the same family can be transient or permanent carriers. In most parts of the world, short-term fecal carriers are more common than urinary carriers. The chronic urinary carrier state occurs in those who have schistosomiasis (parasitic blood fluke).[citation needed]Continuing to shed Salmonella Paratyphi is possible for up to one year, and during this phase, a person is considered to be a carrier. The chronic carrier state may follow acute illness, or mild or even subclinical infections. Chronic carriers are most often women who were infected in their middle age.[citation needed]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"After ingestion, if the immune system is unable to stop the infection, the bacteria multiply and then spread to the bloodstream, after which the first signs of disease are observed in the form of fever. They penetrate further to the bone marrow, liver, and bile ducts, from which bacteria are excreted into the bowel contents. In the second phase of the disease, the bacteria penetrate the immune tissue of the small intestine, and the initial symptoms of small-bowel movements begin.[citation needed]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"developed countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countries"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crump2010-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhan2005-12"},{"link_name":"typhoid vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine"},{"link_name":"Ty21a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty21a"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crump2010-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levine2007-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitaker2009-14"},{"link_name":"O antigens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_antigen"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitaker2009-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Providing basic sanitation and safe drinking water and food are the keys for controlling the disease. In developed countries, enteric fever rates decreased in the past when treatment of municipal water was introduced, human feces were excluded from food production, and pasteurization of dairy products began.[4] In addition, children and adults should be carefully educated about personal hygiene. This would include careful handwashing after defecation and sexual contact, before preparing or eating food, and especially the sanitary disposal of feces. Food handlers should be educated in personal hygiene prior to handling food or utensils and equipment. Infected individuals should be advised to avoid food preparation. Sexually active people should be educated about the risks of sexual practices that permit fecal-oral contact.[12]Those who travel to countries with poor sanitation should receive a live attenuated typhoid vaccine—Ty21a (Vivotif), which, in addition to the protection against typhoid fever, may provide some protection against paratyphoid fever caused by the S. enterica serotypes A and B.[4] In particular, a reanalysis of data from a trial conducted in Chile showed the Ty21a vaccine was 49% effective (95% CI: 8–73%) in preventing paratyphoid fever caused by the serotype B.[13] Evidence from a study of international travelers in Israel also indicates the vaccine may prevent a fraction of infections by the serotype A, although no trial confirms this.[14] This cross-protection by a typhoid vaccine is most likely due to O antigens shared between different S. enterica serotypes.[14]Exclusion from work and social activities should be considered for symptomatic, and asymptomatic people who are food handlers, healthcare/daycare staff who are involved in patient care and/or child care, children attending unsanitary daycare centers, and older children who are unable to implement good standards of personal hygiene. The exclusion applies until two consecutive stool specimens are taken from the infected patient and are reported negative.[citation needed]","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ciprofloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprofloxacin"},{"link_name":"ceftriaxone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceftriaxone"},{"link_name":"cefotaxime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefotaxime"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Control requires treatment of antibiotics and vaccines prescribed by a doctor. Major control treatments for paratyphoid fever include ciprofloxacin for 10 days, ceftriaxone/cefotaxime for 14 days, or aziththromycin.[citation needed]","title":"Treatments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Those diagnosed with Type A of the bacterial strain rarely die from it except in rare cases of severe intestinal complications. With proper testing and diagnosis, the mortality rate falls to less than 1%. Antibiotics such as azithromycin are particularly effective in treating the disease.[15]","title":"Prognosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhan2005-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Factors outside the household, such as unclean food from street vendors and flooding, help distribute the disease from person to person.[12]\nBecause of poverty and poor hygiene and insanitary conditions, the disease is more common in less-industrialized countries, principally owing to the problem of unsafe drinking water, inadequate sewage disposal, and flooding.[16] Occasionally causing epidemics, paratyphoid fever is found in large parts of Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. Many of those infected get the disease in Asian countries. About 16 million cases occur a year, which result in about 25,000 deaths worldwide.[17]","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Project_Med/App"},{"link_name":"Medical Wikipedia app","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Project_Med/App"},{"link_name":"https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/cdc/protocol/typhoid.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/cdc/protocol/typhoid.pdf"},{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130925214850/http://www.health.alberta.ca/documents/Guidelines-Paratyphoid-Fever-2013.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130925214850/http://www.health.alberta.ca/documents/Guidelines-Paratyphoid-Fever-2013.pdf"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705906"},{"link_name":"ICD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10"},{"link_name":"A01.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/A01.1"},{"link_name":"A01.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/A01.4"},{"link_name":"ICD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems"},{"link_name":"9-CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes"},{"link_name":"002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=002"},{"link_name":"MeSH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings"},{"link_name":"D010284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010284"},{"link_name":"DiseasesDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseases_Database"},{"link_name":"33218","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb33218.htm"},{"link_name":"Patient UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_UK"},{"link_name":"Paratyphoid fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patient.info/doctor/typhoid-and-paratyphoid-fever"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gram-negative_proteobacterial_diseases"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gram-negative_proteobacterial_diseases"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gram-negative_proteobacterial_diseases"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonadota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonadota"},{"link_name":"Gram-negative bacterial infections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacterial_infection"},{"link_name":"α","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphaproteobacteria"},{"link_name":"Rickettsiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsiales"},{"link_name":"Rickettsiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsiaceae"},{"link_name":"Rickettsioses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsiosis"},{"link_name":"Typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhus"},{"link_name":"Rickettsia typhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_typhi"},{"link_name":"Murine typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murine_typhus"},{"link_name":"Rickettsia prowazekii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_prowazekii"},{"link_name":"Epidemic typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic_typhus"},{"link_name":"Brill–Zinsser disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill%E2%80%93Zinsser_disease"},{"link_name":"Flying squirrel typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_squirrel_typhus"},{"link_name":"Spottedfever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_fever"},{"link_name":"Tick-borne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick-borne_disease"},{"link_name":"Rickettsia rickettsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_rickettsii"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain spotted fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever"},{"link_name":"Rickettsia conorii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_conorii"},{"link_name":"Boutonneuse fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutonneuse_fever"},{"link_name":"Rickettsia japonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_japonica"},{"link_name":"Japanese spotted fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_spotted_fever"},{"link_name":"Rickettsia sibirica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_sibirica"},{"link_name":"North Asian tick typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Asian_tick_typhus"},{"link_name":"Rickettsia australis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_australis"},{"link_name":"Queensland tick typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_tick_typhus"},{"link_name":"Rickettsia honei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_honei"},{"link_name":"Flinders Island spotted fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Island_spotted_fever"},{"link_name":"Rickettsia africae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_africae"},{"link_name":"African tick bite fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_tick_bite_fever"},{"link_name":"Rickettsia parkeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_parkeri"},{"link_name":"American tick bite fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_tick_bite_fever"},{"link_name":"Rickettsia aeschlimannii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_aeschlimannii"},{"link_name":"Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_aeschlimannii_infection"},{"link_name":"Mite-borne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite#Clinical_significance"},{"link_name":"Rickettsia akari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_akari"},{"link_name":"Rickettsialpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsialpox"},{"link_name":"Orientia tsutsugamushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientia_tsutsugamushi"},{"link_name":"Scrub typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrub_typhus"},{"link_name":"Flea-borne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flea#Fleas_as_a_vector"},{"link_name":"Rickettsia felis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia_felis"},{"link_name":"Flea-borne spotted fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flea-borne_spotted_fever"},{"link_name":"Anaplasmataceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaplasmataceae"},{"link_name":"Ehrlichiosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrlichiosis"},{"link_name":"Anaplasma phagocytophilum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaplasma_phagocytophilum"},{"link_name":"Human granulocytic anaplasmosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_granulocytic_anaplasmosis"},{"link_name":"Anaplasmosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaplasmosis"},{"link_name":"Ehrlichia chaffeensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrlichia_chaffeensis"},{"link_name":"Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_monocytotropic_ehrlichiosis"},{"link_name":"Ehrlichia ewingii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrlichia_ewingii"},{"link_name":"Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrlichiosis_ewingii_infection"},{"link_name":"Hyphomicrobiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphomicrobiales"},{"link_name":"Brucellaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellaceae"},{"link_name":"Brucella abortus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_abortus"},{"link_name":"Brucellosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis"},{"link_name":"Bartonellaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartonella"},{"link_name":"Bartonellosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartonellosis"},{"link_name":"Bartonella henselae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartonella_henselae"},{"link_name":"Cat-scratch disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat-scratch_disease"},{"link_name":"Bartonella quintana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartonella_quintana"},{"link_name":"Trench fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_fever"},{"link_name":"Bacillary angiomatosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillary_angiomatosis"},{"link_name":"Bartonella bacilliformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartonella_bacilliformis"},{"link_name":"Carrion's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Verruga peruana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verruga_peruana"},{"link_name":"β","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaproteobacteria"},{"link_name":"Neisseriales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseriaceae"},{"link_name":"M+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltose"},{"link_name":"Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis"},{"link_name":"Meningococcal disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningococcal_disease"},{"link_name":"Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhouse%E2%80%93Friderichsen_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Meningococcal septicaemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningococcal_septicaemia"},{"link_name":"M−","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltose"},{"link_name":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae"},{"link_name":"Gonorrhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonorrhea"},{"link_name":"Eikenella corrodens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikenella_corrodens"},{"link_name":"Kingella kingae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingella_kingae"},{"link_name":"HACEK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HACEK_organisms"},{"link_name":"Chromobacterium violaceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromobacterium_violaceum"},{"link_name":"Chromobacteriosis infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromobacteriosis_infection"},{"link_name":"Burkholderiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderiales"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia pseudomallei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_pseudomallei"},{"link_name":"Melioidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melioidosis"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia mallei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_mallei"},{"link_name":"Glanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glanders"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia cepacia complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_cepacia_complex"},{"link_name":"Bordetella pertussis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordetella_pertussis"},{"link_name":"Bordetella parapertussis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordetella_parapertussis"},{"link_name":"Pertussis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertussis"},{"link_name":"γ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria"},{"link_name":"Enterobacteriales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobacteriaceae"},{"link_name":"OX−","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidase_test#OX%E2%88%92"},{"link_name":"Lac+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Lac+"},{"link_name":"Klebsiella pneumoniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae"},{"link_name":"Rhinoscleroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoscleroma"},{"link_name":"Pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"Klebsiella granulomatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klebsiella_granulomatis"},{"link_name":"Granuloma inguinale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granuloma_inguinale"},{"link_name":"Klebsiella oxytoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klebsiella_oxytoca"},{"link_name":"Escherichia coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"Enterotoxigenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"Enteroinvasive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteroinvasive_Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"Enterohemorrhagic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verotoxin-producing_Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"O157:H7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7"},{"link_name":"O104:H4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4"},{"link_name":"Hemolytic-uremic syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Enterobacter aerogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobacter_aerogenes"},{"link_name":"Enterobacter cloacae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobacter_cloacae"},{"link_name":"Slow/weak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Slow"},{"link_name":"Serratia marcescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratia_marcescens"},{"link_name":"Serratia infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratia_infection"},{"link_name":"Citrobacter koseri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrobacter_koseri"},{"link_name":"Citrobacter freundii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrobacter_freundii"},{"link_name":"Lac−","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Lac%E2%88%92"},{"link_name":"H2S+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_sulfite_agar"},{"link_name":"Salmonella enterica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_enterica"},{"link_name":"Typhoid fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever"},{"link_name":"Paratyphoid fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Salmonellosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellosis"},{"link_name":"Shigella dysenteriae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella_dysenteriae"},{"link_name":"sonnei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella_sonnei"},{"link_name":"flexneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella_flexneri"},{"link_name":"boydii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella_boydii"},{"link_name":"Shigellosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigellosis"},{"link_name":"Bacillary dysentery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillary_dysentery"},{"link_name":"Proteus mirabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteus_mirabilis"},{"link_name":"Proteus vulgaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteus_vulgaris"},{"link_name":"Yersinia pestis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pestis"},{"link_name":"Plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)"},{"link_name":"Bubonic plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague"},{"link_name":"Yersinia enterocolitica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_enterocolitica"},{"link_name":"Yersiniosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersiniosis"},{"link_name":"Yersinia pseudotuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pseudotuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Far East scarlet-like fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_scarlet-like_fever"},{"link_name":"Pasteurellales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurellaceae"},{"link_name":"Haemophilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus"},{"link_name":"H. influenzae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae"},{"link_name":"Haemophilus meningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_meningitis"},{"link_name":"Brazilian purpuric fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_purpuric_fever"},{"link_name":"H. ducreyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_ducreyi"},{"link_name":"Chancroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancroid"},{"link_name":"H. parainfluenzae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_parainfluenzae"},{"link_name":"HACEK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HACEK_organisms"},{"link_name":"Pasteurella multocida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurella_multocida"},{"link_name":"Pasteurellosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurellosis"},{"link_name":"Actinobacillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacillus"},{"link_name":"Actinobacillosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacillosis"},{"link_name":"Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregatibacter_actinomycetemcomitans"},{"link_name":"HACEK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HACEK_organisms"},{"link_name":"Legionellales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellales"},{"link_name":"Legionella pneumophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella_pneumophila"},{"link_name":"Legionella longbeachae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella_longbeachae"},{"link_name":"Legionnaires' disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionnaires%27_disease"},{"link_name":"Coxiella burnetii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxiella_burnetii"},{"link_name":"Q fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_fever"},{"link_name":"Thiotrichales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiotrichales"},{"link_name":"Francisella tularensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisella_tularensis"},{"link_name":"Tularemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemia"},{"link_name":"Vibrionaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrionaceae"},{"link_name":"Vibrio cholerae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae"},{"link_name":"Cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"Vibrio vulnificus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_vulnificus"},{"link_name":"Vibrio parahaemolyticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_parahaemolyticus"},{"link_name":"Vibrio alginolyticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_alginolyticus"},{"link_name":"Plesiomonas shigelloides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiomonas_shigelloides"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonadales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonadales"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonas infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_infection"},{"link_name":"Moraxella catarrhalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraxella_catarrhalis"},{"link_name":"Acinetobacter baumannii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acinetobacter_baumannii"},{"link_name":"Xanthomonadaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthomonadaceae"},{"link_name":"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenotrophomonas_maltophilia"},{"link_name":"Cardiobacteriaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiobacteriaceae"},{"link_name":"Cardiobacterium hominis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiobacterium_hominis"},{"link_name":"HACEK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HACEK_organisms"},{"link_name":"Aeromonadales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromonadales"},{"link_name":"Aeromonas hydrophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromonas_hydrophila"},{"link_name":"Aeromonas veronii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromonas_veronii"},{"link_name":"Aeromonas infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromonas_infection"},{"link_name":"ε","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacterota"},{"link_name":"Campylobacterales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacterales"},{"link_name":"Campylobacter jejuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni"},{"link_name":"Campylobacteriosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacteriosis"},{"link_name":"Guillain–Barré syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Helicobacter pylori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori"},{"link_name":"Peptic ulcer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptic_ulcer"},{"link_name":"MALT lymphoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MALT_lymphoma"},{"link_name":"Gastric cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_cancer"},{"link_name":"Helicobacter cinaedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_cinaedi"},{"link_name":"Helicobacter cellulitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_cellulitis"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705906#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000343910&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1198081&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Wikipedia's health care articles can be viewed offline with the Medical Wikipedia app.\"Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever.\" Communicable Disease Management Protocol. November 2001 https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/cdc/protocol/typhoid.pdf.\n\"Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever.\" Public Health Notifiable Disease Management Guidelines. Disease Control and Prevention. Alberta Health and Wellness: June 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130925214850/http://www.health.alberta.ca/documents/Guidelines-Paratyphoid-Fever-2013.pdfClassificationDICD-10: A01.1-A01.4ICD-9-CM: 002MeSH: D010284DiseasesDB: 33218External resourcesPatient UK: Paratyphoid fevervtePseudomonadota-associated Gram-negative bacterial infectionsαRickettsialesRickettsiaceae/(Rickettsioses)Typhus\nRickettsia typhi\nMurine typhus\nRickettsia prowazekii\nEpidemic typhus, Brill–Zinsser disease, Flying squirrel typhus\nSpottedfeverTick-borne\nRickettsia rickettsii\nRocky Mountain spotted fever\nRickettsia conorii\nBoutonneuse fever\nRickettsia japonica\nJapanese spotted fever\nRickettsia sibirica\nNorth Asian tick typhus\nRickettsia australis\nQueensland tick typhus\nRickettsia honei\nFlinders Island spotted fever\nRickettsia africae\nAfrican tick bite fever\nRickettsia parkeri\nAmerican tick bite fever\nRickettsia aeschlimannii\nRickettsia aeschlimannii infection\nMite-borne\nRickettsia akari\nRickettsialpox\nOrientia tsutsugamushi\nScrub typhus\nFlea-borne\nRickettsia felis\nFlea-borne spotted fever\nAnaplasmataceae\nEhrlichiosis: Anaplasma phagocytophilum\nHuman granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasmosis\nEhrlichia chaffeensis\nHuman monocytotropic ehrlichiosis\nEhrlichia ewingii\nEhrlichiosis ewingii infection\nHyphomicrobialesBrucellaceae\nBrucella abortus\nBrucellosis\nBartonellaceae\nBartonellosis: Bartonella henselae\nCat-scratch disease\nBartonella quintana\nTrench fever\nEither B. henselae or B. quintana\nBacillary angiomatosis\nBartonella bacilliformis\nCarrion's disease, Verruga peruana\nβNeisserialesM+\nNeisseria meningitidis/meningococcus\nMeningococcal disease, Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome, Meningococcal septicaemia\nM−\nNeisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus\nGonorrhea\nungrouped:\nEikenella corrodens/Kingella kingae\nHACEK\nChromobacterium violaceum\nChromobacteriosis infection\nBurkholderiales\nBurkholderia pseudomallei\nMelioidosis\nBurkholderia mallei\nGlanders\nBurkholderia cepacia complex\nBordetella pertussis/Bordetella parapertussis\nPertussis\nγEnterobacteriales(OX−)Lac+\nKlebsiella pneumoniae\nRhinoscleroma, Pneumonia\nKlebsiella granulomatis\nGranuloma inguinale\nKlebsiella oxytoca\nEscherichia coli: Enterotoxigenic\nEnteroinvasive\nEnterohemorrhagic\nO157:H7\nO104:H4\nHemolytic-uremic syndrome\nEnterobacter aerogenes/Enterobacter cloacae\nSlow/weak\nSerratia marcescens\nSerratia infection\nCitrobacter koseri/Citrobacter freundii\nLac−H2S+\nSalmonella enterica\nTyphoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonellosis\nH2S−\nShigella dysenteriae/sonnei/flexneri/boydii\nShigellosis, Bacillary dysentery\nProteus mirabilis/Proteus vulgaris\nYersinia pestis\nPlague/Bubonic plague\nYersinia enterocolitica\nYersiniosis\nYersinia pseudotuberculosis\nFar East scarlet-like fever\nPasteurellalesHaemophilus:\nH. influenzae\nHaemophilus meningitis\nBrazilian purpuric fever\nH. ducreyi\nChancroid\nH. parainfluenzae\nHACEK\nPasteurella multocida\nPasteurellosis\nActinobacillus\nActinobacillosis\nAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans\nHACEK\nLegionellales\nLegionella pneumophila/Legionella longbeachae\nLegionnaires' disease\nCoxiella burnetii\nQ fever\nThiotrichales\nFrancisella tularensis\nTularemia\nVibrionaceae\nVibrio cholerae\nCholera\nVibrio vulnificus\nVibrio parahaemolyticus\nVibrio alginolyticus\nPlesiomonas shigelloides\nPseudomonadales\nPseudomonas aeruginosa\nPseudomonas infection\nMoraxella catarrhalis\nAcinetobacter baumannii\nXanthomonadaceae\nStenotrophomonas maltophilia\nCardiobacteriaceae\nCardiobacterium hominis\nHACEK\nAeromonadales\nAeromonas hydrophila/Aeromonas veronii\nAeromonas infection\nεCampylobacterales\nCampylobacter jejuni\nCampylobacteriosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome\nHelicobacter pylori\nPeptic ulcer, MALT lymphoma, Gastric cancer\nHelicobacter cinaedi\nHelicobacter cellulitisAuthority control databases: National \nLatvia\nCzech Republic","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Rose spots on the abdomen of a man with typhoid fever","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PHIL_2214.tif/lossy-page1-220px-PHIL_2214.tif.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Newton, Anna E. (2014). \"3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel\". CDC health information for international travel 2014: the yellow book. Oup USA. ISBN 9780199948499. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/typhoid-and-paratyphoid-fever","url_text":"\"3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199948499","url_text":"9780199948499"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150702125517/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/typhoid-and-paratyphoid-fever","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hawker, Jeremy (2012). \"3.56\". Communicable disease control and health protection handbook (3rd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781444346947. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tkAW55dsHcUC&pg=PT327","url_text":"\"3.56\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444346947","url_text":"9781444346947"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170908171300/https://books.google.com/books?id=tkAW55dsHcUC&pg=PT327","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Magill, Alan J. (2013). Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases (9th ed.). London: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 568–572. ISBN 9781455740437. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Magill","url_text":"Magill, Alan J."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x15umovaD08C&pg=PA568","url_text":"Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781455740437","url_text":"9781455740437"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170908171259/https://books.google.com/books?id=x15umovaD08C&pg=PA568","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Crump, JA; Mintz, ED (15 January 2010). \"Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever\". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 50 (2): 241–246. doi:10.1086/649541. PMC 2798017. PMID 20014951.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798017","url_text":"\"Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F649541","url_text":"10.1086/649541"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798017","url_text":"2798017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20014951","url_text":"20014951"}]},{"reference":"GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016). \"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015\". The Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055577","url_text":"\"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931678-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055577","url_text":"5055577"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733282","url_text":"27733282"}]},{"reference":"GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (8 October 2016). \"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015\". The Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903","url_text":"\"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2816%2931012-1","url_text":"10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903","url_text":"5388903"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281","url_text":"27733281"}]},{"reference":"Wain, J; Hendriksen, RS; Mikoleit, ML; Keddy, KH; Ochiai, RL (21 March 2015). \"Typhoid fever\". The Lancet. 385 (9973): 1136–1145. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7. PMID 25458731. S2CID 1499916.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2813%2962708-7","url_text":"10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25458731","url_text":"25458731"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1499916","url_text":"1499916"}]},{"reference":"Cunha, BA (March 2004). \"Osler on typhoid fever: differentiating typhoid from typhus and malaria\". Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 18 (1): 111–125. doi:10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00094-1. PMID 15081508.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0891-5520%2803%2900094-1","url_text":"10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00094-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15081508","url_text":"15081508"}]},{"reference":"Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators (22 August 2015). \"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013\". The Lancet. 386 (9995): 743–800. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMC 4561509. PMID 26063472.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4561509","url_text":"\"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2815%2960692-4","url_text":"10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4561509","url_text":"4561509"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26063472","url_text":"26063472"}]},{"reference":"GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (17 December 2014). \"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013\". The Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340604","url_text":"\"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2814%2961682-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340604","url_text":"4340604"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25530442","url_text":"25530442"}]},{"reference":"Williams, V; Lakshmikantha, KM; Nallasamy, K; Sudeep, KC; Baranwal, AK; Jayashree, M (November 2018). \"Subdural empyema due to Salmonella paratyphi B in an infant: a case report and review of literature\". Child's Nervous System. 34 (11): 2317–2320. doi:10.1007/s00381-018-3825-7. PMID 29748704. S2CID 13689184.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00381-018-3825-7","url_text":"10.1007/s00381-018-3825-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29748704","url_text":"29748704"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13689184","url_text":"13689184"}]},{"reference":"Bhan MK, Bahl R, Bhatnagar S (2005). \"Typhoid and paratyphoid fever\". The Lancet. 366 (9487): 749–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67181-4. PMID 16125594. S2CID 28367429.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2805%2967181-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67181-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16125594","url_text":"16125594"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28367429","url_text":"28367429"}]},{"reference":"Levine, M. M.; Ferreccio, C.; Black, R. E.; Lagos, R.; Martin, O. S.; Blackwelder, W. C. (2007). \"Ty21a Live Oral Typhoid Vaccine and Prevention of Paratyphoid Fever Caused by Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B\". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 45: S24–S28. doi:10.1086/518141. PMID 17582564.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F518141","url_text":"\"Ty21a Live Oral Typhoid Vaccine and Prevention of Paratyphoid Fever Caused by Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F518141","url_text":"10.1086/518141"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17582564","url_text":"17582564"}]},{"reference":"Whitaker, J. A.; Franco-Paredes, C.; Del Rio, C.; Edupuganti, S. (2009). \"Rethinking Typhoid Fever Vaccines: Implications for Travelers and People Living in Highly Endemic Areas\". Journal of Travel Medicine. 16 (1): 46–52. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8305.2008.00273.x. PMID 19192128.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1708-8305.2008.00273.x","url_text":"\"Rethinking Typhoid Fever Vaccines: Implications for Travelers and People Living in Highly Endemic Areas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1708-8305.2008.00273.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1708-8305.2008.00273.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19192128","url_text":"19192128"}]},{"reference":"\"Medical Conditions and Medical Information: ADAM Medical Library of Health Condi\". Healthatoz.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-08. Retrieved 2011-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090208231847/http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/common/standard/transform.jsp?requestURI=%2Fhealthatoz%2FAtoz%2Fency%2Fparatyphoid_fever.jsp","url_text":"\"Medical Conditions and Medical Information: ADAM Medical Library of Health Condi\""},{"url":"http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/common/standard/transform.jsp?requestURI=/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/paratyphoid_fever.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WHO | Water-related Diseases\". Archived from the original on 2008-11-14. Retrieved 2008-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081114091353/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/typhoid/en/","url_text":"\"WHO | Water-related Diseases\""},{"url":"https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/typhoid/en/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_567C
EMD 567
["1 History","2 Specification","3 Modifications","4 Versions","5 Stationary/marine versions","6 567 locomotive models","7 567C and 567D engine maintenance","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","10.1 Bibliography","11 External links"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "EMD 567" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Reciprocating internal combustion engine EMD 567An EMD 16-567B on display at the North Carolina Transportation Museum. Shown in the foreground is an exploded power assembly, with the piston, piston carrier and piston rod (fork type) on the left, and the cylinder liner and cylinder head on the right.OverviewManufacturerElectro-Motive Division of General MotorsAlso calledA-Engine, B-Engine, C-Engine, and D-EngineProduction1938–1966LayoutConfiguration45° Vee in V6, V8, V12, or V16Displacement3,405 to 9,080 cu in(55.8 to 148.8 L)567.5 cu in (9.3 L) per cylinderCylinder bore8+1⁄2 in (216 mm)Piston stroke10 in (250 mm)ValvetrainOverhead camshaft, one per bankCompression ratio16:1 (Roots-style blower)14.5:1 (turbocharged)RPM rangeIdle speed180Max. engine speed900CombustionSuperchargerOne or two Roots-typeTurbochargerSingle, clutch drivenFuel systemUnit injector actuated by engine camshaftManagementWoodward governorFuel typeDieselOil systemWet sumpCooling systemLiquid cooledOutputPower output600 to 2,500 hp(450 to 1,860 kW)ChronologyPredecessorWinton 201ASuccessorEMD 645 The EMD 567 is a line of large medium-speed diesel engines built by General Motors' Electro-Motive Division. This engine, which succeeded Winton's 201A, was used in EMD's locomotives from 1938 until its replacement in 1966 by the EMD 645. It has a bore of 8+1⁄2 in (216 mm), a stroke of 10 in (254 mm) and a displacement of 567 cu in (9.29 L) per cylinder. Like the Winton 201A, the EMD 645 and the EMD 710, the EMD 567 is a two-stroke engine. GE now makes EMD-compatible replacement parts. History Eugene W. Kettering, son of Charles F. Kettering, joined Winton Engine in 1930. He moved to Detroit in 1936, and was a central figure in the development of the 567 and the Detroit Diesel 6-71. He moved to EMD in 1938, became chief engineer at EMD in 1948, then division director in 1956 and subsequently research assistant to the general manager in 1958 until his retirement in 1960. The 567 was released in 1938. In 1951, Eugene Kettering presented a paper to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers entitled History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine, which goes into great detail about the technical obstacles that were encountered during the development of the 567 engine (these same considerations apply to the 645 and 710). The 567's designers started with a tabula rasa, systematically eliminating each of the 201A's many deficiencies which were preventing the earlier design from becoming successful in freight service, although the 201A was relatively successful in the less-demanding passenger and switching services. The 567 design had nothing in common with the 201A except the two-stroke cycle itself: each and every component of the 201A was replaced with a new design, even the "dipstick", to paraphrase one of Kettering's off-handed comments. The 567 proved to be exceptionally successful in passenger, switching, freight, marine and stationary services, and, counting its two successors, the 645 and 710, which are not materially different from the 567 (all have the same external dimensions, differing mainly in per cylinder displacement), collectively have given nearly 80 years of exceptionally reliable service to those applications. As but one example of the achievements of the tabula rasa design: whereas the Winton 201A was doing very well with a 50,000-to-100,000-mile (80,000 to 161,000 km) piston lifetime, the 567 immediately achieved a 400,000-to-500,000-mile (640,000 to 800,000 km) piston lifetime, and in at least one case, reached a 1,000,000-mile (1,600,000 km) piston lifetime, a 10:1 to 20:1 improvement. Specification An EMD 16-567A at the Florida Central Railroad locomotive shops See also: EMD 645 All 567 engines are two-stroke V-engines with an angle of 45° between cylinder banks. The 201A was 60° between cylinder banks; 45° later proved to be significant when EMD subsequently adapted the road switcher concept for most of its locomotives, and which required the narrower (albeit taller) engine which 45° provides. The 710, 645, and 567 are the only two-stroke engines commonly used today in locomotives. Schematic animation of a two-stroke uniflow diesel engine The engine is a uniflow design with four poppet-type exhaust valves in the cylinder head. For maintenance, a power assembly, consisting of a cylinder head, cylinder liner, piston, piston carrier, and piston rod, can be individually and relatively easily and quickly replaced. The block is made from flat, formed and rolled structural steel members and steel forgings welded into a single structure (a "weldment"). Blocks may, therefore, be easily repaired, if required, using conventional shop tools. Each bank of cylinders has an overhead camshaft which operates the exhaust valves and the unit injectors. The 567 is laid out with engine accessories (oil and water pumps and governors) at the "forward" end and the power take off at the "rear" end. The blowers and camshafts are at the "rear" end of the engine, with the blowers mounted above the power take off. All engines have mechanically-controlled unit injectors (patented in 1934 by General Motors, EMD's former owner). All 567 engines utilize forced induction, with either a Roots blower or a turbocharger. The turbocharger (a combination turbo-compressor system) follows EMD's innovative design that uses a gear train and over-running clutch to drive the compressor rotor during low engine speed, when exhaust gas temperature (and, correspondingly, heat energy) alone is insufficient to drive the turbine. At higher engine speeds, increased exhaust gas temperature is sufficient to drive the turbine and the clutch disengages, turning the turbo-compressor system into a true turbocharger. The turbo-compressor can revert to compressor mode momentarily during demands for large increases in engine output power. While more expensive to maintain than Roots blowers, the turbocharger significantly reduces fuel consumption and emissions, while improving high-altitude performance. Additionally, EMD's turbo-compressor can provide a 50 percent increase in maximum rated horsepower over Roots-blown engines for the same engine displacement. Output for naturally aspirated engines (including Roots-blown two-stroke engines) is usually derated 2.5 percent per 1,000 feet (300 m) above mean sea level. Turbocharging effectively eliminates this derating. Modifications 567AC engines (an "A" block upgraded to "C" block specifications) and 567BC engines (a "B" block upgraded to "C" block specifications), both of which modifications eliminate the engine's "water deck" and substitute a "water manifold", as well as 567C and 567D engines, may be upgraded to use 645 power assemblies, theoretically achieving an increase in horsepower, but not without corresponding changes to the engine's Woodward governor which activates and controls the engine's "fuel rack". Although this power increase is not recommended, horsepower-for-horsepower updates (e.g., 2,000 hp or 1,500 kW 567D to 2,000 hp or 1,500 kW "645D"—645 power assemblies in a 567 block) are quite successful and common. As 645 power assemblies are more readily available than 567 power assemblies, this upgrade may also be employed in so-called "life extension" programs, in which case the power assemblies would be upgraded, and the engine may be de-turbo-ed, without corresponding changes to the engine's Woodward governor, hence without a corresponding power increase. Because of their age, 567 engines are generally exempt from emissions rules. EMD manufactures a special series of 645 power assemblies which are particularly useful in updating these exempt 567 engines and also certain exempt 645 engines. Versions Numerous early improvements were aimed at increasing reliability and life, including a switch from the U-shaped top (exhaust) well to a V-shaped top well. This eliminated the cast top deck, which had been the source of some early-life failures, in favor of a top deck fabricated from plate steel. The 567 gave way to the 567A in 1941, which incorporated further top deck improvements and camshaft gear train changes. The 567B followed in 1946 with minor improvements. The 567C was released to further improve reliability and manufacturability. Visually, the 567C may be distinguished from earlier models by the presence of round (instead of square) handholes. The cost of a 16-567 in 1941 was US$24,000, and a 16-567B in 1951 was US$32,905. Engine model Max RPM Aspiration Dates built Compressionratio 6-cylinder 8-cylinder 12-cylinder. 16-cylinder Notes hp kW hp kW hp kW hp kW 567 800 Roots blown 9/38-3/43 16:1 600 447 1,000 746 1,350 1,007 "U" Deck or "V" Deck versions were built with rectangular hand hole covers. 567A 800 Roots blown 5/43-9/53 16:1 600 447 1,0001,200 746895 1,350 1,007 Rectangular hand hole covers. 567B 800 Roots blown 7/45-3/54 16:1 600 447 800 597 1,0001,1251,200 746839895 1,3501,5001,600 1,0071,1191,193 Rectangular hand hole covers. 567C 800835 Roots blown 3/53-2/66 16:1 600 447 900 671 1,1251,200 839895 1,5001,750 1,1191,305 New crankcase design with round hand hole covers and replacing the water deck with water manifold piping. 567AC 800 Roots blown 8/53-6/61 16:1 600 447 1,000 746 Rebuild of 567A block to incorporate water manifold piping and to use 567C or certain 645 power assemblies 567BC 800 Roots blown 9/53-10/63 16:1 1,1251,200 839895 1,500 1,119 Production engine from September 1953 to May 1954 then used to rebuild 567Bs block to incorporate water manifold piping and to use 567C or certain 645 power assemblies 567CR 835 Roots blown 10/56-11/65 16:1 900 671 "Rebalanced" 567D1 835 Roots blown 12/59-11/65 20:1 1,325 988 1,800 1,342 567D2 835 Turbocharged 11/59-4/62 14.5:1 2,000 1,491 De-turbo-ed versions using 645 power assemblies, but still rated 2,000 hp are quite common 567D3 835 Turbocharged 7/58-11/63 14.5:1 2,2502,400 1,6781,790 De-turbo-ed versions using 645 power assemblies, but re-rated 2,000 hp are very rare 567D3A 900 Turbocharged 7/63-1/66 14.5:1 2,500 1,864 De-turbo-ed versions using 645 power assemblies, but re-rated 2,000 hp are somewhat common 567E 835 Roots blown 2/66-4/66 16:1 1,200 895 2,000 1,491 645E block with 567C power assemblies Stationary/marine versions A GM EMD 12-567ATLP diesel engine as installed in LST 393 (Landing Ship Tank), located in Muskegon, Michigan, July 2017 Engine ID tag from the LST393 port engine, showing the power rating of 900 hp at 744 rpm Like most EMD engines, the 567 was also sold for stationary and marine applications. Stationary and marine installations were available with either a left or right-hand rotating engine. Marine engines differ from railroad and stationary engines mainly in the shape and depth of the engine's oil sump, which was altered to accommodate the rolling and pitching motions encountered in marine applications. 567 locomotive models An EMD locomotive catalog, contemporary with the 567, lists the following models: Locomotive Prime Mover Horsepower Kilowatts Purpose Notes F9 16-567C 1,750 1,305 4-motor Freight or Passenger (Blomberg B trucks) Derivatives FP9 and FL9 also produced, FL9 using Flexicoil Trucks G8 8-567C 1,067 796 4-motor General Purpose Road Switcher (Blomberg B trucks) G12 12-567C 1,067 796 4-motor General Purpose Road Switcher (Blomberg B trucks) GP7 16-567B 1,750 1,305 4-motor General Purpose Road Switcher (Blomberg B trucks) GP9 16-567C 1,750 1,305 4-motor General Purpose Road Switcher (Blomberg B trucks) SD7 16-567B 1,750 1,305 6-Motor Special Duty Road Switcher (Blomberg Flexicoil C trucks) SD9 16-567C 1,750 1,305 6-Motor Special Duty Road Switcher (Blomberg Flexicoil C trucks) SD18 16-567D1 1,750 1,305 6-Motor Special Duty Road Switcher (Blomberg Flexicoil C trucks) SD24 16-567D3 2,400 1,790 6-Motor Special Duty Road Switcher (Blomberg Flexicoil C trucks) SD28 16-567D1 1,750 1,305 6-Motor Special Duty Road Switcher (Blomberg Flexicoil C trucks) SDP28 16-567D1 1,750 1,305 6-Motor Special Duty Road Switcher (Blomberg Flexicoil C trucks) SD35 16-567D3A 1,750 1,305 6-Motor Special Duty Road Switcher (Blomberg Flexicoil C trucks) SDP35 16-567D3A 1,750 1,305 6-Motor Special Duty Road Switcher (Blomberg Flexicoil C trucks) E9 12-567C (x2) 2,400 1,790 4-Motor Passenger Locomotive (Blomberg A1A trucks) NW2 16-567A 900 671 115-Ton Yard Switcher (AAR type A truck, Flexicoil B optional) NW3 16-567 900 671 115-Ton Yard Switcher (AAR type A truck, Flexicoil B optional) NW5 16-567B 900 671 115-Ton Yard Switcher (AAR type A truck, Flexicoil B optional) SW1 6-567B 900 671 115-Ton Yard Switcher (AAR type A truck, Flexicoil B optional) SW7 12-567B 900 671 115-Ton Yard Switcher (AAR type A truck, Flexicoil B optional) SW8 8-567B 900 671 115-Ton Yard Switcher (AAR type A truck, Flexicoil B optional) SW9 12-567B 900 671 115-Ton Yard Switcher (AAR type A truck, Flexicoil B optional) SW600 6-567C 600 447 100-Ton Yard Switcher (Blomberg AAR Type A switcher trucks) SW900 8-567C 900 671 115-Ton Yard Switcher (AAR type A truck, Flexicoil B optional) SW1200 12-567C 1,200 895 125-Ton Yard Switcher (AAR type A truck, Flexicoil B optional) GP18 16-567D1 2,000 1,491 4-motor General Purpose Road Switcher (Blomberg B trucks) GP20 16-567D2 2,000 1,491 4-motor General Purpose Road Switcher (Blomberg B trucks) GP28 16-567D1 2,000 1,491 4-motor General Purpose Road Switcher (Blomberg B trucks) GP30 16-567D3 2,500 1,864 4-Motor Freight Locomotive (AAR type A truck, Flexicoil B optional) GP35 16-567D3A 2,500 1,864 4-Motor Freight Locomotive (AAR type A truck, Flexicoil B optional) BL2 16-567B 1,500 1,100 4-Axle Road Switcher (B-B Configuration) Indian locomotive class YDM-5 12-567C 1390 1037 Mainline Export meter Gauge mixed traffic locomotive NOHAB AA16 (built with license from EMD/GM) 16-567B, 16-567C and 16-567D 1,500 (567B), 1,700 (567C), 1,950 (567D) 1,100 (567B) (A1A)(A1A) configuration diesel electric locomotives built for passenger and freight services. The locomotives are based on the EMD F7. It was designed for DSB, Denmark as Class MY and was first built in 1954, with number 1101 to be the first unit of all AA16's. Later exported around Europe as Di3 (NSB, Norway) and M61 (MAV, Hungary), 202 (SNCB, Belgium) 1600 (CFL, Luxembourg). Nohab AA12 (Class MX) (Built with license from EMD/GM) 12-567C (Mx 1001 - 1021), 12-567D (Mx 1022 - 1045) 1,425 (567C), 1,445 (567D) Locomotives based on the design of Nohab AA16, slightly lighter due to use for branchlines in Denmark. The locomotives were initially built for use in Denmark, but some units have been sold to Sweden under the designation TMX. SJ class T43 (Built by Nohab with license from GM 1961-1963) 12-567D1 1450 1065 Bo'Bo' road switcher. One locomotive was equipped with heating for passenger coaches. Mostly used for freight service and switching. ÖBB 2050 (Build by Henschel with license from EMD/GM) 12-567C 1520 1119 Bo'Bo' Locomotives based on Prototype G12 7707 for passenger and goodstrains, later only goodservice only Engine, Generator and Motors from GM Most 567C locomotive models used D37B traction motors until mid 1959 when the D47B traction motor was used in production locomotives. Very early 567C locomotives from 1953 used the D27B traction motor. 567C and 567D engine maintenance These two models are by far the most maintainable, with many 645 service parts being rather easily fitted to C and D engines. The 567D's turbocharger is perhaps the least maintainable part of such an engine, and the 567D turbo has many more maintenance issues than 645E and later turbos. A common choice is conversion of a 567D turbo engine to Roots-blown, thereby abandoning the turbo and its many issues. Installation of 645 power assemblies will still allow Roots-converted 4-axle locomotives (GP20s) to produce 2,000 hp (1,500 kW), as does a Roots-blown 16-645E, thereby becoming the functional equivalent of a GP38, although with older electrical equipment and controls, and, of course, the older carbody. Many EMD locomotives with C and D engines are still operating, particularly as their relatively light weight (about 260,000 pounds or 120,000 kilograms) is of significant benefit to shortline and industrial operators. See also EMD 645 EMD 710 EMD 1010 Notes ^ Figure from 16V 567E engine installed in RENFE Class 319.2 ^ Blomberg B trucks are common on competitive road switchers, e.g. early ALCo and GE four-axle road switchers, as many purchasers elected to re-use traded-in Blomberg B trucks; otherwise AAR Type B road trucks are often found; Indeed a few EMD road locomotives were supplied with reclaimed AAR Type B road trucks, mainly to save cost. ^ Blomberg Flexicoil B lightweight road trucks were optional. References ^ "Stationary Parts". GE Transportation. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2015. ^ "Biography of Charles F., Eugene, and Virginia Kettering". OhioLINK. Retrieved 6 January 2015. ^ a b General Motors 567-C Engines Diesel Railway Traction November 1955 pages 325-332 ^ a b Kettering, E.W. (29 November 1951). History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine. ASME 1951 Annual Meeting. Atlantic City, New Jersey: Electro-Motive Division, General Motors Corporation. Retrieved 6 January 2015. ^ Kettering (1951); p.14. ^ Kettering (1951); p. 29. ^ Challen, Bernard; Baranescu, Rodica, eds. (1999). Diesel Engine Reference Book (Second ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 598. ISBN 0-7506-2176-1. ^ Kettering (1951); p. 17. ^ Kettering (1951); pp. 57–58. ^ Kettering (1951); p. 59. ^ Kettering (1951) pp.59–60."In 1946 a new line of crankcases, designated as the 567B, were introduced which were basically the same as the 567A except for a change to permit the mounting of the auxiliary generator drive gear. About three or four months after the introduction of the "B" engine the cylinder head retainer castings, which had been a continuous source of production problems, were replaced with steel forgings." ^ Kettering (1951); pp. 61–64. ^ a b c d Cook, Preston (1 March 2006). "The EMD 567 Engine in the 21st Century". Railway Preservation News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2015. ^ EMD Pointers publication, October 17, 1956, "NEW MODEL 8-567CR ENGINE" "Due to expanding usage in a wide variety of applications, the 8 cylinder 567C engine is now being manufactured with certain design changes to provide a better total balance. This "rebalanced" engine has the model designation 8-567CR and supersedes the previous standard 8-567C in all applications. The major change is in firing order which requires a new design crankshaft #8235623 for the 8-567CR engine. This crankshaft has 2 relocated crankpin throws as well as larger counterweights." ^ Pinkepank, Jerry A.; Marre, Louis A. (1979). Diesel Spotters Guide Update. Kalmbach Books. pp. 128–129. ISBN 0-89024-029-9. ^ "Anexo I, Características de los Vehículos" (PDF). www.vialibre-ffe.com (in Spanish). Renfe. 7 March 2010. pp. 2–3. ^ These "composite" engines were constructed using 645E blocks and all the remaining components from 567C or D engines, as required to meet contracts for 567-powered locomotives after the 567 engine had been discontinued, and all new block production was 645E. Bibliography Pinkepank, Jerry A (1973). The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Books. ISBN 0-89024-026-4. LCCN 66-22894. Service Department (1954?). The Complete Line of General Motors Diesel Locomotives. La Grange, IL: Electro-Motive Division of General Motors Corporation Kettering, E.W. (29 November 1951). History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine. ASME 1951 Annual Meeting. Atlantic City, New Jersey: Electro-Motive Division, General Motors Corporation. Retrieved 6 January 2015. External links Houk, Randy (14 December 2012). "The History of EMD Diesel Engines". Pacific Southwest Railway Museum. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2015. "EMD 567 Diesel Engine (1938 EMD Advertisement)". Pacific Southwest Railway Museum. 14 December 2010. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2015. vteProgress RailSubsidiaries Electro-Motive Diesel Lincoln Industries Locomotives PR30C PR43C TR class EMD locomotive engines EMD 567 EMD 645 EMD 710 EMD 1010 Related companies Caterpillar
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diesel engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engines"},{"link_name":"General Motors' Electro-Motive Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-Motive_Diesel"},{"link_name":"Winton's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winton_Motor_Carriage_Company"},{"link_name":"EMD 645","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_645"},{"link_name":"bore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore_(engine)"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(engine)"},{"link_name":"EMD 645","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_645"},{"link_name":"EMD 710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_710"},{"link_name":"two-stroke engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"GE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Reciprocating internal combustion engineThe EMD 567 is a line of large medium-speed diesel engines built by General Motors' Electro-Motive Division. This engine, which succeeded Winton's 201A, was used in EMD's locomotives from 1938 until its replacement in 1966 by the EMD 645. It has a bore of 8+1⁄2 in (216 mm), a stroke of 10 in (254 mm) and a displacement of 567 cu in (9.29 L) per cylinder. Like the Winton 201A, the EMD 645 and the EMD 710, the EMD 567 is a two-stroke engine.GE now makes EMD-compatible replacement parts.[1]","title":"EMD 567"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles F. Kettering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering"},{"link_name":"Winton Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winton_Motor_Carriage_Company"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Detroit Diesel 6-71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Diesel_Series_71"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRT-3"},{"link_name":"American Society of Mechanical Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kettering-4"},{"link_name":"tabula rasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_rasa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"645","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_645"},{"link_name":"710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_710"},{"link_name":"Winton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winton_Motor_Carriage_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Eugene W. Kettering, son of Charles F. Kettering, joined Winton Engine in 1930. He moved to Detroit in 1936, and was a central figure in the development of the 567 and the Detroit Diesel 6-71. He moved to EMD in 1938, became chief engineer at EMD in 1948, then division director in 1956 and subsequently research assistant to the general manager in 1958 until his retirement in 1960.[2] The 567 was released in 1938.[3]In 1951, Eugene Kettering presented a paper to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers entitled History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine,[4] which goes into great detail about the technical obstacles that were encountered during the development of the 567 engine (these same considerations apply to the 645 and 710). The 567's designers started with a tabula rasa,[5] systematically eliminating each of the 201A's many deficiencies which were preventing the earlier design from becoming successful in freight service, although the 201A was relatively successful in the less-demanding passenger and switching services. The 567 design had nothing in common with the 201A except the two-stroke cycle itself: each and every component of the 201A was replaced with a new design, even the \"dipstick\", to paraphrase one of Kettering's off-handed comments. The 567 proved to be exceptionally successful in passenger, switching, freight, marine and stationary services, and, counting its two successors, the 645 and 710, which are not materially different from the 567 (all have the same external dimensions, differing mainly in per cylinder displacement), collectively have given nearly 80 years of exceptionally reliable service to those applications. As but one example of the achievements of the tabula rasa design: whereas the Winton 201A was doing very well with a 50,000-to-100,000-mile (80,000 to 161,000 km) piston lifetime, the 567 immediately achieved a 400,000-to-500,000-mile (640,000 to 800,000 km) piston lifetime, and in at least one case, reached a 1,000,000-mile (1,600,000 km) piston lifetime, a 10:1 to 20:1 improvement.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EMD_16-567A_Locomotive_Prime_Mover.jpg"},{"link_name":"Florida Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Central_Railroad_(current)"},{"link_name":"EMD 645","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_645#Specification"},{"link_name":"two-stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke"},{"link_name":"V-engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_engine"},{"link_name":"road switcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_switcher"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRT-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uniflow_2-stroke_diesel_animation.gif"},{"link_name":"uniflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_engine#Uniflow-scavenged"},{"link_name":"poppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valve"},{"link_name":"power assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_assembly"},{"link_name":"structural steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_steel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CB99-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"unit injectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_injector"},{"link_name":"Roots blower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_blower"},{"link_name":"turbocharger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger"},{"link_name":"naturally aspirated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturally_aspirated"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"An EMD 16-567A at the Florida Central Railroad locomotive shopsSee also: EMD 645All 567 engines are two-stroke V-engines with an angle of 45° between cylinder banks. The 201A was 60° between cylinder banks; 45° later proved to be significant when EMD subsequently adapted the road switcher concept for most of its locomotives, and which required the narrower (albeit taller) engine which 45° provides.[3] The 710, 645, and 567 are the only two-stroke engines commonly used today in locomotives.Schematic animation of a two-stroke uniflow diesel engineThe engine is a uniflow design with four poppet-type exhaust valves in the cylinder head. For maintenance, a power assembly, consisting of a cylinder head, cylinder liner, piston, piston carrier, and piston rod, can be individually and relatively easily and quickly replaced. The block is made from flat, formed and rolled structural steel members and steel forgings welded into a single structure (a \"weldment\"). Blocks may, therefore, be easily repaired, if required, using conventional shop tools. Each bank of cylinders has an overhead camshaft which operates the exhaust valves and the unit injectors.[7]The 567 is laid out with engine accessories (oil and water pumps and governors) at the \"forward\" end and the power take off at the \"rear\" end. The blowers and camshafts are at the \"rear\" end of the engine, with the blowers mounted above the power take off.[8]All engines have mechanically-controlled unit injectors (patented in 1934 by General Motors, EMD's former owner).All 567 engines utilize forced induction, with either a Roots blower or a turbocharger. The turbocharger (a combination turbo-compressor system) follows EMD's innovative design that uses a gear train and over-running clutch to drive the compressor rotor during low engine speed, when exhaust gas temperature (and, correspondingly, heat energy) alone is insufficient to drive the turbine. At higher engine speeds, increased exhaust gas temperature is sufficient to drive the turbine and the clutch disengages, turning the turbo-compressor system into a true turbocharger. The turbo-compressor can revert to compressor mode momentarily during demands for large increases in engine output power. While more expensive to maintain than Roots blowers, the turbocharger significantly reduces fuel consumption and emissions, while improving high-altitude performance. Additionally, EMD's turbo-compressor can provide a 50 percent increase in maximum rated horsepower over Roots-blown engines for the same engine displacement.Output for naturally aspirated engines (including Roots-blown two-stroke engines) is usually derated 2.5 percent per 1,000 feet (300 m) above mean sea level. Turbocharging effectively eliminates this derating.[citation needed]","title":"Specification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power assemblies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_assembly"},{"link_name":"Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodward_Inc"}],"text":"567AC engines (an \"A\" block upgraded to \"C\" block specifications) and 567BC engines (a \"B\" block upgraded to \"C\" block specifications), both of which modifications eliminate the engine's \"water deck\" and substitute a \"water manifold\", as well as 567C and 567D engines, may be upgraded to use 645 power assemblies, theoretically achieving an increase in horsepower, but not without corresponding changes to the engine's Woodward governor which activates and controls the engine's \"fuel rack\". Although this power increase is not recommended, horsepower-for-horsepower updates (e.g., 2,000 hp or 1,500 kW 567D to 2,000 hp or 1,500 kW \"645D\"—645 power assemblies in a 567 block) are quite successful and common.As 645 power assemblies are more readily available than 567 power assemblies, this upgrade may also be employed in so-called \"life extension\" programs, in which case the power assemblies would be upgraded, and the engine may be de-turbo-ed, without corresponding changes to the engine's Woodward governor, hence without a corresponding power increase.Because of their age, 567 engines are generally exempt from emissions rules. EMD manufactures a special series of 645 power assemblies which are particularly useful in updating these exempt 567 engines and also certain exempt 645 engines.","title":"Modifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kettering-4"}],"text":"Numerous early improvements were aimed at increasing reliability and life, including a switch from the U-shaped top (exhaust) well to a V-shaped top well. This eliminated the cast top deck, which had been the source of some early-life failures, in favor of a top deck fabricated from plate steel.[9] The 567 gave way to the 567A in 1941, which incorporated further top deck improvements and camshaft gear train changes.[10] The 567B followed in 1946 with minor improvements.[11] The 567C was released to further improve reliability and manufacturability. Visually, the 567C may be distinguished from earlier models by the presence of round (instead of square) handholes.[12]The cost of a 16-567 in 1941 was US$24,000, and a 16-567B in 1951 was US$32,905.[4]","title":"Versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GMLSTdieselengine.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GMLSTengineplate.jpg"}],"text":"A GM EMD 12-567ATLP diesel engine as installed in LST 393 (Landing Ship Tank), located in Muskegon, Michigan, July 2017Engine ID tag from the LST393 port engine, showing the power rating of 900 hp at 744 rpmLike most EMD engines, the 567 was also sold for stationary and marine applications.\nStationary and marine installations were available with either a left or right-hand rotating engine.Marine engines differ from railroad and stationary engines mainly in the shape and depth of the engine's oil sump, which was altered to accommodate the rolling and pitching motions encountered in marine applications.","title":"Stationary/marine versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An EMD locomotive catalog, contemporary with the 567, lists the following models:Most 567C locomotive models used D37B traction motors until mid 1959 when the D47B traction motor was used in production locomotives. Very early 567C locomotives from 1953 used the D27B traction motor.","title":"567 locomotive models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"645","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_645"},{"link_name":"turbocharger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger#Marine_and_land-based_diesel_turbochargers"},{"link_name":"GP20s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_GP20"}],"text":"These two models are by far the most maintainable, with many 645 service parts being rather easily fitted to C and D engines.The 567D's turbocharger is perhaps the least maintainable part of such an engine, and the 567D turbo has many more maintenance issues than 645E and later turbos. A common choice is conversion of a 567D turbo engine to Roots-blown, thereby abandoning the turbo and its many issues. Installation of 645 power assemblies will still allow Roots-converted 4-axle locomotives (GP20s) to produce 2,000 hp (1,500 kW), as does a Roots-blown 16-645E, thereby becoming the functional equivalent of a GP38, although with older electrical equipment and controls, and, of course, the older carbody.Many EMD locomotives with C and D engines are still operating, particularly as their relatively light weight (about 260,000 pounds or 120,000 kilograms) is of significant benefit to shortline and industrial operators.","title":"567C and 567D engine maintenance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"RENFE Class 319.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENFE_Class_319.2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"road switchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_switcher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"}],"text":"^ Figure from 16V 567E engine installed in RENFE Class 319.2\n\n^ Blomberg B trucks are common on competitive road switchers, e.g. early ALCo and GE four-axle road switchers, as many purchasers elected to re-use traded-in Blomberg B trucks; otherwise AAR Type B road trucks are often found; Indeed a few EMD road locomotives were supplied with reclaimed AAR Type B road trucks, mainly to save cost.\n\n^ Blomberg Flexicoil B lightweight road trucks were optional.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"An EMD 16-567A at the Florida Central Railroad locomotive shops","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EMD_16-567A_Locomotive_Prime_Mover.jpg/220px-EMD_16-567A_Locomotive_Prime_Mover.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schematic animation of a two-stroke uniflow diesel engine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Uniflow_2-stroke_diesel_animation.gif/220px-Uniflow_2-stroke_diesel_animation.gif"},{"image_text":"A GM EMD 12-567ATLP diesel engine as installed in LST 393 (Landing Ship Tank), located in Muskegon, Michigan, July 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/GMLSTdieselengine.jpg/220px-GMLSTdieselengine.jpg"},{"image_text":"Engine ID tag from the LST393 port engine, showing the power rating of 900 hp at 744 rpm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/GMLSTengineplate.jpg/220px-GMLSTengineplate.jpg"}]
[{"title":"EMD 645","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_645"},{"title":"EMD 710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_710"},{"title":"EMD 1010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_1010"}]
[{"reference":"\"Stationary Parts\". GE Transportation. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.getransportation.com/stationary-power#554","url_text":"\"Stationary Parts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203021702/http://www.getransportation.com/rail/rail-services/locomotive-parts-and-services/locomotive-parts/replacement-parts-for-emd.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography of Charles F., Eugene, and Virginia Kettering\". OhioLINK. Retrieved 6 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ead.ohiolink.edu/xtf-ead/view?docId=ead/ODaWU0065.xml;chunk.id=bioghist_1;brand=default","url_text":"\"Biography of Charles F., Eugene, and Virginia Kettering\""}]},{"reference":"Kettering, E.W. (29 November 1951). History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine. ASME 1951 Annual Meeting. Atlantic City, New Jersey: Electro-Motive Division, General Motors Corporation. Retrieved 6 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QuUiAQAAMAAJ&q=History_and_development_of_the_567_series","url_text":"History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine"}]},{"reference":"Challen, Bernard; Baranescu, Rodica, eds. (1999). Diesel Engine Reference Book (Second ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 598. ISBN 0-7506-2176-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodica_Baranescu","url_text":"Baranescu, Rodica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-2176-1","url_text":"0-7506-2176-1"}]},{"reference":"Cook, Preston (1 March 2006). \"The EMD 567 Engine in the 21st Century\". Railway Preservation News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rypn.org/articles/layout/060301cook/default.htm","url_text":"\"The EMD 567 Engine in the 21st Century\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019065014/http://www.rypn.org/articles/layout/060301cook/default.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pinkepank, Jerry A.; Marre, Louis A. (1979). Diesel Spotters Guide Update. Kalmbach Books. pp. 128–129. ISBN 0-89024-029-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89024-029-9","url_text":"0-89024-029-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Anexo I, Características de los Vehículos\" (PDF). www.vialibre-ffe.com (in Spanish). Renfe. 7 March 2010. pp. 2–3.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vialibre-ffe.com/pdf/5839_VENTAMATERIAL_0710.pdf","url_text":"\"Anexo I, Características de los Vehículos\""}]},{"reference":"Pinkepank, Jerry A (1973). The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Books. ISBN 0-89024-026-4. LCCN 66-22894.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89024-026-4","url_text":"0-89024-026-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/66-22894","url_text":"66-22894"}]},{"reference":"Kettering, E.W. (29 November 1951). History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine. ASME 1951 Annual Meeting. Atlantic City, New Jersey: Electro-Motive Division, General Motors Corporation. Retrieved 6 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QuUiAQAAMAAJ&q=History_and_development_of_the_567_series","url_text":"History and Development of the 567 Series General Motors Locomotive Engine"}]},{"reference":"Houk, Randy (14 December 2012). \"The History of EMD Diesel Engines\". Pacific Southwest Railway Museum. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140722194452/http://www.sdrm.org/roster/diesel/emd/history/","url_text":"\"The History of EMD Diesel Engines\""},{"url":"http://www.sdrm.org/roster/diesel/emd/history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EMD 567 Diesel Engine (1938 EMD Advertisement)\". Pacific Southwest Railway Museum. 14 December 2010. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512230829/http://www.sdrm.org/roster/diesel/emd/index.html","url_text":"\"EMD 567 Diesel Engine (1938 EMD Advertisement)\""},{"url":"http://www.sdrm.org/roster/diesel/emd/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_Dragons
Pocket Dragons
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pocket Dragons" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Pocket Dragons are collectible depictions of friendly dragons in various situations. They are produced primarily in figurine form, but also are released as ornaments, in flat artwork and various other forms. They were created by, and are still designed by, Real Musgrave, and the figurines are manufactured by Collectible World Studios. Unlike many artists behind collectible lines, Musgrave not only creates the flat artwork for them, but also sculpts them. Both Real and his wife, Muff, have enjoyed nearly complete creative control over the line. History The story of the Pocket Dragon goes back to a limited set of black and white drawings done by Real Musgrave in the mid-1970s, depicting a small dragon in the pocket of a tweed sport jacket. Those dragons were originally based on Real and Muff's dog Flower. The first set of Pocket Dragon figurines went on sale in June 1989, and included twenty-seven of the figures. They were produced in Stoke-on-Trent, England. In 1996, an animated television series was produced based on Pocket Dragons, called Pocket Dragon Adventures. It ran for fifty-two half hour episodes or 104 European 15 minute episodes. The writers of the series collaborated with both Musgraves, and Real contributed designs for virtually every episode. As of 2006, over 400 different Pocket Dragons figures had been released, as well as games, books and hundreds of other products. Real and Muff Musgrave announced their retirement in the fall of 2005, along with the Pocket Dragon figurine collection, to be effective on December 31, 2006. In May 2006 the distributor Collectible World Studios went into receivership due to high debts and ceased trading. The production and distribution of what would be the last Pocket Dragon pieces was uncertain. Since then the official website and the website of the distributor are no longer online. Xystos, a company linked with the Collectables (Fine Glass and China) LTD company bought CWS later in 2006. On November 12, 2006, what was probably the last ever UK Pocket Dragons event was held at Collectables (Fine Glass and China) LTD, Stockton on Tees. Real and Muff Musgrave had retired and were attending to abandoned animals, but Real still produced Pocket Dragon products licensed with other companies. The proceeds from sales benefit animal charities with which the Musgraves worked. In 2011 they continued their collaborations with Precious Gifts in Maryland to produce a special limited edition figurine to benefit the Humane Society of Flower Mound (in Texas). Unlike many artists involved in collectibles and television, Real Musgrave has always personally owned the trademarks and copyrights for his work. The Pocket Dragon trademarks and copyrights are active. References ^ admin (2005-10-04). "Real Musgrave to Retire". World Collectors Net. Retrieved 2024-01-17. ^ admin (2006-05-26). "Collectible World Studios Calls in the Receivers". World Collectors Net. Retrieved 2024-01-17. External links None currently available.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collectible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectible"},{"link_name":"dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"Real Musgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_Musgrave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Collectible World Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collectible_World_Studios&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Pocket Dragons are collectible depictions of friendly dragons in various situations. They are produced primarily in figurine form, but also are released as ornaments, in flat artwork and various other forms. They were created by, and are still designed by, Real Musgrave, and the figurines are manufactured by Collectible World Studios. Unlike many artists behind collectible lines, Musgrave not only creates the flat artwork for them, but also sculpts them. Both Real and his wife, Muff, have enjoyed nearly complete creative control over the line.","title":"Pocket Dragons"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pocket_Dragon_-_1975.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"animated television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_television_series"},{"link_name":"Pocket Dragon Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_Dragon_Adventures"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Xystos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xystos"},{"link_name":"Stockton on Tees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_on_Tees"}],"text":"The story of the Pocket Dragon goes back to a limited set of black and white drawings done by Real Musgrave in the mid-1970s, depicting a small dragon in the pocket of a tweed sport jacket. Those dragons were originally based on Real and Muff's dog Flower.The first set of Pocket Dragon figurines went on sale in June 1989, and included twenty-seven of the figures. They were produced in Stoke-on-Trent, England.In 1996, an animated television series was produced based on Pocket Dragons, called Pocket Dragon Adventures. It ran for fifty-two half hour episodes or 104 European 15 minute episodes. The writers of the series collaborated with both Musgraves, and Real contributed designs for virtually every episode.As of 2006, over 400 different Pocket Dragons figures had been released, as well as games, books and hundreds of other products.Real and Muff Musgrave announced their retirement in the fall of 2005, along with the Pocket Dragon figurine collection, to be effective on December 31, 2006.[1]In May 2006 the distributor Collectible World Studios went into receivership due to high debts and ceased trading.[2] The production and distribution of what would be the last Pocket Dragon pieces was uncertain. Since then the official website and the website of the distributor are no longer online. Xystos, a company linked with the Collectables (Fine Glass and China) LTD company bought CWS later in 2006.On November 12, 2006, what was probably the last ever UK Pocket Dragons event was held at Collectables (Fine Glass and China) LTD, Stockton on Tees. Real and Muff Musgrave had retired and were attending to abandoned animals, but Real still produced Pocket Dragon products licensed with other companies. The proceeds from sales benefit animal charities with which the Musgraves worked. In 2011 they continued their collaborations with Precious Gifts in Maryland to produce a special limited edition figurine to benefit the Humane Society of Flower Mound (in Texas).Unlike many artists involved in collectibles and television, Real Musgrave has always personally owned the trademarks and copyrights for his work. The Pocket Dragon trademarks and copyrights are active.","title":"History"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pocket_Dragon_-_1975.jpg/220px-Pocket_Dragon_-_1975.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"admin (2005-10-04). \"Real Musgrave to Retire\". World Collectors Net. Retrieved 2024-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcollectorsnet.com/collecting-news/real-musgrave-to-retire/","url_text":"\"Real Musgrave to Retire\""}]},{"reference":"admin (2006-05-26). \"Collectible World Studios Calls in the Receivers\". World Collectors Net. Retrieved 2024-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcollectorsnet.com/collecting-news/collectible-world-studios-calls-in-the-receivers/","url_text":"\"Collectible World Studios Calls in the Receivers\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Spikers
Ogden Dodgers
["1 History","2 Notable alumni","2.1 Baseball Hall of Fame alumni","2.2 Notable alumni","3 References","4 External links"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Minor league baseball teamOgden Dodgers1966–1974 Ogden, Utah Minor league affiliationsPrevious classesRookieLeaguePioneer Baseball LeagueMajor league affiliationsPrevious teamsLos Angeles Dodgers (1966–1973)Minor league titlesLeague titles 4 (1966, 1967, 1968, 1969)Team dataPrevious names Ogden Spikers (1974) Ogden Dodgers (1966-1973) The Ogden Dodgers were a Minor League Baseball team based in Ogden, Utah. The Ogden Dodgers played as members of the Pioneer Baseball League from 1966 to 1973. The Ogden Dodgers were an affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers (1966–1973). Future Baseball Hall of Fame Manager Tommy Lasorda managed the team from 1966-1968. History The Ogden Dodgers started in 1966 when the Pocatello Chiefs moved to Ogden and changed their name. They won the Pioneer League championship their first four seasons in existence from 1966 to 1969. When the club lost its Dodgers affiliation after the 1973 season, they spent the 1974 season as the Ogden Spikers, a co-op team that featured players from six different Major League organizations. After the 1974 season, the franchise moved to Canada and became the Lethbridge Expos. Notable alumni Baseball Hall of Fame alumni Tommy Lasorda (1966-1968); inducted 1996 Notable alumni Bill Buckner (1968) MLB All-Star; 1982 NL batting title Steve Garvey (1968) 10x MLB All-Star; 1974 NL Most Valuable Player Charlie Hough (1966) MLB All-Star Lee Lacy (1969) Tom Paciorek (1968) MLB All-Star Bill Russell (1966) 3x MLB All-Star Eddie Solomon (1969) Bobby Valentine (1968); would also go on to a managerial career in MLB Steve Yeager (1967) 1981 World Series Most Valuable Player References ^ "1968 Ogden Dodgers Statistics". External links Baseball Reference This article about a baseball team in Utah is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Ogden, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Pioneer Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Tommy Lasorda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lasorda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Minor league baseball teamThe Ogden Dodgers were a Minor League Baseball team based in Ogden, Utah. The Ogden Dodgers played as members of the Pioneer Baseball League from 1966 to 1973. The Ogden Dodgers were an affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers (1966–1973). Future Baseball Hall of Fame Manager Tommy Lasorda managed the team from 1966-1968.[1]","title":"Ogden Dodgers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pocatello Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocatello_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Lethbridge Expos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethbridge_Expos"}],"text":"The Ogden Dodgers started in 1966 when the Pocatello Chiefs moved to Ogden and changed their name. They won the Pioneer League championship their first four seasons in existence from 1966 to 1969.When the club lost its Dodgers affiliation after the 1973 season, they spent the 1974 season as the Ogden Spikers, a co-op team that featured players from six different Major League organizations.After the 1974 season, the franchise moved to Canada and became the Lethbridge Expos.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tommy Lasorda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lasorda"}],"sub_title":"Baseball Hall of Fame alumni","text":"Tommy Lasorda (1966-1968); inducted 1996","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Buckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Buckner"},{"link_name":"Steve Garvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Garvey"},{"link_name":"Charlie Hough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hough"},{"link_name":"Lee Lacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Lacy"},{"link_name":"Tom Paciorek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Paciorek"},{"link_name":"Bill Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Russell_(shortstop)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Solomon"},{"link_name":"Bobby Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Valentine"},{"link_name":"Steve Yeager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Yeager"}],"sub_title":"Notable alumni","text":"Bill Buckner (1968) MLB All-Star; 1982 NL batting title\nSteve Garvey (1968) 10x MLB All-Star; 1974 NL Most Valuable Player\nCharlie Hough (1966) MLB All-Star\nLee Lacy (1969)\nTom Paciorek (1968) MLB All-Star\nBill Russell (1966) 3x MLB All-Star\nEddie Solomon (1969)\nBobby Valentine (1968); would also go on to a managerial career in MLB\nSteve Yeager (1967) 1981 World Series Most Valuable Player","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"1968 Ogden Dodgers Statistics\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=6f466d37","url_text":"\"1968 Ogden Dodgers Statistics\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=6f466d37","external_links_name":"\"1968 Ogden Dodgers Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/team.cgi?city=Ogden&state=UT&country=US&empty=0","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ogden_Dodgers&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_S._Wade
Sidney S. Wade
["1 Early career","2 World War II","3 Later service","4 Decorations","5 References"]
U.S. Marine Corps Major General Sidney Scott WadeMG Sidney S. Wade, USMCBorn(1909-09-30)September 30, 1909Bloomington, IllinoisDiedNovember 24, 2002(2002-11-24) (aged 93)Albuquerque, New MexicoAllegiance United States of AmericaService/branch United States Marine CorpsYears of service1928–1967Rank Major generalService number0-4881Commands heldCamp LejeuneMCRD San DiegoForce Troops, FMFLANT1st Marine RegimentBattles/warsYangtze PatrolWorld War II Bougainville Campaign Recapture of Guam Battle of Okinawa Korean War1958 Lebanon crisisAwardsNavy Distinguished Service MedalLegion of Merit (3)Air Medal Sidney Scott Wade (September 30, 1909 – November 24, 2002) was a highly decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps who attained the rank of major general. He is most noted as commanding general of all Marine forces during 1958 Lebanon crisis and previously as commanding officer of the 1st Marine Regiment during Korean War. Wade later served as commanding general of the Force Troops, Fleet Marine Force Atlantic and MCRD San Diego. Early career Sidney S. Wade was born on September 30, 1909, in Bloomington, Illinois, and attended local high school in 1927. He subsequently enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in May 1928 and after one year of enlisted service, he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, in July 1929. Wade graduated in 1933, and was commissioned second lieutenant in the Marine Corps on the same date. He was then sent to the Basic School at Philadelphia Navy Yard for further officers training. Following the completing of the course, he was subsequently assigned to the Marine detachment aboard the cruiser USS Pennsylvania and later served aboard the heavy cruiser USS Salt Lake City. Wade was transferred to the 4th Marine Regiment under Colonel John C. Beaumont and sailed for China in 1935. He was stationed in Shanghai and participated in the defense of the Shanghai International Settlement. During his service there, he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant in 1936. Wade returned to the United States during 1937 and was assigned to the Marine barracks at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, and following two years of service there, he was promoted to the rank of captain in 1939 and assigned to the Junior Course at Amphibious Warfare School within Marine Corps Schools at Quantico Base. World War II Wade (fifth from left) and III MAC staff during the planning of Okinawa operation. From left to right: David R. Nimmer, Walter A. Wachtler, Roy S. Geiger, Merwin H. Silverthorn, Wade, Francis B. Loomis Jr. and Gale T. Cummings. Upon his graduation from the Amphibious Warfare School in 1940, Wade was appointed commanding officer of the Marine detachment aboard the cruiser USS Louisville. While aboard this vessel, he participated in the raids at Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea and Solomon Islands. Wade was promoted to the rank of major in May 1942 and ordered back to the United States for instruction at Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He returned to the South Pacific Area in December 1942 and assigned to the intelligence section on staff of the I Marine Amphibious Corps (IMAC) under Major General Clayton Barney Vogel. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in April 1943, and when IMAC was redesignated III Amphibious Corps under Major General Roy Geiger in April 1944, he participated in the planning and execution of the Bougainville Campaign, Landing on Emirau, Recapture of Guam or Battle of Okinawa. For his service in this capacity, Wade was decorated with the Legion of Merit with Combat "V". Later service Wade returned to the United States in October 1945 and was assigned to the Marine Corps Schools at Marine Base Quantico as officer in charge of the intelligence section. He was subsequently transferred to Washington, D.C., in August 1947 and attached to the Joint Logistic Plans Group within Joint Chiefs of Staff. In this capacity, Wade participated in the basic war plans work and also in the staff support for Joint Intelligence Committee, Joint Strategic Plans Committee and Joint Logistics Plans Committee. While served in this assignment, he was promoted to the rank of colonel in August 1949. Colonel Wade was transferred to Hawaii in August 1950 and assigned as assistant intelligence officer of the Fleet Marine Force Pacific under Lieutenant General Lemuel C. Shepherd. However, Korean War brought him to the command of the 1st Marine Regiment in October 1951, when he relieved Colonel Thomas A. Wornham. Wade subsequently led the regiment during the fighting on the East Central Front and later on Western Front and received his second Legion of Merit with Combat "V". He remained in Korea until the beginning of April 1952, when he was ordered back to the United States. During his service in Korea, Wade also received Air Medal and Navy Presidential Unit Citation. Wade subsequently attended National War College in Washington, D.C., and following the graduation in 1953, he remained in Washington, D.C., and was attached to the Headquarters Marine Corps as head of the Plans Branch within Operations and Plans Division there. After two years of service in that capacity, Wade was transferred to Quantico, Virginia, as senior member of the Advanced Research Group. This group of ten colonels for a year to develop recommendations on how to the Marine air-ground task force should evolve structurally to meet the challenges of atomic warfare and new technologies such as helicopters and high-speed aircraft. Another staff assignment came in June 1956, when he was attached to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, as assistant to the director of Long Range objectives group, Rear Admiral Roy L. Johnson. While still serving in this capacity, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in May 1957. He subsequently relieved Brigadier General Jack P. Juhan in July 1957 as commanding general of the Force Troops, Fleet Marine Force Atlantic based at Camp Lejeune. In this capacity, he was responsible for all independent units under FMFLANT such as support artillery units, antiaircraft artillery units, military police battalions, separate engineer units and other miscellaneous force units of the Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic. However following the Lebanese political crisis caused by political and religious tensions in the country in July 1958, President Camille Chamoun had requested the military assistance, which President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved and responded by authorizing Operation Blue Bat on July 15, 1958. The United States subsequently sent approximately 14,000 men, including 5,670 officers and men of the United States Marine Corps, which were formed to the 2nd Provisional Marine Force. General Wade was subsequently appointed commanding general of that Force and sailed to Lebanon, where he went ashore in Beirut and remained in command of all marine forces throughout the crisis. For his meritorious service during the crisis, Wade was decorated with Navy Distinguished Service Medal. He also received the Stephen Decatur Award for Operational Excellence from the Navy League of the United States. General Wade returned to Camp Lejeune at the beginning of October 1958 and relieved Brigadier General Randall M. Victory as assistant division commander of the 2nd Marine Division stationed there. He relieved Major General James P. Riseley as commanding general of the Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in July 1959 and remained in this capacity until October 1960. Meanwhile, he was promoted to the rank of major general in July 1960. He was transferred to the Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C., as assistant chief of staff (G-3), the staff officer in charge of plans and operations. This duty was terminated in September 1961, when he was transferred to the Pentagon as Marine Corps liaison officer in the Office of the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Claude V. Ricketts. He was succeeded by Brigadier General Henry W. Buse. On 15 February 1962, Major General Wade was transferred to San Diego, California, and assumed command of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego. He was subsequently transferred to Hawaii in November 1963 and appointed deputy commander to the commanding general Fleet Marine Force Pacific, Lieutenant General Carson A. Roberts. In this capacity he was co-responsible for 200,000 men under his command. Wade subsequently moved to Okinawa, Japan in June 1965 and was appointed Deputy Commander III Marine Amphibious Corps (Forward). In this capacity he participated in the support activities of the Marine Forces in Vietnam. Wade later received his third Legion of Merit. Wade returned to the United States in April 1966 and served briefly as deputy commander of Fleet Marine Force Atlantic under Lieutenant General Alpha L. Bowser, before he was appointed deputy chief of staff of commander in chief Atlantic Fleet, Admiral Thomas H. Moorer. He served in this capacity until his retirement from the Marine Corps on November 3, 1967. He subsequently settled in Albuquerque, New Mexico, together with his wife, Doris Edwards and died on November 24, 2002. They had a son, Sidney Scott Wade, Jr., and a daughter, Annetta Wade Williams. In accordance with the wish of General Wade, there was no memorial service. Decorations Here is the ribbon bar of Major General Sidney S. Wade: 1st Row Navy Distinguished Service Medal 2nd Row Legion of Merit with Combat "V" and two 5⁄16" Gold Stars Air Medal Navy Presidential Unit Citation China Service Medal 3rd Row American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp American Campaign Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three 3/16 inch service stars World War II Victory Medal 4th Row National Defense Service Medal with one star Korean Service Medal with two 3/16 inch service stars United Nations Korea Medal Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation Military offices Preceded byVictor H. Krulak Commanding General of the MCRD San Diego 15 February 1962 – November 1963 Succeeded byBruno Hochmuth Preceded byJack P. Juhan Commanding General of the Force Troops, Fleet Marine Force Atlantic 5 July 1957 – 15 July 1958 Succeeded byLeonard F. Chapman Jr. Preceded byThomas A. Wornham Commanding Officer of the 1st Marine Regiment 12 October 1951 – 7 April 1952 Succeeded byWalter N. Flournoy References ^ a b c d e "Marines.togetherweserved – Sidney S. Wade". marines.togetherweserved.com. marines.togetherweserved Websites. Retrieved 1 July 2017. ^ a b c d e f g "Albuquerque Journal on Sunday December 08, 2002". obits.abqjournal.com. Albuquerque Journal Websites. Retrieved 1 July 2017. ^ a b c d "Valor awards for Sidney S. Wade". valor.militarytimes.com. Militarytimes Websites. Retrieved 30 June 2017. ^ Montross, Lynn (2015-11-06). U.S. Marine Operations In Korea 1950–1953: Volume IV – The East-Central Front. Pickle Partners. p. 192. ISBN 978-1786254290. Retrieved July 1, 2017. ^ Pierce, Terry (2004). Warfighting and Disruptive Technologies: Disguising Innovation. New York: Taylor&Francis Group. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-203-34155-1. Retrieved July 1, 2017. ^ Warren, James A. (2005). American Spartans: The U.S. Marines: A Combat History from Iwo Jima to Iraq. New York: A Division of Simon&Schuster, Inc. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-4165-3297-2. Retrieved July 1, 2017.  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps. Portal: Biography
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1958 Lebanon crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis"},{"link_name":"1st Marine Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Fleet Marine Force Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"MCRD San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Recruit_Depot_San_Diego"}],"text":"Sidney Scott Wade (September 30, 1909 – November 24, 2002) was a highly decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps who attained the rank of major general. He is most noted as commanding general of all Marine forces during 1958 Lebanon crisis and previously as commanding officer of the 1st Marine Regiment during Korean War. Wade later served as commanding general of the Force Troops, Fleet Marine Force Atlantic and MCRD San Diego.","title":"Sidney S. Wade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bloomington, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"Annapolis, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"the Basic School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Basic_School"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marines.togetherweserved_%E2%80%93_Sidney_S._Wade-1"},{"link_name":"USS Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_(BB-38)"},{"link_name":"USS Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Salt_Lake_City_(CA-25)"},{"link_name":"4th Marine Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"John C. 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He subsequently enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in May 1928 and after one year of enlisted service, he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, in July 1929. Wade graduated in 1933, and was commissioned second lieutenant in the Marine Corps on the same date. He was then sent to the Basic School at Philadelphia Navy Yard for further officers training.[1]Following the completing of the course, he was subsequently assigned to the Marine detachment aboard the cruiser USS Pennsylvania and later served aboard the heavy cruiser USS Salt Lake City. Wade was transferred to the 4th Marine Regiment under Colonel John C. Beaumont and sailed for China in 1935. He was stationed in Shanghai and participated in the defense of the Shanghai International Settlement. During his service there, he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant in 1936.[2]Wade returned to the United States during 1937 and was assigned to the Marine barracks at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, and following two years of service there, he was promoted to the rank of captain in 1939 and assigned to the Junior Course at Amphibious Warfare School within Marine Corps Schools at Quantico Base.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Roy_S._Geiger_and_his_staff_on_Okinawa.jpg"},{"link_name":"III MAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Marine_Amphibious_Corps"},{"link_name":"David R. Nimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_R._Nimmer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walter A. Wachtler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_A._Wachtler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roy S. Geiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_S._Geiger"},{"link_name":"Merwin H. 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Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gale_T._Cummings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"USS Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Louisville_(CA-28)"},{"link_name":"Bismarck Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Army Command and General Staff College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College"},{"link_name":"Fort Leavenworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"South Pacific Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific_Area"},{"link_name":"I Marine Amphibious Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Marine_Amphibious_Corps"},{"link_name":"Clayton Barney Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Barney_Vogel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albuquerque_Journal-2"},{"link_name":"III Amphibious Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Amphibious_Corps"},{"link_name":"Roy Geiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Geiger"},{"link_name":"Bougainville Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Landing on Emirau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_on_Emirau"},{"link_name":"Recapture of Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Legion of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"Combat \"V\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22V%22_Device"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valor_awards_for_Sidney_S._Wade-3"}],"text":"Wade (fifth from left) and III MAC staff during the planning of Okinawa operation. From left to right: David R. Nimmer, Walter A. Wachtler, Roy S. Geiger, Merwin H. Silverthorn, Wade, Francis B. Loomis Jr. and Gale T. Cummings.Upon his graduation from the Amphibious Warfare School in 1940, Wade was appointed commanding officer of the Marine detachment aboard the cruiser USS Louisville. While aboard this vessel, he participated in the raids at Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea and Solomon Islands. Wade was promoted to the rank of major in May 1942 and ordered back to the United States for instruction at Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He returned to the South Pacific Area in December 1942 and assigned to the intelligence section on staff of the I Marine Amphibious Corps (IMAC) under Major General Clayton Barney Vogel.[2]He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in April 1943, and when IMAC was redesignated III Amphibious Corps under Major General Roy Geiger in April 1944, he participated in the planning and execution of the Bougainville Campaign, Landing on Emirau, Recapture of Guam or Battle of Okinawa. For his service in this capacity, Wade was decorated with the Legion of Merit with Combat \"V\".[3]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marine Base Quantico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marines.togetherweserved_%E2%80%93_Sidney_S._Wade-1"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Fleet Marine Force Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Lemuel C. 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Buse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_W._Buse_Jr."},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Recruit_Depot_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Fleet Marine Force Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Carson A. 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Moorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hinman_Moorer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albuquerque_Journal-2"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albuquerque_Journal-2"}],"text":"Wade returned to the United States in October 1945 and was assigned to the Marine Corps Schools at Marine Base Quantico as officer in charge of the intelligence section. He was subsequently transferred to Washington, D.C., in August 1947 and attached to the Joint Logistic Plans Group within Joint Chiefs of Staff. In this capacity, Wade participated in the basic war plans work and also in the staff support for Joint Intelligence Committee, Joint Strategic Plans Committee and Joint Logistics Plans Committee. While served in this assignment, he was promoted to the rank of colonel in August 1949.[1]Colonel Wade was transferred to Hawaii in August 1950 and assigned as assistant intelligence officer of the Fleet Marine Force Pacific under Lieutenant General Lemuel C. Shepherd. However, Korean War brought him to the command of the 1st Marine Regiment in October 1951, when he relieved Colonel Thomas A. Wornham. Wade subsequently led the regiment during the fighting on the East Central Front and later on Western Front and received his second Legion of Merit with Combat \"V\".[3][4]He remained in Korea until the beginning of April 1952, when he was ordered back to the United States. During his service in Korea, Wade also received Air Medal and Navy Presidential Unit Citation.[1]Wade subsequently attended National War College in Washington, D.C., and following the graduation in 1953, he remained in Washington, D.C., and was attached to the Headquarters Marine Corps as head of the Plans Branch within Operations and Plans Division there. After two years of service in that capacity, Wade was transferred to Quantico, Virginia, as senior member of the Advanced Research Group. This group of ten colonels for a year to develop recommendations on how to the Marine air-ground task force should evolve structurally to meet the challenges of atomic warfare and new technologies such as helicopters and high-speed aircraft.[5]Another staff assignment came in June 1956, when he was attached to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, as assistant to the director of Long Range objectives group, Rear Admiral Roy L. Johnson. While still serving in this capacity, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in May 1957.He subsequently relieved Brigadier General Jack P. Juhan in July 1957 as commanding general of the Force Troops, Fleet Marine Force Atlantic based at Camp Lejeune. In this capacity, he was responsible for all independent units under FMFLANT such as support artillery units, antiaircraft artillery units, military police battalions, separate engineer units and other miscellaneous force units of the Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic.[1]However following the Lebanese political crisis caused by political and religious tensions in the country in July 1958, President Camille Chamoun had requested the military assistance, which President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved and responded by authorizing Operation Blue Bat on July 15, 1958. The United States subsequently sent approximately 14,000 men, including 5,670 officers and men of the United States Marine Corps, which were formed to the 2nd Provisional Marine Force. General Wade was subsequently appointed commanding general of that Force and sailed to Lebanon, where he went ashore in Beirut and remained in command of all marine forces throughout the crisis. For his meritorious service during the crisis, Wade was decorated with Navy Distinguished Service Medal. He also received the Stephen Decatur Award for Operational Excellence from the Navy League of the United States.[2][6]General Wade returned to Camp Lejeune at the beginning of October 1958 and relieved Brigadier General Randall M. Victory as assistant division commander of the 2nd Marine Division stationed there. He relieved Major General James P. Riseley as commanding general of the Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in July 1959 and remained in this capacity until October 1960. Meanwhile, he was promoted to the rank of major general in July 1960.[2]He was transferred to the Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C., as assistant chief of staff (G-3), the staff officer in charge of plans and operations. This duty was terminated in September 1961, when he was transferred to the Pentagon as Marine Corps liaison officer in the Office of the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Claude V. Ricketts.[1] He was succeeded by Brigadier General Henry W. Buse.On 15 February 1962, Major General Wade was transferred to San Diego, California, and assumed command of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego. He was subsequently transferred to Hawaii in November 1963 and appointed deputy commander to the commanding general Fleet Marine Force Pacific, Lieutenant General Carson A. Roberts. In this capacity he was co-responsible for 200,000 men under his command. Wade subsequently moved to Okinawa, Japan in June 1965 and was appointed Deputy Commander III Marine Amphibious Corps (Forward). In this capacity he participated in the support activities of the Marine Forces in Vietnam. Wade later received his third Legion of Merit.[3][2]Wade returned to the United States in April 1966 and served briefly as deputy commander of Fleet Marine Force Atlantic under Lieutenant General Alpha L. Bowser, before he was appointed deputy chief of staff of commander in chief Atlantic Fleet, Admiral Thomas H. Moorer. He served in this capacity until his retirement from the Marine Corps on November 3, 1967.[2]He subsequently settled in Albuquerque, New Mexico, together with his wife, Doris Edwards and died on November 24, 2002. They had a son, Sidney Scott Wade, Jr., and a daughter, Annetta Wade Williams. In accordance with the wish of General Wade, there was no memorial service.[2]","title":"Later service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valor_awards_for_Sidney_S._Wade-3"}],"text":"Here is the ribbon bar of Major General Sidney S. Wade:[3]","title":"Decorations"}]
[{"image_text":"Wade (fifth from left) and III MAC staff during the planning of Okinawa operation. From left to right: David R. Nimmer, Walter A. Wachtler, Roy S. Geiger, Merwin H. Silverthorn, Wade, Francis B. Loomis Jr. and Gale T. Cummings.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/General_Roy_S._Geiger_and_his_staff_on_Okinawa.jpg/220px-General_Roy_S._Geiger_and_his_staff_on_Okinawa.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Marines.togetherweserved – Sidney S. Wade\". marines.togetherweserved.com. marines.togetherweserved Websites. Retrieved 1 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://marines.togetherweserved.com/usmc/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=374279","url_text":"\"Marines.togetherweserved – Sidney S. Wade\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albuquerque Journal on Sunday December 08, 2002\". obits.abqjournal.com. Albuquerque Journal Websites. Retrieved 1 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://obits.abqjournal.com/obits/print_obit/104791","url_text":"\"Albuquerque Journal on Sunday December 08, 2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valor awards for Sidney S. Wade\". valor.militarytimes.com. Militarytimes Websites. Retrieved 30 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=44536","url_text":"\"Valor awards for Sidney S. Wade\""}]},{"reference":"Montross, Lynn (2015-11-06). U.S. Marine Operations In Korea 1950–1953: Volume IV – The East-Central Front. Pickle Partners. p. 192. ISBN 978-1786254290. Retrieved July 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DEFvCwAAQBAJ&q=Sidney+S.+Wade&pg=PA10","url_text":"U.S. Marine Operations In Korea 1950–1953: Volume IV – The East-Central Front"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786254290","url_text":"978-1786254290"}]},{"reference":"Pierce, Terry (2004). Warfighting and Disruptive Technologies: Disguising Innovation. New York: Taylor&Francis Group. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-203-34155-1. Retrieved July 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=md2RAgAAQBAJ&q=Advanced+Research+Group+Quantico&pg=PT157","url_text":"Warfighting and Disruptive Technologies: Disguising Innovation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-34155-1","url_text":"978-0-203-34155-1"}]},{"reference":"Warren, James A. (2005). American Spartans: The U.S. Marines: A Combat History from Iwo Jima to Iraq. New York: A Division of Simon&Schuster, Inc. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-4165-3297-2. Retrieved July 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4LxLTsDDoHoC&q=Major+general+Sidney+S.+Wade&pg=PA254","url_text":"American Spartans: The U.S. Marines: A Combat History from Iwo Jima to Iraq"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3297-2","url_text":"978-1-4165-3297-2"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://marines.togetherweserved.com/usmc/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=374279","external_links_name":"\"Marines.togetherweserved – Sidney S. Wade\""},{"Link":"http://obits.abqjournal.com/obits/print_obit/104791","external_links_name":"\"Albuquerque Journal on Sunday December 08, 2002\""},{"Link":"http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=44536","external_links_name":"\"Valor awards for Sidney S. Wade\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DEFvCwAAQBAJ&q=Sidney+S.+Wade&pg=PA10","external_links_name":"U.S. Marine Operations In Korea 1950–1953: Volume IV – The East-Central Front"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=md2RAgAAQBAJ&q=Advanced+Research+Group+Quantico&pg=PT157","external_links_name":"Warfighting and Disruptive Technologies: Disguising Innovation"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4LxLTsDDoHoC&q=Major+general+Sidney+S.+Wade&pg=PA254","external_links_name":"American Spartans: The U.S. Marines: A Combat History from Iwo Jima to Iraq"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanez_Universe
Ibanez Universe
["1 History","2 Product lineup","3 References","4 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ibanez Universe" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ibanez UniverseManufacturerIbanezPeriod1990 — 1994, 1996 — presentConstructionBody typeSolidNeck jointBolt-on neckWoodsBodyAmerican basswoodNeckMaple, wengeFretboardRosewood, rarely mapleHardwareBridgeIbanez Lo-Pro Edge 7Pickup(s)H-S-H: DiMarzio Blaze IIColors availableWhite, black, multicolor swirl, green The Ibanez Universe is the first mass-produced solid body seven-string electric guitar, developed by Steve Vai and manufactured by Ibanez. The Universe is a seven-string version of the Ibanez JEM series, Vai's signature model. It slightly differs from the JEM due to the absence of a "monkey grip" cut-out handle on the body. History The first Ibanez Universe models, the UV7 and UV77, appeared on the market in 1990, though Vai had played prototypes in live performances before that. The UV7 was available in white (UV7PWH) or black with green appointments (UV7BK). The UV77 was available in a swirled multicolor finish (UV77MC) and is now considered a collector's item. The production UV77MCs were swirled first in Japan. Steve Vai had agreed to only allow the guitars to be produced if they were swirled at the same place his prototypes were: About Time Designs. After a brief period, the UV77MC Japanese Swirls were aborted in favor of the ATD-Swirled ones. The ATD swirled models were done at the ATD factory by Darren Johansen on Long Island N.Y. In 1991, Ibanez also introduced the UV777. The most expensive Universe at the time, it was available in green with a black (white pearloid on some models) pickguard and green/yellow appointments (UV777GR). It also featured a maple fingerboard as opposed to rosewood. The UV7PWH and UV77MC were produced from 1990–1993, the UV777 from 1991–1993 and the UV7BK from 1990-1994. Ibanez did not produce any Universe guitars in 1995 due to low demand, but re-introduced the UV7BK in 1996 largely due to renewed popularity due to its adoption by numerous heavy metal bands: Korn, an alternative metal band, Dream Theater, a progressive metal band, Fear Factory, an industrial metal band, as well as progressive metal bands Meshuggah and Voivod, and also death metal bands Cannibal Corpse and Morbid Angel. In 1997 Ibanez introduced an 'all black' variation with model designation UV7SBK. Instead of the green details used in UV7BK, the UV7SBK had silver dots on the rosewood fretboard and a silver Ibanez logo headstock inlay. The pickups, knobs and pickup toggle switch were black as well. The UV7SBK was in production only in 1997 and the manufacturing quantities are unknown. In 1998, the UV7BK was replaced with the UV777BK. It has been through some minor changes since its inception, but currently features a 5 piece maple/wenge neck with bound rosewood fingerboard, bound head, 24 large frets, a basswood body, DiMarzio Blaze pickups, "disappearing pyramid" fingerboard inlays, a "Light without Heat" pyramid logo below the bridge and black finish with white binding and mirror pickguard. The UV777BK also is the first Universe to feature Ibanez's AANJ (All Access Neck Joint), a rounded heel that replaces the old Strat-style plate attachment to the body. The AANJ makes playing more comfortable and increases the sustain of the upper frets, since they are located over the neck itself, instead of an extension. In 2010, Ibanez reissued the UV77MC as the limited-edition UV77REMC to celebrate the Universe's 20th anniversary. Only 100 examples will be made with only 60 of these guitars available in the United States. Many of Ibanez's competitors soon began to add 7-strings to their lineups, Around this time, Ibanez also added 7-string guitars to the RG series, its standard line of hard rock guitars. Headstock of UV7BK model In 2014 Ibanez introduced a "Premium" (Indonesian made) tribute to the original UV7 called the UV70P (and later UV71PWH) as the only available Universe models alongside a 7 string version of the JEM. Product lineup 1990 - UV7PWH, UV7BK, UV77MC 1991 - UV777GR 1997 - UV7SBK 1998 - UV777PBK 2010 - UV77MC Reissue 2016 - UV77PSN, UV77SVR, UV77WFR (Passion & Warfare 25th anniversary models) References ^ Bienstock, Richard (26 November 2018). "Steve Vai Discusses Designing Ibanez Universe Seven-String". Guitar World. Retrieved 2 February 2024. ^ Stoner, Brandon (5 December 2022). "A Brief History of Ibanez Guitars". Guitar.com. Retrieved 2 February 2024. External links UV777 at official Ibanez site Universe and JEM model at jemsite.com Vai's Universes and Jem's at official Steve Vai site ( vai.com ) Ridel's Universe and RG 7 Strings guitars at official Franck Ridel site ( ridel.fr ) Sevenstring.org The Definitive Seven String Guitar Forum vteIbanez6 string electric guitars1970s Rocket Roll Destroyer Iceman Artist Roadstar 1980s Roadstar II Pro-line S S4170 AB Radius RG 1990s Talman Ghost Rider 2000s Artcore AF195 AV Jet King Signature PS-10 (Paul Stanley) JEM (Steve Vai) JS (Joe Satriani) PGM (Paul Gilbert) DMM1 (Daron Malakian) MTM (Mick Thomson) E-Gen (Herman Li) MMM1 (Mike Mushok) 7+ string electric guitars Universe (Steve Vai signature) RG7 RG7 CST K7 (Korn signature) Apex (Munky signature) RGD RGA RG321 RG2228 Bass guitars MC SR Ergodyne BTB Signature K5 (Fieldy) Effect pedals Tube Screamer Tone-Lok Effects Line Hardware Edge Tremolo ZR Tremolo Branding tiers J-Custom Prestige Premium GIO Related articles Hoshino Gakki Salvador Ibáñez List of Ibanez players
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seven-string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-string_guitar"},{"link_name":"electric guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"Steve Vai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Vai"},{"link_name":"Ibanez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanez"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ibanez JEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanez_JEM"},{"link_name":"JEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanez_JEM"}],"text":"The Ibanez Universe is the first mass-produced solid body seven-string electric guitar, developed by Steve Vai and manufactured by Ibanez.[1][2] The Universe is a seven-string version of the Ibanez JEM series, Vai's signature model. It slightly differs from the JEM due to the absence of a \"monkey grip\" cut-out handle on the body.","title":"Ibanez Universe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple"},{"link_name":"fingerboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerboard"},{"link_name":"rosewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosewood"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Korn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn"},{"link_name":"alternative metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_metal"},{"link_name":"Dream Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Theater"},{"link_name":"progressive metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_metal"},{"link_name":"Fear Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Factory"},{"link_name":"industrial metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_metal"},{"link_name":"progressive metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_metal"},{"link_name":"Meshuggah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshuggah"},{"link_name":"Voivod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivod_(band)"},{"link_name":"Cannibal Corpse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibal_Corpse"},{"link_name":"Morbid Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbid_Angel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibanez_Universe_UV7BK_headstock.jpg"},{"link_name":"Headstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headstock"}],"text":"The first Ibanez Universe models, the UV7 and UV77, appeared on the market in 1990, though Vai had played prototypes in live performances before that. The UV7 was available in white (UV7PWH) or black with green appointments (UV7BK).The UV77 was available in a swirled multicolor finish (UV77MC) and is now considered a collector's item. The production UV77MCs were swirled first in Japan. Steve Vai had agreed to only allow the guitars to be produced if they were swirled at the same place his prototypes were: About Time Designs. After a brief period, the UV77MC Japanese Swirls were aborted in favor of the ATD-Swirled ones. The ATD swirled models were done at the ATD factory by Darren Johansen on Long Island N.Y.In 1991, Ibanez also introduced the UV777. The most expensive Universe at the time, it was\navailable in green with a black (white pearloid on some models) pickguard and green/yellow appointments (UV777GR). It also featured a maple fingerboard as opposed to rosewood.The UV7PWH and UV77MC were produced from 1990–1993, the UV777 from 1991–1993 and the UV7BK from 1990-1994. Ibanez did not produce any Universe guitars in 1995 due to low demand, but re-introduced the UV7BK in 1996 largely due to renewed popularity due to its adoption by numerous heavy metal bands: Korn, an alternative metal band, Dream Theater, a progressive metal band, Fear Factory, an industrial metal band, as well as progressive metal bands Meshuggah and Voivod, and also death metal bands Cannibal Corpse and Morbid Angel. In 1997 Ibanez introduced an 'all black' variation with model designation UV7SBK. Instead of the green details used in UV7BK, the UV7SBK had silver dots on the rosewood fretboard and a silver Ibanez logo headstock inlay. The pickups, knobs and pickup toggle switch were black as well. The UV7SBK was in production only in 1997 and the manufacturing quantities are unknown.In 1998, the UV7BK was replaced with the UV777BK. It has been through some minor changes since its inception, but currently features a 5 piece maple/wenge neck with bound rosewood fingerboard, bound head, 24 large frets, a basswood body, DiMarzio Blaze pickups, \"disappearing pyramid\" fingerboard inlays, a \"Light without Heat\" pyramid logo below the bridge and black finish with white binding and mirror pickguard. The UV777BK also is the first Universe to feature Ibanez's AANJ (All Access Neck Joint), a rounded heel that replaces the old Strat-style plate attachment to the body. The AANJ makes playing more comfortable and increases the sustain of the upper frets, since they are located over the neck itself, instead of an extension.In 2010, Ibanez reissued the UV77MC as the limited-edition UV77REMC to celebrate the Universe's 20th anniversary. Only 100 examples will be made with only 60 of these guitars available in the United States.Many of Ibanez's competitors soon began to add 7-strings to their lineups, Around this time, Ibanez also added 7-string guitars to the RG series, its standard line of hard rock guitars.Headstock of UV7BK modelIn 2014 Ibanez introduced a \"Premium\" (Indonesian made) tribute to the original UV7 called the UV70P (and later UV71PWH) as the only available Universe models alongside a 7 string version of the JEM.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1990 - UV7PWH, UV7BK, UV77MC\n1991 - UV777GR\n1997 - UV7SBK\n1998 - UV777PBK\n2010 - UV77MC Reissue\n2016 - UV77PSN, UV77SVR, UV77WFR (Passion & Warfare 25th anniversary models)","title":"Product lineup"}]
[{"image_text":"Headstock of UV7BK model","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ibanez_Universe_UV7BK_headstock.jpg/250px-Ibanez_Universe_UV7BK_headstock.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Bienstock, Richard (26 November 2018). \"Steve Vai Discusses Designing Ibanez Universe Seven-String\". Guitar World. Retrieved 2 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guitarworld.com/news/steve-vai-discusses-designing-ibanez-universe-seven-string","url_text":"\"Steve Vai Discusses Designing Ibanez Universe Seven-String\""}]},{"reference":"Stoner, Brandon (5 December 2022). \"A Brief History of Ibanez Guitars\". Guitar.com. Retrieved 2 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://guitar.com/features/history-of-ibanez/","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Ibanez Guitars\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petalophyllaceae
Petalophyllaceae
["1 References"]
Family of liverworts Petalophyllaceae Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Marchantiophyta Class: Jungermanniopsida Order: Fossombroniales Family: PetalophyllaceaeStotler & Crand.-Stotl. Genera PetalophyllumSewardiella Petalophyllaceae is a family of liverworts in the order Fossombroniales. Most species are thallose; that is, the plant is not differentiated into root, stem, and leaf. The thallus is typically small and bears lamellae on its dorsal surface that give it a ruffled, leafy appearance. The family includes two extant genera, Petalophyllum and Sewardiella. References ^ Stotler, R. E.; B. J. Crandall-Stotler; C. H. Ford (2002). "Towards a monograph of Petalophyllum (Marchantophyta)". Novon. 12 (3): 334–337. doi:10.2307/3393075. JSTOR 3393075. ^ a b Crandall-Stotler, B.J., Stotler, R.E., and Long, D.G. 2009. Phylogeny and classification of the Marchantiophyta. Edinburgh Journal of Botany, vo. 66, no. 1, p. 155-198. ^ Crandall-Stotler, B.J. 2017. "Bryophyte Flora of North America, Provisional Publication, Petalophyllaceae". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 4 September 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Taxon identifiersPetalophyllaceae Wikidata: Q7171644 Wikispecies: Petalophyllaceae APNI: 234305 CoL: 625VS EoL: 11824379 GBIF: 2293 iNaturalist: 156630 IRMNG: 121902 ITIS: 846225 NBN: NHMSYS0020959434 NCBI: 402721 NZOR: 610ac400-5cd0-452a-baab-532cb33731ac Open Tree of Life: 914128 Tropicos: 35002597 WFO: wfo-7000000729 This bryophyte-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"liverworts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchantiophyta"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Fossombroniales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossombroniales"},{"link_name":"thallose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallose"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crandall02-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crandall01-3"},{"link_name":"Petalophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petalophyllum"},{"link_name":"Sewardiella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewardiella"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crandall02-2"}],"text":"Petalophyllaceae is a family of liverworts in the order Fossombroniales. Most species are thallose; that is, the plant is not differentiated into root, stem, and leaf. The thallus is typically small and bears lamellae on its dorsal surface that give it a ruffled, leafy appearance.[2][3]The family includes two extant genera, Petalophyllum and Sewardiella.[2]","title":"Petalophyllaceae"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Stotler, R. E.; B. J. Crandall-Stotler; C. H. Ford (2002). \"Towards a monograph of Petalophyllum (Marchantophyta)\". Novon. 12 (3): 334–337. doi:10.2307/3393075. JSTOR 3393075.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/36512","url_text":"\"Towards a monograph of Petalophyllum (Marchantophyta)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3393075","url_text":"10.2307/3393075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3393075","url_text":"3393075"}]},{"reference":"Crandall-Stotler, B.J. 2017. \"Bryophyte Flora of North America, Provisional Publication, Petalophyllaceae\". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 4 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/BFNA/bfnamenu.htm","url_text":"\"Bryophyte Flora of North America, Provisional Publication, Petalophyllaceae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden","url_text":"Missouri Botanical Garden"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Back_(Al_Green_album)
Al Green discography
["1 Albums","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Live albums","1.3 Compilation albums","2 Singles","3 Movie/television soundtracks","4 Other","5 References","6 External links"]
This discography includes albums and singles released by the American soul singer Al Green. Albums Studio albums Year Title Peak chart positions Certifications Record label US USR&B USGos AUT CAN NL SWE UK 1967 Back Up Train 162 37 — — — — — — Hot Line 1969 Green Is Blues 19 3 — — 28 — — — Hi 1971 Al Green Gets Next to You 58 15 — — — — — — 1972 Let's Stay Together 8 1 — — 26 — — — RIAA: Gold I'm Still in Love with You 4 1 — — 27 — — — RIAA: Platinum 1973 Call Me 10 1 — — — — — — RIAA: Gold Livin' for You 24 1 — — 56 — — — RIAA: Gold 1974 Al Green Explores Your Mind 15 1 — — 16 — — — RIAA: Gold 1975 Al Green Is Love 28 1 — — — — — — 1976 Full of Fire 59 12 — — — — — — Have a Good Time 93 12 — — — — — — 1977 The Belle Album 103 29 — — — — — — 1978 Truth n' Time — 44 — — — — — — 1980 The Lord Will Make a Way — — 22 — — — — — Myrrh 1981 Higher Plane — 62 18 — — — — — 1982 Precious Lord — — 1 — — — — — 1983 I'll Rise Again — — 4 — — — — — White Christmas — — — — — — — — 1984 Trust in God — — 10 — — — — — 1985 He Is the Light — — 11 — — — — — A&M 1987 Soul Survivor 131 25 1 — — — — — 1989 I Get Joy — 60 13 — — — — — 1992 Love Is Reality — — 29 — — — — — Word/Epic 1993 Don't Look Back — — — — — — 41 — RCA 1995 Your Heart's in Good Hands — 57 — — — — — — MCA 2003 I Can't Stop 53 9 — — — 72 60 193 Blue Note 2005 Everything's OK 50 19 — — — — — — 2008 Lay It Down 9 3 — 54 — 66 44 88 "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. A Album credited to Al Greene. Live albums Tokyo...Live! (1978 , Hi) 2-LP Compilation albums Year Title Peak chart positions Certifications Record label US USR&B USGos CAN NZ UK 1975 Al Green's Greatest Hits 17 3 — 27 — 18 RIAA: 2× Platinum BPI: Silver Hi 1977 Al Green's Greatest Hits, Volume II 134 33 — — — — 1980 Cream of Al Green — — — — — — Cream 1983 Al Green's Greatest Hits Volume One and Two — — — — 42 — 1988 Hi Life: The Best of Al Green — — — — — 34 BPI: Silver K-tel 1989 Love Ritual (Rare & Previously Unreleased 1968–76) — — — — — — Hi 1991 One in a Million — — — — — — Sony Music 1992 The Supreme Al Green: The Greatest Hits — — — — — — Hi Al — — — — — 41 Beechwood Music 1995 Al Green's Greatest Hits (reissued version) 127 34 — — — — The Right Stuff 1997 Anthology — — — — — — Capitol The Very Best of Al Green — — — — — — BPI: Gold Crimson 1998 More Greatest Hits — 78 — — — — RIAA: Gold The Right Stuff Hi and Mighty: The Story of Al Green (1969–1978) — — — — — — Hi 1999 True Love: A Collection — — — — — — BPI: Gold Music Club 2000 Greatest Gospel Hits — — 25 — — — The Right Stuff The Hi Singles A's and B's — — — — — — Hi Take Me to the River 186 98 — — — — The Right Stuff 2001 Testify: The Best of the A&M Years — — — — — — A&M 2002 L-O-V-E: The Essential Al Green — — — — — 18 BPI: Silver Hi 2003 The Love Songs Collection 91 64 — — — — The Right Stuff 2004 Absolute Best — 100 — — — — The Immortal Soul of Al Green — — — — — — 2005 Love & Happiness: The Very Best of Al Green — — — — — 146 BPI: Silver Music Club Deluxe 2006 The Millennium Collection: The Best of Al Green — — — — — — A&M 2007 The Definitive Greatest Hits 46 19 — — — — Hi 2008 What Makes the World Go 'Round? 196 — — — — — Starbucks 2009 Greatest Hits — — — — — 52 RIAA: Gold BPI: Gold Fat Possum 2011 The Best of the Gospel Sessions — — 46 — — — New Haven 2013 The Love Songs Collection (reissued version) — 68 — — — — Fat Possum "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. Singles Year Title Peak chart positions Certifications Album US USR&B USA/C AUS AUT CAN GER NL NZ UK 1967 "Back Up Train" 41 5 — — — 63 — — — — Back Up Train 1968 "Don't Hurt Me No More" 127 — — — — — — — — — "A Lover's Hideaway" — — — — — — — — — — 1969 "Want to Hold Your Hand" — — — — — — — — — — Non-album single "One Woman" — — — — — — — — — — Green Is Blues 1970 "You Say It" — 28 — — — — — — — — Al Green Gets Next to You "Right Now, Right Now" — 23 — — — — — — — — "I Can't Get Next to You" 60 11 — — — — — — — — 1971 "Driving Wheel" 115 46 — — — — — — — — "Tired of Being Alone" 11 7 — — — 36 — — — 4 RIAA: Gold BPI: Silver "Let's Stay Together" 1 1 36 — — 14 — — — 7 RIAA: Platinum BPI: Platinum Let's Stay Together 1972 "Look What You Done for Me" 4 2 — — — 27 — — — 44 RIAA: Gold I'm Still in Love with You "I'm Still in Love with You" 3 1 33 — — — — — — 35 RIAA: Gold "Guilty" 69 29 — — — — — — — — Back Up Train "You Ought to Be with Me" 3 1 28 — — 12 — — — 53 RIAA: Gold Call Me 1973 "Hot Wire" 71 — — — — — — — — — Back Up Train "Call Me (Come Back Home)" 10 2 — — — 60 — — — — RIAA: Gold Call Me "Here I Am (Come and Take Me)" 10 2 — — — 73 — — — — RIAA: Gold "Livin' for You" 19 1 — — — 49 — — — 58 Livin' for You 1974 "Let's Get Married" 32 3 — — — 55 — — — — "Sha-La-La (Make Me Happy)" 7 2 28 85 — 15 — — — 20 RIAA: Gold Al Green Explores Your Mind 1975 "L-O-V-E (Love)" 13 1 — — — 14 — — 35 24 Al Green Is Love "Oh Me, Oh My (Dreams in My Arms)" 48 7 — — — 90 — — — 60 "Full of Fire" 28 1 — — — 62 — — — — Full of Fire 1976 "Let It Shine" — 16 — — — — — — — — "Keep Me Cryin'" 37 4 — — — 94 — — — — Have a Good Time 1977 "I Tried to Tell Myself" 101 26 — — — — — — — — "Love and Happiness" 104 92 — — — — — — — — I'm Still in Love with You "Belle" 83 9 — — — — — — — — The Belle Album 1978 "I Feel Good" 103 36 — — — — — — — — 1979 "To Sir, with Love" (A-side) — 71 — — — — — — — — Truth n' Time "Wait Here" (B-side) — 58 — — — — — — — — 1985 "Never Met Nobody Like You" (UK Only) — — — — — — — — — — Trust In God "Going Away" — — — — — — — — — — He Is the Light "True Love" — — — — — — — — — — 1987 "Everything's Gonna Be Alright" — 22 — — — — — — — — Soul Survivor "You Know and I Know" — — — — — — — — — — "Soul Survivor" — — — — — — — — — — 1988 "Put a Little Love in Your Heart" (with Annie Lennox) 9 — 2 6 4 2 20 9 7 28 Scrooged Soundtrack 1989 "As Long as We're Together" — 15 — — — — — — — — I Get Joy "The Message Is Love" (with Arthur Baker) — 84 — 46 4 — 6 12 10 38 Merge 1991 "Leave the Guns at Home" (with Arthur Baker) — 69 — — — — — — — — Give in to the Rhythm 1992 "Love Is Reality" (US promo) — — — — — — — — — — Love Is Reality 1993 "Love Is a Beautiful Thing" — — — — — — 57 — — 56 Don't Look Back 1994 "Waiting On You" — — — — — — — — — 84 "Keep On Pushing Love" — — — — — — — — — 33 "Funny How Time Slips Away" (with Lyle Lovett) — — — — — — — — — — Rhythm, Country and Blues 1995 "Your Heart's in Good Hands" (US promo) — 47 — — — — — — — — Your Heart's in Good Hands 1996 "Could This Be the Love" (US promo) — — — — — — — — — — 2002 "Put It on Paper" (with Ann Nesby) — 44 — — — — — — — — Put It on Paper 2003 "Love Iz" (with Erick Sermon) — 80 — — — — — — — — React 2004 "I Can't Stop" — 97 — — — — — 99 — — I Can't Stop 2005 "Perfect to Me" — 115 — — — — — — — — Everything's OK 2008 "Stay with Me (By the Sea)" (with John Legend) — 49 — — — — — — — — Lay It Down "Lay It Down" — 111 — — — — — — — — "Take Your Time" (with Corinne Bailey Rae) — 122 — — — — — — — — 2018 "Before the Next Teardrop Falls" — — — — — — — — — — Non-album single 2023 "Perfect Day" — — — — — — — — — — Non-album single "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. B Single credited to Al Greene & the Soul Mates. C Single credited to Al Greene. Movie/television soundtracks "A Change Is Gonna Come" appears in the film Ali. The original was written and sung by Sam Cooke, however Green recorded a live version for the film which is played when Muhammad Ali - played by Will Smith - learns of the death of close friend Malcolm X. "Here I Am" was featured in the movie, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" was featured in the movies, Notting Hill, Good Will Hunting, Sex and the City, The Virgin Suicides and The Book of Eli, as well as the television series, Ally McBeal. "Let's Stay Together" was used in the soundtrack of the movies, Pulp Fiction (1994), Love Don't Cost a Thing (2003), and Hellboy (2005). "Love Is a Beautiful Thing" was featured in the movies, The Pallbearer (1996), Legally Blonde (2001), Sorority Boys (2002) and Two Weeks Notice (2002). "Tired of Being Alone" was featured in the movies, Dead Presidents (1995) and Love Don't Cost a Thing (2003). "Love and Happiness" has been featured in several different movies: Menace II Society (1993), Gunmen (1994) Dead Presidents (1995), Love and Basketball (2000), Madea's Family Reunion (2006) and The Nice Guys (2016), as well as television series: House M.D. ("Clueless"; season 2, episode 15) and Fringe ("Inner Child"; season 1, episode 15). Other In 2009, Al Green, along with Heather Headley, released a version of the song "People Get Ready" on the compilation album, Oh Happy Day. In 2011, Time Life released his March 3, 1973 Soul Train performance of "Love and Happiness" on The Best of Soul Train Live. References ^ a b c d e f g h i "US Charts > Al Green". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ a b "AUT Charts > Al Green". Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ a b c Canadian (RPM) chart peaks: Top 100 peaks: "CAN Charts > Al Green". RPM. Retrieved June 8, 2020. "Put a Little Love in Your Heart": "RPM 100 Singles – February 4, 1989" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 49, no. 14. p. 6. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ a b "NL Charts > Al Green". Dutch Charts. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ "SWE Charts > Al Green". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ a b c "UK Charts > Al Green". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "American certifications – Al Green". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 14, 2022. ^ a b "NZ Charts > Al Green". Official New Zealand Music Chart. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ "Al Green: Al Green's Greatest Hits". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ "Al Green: Hi Life: The Best of Al Green". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ "Al Green: The Very Best of Al Green". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ "Al Green: True Love: A Collection". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ "Al Green: Hi Life: L-O-V-E: The Essential Al Green". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ "Al Green: Love & Happiness: The Very Best of Al Green". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ "Al Green: Greatest Hits". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved September 2, 2023. ^ "AUS Charts > Al Green". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 130. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "GER Charts > Al Green". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ "Al Green: Tired of Being Alone". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 28, 2013. ^ "Al Green: Let's Stay Together". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 28, 2013. ^ "Al Green Releases Cover of 'Before The Next Teardrop Falls,' First Single in 10 Years: Listen". Billboard. Retrieved May 16, 2021. ^ Abraham, Mya (August 22, 2023). "Al Green Releases First New Single in Five Years". Vibe. Retrieved December 1, 2023. ^ "Jon Bon Jovi, Queen Latifah go gospel for "Day"". Reuters. March 27, 2009. ^ The Best of Soul Train Live at AllMusic ^ The Best of Soul Train Live (booklet). Time Life. 2011. External links Al Green discography at Discogs vteAl GreenStudio albumsInitial R&B albums Back Up Train Green Is Blues Al Green Gets Next to You Let's Stay Together I'm Still in Love with You Call Me Livin' for You Al Green Explores Your Mind Al Green Is Love Full of Fire Have a Good Time The Belle Album Truth n' Time Gospel albums The Lord Will Make a Way Higher Plane Precious Lord I'll Rise Again Trust in God He Is the Light Soul Survivor Later secular albums I Get Joy Love Is Reality Your Heart's in Good Hands I Can't Stop Everything's OK Lay It Down Other albums Al Green's Greatest Hits Al Green's Greatest Hits, Volume II Tokyo Live White Christmas Singles "Tired of Being Alone" "Let's Stay Together" "Look What You Done for Me" "I'm Still in Love with You" "You Ought to Be with Me" "Call Me (Come Back Home)" "Here I Am (Come and Take Me)" "Livin' for You" "L-O-V-E (Love)" "Full of Fire" "Love and Happiness" "Put a Little Love in Your Heart" (with Annie Lennox) "Love Is a Beautiful Thing" "Keep On Pushing Love" Related articles Discography
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(1978 [1981], Hi) 2-LP","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Note2B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Note3C"}],"text":"B Single credited to Al Greene & the Soul Mates.\nC Single credited to Al Greene.","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Change Is Gonna Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Change_Is_Gonna_Come_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sam Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Cooke"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"Will Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Smith"},{"link_name":"Malcolm X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X"},{"link_name":"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(film)"},{"link_name":"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Can_You_Mend_a_Broken_Heart"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill_(film)"},{"link_name":"Good Will Hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Will_Hunting"},{"link_name":"Sex and the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_the_City_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Virgin Suicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virgin_Suicides_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Book of Eli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Eli"},{"link_name":"Ally McBeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_McBeal"},{"link_name":"Let's Stay Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Stay_Together_(Al_Green_song)"},{"link_name":"Pulp Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_Fiction_(film)"},{"link_name":"Love Don't Cost a Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Don%27t_Cost_a_Thing_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hellboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellboy_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Love Is a Beautiful Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_a_Beautiful_Thing_(Al_Green_song)"},{"link_name":"The Pallbearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pallbearer"},{"link_name":"Legally Blonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legally_Blonde"},{"link_name":"Sorority Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorority_Boys"},{"link_name":"Two Weeks Notice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Weeks_Notice"},{"link_name":"Dead Presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Presidents"},{"link_name":"Love Don't Cost a Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Don%27t_Cost_a_Thing_(film)"},{"link_name":"Menace II Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menace_II_Society"},{"link_name":"Gunmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunmen_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"Dead Presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Presidents"},{"link_name":"Love and Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_%26_Basketball_(film)"},{"link_name":"Madea's Family Reunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madea%27s_Family_Reunion"},{"link_name":"The Nice Guys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nice_Guys"},{"link_name":"House M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_(TV_series)"}],"text":"\"A Change Is Gonna Come\" appears in the film Ali. The original was written and sung by Sam Cooke, however Green recorded a live version for the film which is played when Muhammad Ali - played by Will Smith - learns of the death of close friend Malcolm X.\n\"Here I Am\" was featured in the movie, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.\n\"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart\" was featured in the movies, Notting Hill, Good Will Hunting, Sex and the City, The Virgin Suicides and The Book of Eli, as well as the television series, Ally McBeal.\n\"Let's Stay Together\" was used in the soundtrack of the movies, Pulp Fiction (1994), Love Don't Cost a Thing (2003), and Hellboy (2005).\n\"Love Is a Beautiful Thing\" was featured in the movies, The Pallbearer (1996), Legally Blonde (2001), Sorority Boys (2002) and Two Weeks Notice (2002).\n\"Tired of Being Alone\" was featured in the movies, Dead Presidents (1995) and Love Don't Cost a Thing (2003).\n\"Love and Happiness\" has been featured in several different movies: Menace II Society (1993), Gunmen (1994) Dead Presidents (1995), Love and Basketball (2000), Madea's Family Reunion (2006) and The Nice Guys (2016), as well as television series: House M.D. (\"Clueless\"; season 2, episode 15) and Fringe (\"Inner Child\"; season 1, episode 15).","title":"Movie/television soundtracks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heather Headley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Headley"},{"link_name":"People Get Ready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Get_Ready_(song)"},{"link_name":"compilation album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"Oh Happy Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Happy_Day:_An_All-Star_Music_Celebration"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Time Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Life"},{"link_name":"Soul Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Train"},{"link_name":"Love and Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_and_Happiness"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"In 2009, Al Green, along with Heather Headley, released a version of the song \"People Get Ready\" on the compilation album, Oh Happy Day.[23]In 2011, Time Life released his March 3, 1973 Soul Train performance of \"Love and Happiness\" on The Best of Soul Train Live.[24][25]","title":"Other"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Al+Green","url_text":"\"SWE Charts > Al Green\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan","url_text":"Sverigetopplistan"}]},{"reference":"\"UK Charts > Al Green\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/14429/al-green/","url_text":"\"UK Charts > Al Green\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"American certifications – Al Green\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Al+Green&ti=&format=&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American certifications – Al Green\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Charts > Al Green\". Official New Zealand Music Chart. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Al+Green","url_text":"\"NZ Charts > Al Green\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart","url_text":"Official New Zealand Music Chart"}]},{"reference":"\"Al Green: Al Green's Greatest Hits\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/2649-3687-2","url_text":"\"Al Green: Al Green's Greatest Hits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Al Green: Hi Life: The Best of Al Green\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/2885-3687-2","url_text":"\"Al Green: Hi Life: The Best of Al Green\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Al Green: The Very Best of Al Green\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/7404-3687-2","url_text":"\"Al Green: The Very Best of Al Green\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Al Green: True Love: A Collection\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/12049-3687-2","url_text":"\"Al Green: True Love: A Collection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Al Green: Hi Life: L-O-V-E: The Essential Al Green\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/12047-3687-2","url_text":"\"Al Green: Hi Life: L-O-V-E: The Essential Al Green\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Al Green: Love & Happiness: The Very Best of Al Green\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/12048-3687-2","url_text":"\"Al Green: Love & Happiness: The Very Best of Al Green\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Al Green: Greatest Hits\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved September 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/16372-2078-2","url_text":"\"Al Green: Greatest Hits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"AUS Charts > Al Green\". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Brownstone","url_text":"\"AUS Charts > Al Green\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 130. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"GER Charts > Al Green\". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artist_search=Al%20Green&do_search=do","url_text":"\"GER Charts > Al Green\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment","url_text":"GfK Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"Al Green: Tired of Being Alone\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/17580-2078-1","url_text":"\"Al Green: Tired of Being Alone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Al Green: Let's Stay Together\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/13744-2078-1","url_text":"\"Al Green: Let's Stay Together\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Al Green Releases Cover of 'Before The Next Teardrop Falls,' First Single in 10 Years: Listen\". Billboard. Retrieved May 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8474989/al-green-first-single-10-years-before-the-next-teardrop-falls-listen","url_text":"\"Al Green Releases Cover of 'Before The Next Teardrop Falls,' First Single in 10 Years: Listen\""}]},{"reference":"Abraham, Mya (August 22, 2023). \"Al Green Releases First New Single in Five Years\". Vibe. Retrieved December 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/al-green-new-single-perfect-day-1234782623/","url_text":"\"Al Green Releases First New Single in Five Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jon Bon Jovi, Queen Latifah go gospel for \"Day\"\". Reuters. March 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSTRE52Q6WQ20090327","url_text":"\"Jon Bon Jovi, Queen Latifah go gospel for \"Day\"\""}]},{"reference":"The Best of Soul Train Live (booklet). Time Life. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Life","url_text":"Time Life"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traficom
Finnish Transport and Communications Agency
["1 References"]
Finnish government agency This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Finnish Transport and Communications Agency" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Finnish Transport and Communications AgencyAgency overviewFormed1 January 2019Preceding agenciesFICORAFinnish Transport Safety AgencyJurisdictionGovernment of FinlandEmployees900Annual budget258 million EUR (2022)Websitewww.traficom.fi The Finnish Transport and Communications Agency (Finnish: Liikenne-ja Viestintävirasto, Swedish: Trafik-och Kommunikationsverket), shortened to TRAFICOM, is a Finnish government agency that serves people and businesses in matters of licensing, registration related to transport and communication. The organ was founded on 1 January 2019. The main mission of the authority is to ensure safe road traffic. TRAFFICOM ensures the development of communication connections and services. The Agency has a wide range of responsibilities, from road and sea transport to aviation and railways. The scope of responsibility extends not only to transport, but also to communication, including from mobile communication networks and radio communications to the connection of communications. According to the data, the number of employees is 900 people. The agency has 15 branches in Finland, the main office is located in Helsinki, the capital of Finland. References ^ "Finnish Transport and Communications Agency Traficom". valtiolle.fi. Retrieved 2023-09-12. ^ "The Finnish Transport and Communications Agency Traficom - Suomi.fi". www.suomi.fi. Retrieved 2023-09-12. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Finland
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wid_Out_Ya
Wid Out Ya
["1 Music video","2 Track listing","3 Chart performance","4 References"]
2006 single by Blog 27"Wid Out Ya"Single by Blog 27from the album LOL Released24 April 2006 (Poland)23 June 2006 (Germany)Recorded2005GenrePop rockLength3:03LabelKontorSongwriter(s)Marek Kościkiewicz, Filip Siejka, Do-JoProducer(s)The ProfessorsBlog 27 singles chronology "Hey Boy (Get Your Ass Up)" (2005) "Wid Out Ya" (2006) "I Still Don't Know Ya" (2006) Music video"Wid Out Ya" on Interia "Wid Out Ya" is a song performed by Polish band Blog 27 from their 2005 debut album LOL. It was released as the third single from the album in 2006. The song could not chart in Blog 27's home country where there was no official singles sales chart at that time, but it was popular there and did enter a number of radio and magazines charts based on the fans' votes. It also entered official singles charts in Austria and Germany. Music video The music video begins with Ala and Tola walking down an empty car park, accompanied by a group of girls. They approach and confront a group of boys, singing the song at them. The scene is interspersed with live footage from Blog 27's concert in Hamburg, Germany on 8 March 2006. The car park scenes were filmed in April and the final video premiered in May 2006. Track listing CD maxi single "Wid Out Ya" (New Edit) – 3:03 "Wid Out Ya" (Extended Version) – 4:17 "Wid Out Ya" (Karaoke Version) – 3:01 + "Wid Out Ya" (The Video) Digital download "Wid Out Ya" (New Edit) – 3:03 "Wid Out Ya" (Extended Version) – 4:17 "Wid Out Ya" (Karaoke Version) – 3:01 Chart performance Chart (2006) Peakposition Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 56 Germany (GfK Entertainment Charts) 88 References ^ "RDN Lista przebojów" (in Polish). rdn.pl. Archived from the original on 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2018-06-26. ^ "BRAVO.pl - Główna Strona Młodych" (in Polish). bravo.pl. Archived from the original on 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2018-06-25. ^ "Wid Out Ya - Blog 27: Amazon.de: Musik" (in German). Amazon.de. Retrieved 2018-06-26. ^ ""Wid Out Ya - EP" von Blog 27 bei Apple Music" (in German). iTunes Store. Retrieved 2018-06-26. ^ "Discographie Blog 27" (in German). austriancharts.at. Retrieved 2018-06-26. ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts" (in German). www.offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"RDN Lista przebojów\" (in Polish). rdn.pl. Archived from the original on 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2018-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110208082852/http://rdn.pl/g_lista_przebojow/index.php?y=2006&m=5&n=550","url_text":"\"RDN Lista przebojów\""},{"url":"http://rdn.pl/g_lista_przebojow/index.php?y=2006&m=5&n=550","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BRAVO.pl - Główna Strona Młodych\" (in Polish). bravo.pl. Archived from the original on 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2018-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060821013554/http://muzyka.bravo.pl/_lista/lista_bravo.html","url_text":"\"BRAVO.pl - Główna Strona Młodych\""},{"url":"http://muzyka.bravo.pl/_lista/lista_bravo.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wid Out Ya - Blog 27: Amazon.de: Musik\" (in German). Amazon.de. Retrieved 2018-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.de/dp/B000FVQMTW/","url_text":"\"Wid Out Ya - Blog 27: Amazon.de: Musik\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)","url_text":"Amazon.de"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Wid Out Ya - EP\" von Blog 27 bei Apple Music\" (in German). iTunes Store. Retrieved 2018-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/de/album/wid-out-ya-ep/160472323","url_text":"\"\"Wid Out Ya - EP\" von Blog 27 bei Apple Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"}]},{"reference":"\"Discographie Blog 27\" (in German). austriancharts.at. Retrieved 2018-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Blog+27","url_text":"\"Discographie Blog 27\""}]},{"reference":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts\" (in German). www.offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved 2018-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-203540","url_text":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipperary_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)
Tipperary (Dáil constituency)
["1 History and boundaries","2 TDs","2.1 TDs 1923–1948","2.2 TDs since 2016","3 Elections","3.1 2020 general election","3.2 2016 general election","3.3 1947 by-election","3.4 1944 general election","3.5 1943 general election","3.6 1938 general election","3.7 1937 general election","3.8 1933 general election","3.9 1932 general election","3.10 September 1927 general election","3.11 June 1927 general election","3.12 1923 general election","4 See also","5 References"]
Dáil constituency (1923–1948, 2016–present) TipperaryDáil constituencyMajor settlementsCarrick-on-SuirCashelClonmelNenaghRoscreaThurlesTipperaryCurrent constituencyCreated2016Seats5TDs  Martin Browne (SF)  Jackie Cahill (FF)  Alan Kelly (Lab)  Michael Lowry (Ind)  Mattie McGrath (Ind)Local government areaCounty TipperaryCreated fromTipperary NorthTipperary SouthEP constituencySouth Tipperary is a parliamentary constituency that has been represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas, since the 2016 general election. The constituency elects 5 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV). A constituency of the same name existed between 1923 and 1948. History and boundaries TipperaryFormer Dáil constituencyFormer constituencyCreated1923Abolished1948Seats7Local government areasNorth TipperarySouth TipperaryCreated fromTipperary Mid, North and SouthWaterford–Tipperary EastReplaced byTipperary NorthTipperary South The constituency was created under the Electoral Act 1923, and was first used at the 1923 general election, incorporating the separate counties of North Tipperary and South Tipperary. It was abolished in 1948. The Constituency Commission proposed in its 2012 report that at the next general election a new constituency called Tipperary be created, as part of changes that reduced the total number of TDs from 166 to 158. This occurred in 2016, shortly after the administrative amalgamation in 2014 of the separate counties to form County Tipperary. In August 2023, the Electoral Commission published its review of constituency boundaries in Ireland, which recommended that the constituency of Tipperary be abolished, with the creation of two new three-seat constituencies: Tipperary North and Tipperary South. Each new constituency would elect 3 deputies. These changes would commence at the next general election. Changes to the Tipperary constituency 1923–1948, 2016–present Years Seats Area Change 1923–1948 7 North Tipperary and South Tipperary 1948–2016 — Constituency abolished See Tipperary North and Tipperary South 2016–2020 5 County Tipperary, except for the part in the Offaly constituency. Amalgamation of Tipperary North and Tipperary South; transfer of the electoral divisions of Aglishcloghane, Ballingarry, Ballylusky, Borrisokane, Carrig, Cloghjordan, Cloghprior, Clohaskin, Finnoe, Graigue, Kilbarron, Lorrha East, Lorrha West, Mertonhall, Rathcabban, Redwood, Riverstown, Terryglass, and Uskane, in the former Rural District of Borrisokane; and Ardcrony, Ballygibbon, Ballymackey, Knigh, and Monsea, in the former Rural District of Nenagh to the new Offaly constituency; transfer of electoral divisions in Waterford City and County to Waterford. 2020– 5 County Tipperary, except for the part in the Limerick City constituency Transfer of electoral divisions from the former Offaly constituency; transfer of Birdhill, Kilcomenty, Newport in the former Rural District of Nenagh to the Limerick City constituency. TDs TDs 1923–1948 Teachtaí Dála (TDs) for Tipperary 1923–1948 Key to parties   CnaT = Clann na Talmhan   CnaP = Clann na Poblachta   CnaG = Cumann na nGaedheal   FP = Farmers' Party   FF = Fianna Fáil   FG = Fine Gael   Ind = Independent   Lab = Labour   NCP = National Centre Party   Rep = Republican Dáil Election Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) 4th 1923 Dan Breen(Rep) Patrick Ryan(Rep) Michael Heffernan(FP) Louis Dalton(CnaG) Séamus Burke(CnaG) Daniel Morrissey(Lab) Seán McCurtin(CnaG) 5th 1927 (Jun) Seán Hayes(FF) William O'Brien(Lab) Andrew Fogarty(FF) John Hassett(CnaG) 6th 1927 (Sep) Timothy Sheehy(FF) 7th 1932 Dan Breen(FF) Daniel Morrissey(Ind) 8th 1933 Martin Ryan(FF) Daniel Morrissey(CnaG) Richard Curran(NCP) 9th 1937 William O'Brien(Lab) Séamus Burke(FG) Jeremiah Ryan(FG) Daniel Morrissey(FG) 10th 1938 Frank Loughman(FF) Richard Curran(FG) 11th 1943 Richard Stapleton(Lab) William O'Donnell(CnaT) 12th 1944 Frank Loughman(FF) Mary Ryan(FF) Richard Mulcahy(FG) 1947 by-election Patrick Kinane(CnaP) 13th 1948 Constituency abolished. See Tipperary North and Tipperary South Note: The columns in this table are used only for presentational purposes, and no significance should be attached to the order of columns. For details of the order in which seats were won at each election, see the detailed results of that election. TDs since 2016 Teachtaí Dála (TDs) for Tipperary 2016– Key to parties   FF = Fianna Fáil   Ind = Independent   Lab = Labour   SF = Sinn Féin   WUA = Workers and Unemployed Dáil Election Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) Deputy(Party) 32nd 2016 Séamus Healy(WUA) Alan Kelly(Lab) Jackie Cahill(FF) Michael Lowry(Ind) Mattie McGrath(Ind) 33rd 2020 Martin Browne(SF) Note: The columns in this table are used only for presentational purposes, and no significance should be attached to the order of columns. For details of the order in which seats were won at each election, see the detailed results of that election. Elections 2020 general election 2020 general election: Tipperary Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Independent Michael Lowry 18.1 14,802                 Sinn Féin Martin Browne 12.2 10,004 10,126 10,304 10,834 11,207 11,805 11,964 14,046   Independent Mattie McGrath 11.4 9,321 9,533 9,815 10,152 11,147 11,727 12,478 15,127   Labour Alan Kelly 9.6 7,857 7,979 8,445 9,282 9,618 11,390 12,135 12,773 13,222 Fianna Fáil Jackie Cahill 9.7 7,940 8,171 8,948 9,114 10,809 11,684 12,118 12,535 12,939 Fine Gael Garret Ahearn 7.6 6,206 6,273 6,327 6,553 6,837 7,034 10,626 11,086 11,499 Independent Séamus Healy 7.1 5,829 5,866 5,950 6,306 6,656 6,936 7,058     Fine Gael Mary Newman Julian 6.0 4,926 5,054 5,149 5,518 5,730 6,206       Independent Joe Hannigan 5.8 4,715 4,826 5,133 5,313 5,461         Fianna Fáil Imelda Goldsboro 5.0 4,082 4,139 4,631 4,749           Green Rob O'Donnell 3.9 3,170 3,201 3,315             Fianna Fáil Sandra Farrell 2.7 2,233 2,275               Irish Freedom Dolores Cahill 0.6 521 527               Independent Marese Skehan 0.2 182 186               Electorate: 126,781   Valid: 81,788   Spoilt: 635   Quota: 13,632   Turnout: 65.01%   ^ Healy was a member of the Workers and Unemployed Action party but stood as a non-party/independent candidate on this occasion. ^ The existing ballot paper, which contained the name of the deceased candidate, Marese Skehan, was still used. On 3 February 2020, following the death of independent candidate, Marese Skehan, the election in the Tipperary constituency was due to be postponed, with nominations to be re-opened. However, on 5 February the Minister for Housing, Planning and Local Government issued a Special Difficulty Order allowing the election to proceed on the same date as other constituencies. This was in consideration of the constitutional requirement that elections take place within 30 days of the dissolution of the Dáil. 2016 general election 2016 general election: Tipperary Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Independent Michael Lowry 16.8 13,064             Independent Mattie McGrath 14.4 11,237 11,781 12,819 13,064       Fianna Fáil Jackie Cahill 9.5 7,414 7,542 9,103 9,530 10,114 15,062   Independent Séamus Healy 9.6 7,452 7,834 8,477 8,572 11,427 12,029 12,874 Labour Alan Kelly 9.9 7,746 8,209 8,387 9,456 9,958 11,067 11,750 Fine Gael Tom Hayes 8.0 6,218 6,821 7,026 9,373 9,560 9,943 10,437 Fianna Fáil Michael Smith 8.6 6,718 6,817 7,565 8,165 8,891     Sinn Féin Seamus Morris 7.3 5,724 5,921 6,038 6,205       Fine Gael Noel Coonan 6.1 4,782 5,140 5,193         Fianna Fáil Siobhán Ambrose 5.7 4,472 4,687           Fine Gael Marie Murphy 2.0 1,542             Green Gearóid Fitzgibbon 1.7 1,341             Independent Michael Dillon 0.3 238             Electorate: 112,615   Valid: 77,948   Spoilt: 646   Quota: 12,992   Turnout: 69.8%   ^ Healy was a member of the Workers and Unemployed Action party but was officially a non party/independent candidate on this occasion. 1947 by-election Following the death of Clann na Talmhan TD William O'Donnell, a by-election was held on 29 October 1947. The seat was won by the Clann na Poblachta candidate Patrick Kinane. 1947 by-election: Tipperary Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 Clann na Poblachta Patrick Kinane 21.4 11,471 13,004 16,281 23,265 Fianna Fáil Seán Hayes 32.1 17,169 18,156 19,868 21,647 Fine Gael Jeremiah Ryan 21.2 11,341 14,386 15,795   Labour Denis O'Sullivan 13.5 7,201 7,427     Clann na Talmhan Michael Fitzgerald 11.8 6,328       Electorate: 81,112   Valid: 53,510   Quota: 26,756   Turnout: 65.97%   1944 general election 1944 general election: Tipperary Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fianna Fáil Dan Breen 17.3 10,571                   Fine Gael Richard Mulcahy 13.0 7,989                   Fianna Fáil Mary Ryan 12.0 7,330 7,682                 Fianna Fáil Andrew Fogarty 9.5 5,791 7,606 7,837               Fianna Fáil Frank Loughman 7.7 4,705 4,979 5,075 5,173 5,177 5,187 5,265 5,597 7,760   Fine Gael Daniel Morrissey 8.3 5,061 5,123 5,209 6,542 6,799 6,800 6,805 7,090 7,403 8,025 Clann na Talmhan William O'Donnell 7.6 4,638 4,692 4,772 5,078 5,118 5,118 5,123 5,275 5,348 7,305 Labour John Boland 5.6 3,420 3,460 3,584 3,622 3,625 3,626 3,632 5,547 5,713 5,890 Clann na Talmhan John Stakelum 4.9 3,026 3,050 3,121 3,201 3,217 3,218 3,227 3,360 3,442   Fianna Fáil James Gardiner 4.5 2,758 2,912 3,025 3,143 3,144 3,154 3,219 3,317     Labour Richard Stapleton 4.6 2,821 2,874 3,039 3,100 3,110 3,111 3,122       Fine Gael Thomas Bourke 3.4 2,079 2,131 2,163               Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Tomás Ó Dochartaigh 1.8 1,072 1,105                 Electorate: 82,815   Valid: 61,261   Quota: 7,658   Turnout: 74.0%   1943 general election 1943 general election: Tipperary Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Fianna Fáil Dan Breen 13.4 8,742                                         Fine Gael Daniel Morrissey 7.9 5,178 5,183 5,219 5,240 6,012 6,046 6,347 6,462 6,626 6,701 7,182 7,776 8,119 8,171 8,329             Fianna Fáil Andrew Fogarty 6.1 4,010 4,282 4,377 4,408 4,432 4,544 4,603 4,636 4,666 4,828 4,898 5,040 5,117 6,449 7,606 7,622 9,815         Fianna Fáil Martin Ryan 7.3 4,775 4,809 4,815 4,825 4,848 4,896 4,904 4,996 5,110 5,145 5,676 5,716 5,868 6,075 6,871 6,893 7,551 8,960       Fine Gael Jeremiah Ryan 5.8 3,796 3,802 3,835 3,848 3,898 3,927 4,069 4,091 4,152 4,174 4,235 4,702 4,770 4,872 5,013 5,033 5,126 5,194 5,205 7,217 8,424 Labour Richard Stapleton 3.5 2,258 2,263 2,281 2,347 2,350 2,594 2,623 2,905 2,912 3,868 3,944 3,977 5,582 5,672 5,738 5,742 5,986 6,052 6,186 6,505 7,263 Clann na Talmhan William O'Donnell 5.5 3,582 3,590 3,600 3,610 3,623 3,671 3,784 3,791 4,422 4,446 5,187 5,405 5,432 5,468 5,501 5,517 5,612 5,640 5,695 6,282 6,553 Independent Séamus Burke 5.0 3,300 3,307 3,325 3,347 3,438 3,467 3,522 3,566 3,667 3,698 3,787 3,978 4,044 4,146 4,476 4,494 4,541 4,553 4,580 4,910 5,351 Independent Daniel Kennedy 5.4 3,538 3,558 3,645 3,674 3,687 3,775 3,793 3,835 3,869 4,090 4,118 4,308 4,347 4,425 4,488 4,491 4,530 4,547 4,577 4,695   Fine Gael Denis Bourke 3.8 2,489 2,501 2,508 2,554 2,618 2,643 3,151 3,159 3,169 3,208 3,228 3,828 3,843 3,870 3,914 3,918 4,028 4,054 4,086     Fianna Fáil Frank Loughman 4.2 2,747 2,786 2,791 2,825 2,831 2,947 2,982 2,996 3,012 3,045 3,053 3,069 3,098 3,597 3,804 3,807           Fianna Fáil Thomas Meagher 4.1 2,681 2,695 2,697 2,701 2,713 2,740 2,747 2,789 2,820 2,832 2,892 2,915 2,975 3,218               Fianna Fáil Seán Hayes 3.8 2,481 2,549 2,557 2,580 2,586 2,712 2,734 2,760 2,766 2,823 2,849 2,885 2,938                 Labour Patrick Tierney 3.1 2,010 2,012 2,017 2,021 2,040 2,081 2,083 2,549 2,568 2,754 2,850 2,875                   Fine Gael Thomas Bourke 3.5 2,272 2,281 2,286 2,298 2,338 2,350 2,509 2,519 2,570 2,699 2,757                     Clann na Talmhan Timothy Sheehy 2.8 1,796 1,799 1,800 1,804 1,832 1,867 1,869 1,942 2,518 2,547                       Labour William Cotter 2.7 1,744 1,772 1,779 1,840 1,846 1,906 1,921 2,139 2,147                         Clann na Talmhan John Lee 2.7 1,758 1,760 1,762 1,771 1,806 1,842 1,868 1,886                           Labour Thomas Malone 2.1 1,383 1,388 1,393 1,419 1,453 1,563 1,569                             Fine Gael Richard Curran 2.2 1,426 1,429 1,433 1,452 1,496 1,545                               Córas na Poblachta Denis J. O'Driscoll 2.0 1,297 1,303 1,312 1,328 1,333                                 Fine Gael Anthony Esmonde 2.0 1,289 1,292 1,294 1,310                                   Independent Mary Corbett 0.7 466 477 505                                     Independent Mary Phillips 0.6 408 409                                       Electorate: 82,815   Valid: 65,426   Quota: 8,179   Turnout: 79.0%   1938 general election 1938 general election: Tipperary Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fianna Fáil Dan Breen 14.7 9,984           Fianna Fáil Martin Ryan 10.6 7,174 7,297 10,179       Fianna Fáil Andrew Fogarty 11.1 7,529 8,473 9,401       Fianna Fáil Frank Loughman 8.1 5,495 5,627 6,378 7,911 8,658   Fine Gael Richard Curran 8.8 5,960 6,017 6,047 6,058 6,079 9,180 Fine Gael Daniel Morrissey 10.3 6,976 6,999 7,297 7,357 7,374 8,957 Fine Gael Jeremiah Ryan 11.4 7,745 7,766 7,941 7,953 7,978 8,662 Labour William O'Brien 8.9 6,009 6,080 6,306 6,361 6,386 6,554 Fine Gael Séamus Burke 8.3 5,657 5,681 5,741 5,762 5,776   Fianna Fáil Seán Gaynor 7.9 5,361 5,463         Electorate: 81,678   Valid: 67,890   Quota: 8,487   Turnout: 83.1%   1937 general election 1937 general election: Tipperary Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fianna Fáil Dan Breen 13.1 8,849                   Fine Gael Daniel Morrissey 11.5 7,770 8,312 9,033               Fianna Fáil Andrew Fogarty 8.2 5,550 5,578 6,661 6,889 6,943 10,121         Fine Gael Séamus Burke 10.0 6,743 7,160 7,338 7,344 7,485 7,548 7,559 10,838     Fine Gael Jeremiah Ryan 7.4 5,027 5,951 6,319 6,323 6,481 6,560 6,627 8,186 10,478   Fianna Fáil Martin Ryan 8.3 5,611 5,709 6,153 6,182 6,200 6,959 8,186 8,283 8,329 8,372 Labour William O'Brien 9.4 6,380 6,408 7,326 7,351 7,463 7,834 7,962 8,109 8,149 8,212 Fianna Fáil Timothy Sheehy 8.0 5,423 5,481 5,540 5,554 5,559 5,975 6,207 6,240 6,259 6,307 Fine Gael Richard Curran 6.5 4,420 5,068 5,186 5,197 5,289 5,342 5,357       Fianna Fáil Seán Hayes 6.9 4,671 4,689 4,929 5,020 5,032           Independent Daniel Kennedy 6.0 4,072 4,280                 Fine Gael James Timoney 4.5 3,009                   Electorate: 82,727   Valid: 67,525   Quota: 8,441   Turnout: 81.6%   1933 general election 1933 general election: Tipperary Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fianna Fáil Andrew Fogarty 13.5 9,362                 Cumann na nGaedheal Daniel Morrissey 7.4 5,104 5,109 5,546 7,442 7,767 9,583       National Centre Party Richard Curran 10.0 6,896 6,904 7,154 7,299 7,364 7,687 7,744 11,888   Cumann na nGaedheal Séamus Burke 7.1 4,940 4,946 5,327 6,019 6,173 7,531 8,241 9,318   Fianna Fáil Seán Hayes 10.0 6,909 7,187 7,209 7,219 8,405 8,506 8,513 8,611 8,712 Fianna Fáil Martin Ryan 9.7 6,732 6,855 6,865 6,902 7,555 7,746 7,749 7,879 8,145 Fianna Fáil Dan Breen 8.4 5,811 5,977 6,006 6,031 7,276 7,417 7,430 7,581 7,797 Fianna Fáil Timothy Sheehy 8.2 5,707 5,734 5,734 5,766 5,987 6,098 6,100 6,155 6,268 National Centre Party Joseph McCann 6.4 4,405 4,422 4,587 5,145 5,274 5,806 5,944     Cumann na nGaedheal Jeremiah Ryan 5.8 3,997 4,010 4,243 4,487 4,662         Labour William O'Brien 5.9 4,102 4,161 4,177 4,213           Cumann na nGaedheal Seán McCurtin 4.7 3,252 3,255 3,704             Cumann na nGaedheal Michael Heffernan 2.9 2,005 2,009               Electorate: 82,499   Valid: 69,222   Quota: 8,653   Turnout: 83.9%   1932 general election 1932 general election: Tipperary Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Fianna Fáil Dan Breen 13.6 8,817                     Cumann na nGaedheal Séamus Burke 12.4 8,056 8,075 8,166                 Independent Daniel Morrissey 9.8 6,388 6,402 6,635 7,191 7,590 8,980           Fianna Fáil Andrew Fogarty 7.4 4,787 4,890 4,925 5,486 5,546 5,625 5,648 8,003 9,084     Fianna Fáil Timothy Sheehy 8.2 5,332 5,347 5,412 5,432 5,436 5,529 5,595 5,741 9,077     Fianna Fáil Seán Hayes 7.1 4,611 4,700 4,800 5,072 5,276 5,326 5,343 7,245 7,680 8,413   Cumann na nGaedheal John Hassett 6.5 4,196 4,211 4,240 4,391 5,161 6,559 6,932 7,093 7,286 7,328 7,483 Cumann na nGaedheal Michael Heffernan 6.2 4,043 4,049 4,081 4,146 5,306 6,268 6,561 6,613 6,705 6,727 6,790 Fianna Fáil Martin Ryan 7.4 4,806 4,838 4,866 5,032 5,046 5,124 5,193 5,432       Fianna Fáil James Davin 6.6 4,308 4,677 4,745 4,942 4,976 5,027 5,046         Cumann na nGaedheal Seán McCurtin 5.4 3,517 3,526 3,563 3,648 4,186             Cumann na nGaedheal Patrick Henehan 4.8 3,111 3,113 3,160 3,215               Labour Daniel Kennedy 2.5 1,632 1,651 2,219                 Labour Richard Stapleton 2.1 1,354 1,359                   Electorate: 80,805   Valid: 64,958   Quota: 8,120   Turnout: 80.4%   September 1927 general election September 1927 general election: Tipperary Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cumann na nGaedheal Séamus Burke 16.8 9,852                 Labour Daniel Morrissey 14.2 8,344                 Fianna Fáil Seán Hayes 11.2 6,567 6,593 6,619 6,638 6,767 7,477       Fianna Fáil Andrew Fogarty 8.4 4,943 5,143 5,170 5,253 5,315 7,027 7,091 8,564   Farmers' Party Michael Heffernan 10.1 5,914 6,188 6,204 6,564 6,936 6,977 6,981 7,230 7,263 Cumann na nGaedheal John Hassett 6.9 4,031 5,452 5,473 5,831 6,526 6,736 6,738 7,121 7,227 Fianna Fáil Timothy Sheehy 8.3 4,860 4,877 4,919 4,940 5,003 5,674 5,724 6,154 6,849 Cumann na nGaedheal Jeremiah Ryan 6.3 3,682 3,971 3,993 4,543 5,532 5,641 5,648 6,173 6,263 Labour William O'Brien 4.6 2,668 2,728 3,553 3,616 3,902 4,200 4,220     Fianna Fáil Seán Gleeson 6.3 3,701 3,765 3,785 3,790 3,817         Cumann na nGaedheal Laurence Tobin 4.1 2,398 2,508 2,514 2,745           Cumann na nGaedheal Richard Trecey 2.9 1,672 1,733 1,742             Electorate: 81,381   Valid: 58,632   Quota: 7,330   Turnout: 72.1%   June 1927 general election June 1927 general election: Tipperary Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Labour Daniel Morrissey 17.2 10,307                             Cumann na nGaedheal Séamus Burke 13.4 8,043                             Farmers' Party Michael Heffernan 7.9 4,723 4,753 4,790 4,837 4,980 5,104 5,147 5,329 5,496 6,486 6,852 7,504       Labour William O'Brien 3.7 2,224 4,469 4,489 4,797 4,894 4,957 5,047 5,382 5,689 5,760 6,163 6,851 6,856 7,092 7,547 Fianna Fáil Seán Hayes 8.7 5,232 5,272 5,275 5,411 5,446 5,457 5,553 5,613 5,817 5,843 5,921 6,106 6,107 6,998 7,105 Fianna Fáil Andrew Fogarty 6.3 3,795 3,834 3,845 3,955 4,026 4,066 4,229 4,262 4,594 4,665 4,872 5,155 5,156 6,925 7,186 Cumann na nGaedheal John Hassett 4.0 2,385 2,416 2,627 2,660 2,800 3,278 3,307 3,702 3,818 3,965 4,275 4,592 4,596 4,776 6,755 Fianna Fáil Timothy Sheehy 6.1 3,626 3,671 3,673 3,675 3,683 3,694 4,239 4,249 4,271 4,637 5,019 5,050 5,050 5,286 5,389 Cumann na nGaedheal Patrick Ryan 5.0 2,991 3,028 3,098 3,131 3,221 3,368 3,376 3,642 3,772 3,844 4,053 4,279 4,289 4,319   Fianna Fáil Seán Gleeson 5.0 2,998 3,035 3,039 3,078 3,115 3,146 3,314 3,331 3,434 3,474 3,640 3,705 3,705     National League Thomas Condon 3.2 1,908 1,930 1,956 2,200 2,512 2,533 2,540 2,585 2,738 2,758 2,914         Independent Frank McGrath 3.1 1,859 1,945 1,959 1,983 2,028 2,146 2,221 2,264 2,373 2,746           Farmers' Party John Seymour 3.4 2,011 2,059 2,068 2,070 2,094 2,170 2,283 2,311 2,335             Independent Dan Breen 2.5 1,480 1,526 1,566 1,653 1,713 1,740 1,758 1,796               Cumann na nGaedheal Patrick Morris 2.1 1,283 1,309 1,338 1,371 1,404 1,534 1,564                 Fianna Fáil Michael Kennedy 2.3 1,401 1,426 1,428 1,431 1,440 1,468                   Cumann na nGaedheal Martin Maher 2.1 1,227 1,249 1,293 1,295 1,404                     National League John Hackett 2.0 1,192 1,211 1,241 1,281                       Independent John Cronin 2.0 1,175 1,201 1,209                         Electorate: 81,381   Valid: 59,860   Quota: 7,483   Turnout: 73.6%   1923 general election 1923 general election: Tipperary Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Cumann na nGaedheal Séamus Burke 22.4 12,257                         Republican Dan Breen 16.5 9,026                         Cumann na nGaedheal Louis Dalton 5.1 2,793 5,975 6,090 6,106 6,185 6,453 6,467 7,174           Cumann na nGaedheal Seán McCurtin 9.3 5,088 5,713 5,757 5,887 5,929 6,180 6,300 7,019           Republican Patrick Ryan 10.1 5,507 5,528 5,837 6,086 6,141 6,193 6,302 6,350 6,361 6,368 8,522     Labour Daniel Morrissey 10.2 5,580 5,735 5,861 5,945 6,008 6,073 6,161 6,285 6,323 6,365 6,495 6,711 7,110 Farmers' Party Michael Heffernan 5.7 3,130 3,382 3,445 3,476 3,763 3,989 4,041 4,313 4,444 4,490 4,611 4,745 6,201 Labour Patrick Doherty 5.4 2,955 3,139 3,404 3,480 3,533 3,540 3,577 3,637 3,662 3,673 3,827 4,365 4,442 Farmers' Party Martin Meagher 2.9 1,609 1,783 1,802 1,816 1,870 1,905 2,744 2,909 3,035 3,103 3,131 3,178   Republican William Quirke 2.9 1,569 1,588 2,632 2,693 2,727 2,810 2,856 2,879 2,886 2,895       Cumann na nGaedheal Martin Dwyer 2.6 1,427 2,065 2,108 2,118 2,145 2,241 2,279             Farmers' Party James O'Meara 2.4 1,321 1,370 1,381 1,392 1,441 1,473               Independent Patrick L. Ryan 1.9 1,037 1,099 1,131 1,143 1,191                 Farmers' Party Peter Moloney 1.3 733 770 809 815                   Independent William Gleeson 1.2 655 678 758                     Electorate: 86,703   Valid: 54,687   Quota: 6,836   Turnout: 63.1%   See also Elections in the Republic of Ireland Politics of the Republic of Ireland List of Dáil by-elections List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland References ^ "Constituency Commission Report 2012 – Waterford – Tipperary – Laois – Offaly – Kildare area" (PDF). Constituency Commission. 21 June 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013. ^ "Constituency Commission Report 2012 – Introduction and summary of recommendation" (PDF). Constituency Commission. 21 June 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2013. ^ Local Government Reform Act 2014, s. 9: Cesser and amalgamation of certain local government areas (No. 1 of 2014, s. 9). Enacted on 27 January 2014. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 17 May 2022. ^ "Constituency Review Report 2023" (PDF). Electoral Commission. p. 104. ^ Electoral Act 1923, 8th Sch.: Constituencies (No. 12 of 1923, 8th Sch.). Enacted on 17 April 1923. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 17 May 2022. ^ Electoral (Revision of Constituencies) Act 1935, 1st Sch.: Revised Constituencies (No. 5 of 1935, 1st Sch.). Enacted on 27 February 1935. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 17 May 2022. ^ Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2013, Schedule (No. 7 of 2013, Schedule). Act of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 24 January 2022. ^ Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017, Schedule (No. 39 of 2017, Schedule). Act of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 17 May 2022. ^ Walker, Brian M, ed. (1992). Parliamentary election results in Ireland, 1918–92. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. ISBN 0-901714-96-8. ISSN 0332-0286. ^ a b "General election 1923: Tipperary". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2009. ^ a b "General election June 1927: Tipperary". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2009. ^ a b "General election September 1927: Tipperary". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2009. ^ a b "General election 1932: Tipperary". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2009. ^ a b "General election 1933: Tipperary". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2009. ^ a b "General election 1937: Tipperary". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2009. ^ a b "General election 1938: Tipperary". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2009. ^ a b "General election 1943: Tipperary". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2009. ^ a b "General election 1944: Tipperary". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 6 September 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2009. ^ a b "By-election 1947: Tipperary". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2009. ^ a b "General election 2016: Tipperary". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016. ^ a b "General election 2020: Tipperary". Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020. ^ "General Election 2020 Results – Tipperary". RTÉ News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Tipperary: 2020 General Election". Irelandelection.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ a b "Electoral staff told Tipperary vote will go ahead on Saturday". RTÉ News. 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020. ^ "NOTICE OF COUNTERMAND". Tipperary Returning Officer. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020. ^ Murphy, David (3 February 2020). "Tipperary vote postponed after death of candidate". RTÉ.ie. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020. ^ Burne, Louise (4 February 2020). "Voting in Tipperary to be held February 28 or 29 'at the earliest' following candidate's death". Extra.ie. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020. ^ "Special Difficulty Order — Dáil Election in the Tipperary Constituency to be held on 8 February 2020". Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government. 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020. ^ Electoral Act 1992 (Special Difficulty) Order 2020 (S.I. No. 34 of 2020). Signed on 5 February 2020 by Eoghan Murphy, Minister for Housing, Planning and Local Government. Statutory Instrument of the Government of Ireland. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book. ^ "32nd DÁIL GENERAL ELECTION 26 February 2016 Election Results, Tipperary on page 52" (PDF). oireachtas.ie. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020. ^ "Tipperary Results 2016". Irelandelection.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020. ^ "Tipperary Results 2016". RTÉ. Archived from the original on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020. ^ Gallagher, Michael (2009). Irish Elections 1948–77: Results and Analysis Sources for the Study of Irish Politics 2. Routledge. ISBN 9781138973343. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gallagher, Michael (1993). Irish Elections 1922-44: Results and Analysis. PSAI Press. ISBN 0951974815. vteDáil constituenciesCurrent constituencies Carlow–Kilkenny Cavan–Monaghan Clare Cork East Cork North-Central Cork North-West Cork South-Central Cork South-West Donegal Dublin Bay North Dublin Bay South Dublin Central Dublin Fingal Dublin Mid-West Dublin North-West Dublin Rathdown Dublin South-Central Dublin South-West Dublin West Dún Laoghaire Galway East Galway West Kerry Kildare North Kildare South Laois–Offaly Limerick City Limerick County Longford–Westmeath Louth Mayo Meath East Meath West Roscommon–Galway Sligo–Leitrim Tipperary Waterford Wexford Wicklow From next general election Dublin Fingal East Dublin Fingal West Laois Offaly Tipperary North Tipperary South Wicklow–Wexford vteParliamentary constituencies in County TipperaryParliament of Irelandto 1800 County Tipperary (????–1800) Cashel (????–1800) Clonmel (????–1800) Fethard (1608–1800) Westminster 1801–1922and First Dáil 1918 Cashel (1801–1870) Clonmel (1801–1885) Tipperary (1801–1885) East Tipperary (1885–1922) Mid Tipperary (1885–1922) North Tipperary (1885–1922) South Tipperary (1885–1922) Dáil Éireann1918–presentHistoric Waterford–Tipperary East (1921–1923) Tipperary Mid, North and South (1921–1923) Tipperary North (1948–2016) Tipperary South (1948–2016) Current Tipperary (1923–1947, 2016–) Proposed Tipperary North Tipperary South European Parliament1979–present Munster (1979–2004) South (2004–) Constituencies in Ireland by countyRepublic of Ireland Carlow Cavan Clare Cork Donegal Dublin Galway Kerry Kildare Kilkenny Laois Leitrim Limerick Longford Louth Mayo Meath Monaghan Offaly Roscommon Sligo Tipperary Waterford Westmeath Wexford Wicklow Northern Ireland Antrim Armagh Down Fermanagh Londonderry Tyrone Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parliamentary constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1il_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Dáil Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Oireachtas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oireachtas"},{"link_name":"2016 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Irish_general_election"},{"link_name":"Teachtaí Dála","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la"},{"link_name":"proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"single transferable vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_transferable_vote"}],"text":"Tipperary is a parliamentary constituency that has been represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas, since the 2016 general election. The constituency elects 5 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV). A constituency of the same name existed between 1923 and 1948.","title":"Tipperary (Dáil constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electoral Act 1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Act_1923"},{"link_name":"1923 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Irish_general_election"},{"link_name":"North Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"South Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Constituency Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Electoral Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Tipperary North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipperary_North_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Tipperary South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipperary_South_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"next general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Irish_general_election"}],"text":"The constituency was created under the Electoral Act 1923, and was first used at the 1923 general election, incorporating the separate counties of North Tipperary and South Tipperary. It was abolished in 1948.The Constituency Commission proposed in its 2012 report that at the next general election a new constituency called Tipperary be created, as part of changes that reduced the total number of TDs from 166 to 158.[1][2] This occurred in 2016, shortly after the administrative amalgamation in 2014 of the separate counties to form County Tipperary.[3]In August 2023, the Electoral Commission published its review of constituency boundaries in Ireland, which recommended that the constituency of Tipperary be abolished, with the creation of two new three-seat constituencies: Tipperary North and Tipperary South.[4] Each new constituency would elect 3 deputies. These changes would commence at the next general election.","title":"History and boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"TDs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TDs 1923–1948","text":"Note: The columns in this table are used only for presentational purposes, and no significance should be attached to the order of columns. For details of the order in which seats were won at each election, see the detailed results of that election.","title":"TDs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TDs since 2016","text":"Note: The columns in this table are used only for presentational purposes, and no significance should be attached to the order of columns. For details of the order in which seats were won at each election, see the detailed results of that election.","title":"TDs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Workers and Unemployed Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_and_Unemployed_Action"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTE_20200205-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Minister for Housing, Planning and Local Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Housing,_Local_Government_and_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTE_20200205-25"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"2020 general election","text":"^ Healy was a member of the Workers and Unemployed Action party but stood as a non-party/independent candidate on this occasion.\n\n^ The existing ballot paper, which contained the name of the deceased candidate, Marese Skehan, was still used.[24]On 3 February 2020, following the death of independent candidate, Marese Skehan, the election in the Tipperary constituency was due to be postponed, with nominations to be re-opened.[25][26][27] However, on 5 February the Minister for Housing, Planning and Local Government issued a Special Difficulty Order allowing the election to proceed on the same date as other constituencies. This was in consideration of the constitutional requirement that elections take place within 30 days of the dissolution of the Dáil.[24][28][29]","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Workers and Unemployed Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_and_Unemployed_Action"}],"sub_title":"2016 general election","text":"^ Healy was a member of the Workers and Unemployed Action party but was officially a non party/independent candidate on this occasion.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O%27Donnell_(Irish_politician)"}],"sub_title":"1947 by-election","text":"Following the death of Clann na Talmhan TD William O'Donnell, a by-election was held on 29 October 1947. The seat was won by the Clann na Poblachta candidate Patrick Kinane.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1944 general election","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1943 general election","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1938 general election","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1937 general election","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1933 general election","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1932 general election","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"September 1927 general election","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"June 1927 general election","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1923 general election","title":"Elections"}]
[]
[{"title":"Elections in the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"title":"Politics of the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"title":"List of Dáil by-elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_D%C3%A1il_by-elections"},{"title":"List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"}]
[{"reference":"\"Constituency Commission Report 2012 – Waterford – Tipperary – Laois – Offaly – Kildare area\" (PDF). Constituency Commission. 21 June 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.constituency-commission.ie/docs/Constit-Rep-2012-Chap-5.6.pdf","url_text":"\"Constituency Commission Report 2012 – Waterford – Tipperary – Laois – Offaly – Kildare area\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency_Commission","url_text":"Constituency Commission"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121018091057/http://www.constituency-commission.ie/docs/Constit-Rep-2012-Chap-5.6.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Constituency Commission Report 2012 – Introduction and summary of recommendation\" (PDF). Constituency Commission. 21 June 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.constituency-commission.ie/docs/Constit-Rep-2012-Chap-1.pdf","url_text":"\"Constituency Commission Report 2012 – Introduction and summary of recommendation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency_Commission","url_text":"Constituency Commission"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171119112701/http://www.constituency-commission.ie/docs/Constit-Rep-2012-Chap-1.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Constituency Review Report 2023\" (PDF). Electoral Commission. p. 104.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec-report.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/constituency-review-report-2023.pdf#page=90","url_text":"\"Constituency Review Report 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(Ireland)","url_text":"Electoral Commission"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Brian M, ed. (1992). Parliamentary election results in Ireland, 1918–92. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. ISBN 0-901714-96-8. ISSN 0332-0286.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901714-96-8","url_text":"0-901714-96-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0332-0286","url_text":"0332-0286"}]},{"reference":"\"General election 1923: Tipperary\". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1923&cons=215","url_text":"\"General election 1923: Tipperary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070901014517/http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1923&cons=215","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"General election June 1927: Tipperary\". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1927jun&cons=215","url_text":"\"General election June 1927: Tipperary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090531011859/http://electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1927jun&cons=215","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"General election September 1927: Tipperary\". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1927sep&cons=215","url_text":"\"General election September 1927: Tipperary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070901141253/http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1927sep&cons=215","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"General election 1932: Tipperary\". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1932&cons=215","url_text":"\"General election 1932: Tipperary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070829115926/http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1932&cons=215","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"General election 1933: Tipperary\". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1933&cons=215","url_text":"\"General election 1933: Tipperary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070901013537/http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1933&cons=215","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"General election 1937: Tipperary\". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1937&cons=215","url_text":"\"General election 1937: Tipperary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070903003916/http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1937&cons=215","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"General election 1938: Tipperary\". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1938&cons=215","url_text":"\"General election 1938: Tipperary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070901141456/http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1938&cons=215","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"General election 1943: Tipperary\". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1943&cons=215","url_text":"\"General election 1943: Tipperary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091314/http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1943&cons=215","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"General election 1944: Tipperary\". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 6 September 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1944&cons=215","url_text":"\"General election 1944: Tipperary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070906222709/http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1944&cons=215","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"By-election 1947: Tipperary\". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1944B&cons=215&ref=46","url_text":"\"By-election 1947: Tipperary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101130165644/http://electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1944B&cons=215&ref=46","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"General election 2016: Tipperary\". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=2016&cons=215","url_text":"\"General election 2016: Tipperary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222161828/http://electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=2016&cons=215","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"General election 2020: Tipperary\". Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. 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Archived from the original on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190315151655/https://www.rte.ie/news/election-2016/constituencies/tipperary/","url_text":"\"Tipperary Results 2016\""},{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/election-2016/constituencies/tipperary/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, Michael (2009). Irish Elections 1948–77: Results and Analysis Sources for the Study of Irish Politics 2. Routledge. ISBN 9781138973343.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gallagher_(academic)","url_text":"Gallagher, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138973343","url_text":"9781138973343"}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, Michael (1993). Irish Elections 1922-44: Results and Analysis. PSAI Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Arnodin
Ferdinand Arnodin
["1 Major works","2 References","3 External links","4 Related Articles"]
French engineer/industrialist (1845–1924) Ferdinand Joseph Arnodin (9 October 1845 – 24 April 1924) was a French engineer and industrialist born in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, Rhône who died in Châteauneuf-sur-Loire in Loiret. Specialising in cableway transporters, he is regarded as the inventor of the transporter bridge, having been the first to patent the idea in 1887. However, the first such bridge was in fact designed by Alberto Palacio, with Arnodin's help. Nine of the eighteen known examples of the transporter bridge may be attributed to him. Three of them still exist. They use the technology of both suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges. Arnodin built a great number of second generation suspension bridges at the turn of the 20th century, and he also restored and consolidated a number of old first generation suspension bridges (before 1860): the aprons were reinforced and the old wire cables replaced by spirally-wound double torsion steel wire ropes, often with addition of a cable-stayed bridge (known structural modification under the name of “Système Arnodin”). His factory (for the production of prefabricated metal sub-structures) was established in Châteauneuf-sur-Loire. Vestiges of this factory were still visible a few years ago, and the chimney could still be seen, half ruined, between the Loire and railway. The Loire Fleet Museum, at Châteauneuf-sur-Loire, shows memories of these workshops: an old model of the Nantes transporter bridge, a section of steel wire rope manufactured by Arnodin and photographs. Major works Bilbao Puente Colgante, 1893, still in use Bizerta/Brest Transporter Bridge, 1898 Rouen Transporter Bridge, 1898 Rochefort-Martrou Transporter Bridge, 1900, still in use Nantes Transporter Bridge, 1903 Marseille Transporter Bridge, 1905, destroyed 1944 Newport Transporter Bridge, 1906, still in use Bordeaux Transporter Bridge, never finished Sidi M'Cid Bridge, Constantine, Algeria, 1908, 160 m span Pont du Bonhomme, 1904. References ^ Troyano, L.F., "Bridge Engineering - A Global Perspective", Thomas Telford Publishing, 2003 External links Newport Transporter Bridge — an historical perspective Ferdinand Arnodin at Structurae Rochefort Transporter Bridge Related Articles Southwest Line Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Artists Musée d'Orsay ULAN People Structurae
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Foy-l%C3%A8s-Lyon"},{"link_name":"Rhône","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(department)"},{"link_name":"Loiret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loiret"},{"link_name":"transporter bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_bridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alberto Palacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Palacio"},{"link_name":"suspension bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridge"},{"link_name":"cable-stayed bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge"},{"link_name":"suspension bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridge"}],"text":"Ferdinand Joseph Arnodin (9 October 1845 – 24 April 1924) was a French engineer and industrialist born in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, Rhône who died in Châteauneuf-sur-Loire in Loiret. Specialising in cableway transporters, he is regarded as the inventor of the transporter bridge, having been the first to patent the idea in 1887.[1] However, the first such bridge was in fact designed by Alberto Palacio, with Arnodin's help.Nine of the eighteen known examples of the transporter bridge may be attributed to him. Three of them still exist. They use the technology of both suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges. Arnodin built a great number of second generation suspension bridges at the turn of the 20th century, and he also restored and consolidated a number of old first generation suspension bridges (before 1860): the aprons were reinforced and the old wire cables replaced by spirally-wound double torsion steel wire ropes, often with addition of a cable-stayed bridge (known structural modification under the name of “Système Arnodin”). His factory (for the production of prefabricated metal sub-structures) was established in Châteauneuf-sur-Loire. Vestiges of this factory were still visible a few years ago, and the chimney could still be seen, half ruined, between the Loire and railway.The Loire Fleet Museum, at Châteauneuf-sur-Loire, shows memories of these workshops: an old model of the Nantes transporter bridge, a section of steel wire rope manufactured by Arnodin and photographs.","title":"Ferdinand Arnodin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puente Colgante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizcaya_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Bizerta/Brest Transporter Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bizerta/Brest_Transporter_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rouen Transporter Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen_Transporter_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Rochefort-Martrou Transporter Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochefort-Martrou_Transporter_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Nantes Transporter Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nantes_Transporter_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marseille Transporter Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille_Transporter_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Newport Transporter Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Transporter_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux Transporter Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bordeaux_Transporter_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sidi M'Cid Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_M%27Cid_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Constantine, Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Pont du Bonhomme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Bonhomme"}],"text":"Bilbao Puente Colgante, 1893, still in use\nBizerta/Brest Transporter Bridge, 1898\nRouen Transporter Bridge, 1898\nRochefort-Martrou Transporter Bridge, 1900, still in use\nNantes Transporter Bridge, 1903\nMarseille Transporter Bridge, 1905, destroyed 1944\nNewport Transporter Bridge, 1906, still in use\nBordeaux Transporter Bridge, never finished\nSidi M'Cid Bridge, Constantine, Algeria, 1908, 160 m span\nPont du Bonhomme, 1904.","title":"Major works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southwest Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Line"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730311#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/96289268"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10209616q"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10209616q"},{"link_name":"Musée d'Orsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/999"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500084357"},{"link_name":"Structurae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//structurae.net/persons/1000094"}],"text":"Southwest LineAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nArtists\nMusée d'Orsay\nULAN\nPeople\nStructurae","title":"Related Articles"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernia_College
Hibernia College
["1 Education","2 Research","3 References"]
Coordinates: 53°19′09″N 6°12′50″W / 53.31917°N 6.21383°W / 53.31917; -6.21383Private third-level college specialising in teacher training in Ireland This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hibernia College" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Hibernia College" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hibernia CollegeColáiste HiberniaTypePrivateEstablished2000AddressBlock B, Merrion Centre, Merrion Road, Dublin 4, Dublin, Ireland53°19′09″N 6°12′50″W / 53.31917°N 6.21383°W / 53.31917; -6.21383CampusOnlineAffiliationsQQI; The Teaching CouncilWebsitehttp://www.hiberniacollege.com/ Hibernia College is a third-level private college in Ireland. Its main entity, the Hibernia College School of Education, provides an initial teacher training programme, and other professional teaching courses. Education Hibernia College's programmes in teacher education are accredited by the Teaching Council of Ireland and awarded by the national qualification authority, Quality and Qualifications Ireland. Master's programmes are 120 credit awards at level 9, delivered over the course of 24 months. Research The School of Education pursues research as a core strategy to improve evidence-based practice in education and training. The college has partnered with other entities including Harvard University, Economic and Social Research Institute, Law Society of Ireland, National Forum for the Advancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, Standing Conference on Teacher Education North and South, University College Dublin, Marino Institute of Education, Stranmilllis University and Trinity College Dublin. References Authority control databases ISNI
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone"}],"text":"Private third-level college specialising in teacher training in IrelandHibernia College is a third-level private college in Ireland.[citation needed] Its main entity, the Hibernia College School of Education, provides an initial teacher training programme, and other professional teaching courses.[tone]","title":"Hibernia College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Hibernia College's programmes in teacher education are accredited by the Teaching Council of Ireland and awarded by the national qualification authority, Quality and Qualifications Ireland. Master's programmes are 120 credit awards at level 9, delivered over the course of 24 months.[citation needed]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The School of Education pursues research as a core strategy to improve evidence-based practice in education and training.[citation needed] The college has partnered with other entities including Harvard University, Economic and Social Research Institute, Law Society of Ireland, National Forum for the Advancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, Standing Conference on Teacher Education North and South, University College Dublin, Marino Institute of Education, Stranmilllis University and Trinity College Dublin.[citation needed]","title":"Research"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuzhou%E2%80%93Nanning_intercity_railway
Liuzhou–Nanning intercity railway
["1 History","2 Route","3 Notes"]
Railway line in China Liuzhou–Nanning intercity railwayTracks of Liuzhou–Nanning intercity railway at Nanning East railway stationOverviewNative name柳南城际铁路StatusOperationalLocaleLiuzhouNanningTerminiLiuzhouNanningStations5ServiceTypeHigh-speed railSystem China Railway High-speedServices1Operator(s) CR NanningHistoryOpened30 December 2013 (2013-12-30)TechnicalLine length226 km (140 mi)Character CR NanningTrack gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gaugeMinimum radius5,500 m (3.4 mi)Electrification25 kV 50 Hz AC (Overhead line)Operating speed250 km/h (155 mph) (maximum)Maximum incline1.2% Route map Legend km elev Hunan–Guangxi railwayHengyang–Liuzhou ICR from Hengyang Guizhou–Guangxi railway from GuiyangJiaozuo–Liuzhou railway from Yueshan 0 Liuzhou Liuzhou–Wuzhou railway to Wuzhou 70 Laibin North Nanning–Guangzhou HSR railway from Guangzhou South 133 Binyang Nanning–Qinzhou railway to Qinzhou North 216 Nanning East 226 Nanning Nanning–Kunming railway to KunmingNanning–Kunming HSR to Kunming South Hunan–Guangxi railway to Pingxiang km This diagram: viewtalkedit Liuzhou–Nanning intercity railway is a high-speed railway in South-Western China. It connects the provincial capital of Nanning to the north east of Guangxi province. It also connects with the Hengyang–Liuzhou intercity railway, allowing for diverse connections with distant destinations, such as Wuhan, Shanghai, and Beijing. History Construction commenced in 2009 and was completed in mid 2013. It was opened for service on 28 December 2013. It was part of a network of railways that opened on the same day, connecting Nanning to Beihai on the coast. Route The 226 km (140 mi) route has a designed maximum speed of 250 km/h (155 mph). Notes ^ "China opens 1501km of new high-speed lines". 31 December 2013. vte Liuzhou–Nanning intercity railway Liuzhou Jinde Laibin North Binyang Wutang Nanning East Nanning vteHigh-speed rail in ChinaHigh-speed demonstrative maglev Shanghai maglev train Xianning–Changsha maglev test line (Planned) National 8+8 high-speed corridorsCoastal Dandong–Dalian–Shenyang–Qinhuangdao–(Tianjin–Dongying–Weifang)–Qingdao–Lianyungang–Yancheng–Nantong–Shanghai–Hangzhou–Taizhou–Wenzhou–Fuzhou–Xiamen–Zhangzhou–Shantou–Shanwei–Shenshan–Xili-Jiangmen–Maoming–(Zhanjiang(–)Hepu)–Qinzhou–Fangchenggang–Dongxing Hangshenparallel Hangzhou–Ningbo–Wenzhou–Fuzhou–Xiamen–Shenzhen other branches Weifang–Yantai Qingdao–Rongcheng Shanwei–Guangzhou–Zhanjiang Beijing–ShanghaiWest route Beijing–Shanghai East route Beijing–(Tianjin–Dongying–Weifang)–Linyi–Huai'an–Yangzhou–Nantong–Shanghai branches Nanjing–Hangzhou Bengbu–Hefei–Hangzhou Beijing–Hong Kong (Taipei)§ Beijing–Xiong'an–Shangqiu–Fuyang–Hefei–Jiujiang–Lushan–Nanchang To Hong Kong Nanchang–Ganzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong To Taipei Hefei–Fuzhou Nanchang–Fuzhou Fuzhou–Pingtan Pingtan–Taipei Harbin–Hong Kong (Macau)§ Harbin–Shenyang–Beijing–Shijiazhuang–Wuhan–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Guangzhou–Zhuhai–Macau Hohhot–Nanning Hohhot–Ulanqab–Datong–Yuanping–Taiyuan–Jiaozuo–Zhengzhou branch: Jiaozuo–Luoyang–Pingdingshan Zhengzhou–Pingdingshan–Xiangyang–Jingmen–Yichang–Changde–Yiyang–Loudi–Shaoyang–Yongzhou–Liuzhou–Nanning Beijing–KunmingBeijing–Xiong'an–Xinzhou–Xi'an–Chengdu–Kunming Branch lines Beijing–Zhangjiakou–Datong–Taiyuan Chongqing–Kunming Baotou (Yinchuan)–Hainan Yinchuan–Xi'an Baotou–Yan'an–Xi'an–Chongqing–Guiyang–Nanning–Qinzhou–Beihai–Zhanjiang–Haikou Hainan eastern ring Hainan western ring Lanzhou (Xining)–Guangzhou Xining–Chengdu Lanzhou–Chengdu–Guiyang–Guangzhou Suifenhe–Manzhouli Suifenhe–Mudanjiang–Harbin–Qiqihar–Manzhouli Beijing–Lanzhou Beijing–Zhangjiakou–Hohhot–Baotou–Lanzhou Qingdao–Yinchuan Qingdao–Jinan–Shijiazhuang–Taiyuan–Yinchuan Eurasia Continental Lianyungang–Xuzhou–Zhengzhou–Xi'an–Baoji–Lanzhou–Ürümqi–Khorgas Yangtze River Shanghai–Huzhou–Hefei Shanghai–Nanjing–Hefei Hefei–Wuhan–Yichang–Xingshan Yichang–Fuling Wuhan–Xiangyang–Xingshan–Wanzhou–Fuling–Chongqing–Chengdu Wanzhou–Dazhou–Chengdu Chongqing–Neijiang–Chengdu Old lineShanghai–Wuxi–Nanjing–Hefei–Wuhan–Yichang–Lichuan–Chongqing–Suining–Chengdu Shanghai–Kunming Shanghai–Hangzhou–Changsha–Guiyang–Kunming–Ruili Xiamen–Chongqing Kaohsiung§–Xiamen–Longyan–Ganzhou–Changsha–Changde–Qianjiang–Chongqing Guangzhou–KunmingGuangzhou–Nanning–KunmingOther conventional high-speed railways (list)Intercity andlong-distance 300–350 km/h Beijing–Tangshan Beijing–Tianjin Chengdu–Chongqing Chongqing–Wanzhou Nanjing–Hangzhou Shanghai–Nanjing 200–250 km/h Beijing–Zhangjiakou Changchun–Jilin Chongqing–Lanzhou Dandong–Dalian Guangzhou–Foshan–Zhaoqing Harbin–Jiamusi Harbin–Mudanjiang Harbin–Qiqihar Hengyang–Liuzhou Jilin–Hunchun Liuzhou–Nanning Nanchang–Jiujiang Nanjing–Anqing Qingdao–Rongcheng Shenyang–Dandong Xinhui–Maoming Tianjin–Baoding Xi'an–Chengdu Zhangjiakou–Hohhot Chengdu–Mianyang–Leshan Guangzhou–Zhuhai Zhengzhou–Jiaozuo Regional intercity 300–350 km/h Chengdu–Ya'an Tianjin–Binhai 200–250 km/h Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan Chengdu–Dujiangyan Chengdu–Pujiang Dongguan–Huizhou Foshan–Dongguan Fuzhou–Changle Airport Guangzhou–Qingyuan Guiyang–Kaiyang Hainan eastern ring Hainan western ring Lanzhou–Zhongchuan Airport Mianyang–Suining–Ziyang–Neijiang–Zigong–Yibin Suzhou–Jiaxing Wuhan Metropolitan Area Zhengzhou–Kaifeng Zhengzhou–Xinzheng Airport Upgraded old lines Beijing–Guangzhou Beijing–Harbin Beijing–Shanghai Guangzhou–Shenzhen Hangzhou–Ningbo Hankou–Danjiangkou Kunming–Yuxi Lianyungang–Lanzhou Litang–Zhanjiang Nanjing–Nantong Shanghai–Kunming Rolling stock X 2000 Blue Arrow China Star Hexie (CRH1/CRH2/CRH3/CRH5/CRH6/CRH380A/CRH380B/CRH380C/CRH380D) Vibrant Express (MTR CRH380A)§ CIT Trains Fuxing (CR200J/CR300AF/CR300BF/CR400AF/CR400BF) Italics: under construction or currently not operational (-), Place A-: section under construction or currently not operational §: in/related to Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan (Place A–Place B): share tracks with other lines vteHigh-speed railway lines High-speed rail High-speed rail by country Commons AfricaMorocco Casablanca–Tangier AsiaChina Coastal corridor* Beijing–Shanghai Beijing–Hong Kong Harbin–Hong Kong (Macau) Guangzhou–Hong Kong Hohhot–Nanning Beijing–Kunming Lanzhou (Xining)–Guangzhou Suifenhe–Manzhouli Beijing–Lanzhou* Qingdao–Yinchuan Lianyungang–Ürümqi Shanghai–Chengdu Shanghai–Kunming Guangzhou–Kunming Indonesia Whoosh HSR Japan Hokkaido Shinkansen Hokuriku Shinkansen Jōetsu Shinkansen Kyushu Shinkansen Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen San'yō Shinkansen Tōhoku Shinkansen Tōkaidō Shinkansen Saudi Arabia Haramain HSR South Korea Gyeongbu HSR Line Honam HSR Line Suseo–Pyeongtaek HSR Line Gyeonggang Line (Wonju-Gangneung) Jungang Line (Cheongnyangni-Dodam)* Taiwan Taiwan HSR Turkey Ankara–Istanbul Ankara–Sivas Polatlı–Konya Konya–Karaman* Uzbekistan Tashkent–Samarkand Samarkand–Bukhara EuropeBelgium HSL 1 HSL 2 HSL 3* HSL 4 Denmark Copenhagen–Ringsted Finland Kerava-Lahti* St. Petersburg-Helsinki* France LGV Atlantique LGV Bretagne-Pays de la Loire LGV Est LGV Interconnexion Est LGV Méditerranée LGV Nord LGV Rhin-Rhône LGV Rhône-Alpes LGV Sud-Est LGV Sud Europe Atlantique LGV Perpignan–Barcelona* Germany Cologne–Düren* Cologne–Frankfurt Erfurt–Leipzig Hanover–Würzburg Mannheim–Stuttgart* Nuremberg–Ingolstadt Nuremberg–Erfurt Rastatt–Offenburg Wendlingen–Ulm Wolfsburg–Berlin Greece Athens–Thessaloniki* Italy Bologna–Florence Florence–Rome Milan–Bologna Milan–Verona Naples–Salerno Rome–Naples Turin–Milan Netherlands HSL-Zuid Norway Gardermoen Line PolandGrodzisk–Zawiercie*Russia Moscow–St.Petersburg* St. Petersburg-Helsinki* Spain Atlantic Axis Madrid–Galicia Madrid–Extremadura Barcelona–Perpignan* Madrid–Barcelona Madrid–León Madrid–Malaga Madrid–Seville Madrid–Toledo Madrid–Levante SwedenBothnia LineUnited Kingdom High Speed 1 North AmericaUnited StatesNortheast Corridor*OceaniaNoneSouth AmericaNone * An asterisk indicates overlap with conventional services.
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It also connects with the Hengyang–Liuzhou intercity railway, allowing for diverse connections with distant destinations, such as Wuhan, Shanghai, and Beijing.","title":"Liuzhou–Nanning intercity railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Beihai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beihai"}],"text":"Construction commenced in 2009 and was completed in mid 2013. 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train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_maglev_train"},{"link_name":"Xianning–Changsha maglev test line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev#China"},{"link_name":"National 8+8 high-speed corridors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China#8+8_HSR_Grid"},{"link_name":"Coastal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_corridor"},{"link_name":"Dandong–Dalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandong%E2%80%93Dalian_intercity_railway"},{"link_name":"–Shenyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin%E2%80%93Dalian_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Qinhuangdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinhuangdao%E2%80%93Shenyang_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–(Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin%E2%80%93Qinhuangdao_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Dongying–Weifang)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin%E2%80%93Weifang%E2%80%93Yantai_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Qingdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinan%E2%80%93Qingdao_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Lianyungang–Yancheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao%E2%80%93Yancheng_railway"},{"link_name":"–Nantong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancheng%E2%80%93Nantong_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Suzhou%E2%80%93Nantong_railway"},{"link_name":"–Hangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Hangzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Taizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou%E2%80%93Taizhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Fuzhou–Xiamen–Zhangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou%E2%80%93Xiamen_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Shanwei–Shenshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shanwei_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Xili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%E2%80%93Shanwei_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"-Jiangmen–Maoming–(Zhanjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%E2%80%93Zhanjiang_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Hangshen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou%E2%80%93Fuzhou%E2%80%93Shenzhen_railway"},{"link_name":"Hangzhou–Ningbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou%E2%80%93Ningbo_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Wenzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningbo%E2%80%93Taizhou%E2%80%93Wenzhou_railway"},{"link_name":"–Fuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzhou%E2%80%93Fuzhou_railway"},{"link_name":"–Xiamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou%E2%80%93Xiamen_railway"},{"link_name":"–Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamen%E2%80%93Shenzhen_railway"},{"link_name":"Weifang–Yantai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin%E2%80%93Weifang%E2%80%93Yantai_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Qingdao–Rongcheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao%E2%80%93Rongcheng_intercity_railway"},{"link_name":"Shanwei–Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shanwei_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Beijing–Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_corridor"},{"link_name":"Beijing–Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Beijing–(Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Tianjin_intercity_railway"},{"link_name":"–Dongying–Weifang)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin%E2%80%93Weifang%E2%80%93Yantai_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Huai'an–Yangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianyungang%E2%80%93Zhenjiang_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Nantong–Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Nanjing%E2%80%93Hefei_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Nanjing–Hangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing%E2%80%93Hangzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Bengbu–Hefei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefei%E2%80%93Bengbu_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Hangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangqiu%E2%80%93Hangzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Beijing–Hong Kong (Taipei)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_(Taipei)_corridor"},{"link_name":"Beijing–Xiong'an–","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shangqiu_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Shangqiu–Fuyang–Hefei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangqiu%E2%80%93Hangzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Jiujiang–Lushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefei%E2%80%93Anqing%E2%80%93Jiujiang_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Nanchang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanchang%E2%80%93Jiujiang_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Nanchang–Ganzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanchang%E2%80%93Ganzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganzhou%E2%80%93Shenzhen_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shenzhen%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Hefei–Fuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefei%E2%80%93Fuzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Nanchang–Fuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangtang%E2%80%93Putian_railway"},{"link_name":"Fuzhou–Pingtan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou%E2%80%93Pingtan_railway"},{"link_name":"Pingtan–Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pingtan%E2%80%93Taipei_high-speed_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harbin–Hong Kong (Macau)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Harbin,_Beijing%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_(Macau)_corridor"},{"link_name":"Harbin–Shenyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin%E2%80%93Dalian_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shenyang_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Shijiazhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shijiazhuang_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Wuhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijiazhuang%E2%80%93Wuhan_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan%E2%80%93Guangzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Shenzhen–Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shenzhen%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou–Zhuhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Zhuhai_intercity_railway"},{"link_name":"–Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhuhai%E2%80%93Macau_intercity_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hohhot–Nanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohhot%E2%80%93Nanning_corridor"},{"link_name":"Hohhot–Ulanqab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Datong–Yuanping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jining%E2%80%93Datong%E2%80%93Yuanping_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Taiyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datong%E2%80%93Xi%27an_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Jiaozuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiyuan%E2%80%93Jiaozuo_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Zhengzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou%E2%80%93Jiaozuo_intercity_railway"},{"link_name":"Jiaozuo–Luoyang–Pingdingshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiaozuo%E2%80%93Luoyang%E2%80%93Pingdingshan_intercity_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhengzhou–Pingdingshan–Xiangyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou%E2%80%93Wanzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Jingmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangyang%E2%80%93Jingmen_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Yichang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wuhan%E2%80%93Yichang_high-speed_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"–Changde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yichang%E2%80%93Changde_high-speed_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"–Yiyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changde%E2%80%93Yiyang%E2%80%93Changsha_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Loudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yiyang%E2%80%93Loudi_high-speed_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"–Shaoyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiyang%E2%80%93Zhanjiang_railway"},{"link_name":"–Yongzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaoyang%E2%80%93Yongzhou_high-speed_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"–Liuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengyang%E2%80%93Liuzhou_intercity_railway"},{"link_name":"–Nanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Beijing–Kunming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Kunming_corridor"},{"link_name":"Beijing–Xiong'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Xiong%27an_intercity_railway"},{"link_name":"–Xinzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiong%27an%E2%80%93Xinzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Xi'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datong%E2%80%93Xi%27an_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Chengdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an%E2%80%93Chengdu_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Kunming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chengdu%E2%80%93Kunming_high-speed_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beijing–Zhangjiakou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Zhangjiakou_intercity_railway"},{"link_name":"Datong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datong%E2%80%93Zhangjiakou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Taiyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datong%E2%80%93Xi%27an_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Chongqing–Kunming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing%E2%80%93Kunming_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Baotou (Yinchuan)–Hainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baotou_(Yinchuan)%E2%80%93Hainan_corridor"},{"link_name":"Yinchuan–Xi'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinchuan%E2%80%93Xi%27an_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Baotou–Yan'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baotou%E2%80%93Yan%27an_high-speed_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"–Xi'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an%E2%80%93Yan%27an_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing%E2%80%93Xi%27an_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Guiyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing%E2%80%93Guiyang_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Nanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyang%E2%80%93Nanning_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Haikou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Hainan_railway"},{"link_name":"Hainan eastern ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_eastern_ring_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Hainan western ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_western_ring_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Lanzhou (Xining)–Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzhou_(Xining)%E2%80%93Guangzhou_corridor"},{"link_name":"Xining–Chengdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chengdu%E2%80%93Xining_high-speed_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lanzhou–Chengdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu%E2%80%93Lanzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Guiyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu%E2%80%93Guiyang_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyang%E2%80%93Guangzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Suifenhe–Manzhouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suifenhe%E2%80%93Manzhouli_corridor"},{"link_name":"Suifenhe–Mudanjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mudanjiang%E2%80%93Suifenhe_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"–Harbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin%E2%80%93Mudanjiang_intercity_railway"},{"link_name":"–Qiqihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin%E2%80%93Qiqihar_intercity_railway"},{"link_name":"–Manzhouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qiqihar%E2%80%93Manzhouli_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beijing–Lanzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Lanzhou_corridor"},{"link_name":"Beijing–Zhangjiakou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Zhangjiakou_intercity_railway"},{"link_name":"–Hohhot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Lanzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baotou%E2%80%93Lanzhou_railway"},{"link_name":"Qingdao–Yinchuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao%E2%80%93Yinchuan_corridor"},{"link_name":"Qingdao–Jinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao%E2%80%93Jinan_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Shijiazhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijiazhuang%E2%80%93Jinan_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Taiyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijiazhuang%E2%80%93Taiyuan_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Yinchuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiyuan%E2%80%93Zhongwei%E2%80%93Yinchuan_railway"},{"link_name":"Eurasia Continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia_Continental_Bridge_corridor"},{"link_name":"Lianyungang–Xuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianyungang%E2%80%93Xuzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Zhengzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou%E2%80%93Xuzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Xi'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou%E2%80%93Xi%27an_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Baoji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an%E2%80%93Baoji_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Lanzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoji%E2%80%93Lanzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Ürümqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzhou%E2%80%93Xinjiang_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Yangtze River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Wuhan%E2%80%93Chengdu_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Shanghai–Huzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Suzhou%E2%80%93Huzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Hefei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangqiu%E2%80%93Hangzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Shanghai–Nanjing–Hefei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Nanjing%E2%80%93Hefei_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Hefei–Wuhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefei%E2%80%93Wuhan_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Yichang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wuhan%E2%80%93Yichang_high_speed_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"–Xingshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yichang%E2%80%93Xingshan_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Yichang–Fuling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yichang%E2%80%93Fuling_high-speed_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wuhan–Xiangyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan%E2%80%93Shiyan_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Xingshan–Wanzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou%E2%80%93Wanzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Fuling–Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing%E2%80%93Wanzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Chengdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chengdu%E2%80%93Chongqing_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Wanzhou–Dazhou–Chengdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu%E2%80%93Dazhou%E2%80%93Wanzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Chongqing–Neijiang–Chengdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu%E2%80%93Chongqing_intercity_railway"},{"link_name":"Old line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Wuhan%E2%80%93Chengdu_passenger_railway"},{"link_name":"Shanghai–Wuxi–Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Nanjing_intercity_railway"},{"link_name":"–Hefei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefei%E2%80%93Nanjing_railway"},{"link_name":"–Wuhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefei%E2%80%93Wuhan_railway"},{"link_name":"–Yichang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan%E2%80%93Yichang_railway"},{"link_name":"–Lichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yichang%E2%80%93Wanzhou_railway"},{"link_name":"–Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing%E2%80%93Lichuan_railway"},{"link_name":"–Suining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suining%E2%80%93Chongqing_railway"},{"link_name":"–Chengdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suining%E2%80%93Chengdu_railway"},{"link_name":"Shanghai–Kunming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Kunming_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Shanghai–Hangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Hangzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Changsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou%E2%80%93Changsha_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Guiyang–Kunming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha%E2%80%93Kunming_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Xiamen–Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamen%E2%80%93Chongqing_corridor"},{"link_name":"Xiamen–Longyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyan%E2%80%93Xiamen_railway"},{"link_name":"–Ganzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganzhou%E2%80%93Longyan_railway"},{"link_name":"–Changsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha%E2%80%93Ganzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Changde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changde%E2%80%93Yiyang%E2%80%93Changsha_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Qianjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianjiang%E2%80%93Changde_railway"},{"link_name":"–Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chongqing%E2%80%93Qianjiang_high-speed_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou–Kunming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Kunming_corridor"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou–Nanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanning%E2%80%93Guangzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"–Kunming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanning%E2%80%93Kunming_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Other 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Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGV_Bretagne-Pays_de_la_Loire"},{"link_name":"LGV Est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGV_Est"},{"link_name":"LGV Interconnexion Est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGV_Interconnexion_Est"},{"link_name":"LGV Méditerranée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGV_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"LGV Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGV_Nord"},{"link_name":"LGV Rhin-Rhône","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGV_Rhin-Rh%C3%B4ne"},{"link_name":"LGV Rhône-Alpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGV_Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes"},{"link_name":"LGV Sud-Est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGV_Sud-Est"},{"link_name":"LGV Sud Europe Atlantique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGV_Sud_Europe_Atlantique"},{"link_name":"LGV Perpignan–Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpignan%E2%80%93Barcelona_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Cologne–Düren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne%E2%80%93Aachen_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Cologne–Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne%E2%80%93Frankfurt_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"Erfurt–Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt%E2%80%93Leipzig/Halle_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Hanover–Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover%E2%80%93W%C3%BCrzburg_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Mannheim–Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim%E2%80%93Stuttgart_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg–Ingolstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93Ingolstadt_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg–Erfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93Erfurt_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Rastatt–Offenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe%E2%80%93Basel_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Wendlingen–Ulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendlingen%E2%80%93Ulm_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Wolfsburg–Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover%E2%80%93Berlin_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"Athens–Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus%E2%80%93Platy_railway"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Bologna–Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna%E2%80%93Florence_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Florence–Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence%E2%80%93Rome_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Milan–Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan%E2%80%93Bologna_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Milan–Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan%E2%80%93Verona_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Naples–Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples%E2%80%93Salerno_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Rome–Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome%E2%80%93Naples_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Turin–Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin%E2%80%93Milan_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"HSL-Zuid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL-Zuid"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"Gardermoen Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardermoen_Line"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Grodzisk–Zawiercie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodzisk_Mazowiecki%E2%80%93Zawiercie_railway"},{"link_name":"Moscow–St.Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapsan"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg-Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegro_(train)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Axis_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"Madrid–Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Galicia_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"Madrid–Extremadura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Extremadura_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"Barcelona–Perpignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpignan%E2%80%93Barcelona_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"Madrid–Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Barcelona_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"Madrid–León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Le%C3%B3n_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"Madrid–Malaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93M%C3%A1laga_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"Madrid–Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Seville_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"Madrid–Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Toledo_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"Madrid–Levante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Levante_high-speed_rail_network"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Bothnia Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothnia_Line"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"High Speed 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_1"},{"link_name":"Northeast Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Corridor"}],"text":"^ \"China opens 1501km of new high-speed lines\". 31 December 2013.vte Liuzhou–Nanning intercity railway\nLiuzhou\nJinde\nLaibin North\nBinyang\nWutang\nNanning East\nNanningvteHigh-speed rail in ChinaHigh-speed demonstrative maglev\nShanghai maglev train\nXianning–Changsha maglev test line (Planned)\nNational 8+8 high-speed corridorsCoastal\nDandong–Dalian–Shenyang–Qinhuangdao–(Tianjin–Dongying–Weifang)–Qingdao–Lianyungang–Yancheng–Nantong–Shanghai–Hangzhou–Taizhou–Wenzhou–Fuzhou–Xiamen–Zhangzhou–Shantou–Shanwei–Shenshan–Xili-Jiangmen–Maoming–(Zhanjiang(–)Hepu)–Qinzhou–Fangchenggang–Dongxing\nHangshenparallel\nHangzhou–Ningbo–Wenzhou–Fuzhou–Xiamen–Shenzhen\nother branches\nWeifang–Yantai\nQingdao–Rongcheng\nShanwei–Guangzhou–Zhanjiang\n\nBeijing–ShanghaiWest route\nBeijing–Shanghai\nEast route\nBeijing–(Tianjin–Dongying–Weifang)–Linyi–Huai'an–Yangzhou–Nantong–Shanghai\nbranches\nNanjing–Hangzhou\nBengbu–Hefei–Hangzhou\nBeijing–Hong Kong (Taipei)§\nBeijing–Xiong'an–Shangqiu–Fuyang–Hefei–Jiujiang–Lushan–Nanchang\nTo Hong Kong\nNanchang–Ganzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong\nTo Taipei\nHefei–Fuzhou\nNanchang–Fuzhou\nFuzhou–Pingtan\nPingtan–Taipei\n\nHarbin–Hong Kong (Macau)§\nHarbin–Shenyang–Beijing–Shijiazhuang–Wuhan–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong\nGuangzhou–Zhuhai–Macau\nHohhot–Nanning\nHohhot–Ulanqab–Datong–Yuanping–Taiyuan–Jiaozuo–Zhengzhou\nbranch: Jiaozuo–Luoyang–Pingdingshan\nZhengzhou–Pingdingshan–Xiangyang–Jingmen–Yichang–Changde–Yiyang–Loudi–Shaoyang–Yongzhou–Liuzhou–Nanning\nBeijing–KunmingBeijing–Xiong'an–Xinzhou–Xi'an–Chengdu–Kunming\nBranch lines\nBeijing–Zhangjiakou–Datong–Taiyuan\nChongqing–Kunming\nBaotou (Yinchuan)–Hainan\nYinchuan–Xi'an\nBaotou–Yan'an–Xi'an–Chongqing–Guiyang–Nanning–Qinzhou–Beihai–Zhanjiang–Haikou\nHainan eastern ring\nHainan western ring\nLanzhou (Xining)–Guangzhou\nXining–Chengdu\nLanzhou–Chengdu–Guiyang–Guangzhou\nSuifenhe–Manzhouli\nSuifenhe–Mudanjiang–Harbin–Qiqihar–Manzhouli\nBeijing–Lanzhou\nBeijing–Zhangjiakou–Hohhot–Baotou–Lanzhou\nQingdao–Yinchuan\nQingdao–Jinan–Shijiazhuang–Taiyuan–Yinchuan\nEurasia Continental\nLianyungang–Xuzhou–Zhengzhou–Xi'an–Baoji–Lanzhou–Ürümqi–Khorgas\nYangtze River\nShanghai–Huzhou–Hefei\nShanghai–Nanjing–Hefei\nHefei–Wuhan–Yichang–Xingshan\nYichang–Fuling\nWuhan–Xiangyang–Xingshan–Wanzhou–Fuling–Chongqing–Chengdu\nWanzhou–Dazhou–Chengdu\nChongqing–Neijiang–Chengdu\nOld lineShanghai–Wuxi–Nanjing–Hefei–Wuhan–Yichang–Lichuan–Chongqing–Suining–Chengdu\nShanghai–Kunming\nShanghai–Hangzhou–Changsha–Guiyang–Kunming–Ruili\nXiamen–Chongqing\nKaohsiung§–Xiamen–Longyan–Ganzhou–Changsha–Changde–Qianjiang–Chongqing\nGuangzhou–KunmingGuangzhou–Nanning–KunmingOther conventional high-speed railways (list)Intercity andlong-distance\n300–350 km/h\nBeijing–Tangshan\nBeijing–Tianjin\nChengdu–Chongqing\nChongqing–Wanzhou\nNanjing–Hangzhou\nShanghai–Nanjing\n200–250 km/h\nBeijing–Zhangjiakou\nChangchun–Jilin\nChongqing–Lanzhou\nDandong–Dalian\nGuangzhou–Foshan–Zhaoqing\nHarbin–Jiamusi\nHarbin–Mudanjiang\nHarbin–Qiqihar\nHengyang–Liuzhou\nJilin–Hunchun\nLiuzhou–Nanning\nNanchang–Jiujiang\nNanjing–Anqing\nQingdao–Rongcheng\nShenyang–Dandong\nXinhui–Maoming\nTianjin–Baoding\nXi'an–Chengdu\nZhangjiakou–Hohhot\nChengdu–Mianyang–Leshan\nGuangzhou–Zhuhai\nZhengzhou–Jiaozuo\nRegional intercity\n300–350 km/h\nChengdu–Ya'an\nTianjin–Binhai\n200–250 km/h\nChangsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan\nChengdu–Dujiangyan\nChengdu–Pujiang\nDongguan–Huizhou\nFoshan–Dongguan\nFuzhou–Changle Airport\nGuangzhou–Qingyuan\nGuiyang–Kaiyang\nHainan eastern ring\nHainan western ring\nLanzhou–Zhongchuan Airport\nMianyang–Suining–Ziyang–Neijiang–Zigong–Yibin\nSuzhou–Jiaxing\nWuhan Metropolitan Area\nZhengzhou–Kaifeng\nZhengzhou–Xinzheng Airport\nUpgraded old lines\nBeijing–Guangzhou\nBeijing–Harbin\nBeijing–Shanghai\nGuangzhou–Shenzhen\nHangzhou–Ningbo\nHankou–Danjiangkou\nKunming–Yuxi\nLianyungang–Lanzhou\nLitang–Zhanjiang\nNanjing–Nantong\nShanghai–Kunming\nRolling stock\nX 2000\nBlue Arrow\nChina Star\nHexie (CRH1/CRH2/CRH3/CRH5/CRH6/CRH380A/CRH380B/CRH380C/CRH380D)\nVibrant Express (MTR CRH380A)§\nCIT Trains\nFuxing (CR200J/CR300AF/CR300BF/CR400AF/CR400BF)\n\nItalics: under construction or currently not operational\n(-), Place A-: section under construction or currently not operational\n§: in/related to Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan\n(Place A–Place B): share tracks with other linesvteHigh-speed railway lines\nHigh-speed rail\n High-speed rail by country\n Commons\nAfricaMorocco\nCasablanca–Tangier\nAsiaChina\nCoastal corridor*\nBeijing–Shanghai\nBeijing–Hong Kong\nHarbin–Hong Kong (Macau)\nGuangzhou–Hong Kong\nHohhot–Nanning\nBeijing–Kunming\nLanzhou (Xining)–Guangzhou\nSuifenhe–Manzhouli\nBeijing–Lanzhou*\nQingdao–Yinchuan\nLianyungang–Ürümqi\nShanghai–Chengdu\nShanghai–Kunming\nGuangzhou–Kunming\nIndonesia\nWhoosh HSR\nJapan\nHokkaido Shinkansen\nHokuriku Shinkansen\nJōetsu Shinkansen\nKyushu Shinkansen\nNishi Kyushu Shinkansen\nSan'yō Shinkansen\nTōhoku Shinkansen\nTōkaidō Shinkansen\nSaudi Arabia\nHaramain HSR\nSouth Korea\nGyeongbu HSR Line\nHonam HSR Line\nSuseo–Pyeongtaek HSR Line\nGyeonggang Line (Wonju-Gangneung)\nJungang Line (Cheongnyangni-Dodam)*\nTaiwan\nTaiwan HSR\nTurkey\nAnkara–Istanbul\nAnkara–Sivas\nPolatlı–Konya\nKonya–Karaman*\nUzbekistan\nTashkent–Samarkand\nSamarkand–Bukhara\nEuropeBelgium\nHSL 1\nHSL 2\nHSL 3*\nHSL 4\nDenmark\nCopenhagen–Ringsted\nFinland\nKerava-Lahti*\nSt. Petersburg-Helsinki*\nFrance\nLGV Atlantique\nLGV Bretagne-Pays de la Loire\nLGV Est\nLGV Interconnexion Est\nLGV Méditerranée\nLGV Nord\nLGV Rhin-Rhône\nLGV Rhône-Alpes\nLGV Sud-Est\nLGV Sud Europe Atlantique\nLGV Perpignan–Barcelona*\nGermany\nCologne–Düren*\nCologne–Frankfurt\nErfurt–Leipzig\nHanover–Würzburg\nMannheim–Stuttgart*\nNuremberg–Ingolstadt\nNuremberg–Erfurt\nRastatt–Offenburg\nWendlingen–Ulm\nWolfsburg–Berlin\nGreece\nAthens–Thessaloniki*\nItaly\nBologna–Florence\nFlorence–Rome\nMilan–Bologna\nMilan–Verona\nNaples–Salerno\nRome–Naples\nTurin–Milan\nNetherlands\nHSL-Zuid\nNorway\nGardermoen Line\nPolandGrodzisk–Zawiercie*Russia\nMoscow–St.Petersburg*\nSt. Petersburg-Helsinki*\nSpain\nAtlantic Axis\nMadrid–Galicia\nMadrid–Extremadura\nBarcelona–Perpignan*\nMadrid–Barcelona\nMadrid–León\n Madrid–Malaga\nMadrid–Seville\nMadrid–Toledo\nMadrid–Levante\nSwedenBothnia LineUnited Kingdom\nHigh Speed 1\nNorth AmericaUnited StatesNortheast Corridor*OceaniaNoneSouth AmericaNone\n * An asterisk indicates overlap with conventional services.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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[{"Link":"http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/high-speed/china-opens-1501km-of-new-high-speed-lines.html","external_links_name":"\"China opens 1501km of new high-speed lines\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gotham_Film_%26_Media_Institute
The Gotham Film & Media Institute
["1 References","2 External links"]
Nonprofit independent film organization This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "The Gotham Film & Media Institute" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "The Gotham Film & Media Institute" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Gotham Film & Media InstituteFormation1979TypeFilmLegal statusActiveLocationUnited StatesKey peopleJeffrey Sharp (executive director)Websitethegotham.orgFormerly calledIndependent Filmmaker Project (IFP) The Gotham Film & Media Institute (also simply the Gotham), formerly known as the Independent Filmmaker Project (IFP), is a membership-based, not-for-profit organization dedicated to independent film. It offers programs that assist independent filmmakers in connecting with film-industry professionals and, ultimately, audiences, and presents the annual Gotham Awards. It was founded in 1979 by independent filmmakers as the Independent Filmmaker Project (IFP). Under the IFP umbrella, the New York City organization has over 5,000 members. Affiliated regional organizations are based in Chicago, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Phoenix, and Seattle. Since March 2019, Jeffrey Sharp has been the executive director of the organization. In January 2021, the IFP announced its rebranding as the Gotham Film & Media Institute. References ^ "About". The Gotham Film & Media Institute. 8 July 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2021. ^ a b Lindahl, Chris (January 6, 2021). "IFP Kicks Off 2021 by Rebranding as The Gotham Film & Media Institute". IndieWire. Retrieved December 4, 2021. ^ Filmmaker magazine ^ Hipes, Patrick (March 6, 2019). "Producer Jeffrey Sharp Named New Head Of IFP". Deadline. Retrieved December 4, 2021. External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States 2
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_winter_2009%E2%80%9310
List of English football transfers winter 2009–10
["1 Transfers","2 Notes and references"]
This is a list of English football transfers for the 2009–10 winter transfer window. Only moves featuring at least one Premier League or Championship club are listed. As punishment for a reported attempt to have Gaël Kakuta abandon Lens' youth team, Chelsea were originally banned by FIFA from signing new players during the winter period; however, the Court of Arbitration for Sport suspended the transfer ban, which will allow Chelsea to sign new players. Portsmouth had a transfer embargo placed on them but it was removed, which allowed Portsmouth to only sign players for Free or on Loan. The winter transfer window opened on 1 January 2010, although a few transfers took place prior to that date. The window closed at 17:00 on 1 February. Players without a club may join at any time. Clubs below Premiership level may also sign players on loan at any time. Clubs may also sign a goalkeeper on an emergency loan, if all others are unavailable. Transfers Date Player Moving from Moving to Fee 2 September 2009 Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink Unattached Hull City Free 2 September 2009 Jimmy Walker Unattached Tottenham Hotspur Free 6 September 2009 Afonso Alves Middlesbrough Al-Sadd Undisclosed 10 September 2009 James Henry Reading Millwall Loan 10 September 2009 Craig Noone Plymouth Argyle Exeter City Loan 10 September 2009 Cedric van der Gun Unattached Swansea City Free 10 September 2009 Danny Webber Unattached Portsmouth Free 11 September 2009 Levi Porter Leicester City Mansfield Town Loan 11 September 2009 Darren Ward Wolverhampton Wanderers Millwall Loan 14 September 2009 Craig Cathcart Manchester United Watford Loan 15 September 2009 Jamie Devitt Hull City Darlington Loan 15 September 2009 Heiðar Helguson Queens Park Rangers Watford Loan 15 September 2009 Michael Ngoo Southend United Liverpool Free 15 September 2009 Sean St Ledger Preston North End Middlesbrough Loan 15 September 2009 Bence Szabó Újpest Wolverhampton Wanderers Loan 16 September 2009 Ryan Flynn Liverpool Falkirk Undisclosed 16 September 2009 Julian Gray Unattached Barnsley Free 16 September 2009 Kayode Odejayi Barnsley Colchester United Loan 16 September 2009 Roy O'Donovan Sunderland Southend United Loan 17 September 2009 Danny Batth Wolverhampton Wanderers Colchester United Loan 17 September 2009 Danny Blanchett Peterborough United Hereford United Loan 17 September 2009 Caleb Folan Hull City Middlesbrough Loan 17 September 2009 Guillermo Franco Unattached West Ham United Free 17 September 2009 Zurab Khizanishvili Blackburn Rovers Newcastle United Loan 17 September 2009 Craig King Leicester City Hereford United Loan 17 September 2009 Shane Lowry Aston Villa Plymouth Argyle Loan 17 September 2009 Danny Mills Peterborough United Torquay United Loan 17 September 2009 Lucas Neill Unattached Everton Free 17 September 2009 Dean Parrett Tottenham Hotspur Aldershot Town Loan 17 September 2009 Sergio Torres Peterborough United Lincoln City Loan 18 September 2009 Andrew Davies Stoke City Sheffield United Loan 18 September 2009 Nathan Doyle Hull City Barnsley Loan 18 September 2009 Jonathan Fortune Unattached Sheffield United Free 18 September 2009 James Vaughan Everton Derby County Loan 19 September 2009 James Chester Manchester United Plymouth Argyle Loan 19 September 2009 David Gray Manchester United Plymouth Argyle Loan 21 September 2009 Shaun MacDonald Swansea City Yeovil Town Loan 22 September 2009 Suad Filekovič Unattached Barnsley Free 23 September 2009 Carl Dickinson Stoke City Barnsley Loan 23 September 2009 John Johnson Middlesbrough Northampton Town Loan 23 September 2009 Ryan Shotton Stoke City Barnsley Loan 24 September 2009 Marlon Harewood Aston Villa Newcastle United Loan 24 September 2009 Daniel Jones Wolverhampton Wanderers Notts County Loan 26 September 2009 Fredrik Stoor Fulham Derby County Loan 28 September 2009 Bartosz Białkowski Southampton Barnsley Loan 29 September 2009 Ádám Bogdán Bolton Wanderers Crewe Alexandra Loan 29 September 2009 Richard Cresswell Stoke City Sheffield United Loan 29 September 2009 Billy Crook Peterborough United Histon Loan 29 September 2009 Frank Fielding Blackburn Rovers Leeds United Loan 29 September 2009 Danny Rose Tottenham Hotspur Peterborough United Loan 29 September 2009 Marcel Seip Plymouth Argyle Blackpool Loan 29 September 2009 Ben Wright Peterborough United Luton Town Loan 29 September 2009 Jason Jarrett Unattached Port Vale Free 1 October 2009 Anthony Edgar West Ham United Bournemouth Loan 1 October 2009 Hólmar Örn Eyjólfsson West Ham United Cheltenham Town Loan 2 October 2009 Adam Watts Fulham Lincoln City Loan 3 October 2009 Mark Dudley Derby County Alfreton Town Loan 5 October 2009 Michail Antonio Reading Southampton Loan 5 October 2009 Aaron Doran Blackburn Rovers Milton Keynes Dons Loan 5 October 2009 Antonio German Queens Park Rangers Aldershot Town Loan 5 October 2009 Mark Little Wolverhampton Wanderers Chesterfield Loan 6 October 2009 Jamie Guy Colchester United Port Vale Loan 7 October 2009 Jonathan Lund Unattached Burnley Free 8 October 2009 Romone Rose Queens Park Rangers Cheltenham Town Loan 8 October 2009 Robbie Threlfall Liverpool Darlington Loan 9 October 2009 Gavin Hoyte Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Loan 9 October 2009 Arron Jameson Sheffield Wednesday Harrogate Town Loan 12 October 2009 Moses Barnett Everton Darlington Loan 12 October 2009 Simon Gillett Southampton Doncaster Rovers Loan 14 October 2009 Asmir Begović Portsmouth Ipswich Town Loan 14 October 2009 Lee Butcher Tottenham Hotspur Leyton Orient Loan 14 October 2009 Josh Magennis Cardiff City Grimsby Town Loan 15 October 2009 Matt Fry West Ham United Gillingham Loan 16 October 2009 Frankie Artus Bristol City Cheltenham Town Loan 16 October 2009 Michael Coulson Barnsley Chester City Loan 16 October 2009 Scott Davies Reading Wycombe Wanderers Loan 16 October 2009 David Martin Liverpool Tranmere Rovers Loan 16 October 2009 Arnaud Mendy Derby County Grimsby Town Loan 16 October 2009 Ben Smith Doncaster Rovers Morcambe Loan 16 October 2009 Boudewijn Zenden Unattached Sunderland Free 19 October 2009 Max Gradel Leicester City Leeds United Loan 19 October 2009 Chris Hussey AFC Wimbledon Coventry City Loan 19 October 2009 Gary Madine Carlisle United Coventry City Loan 19 October 2009 Sam Vokes Wolverhampton Wanderers Leeds United Loan 22 October 2009 Nathan Baker Aston Villa Lincoln City Loan 22 October 2009 Henri Camara Unattached Sheffield United Free 22 October 2009 James Collins Aston Villa Darlington Loan 22 October 2009 David Davis Wolverhampton Wanderers Darlington Loan 22 October 2009 Jamie Devitt Hull City Shrewsbury Town Loan 22 October 2009 Waide Fairhurst Doncaster Rovers Shrewsbury Town Loan 22 October 2009 Bryan Hughes Hull City Derby County Loan 22 October 2009 Eric Lichaj Aston Villa Lincoln City Loan 22 October 2009 Josh Payne West Ham United Colchester United Loan 23 October 2009 Scott Griffiths Dagenham & Redbridge Peterborough United Loan 23 October 2009 Danny Mills Peterborough United Rushden & Diamonds Loan 23 October 2009 Mark Oxley Hull City Walsall Loan 28 October 2009 Carl Ikeme Wolverhampton Wanderers Charlton Athletic Loan 28 October 2009 Sergio Torres Peterborough United Lincoln City Loan 29 October 2009 Ben Amos Manchester United Peterborough United Loan 30 October 2009 Marcus Bent Birmingham City Middlesbrough Loan 30 October 2009 George Friend Wolverhampton Wanderers Scunthorpe United Loan 4 November 2009 Leon Barnett West Bromwich Albion Coventry City Loan 4 November 2009 Febian Brandy Manchester United Gillingham Loan 4 November 2009 Daryl Flahavan Crystal Palace Oldham Athletic Loan 4 November 2009 Lee Hills Crystal Palace Oldham Athletic Loan 5 November 2009 Isaiah Osbourne Aston Villa Middlesbrough Loan 6 November 2009 Jack Ainsley Ipswich Town Rushden & Diamonds Loan 9 November 2009 Damien McCrory Plymouth Argyle Grimsby Town Loan 9 November 2009 Tom Williams Peterborough United Queens Park Rangers Loan 13 November 2009 John Akinde Bristol City Wycombe Wanderers Loan 13 November 2009 John Bostock Tottenham Hotspur Brentford Loan 13 November 2009 Kieran Djilali Crystal Palace Chesterfield Loan 13 November 2009 Andy Haworth Blackburn Rovers Gateshead Loan 13 November 2009 Ben Marshall Stoke City Cheltenham Town Loan 13 November 2009 Nana Ofori-Twumasi Chelsea Dagenham & Redbridge Loan 14 November 2009 Akpo Sodje Sheffield Wednesday Charlton Athletic Loan 17 November 2009 Sam Cox Tottenham Hotspur Histon Loan 17 November 2009 Dave Kitson Stoke City Middlesbrough Loan 18 November 2009 Richard Wood Sheffield Wednesday Coventry City Loan 19 November 2009 Michael Coulson Barnsley Grimsby Town Loan 19 November 2009 Nicky Featherstone Hull City Grimsby Town Loan 19 November 2009 Steven Reid Blackburn Rovers Queens Park Rangers Loan 19 November 2009 Michael Tonge Stoke City Preston North End Loan 19 November 2009 Josh Walker Middlesbrough Northampton Town Loan 20 November 2009 Gareth Ainsworth Queens Park Rangers Wycombe Wanderers Loan 20 November 2009 Will Atkinson Hull City Rochdale Loan 20 November 2009 Pim Balkestein Ipswich Town Brentford Loan 20 November 2009 David Button Tottenham Hotspur Shrewsbury Town Loan 20 November 2009 Kieron Cadogan Crystal Palace Burton Albion Loan 20 November 2009 Joss Labadie West Bromwich Albion Cheltenham Town Loan 20 November 2009 Adam Smith Tottenham Hotspur Torquay United Loan 20 November 2009 Wojciech Szczęsny Arsenal Brentford Loan 20 November 2009 Rhys Taylor Chelsea Queens Park Rangers Loan 21 November 2009 Fabrice Pancrate Unattached Newcastle United Free 23 November 2009 Onome Sodje Barnsley Oxford United Loan 24 November 2009 David Cotterill Sheffield United Swansea City Loan 24 November 2009 Exodus Geohaghon Kettering Town Peterborough United Loan 24 November 2009 Scott Malone Wolverhampton Wanderers Southend United Loan 24 November 2009 Rhys Murphy Arsenal Brentford Loan 24 November 2009 Nigel Quashie West Ham United Milton Keynes Dons Loan 24 November 2009 Nicky Shorey Aston Villa Nottingham Forest Loan 24 November 2009 Sean Rigg Bristol Rovers Port Vale Loan 25 November 2009 Marlon Jackson Bristol City Aldershot Town Loan 25 November 2009 Russell Martin Peterborough United Norwich City Loan 26 November 2009 Barry Bannan Aston Villa Blackpool Loan 26 November 2009 Dean Bouzanis Liverpool Accrington Stanley Loan 26 November 2009 Oliver Bozanic Reading Aldershot Town Loan 26 November 2009 Calum Butcher Tottenham Hotspur Brentford Loan 26 November 2009 Ashley Cain Coventry City Luton Town Loan 26 November 2009 Tony Capaldi Cardiff City Leeds United Loan 26 November 2009 Ashley Eastham Blackpool Cheltenham Town Loan 26 November 2009 DJ Campbell Leicester City Derby County Loan 26 November 2009 Jamie Day Peterborough United Dagenham & Redbridge Loan 26 November 2009 Hogan Ephraim Queens Park Rangers Leeds United Loan 26 November 2009 Warren Feeney Cardiff City Sheffield Wednesday Loan 26 November 2009 Johnny Flynn Blackburn Rovers Accrington Stanley Loan 26 November 2009 Paul Heffernan Doncaster Rovers Oldham Athletic Loan 26 November 2009 Chris Herd Aston Villa Lincoln City Loan 26 November 2009 Carl Ikeme Wolverhampton Wanderers Sheffield United Loan 26 November 2009 Stern John Crystal Palace Ipswich Town Loan 26 November 2009 Toni Kallio Fulham Sheffield United Loan 26 November 2009 Kevin Long Cork City Burnley Undisclosed 26 November 2009 David Martin Liverpool Leeds United Loan 26 November 2009 Ian Morris Scunthorpe United Chesterfield Loan 26 November 2009 Jordan Mutch Birmingham City Hereford United Loan 26 November 2009 Tom Soares Stoke City Sheffield Wednesday Loan 26 November 2009 Nathaniel Wedderburn Stoke City Hereford United Loan 26 November 2009 Ben Wright Peterborough United Grimsby Town Loan 11 December 2009 Marek Štěch West Ham United Bournemouth Loan 17 December 2009 Simon Locke Reading Gillingham Loan 18 December 2009 Landon Donovan Major League Soccer(Los Angeles Galaxy) Everton Loan 23 December 2009 Aaron Morris Cardiff City Newport County Loan 29 December 2009 Clayton McDonald Manchester City Walsall Free 30 December 2009 Marcel Seip Plymouth Argyle Sheffield United Loan 31 December 2009 Joe Anderson Fulham Lincoln City Undisclosed 31 December 2009 Eddie Johnson Fulham Aris Thessaloniki Loan 31 December 2009 Matthew Saunders Fulham Lincoln City Loan 31 December 2009 Gabriel Tamaş Auxerre West Bromwich Albion Loan 31 December 2009 Gunnar Heiðar Þorvaldsson Esbjerg Reading Loan 31 December 2009 Michael Uwezu Fulham Lincoln City Loan 31 December 2009 Adam Watts Fulham Lincoln City Undisclosed 1 January 2010 Lee Johnson Bristol City Derby County Loan 1 January 2010 Chris Hussey AFC Wimbledon Coventry City Undisclosed 1 January 2010 Kayode Odejayi Barnsley Colchester United Undisclosed 1 January 2010 John-Joe O'Toole Watford Colchester United Undisclosed 1 January 2010 Krisztián Timár Plymouth Argyle Oldham Athletic Loan 1 January 2010 Darren Ward Wolverhampton Wanderers Millwall Free 1 January 2010 Richard Wood Sheffield Wednesday Coventry City Undisclosed 2 January 2010 Paris Cowan-Hall Portsmouth Grimsby Town Loan 2 January 2010 Paul Marshall Manchester City Aberdeen Undisclosed 4 January 2010 Gary Deegan Bohemians Coventry City Undisclosed 4 January 2010 Russell Martin Peterborough United Norwich City Undisclosed 4 January 2010 Liam Trotter Ipswich Town Millwall Loan 5 January 2010 Richard Cresswell Stoke City Sheffield United Undisclosed 5 January 2010 Neill Collins Wolverhampton Wanderers Preston North End Undisclosed 5 January 2010 Josh Simpson Histon Peterborough United Undisclosed 5 January 2010 Luke Wilkinson Portsmouth Northampton Town Loan 6 January 2010 Carl Ikeme Wolverhampton Wanderers Queens Park Rangers Loan 6 January 2010 Reuben Reid West Bromwich Albion Peterborough United Loan 6 January 2010 Tom Taiwo Chelsea Carlisle United Undisclosed 7 January 2010 Andy Butler Huddersfield Town Blackpool Loan 7 January 2010 David Cotterill Sheffield United Swansea City £600k 7 January 2010 Nicky Hunt Bolton Wanderers Derby County Loan 7 January 2010 Marlon Pack Portsmouth Dagenham & Redbridge Loan 7 January 2010 Tommy Smith Ipswich Town Brentford Loan 7 January 2010 Vladimir Stojković Sporting CP Wigan Athletic Loan 8 January 2010 Carl Baker Stockport County Coventry City Undisclosed 8 January 2010 Didier Digard Middlesbrough Nice Loan 8 January 2010 Andrea Dossena Liverpool Napoli Undisclosed 8 January 2010 Olivier Kapo Wigan Athletic Boulogne Loan 8 January 2010 Jake Livermore Tottenham Hotspur Peterborough United Loan 8 January 2010 Patrick Vieira Internazionale Manchester City Undisclosed 8 January 2010 David Worrall West Bromwich Albion Bury Free 9 January 2010 José Fonte Crystal Palace Southampton Undisclosed 10 January 2010 Andriy Voronin Liverpool Dynamo Moscow £1.8m 11 January 2010 Nicky Featherstone Hull City Grimsby Town Loan 11 January 2010 Elrio van Heerden Blackburn Rovers Sivasspor Free 11 January 2010 Izale McLeod Charlton Athletic Peterborough United Loan 11 January 2010 Míchel Sporting Gijón Birmingham City £3m 12 January 2010 Danny Andrew Peterborough United Cheltenham Town Loan 12 January 2010 Steven Gohouri Unattached Wigan Athletic Free 12 January 2010 Andy Griffin Stoke City Reading Loan 13 January 2010 Gary Caldwell Celtic Wigan Athletic Undisclosed 13 January 2010 Nathan Doyle Hull City Barnsley Free 13 January 2010 Willo Flood Celtic Middlesbrough Free 13 January 2010 Colin Healy Ipswich Town Falkirk Loan 13 January 2010 Chris Killen Celtic Middlesbrough Free 13 January 2010 Marcos Painter Swansea City Brighton & Hove Albion Loan 13 January 2010 Barry Robson Celtic Middlesbrough Undisclosed 13 January 2010 Maxi Rodríguez Atlético Madrid Liverpool Free 13 January 2010 Mohammed Shawky Middlesbrough Kayserispor Free 14 January 2010 Joss Labadie West Bromwich Albion Cheltenham Town Loan 14 January 2010 Andros Townsend Tottenham Hotspur Milton Keynes Dons Loan 15 January 2010 Russell Anderson Sunderland Derby County Free 15 January 2010 Ashley Eastham Blackpool Cheltenham Town Loan 15 January 2010 Samuel Galindo América Arsenal Undsiclosed 15 January 2010 Stephen McGinn St Mirren Watford Undisclosed 15 January 2010 Mark Randall Arsenal Milton Keynes Dons Loan 16 January 2010 Sol Campbell Unattached Arsenal Free 18 January 2010 Adam Clayton Manchester City Carlisle United Loan 18 January 2010 Lucas Neill Everton Galatasaray £750k 18 January 2010 O'Neil Thompson Barnsley Burton Albion Loan 18 January 2010 Amr Zaki Zamalek Hull City Loan 19 January 2010 Kwesi Appiah Peterborough United Kettering Town Loan 19 January 2010 Jamal Campbell-Ryce Barnsley Bristol City Undisclosed 19 January 2010 Sam Cox Tottenham Hotspur Torquay United Loan 19 January 2010 Krystian Pearce Birmingham City Huddersfield Town Loan 19 January 2010 Mark Yeates Middlesbrough Sheffield United Undisclosed 20 January 2010 Kerrea Gilbert Arsenal Peterborough United Loan 20 January 2010 Rene Howe Peterborough United Gillingham Loan 20 January 2010 Danny Simpson Manchester United Newcastle United Undisclosed 21 January 2010 Frankie Artus Bristol City Chesterfield Loan 21 January 2010 Darren Dennehy Cardiff City Gillingham Loan 21 January 2010 Toumani Diagouraga Peterborough United Brentford Loan 21 January 2010 Andrew Howarth Blackburn Rovers Rochdale Loan 21 January 2010 Jô Manchester City Galatasaray Loan 21 January 2010 Matthew Kilgallon Sheffield United Sunderland Undisclosed 21 January 2010 Geoffrey Mujangi Bia RSC Charleroi Wolverhampton Wanderers Loan 21 January 2010 Tristan Plummer Bristol City Gillingham Loan 21 January 2010 Matt Thornhill Nottingham Forest Cheltenham Town Loan 21 January 2010 Luke Varney Derby County Sheffield Wednesday Loan 22 January 2010 Ross Atkins Derby County Burton Albion Loan 22 January 2010 Ryan Bennett Grimsby Town Peterborough United Undisclosed 22 January 2010 Exodus Geohaghon Kettering Town Peterborough United Undisclosed 22 January 2010 Scott Griffiths Dagenham & Redbridge Peterborough United Undisclosed 22 January 2010 Frédéric Nimani AS Monaco Burnley Loan 22 January 2010 Tom Parkes Leicester City Burton Albion Loan 22 January 2010 Josh Payne West Ham United Wycombe Wanderers Loan 22 January 2010 Nigel Quashie West Ham United Queens Park Rangers Free 22 January 2010 Christian Ribeiro Bristol City Colchester United Loan 22 January 2010 Daniël de Ridder Wigan Athletic Hapoel Tel Aviv Loan 22 January 2010 Nolberto Solano Unattached Leicester City Free 22 January 2010 David Stockdale Fulham Plymouth Argyle Loan 22 January 2010 Neal Trotman Preston North End Huddersfield Town Loan 22 January 2010 Gavin Gunning Blackburn Rovers Rotherham United Loan 23 January 2010 Marcus Marshall Blackburn Rovers Rotherham United Loan 25 January 2010 Patrick Agyemang Queens Park Rangers Bristol City Loan 25 January 2010 Shaun Batt Peterborough United Millwall Loan 25 January 2010 Steve Collis Unattached Bristol City Free 25 January 2010 Paul Downing West Bromwich Albion Hereford United Loan 25 January 2010 Lateef Elford-Alliyu West Bromwich Albion Hereford United Loan 25 January 2010 Max Gradel Leicester City Leeds United Undisclosed 25 January 2010 Adlene Guedioura RSC Charleroi Wolverhampton Wanderers Loan 25 January 2010 Stephen Henderson Bristol City Wycombe Wanderers Loan 25 January 2010 Matt Hill Wolverhampton Wanderers Queens Park Rangers Loan 25 January 2010 Zurab Khizanishvili Blackburn Rovers Reading Loan 25 January 2010 Jordan Mutch Birmingham City Doncaster Rovers Loan 25 January 2010 Philippe Senderos Arsenal Everton Loan 25 January 2010 Vladimír Weiss Manchester City Bolton Wanderers Loan 25 January 2010 Danny Welbeck Manchester United Preston North End Loan 26 January 2010 Will Buckley Rochdale Watford Undisclosed 26 January 2010 Craig Gardner Aston Villa Birmingham City £3m 26 January 2010 Stuart Holden Major League Soccer(Houston Dynamo) Bolton Wanderers Free 26 January 2010 Shefki Kuqi TuS Koblenz Swansea City Free 26 January 2010 Donal McDermott Manchester City Scunthorpe United Loan 26 January 2010 Shane Redmond Nottingham Forest Darlington Loan 26 January 2010 Wayne Routledge Queens Park Rangers Newcastle United Undisclosed 27 January 2010 Yıldıray Baştürk Unattached Blackburn Rovers Free 27 January 2010 Leon Cort Stoke City Burnley £1.5m 27 January 2010 Lewis Haldane Bristol Rovers Port Vale Free 27 January 2010 Brendan Moloney Nottingham Forest Scunthorpe United Loan 27 January 2010 Quincy Owusu-Abeyie Spartak Moscow Portsmouth Loan 27 January 2010 Giovani dos Santos Tottenham Hotspur Galatasaray Loan 27 January 2010 Zoran Tošić Manchester United Köln Loan 27 January 2010 Nicky Weaver Dundee United Burnley Free 27 January 2010 Mike Williamson Portsmouth Newcastle United Undisclosed 28 January 2010 Nathan Eccleston Liverpool Huddersfield Town Loan 28 January 2010 Amine Linganzi AS Saint-Étienne Blackburn Rovers Loan 28 January 2010 Robinho Manchester City Santos Loan 29 January 2010 George Donnelly Plymouth Argyle Stockport County Loan 29 January 2010 Brian Easton Burnley Hamilton Academical Loan 29 January 2010 Danny Fox Celtic Burnley Undisclosed 29 January 2010 Fitz Hall Queens Park Rangers Newcastle United Loan 29 January 2010 Eiður Guðjohnsen AS Monaco Tottenham Hotspur Loan 29 January 2010 Gary McSheffrey Birmingham City Leeds United Loan 29 January 2010 Greg Mills Derby County Macclesfield Town Loan 29 January 2010 Stephen McManus Celtic Middlesbrough Loan 29 January 2010 Jamie O'Hara Tottenham Hotspur Portsmouth Loan 29 January 2010 Kyel Reid Sheffield United Charlton Athletic Loan 29 January 2010 Paul Robinson West Bromwich Albion Bolton Wanderers Undisclosed 29 January 2010 Martin Taylor Birmingham City Watford Free 29 January 2010 Patrick van Aanholt Chelsea Newcastle United Loan 29 January 2010 Jack Wilshere Arsenal Bolton Wanderers Loan 30 January 2010 Frank Fielding Blackburn Rovers Rochdale Loan 30 January 2010 Younes Kaboul Portsmouth Tottenham Hotspur £5m 30 January 2010 Tope Obadeyi Bolton Wanderers Rochdale Loan 30 January 2010 Victor Moses Crystal Palace Wigan Athletic £2.5m 30 January 2010 Jason Puncheon Plymouth Argyle Southampton Undisclosed 31 January 2010 Stefano Okaka Chuka Roma Fulham Loan 31 January 2010 Geremi Newcastle United Ankaragücü Undisclosed 1 February 2010 Ilan Araujo Dall'Igna Saint-Etienne West Ham United Undisclosed 1 February 2010 Troy Archibald-Henville Tottenham Hotspur Exeter City Undisclosed 1 February 2010 Asmir Begović Portsmouth Stoke City £4m 1 February 2010 Benjani Manchester City Sunderland Loan 1 February 2010 Marcus Bent Birmingham Queens Park Rangers Loan 1 February 2010 Leon Best Coventry City Newcastle United Undisclosed 1 February 2010 Wayne Brown Fulham Bristol Rovers Loan 1 February 2010 Alex Bruce Ipswich Town Leicester City Loan 1 February 2010 Christopher Buchtmann Liverpool Fulham Undisclosed 1 February 2010 DJ Campbell Leicester City Blackpool Loan 1 February 2010 Jack Cork Chelsea Burnley Loan 1 February 2010 Paul Coutts Peterborough United Preston North End Undisclosed 1 February 2010 Stephen Dobbie Swansea City Blackpool Loan 1 February 2010 David Healy Sunderland Ipswich Town Loan 1 February 2010 Alan Hutton Tottenham Hotspur Sunderland Loan 1 February 2010 Adam Johnson Middlesbrough Manchester City £7m 1 February 2010 Toni Kallio Fulham Sheffield United Loan 1 February 2010 Diomansy Kamara Fulham Celtic Loan 1 February 2010 Robbie Keane Tottenham Hotspur Celtic Loan 1 February 2010 Ben Marshall Stoke City Carlisle United Loan 1 February 2010 Benni McCarthy Blackburn Rovers West Ham United Undisclosed 1 February 2010 Mido Middlesbrough West Ham United Loan 1 February 2010 Marcelo Moreno Shakhtar Donetsk Wigan Athletic Loan 1 February 2010 Daryl Murphy Sunderland Ipswich Town Loan 1 February 2010 Kyle Naughton Tottenham Hotspur Middlesbrough Loan 1 February 2010 David Nugent Portsmouth Burnley Loan 1 February 2010 Jay Rodriguez Burnley Barnsley Loan 1 February 2010 Nicky Shorey Aston Villa Fulham Loan 1 February 2010 Michael Tonge Stoke City Derby County Loan 1 February 2010 Javan Vidal Manchester City Derby County Loan ^1 Player will officially join his new club on 1 January 2010. Notes and references General "Transfers – September 2009". BBC Sport. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009. "Transfers – October 2009". BBC Sport. 31 October 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2009. "Transfers – November 2009". BBC Sport. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009. "Transfers – December 2009". BBC Sport. 31 December 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009. "Transfers – January 2010". BBC Sport. 31 January 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2010. "Transfers – February 2010". BBC Sport. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2010. Specific ^ "Chelsea transfer ban is suspended". BBC Sport. 6 November 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2009. ^ "Premier League lift Portsmouth transfer embargo". BBC Sport. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010. ^ "Millwall re-sign Henry on Loan". BBC Sport. 10 September 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2009. ^ "Exeter sign Noone from Plymouth". BBC Sport. 10 September 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009. ^ "Hornets loan United youngster". Sky Sports. 14 September 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2009. ^ "Szabo nets Wolves switch". Sky Sports. 15 September 2009. Retrieved 15 September 2009. ^ "Bairns make Flynn move permanent". BBC Sport. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 16 September 2009. ^ "Barnsley sign Gray for one month". BBC Sport. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009. ^ "Odejayi answers U's call". Sky Sports. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009. ^ "Batth signs Colchester loan deal". BBC Sport. 17 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009. ^ "Notts swoop for Wolves man Jones". BBC Sport. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009. ^ "Cresswell seals Sheff Utd switch". BBC Sport. 29 September 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2009. ^ "Vale swoop for midfielder Jarrett". BBC Sport. 29 September 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2009. ^ "Rams loan at Dudley". Sky Sports. 3 October 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2009. ^ "Breaking News: Vale secure loan move for Guy". thisisstaffordshire.co.uk. 6 October 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2009. ^ "Harrowgate sign Wednesday Keeper". BBC Sport. 9 October 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2009. ^ "Cheltenham seal Artus deal". Sky Sports. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2009. ^ "Mendy heads to Grimsby". Sky Sports. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2009. ^ "Morecambe bring in keeper Smith". BBC Sport. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2009. ^ "Blades boosted by Camara signing". BBC Sport. 22 October 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009. ^ "Derby set to sign Hull midfielder". BBC Sport. 22 October 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009. ^ "Middlesbrough complete Bent loan". BBC Sport. 30 October 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009. ^ "Friend joins Scunthorpe on loan". BBC Sport. 30 October 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009. ^ "Cobblers snap up Walker". BBC Sport. 19 November 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2009. ^ "Button eases Shrews keeper crisis". BBC Sport. 20 November 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2009. ^ "Zebroski clinches Torquay return". BBC Sport. 20 November 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2009. ^ "Cotterill completes Swans move". BBC Sport. 24 November 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2009. ^ "Vale snap up Pirates forward Rigg". BBC Sport. 24 November 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2009. ^ "Bees make triple signing". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009. ^ "Dagenham seize the Day". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009. ^ "Latics land Heffernan". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009. ^ "Clarets land Long". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009. ^ "Morris makes Spireites". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009. ^ "Mutch moves to Hereford". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009. ^ "Marniers seal double deal". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009. ^ "Gills pick Locke". Sky Sports. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2009. ^ a b In Major League Soccer, all player contracts are owned by the league, not by individual teams ^ "Everton sign LA Galaxy striker Landon Donovan on loan". BBC Sport. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009. ^ "Morris loaned to Newport". cardiffcityfc.co.uk. Cardiff City F.C. 23 December 2009. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2009. ^ "Johnson leaves Fulham". Sky Sports. 31 December 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009. ^ a b "Wood and Hussey complete moves". ccfc.co.uk. Coventry City F.C. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2010. ^ "Dons seal Marhsall deal". Sky Sports. 2 January 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2010. ^ "Sky Blues seal Deegan deal". Sky Sports. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010. ^ "Norwich sign Russell Martin and Anthony McNamee". BBC Sport. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010. ^ "Millwall bring Trotter back". Sky Sports. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010. ^ "Posh clinch Reid deal". Sky Sports. 6 January 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2010. ^ "Tangerines bring in Butler". Sky Sports. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010. ^ "Swans seal record deal". Sky Sports. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010. ^ "Ipswich loan Smith to Brentford". BBC Sport. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010. ^ "Andriy Voronin seals move to Dinamo Moscow". BBC News. 10 January 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2010. ^ "Grimsby re-sign Featherstone". Sky Sports. 11 January 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2010. ^ "Wigan sign Ivory Coast defender Steven Gohouri". BBC Sport. 12 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010. ^ "Bairns seal Healy swoop". Sky Sports. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010. ^ "Carlisle loan return for Manchester City's Adam Clayton". BBC Sport. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010. ^ "Neill completes Gala switch". Sky Sports. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010. ^ a b c "Trio make moves permanent". theposh.com. Peterborough United F.C. 22 January 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2010. ^ "Arsenal's Philippe Senderos joins Everton on loan". BBC Sport. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010. ^ "Newcastle sign QPR winger Wayne Routledge". BBC Sport. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010. ^ "Contract terminated". vfb.de. Retrieved 27 January 2010. ^ Baggaley, Michael (27 January 2010). "Port Vale: Haldane agrees permanent Vale deal". The Sentinel. Retrieved 27 January 2010. ^ "Owusu-Abeyie joins Pompey". Sky Sports. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010. ^ "Giovani joins Gala". Sky Sports. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010. ^ "Tosic completes Cologne loan". Sky Sports. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010. vte2009–10 in English football « 2008–09 2010–11 » National teams 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA Group 6) Fabio Capello LeaguecompetitionsLevel 1 Premier League Levels 2–4 Football League (Championship, League One, League Two, play-offs) Levels 5–6 Football Conference (Premier, North, South) Levels 7–8 Isthmian League (Premier, North, South) Northern Premier League (Premier, North, South) Southern Football League (Premier, Central, South & West) Levels 9–10 Combined Counties League (Premier, One) East Midlands Counties League (level 10 only) Eastern Counties League (Premier, One) Essex Senior League (level 9 only) Hellenic League (Premier, One East, One West) Kent League (level 9 only) Midland Alliance (level 9 only) Midland Combination (level 10 only) North West Counties League (Premier, One) Northern Counties East League (Premier, One) Northern League (One, Two) South West Peninsula League (level 10 only) Spartan South Midlands League (Premier, One) Sussex County League (One, Two) United Counties League (Premier, One) Wessex League (Premier, One) West Midlands (Regional) League (level 10 only) Western League (Premier, One) CupcompetitionsFA cups FA Cup (Qualifying rounds, Final) Community Shield FA Trophy (Final) FA Youth Cup Football League cups Football League Cup (Final) Football League Trophy (Final) Club seasonsPremierLeague Arsenal Aston Villa Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Bolton Wanderers Burnley Chelsea Everton Fulham Hull City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Portsmouth Stoke City Sunderland Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Wigan Athletic Wolverhampton Wanderers Championship Barnsley Blackpool Bristol City Cardiff City Coventry City Crystal Palace Derby County Doncaster Rovers Ipswich Town Leicester City Middlesbrough Newcastle United Nottingham Forest Peterborough United Plymouth Argyle Preston North End Queens Park Rangers Reading Scunthorpe United Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Swansea City Watford West Bromwich Albion League One Brentford Brighton & Hove Albion Bristol Rovers Carlisle United Charlton Athletic Colchester United Exeter City Gillingham Hartlepool United Huddersfield Town Leeds United Leyton Orient Millwall Milton Keynes Dons Norwich City Oldham Athletic Southampton Southend United Stockport County Swindon Town Tranmere Rovers Walsall Wycombe Wanderers Yeovil Town League Two Accrington Stanley Aldershot Town Barnet Bournemouth Bradford City Burton Albion Bury Cheltenham Town Chesterfield Crewe Alexandra Dagenham & Redbridge Darlington Grimsby Town Hereford United Lincoln City Macclesfield Town Morecambe Northampton Town Notts County Port Vale Rochdale Rotherham United Shrewsbury Town Torquay United Non-League Luton Town Oxford United Stevenage Borough York City Summer 2009 transfers Winter 2009–10 transfers Summer 2010 transfers vteEnglish football transfer lists Summer 2002 Winter 2002–03 Summer 2003 Winter 2003–04 Summer 2004 Winter 2004–05 Summer 2005 Winter 2005–06 Summer 2006 Winter 2006–07 Summer 2007 Winter 2007–08 Summer 2008 Winter 2008–09 Summer 2009 Winter 2009–10 Summer 2010 Winter 2010–11 Summer 2011 Winter 2011–12 Summer 2012 Winter 2012–13 Summer 2013 Winter 2013–14 Summer 2014 Winter 2014–15 Summer 2015 Winter 2015–16 Summer 2016 Winter 2016–17 Summer 2017 Winter 2017–18 Summer 2018 Winter 2018–19 Summer 2019 Winter 2019–20 Summer 2020 Winter 2020–21 Summer 2021 Winter 2021–22 Summer 2022 Winter 2022–23 Summer 2023 Winter 2023–24 Summer 2024 Progression of transfer fee record
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2010\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/8490404.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Chelsea transfer ban is suspended\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/8319573.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Premier League lift Portsmouth transfer embargo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/portsmouth/8481245.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Millwall re-sign Henry on Loan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/millwall/8249524.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Exeter sign Noone from Plymouth\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/e/exeter_city/8247930.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Hornets loan United youngster\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5559051,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Szabo nets Wolves switch\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5561686,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Bairns make Flynn move permanent\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/f/falkirk/8258461.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Barnsley sign Gray for one month\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/barnsley/8259176.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Odejayi answers U's call\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5563602,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Batth signs Colchester loan deal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/colchester_united/8261230.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Notts swoop for Wolves man Jones\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/notts_county/8272647.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Cresswell seals Sheff Utd switch\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/sheff_utd/8267062.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Vale swoop for midfielder Jarrett\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/port_vale/8279918.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Rams loan at Dudley\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5604287,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Breaking News: Vale secure loan move for Guy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120914152017/http://www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk/portvale/Breaking-News-Vale-secure-loan-Guy/article-1396916-detail/article.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk/portvale/Breaking-News-Vale-secure-loan-Guy/article-1396916-detail/article.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Harrowgate sign Wednesday Keeper\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_conf/8299653.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Cheltenham seal Artus deal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5632214,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Mendy heads to Grimsby\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5630563,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Morecambe bring in keeper Smith\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/8284553.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Blades boosted by Camara signing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/sheff_utd/8319998.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Derby set to sign Hull midfielder\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/d/derby_county/8320315.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Middlesbrough complete Bent loan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/middlesbrough/8333742.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Friend joins Scunthorpe on loan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/scunthorpe_utd/8334661.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Cobblers snap up Walker\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/northampton_town/8369288.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"Button eases Shrews keeper crisis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/shrewsbury/8370202.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Zebroski clinches Torquay return\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/t/torquay_united/8371025.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Cotterill completes Swans move\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/swansea_city/8365896.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Vale snap up Pirates forward Rigg\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/port_vale/8377049.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Bees make triple signing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5723143,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Dagenham seize the Day\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5723025,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Latics land Heffernan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5722795,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"Clarets land Long\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5722972,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Morris makes Spireites\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5723195,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"Mutch moves to Hereford\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5722754,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"Marniers seal double deal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5723016,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"\"Gills pick Locke\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5777094,00.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MLS_contract_37-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MLS_contract_37-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"Everton sign LA Galaxy striker Landon Donovan on loan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/e/everton/8404674.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"\"Morris loaned to Newport\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120309171134/http://www.cardiffcityfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10335~1914826%2C00.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cardiffcityfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10335~1914826,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"Johnson leaves Fulham\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5814499,00.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hussey&WoodjoinCoventry_41-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hussey&WoodjoinCoventry_41-1"},{"link_name":"\"Wood and Hussey complete moves\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100104120151/http://www.ccfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10269~1920671%2C00.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ccfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10269~1920671,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"\"Dons seal Marhsall deal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5821132,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"\"Sky Blues seal Deegan deal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5830872,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"\"Norwich sign Russell Martin and Anthony McNamee\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/norwich/8439544.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"\"Millwall bring Trotter back\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5831527,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"\"Posh clinch Reid deal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5837347,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"\"Tangerines bring in Butler\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5841065,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"\"Swans seal record deal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5841269,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"\"Ipswich loan Smith to Brentford\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/i/ipswich_town/8446602.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"\"Andriy Voronin seals move to Dinamo Moscow\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/liverpool/8450798.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"\"Grimsby re-sign Featherstone\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5853600,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"\"Wigan sign Ivory Coast defender Steven Gohouri\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wigan_athletic/8455001.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"\"Bairns seal Healy swoop\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5856656,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"\"Carlisle loan return for Manchester City's Adam Clayton\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/carlisle_united/8465524.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"\"Neill completes Gala switch\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5868182,00.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bennet,_Geohaghon_&_Griffiths_56-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bennet,_Geohaghon_&_Griffiths_56-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bennet,_Geohaghon_&_Griffiths_56-2"},{"link_name":"\"Trio make moves permanent\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theposh.com/page/NewsDetail/0,,10427~1941057,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"\"Arsenal's Philippe Senderos joins Everton on loan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/e/everton/8476637.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"\"Newcastle sign QPR winger Wayne 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2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_summer_2011"},{"link_name":"Winter 2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_winter_2011%E2%80%9312"},{"link_name":"Summer 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_summer_2012"},{"link_name":"Winter 2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_winter_2012%E2%80%9313"},{"link_name":"Summer 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_summer_2013"},{"link_name":"Winter 2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_winter_2013%E2%80%9314"},{"link_name":"Summer 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_summer_2014"},{"link_name":"Winter 2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_winter_2014%E2%80%9315"},{"link_name":"Summer 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_summer_2015"},{"link_name":"Winter 2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_winter_2015%E2%80%9316"},{"link_name":"Summer 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_summer_2016"},{"link_name":"Winter 2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_winter_2016%E2%80%9317"},{"link_name":"Summer 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_summer_2017"},{"link_name":"Winter 2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_winter_2017%E2%80%9318"},{"link_name":"Summer 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_summer_2018"},{"link_name":"Winter 2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_winter_2018%E2%80%9319"},{"link_name":"Summer 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_summer_2019"},{"link_name":"Winter 2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_winter_2019%E2%80%9320"},{"link_name":"Summer 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_summer_2020"},{"link_name":"Winter 2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_winter_2020%E2%80%9321"},{"link_name":"Summer 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_summer_2021"},{"link_name":"Winter 2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_winter_2021%E2%80%9322"},{"link_name":"Summer 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_summer_2022"},{"link_name":"Winter 2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_winter_2022%E2%80%9323"},{"link_name":"Summer 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_summer_2023"},{"link_name":"Winter 2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_winter_2023%E2%80%9324"},{"link_name":"Summer 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_football_transfers_summer_2024"},{"link_name":"Progression of transfer fee record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progression_of_the_British_football_transfer_fee_record"}],"text":"General\"Transfers – September 2009\". BBC Sport. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.\n\"Transfers – October 2009\". BBC Sport. 31 October 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2009.\n\"Transfers – November 2009\". BBC Sport. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.\n\"Transfers – December 2009\". BBC Sport. 31 December 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009.\n\"Transfers – January 2010\". BBC Sport. 31 January 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2010.\n\"Transfers – February 2010\". BBC Sport. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2010.Specific^ \"Chelsea transfer ban is suspended\". BBC Sport. 6 November 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2009.\n\n^ \"Premier League lift Portsmouth transfer embargo\". BBC Sport. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Millwall re-sign Henry on Loan\". BBC Sport. 10 September 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2009.\n\n^ \"Exeter sign Noone from Plymouth\". BBC Sport. 10 September 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.\n\n^ \"Hornets loan United youngster\". Sky Sports. 14 September 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2009.\n\n^ \"Szabo nets Wolves switch\". Sky Sports. 15 September 2009. Retrieved 15 September 2009.\n\n^ \"Bairns make Flynn move permanent\". BBC Sport. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 16 September 2009.\n\n^ \"Barnsley sign Gray for one month\". BBC Sport. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.\n\n^ \"Odejayi answers U's call\". Sky Sports. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.\n\n^ \"Batth signs Colchester loan deal\". BBC Sport. 17 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.\n\n^ \"Notts swoop for Wolves man Jones\". BBC Sport. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.\n\n^ \"Cresswell seals Sheff Utd switch\". BBC Sport. 29 September 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2009.\n\n^ \"Vale swoop for midfielder Jarrett\". BBC Sport. 29 September 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2009.\n\n^ \"Rams loan at Dudley\". Sky Sports. 3 October 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2009.\n\n^ \"Breaking News: Vale secure loan move for Guy\". thisisstaffordshire.co.uk. 6 October 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2009.\n\n^ \"Harrowgate sign Wednesday Keeper\". BBC Sport. 9 October 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2009.\n\n^ \"Cheltenham seal Artus deal\". Sky Sports. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2009.\n\n^ \"Mendy heads to Grimsby\". Sky Sports. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2009.\n\n^ \"Morecambe bring in keeper Smith\". BBC Sport. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2009.\n\n^ \"Blades boosted by Camara signing\". BBC Sport. 22 October 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.\n\n^ \"Derby set to sign Hull midfielder\". BBC Sport. 22 October 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.\n\n^ \"Middlesbrough complete Bent loan\". BBC Sport. 30 October 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009.\n\n^ \"Friend joins Scunthorpe on loan\". BBC Sport. 30 October 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009.\n\n^ \"Cobblers snap up Walker\". BBC Sport. 19 November 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2009.\n\n^ \"Button eases Shrews keeper crisis\". BBC Sport. 20 November 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2009.\n\n^ \"Zebroski clinches Torquay return\". BBC Sport. 20 November 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2009.\n\n^ \"Cotterill completes Swans move\". BBC Sport. 24 November 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2009.\n\n^ \"Vale snap up Pirates forward Rigg\". BBC Sport. 24 November 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2009.\n\n^ \"Bees make triple signing\". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.\n\n^ \"Dagenham seize the Day\". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.\n\n^ \"Latics land Heffernan\". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.\n\n^ \"Clarets land Long\". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.\n\n^ \"Morris makes Spireites\". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.\n\n^ \"Mutch moves to Hereford\". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.\n\n^ \"Marniers seal double deal\". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.\n\n^ \"Gills pick Locke\". Sky Sports. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2009.\n\n^ a b In Major League Soccer, all player contracts are owned by the league, not by individual teams\n\n^ \"Everton sign LA Galaxy striker Landon Donovan on loan\". BBC Sport. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009.\n\n^ \"Morris loaned to Newport\". cardiffcityfc.co.uk. Cardiff City F.C. 23 December 2009. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2009.\n\n^ \"Johnson leaves Fulham\". Sky Sports. 31 December 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009.\n\n^ a b \"Wood and Hussey complete moves\". ccfc.co.uk. Coventry City F.C. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Dons seal Marhsall deal\". Sky Sports. 2 January 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Sky Blues seal Deegan deal\". Sky Sports. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Norwich sign Russell Martin and Anthony McNamee\". BBC Sport. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Millwall bring Trotter back\". Sky Sports. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Posh clinch Reid deal\". Sky Sports. 6 January 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Tangerines bring in Butler\". Sky Sports. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Swans seal record deal\". Sky Sports. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Ipswich loan Smith to Brentford\". BBC Sport. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Andriy Voronin seals move to Dinamo Moscow\". BBC News. 10 January 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Grimsby re-sign Featherstone\". Sky Sports. 11 January 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Wigan sign Ivory Coast defender Steven Gohouri\". BBC Sport. 12 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Bairns seal Healy swoop\". Sky Sports. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Carlisle loan return for Manchester City's Adam Clayton\". BBC Sport. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Neill completes Gala switch\". Sky Sports. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.\n\n^ a b c \"Trio make moves permanent\". theposh.com. Peterborough United F.C. 22 January 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Arsenal's Philippe Senderos joins Everton on loan\". BBC Sport. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Newcastle sign QPR winger Wayne Routledge\". BBC Sport. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Contract terminated\". vfb.de. Retrieved 27 January 2010.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ Baggaley, Michael (27 January 2010). \"Port Vale: Haldane agrees permanent Vale deal\". The Sentinel. Retrieved 27 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Owusu-Abeyie joins Pompey\". Sky Sports. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Giovani joins Gala\". Sky Sports. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.\n\n^ \"Tosic completes Cologne loan\". Sky Sports. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.vte2009–10 in English football « 2008–09 2010–11 » National teams\n2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA Group 6)\nFabio Capello\nLeaguecompetitionsLevel 1\nPremier League\nLevels 2–4\nFootball League (Championship, League One, League Two, play-offs)\nLevels 5–6\nFootball Conference (Premier, North, South)\nLevels 7–8\nIsthmian League (Premier, North, South)\nNorthern Premier League (Premier, North, South)\nSouthern Football League (Premier, Central, South & West)\nLevels 9–10\nCombined Counties League (Premier, One)\nEast Midlands Counties League (level 10 only)\nEastern Counties League (Premier, One)\nEssex Senior League (level 9 only)\nHellenic League (Premier, One East, One West)\nKent League (level 9 only)\nMidland Alliance (level 9 only)\nMidland Combination (level 10 only)\nNorth West Counties League (Premier, One)\nNorthern Counties East League (Premier, One)\nNorthern League (One, Two)\nSouth West Peninsula League (level 10 only)\nSpartan South Midlands League (Premier, One)\nSussex County League (One, Two)\nUnited Counties League (Premier, One)\nWessex League (Premier, One)\nWest Midlands (Regional) League (level 10 only)\nWestern League (Premier, One)\nCupcompetitionsFA cups\nFA Cup (Qualifying rounds, Final)\nCommunity Shield\nFA Trophy (Final)\nFA Youth Cup\nFootball League cups\nFootball League Cup (Final)\nFootball League Trophy (Final)\nClub seasonsPremierLeague\nArsenal\nAston Villa\nBirmingham City\nBlackburn Rovers\nBolton Wanderers\nBurnley\nChelsea\nEverton\nFulham\nHull City\nLiverpool\nManchester City\nManchester United\nPortsmouth\nStoke City\nSunderland\nTottenham Hotspur\nWest Ham United\nWigan Athletic\nWolverhampton Wanderers\nChampionship\nBarnsley\nBlackpool\nBristol City\nCardiff City\nCoventry City\nCrystal Palace\nDerby County\nDoncaster Rovers\nIpswich Town\nLeicester City\nMiddlesbrough\nNewcastle United\nNottingham Forest\nPeterborough United\nPlymouth Argyle\nPreston North End\nQueens Park Rangers\nReading\nScunthorpe United\nSheffield United\nSheffield Wednesday\nSwansea City\nWatford\nWest Bromwich Albion\nLeague One\nBrentford\nBrighton & Hove Albion\nBristol Rovers\nCarlisle United\nCharlton Athletic\nColchester United\nExeter City\nGillingham\nHartlepool United\nHuddersfield Town\nLeeds United\nLeyton Orient\nMillwall\nMilton Keynes Dons\nNorwich City\nOldham Athletic\nSouthampton\nSouthend United\nStockport County\nSwindon Town\nTranmere Rovers\nWalsall\nWycombe Wanderers\nYeovil Town\nLeague Two\nAccrington Stanley\nAldershot Town\nBarnet\nBournemouth\nBradford City\nBurton Albion\nBury\nCheltenham Town\nChesterfield\nCrewe Alexandra\nDagenham & Redbridge\nDarlington\nGrimsby Town\nHereford United\nLincoln City\nMacclesfield Town\nMorecambe\nNorthampton Town\nNotts County\nPort Vale\nRochdale\nRotherham United\nShrewsbury Town\nTorquay United\nNon-League\nLuton Town\nOxford United\nStevenage Borough\nYork City\n\nSummer 2009 transfers\nWinter 2009–10 transfers\nSummer 2010 transfersvteEnglish football transfer lists\nSummer 2002\nWinter 2002–03\nSummer 2003\nWinter 2003–04\nSummer 2004\nWinter 2004–05\nSummer 2005\nWinter 2005–06\nSummer 2006\nWinter 2006–07\nSummer 2007\nWinter 2007–08\nSummer 2008\nWinter 2008–09\nSummer 2009\nWinter 2009–10\nSummer 2010\nWinter 2010–11\nSummer 2011\nWinter 2011–12\nSummer 2012\nWinter 2012–13\nSummer 2013\nWinter 2013–14\nSummer 2014\nWinter 2014–15\nSummer 2015\nWinter 2015–16\nSummer 2016\nWinter 2016–17\nSummer 2017\nWinter 2017–18\nSummer 2018\nWinter 2018–19\nSummer 2019\nWinter 2019–20\nSummer 2020\nWinter 2020–21\nSummer 2021\nWinter 2021–22\nSummer 2022\nWinter 2022–23\nSummer 2023\nWinter 2023–24\nSummer 2024\nProgression of transfer fee record","title":"Notes and references"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Transfers – September 2009\". BBC Sport. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/8230976.stm","url_text":"\"Transfers – September 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transfers – October 2009\". BBC Sport. 31 October 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/8284553.stm","url_text":"\"Transfers – October 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transfers – November 2009\". BBC Sport. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/8342731.stm","url_text":"\"Transfers – November 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transfers – December 2009\". BBC Sport. 31 December 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/8404504.stm","url_text":"\"Transfers – December 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transfers – January 2010\". BBC Sport. 31 January 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/8437107.stm","url_text":"\"Transfers – January 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transfers – February 2010\". BBC Sport. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/8490404.stm","url_text":"\"Transfers – February 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chelsea transfer ban is suspended\". BBC Sport. 6 November 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/8319573.stm","url_text":"\"Chelsea transfer ban is suspended\""}]},{"reference":"\"Premier League lift Portsmouth transfer embargo\". BBC Sport. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/portsmouth/8481245.stm","url_text":"\"Premier League lift Portsmouth transfer embargo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Millwall re-sign Henry on Loan\". BBC Sport. 10 September 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/millwall/8249524.stm","url_text":"\"Millwall re-sign Henry on Loan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exeter sign Noone from Plymouth\". BBC Sport. 10 September 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/e/exeter_city/8247930.stm","url_text":"\"Exeter sign Noone from Plymouth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hornets loan United youngster\". Sky Sports. 14 September 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5559051,00.html","url_text":"\"Hornets loan United youngster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Szabo nets Wolves switch\". Sky Sports. 15 September 2009. Retrieved 15 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5561686,00.html","url_text":"\"Szabo nets Wolves switch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bairns make Flynn move permanent\". BBC Sport. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 16 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/f/falkirk/8258461.stm","url_text":"\"Bairns make Flynn move permanent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barnsley sign Gray for one month\". BBC Sport. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/barnsley/8259176.stm","url_text":"\"Barnsley sign Gray for one month\""}]},{"reference":"\"Odejayi answers U's call\". Sky Sports. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5563602,00.html","url_text":"\"Odejayi answers U's call\""}]},{"reference":"\"Batth signs Colchester loan deal\". BBC Sport. 17 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/colchester_united/8261230.stm","url_text":"\"Batth signs Colchester loan deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notts swoop for Wolves man Jones\". BBC Sport. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/notts_county/8272647.stm","url_text":"\"Notts swoop for Wolves man Jones\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cresswell seals Sheff Utd switch\". BBC Sport. 29 September 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/sheff_utd/8267062.stm","url_text":"\"Cresswell seals Sheff Utd switch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vale swoop for midfielder Jarrett\". BBC Sport. 29 September 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/port_vale/8279918.stm","url_text":"\"Vale swoop for midfielder Jarrett\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rams loan at Dudley\". Sky Sports. 3 October 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5604287,00.html","url_text":"\"Rams loan at Dudley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Breaking News: Vale secure loan move for Guy\". thisisstaffordshire.co.uk. 6 October 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120914152017/http://www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk/portvale/Breaking-News-Vale-secure-loan-Guy/article-1396916-detail/article.html","url_text":"\"Breaking News: Vale secure loan move for Guy\""},{"url":"http://www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk/portvale/Breaking-News-Vale-secure-loan-Guy/article-1396916-detail/article.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Harrowgate sign Wednesday Keeper\". BBC Sport. 9 October 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_conf/8299653.stm","url_text":"\"Harrowgate sign Wednesday Keeper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cheltenham seal Artus deal\". Sky Sports. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5632214,00.html","url_text":"\"Cheltenham seal Artus deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mendy heads to Grimsby\". Sky Sports. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5630563,00.html","url_text":"\"Mendy heads to Grimsby\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morecambe bring in keeper Smith\". BBC Sport. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/8284553.stm","url_text":"\"Morecambe bring in keeper Smith\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blades boosted by Camara signing\". BBC Sport. 22 October 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/sheff_utd/8319998.stm","url_text":"\"Blades boosted by Camara signing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derby set to sign Hull midfielder\". BBC Sport. 22 October 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/d/derby_county/8320315.stm","url_text":"\"Derby set to sign Hull midfielder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Middlesbrough complete Bent loan\". BBC Sport. 30 October 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/middlesbrough/8333742.stm","url_text":"\"Middlesbrough complete Bent loan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Friend joins Scunthorpe on loan\". BBC Sport. 30 October 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/scunthorpe_utd/8334661.stm","url_text":"\"Friend joins Scunthorpe on loan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cobblers snap up Walker\". BBC Sport. 19 November 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/northampton_town/8369288.stm","url_text":"\"Cobblers snap up Walker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Button eases Shrews keeper crisis\". BBC Sport. 20 November 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/shrewsbury/8370202.stm","url_text":"\"Button eases Shrews keeper crisis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zebroski clinches Torquay return\". BBC Sport. 20 November 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/t/torquay_united/8371025.stm","url_text":"\"Zebroski clinches Torquay return\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cotterill completes Swans move\". BBC Sport. 24 November 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/swansea_city/8365896.stm","url_text":"\"Cotterill completes Swans move\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vale snap up Pirates forward Rigg\". BBC Sport. 24 November 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/port_vale/8377049.stm","url_text":"\"Vale snap up Pirates forward Rigg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bees make triple signing\". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5723143,00.html","url_text":"\"Bees make triple signing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dagenham seize the Day\". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5723025,00.html","url_text":"\"Dagenham seize the Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Latics land Heffernan\". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5722795,00.html","url_text":"\"Latics land Heffernan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clarets land Long\". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5722972,00.html","url_text":"\"Clarets land Long\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morris makes Spireites\". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5723195,00.html","url_text":"\"Morris makes Spireites\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mutch moves to Hereford\". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5722754,00.html","url_text":"\"Mutch moves to Hereford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marniers seal double deal\". Sky Sports. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5723016,00.html","url_text":"\"Marniers seal double deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gills pick Locke\". Sky Sports. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5777094,00.html","url_text":"\"Gills pick Locke\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everton sign LA Galaxy striker Landon Donovan on loan\". BBC Sport. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/e/everton/8404674.stm","url_text":"\"Everton sign LA Galaxy striker Landon Donovan on loan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morris loaned to Newport\". cardiffcityfc.co.uk. Cardiff City F.C. 23 December 2009. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309171134/http://www.cardiffcityfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10335~1914826%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Morris loaned to Newport\""},{"url":"http://www.cardiffcityfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10335~1914826,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Johnson leaves Fulham\". Sky Sports. 31 December 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5814499,00.html","url_text":"\"Johnson leaves Fulham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wood and Hussey complete moves\". ccfc.co.uk. Coventry City F.C. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100104120151/http://www.ccfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10269~1920671%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Wood and Hussey complete moves\""},{"url":"http://www.ccfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10269~1920671,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dons seal Marhsall deal\". Sky Sports. 2 January 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5821132,00.html","url_text":"\"Dons seal Marhsall deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sky Blues seal Deegan deal\". Sky Sports. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5830872,00.html","url_text":"\"Sky Blues seal Deegan deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norwich sign Russell Martin and Anthony McNamee\". BBC Sport. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/norwich/8439544.stm","url_text":"\"Norwich sign Russell Martin and Anthony McNamee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Millwall bring Trotter back\". Sky Sports. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5831527,00.html","url_text":"\"Millwall bring Trotter back\""}]},{"reference":"\"Posh clinch Reid deal\". Sky Sports. 6 January 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5837347,00.html","url_text":"\"Posh clinch Reid deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tangerines bring in Butler\". Sky Sports. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5841065,00.html","url_text":"\"Tangerines bring in Butler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swans seal record deal\". Sky Sports. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5841269,00.html","url_text":"\"Swans seal record deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ipswich loan Smith to Brentford\". BBC Sport. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/i/ipswich_town/8446602.stm","url_text":"\"Ipswich loan Smith to Brentford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andriy Voronin seals move to Dinamo Moscow\". BBC News. 10 January 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/liverpool/8450798.stm","url_text":"\"Andriy Voronin seals move to Dinamo Moscow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grimsby re-sign Featherstone\". Sky Sports. 11 January 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5853600,00.html","url_text":"\"Grimsby re-sign Featherstone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wigan sign Ivory Coast defender Steven Gohouri\". BBC Sport. 12 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wigan_athletic/8455001.stm","url_text":"\"Wigan sign Ivory Coast defender Steven Gohouri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bairns seal Healy swoop\". Sky Sports. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5856656,00.html","url_text":"\"Bairns seal Healy swoop\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carlisle loan return for Manchester City's Adam Clayton\". BBC Sport. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/carlisle_united/8465524.stm","url_text":"\"Carlisle loan return for Manchester City's Adam Clayton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neill completes Gala switch\". Sky Sports. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5868182,00.html","url_text":"\"Neill completes Gala switch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trio make moves permanent\". theposh.com. Peterborough United F.C. 22 January 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theposh.com/page/NewsDetail/0,,10427~1941057,00.html","url_text":"\"Trio make moves permanent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal's Philippe Senderos joins Everton on loan\". BBC Sport. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/e/everton/8476637.stm","url_text":"\"Arsenal's Philippe Senderos joins Everton on loan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newcastle sign QPR winger Wayne Routledge\". BBC Sport. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/8473217.stm","url_text":"\"Newcastle sign QPR winger Wayne Routledge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contract terminated\". vfb.de. Retrieved 27 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://vfb.de/en/aktuell/news/2009/35113.php","url_text":"\"Contract terminated\""}]},{"reference":"Baggaley, Michael (27 January 2010). \"Port Vale: Haldane agrees permanent Vale deal\". The Sentinel. Retrieved 27 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk/portvale/Port-Vale-Haldane-agrees-permanent-Vale-deal/article-1763584-detail/article.html","url_text":"\"Port Vale: Haldane agrees permanent Vale deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Owusu-Abeyie joins Pompey\". Sky Sports. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5888799,00.html","url_text":"\"Owusu-Abeyie joins Pompey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Giovani joins Gala\". Sky Sports. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5888520,00.html","url_text":"\"Giovani joins Gala\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tosic completes Cologne loan\". Sky Sports. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_5888612,00.html","url_text":"\"Tosic completes Cologne loan\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popish_Recusants_Act_1592
Popish Recusants Act 1592
["1 The Act","2 Notes"]
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Popish Recusants Act 1592" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) United Kingdom legislationPopish Recusants Act 1592Act of ParliamentParliament of EnglandLong titleAn Act for Restraining Popish Recusants to some certain Places of Abode.Citation35 Eliz. 1. c. 2DatesRoyal assent10 April 1593Repealed9 August 1844Other legislationRepealed byRoman Catholics Act 1844 The Popish Recusants Act 1592 (35 Eliz. 1. c. 2) was an Act of the Parliament of England. It was one of many acts imposed by the 8th Parliament of Elizabeth I to restrict and punish recusants for not joining the Church of England. The Act Introduction: "For the better discovering and avoiding of all such traitorous and most dangerous conspiracies and attempts as are daily devised and practised against our most gracious sovereign lady the queen's majesty and the happy estate of this commonweal, by sundry wicked and seditious persons, who, terming themselves Catholics, and being indeed spies and intelligencers, not only for her majesty's foreign enemies, but also for rebellious and traitorous subjects born within her highness's realms and dominions, and hiding their most detestable and devilish purposes under a false pretext of religion and conscience, do secretly wander and shift from place to place within this realm, to corrupt and seduce her majesty's subjects, and to stir them to sedition and rebellion" The Act forbade Roman Catholic recusants from moving more than five miles from their house or otherwise they would forfeit all their property. It also stated that every person above age 16 will be lawfully convicted for "not repairing to some church, chapel, or usual place of common prayer" Notes ^ "Religion and belief: Key dates 1275 to 1592". UK Parliament. ^ Dudley Julius Medley, A Student's Manual of English Constitutional History. Sixth Edition (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1925), p. 639. ^ "The Act Against Recusants (1593)". history.hanover.edu. Retrieved 8 March 2023. This article related to English law is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Catholic Church–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte   This article related to the history of England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This legislation article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"35 Eliz. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35_Eliz._1"},{"link_name":"Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Parliament of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"8th Parliament of Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I"}],"text":"United Kingdom legislationThe Popish Recusants Act 1592 (35 Eliz. 1. c. 2) was an Act of the Parliament of England. It was one of many acts imposed by the 8th Parliament of Elizabeth I to restrict and punish recusants for not joining the Church of England.","title":"Popish Recusants Act 1592"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recusants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recusancy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Introduction:\"For the better discovering and avoiding of all such traitorous and most dangerous conspiracies and attempts as are daily devised and practised against our most gracious sovereign lady the queen's majesty and the happy estate of this commonweal, by sundry wicked and seditious persons, who, terming themselves Catholics, and being indeed spies and intelligencers, not only for her majesty's foreign enemies, but also for rebellious and traitorous subjects born within her highness's realms and dominions, and hiding their most detestable and devilish purposes under a false pretext of religion and conscience, do secretly wander and shift from place to place within this realm, to corrupt and seduce her majesty's subjects, and to stir them to sedition and rebellion\"The Act forbade Roman Catholic recusants from moving more than five miles from their house or otherwise they would forfeit all their property.[1] It also stated that every person above age 16 will be lawfully convicted for \"not repairing to some church, chapel, or usual place of common prayer\"[2][3]","title":"The Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Religion and belief: Key dates 1275 to 1592\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/key-dates1/key-dates/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"The Act Against Recusants (1593)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//history.hanover.edu/texts/ENGref/er87.html"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg"},{"link_name":"English law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popish_Recusants_Act_1592&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:England-law-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:England-law-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England-law-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popish_Recusants_Act_1592&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Catholic-Church-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic-Church-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic-Church-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_England.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hourglass_drawing.svg"},{"link_name":"history of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_England"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popish_Recusants_Act_1592&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:England-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:England-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England-hist-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg"},{"link_name":"legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popish_Recusants_Act_1592&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Statute-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Statute-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Statute-stub"}],"text":"^ \"Religion and belief: Key dates 1275 to 1592\". UK Parliament.\n\n^ Dudley Julius Medley, A Student's Manual of English Constitutional History. Sixth Edition (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1925), p. 639.\n\n^ \"The Act Against Recusants (1593)\". history.hanover.edu. Retrieved 8 March 2023.This article related to English law is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis Catholic Church–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article related to the history of England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis legislation article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Cambridgeshire
List of places in Cambridgeshire
[]
This is a list of cities, towns and villages in the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It includes places in the former county of Huntingdonshire, now a district of Cambridgeshire. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also A Abbotsley Abbots Ripton Abington Pigotts Alconbury Alconbury Weston Aldreth Alwalton America Arrington Ashley B Babraham Balsham Barham Bar Hill Barnwell Barrington Bartlow Barton Barway Bassingbourn Benwick Blackhorse Drove Bluntisham Bottisham Bourn Boxworth Brampton Brington Broughton Brinkley Buckden Buckworth Burrough Green Burwell Bury Bythorn C Caldecote (Huntingdonshire) Caldecote (South Cambridgeshire) Cambourne Cambridge Camps End Cardinal's Green Carlton Castle Camps Catworth Caxton Chatteris Cherry Hinton Chesterton, Cambridge Chesterton, Huntingdonshire Chettisham Cheveley Childerley Chippenham Chittering Christchurch Coates Coldham Collett's Bridge Colne Conington Coppingford Comberton Commercial End Coton Cottenham Coveney Covington Croxton Croydon D Denton Deeping Gate Diddington Ditton Green Doddington Dogsthorpe Downham Dry Drayton Dullingham Duxford E Earith East Hatley Easton Eastrea Eaton Ford Eaton Socon Ellington Elm Elsworth Eltisley Elton Ely Euximoor Eye Eye Green Eynesbury Eynesbury Hardwicke G Gamlingay Girton Glatton Godmanchester Gorefield Grafham Grantchester Graveley Great Abington Great Chishill Great Eversden Great Gransden Great Gidding Great Paxton Great Shelford Great Staughton Great Wilbraham Guilden Morden Guyhirn H Haddenham Haddon Hail Weston Hamerton Hardwick Harlton Harston Haslingfield Hatley Hatley St George Hauxton Hemingford Abbots Hemingford Grey Heydon Highfields Hildersham Hilton Hinxton Histon Holme Holywell Horningsea Horseheath Houghton Huntingdon I Ickleton Impington Isleham J Jesus Lane K Kennett Keyston Kimbolton Kings Ripton Kingston Kirtling Knapwell Kneesworth L Landbeach Leighton Bromswold Leverington Linton Litlington Little Abington Little Chishill Little Ditton Little Downham Little Eversden Little Gidding Little Gransden Little Ouse Little Paxton Littleport Little Shelford Little Thetford Little Wilbraham Lode Lolworth Long Meadow Longstanton Longstowe M Madingley Manea March Melbourn Meldreth Mepal Midloe Milton MolesworthMorborne Murrow N Needingworth Newton-in-the-Isle Newton, South Cambridgeshire Northstowe O Oakington Offord Cluny Offord D'Arcy Oldhurst Old Weston Orwell Over P Pampisford Papworth Everard Papworth St Agnes Parson Drove Perry Peterborough Pidley Pondersbridge Prickwillow Pymoor Q Queen Adelaide R Rampton Ramsey Ramsey Forty Foot Ramsey Heights Ramsey Mereside Ramsey St Mary's Reach Ring's End S Sawston Sawtry Saxon Street Shepreth Shingay Shudy Camps Sibson Snailwell Soham Somersham Southoe Spaldwick Stapleford Steeple Gidding Steeple Morden Stetchworth Stibbington Stilton St Ives St Neots Stonea Stonely Stow-cum-Quy Stow Longa Streetley End Stretham Stuntney Sutton Sutton Gault Sutton-in-the-Isle Swaffham Bulbeck Swaffham Prior Swavesey Swingbrow T Tadlow Tetworth Teversham The Raveleys The Stukeleys Tholomas Drove Thorney Thorney Toll Thriplow Tilbrook Tips End Toft Toseland Trumpington Turves Tydd St Giles U Upend Upton (Huntingdonshire) Upton (Peterborough) Upware Upwood W Warboys Wardy Hill Waresley Washingley Waterbeach Water Newton Welches Dam Wendy Wentworth Westley Waterless Weston Colville Weston Green Westry Westwick West Wickham West Wratting Whaddon Whittlesey Whittlesford Whittlesford Bridge Wicken Wilburton Willingham Wimblington Wimpole Winwick Wisbech Wisbech St Mary Wistow Witcham Witchford Wood Ditton Woodditton Woodhurst Woodwalton Woolley Wothorpe Wyton Y Yaxley Yelling See also List of Cambridgeshire settlements by population List of civil parishes in Cambridgeshire List of places in England vteList of places in England Bedfordshire Berkshire Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire vteCeremonial county of CambridgeshireUnitary authoritiesCity of PeterboroughBoroughs or districts City of Cambridge District of East Cambridgeshire District of Fenland District of Huntingdonshire District of South Cambridgeshire Major settlements(cities in italics) Cambourne Cambridge Chatteris Ely Godmanchester Huntingdon March Peterborough Ramsey St Ives St Neots Soham Whittlesey WisbechSee also: List of civil parishes in Cambridgeshire Rivers Great Ouse (Old Bedford New Bedford Cam Kym Lark Little Ouse) Nene Stour Welland Topics Parliamentary constituencies Places Population of major settlements SSSIs Country houses Churches Grade I listed buildings History Lord Lieutenants Custodes Rotulorum High Sheriffs Schools Museums Diocese of Ely Diocese of Peterborough Isle of Ely Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely Soke of Peterborough Huntingdon and Peterborough
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also","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#See_also"}],"text":"Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ\nSee also","title":"List of places in Cambridgeshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbotsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbotsley"},{"link_name":"Abbots Ripton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbots_Ripton"},{"link_name":"Abington Pigotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abington_Pigotts"},{"link_name":"Alconbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alconbury"},{"link_name":"Alconbury 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Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Hill"},{"link_name":"Barnwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnwell,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Barrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Bartlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlow"},{"link_name":"Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Barway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barway"},{"link_name":"Bassingbourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassingbourn_(village)"},{"link_name":"Benwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benwick"},{"link_name":"Blackhorse Drove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackhorse_Drove"},{"link_name":"Bluntisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluntisham"},{"link_name":"Bottisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottisham"},{"link_name":"Bourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourn"},{"link_name":"Boxworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxworth"},{"link_name":"Brampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Brington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brington,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broughton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Brinkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinkley,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Buckden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckden,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Buckworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckworth"},{"link_name":"Burrough Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrough_Green"},{"link_name":"Burwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burwell,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Bury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Bythorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bythorn"}],"text":"Babraham\nBalsham\nBarham\nBar Hill\nBarnwell\nBarrington\nBartlow\nBarton\nBarway\nBassingbourn\nBenwick\nBlackhorse Drove\nBluntisham\nBottisham\nBourn\nBoxworth\nBrampton\nBrington\nBroughton\nBrinkley\nBuckden\nBuckworth\nBurrough Green\nBurwell\nBury\nBythorn","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caldecote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldecote,_Huntingdonshire"},{"link_name":"Caldecote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldecote,_South_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Cambourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambourne,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Camps End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camps_End"},{"link_name":"Cardinal's Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal%27s_Green"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Castle Camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Camps_(Village)"},{"link_name":"Catworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catworth"},{"link_name":"Caxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Chatteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatteris"},{"link_name":"Cherry Hinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Hinton"},{"link_name":"Chesterton, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterton,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Chesterton, Huntingdonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterton,_Huntingdonshire"},{"link_name":"Chettisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chettisham"},{"link_name":"Cheveley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheveley"},{"link_name":"Childerley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childerley"},{"link_name":"Chippenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippenham,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Chittering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittering,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Coates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coates,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Coldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldham,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Collett's Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collett%27s_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Colne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colne,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Conington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conington,_South_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Coppingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppingford"},{"link_name":"Comberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comberton"},{"link_name":"Commercial End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_End"},{"link_name":"Coton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Cottenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottenham"},{"link_name":"Coveney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coveney,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Covington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covington,_Huntingdonshire"},{"link_name":"Croxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croxton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon,_Cambridgeshire"}],"text":"Caldecote (Huntingdonshire)\nCaldecote (South Cambridgeshire)\nCambourne\nCambridge\nCamps End\nCardinal's Green\nCarlton\nCastle Camps\nCatworth\nCaxton\nChatteris\nCherry Hinton\nChesterton, Cambridge\nChesterton, Huntingdonshire\nChettisham\nCheveley\nChilderley\nChippenham\nChittering\nChristchurch\nCoates\nColdham\nCollett's Bridge\nColne\nConington\nCoppingford\nComberton\nCommercial End\nCoton\nCottenham\nCoveney\nCovington\nCroxton\nCroydon","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Deeping Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeping_Gate"},{"link_name":"Diddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diddington"},{"link_name":"Ditton Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditton_Green"},{"link_name":"Doddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doddington,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Dogsthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogsthorpe"},{"link_name":"Downham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downham,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Dry Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_Drayton"},{"link_name":"Dullingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dullingham"},{"link_name":"Duxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duxford"}],"text":"Denton\nDeeping Gate\nDiddington\nDitton Green\nDoddington\nDogsthorpe\nDownham\nDry Drayton\nDullingham\nDuxford","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earith"},{"link_name":"East Hatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hatley"},{"link_name":"Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Eastrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastrea"},{"link_name":"Eaton Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Ford"},{"link_name":"Eaton Socon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Socon"},{"link_name":"Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellington,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Elm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Elsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsworth"},{"link_name":"Eltisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltisley"},{"link_name":"Elton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Euximoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euximoor"},{"link_name":"Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Eye Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_Green"},{"link_name":"Eynesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eynesbury,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Eynesbury Hardwicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eynesbury_Hardwicke"}],"text":"Earith\nEast Hatley\nEaston\nEastrea\nEaton Ford\nEaton Socon\nEllington\nElm\nElsworth\nEltisley\nElton\nEly\nEuximoor\nEye\nEye Green\nEynesbury\nEynesbury Hardwicke","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gamlingay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamlingay"},{"link_name":"Girton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Glatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glatton"},{"link_name":"Godmanchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godmanchester"},{"link_name":"Gorefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorefield"},{"link_name":"Grafham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafham,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Grantchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantchester"},{"link_name":"Graveley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graveley,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Great Abington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abington,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Great Chishill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chishill"},{"link_name":"Great Eversden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Eversden"},{"link_name":"Great Gransden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Gransden"},{"link_name":"Great Gidding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Gidding"},{"link_name":"Great Paxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Paxton"},{"link_name":"Great Shelford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Shelford"},{"link_name":"Great Staughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Staughton"},{"link_name":"Great Wilbraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wilbraham"},{"link_name":"Guilden Morden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilden_Morden"},{"link_name":"Guyhirn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyhirn"}],"text":"Gamlingay\nGirton\nGlatton\nGodmanchester\nGorefield\nGrafham\nGrantchester\nGraveley\nGreat Abington\nGreat Chishill\nGreat Eversden\nGreat Gransden\nGreat Gidding\nGreat Paxton\nGreat Shelford\nGreat Staughton\nGreat Wilbraham\nGuilden Morden\nGuyhirn","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haddenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddenham,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Haddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddon,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Hail Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail_Weston"},{"link_name":"Hamerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamerton"},{"link_name":"Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwick,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Harlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlton"},{"link_name":"Harston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harston"},{"link_name":"Haslingfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haslingfield"},{"link_name":"Hatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatley,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Hatley St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatley_St_George"},{"link_name":"Hauxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauxton"},{"link_name":"Hemingford Abbots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemingford_Abbots"},{"link_name":"Hemingford Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemingford_Grey"},{"link_name":"Heydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydon,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Highfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highfields,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Hildersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildersham"},{"link_name":"Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Hinxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinxton"},{"link_name":"Histon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histon"},{"link_name":"Holme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holme,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Holywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holywell,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Horningsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horningsea"},{"link_name":"Horseheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseheath"},{"link_name":"Houghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Huntingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdon"}],"text":"Haddenham\nHaddon\nHail Weston\nHamerton\nHardwick\nHarlton\nHarston\nHaslingfield\nHatley\nHatley St George\nHauxton\nHemingford Abbots\nHemingford Grey\nHeydon\nHighfields\nHildersham\nHilton\nHinxton\nHiston\nHolme\nHolywell\nHorningsea\nHorseheath\nHoughton\nHuntingdon","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ickleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ickleton"},{"link_name":"Impington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impington"},{"link_name":"Isleham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isleham"}],"text":"Ickleton\nImpington\nIsleham","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesus Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Lane"}],"text":"Jesus Lane","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennett,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Keyston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyston"},{"link_name":"Kimbolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbolton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Kings Ripton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Ripton"},{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Kirtling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtling"},{"link_name":"Knapwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapwell"},{"link_name":"Kneesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneesworth"}],"text":"Kennett\nKeyston\nKimbolton\nKings Ripton\nKingston\nKirtling\nKnapwell\nKneesworth","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Landbeach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landbeach"},{"link_name":"Leighton Bromswold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_Bromswold"},{"link_name":"Leverington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverington"},{"link_name":"Linton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Litlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litlington,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Little Abington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abington,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Little Chishill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Chishill"},{"link_name":"Little Ditton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ditton"},{"link_name":"Little Downham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Downham"},{"link_name":"Little Eversden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Eversden"},{"link_name":"Little Gidding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Gidding"},{"link_name":"Little Gransden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Gransden"},{"link_name":"Little Ouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ouse,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Little Paxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Paxton"},{"link_name":"Littleport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleport,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Little Shelford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Shelford"},{"link_name":"Little Thetford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Thetford"},{"link_name":"Little Wilbraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Wilbraham"},{"link_name":"Lode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lode,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Lolworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolworth"},{"link_name":"Long Meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Meadow,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Longstanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longstanton"},{"link_name":"Longstowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longstowe"}],"text":"Landbeach\nLeighton Bromswold\nLeverington\nLinton\nLitlington\nLittle Abington\nLittle Chishill\nLittle Ditton\nLittle Downham\nLittle Eversden\nLittle Gidding\nLittle Gransden\nLittle Ouse\nLittle Paxton\nLittleport\nLittle Shelford\nLittle Thetford\nLittle Wilbraham\nLode\nLolworth\nLong Meadow\nLongstanton\nLongstowe","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madingley"},{"link_name":"Manea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manea,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Melbourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourn"},{"link_name":"Meldreth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meldreth"},{"link_name":"Mepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepal"},{"link_name":"Midloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midloe"},{"link_name":"Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Molesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molesworth_(town)"},{"link_name":"Morborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morborne"},{"link_name":"Murrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrow,_Cambridgeshire"}],"text":"Madingley\nManea\nMarch\nMelbourn\nMeldreth\nMepal\nMidloe\nMilton\nMolesworthMorborne\nMurrow","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Needingworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needingworth"},{"link_name":"Newton-in-the-Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton-in-the-Isle"},{"link_name":"Newton, South Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,_South_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Northstowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northstowe"}],"text":"Needingworth\nNewton-in-the-Isle\nNewton, South Cambridgeshire\nNorthstowe","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oakington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakington"},{"link_name":"Offord Cluny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offord_Cluny"},{"link_name":"Offord D'Arcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offord_D%27Arcy"},{"link_name":"Oldhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldhurst"},{"link_name":"Old Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Weston"},{"link_name":"Orwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orwell,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over,_Cambridgeshire"}],"text":"Oakington\nOfford Cluny\nOfford D'Arcy\nOldhurst\nOld Weston\nOrwell\nOver","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pampisford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampisford"},{"link_name":"Papworth Everard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papworth_Everard"},{"link_name":"Papworth St Agnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papworth_St_Agnes"},{"link_name":"Parson Drove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parson_Drove"},{"link_name":"Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough"},{"link_name":"Pidley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidley"},{"link_name":"Pondersbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondersbridge"},{"link_name":"Prickwillow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prickwillow"},{"link_name":"Pymoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pymoor,_Cambridgeshire"}],"text":"Pampisford\nPapworth Everard\nPapworth St Agnes\nParson Drove\nPerry\nPeterborough\nPidley\nPondersbridge\nPrickwillow\nPymoor","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Adelaide,_Cambridgeshire"}],"text":"Queen Adelaide","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Ramsey Forty Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_Forty_Foot"},{"link_name":"Ramsey Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_Heights"},{"link_name":"Ramsey Mereside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_Mereside"},{"link_name":"Ramsey St Mary's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_St_Mary%27s"},{"link_name":"Reach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reach,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Ring's End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%27s_End"}],"text":"Rampton\nRamsey\nRamsey Forty Foot\nRamsey Heights\nRamsey Mereside\nRamsey St Mary's\nReach\nRing's End","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sawston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawston"},{"link_name":"Sawtry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawtry"},{"link_name":"Saxon Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Street"},{"link_name":"Shepreth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepreth"},{"link_name":"Shingay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingay"},{"link_name":"Shudy Camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudy_Camps"},{"link_name":"Sibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibson,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Snailwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snailwell"},{"link_name":"Soham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soham"},{"link_name":"Somersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersham"},{"link_name":"Southoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southoe"},{"link_name":"Spaldwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaldwick"},{"link_name":"Stapleford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapleford,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Steeple Gidding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Gidding"},{"link_name":"Steeple Morden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeple_Morden"},{"link_name":"Stetchworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetchworth"},{"link_name":"Stibbington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibbington"},{"link_name":"Stilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilton"},{"link_name":"St Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_Huntingdonshire"},{"link_name":"St Neots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Neots"},{"link_name":"Stonea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonea"},{"link_name":"Stonely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonely"},{"link_name":"Stow-cum-Quy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stow-cum-Quy"},{"link_name":"Stow Longa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stow_Longa"},{"link_name":"Streetley End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetley_End"},{"link_name":"Stretham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretham"},{"link_name":"Stuntney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuntney"},{"link_name":"Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton,_Peterborough"},{"link_name":"Sutton Gault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Gault"},{"link_name":"Sutton-in-the-Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton-in-the-Isle"},{"link_name":"Swaffham Bulbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaffham_Bulbeck"},{"link_name":"Swaffham Prior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaffham_Prior"},{"link_name":"Swavesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swavesey"},{"link_name":"Swingbrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swingbrow"}],"text":"Sawston\nSawtry\nSaxon Street\nShepreth\nShingay\nShudy Camps\nSibson\nSnailwell\nSoham\nSomersham\nSouthoe\nSpaldwick\nStapleford\nSteeple Gidding\nSteeple Morden\nStetchworth\nStibbington\nStilton\nSt Ives\nSt Neots\nStonea\nStonely\nStow-cum-Quy\nStow Longa\nStreetley End\nStretham\nStuntney\nSutton\nSutton Gault\nSutton-in-the-Isle\nSwaffham Bulbeck\nSwaffham Prior\nSwavesey\nSwingbrow","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tadlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadlow"},{"link_name":"Tetworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetworth"},{"link_name":"Teversham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teversham"},{"link_name":"The Raveleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raveleys"},{"link_name":"The Stukeleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stukeleys"},{"link_name":"Tholomas Drove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholomas_Drove"},{"link_name":"Thorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorney,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Thorney Toll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorney_Toll"},{"link_name":"Thriplow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriplow"},{"link_name":"Tilbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilbrook"},{"link_name":"Tips End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tips_End"},{"link_name":"Toft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toft,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Toseland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toseland,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Trumpington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpington,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Turves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turves,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Tydd St Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tydd_St_Giles"}],"text":"Tadlow\nTetworth\nTeversham\nThe Raveleys\nThe Stukeleys\nTholomas Drove\nThorney\nThorney Toll\nThriplow\nTilbrook\nTips End\nToft\nToseland\nTrumpington\nTurves\nTydd St Giles","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upend"},{"link_name":"Upton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton,_Huntingdonshire"},{"link_name":"Upton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton,_Peterborough"},{"link_name":"Upware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upware"},{"link_name":"Upwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwood"}],"text":"Upend\nUpton (Huntingdonshire)\nUpton (Peterborough)\nUpware\nUpwood","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warboys"},{"link_name":"Wardy Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardy_Hill"},{"link_name":"Waresley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waresley"},{"link_name":"Washingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingley"},{"link_name":"Waterbeach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbeach"},{"link_name":"Water Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Newton"},{"link_name":"Welches Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welches_Dam"},{"link_name":"Wendy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Wentworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Westley Waterless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westley_Waterless"},{"link_name":"Weston Colville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_Colville"},{"link_name":"Westry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westry"},{"link_name":"Westwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwick,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"West Wickham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Wickham,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"West Wratting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Wratting"},{"link_name":"Whaddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaddon,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Whittlesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittlesey"},{"link_name":"Whittlesford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittlesford"},{"link_name":"Whittlesford Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittlesford_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Wicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicken,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Wilburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilburton"},{"link_name":"Willingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willingham,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Wimblington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimblington"},{"link_name":"Wimpole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimpole"},{"link_name":"Winwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winwick,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Wisbech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisbech"},{"link_name":"Wisbech St Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisbech_St_Mary"},{"link_name":"Wistow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wistow,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Witcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witcham"},{"link_name":"Witchford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchford"},{"link_name":"Wood Ditton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Ditton"},{"link_name":"Woodditton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodditton"},{"link_name":"Woodhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhurst"},{"link_name":"Woodwalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwalton"},{"link_name":"Woolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolley,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Wothorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wothorpe"},{"link_name":"Wyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyton,_Cambridgeshire"}],"text":"Warboys\nWardy Hill\nWaresley\nWashingley\nWaterbeach\nWater Newton\nWelches Dam\nWendy\nWentworth\nWestley Waterless\nWeston Colville\nWeston Green\nWestry\nWestwick\nWest Wickham\nWest Wratting\nWhaddon\nWhittlesey\nWhittlesford\nWhittlesford Bridge\nWicken\nWilburton\nWillingham\nWimblington\nWimpole\nWinwick\nWisbech\nWisbech St Mary\nWistow\nWitcham\nWitchford\nWood Ditton\nWoodditton\nWoodhurst\nWoodwalton\nWoolley\nWothorpe\nWyton","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yaxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaxley,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Yelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelling,_Cambridgeshire"}],"text":"Yaxley\nYelling","title":"Y"}]
[]
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[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Marsh
Mitchell Marsh
["1 Personal life","2 Domestic career","3 International career","3.1 Debut years","3.2 2015-20","3.3 2021-Onwards","4 Achievements","5 Career best performances","6 References","7 External links"]
Australian cricketer Mitch MarshMarsh in 2018Personal informationFull nameMitchell Ross MarshBorn (1991-10-20) 20 October 1991 (age 32)Attadale, Western AustraliaNicknameBisonHeight1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)BattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm mediumRoleAll-rounderRelationsGeoff Marsh (father)Shaun Marsh (brother)Melissa Marsh (sister)International information National sideAustralia (2011–present)Test debut (cap 438)22 October 2014 v PakistanLast Test26 December 2023 v PakistanODI debut (cap 190)19 October 2011 v South AfricaLast ODI19 November 2023 v IndiaODI shirt no.8T20I debut (cap 54)16 October 2011 v South AfricaLast T20I3 September 2023 v South AfricaT20I shirt no.8 Domestic team information YearsTeam2008/09–presentWestern Australia2010Deccan Chargers2011–2013Pune Warriors India2011/12–presentPerth Scorchers2020Sunrisers Hyderabad2022–2023Delhi Capitals Career statistics Competition Test ODI T20I FC Matches 42 89 56 115 Runs scored 2,010 2,672 1,481 6,207 Batting average 30.45 36.10 33.65 34.29 100s/50s 3/9 3/18 0/9 13/28 Top score 181 177* 92* 211 Balls bowled 3,285 2,189 300 9,227 Wickets 48 56 17 168 Bowling average 40.04 35.87 22.76 31.34 5 wickets in innings 1 1 0 2 10 wickets in match 0 0 0 0 Best bowling 5/46 5/33 3/24 6/84 Catches/stumpings 22/– 35/– 25/– 61/– Medal record Men's Cricket Representing  Australia ICC Cricket World Cup Winner 2015 Australia and New Zealand Winner 2023 India ICC T20 World Cup Winner 2021 UAE and Oman Source: ESPNcricinfo, 8 June 2024 Mitchell Ross "Mitch" Marsh (born 20 October 1991) is an Australian international cricketer. Marsh represents Australia in all three forms of cricket, making his debut during the 2011–12 season. Marsh is the Australian T20I captain, ODI vice-captain and also served as Test vice-captain after the 2018 Australian ball-tampering scandal. With his national side, he won multiple ICC tournaments: the 2015 Cricket World Cup, the 2023 Cricket World Cup and the 2021 T20 World Cup. Personal life Marsh is the second son of Geoff Marsh and younger brother of Shaun Marsh, both of whom have played for the Australian national side. His sister, Melissa Marsh, was a professional basketball player and he is cousin to retired AFL player, Brad Sheppard. He was raised in Perth, Western Australia, where he attended Wesley College. In addition to cricket, Marsh was also a talented Australian rules footballer in his youth and represented Western Australia at the 2008 AFL Under 18 Championships. In April 2023, he married Greta Mack. Domestic career Marsh made his debut for the Warriors at the age of 17 in February 2009 in a Ford Ranger Cup game at Bunbury. He became the youngest ever player in an Australian domestic one-day game and Western Australia's youngest debutant for 70 years. In April 2009, he played for Australia's under-19 team against India and was the team captain during the 2010 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. Under his leadership Australia won the tournament, Marsh having a successful tournament scoring 201 runs, including a match winning 97 in the semi-final against Sri Lanka. Marsh was signed by Deccan Chargers for the 2010 Indian Premier League and in 2011 was bought by Pune Warriors, the team coached at the time by his father. He played for Pune for the three years that the team existed and in 2016 and 2017 played for Rising Pune Supergiants for the two seasons that team existed. Playing for Australia A against India A in July 2014 at Allan Border Field, Marsh scored 211 runs batting seventh in Australia's first innings, his first double century. He and Sam Whiteman, who scored 174 runs, put on 371 runs for the seventh wicket, an Australian record and, at the time, the second-highest seventh-wicket partnership in first-class cricket. The previous Australian record, set by Queenslanders Cassie Andrews and Eric Bensted, had stood since the 1934–35 season. In 2020, Marsh signed to play in England for Middlesex County Cricket Club in the 2020 t20 Blast competition, but the move was cancelled due to the rescheduling of the competition in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. He signed again for the 2021 season, but this move was also cancelled after Marsh was called up to play international cricket for Australia. He was bought by Sunrisers Hyderabad for the 2020 IPL, although he only played in one match of the competition due to injury, and he withdrew from the 2021 Indian Premier League due to bio-bubble fatigue during the pandemic. In the 2022 IPL Auction, Marsh was bought by the Delhi Capitals. Marsh was signed by the Seattle Orcas for the first edition of Major League Cricket in March 2023. International career Debut years In September 2011, Marsh was named in Australia's Twenty20 squad to tour South Africa. He was later added to the One Day International squad following Brett Lee's withdrawal due to injury. He made a spectacular debut for Australia in the second T20I match of the series, scoring 36 runs including four sixes, three of which were hit in the final over of the Australian innings. In August 2014, Marsh scored 89 runs against Zimbabwe in first match of the Tri-series at Harare Sports Club, adding 109 runs for the fourth wicket with Glenn Maxwell and contributing to partnerships of 47 and 33 with Aaron Finch and George Bailey. Later in the competition he scored 86 not out against South Africa. Marsh made his Test match debut for Australia against Pakistan in the United Arab Emirates on 22 October 2014. 2015-20 Playing regularly in the One Day International side, Marsh took a five-wicket haul against England during the 2015 Cricket World Cup, and scored his maiden ODI century against India in 2016 at the SCG. He was, however, dropped from the Australian Test side after the first Test of the 2016–17 series against South Africa, coming back into the side during the 2017 series against India and playing in two Tests before he suffered an injury. Later in the year, he replaced Peter Handscomb in the third match of 2017–18 Ashes series, scoring his maiden Test century. His first innings score of 181 was one short of his brother Shaun's career best score of 182. In March 2018, Marsh was fined 20 percent of his match fee and given one demerit point for using offensive language during the second Test between Australia and South Africa, after being dismissed by Kagiso Rabada. The following month, he was awarded a national contract by Cricket Australia for the 2018–19 season and was named as cover for Marcus Stoinis ahead of Australia's 2019 Cricket World Cup match against Pakistan in June 2019. The following month he was named in Australia's squad for the 2019 Ashes series in England, but was not selected for the first four Tests of the series. In the fifth and final match of the series, Marsh took his first five-wicket haul in Test cricket, taking 5/46 in the first innings, but ended on the losing side. In October 2019, Marsh broke his bowling hand after punching a wall, following his dismissal, during a Sheffield Shield match against Tasmania. As a result, he was forced to miss the start of Australia's Test summer. In April 2020 he was again awarded a central contract ahead of the 2020–21 season and in July 2020 was named in a 26-man preliminary squad of players to begin training ahead of a possible tour to England following the COVID-19 pandemic. In August, Cricket Australia confirmed that the fixtures would be taking place, with Marsh included in the touring party. 2021-Onwards In July 2021, in the first Twenty20 International match of Australia's tour of the West Indies, Marsh scored his maiden T20I half-century, scoring 51 runs from 31 deliveries. He continued his good form, scoring another half-century in the following match and in the fourth T20I made 75 runs and took his career best T20I bowling figures of 3/24. In August 2021, Marsh was named in Australia's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. On 14 November 2021, Marsh helped Australia win the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup, scoring 77 runs in the final and earning player of the match. Marsh was selected for the 2023 Ashes Tour of England. On July 6, 2023, Marsh was brought in for the 3rd Ashes Test against England at Headingley to replace injured all-rounder Cameron Green. Coming to the crease at 4 for 85 shortly before lunch on day one, he scored his third Test century, a quickfire 118 from 118 balls, featuring powerful stroke-play with 17 fours and 4 sixes and including 113 runs in the second session. It was his first Test match appearance since 2019 and first century outside Australia, the others coming at home against England in the 2017–18 Ashes series. Mark Taylor described it as Marsh's best century, given he arrived at the crease with Australia 4/85 and England looking to close out the match. Mel Jones, commentating the innings, noted Marsh's unwavering temperament and assertiveness at the crease despite his lack of playing time in the preceding months. On 7 August 2023, Marsh was named the captain of the T20 team for the tour to South Africa, with possible consideration to take up leadership on a permanent basis for the 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. Marsh impressed in his first series as captain sweeping South Africa 3-0 and winning player of the series due to his scores of 92* and 79* in the 1st and 2nd matches respectively.Marsh Continued his captaincy of the T20 side winning the 2024 home series against the West Indies 2-1. Marsh was also named the captain of a full strength side to face New Zealand in February 2024. In which Australia won 3-0 and Marsh was named played of the series. After his strong performances as captain in successive T20I series, his appointment as permanent captain of the Australian T20I team and captain of the 2024 T20 World Cup squad were formalised on 1 May 2024. In May 2024, he was named the captain in Australia’s squad for the 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup tournament. Achievements ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year: 2021. ICC Men's ODI Team of the Year: 2016 Australian T20I Player of the Year: 2022 Allan Border Medal: 2023 Career best performances Batting Score Fixture Venue Season Test 181 Australia v England WACA Ground, Perth 2017 ODI 177* Australia v Bangladesh Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Maharashtra 2023 T20I 92* Australia v South Africa Kingsmead, Durban 2023 FC 211 Australia A v India A Allan Border Field, Brisbane 2014 LA 177* Australia v Bangladesh Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Maharashtra 2023 T20 100* Perth Scorchers v Hobart Hurricanes Blundstone Arena, Hobart 2021 Bowling (innings) Figures Fixture Venue Season Test 5/46 Australia v England cricket team The Oval, London 2019 ODI 5/33 Australia v England MCG, Melbourne 2015 T20I 3/24 Australia v West Indies Daren Sammy National Cricket Stadium, Gros Islet 2021 FC 6/84 Western Australia v Queensland WACA Ground, Perth 2011 LA 5/33 Australia v England MCG, Melbourne 2015 T20 4/6 Western Australia v New South Wales WACA Ground, Perth 2010 References ^ "Mitch Marsh". perthscorchers.com. Perth Scorchers. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2014. ^ "Aussies reveal T20 World Cup squad, Marsh to lead | cricket.com.au". www.cricket.com.au. 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024. ^ Clarke, Tim Multi-talent Marsh paves way to pro-cricket Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine; WA Today; 6 February 2009 ^ Burt, Sarah (17 April 2023). "Love sweeps Australian cricket as Travis Head and Mitch Marsh tie the knot within days of each other". 7 News. ^ History in the Making This Sunday at Hands Oval Archived 22 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Western Australia Cricket Association, 6 February 2009 ^ Mitch Marsh Archived 9 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Western Australia Cricket Association. Retrieved 9 August 2021. ^ "Where are they now?: Australia's last Under-19 Cricket World Cup winners from 2010 all grown up". The West Australian. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2019. ^ "Marsh, Whiteman flatten India A with huge stand" – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 8 July 2014. ^ Macpherson W (2021) Paul Stirling to return to Middlesex for Vitality Blast but Mitch Marsh stint cancelled, Evening Standard, 19 May 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021. ^ "Mitchell Marsh out of IPL 2020, Sunrisers Hyderabad name Jason Holder as replacement". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 20 April 2021. ^ "Mitchell Marsh pulls out of IPL 2021; SRH rope in England batsman as replacement". CricketTimes.com. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021. ^ "PL Auction 2022 live updates". 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ Clark, Laine (28 September 2011). "Mitch Marsh named in Aust T20 side". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 September 2018. ^ "Parnell and Theron script stunning win". Retrieved 9 September 2018. ^ "Zimbabwe fold after Marsh, Maxwell blitz". 25 August 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2018. ^ "Anderson's blitzkrieg, and the biggest mountain of them all". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 July 2021. ^ "Australia tour of United Arab Emirates, 1st Test: Australia v Pakistan at Dubai (DSC), Oct 22–26, 2014". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 October 2014. ^ "2nd Match, Pool A (D/N), ICC Cricket World Cup at Melbourne, Feb 14 2015 - Match Summary - ESPNcricinfo". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 9 September 2018. ^ Brettig, Daniel (23 January 2016). "Pandey's maiden ODI ton helps India clinch thriller". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 23 January 2016. ^ "Mitch returns serve on Rabada". wwos.nine.com.au. Retrieved 13 March 2018. ^ "WATCH: Mitch Marsh tees off at Rabada after getting bowled". Sporting News. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018. ^ "Carey, Richardson gain contracts as Australia look towards World Cup". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ "Five new faces on CA contract list". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ "Marcus Stoinis out of Pakistan game with side strain, Mitchell Marsh flown in as cover". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 11 June 2019. ^ "Marsh joins Cup squad to cover injured Stoinis". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 11 June 2019. ^ "Australia name 17-man Ashes squad". cricket.com.au. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019. ^ "Bancroft, Wade and Mitchell Marsh earn Ashes call-ups". ESPNcricinfo. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019. ^ "England all out for 294 as Marsh takes five wickets". Eurosport. Retrieved 13 September 2019. ^ "Mitchell Marsh: Australia all-rounder to miss start of Test summer after punching wall & breaking hand". 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019. ^ "CA reveals national contract lists for 2020-21". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 30 April 2020. ^ "Usman Khawaja and Marcus Stoinis lose Cricket Australia contracts". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 April 2020. ^ "Usman Khawaja and Marcus Stoinis in expanded Australia training squad for possible England tour". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ "Aussies name huge 26-player group with eye on UK tour". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ "Riley Meredith, Josh Philippe and Daniel Sams included as Australia tour to England confirmed". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 14 August 2020. ^ "Uncapped trio make Australia's UK touring party". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 14 August 2020. ^ "Australia lose 6 for 19 as McCoy, Walsh give West Indies 1-0 lead". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 11 July 2021. ^ "West Indies go 2-0 up as Australia fold for 140". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 July 2021. ^ "Mitchell Marsh's all-round brilliance and Mitchell Starc's final over earn Australia first win". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 18 July 2021. ^ "Josh Inglis earns call-up and key names return in Australia's T20 World Cup squad". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 August 2021. ^ "Live Cricket Scores & News International Cricket Council". www.t20worldcup.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021. ^ "Australia vs England Scorecard 2023". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 7 July 2023. ^ "The Ashes 3rd Test, Day 1, First Session". Nine Network. Retrieved 7 July 2023. ^ "Mitchell Marsh named Australia's T20 captain for South Africa; uncapped trio earn call-ups". ^ "Travis Head onslaught powers Australia to T20 clean sweep in South Africa | Cricket | The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com. Retrieved 21 February 2024. ^ "Mitchell Marsh to lead Australians in West Indies T20 series as star trio rested". Fox Sports. 24 January 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024. ^ "Cricket-Marsh captains Australia T20 squad for NZ series". The Star. Retrieved 21 February 2024. ^ "NZ vs AUS: Australia warm up for T20 World Cup with 3-0 routing over New Zealand". India Today. 25 February 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ "Mitchell Marsh appointed Australian men's T20 captain; ICC Men's T20 World Cup squad announced | cricket.com.au". www.cricket.com.au. 1 May 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ "Australia's squad for ICC Men's T20I World Cup 2024 Updates". ScoreWaves. Retrieved 11 June 2024. ^ "ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year revealed". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 21 January 2022. ^ "Marsh storms to Allan Border Medal". Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "AUS vs PAK". ESPNcricinfo. ^ "SA vs AUS, Australia tour of South Africa 2023/24, 1st T20I at Durban, August 30, 2023 - Full Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. 30 August 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2024. ^ "India A tour of Australia, 2014 – Australia A v India A Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2016. ^ "AUS vs PAK". ESPNcricinfo. ^ "HH vs PS, Big Bash League 2021/22, 12th Match at Hobart December 14, 2021 - Full Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. 14 December 2021. ^ "ENG vs AUS, ICC World Test Championship 2019-2021, 5th Test at London, September 12 - 15, 2019 - Full Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. 12 September 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2024. ^ a b "ICC Cricket World Cup, 2nd Match, 2015 – Australia v England Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. 14 February 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016. ^ "WI vs AUS, Australia tour of West Indies 2021, 4th T20I at Gros Islet, July 14, 2021 - Full Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021. ^ "Sheffield Shield, 2011/12 – WA v QLD Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2016. ^ "Twenty20 Big Bash, 2009/2010 – WA v NSW Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. 5 January 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2016. External links Biography portalCricket portal Mitchell Marsh at ESPNcricinfo Mitchell Marsh profile at Wisden vteAustralia T20I cricket captains 2005–2009: Ponting 2007: Gilchrist 2007–2010: Clarke 2009: Haddin 2011: White 2012–2014: Bailey 2014–2022: Finch 2015–2016: Smith 2016: Watson 2016–2018: Warner 2020–2023: Wade 2023: Marsh Australia squads vteAustralia squad – 2015 Cricket World Cup – Champions (5th title) 2 Bailey (vc) 3 Doherty 8 Marsh 16 Finch 23 Clarke (c) 25 Johnson 30 Cummins 31 Warner 32 Maxwell 33 Watson 38 Hazlewood 44 Faulkner 49 Smith 56 Starc 57 Haddin (wk) Coach: Lehmann vteAustralia squad – 2015 Ashes Clarke (c) Smith (vc) Ahmed Cummins Haddin† Hazlewood Johnson Lyon M. Marsh S. Marsh Nevill† Rogers Siddle Starc Voges Warner Watson Coach: Lehmann vteAustralia squad – 2017–18 Ashes Smith (c) Warner (vc) Agar Bancroft Bird Cummins Handscomb Hazlewood Khawaja Lyon M. Marsh S. Marsh Maxwell Paine† Sayers Starc Coach: Lehmann vteAustralia squad – 2019 Ashes 7 Paine† (c) 30 Cummins (vc) 62 Head (vc) 43 Bancroft 14 Harris 38 Hazlewood 1 Khawaja 33 Labuschagne 67 Lyon 8 M. Marsh 18 Neser 19 Pattinson 10 Siddle 49 Smith 56 Starc 13 Wade† 31 Warner Coach: Langer vteAustralia squad – 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup – Champions (1st title) 5 Finch (c) 8 Marsh 13 Wade 17 Stoinis 22 Swepson 30 Cummins (vc) 31 Warner 32 Maxwell 38 Hazlewood 41 Inglis 46 Agar 49 Smith 55 Richardson 56 Starc 85 Zampa Coach: Langer Dan Christian, Nathan Ellis and Daniel Sams were named as injury cover. vteAustralia squad – 2023 Cricket World Cup – Champions (6th title) 4 Carey (wk) 8 M. Marsh 17 Stoinis 30 Cummins (c) 31 Warner 32 Maxwell 33 Labuschagne 38 Hazlewood 42 Green 48 Inglis (wk) 49 Smith 56 Starc 62 Head 77 Abbott 88 Zampa Coach: McDonald Marnus Labuschagne was not initially in the squad, but was named as a replacement for Ashton Agar in the final squad. vteAustralia squad – 2024 Men's T20 World Cup 8 M. Marsh (c) 12 Ellis 13 Wade (wk) 17 Stoinis 30 Cummins 31 Warner 32 Maxwell 38 Hazlewood 42 Green 46 Agar 48 Inglis (wk) 56 Starc 62 Head 85 T. David 88 Zampa Coach: Andrew McDonald Jake Fraser-McGurk and Matthew Short as travelling reserves for the team. vteICC T20 World Cup Final Man of the Match 2007: Pathan 2009: Afridi 2010: Kieswetter 2012: Samuels 2014: Sangakara 2016: Samuels 2021: Marsh 2022: Curran vteWestern Australia – current squad Agar Bancroft Behrendorff Cartwright Connolly* Fanning Gannon Goodwin* Green Greer* Hardie Inglis Jackson Kelly M. Marsh S. Marsh McKenzie* Moody Morris Paris Philippe Richardson Rocchiccioli Short Stobo Stoinis Turner Whiteman Wyllie Coach: Voges vtePerth Scorchers – current squad 1 Morris 2 Richardson 5 Behrendorff 8 Connolly 10 Marsh 12 Kelly 14 Harris 15 McKenzie 16 Crawley 17 Turner (c) 18 Agar 19 Hobson 20 Fanning 21 Hardie 28 Eskinazi 32 Evans 68 Tye 95 Inglis † Coach: Voges vteDelhi Capitals – current squad 17 Pant (c, †) 20 Axar (vc) 2 Nortje 3 Kushagra (†) 4 Hope (†) 5 Bhui (†) 6 Williams 8 M. Marsh 12 Sumit 14 Naib 16 Lalit Yadav 22 Ngidi 22 Dhull 23 Kuldeep 24 Abishek (†) 29 Ishant 30 Stubbs (†) 31 Warner 33 Fraser-McGurk 44 Rasikh Dar 46 Dubey 49 Mukesh 60 J. Richardson 71 Khaleel 88 Brook 99 Swastik Chikara 100 Shaw V. Ostwal Head Coach: Ricky Ponting Batting Coach: Pravin Amre Bowling Coach: James Hopes Fielding Coach: Biju George
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2018 Australian ball-tampering scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Australian_ball-tampering_scandal"},{"link_name":"2015 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021 T20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_T20_World_Cup"}],"text":"Mitchell Ross \"Mitch\" Marsh (born 20 October 1991) is an Australian international cricketer. Marsh represents Australia in all three forms of cricket, making his debut during the 2011–12 season. Marsh is the Australian T20I captain,[2] ODI vice-captain and also served as Test vice-captain after the 2018 Australian ball-tampering scandal. With his national side, he won multiple ICC tournaments: the 2015 Cricket World Cup, the 2023 Cricket World Cup and the 2021 T20 World Cup.","title":"Mitchell Marsh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geoff Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Shaun Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Australian national side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Melissa Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Marsh"},{"link_name":"AFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Brad Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Sheppard"},{"link_name":"Perth, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Wesley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_College,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Australian rules footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"2008 AFL Under 18 Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_AFL_Under_18_Championships"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Marsh is the second son of Geoff Marsh and younger brother of Shaun Marsh, both of whom have played for the Australian national side. His sister, Melissa Marsh, was a professional basketball player and he is cousin to retired AFL player, Brad Sheppard. He was raised in Perth, Western Australia, where he attended Wesley College.In addition to cricket, Marsh was also a talented Australian rules footballer in his youth and represented Western Australia at the 2008 AFL Under 18 Championships.[3]In April 2023, he married Greta Mack.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ford Ranger Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Ranger_One_Day_Cup_season_2008-09"},{"link_name":"Bunbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunbury,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waca-6"},{"link_name":"Australia's under-19 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2010 Under-19 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Deccan Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Chargers"},{"link_name":"2010 Indian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Pune Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Rising Pune Supergiants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Pune_Supergiants"},{"link_name":"Australia A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_A_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"India A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_A_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Allan Border Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Border_Field"},{"link_name":"Sam Whiteman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Whiteman_(Australian_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Cassie Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassie_Andrews_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Eric Bensted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Bensted"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Middlesex County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"2020 t20 Blast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_t20_Blast"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sunrisers Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrisers_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2021 Indian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Delhi Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Capitals"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Major League Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Cricket"}],"text":"Marsh made his debut for the Warriors at the age of 17 in February 2009 in a Ford Ranger Cup game at Bunbury. He became the youngest ever player in an Australian domestic one-day game and Western Australia's youngest debutant for 70 years.[5][6] In April 2009, he played for Australia's under-19 team against India and was the team captain during the 2010 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. Under his leadership Australia won the tournament,[7] Marsh having a successful tournament scoring 201 runs, including a match winning 97 in the semi-final against Sri Lanka.Marsh was signed by Deccan Chargers for the 2010 Indian Premier League and in 2011 was bought by Pune Warriors, the team coached at the time by his father. He played for Pune for the three years that the team existed and in 2016 and 2017 played for Rising Pune Supergiants for the two seasons that team existed.Playing for Australia A against India A in July 2014 at Allan Border Field, Marsh scored 211 runs batting seventh in Australia's first innings, his first double century. He and Sam Whiteman, who scored 174 runs, put on 371 runs for the seventh wicket, an Australian record and, at the time, the second-highest seventh-wicket partnership in first-class cricket. The previous Australian record, set by Queenslanders Cassie Andrews and Eric Bensted, had stood since the 1934–35 season.[8]In 2020, Marsh signed to play in England for Middlesex County Cricket Club in the 2020 t20 Blast competition, but the move was cancelled due to the rescheduling of the competition in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. He signed again for the 2021 season, but this move was also cancelled after Marsh was called up to play international cricket for Australia.[9] He was bought by Sunrisers Hyderabad for the 2020 IPL, although he only played in one match of the competition due to injury,[10] and he withdrew from the 2021 Indian Premier League due to bio-bubble fatigue during the pandemic.[11]In the 2022 IPL Auction, Marsh was bought by the Delhi Capitals.[12]Marsh was signed by the Seattle Orcas for the first edition of Major League Cricket in March 2023.","title":"Domestic career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20"},{"link_name":"tour South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_South_Africa_in_2011%E2%80%9312"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"One Day International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"Brett Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Lee"},{"link_name":"sixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Tri-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Zimbabwe_Tri-Series"},{"link_name":"Harare Sports Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare_Sports_Club"},{"link_name":"Glenn Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Aaron Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Finch"},{"link_name":"George Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bailey_(cricketer,_born_1982)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"not out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Test match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"against Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_against_Pakistan_in_the_UAE_in_2014%E2%80%9315"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Test-17"}],"sub_title":"Debut years","text":"In September 2011, Marsh was named in Australia's Twenty20 squad to tour South Africa.[13] He was later added to the One Day International squad following Brett Lee's withdrawal due to injury. He made a spectacular debut for Australia in the second T20I match of the series, scoring 36 runs including four sixes, three of which were hit in the final over of the Australian innings.[14] In August 2014, Marsh scored 89 runs against Zimbabwe in first match of the Tri-series at Harare Sports Club, adding 109 runs for the fourth wicket with Glenn Maxwell and contributing to partnerships of 47 and 33 with Aaron Finch and George Bailey.[15] Later in the competition he scored 86 not out against South Africa.[16]Marsh made his Test match debut for Australia against Pakistan in the United Arab Emirates on 22 October 2014.[17]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"five-wicket haul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-wicket_haul"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2015 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"against India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2015-16"},{"link_name":"SCG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maiden100-19"},{"link_name":"2016–17 series against South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2016%E2%80%9317"},{"link_name":"2017 series against India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_India_in_2016%E2%80%9317"},{"link_name":"Peter Handscomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Handscomb"},{"link_name":"2017–18 Ashes series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Ashes_series"},{"link_name":"Kagiso Rabada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagiso_Rabada"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Cricket Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_Australia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Marcus Stoinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Stoinis"},{"link_name":"2019 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"2019 Ashes series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ashes_series"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Shield"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Test summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2019%E2%80%9320"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"tour to England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_2020"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"2015-20","text":"Playing regularly in the One Day International side, Marsh took a five-wicket haul against England during the 2015 Cricket World Cup,[18] and scored his maiden ODI century against India in 2016 at the SCG.[19] He was, however, dropped from the Australian Test side after the first Test of the 2016–17 series against South Africa, coming back into the side during the 2017 series against India and playing in two Tests before he suffered an injury. Later in the year, he replaced Peter Handscomb in the third match of 2017–18 Ashes series, scoring his maiden Test century. His first innings score of 181 was one short of his brother Shaun's career best score of 182.In March 2018, Marsh was fined 20 percent of his match fee and given one demerit point for using offensive language during the second Test between Australia and South Africa, after being dismissed by Kagiso Rabada.[20][21] The following month, he was awarded a national contract by Cricket Australia for the 2018–19 season[22][23] and was named as cover for Marcus Stoinis ahead of Australia's 2019 Cricket World Cup match against Pakistan in June 2019.[24][25] The following month he was named in Australia's squad for the 2019 Ashes series in England, but was not selected for the first four Tests of the series.[26][27] In the fifth and final match of the series, Marsh took his first five-wicket haul in Test cricket, taking 5/46 in the first innings, but ended on the losing side.[28]In October 2019, Marsh broke his bowling hand after punching a wall, following his dismissal, during a Sheffield Shield match against Tasmania. As a result, he was forced to miss the start of Australia's Test summer.[29] In April 2020 he was again awarded a central contract ahead of the 2020–21 season[30][31] and in July 2020 was named in a 26-man preliminary squad of players to begin training ahead of a possible tour to England following the COVID-19 pandemic.[32][33] In August, Cricket Australia confirmed that the fixtures would be taking place, with Marsh included in the touring party.[34][35]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twenty20 International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20_International"},{"link_name":"Australia's tour of the West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_the_West_Indies_in_2021"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"2023 Ashes Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Ashes_series"},{"link_name":"Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ashes"},{"link_name":"Headingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headingley_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Cameron Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Green"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"2017–18 Ashes series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Ashes_series"},{"link_name":"Mark Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Taylor_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Mel Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Jones"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"sweeping South Africa 3-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_South_Africa_in_2023"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"home series against the West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2023%E2%80%9324"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"New Zealand in February 2024.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_New_Zealand_in_2023%E2%80%9324"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"2021-Onwards","text":"In July 2021, in the first Twenty20 International match of Australia's tour of the West Indies, Marsh scored his maiden T20I half-century, scoring 51 runs from 31 deliveries.[36] He continued his good form, scoring another half-century in the following match[37] and in the fourth T20I made 75 runs and took his career best T20I bowling figures of 3/24.[38]In August 2021, Marsh was named in Australia's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.[39] On 14 November 2021, Marsh helped Australia win the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup, scoring 77 runs in the final and earning player of the match.[40] Marsh was selected for the 2023 Ashes Tour of England.On July 6, 2023, Marsh was brought in for the 3rd Ashes Test against England at Headingley to replace injured all-rounder Cameron Green. Coming to the crease at 4 for 85 shortly before lunch on day one, he scored his third Test century, a quickfire 118 from 118 balls, featuring powerful stroke-play with 17 fours and 4 sixes and including 113 runs in the second session.[41] It was his first Test match appearance since 2019 and first century outside Australia, the others coming at home against England in the 2017–18 Ashes series. Mark Taylor described it as Marsh's best century, given he arrived at the crease with Australia 4/85 and England looking to close out the match. Mel Jones, commentating the innings, noted Marsh's unwavering temperament and assertiveness at the crease despite his lack of playing time in the preceding months.[42]On 7 August 2023, Marsh was named the captain of the T20 team for the tour to South Africa, with possible consideration to take up leadership on a permanent basis for the 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.[43] Marsh impressed in his first series as captain sweeping South Africa 3-0 and winning player of the series due to his scores of 92* and 79* in the 1st and 2nd matches respectively.[44]Marsh Continued his captaincy of the T20 side winning the 2024 home series against the West Indies 2-1.[45] Marsh was also named the captain of a full strength side to face New Zealand in February 2024.[46] In which Australia won 3-0 and Marsh was named played of the series.[47] After his strong performances as captain in successive T20I series, his appointment as permanent captain of the Australian T20I team and captain of the 2024 T20 World Cup squad were formalised on 1 May 2024.[48]In May 2024, he was named the captain in Australia’s squad for the 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup tournament.[49]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Men%27s_T20I_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"ICC Men's ODI Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Men%27s_ODI_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Australian T20I Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Border_Medal"},{"link_name":"Allan Border Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Border_Medal"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year: 2021.[50]\nICC Men's ODI Team of the Year: 2016\nAustralian T20I Player of the Year: 2022\nAllan Border Medal: 2023[51]","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career best performances"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Mitch Marsh\". perthscorchers.com. Perth Scorchers. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203185137/http://www.perthscorchers.com.au/team/player-profiles/mitch-marsh","url_text":"\"Mitch Marsh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Scorchers","url_text":"Perth Scorchers"},{"url":"http://www.perthscorchers.com.au/team/player-profiles/mitch-marsh","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aussies reveal T20 World Cup squad, Marsh to lead | cricket.com.au\". www.cricket.com.au. 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricket.com.au/news/3990756/australia-squad-reveal-mens-t20-world-cup-2024-caribbean-usa-mitch-marsh-named-captain","url_text":"\"Aussies reveal T20 World Cup squad, Marsh to lead | cricket.com.au\""}]},{"reference":"Burt, Sarah (17 April 2023). \"Love sweeps Australian cricket as Travis Head and Mitch Marsh tie the knot within days of each other\". 7 News.","urls":[{"url":"https://7news.com.au/sport/cricket/love-sweeps-australian-cricket-as-two-star-players-tie-the-knot-within-days-of-each-other-c-10379047","url_text":"\"Love sweeps Australian cricket as Travis Head and Mitch Marsh tie the knot within days of each other\""}]},{"reference":"\"Where are they now?: Australia's last Under-19 Cricket World Cup winners from 2010 all grown up\". The West Australian. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thewest.com.au/sport/cricket/where-are-they-now-australias-last-under-19-cricket-world-cup-winners-from-2010-all-grown-up-ng-b88732986z","url_text":"\"Where are they now?: Australia's last Under-19 Cricket World Cup winners from 2010 all grown up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitchell Marsh out of IPL 2020, Sunrisers Hyderabad name Jason Holder as replacement\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mitchell-marsh-out-of-ipl-2020-sunrisers-hyderabad-name-jason-holder-as-replacement-1233119","url_text":"\"Mitchell Marsh out of IPL 2020, Sunrisers Hyderabad name Jason Holder as replacement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitchell Marsh pulls out of IPL 2021; SRH rope in England batsman as replacement\". CricketTimes.com. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://crickettimes.com/2021/03/mitchell-marsh-pulls-out-of-ipl-2021-srh-rope-in-england-batsman-as-replacement/","url_text":"\"Mitchell Marsh pulls out of IPL 2021; SRH rope in England batsman as replacement\""}]},{"reference":"\"PL Auction 2022 live updates\". 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-auction/ipl-auction-2022-live-updates-day-1/article38413730.ece","url_text":"\"PL Auction 2022 live updates\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Laine (28 September 2011). \"Mitch Marsh named in Aust T20 side\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/mitch-marsh-named-in-aust-t20-side-20110928-1kwli.html","url_text":"\"Mitch Marsh named in Aust T20 side\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parnell and Theron script stunning win\". Retrieved 9 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-australia-2011/content/story/536703.html","url_text":"\"Parnell and Theron script stunning win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zimbabwe fold after Marsh, Maxwell blitz\". 25 August 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe-triangular-series-2014/content/story/773907.html","url_text":"\"Zimbabwe fold after Marsh, Maxwell blitz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anderson's blitzkrieg, and the biggest mountain of them all\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/awards2014/content/story/819619.html","url_text":"\"Anderson's blitzkrieg, and the biggest mountain of them all\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australia tour of United Arab Emirates, 1st Test: Australia v Pakistan at Dubai (DSC), Oct 22–26, 2014\". ESPNcricinfo. 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Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricket.com.au/news/3873123/mitch-marsh-wins-2024-allan-border-medal-australia-test-allrounder-odi-t20","url_text":"\"Marsh storms to Allan Border Medal\""}]},{"reference":"\"AUS vs PAK\". ESPNcricinfo.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/australia-vs-bangladesh-43rd-match-1384434/live-cricket-score","url_text":"\"AUS vs PAK\""}]},{"reference":"\"SA vs AUS, Australia tour of South Africa 2023/24, 1st T20I at Durban, August 30, 2023 - Full Scorecard\". ESPNcricinfo. 30 August 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-tour-of-south-africa-2023-24-1373562/south-africa-vs-australia-1st-t20i-1373568/full-scorecard","url_text":"\"SA vs AUS, Australia tour of South Africa 2023/24, 1st T20I at Durban, August 30, 2023 - Full Scorecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"India A tour of Australia, 2014 – Australia A v India A Scorecard\". 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Marsh"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210809094625/https://www.waca.com.au/teams/western-australia/mitch-marsh","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://thewest.com.au/sport/cricket/where-are-they-now-australias-last-under-19-cricket-world-cup-winners-from-2010-all-grown-up-ng-b88732986z","external_links_name":"\"Where are they now?: Australia's last Under-19 Cricket World Cup winners from 2010 all grown up\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/758327.html","external_links_name":"\"Marsh, Whiteman flatten India A with huge stand\""},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/cricket/paul-stirling-middlesex-mitchell-marsh-b936061.html","external_links_name":"Paul Stirling to return to Middlesex for Vitality Blast but Mitch Marsh stint cancelled"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mitchell-marsh-out-of-ipl-2020-sunrisers-hyderabad-name-jason-holder-as-replacement-1233119","external_links_name":"\"Mitchell Marsh out of IPL 2020, 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_471
Farm to Market Road 471
["1 Route description","2 History","2.1 Previous route","2.2 Current route","3 Junction list","4 Spur 471","5 See also","6 References"]
Farm to Market Road 471Route informationMaintained by TxDOTLength40.8 mi (65.7 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–presentMajor junctionsSouth end I-35 in NataliaMajor intersections US 90 in Castrovillenorth end Loop 1604 in San Antonio LocationCountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountiesMedina, Bexar Highway system Highways in Texas Interstate US State Toll Loops Spurs FM/RM Park Rec ← FM 470→ FM 472 Farm to Market Road 471 (FM 471) is an FM highway in the San Antonio area of Texas. The highway is known as Culebra Road within Bexar County. Route description FM 471 begins at an intersection with I-35 in Natalia. The highway shortly begins an overlap with SH 132 and the two highways travel through the town together. FM 471 leaves the highway and travels to the town of LaCoste. The highway enters Castroville and has a short overlap with US 90. FM 471 serves the small community of Rio Medina before intersecting FM 1283 near Lake Medina. The highway turns after here and runs in a southeast (northbound)–northwest (southbound) direction, despite still being signed north–south. FM 471 enters the city of San Antonio near the Government Canyon State Natural Area. Near SeaWorld, FM 471 ends at an intersection Loop 1604 (Anderson Loop). History Previous route FM 471 was first designated on July 9, 1945, from Dilley to Divot. The highway was then extended further north 5.0 miles (8.0 km) toward Batesville on July 22, 1949. The route was cancelled the next month on August 25. The highway was combined with FM 117. Current route FM 471 opened May 23, 1951, running from US 81 (now SH 132) in Natalia to US 90 in Castroville. On January 29, 1953, FM 1105 from US 90 north and east 24.4 miles (39.3 km) to a road intersection was cancelled and combined with FM 471. The highway was extended further east to SH 16 later that year on October 28. The highway was extended further south to I-35 on May 6, 1964. On June 27, 1995, the entire route from Loop 1604 to SH 16 was designated Urban Road 471 (UR 471). On December 18, 2014, the section of FM 471 between Loop 1604 and the Leon Valley city limits was turned back to the city of San Antonio and deleted from the state highway system; this was part of TxDOT's San Antonio turnback program, which gave 21.8 miles of roads to the city. By 2018, the project acceptance letter was issued. As a result of the order and project acceptance letter, the section of FM 471 within Leon Valley became State Highway Spur 471. This eliminated UR 471. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes MedinaNatalia0.00.0 I-35 – Pearsall, San AntonioSouthern terminus of FM 471 1.21.9 SH 132 north – LytleSouthern end of SH 132 overlap 1.72.7 SH 132 south – DevineNorthern end of SH 132 overlap ​5.28.4 FM 463 south – DevineSouthern end of FM 463 overlap ​5.79.2 FM 463 north – LytleNorth end of FM 463 overlap LaCoste12.219.6 FM 2790 south – Lytle Castroville15.925.6 US 90 east – San AntonioSouthern end of US 90 overlap 17.027.4 US 90 west – HondoNorthern end of US 90 overlap ​22.636.4 FM 1957 east (Potranco Road) Rio Medina23.237.3 FM 2676 west – Quihi ​33.553.9 FM 1283 north – Pipe Creek, Lake Medina San Antonio34.355.2 SH 211 (Texas Research Parkway) – Government Canyon State Natural Area Bexar39.463.4 FM 1560 north – Helotes 40.865.7 Loop 1604 (Anderson Loop) to SH 16 / FM 1957 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus Spur 471 State Highway Spur 471LocationBexar CountyLength0.4 mi (640 m)ExistedDecember 18, 2014–present Spur 471 is a state highway spur located in Leon Valley. The highway was designated on December 18, 2014, when FM 471 was decommissioned inside Loop 1604. The highway begins at the San Antonio–Leon Valley city limits and runs east for approximately a half mile to State Highway 16 (Bandera Road). Spur 471 is known locally as Grissom Road. An Earlier Spur 471 was designated on October 1, 1968, from I-20 in Colorado City to Loop 377. This was cancelled on June 21, 1990, and changed to Business State Highway 208-B. Loop 377 became Business Interstate 20-J that same day. Junction list The entire route is in Bexar County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes San Antonio–Leon Valley line0.00.0Grissom Road Leon Valley0.40.64 SH 16 (Bandera Road) – Bandera, San Antonio 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi See also Texas portal U.S. Roads portal References ^ a b Google (October 2, 2014). "Highway Overview Map of FM 471" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 2, 2014. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 471". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 1, 2013. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 117". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 3, 2016. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1105". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 3, 2016. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 471". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 26, 2015. ^ Davila, Vianna (January 30, 2014). "San Antonio approves switch in road maintenance". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved December 23, 2022 – via MySA.com. ^ Texas Transportation Commission (December 18, 2014). "Minute Order 114165" (PDF). Texas Department of Transportation. pp. 1–2. Retrieved April 26, 2015. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 471". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 3, 2016. ^ a b "Highway Overview Map of Spur 471". Google Maps. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
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The highway is known as Culebra Road within Bexar County.","title":"Farm to Market Road 471"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Natalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_132"},{"link_name":"LaCoste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaCoste,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Castroville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castroville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rio Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Medina,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lake Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Medina"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Government Canyon State Natural Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Canyon_State_Natural_Area"},{"link_name":"SeaWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaWorld_San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Loop 1604 (Anderson Loop)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_1604"}],"text":"FM 471 begins at an intersection with I-35 in Natalia. The highway shortly begins an overlap with SH 132 and the two highways travel through the town together. FM 471 leaves the highway and travels to the town of LaCoste. The highway enters Castroville and has a short overlap with US 90. FM 471 serves the small community of Rio Medina before intersecting FM 1283 near Lake Medina. The highway turns after here and runs in a southeast (northbound)–northwest (southbound) direction, despite still being signed north–south. FM 471 enters the city of San Antonio near the Government Canyon State Natural Area. Near SeaWorld, FM 471 ends at an intersection Loop 1604 (Anderson Loop).","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilley,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Batesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batesville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Previous route","text":"FM 471 was first designated on July 9, 1945, from Dilley to Divot. The highway was then extended further north 5.0 miles (8.0 km) toward Batesville on July 22, 1949. The route was cancelled the next month on August 25. The highway was combined with FM 117.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_471-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_471-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davila2014-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minute_Order_114165-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spur_471-8"}],"sub_title":"Current route","text":"FM 471 opened May 23, 1951, running from US 81 (now SH 132) in Natalia to US 90 in Castroville. On January 29, 1953, FM 1105 from US 90 north and east 24.4 miles (39.3 km) to a road intersection was cancelled and combined with FM 471.[4] The highway was extended further east to SH 16 later that year on October 28. The highway was extended further south to I-35 on May 6, 1964. On June 27, 1995, the entire route from Loop 1604 to SH 16 was designated Urban Road 471 (UR 471).[2][5]On December 18, 2014, the section of FM 471 between Loop 1604 and the Leon Valley city limits was turned back to the city of San Antonio and deleted from the state highway system; this was part of TxDOT's San Antonio turnback program, which gave 21.8 miles of roads to the city.[6] By 2018, the project acceptance letter was issued. As a result of the order and project acceptance letter, the section of FM 471 within Leon Valley became State Highway Spur 471. This eliminated UR 471.[7][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Junction list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Valley,_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"State Highway 16 (Bandera Road)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_16"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20"},{"link_name":"Colorado City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_377"},{"link_name":"Bexar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexar_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 471 is a state highway spur located in Leon Valley. The highway was designated on December 18, 2014, when FM 471 was decommissioned inside Loop 1604. The highway begins at the San Antonio–Leon Valley city limits and runs east for approximately a half mile to State Highway 16 (Bandera Road). Spur 471 is known locally as Grissom Road. An Earlier Spur 471 was designated on October 1, 1968, from I-20 in Colorado City to Loop 377. This was cancelled on June 21, 1990, and changed to Business State Highway 208-B. Loop 377 became Business Interstate 20-J that same day.Junction listThe entire route is in Bexar County.","title":"Spur 471"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Illi
Aleksander Illi
["1 References","2 External links"]
Estonian basketball player Aleksander IlliPersonal informationBorn(1912-12-22)22 December 1912Vaimastvere, Governorate of LivoniaDied25 January 2000(2000-01-25) (aged 87)Saue, EstoniaNationalityEstonian Aleksander Illi (22 December 1912 – 25 January 2000) was an Estonian basketball player. He competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. References ^ "Aleksander Illi". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2017. ^ "Aleksander Illi". Eesti spordi biograafiline leksikon (in Estonian). Retrieved 1 March 2019. External links Aleksander Illi at Olympedia Aleksander Illi at Olympics.com Aleksander Illi at ESBL (in Estonian) vteEstonia squad – 1936 Olympic Games – 9th place Altosaar Amon Illi Kärk Keres Mahl Margiste Nooni Saar Veskila Vinogradov Coach: Niiler Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany This biographical article relating to an Estonian basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"1936 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-reference-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESBL-2"}],"text":"Estonian basketball playerAleksander Illi (22 December 1912 – 25 January 2000) was an Estonian basketball player. He competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.[1][2]","title":"Aleksander Illi"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Aleksander Illi\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418003307/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/il/aleksander-illi-1.html","url_text":"\"Aleksander Illi\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/il/aleksander-illi-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aleksander Illi\". Eesti spordi biograafiline leksikon (in Estonian). Retrieved 1 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esbl.ee/biograafia/Aleksander_Illi","url_text":"\"Aleksander Illi\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogarah_High_School
Kogarah High School
["1 Sport houses","2 History","3 Notable alumni","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 33°57′40″S 151°08′06″E / 33.961°S 151.135°E / -33.961; 151.135 Public comprehensive school in Kogarah, New South Wales, AustraliaKogarah High SchoolAddressGladstone StreetKogarah, New South WalesAustraliaInformationTypePublic comprehensiveMottoLatin: Honor Super Omnia(Honour Above All)Established1891PrincipalJulie RossGrades7–12GenderCo-educational-boys and girlsWebsitekogarah-h.schools.nsw.gov.au Kogarah High School, Regent Street Kogarah High School is a comprehensive co-educational school located in Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia. Sport houses Kogarah High School has a long history of student achievement both academically and on the sporting field. The school's sport houses are named after four sporting greats who are former students; Rosewall, Crampton, O'Neill and Chapman. History 1891: A New Building In 1876 a new public school was built as well as a teachers’ residence on a site behind the present high school in Regent Street. The expansion of the railway line to Kogarah and beyond, early in the 1880s was a great influence on Kogarah High School as it enabled easy travel for students from neighbouring suburbs and enrolments subsequently increased. 1891 saw the construction of the older half of the present senior school. Here is an architect's description of the building contained in Department of Education records: "The building is of Jacobean type, built of buff bricks, with dark brick and stone dressings and roofed with red Marseilles tiles." During this era, the school functioned as an infants and primary school, but by 1892, it has been redesigned as a "Superior School", meaning that some of its students were doing secondary work. The school continued to expand in the first decade of the 20th century, reaching an enrolment of 1,500 in 1909. Around this time, the school functioned as 3 separate departments. There was an infants and primary section, a Girls Intermediate High School section from 1913 and a Boys Intermediate High School section formed in 1920. Part of the girls' section broke away to form St George Girls High School in 1916 but girls continued to be taught by a section that became known as the Kogarah Central Domestic Science School. The infants' section moved away to the site of the present Kogarah Public School in 1954 and the primary section soon joined them. In 1959 the Home Science School became a full High School and the Boys' school received this status in 1959. This meant that they both were teaching students up to the level of the Leaving Certificate. In 1963, both schools combined to form Kogarah High School as the co-educational school it is today. Notable alumni Gary Chapman – Olympic and Commonwealth Games swimming medallist Bill Crabtree – MLA for Kogarah for 31 years Bruce Crampton – professional golfer Joy Cummings – Australia's first female Lord Mayor, Newcastle, 1974–1984 Les Favell – Australian cricketer and cricket captain of South Australia Moira Gatens – Feminist philosopher Norman Harrison – Olympic pistol shooter and Commonwealth Games silver medallist Neville Hayes – Olympic silver medallist swimmer John Hewson – former leader of the federal opposition (Liberal Party) Jeannie Little – entertainer and actress Norman O'Neill – Australian and Sheffield Shield cricketer Ken Rosewall – Tennis player who won seven grand slams Abbas Saad – Australian International Football and Soccer player (Socceroos) and 1985 Commonwealth Bank Cup Winner June Salter – actress John Tapp – TV sport and racing commentator Barrie Unsworth – Australian politician, 36th Premier of New South Wales See also List of Government schools in New South Wales References ^ Clarke, Joyce. Kogarah High School: Our Struggle for Quality Education. Cambell, A.C.T.: DocMatrix, 2002. Print. External links Kogarah High School website vtePublic high schools in the Sydney regionMetropolitan NorthBungarribee Blacktown Boys Blacktown Girls Evans Hills Sports Mitchell Cambridge Park Cambridge Park Cranebrook St Marys Senior Carlingford Carlingford Cumberland James Ruse Agricultural Muirfield Eastern Creek Colyton Erskine Park Plumpton Rooty Hill St Clair Girraween Girraween Greystanes Holroyd Northmead Creative and Performing Arts Pendle Hill Gordon Aurora College Chatswood Epping Boys Saturday School of Community Languages Turramurra Hornsby Asquith Boys Asquith Girls Cheltenham Girls Hornsby Girls Normanhurst Boys Pennant Hills Mount Druitt Chifley College Bidwill Dunheved Mount Druitt Chifley Senior Shalvey North Sydney Cammeraygal Mosman North Sydney Boys North Sydney Girls Willoughby Girls Penrith Glenmore Park Jamison Kingswood Nepean Creative and Performing Arts Penrith Pittwater Barrenjoey Ku-ring-gai Narrabeen Sports Pittwater Quakers Hills Doonside Glenwood Quakers Hill Riverstone Wyndham College Ryde Hunters Hill Marsden Riverside Girls Ryde SC The Beaches Northern Beaches SC Balgowlah Boys Cromer Freshwater Senior Mackellar Girls Manly Selective The Forest Davidson Killara Killarney Heights St Ives The Forest The Hills Baulkham Hills Castle Hill Cherrybrook Technology Crestwood Model Farms The Ponds Kellyville Rouse Hill The Ponds Metropolitan South and WestAuburn Auburn Girls Chester Hill Granville South Creative and Performing Arts Bankstown Bankstown Girls Bankstown Senior College Condell Park Picnic Point Sir Joseph Banks Beverly Hills Beverly Hills Girls Kingsgrove Kingsgrove North Wiley Park Girls Bondi Randwick Boys Randwick Girls Rose Bay SC Botany Bay J J Cahill Matraville Sports South Sydney Canterbury Ashfield Boys Belmore Boys Canterbury Boys' Canterbury Girls Dulwich Hill Visual Arts and Design Chipping Norton Bass East Hills Boys East Hills Girls Technology Holsworthy Moorebank Chullora Birrong Boys Birrong Girls Punchbowl Boys Sefton Georges River Georges River College Hurstville Boys Oatley Senior Peakhurst Penshurst Girls Sydney Technical Iron Cove Sydney Secondary College Balmain Campus Blackwattle Bay Campus Leichhardt Campus Kogarah Blakehurst James Cook Boys Kogarah Moorefield Girls St George Girls Marrickville Fort Street Marrickville Newtown Performing Arts Tempe Parramatta Arthur Phillip Granville Boys Macarthur Girls Merrylands Parramatta Port Hacking Caringbah Cronulla Endeavour Sports Port Hacking Woolooware Port Jackson Alexandria Park Cleveland Street Intensive English Conservatorium Inner Sydney Sydney Boys Sydney Girls Strathfield Burwood Girls Concord Homebush Boys Strathfield Girls Strathfield South Sutherland Endeavour Sports Gymea Technology Kirrawee Sylvania The Jannali Woronora River Engadine Heathcote Jannali Lucas Heights Menai Closed / defunct Beacon Hill Cremorne Girls Dover Heights Drummoyne Boys Enmore Macquarie Boys Technology Narwee Peter Board Petersham Girls Randwick North Ryde Vaucluse Public high schools in New South Wales Selective schools in New South Wales List of government schools in New South Wales Schools portal New South Wales portal 33°57′40″S 151°08′06″E / 33.961°S 151.135°E / -33.961; 151.135
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The school's sport houses are named after four sporting greats who are former students; Rosewall, Crampton, O'Neill and Chapman.","title":"Sport houses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marseilles tiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseilles_tile"},{"link_name":"St George Girls High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George_Girls_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"1891: A New BuildingIn 1876 a new public school was built as well as a teachers’ residence on a site behind the present high school in Regent Street. The expansion of the railway line to Kogarah and beyond, early in the 1880s was a great influence on Kogarah High School as it enabled easy travel for students from neighbouring suburbs and enrolments subsequently increased.1891 saw the construction of the older half of the present senior school. Here is an architect's description of the building contained in Department of Education records:\"The building is of Jacobean type, built of buff bricks, with dark brick and stone dressings and roofed with red Marseilles tiles.\"During this era, the school functioned as an infants and primary school, but by 1892, it has been redesigned as a \"Superior School\", meaning that some of its students were doing secondary work. The school continued to expand in the first decade of the 20th century, reaching an enrolment of 1,500 in 1909. Around this time, the school functioned as 3 separate departments. There was an infants and primary section, a Girls Intermediate High School section from 1913 and a Boys Intermediate High School section formed in 1920. Part of the girls' section broke away to form St George Girls High School in 1916 but girls continued to be taught by a section that became known as the Kogarah Central Domestic Science School.The infants' section moved away to the site of the present Kogarah Public School in 1954 and the primary section soon joined them. In 1959 the Home Science School became a full High School and the Boys' school received this status in 1959. This meant that they both were teaching students up to the level of the Leaving Certificate. In 1963, both schools combined to form Kogarah High School as the co-educational school it is today.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Chapman_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Bill Crabtree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Crabtree"},{"link_name":"Bruce Crampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Crampton"},{"link_name":"Joy Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Les Favell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Favell"},{"link_name":"Moira Gatens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moira_Gatens"},{"link_name":"Norman Harrison – Olympic pistol shooter and Commonwealth Games silver medallist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Neville Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Hayes"},{"link_name":"John Hewson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hewson"},{"link_name":"Jeannie Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannie_Little"},{"link_name":"Norman O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Ken Rosewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Rosewall"},{"link_name":"Abbas Saad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Saad"},{"link_name":"June Salter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Salter"},{"link_name":"John Tapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tapp_(commentator)"},{"link_name":"Barrie Unsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_Unsworth"}],"text":"Gary Chapman – Olympic and Commonwealth Games swimming medallist\nBill Crabtree – MLA for Kogarah for 31 years\nBruce Crampton – professional golfer\nJoy Cummings – Australia's first female Lord Mayor, Newcastle, 1974–1984\nLes Favell – Australian cricketer and cricket captain of South Australia\nMoira Gatens – Feminist philosopher\nNorman Harrison – Olympic pistol shooter and Commonwealth Games silver medallist\nNeville Hayes – Olympic silver medallist swimmer\nJohn Hewson – former leader of the federal opposition (Liberal Party)\nJeannie Little – entertainer and actress\nNorman O'Neill – Australian and Sheffield Shield cricketer\nKen Rosewall – Tennis player who won seven grand slams\nAbbas Saad – Australian International Football and Soccer player (Socceroos) and 1985 Commonwealth Bank Cup Winner\nJune Salter – actress\nJohn Tapp – TV sport and racing commentator\nBarrie Unsworth – Australian politician, 36th Premier of New South Wales","title":"Notable alumni"}]
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[{"title":"List of Government schools in New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Government_schools_in_New_South_Wales"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Heritage_Ensemble
Ethnic Heritage Ensemble
["1 Discography","2 References"]
Ethnic Heritage EnsembleGenresJazzYears active1973-presentMembersKahil El'ZabarPast membersKalaparusha Maurice McIntyre, Joseph Bowie, Ernest Dawkins, Light Henry Huff, Edward Wilkerson, 'Atu' Harold Murray, Hanah Jon Taylor Ethnic Heritage Ensemble is an American jazz ensemble founded in 1973 by percussionist Kahil El'Zabar. Its members have included Kalaparusha Maurice McIntyre, Defunkt's Joseph Bowie, post-bop musician Ernest Dawkins, Light Henry Huff, 8 Bold Souls' Edward Wilkerson, Hanah Jon Taylor, and 'Atu' Harold Murray. They have released over a dozen albums, the latest one being in 2023. Discography Three Gentlemen from Chicago (Moers, 1981) Impressions (Red, 1982) Welcome (Leo, 1984) Ancestral Song — Live from Stockholm (Silkheart, 1988) Hang Tuff (Open Minds, 1991) Dance with the Ancestors (Chameleon, 1993) 21st Century Union March (Silkheart, 1997) The Continuum (Delmark, 1997) Papa's Bounce (CIMP, 1998) Freedom Jazz Dance (Delmark, 1999) Ka-Real (Silkheart, 2000) Hot 'N' Heavy — Live at the Ascension Loft (Delmark, 2007) Mama's House (Katalyst, 2009) Black is Back: 40th Anniversary Project (Katalyst, 2014) Be Known — Ancient/Future/Music (Spiritmuse, 2019) Spirit Gatherer: Tribute to Don Cherry (Spiritmuse, 2023) References ^ Cantor, Dave (21 February 2019). "With his Ethnic Heritage Ensemble, Kahil El'Zabar explores the legacy of jazz while building toward the future". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2021-07-31. ^ a b McGinnis, Jeff (2018-02-07). "'History In The Making' Concert Celebrates The Ethnic Heritage Ensemble's 45th Anniversary". Toledo City Paper. Retrieved 2021-07-31. ^ "Vincent Davis Percussion Plus". Isthmus | Madison, Wisconsin. 2021-06-21. Retrieved 2021-07-31. ^ a b "Ethnic Heritage Ensemble | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved January 27, 2020. ^ "Atu Harold Murray". Kahilelzabar.net. Retrieved January 27, 2020. ^ "Atu Harold Murray | Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved January 27, 2020. vteEthnic Heritage Ensemble Kahil El'Zabar Kalaparusha Maurice McIntyre Joseph Bowie Ernest Dawkins Light Henry Huff Edward Wilkerson Hanah Jon Taylor 'Atu' Harold Murray Studio albums Hang Tuff (1990) Dance with the Ancestors (1993) 21st Century Union March (1995) The Continuum (1997) Papa's Bounce (1998) Freedom Jazz Dance (1999) Live albums Ancestral Song (1987) vteKahil El'ZabarYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, unless stated otherwise.Studio albums Renaissance of the Resistance (1993) Return of the Lost Tribe (with Joseph Jarman, Kalaparusha Maurice McIntyre, Malachi Favors and Steve Colson, 1997) Jitterbug Junction (1997) Love Outside of Dreams (1997) Spirits Entering (with Billy Bang, 1998) Conversations (with Archie Shepp, 1999) Africa N'Da Blues (with Pharoah Sanders, 1999) One World Family (with David Murray, 2000) What It Is! (2012) Follow the Sun (2013) Live albums Big Cliff (1994) We Is (with David Murray, 2000) Live at the River East Art Center (with Billy Bang, 2004) Big M: A Tribute to Malachi Favors (with Billy Bang, 2004) Related articles Ethnic Heritage Ensemble vteErnest DawkinsYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, unless stated otherwise.Studio albums South Side Street Songs (1993) Chicago Now Vol. 1 (1994) Chicago Now Vol. 2 (1994) Jo'burg Jump (2000) Mean Ameen (2004) The Prairie Prophet (2010) Afro Straight (2010 & 2012) Live albums Mother's Blue Velvet Shoes (1997) Cape Town Shuffle (2002) The Messenger (2005) Velvet Songs (2008) Memory in the Center (2014) Related articles Ethnic Heritage Ensemble Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartmedia
SmartMedia
["1 History","1.1 Copy protection","1.2 Format errors and data loss","2 Specifications","3 In popular culture","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Memory card format This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "SmartMedia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) SmartMediaMedia typeMemory cardCapacityup to 128 MBDeveloped byToshibaDimensions45.0 × 37.0 × 0.76 mmWeight1.8 g SmartMedia is an obsolete flash memory card standard owned by Toshiba, with capacities ranging from 2 MB to 128 MB. The format mostly saw application in the early 2000s in digital cameras and audio production. SmartMedia memory cards are no longer manufactured. History The SmartMedia format was launched in the summer of 1995 to compete with the MiniCard, CompactFlash, and PC Card formats. Although memory cards are nowadays associated with digital cameras, digital audio players, PDAs, and similar devices, SmartMedia was pitched as a successor to the computer floppy disk. Indeed, the format was originally named Solid State Floppy Disk Card (SSFDC), and the physical design resembles a miniature 3.5" floppy disk. The SSFDC forum, a consortium aiming to promote SSFDC as an industry standard, was founded in April 1996, consisting of 37 initial members. A SmartMedia card consists of a single NAND flash chip embedded in a thin plastic card, although some higher-capacity cards contain multiple linked chips. It was one of the smallest and thinnest of the early memory cards, only 0.76 mm thick, and managed to maintain a favorable cost ratio as compared to the others. SmartMedia cards lack a built-in controller chip, which kept the cost down. This feature later caused problems, since some older devices would require firmware updates to handle larger capacity cards. The lack of built-in controller also made it impossible for the card to perform automatic wear levelling, a process which prevents premature failure of any individual block by ensuring that write operations are evenly distributed across the whole device. SmartMedia cards can be used in a standard 3.5" floppy drive by means of a FlashPath adapter. This remains one of SmartMedia's most distinctive features. This method was not without its own disadvantages, as it required special drivers offering only very basic file read/write capability (or read-only on Macintosh systems) and was limited to floppy-disk transfer speeds. However, this was not so troublesome in the earlier days of the format, when card sizes were limited (generally 8–16 MB), and USB interfaces were both uncommon and low-speed, with digital cameras connecting by "high-speed" serial links that themselves needed drivers and special transfer programs. The 15 minutes taken to read a nearly full 16 MB card directly to hard disk by Flashpath using the slowest (128 kbit/s) PC floppy controller was still simpler and slightly faster than the quickest reliable (115.2 kbit/s) serial link, without the need for connection, synching and thumbnail previewing, and only beaten by expensive parallel-port-based external card readers that could do the same job in 2 minutes or less (≳1000 kbit/s, comparable to USB 1.0) when connected to a compatible high-speed ECP or EPP port (and ~5 minutes using a basic PPT in failsafe mode). Comparison of a 2 GB MicroSD card and an 8 MB 3.3 V SmartMedia card Typically, SmartMedia cards were used as storage for portable devices, in a form that could easily be removed for access by a PC. For example, pictures taken with a digital camera would be stored as image files on a SmartMedia card. A user could copy the images to a computer with a SmartMedia reader. A reader was typically a small box connected by USB or some other serial connection. Modern computers, both laptops and desktops, occasionally have SmartMedia slots built in. While availability of dedicated SmartMedia readers has dropped off, readers that read multiple card types (such as 4-in-1, 10-in-1) continue to include the format, but even these have decreased in quantity, with many dropping SmartMedia in favour of MicroSD and/or Memory Stick Micro. Some digital audio production equipment of the early 2000s relied on SmartMedia storage, such as the Yamaha QY100 Music Sequencer, Roland MC-09 “PhraseLab” synthesizer, the Korg Triton LE workstation, and the Zoom PS-04 "Palmtop Studio". SmartMedia was popular in digital cameras and reached its peak in about 2001, when it garnered nearly half of the digital-camera market. It was backed especially by Fujifilm and Olympus, though the format started to exhibit problems, as camera resolutions increased. Cards larger than 128 MB were not available, and the compact digital cameras were reaching a size where even SmartMedia cards were too big to be convenient. Eventually Toshiba switched to smaller, higher-capacity Secure Digital cards, and SmartMedia ceased to have major support after Olympus and Fujifilm both switched to xD. It did not find as much support in PDAs, MP3 players, or pagers as some other formats, especially in North America and Europe, though there was still significant use. SmartMedia cards larger than 128 MB were never released, although there were rumors of a 256 MB card being planned. Technical specifications for the memory size were released, and the 256 MB cards were even advertised in some places. Some older devices cannot support cards larger than 16 or sometimes 32 MB without a firmware update, if at all. A radiograph of SmartMedia card SmartMedia cards came in two formats – 5 V and the more modern 3.3 V (sometimes marked 3 V) – named for their main supply voltages. The packaging was nearly identical, except for the reversed placement of the notched corner. Many older SmartMedia devices only support 5 V SmartMedia cards, whereas many newer devices only support 3.3 V cards. In order to protect 3.3 V cards from being damaged in 5 V-only devices, the card reader should have some mechanical provision (such as detecting the type of notch) to disallow insertion of an unsupported type of card. Some low-cost 5 V-only card readers do not operate this way, and inserting a 3.3 V card into such a 5 V-only reader will result in permanent damage to the card. Dual-voltage card readers are highly recommended. There is an oversized xD-to-SmartMedia adapter that allows xD cards to use a SmartMedia port, but it does not fit entirely inside a SmartMedia slot. There is a limit on the capacity of the xD card when used in such adapters (sometimes 128 MB or 256 MB), and the device is subject to the restrictions of the SmartMedia reader as well. SmartMedia memory cards are no longer manufactured as of around 2006. There have been no new devices designed for SmartMedia for quite a long time now. Smartmedia cards are still frequently available on eBay mostly in used condition, with new cards coming up from time to time. Copy protection Many SmartMedia cards include a little-known copy-protection feature known as "ID". This is why many cards are marked with "ID" beside the capacity. This gave every card a unique identification number for use with copy-protection systems. One of the few implementations of this primitive DRM system was by the Korean company Game Park, which used it to protect commercial games for the GP32 handheld gaming system. Samsung's 1999 Yepp Hip-Hop MP3 player also used the feature in order to implement Secure Digital Music Initiative DRM. SmartMedia card slot on the PCB of a digital camera Format errors and data loss This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Some SmartMedia cards can reportedly become corrupt and unusable if read or written by some (unspecified) card-reading devices. Affected SmartMedia cards will be unusable, and the camera or device will be unable to format, read or write to the card. Data loss and a change in the capacity that the device displays are also signs of a low-level format corruption or a corrupted CIS (Card Information System). Specifications SmartMedia cards and accessories including labels, metallic write-protect stickers, sleeves and SmartMedia-compatible card reader Mass: 2 g (0.071 oz) Size: 45.0 mm × 37.0 mm × 0.76 mm (1.772 in × 1.457 in × 0.030 in) Capacities: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 MB Uses 16-Mbit, 32-Mbit, and 64-Mbit Toshiba TC58-compatible NAND-type flash memory chips Flat electrode terminal with 22 pins — (32M & 64M compatible) 8-bit I/O interface (16-bit in some cases) Data transfer rate: 2 MB/s 1000000 write cycles 10 years storage time without power Metallic write-protect sticker Compatible with PCMCIA with an adapter Compatible with CompactFlash Type II with an adapter Compatible with 3.5" floppy drives using FlashPath adapter In popular culture A SmartMedia card, and the FlashPath adapter, is used as a plot device in the film Colombiana (2011), during the opening scenes set in the mid-1990s. A card is swallowed by the 9-year-old orphaned victim to hide it, then regurgitated. See also Comparison of memory cards References ^ Johnson, Dave (2005). "Working with Digital Film". How to Do Everything with Your Digital Camera. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-07-226163-9. ^ "Forum Established to Promote New Super Small Memory Card". Toshiba Corporation. 1996-04-25. Retrieved 2017-08-02. ^ Khurshudov, Andrei (2001). "Nonvolatile Solid-State Memory". The Essential Guide to Computer Data Storage. Prentice Hall. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-13-092739-2. ^ "256 MB SmartMedia next year". Digital Photography Review. 2001-09-07. Retrieved 2017-08-02. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to SmartMedia Card. SSFDC News Site with PDF document listing news of the 256 MB SmartMedia card technical specifications being released in SmartMedia NEWS 2002.1 NO.1 Olympus Emporium page on xD/SM to PCMCIA adapter SmartMedia format introduction (software considerations) SmartMedia card pinout vteMemory cardsMain articles Memory card reader Comparison of memory cards Types CompactFlash (CF, CFast) CFexpress Express Card JEIDA MultiMediaCard (MMC) Memory Stick (MS, MS-PRO, MS-PRO HG, MS-XC) miCard Microdrive (MD) MiniCard NT Card P2 (MicroP2) PC Card (PCMCIA, CardBus, CardBay) Secure Digital (SDSC, SDHC, SDXC) SmartMedia (SM) SxS Universal Flash Storage (UFS) xD-Picture XQD vteToshibaDivisionsand subsidiariesCurrent Digital Products Group Electronic Devices & Components Group Infrastructure Systems Group Defunct Landis+Gyr Sord Computer Corporation2 Toshiba Information Systems Corporation2 Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation2 Toshiba Memory Corporation3 OCZ Storage Solutions Toshiba Telecommunication Systems Division Westinghouse Electric Company2 Joint venturesand shareholdingsCurrent Ikegami Tsushinki (20%) TMEIC Defunct Dynabook Inc.2 Toshiba EMI (Founded as Toshiba Music Industries)2 Youmex Co.1 Japan Display2 Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology2 Inside Films Inside The Beauty Inside The Power Inside Predecessors Hakunetsusha Shibaura Seisakusho Tanaka Seisakusho Products, servicesand standardsCurrent AP1000 Cell JNR locomotives Class ED76 Class EF58 Class EF60 Class EF64 Class EF65 Freight Class EH500 Freight Class EH200 Freight Class EH800 Freight Class HD300 Class EL120 Media-embedded processor Regza SpursEngine TG01 TOSLINK Past 902T DeKi 600 e310 HD DVD JNR locomotives Class EF62 Class EF63 Class EH10 Class ED75 Class ED79 SmartMedia Thrive TS921 Computers Libretto W100 Pasopia 5 7 16 IQ Portégé Qosmio Satellite Satellite Pro 400 series A series C series P series S series T1000 LE T1100 T1200 T3100 Tecra People Toshiwo Doko Tanaka Hisashige Places Lazona Kawasaki Plaza Umi-Shibaura Station Other HDMI Licensing Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor Time Sculpture Toshiba Brave Lupus Toshiba Classic Toshiba S.C. Toshiba Science Institute 1Now integrated into other Toshiba divisions or business groupings 2Sold 3Spun off Category Commons
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Indeed, the format was originally named Solid State Floppy Disk Card (SSFDC), and the physical design resembles a miniature 3.5\" floppy disk.[1] The SSFDC forum, a consortium aiming to promote SSFDC as an industry standard, was founded in April 1996, consisting of 37 initial members.[2]A SmartMedia card consists of a single NAND flash chip embedded in a thin plastic card,[3] although some higher-capacity cards contain multiple linked chips. It was one of the smallest and thinnest of the early memory cards, only 0.76 mm thick, and managed to maintain a favorable cost ratio as compared to the others. SmartMedia cards lack a built-in controller chip, which kept the cost down. This feature later caused problems, since some older devices would require firmware updates to handle larger capacity cards. The lack of built-in controller also made it impossible for the card to perform automatic wear levelling, a process which prevents premature failure of any individual block by ensuring that write operations are evenly distributed across the whole device.SmartMedia cards can be used in a standard 3.5\" floppy drive by means of a FlashPath adapter. This remains one of SmartMedia's most distinctive features. This method was not without its own disadvantages, as it required special drivers offering only very basic file read/write capability (or read-only on Macintosh systems) and was limited to floppy-disk transfer speeds. However, this was not so troublesome in the earlier days of the format, when card sizes were limited (generally 8–16 MB), and USB interfaces were both uncommon and low-speed, with digital cameras connecting by \"high-speed\" serial links that themselves needed drivers and special transfer programs. The 15 minutes taken to read a nearly full 16 MB card directly to hard disk by Flashpath using the slowest (128 kbit/s) PC floppy controller was still simpler and slightly faster than the quickest reliable (115.2 kbit/s) serial link, without the need for connection, synching and thumbnail previewing, and only beaten by expensive parallel-port-based external card readers that could do the same job in 2 minutes or less (≳1000 kbit/s, comparable to USB 1.0) when connected to a compatible high-speed ECP or EPP port (and ~5 minutes using a basic PPT in failsafe mode).Comparison of a 2 GB MicroSD card and an 8 MB 3.3 V SmartMedia cardTypically, SmartMedia cards were used as storage for portable devices, in a form that could easily be removed for access by a PC. For example, pictures taken with a digital camera would be stored as image files on a SmartMedia card. A user could copy the images to a computer with a SmartMedia reader. A reader was typically a small box connected by USB or some other serial connection. Modern[when?] computers, both laptops and desktops, occasionally have SmartMedia slots built in. While availability of dedicated SmartMedia readers has dropped off, readers that read multiple card types (such as 4-in-1, 10-in-1) continue[when?] to include the format, but even these have decreased in quantity, with many dropping SmartMedia in favour of MicroSD and/or Memory Stick Micro.Some digital audio production equipment of the early 2000s relied on SmartMedia storage, such as the Yamaha QY100 Music Sequencer, Roland MC-09 “PhraseLab” synthesizer, the Korg Triton LE workstation, and the Zoom PS-04 \"Palmtop Studio\".SmartMedia was popular in digital cameras and reached its peak in about 2001, when it garnered nearly half of the digital-camera market. It was backed especially by Fujifilm and Olympus,[citation needed] though the format started to exhibit problems, as camera resolutions increased. Cards larger than 128 MB were not available, and the compact digital cameras were reaching a size where even SmartMedia cards were too big to be convenient. Eventually Toshiba switched to smaller, higher-capacity Secure Digital cards, and SmartMedia ceased to have major support after Olympus and Fujifilm both switched to xD.[citation needed] It did not find as much support in PDAs, MP3 players, or pagers as some other formats, especially in North America and Europe, though there was still significant use.[citation needed]SmartMedia cards larger than 128 MB were never released, although there were rumors of a 256 MB card being planned.[4] Technical specifications for the memory size were released, and the 256 MB cards were even advertised in some places.[where?] Some older devices cannot support cards larger than 16 or sometimes 32 MB without a firmware update, if at all.A radiograph of SmartMedia cardSmartMedia cards came in two formats – 5 V and the more modern 3.3 V (sometimes marked 3 V) – named for their main supply voltages. The packaging was nearly identical, except for the reversed placement of the notched corner. Many older SmartMedia devices only support 5 V SmartMedia cards, whereas many newer devices only support 3.3 V cards. In order to protect 3.3 V cards from being damaged in 5 V-only devices, the card reader should have some mechanical provision (such as detecting the type of notch) to disallow insertion of an unsupported type of card. Some low-cost 5 V-only card readers do not operate this way, and inserting a 3.3 V card into such a 5 V-only reader will result in permanent damage to the card. Dual-voltage card readers are highly recommended.There is an oversized xD-to-SmartMedia adapter that allows xD cards to use a SmartMedia port, but it does not fit entirely inside a SmartMedia slot. There is a limit on the capacity of the xD card when used in such adapters (sometimes 128 MB or 256 MB), and the device is subject to the restrictions of the SmartMedia reader as well.SmartMedia memory cards are no longer manufactured as of around 2006. There have been no new devices designed for SmartMedia for quite a long time now. Smartmedia cards are still[when?] frequently available on eBay mostly in used condition, with new cards coming up from time to time.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management"},{"link_name":"Game Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Park"},{"link_name":"GP32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP32"},{"link_name":"Samsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung"},{"link_name":"Secure Digital Music Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital_Music_Initiative"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SmartMedia_slot.jpg"},{"link_name":"PCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board"}],"sub_title":"Copy protection","text":"Many SmartMedia cards include a little-known copy-protection feature known as \"ID\". This is why many cards are marked with \"ID\" beside the capacity. This gave every card a unique identification number for use with copy-protection systems. One of the few implementations of this primitive DRM system was by the Korean company Game Park, which used it to protect commercial games for the GP32 handheld gaming system. Samsung's 1999 Yepp Hip-Hop MP3 player also used the feature in order to implement Secure Digital Music Initiative DRM.SmartMedia card slot on the PCB of a digital camera","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Format errors and data loss","text":"Some SmartMedia cards can reportedly become corrupt and unusable if read or written by some (unspecified) card-reading devices. Affected SmartMedia cards will be unusable, and the camera or device will be unable to format, read or write to the card. Data loss and a change in the capacity that the device displays are also signs of a low-level format corruption or a corrupted CIS (Card Information System).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SmartMedia_memory_cards_and_accessories.jpg"},{"link_name":"flash memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory"},{"link_name":"chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"I/O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I/O"},{"link_name":"interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_bus"},{"link_name":"PCMCIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_card"},{"link_name":"adapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter_(computing)"},{"link_name":"floppy drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_drive"},{"link_name":"FlashPath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlashPath"}],"text":"SmartMedia cards and accessories including labels, metallic write-protect stickers, sleeves and SmartMedia-compatible card readerMass: 2 g (0.071 oz)\nSize: 45.0 mm × 37.0 mm × 0.76 mm (1.772 in × 1.457 in × 0.030 in)\nCapacities: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 MB\nUses 16-Mbit, 32-Mbit, and 64-Mbit Toshiba TC58-compatible NAND-type flash memory chips\nFlat electrode terminal with 22 pins — (32M & 64M compatible)\n8-bit I/O interface (16-bit in some cases)\nData transfer rate: 2 MB/s\n1000000 write cycles\n10 years storage time without power\nMetallic write-protect sticker\nCompatible with PCMCIA with an adapter\nCompatible with CompactFlash Type II with an adapter\nCompatible with 3.5\" floppy drives using FlashPath adapter","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FlashPath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlashPath"},{"link_name":"Colombiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiana"}],"text":"A SmartMedia card, and the FlashPath adapter, is used as a plot device in the film Colombiana (2011), during the opening scenes set in the mid-1990s. A card is swallowed by the 9-year-old orphaned victim to hide it, then regurgitated.","title":"In popular culture"}]
[{"image_text":"Comparison of a 2 GB MicroSD card and an 8 MB 3.3 V SmartMedia card","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Comparison_of_a_2GB_MicroSD_Card_and_an_8MB_SmartMedia_card.jpg/220px-Comparison_of_a_2GB_MicroSD_Card_and_an_8MB_SmartMedia_card.jpg"},{"image_text":"A radiograph of SmartMedia card","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Smart_Media_X-ray.jpg/250px-Smart_Media_X-ray.jpg"},{"image_text":"SmartMedia card slot on the PCB of a digital camera","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/SmartMedia_slot.jpg/220px-SmartMedia_slot.jpg"},{"image_text":"SmartMedia cards and accessories including labels, metallic write-protect stickers, sleeves and SmartMedia-compatible card reader","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SmartMedia_memory_cards_and_accessories.jpg/220px-SmartMedia_memory_cards_and_accessories.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Comparison of memory cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_memory_cards"}]
[{"reference":"Johnson, Dave (2005). \"Working with Digital Film\". How to Do Everything with Your Digital Camera. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-07-226163-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/howtodoeverythin00john_2/page/193","url_text":"\"Working with Digital Film\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/howtodoeverythin00john_2/page/193","url_text":"193"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-226163-9","url_text":"978-0-07-226163-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Forum Established to Promote New Super Small Memory Card\". Toshiba Corporation. 1996-04-25. Retrieved 2017-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/1996_04/pr2501.htm","url_text":"\"Forum Established to Promote New Super Small Memory Card\""}]},{"reference":"Khurshudov, Andrei (2001). \"Nonvolatile Solid-State Memory\". The Essential Guide to Computer Data Storage. Prentice Hall. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-13-092739-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00andr/page/236","url_text":"\"Nonvolatile Solid-State Memory\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00andr/page/236","url_text":"236"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-092739-2","url_text":"978-0-13-092739-2"}]},{"reference":"\"256 MB SmartMedia next year\". Digital Photography Review. 2001-09-07. Retrieved 2017-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpreview.com/articles/4152697018/smartmedia256mb","url_text":"\"256 MB SmartMedia next year\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SmartMedia%22","external_links_name":"\"SmartMedia\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SmartMedia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SmartMedia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SmartMedia%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SmartMedia%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SmartMedia%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/howtodoeverythin00john_2/page/193","external_links_name":"\"Working with Digital Film\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/howtodoeverythin00john_2/page/193","external_links_name":"193"},{"Link":"http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/1996_04/pr2501.htm","external_links_name":"\"Forum Established to Promote New Super Small Memory Card\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00andr/page/236","external_links_name":"\"Nonvolatile Solid-State Memory\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00andr/page/236","external_links_name":"236"},{"Link":"https://www.dpreview.com/articles/4152697018/smartmedia256mb","external_links_name":"\"256 MB SmartMedia next year\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050306221106/http://www.ssfdc.or.jp/english/common/kikanshi.htm","external_links_name":"SSFDC News Site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030122201147/http://emporium.olympus.com/","external_links_name":"Olympus Emporium page on xD/SM to PCMCIA adapter"},{"Link":"http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/linux/smartmedia/SmartMedia_Format.pdf","external_links_name":"SmartMedia format introduction (software considerations)"},{"Link":"http://pinouts.ru/Memory/smatrmedia_pinout.shtml","external_links_name":"SmartMedia card pinout"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park_station
Menlo Park station
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°27′17″N 122°10′57″W / 37.454607°N 122.182526°W / 37.454607; -122.182526Train station in Menlo Park, California, U.S. Menlo ParkMenlo Park station building in January 2010General informationLocation1120 Merrill StreetMenlo Park, CaliforniaCoordinates37°27′17″N 122°10′57″W / 37.454607°N 122.182526°W / 37.454607; -122.182526Owned byPeninsula Corridor Joint Powers BoardLine(s)Peninsula SubdivisionPlatforms2 side platformsTracks2Connections Marsh Road Shuttle Menlo Park Midday Shuttle SamTrans: ECR, 82, 83, 84, 86, 286, 296 Willow Road ShuttleConstructionParking150 spaces; paidBicycle facilities8 racks, 50 space parking stationAccessibleYesOther informationFare zone3HistoryOpened1867Passengers20181,728 per weekday  4.1% Services Preceding station Caltrain Following station Redwood Citytoward San Francisco Local (L1) Palo Altotoward San Jose Diridon or Tamien Weekend Local (L2) Limited (L3) Palo Altotoward San Jose Diridon, Tamien or Gilroy Limited (L5) Palo Altotoward San Jose Diridon or Tamien      Limited (L4) does not stop here      Baby Bullet (B7) does not stop here Menlo Park Railroad StationU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesCalifornia Historical Landmark No. 955 Arealess than one acreArchitectural styleLate 19th And Early 20th Century American Movements, Stick-StyleNRHP reference No.74000556CHISL No.955Significant datesAdded to NRHPOctober 1, 1974Designated CHISLFebruary 28, 1983 Location Menlo Park station is a Caltrain station located in Menlo Park, California. The station was originally built in 1867 by the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad and acquired by the Southern Pacific Railroad. During the 1890s, Southern Pacific added Victorian ornamentation to the depot to make it appear more attractive to students and visitors to Stanford University. The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, and became a California Historical Landmark in 1983. References ^ SMA Rail Consulting (April 2016). "California Passenger Rail Network Schematics" (PDF). California Department of Transportation. p. 13. ^ "2018 Annual Count Key Findings Report" (PDF). Caltrain. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-05-20. Retrieved 2018-10-17. ^ a b "National Register Information System – Menlo Park Railroad Station (#74000556)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2018. ^ a b "Menlo Park Station". Office of Historic Preservation, California State Parks. Retrieved October 29, 2018. External links Media related to Menlo Park station at Wikimedia Commons Official website vteCaltrainStations 22nd Street Bayshore Belmont (Blossom Hill) (Broadway) Burlingame California Avenue (Capitol) (College Park) (Gilroy) Hayward Park Hillsdale Lawrence Menlo Park Millbrae (Morgan Hill) Mountain View Palo Alto Redwood City San Antonio San Bruno San Carlos San Francisco 4th and King Street San Jose Diridon (San Martin) San Mateo Santa Clara South San Francisco (Stanford) Sunnyvale Tamien Planned Castroville Pajaro/Watsonville Salinas Transbay Former Atherton Bay Meadows Butler Road Castro Paul Avenue Management Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board City and County of San Francisco SamTrans Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority Amtrak TransitAmerica Services History Bayshore Cutoff San Francisco and San Jose Railroad Southern Pacific Transportation Company Peninsula Commute California High-Speed Rail Projects Completed Caltrain Centralized Equipment Maintenance and Operations Facility Caltrain Express In Progress Caltrain Modernization Program Monterey County Rail Extension Planned The Portal Dumbarton Rail Corridor Miscellaneous Clipper card California High-Speed Rail Category for related articles Coast Line vteActive and planned passenger rail stations in the San Francisco Bay AreaPassenger rail stations in Alameda CountyACE Fremont Livermore Pleasanton Vasco Road Amtrak Berkeley Oakland Coliseum Emeryville Fremont Hayward Oakland – Jack London Square Planned Ardenwood BART 12th Street Oakland City Center 19th Street Oakland Ashby Bay Fair Castro Valley Downtown Berkeley Dublin/​Pleasanton Fremont Fruitvale Hayward Lake Merritt MacArthur North Berkeley Coliseum Oakland International Airport Rockridge San Leandro South Hayward Union City Warm Springs/​South Fremont West Dublin/​Pleasanton West Oakland Planned Irvington (2031) Valley Link Planned Dublin/​Pleasanton Isabel Southfront Road Mountain House Community Passenger rail stations in Contra Costa CountyAmtrak Antioch–Pittsburg Martinez Richmond Under construction Oakley (2024) Proposed Hercules BART Antioch Concord El Cerrito del Norte El Cerrito Plaza Lafayette North Concord/​Martinez Orinda Pittsburg/​Bay Point Pittsburg Center Pleasant Hill/​Contra Costa Centre Richmond Walnut Creek Passenger rail stations in Marin CountySMART Larkspur Landing Marin Civic Center Novato Downtown Novato Hamilton Novato San Marin San Rafael Passenger rail stations in San Mateo CountyBART Colma Daly City Millbrae San Bruno San Francisco International Airport South San Francisco Caltrain Belmont Broadway Burlingame Hayward Park Hillsdale Menlo Park Millbrae Redwood City San Bruno San Carlos San Mateo South San Francisco Passenger rail stations in Santa Clara CountyACE &Amtrak Great America San Jose Diridon Santa Clara BART Berryessa/​North San José Milpitas Planned 28th Street/​Little Portugal Diridon Downtown San José Santa Clara Caltrain Blossom Hill California Avenue Capitol College Park Gilroy Lawrence Morgan Hill Mountain View Palo Alto San Antonio Morgan Hill San Jose Diridon Santa Clara Sunnyvale Tamien VTA Alder Alum Rock Bascom Baypointe Bayshore/NASA Berryessa Blossom Hill Bonaventura Borregas Branham Capitol Champion Children's Discovery Museum Cisco Way Civic Center Component Convention Center Cottle Cropley Crossman Curtner Downtown Campbell Downtown Mountain View Fair Oaks Fruitdale Gish Great America Great Mall/Main Hamilton Hostetter Japantown/Ayer Karina Lick Mill Lockheed Martin McKee Metro/Airport Middlefield Milpitas Moffett Park Ohlone/Chynoweth Old Ironsides Orchard Paseo de San Antonio Penitencia Creek Race Reamwood River Oaks Saint James Diridon San Fernando Santa Clara Santa Teresa Snell Tamien Tasman Vienna Virginia Whisman Winchester Planned Eastridge Transit Center Story Passenger rail stations in San FranciscoBART 16th Street Mission 24th Street Mission Balboa Park Civic Center/​UN Plaza Embarcadero Glen Park Montgomery Street Powell Street Caltrain 22nd Street San Francisco 4th and King Street Proposed Oakdale Transbay MuniSubway Castro Chinatown Church Civic Center Embarcadero Forest Hill Montgomery Powell Union Square/​Market Street Van Ness West Portal Yerba Buena/​Moscone Surface 4th and Brannan 20th Street 23rd Street 2nd & King 4th & King Arleta Balboa Park Brannan Carroll Evans Folsom Gilman/Paul Hudson/Innes Kirkwood/La Salle Le Conte Marin Street Mariposa Mission Rock Oakdale/Palou Revere/Shafter San Francisco State University Stonestown Sunnydale UCSF/Chase Center Williams Shortplatform 46th Avenue & Wawona Broad & Plymouth Carl & Cole Church & 18th Street Church & 24th Street Church & 29th Street Duboce & Church Duboce & Noe Irving & 2nd Avenue Judah & 9th Avenue Judah & 19th Avenue Judah & 28th Avenue Judah & La Playa Judah & Sunset Junipero Serra & Ocean Ocean & Jules Ocean & Lee Ocean & Phelan Randolph & Arch San Jose & Randall St. Francis Circle Taraval & 22nd Avenue Taraval & Sunset Heritagestreetcar 1st / Battery 3rd / Kearny 6th / Taylor 9th / Larkin Bay Beach & Mason Beach & Stockton Broadway Chestnut Dolores / Buchanan Don Chee Way & Steuart Ferry Building Gough Green Greenwich Guerrero / Laguna Pier 39 Jefferson & Powell Jefferson & Taylor Jones & Beach Noe Sanchez Washington Passenger rail stations in Solano CountyAmtrak Fairfield–Vacaville Suisun–Fairfield Passenger rail stations in Sonoma CountySMART Cotati Petaluma Downtown Rohnert Park Santa Rosa North Santa Rosa Downtown Sonoma County Airport Planned Cloverdale Healdsburg Petaluma North Windsor (2025) vteMenlo Park, CaliforniaSan Mateo County, California, United StatesPrimary and secondary schools Sequoia Union High School District Menlo-Atherton High School TIDE Academy Mid-Peninsula High School Las Lomitas Elementary School District Menlo Park City School District Phillips Brooks School Trinity School Colleges and universities Saint Patrick's Seminary and University Fuller Seminary Northern California Landmarks Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge San Francisquito Creek SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Historic Places Church of the Nativity Transportation SamTrans Caltrain Menlo Park station Dumbarton Bridge Bayshore Freeway Interstate 280 State routes Route 82 Route 109 Route 114 Commercial centers Sand Hill Road Healthcare VA Menlo Park Hospital Category vteNational Register of Historic Places in CaliforniaListsby county Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles County Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Lists by city Los Angeles Pasadena San Francisco Other lists Bridges California Historical Landmarks National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property This San Mateo County, California train station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a property in San Mateo County, California on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caltrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltrain"},{"link_name":"Menlo Park, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco and San Jose Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_and_San_Jose_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"California Historical Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHL-4"}],"text":"Train station in Menlo Park, California, U.S.Menlo Park station is a Caltrain station located in Menlo Park, California. The station was originally built in 1867 by the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad and acquired by the Southern Pacific Railroad. During the 1890s, Southern Pacific added Victorian ornamentation to the depot to make it appear more attractive to students and visitors to Stanford University. The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974,[3] and became a California Historical Landmark in 1983.[4]","title":"Menlo Park station"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"SMA Rail Consulting (April 2016). \"California Passenger Rail Network Schematics\" (PDF). California Department of Transportation. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/rail-mass-transportation/documents/f0009927-ca-rail-schematics-a11y.pdf","url_text":"\"California Passenger Rail Network Schematics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Annual Count Key Findings Report\" (PDF). Caltrain. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-05-20. Retrieved 2018-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200520173552/http://www.caltrain.com/Assets/_Marketing/pdf/2018+Annual+Passenger+Counts.pdf","url_text":"\"2018 Annual Count Key Findings Report\""},{"url":"http://www.caltrain.com/Assets/_Marketing/pdf/2018+Annual+Passenger+Counts.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – Menlo Park Railroad Station (#74000556)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/74000556","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – Menlo Park Railroad Station (#74000556)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Menlo Park Station\". Office of Historic Preservation, California State Parks. Retrieved October 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/ListedResources/Detail/955","url_text":"\"Menlo Park Station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Parks","url_text":"California State Parks"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisanto_Espa%C3%B1a
Crisanto España
["1 Professional career","2 Professional boxing record","3 Personal life","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Venezuelan boxer Crisanto EspañaBorn (1964-10-25) October 25, 1964 (age 59)Ciudad Bolívar, VenezuelaNationalityVenezuelanOther namesClawsStatisticsWeight(s)WelterweightHeight5 ft 10 in (178 cm)StanceOrthodox Boxing recordTotal fights32Wins31Wins by KO25Losses1 Crisanto España (born October 25, 1964, in Venezuela) is a former boxer who was the WBA welterweight champion of the world. Professional career España fought out of Belfast, Northern Ireland and turned pro in 1984 after accumulating a 54-10 amateur record. España impressively won his first 30 fights, including the WBA Welterweight Title with an upset TKO in the 8th round over Meldrick Taylor in 1992. He successfully defended the title twice including against Panama's Rodolfo Aguilar, before being stopped by Ike Quartey in the 11th round in 1994. España fought only once more, in 1995 and retired with a record of 31-1-0 with 25 KOs. Professional boxing record 32 fights 31 wins 1 loss By knockout 25 1 By decision 5 0 By disqualification 1 0 No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes 32 Win 31–1 Paul Wesley PTS 6 (6) 1995-03-18 Green Glens Arena, Millstreet, Ireland 31 Loss 30–1 Ike Quartey TKO 11 (12) 1994-06-04 Palais des sports Marcel-Cerdan, Levallois-Perret, France Lost WBA welterweight title 30 Win 30–0 Donovan Boucher TKO 10 (12) 1993-10-09 Old Trafford, Manchester, England, U.K. Retained WBA welterweight title 29 Win 29–0 Rodolfo Aguilar UD 12 (12) 1993-05-05 Ulster Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K. Retained WBA welterweight title 28 Win 28–0 Meldrick Taylor TKO 8 (12) 1992-10-31 Earls Court Exhibition Centre, Kensington, England, U.K. Won WBA welterweight title 27 Win 27–0 David Taylor TKO 7 (8) 1992-07-03 Pontault-Combault, France 26 Win 26–0 Kevin Whaley El TKO 1 (?) 1992-06-11 Pabellón de La Casilla, Bilbao, Spain 25 Win 25–0 Hector Hugo Vilte TKO 7 (12) 1991-11-13 Maysfield Leisure Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K. Retained WBC International welterweight title 24 Win 24–0 Newton Barnett RTD 4 (8) 1991-09-07 Maysfield Leisure Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K. 23 Win 23–0 Larry McCall TKO 4 (?) 1991-05-30 Palacio de los Deportes, Madrid, Spain 22 Win 22–0 Luis Santana UD 12 (12) 1991-02-12 Maysfield Leisure Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K. Won vacant WBC International welterweight title 21 Win 21–0 Luis Mora TKO 7 (10) 1990-10-30 Maysfield Leisure Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K. 20 Win 20–0 Felix Dubray KO 4 (8) 1990-09-15 Kings Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K. 19 Win 19–0 Francisco Bernabe Bobadilla KO 4 (10) 1990-05-23 Kings Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K. 18 Win 18–0 Jorge Hernandez TKO 1 (6) 1990-03-28 G-Mex Centre, Manchester, England, U.K. 17 Win 17–0 Delfino Marin TKO 6 (8) 1990-02-21 Ulster Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K. 16 Win 16–0 Lloyd Christie RTD 3 (8) 1989-12-13 Sports Centre, Kirkby, England, U.K. 15 Win 15–0 Mario Moreno DQ 1 (?) 1989-11-29 Ulster Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K. 14 Win 14–0 Carlos Zambrano TKO 2 (?) 1989-10-31 Ulster Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K. 13 Win 13–0 Del Bryan PTS 8 (8) 1989-05-10 Royal Albert Hall, Kensington, England, U.K. 12 Win 12–0 Antonio Campbell TKO 2 (8) 1989-04-12 Ulster Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K. 11 Win 11–0 Judas Clottey TKO 2 (8) 1989-03-08 Ulster Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K. 10 Win 10–0 Mike Essett TKO 2 (8) 1989-02-20 NSC Grosvenor House, Mayfair, England, U.K. 9 Win 9–0 Billy Buchanan TKO 3 (8) 1989-01-25 Ulster Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K. 8 Win 8–0 Gary Pemberton TKO 1 (8) 1988-12-14 Sports Centre, Kirkby, England, U.K. 7 Win 7–0 Simon Eubanks TKO 1 (8) 1988-12-07 Ulster Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K. 6 Win 6–0 Dave Pierre PTS 6 (6) 1988-10-19 Ulster Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K. 5 Win 5–0 Rolando Ruiz KO 1 (6) 1987-02-21 Gimnasio Nuevo Panama, Panama City, Panama 4 Win 4–0 Edgar Rodriguez TKO 3 (?) 1985-09-07 Caracas, Venezuela 3 Win 3–0 Jorge Medina TKO 1 (?) 1984-10-10 Porlamar, Venezuela 2 Win 2–0 Jose Campos TKO 3 (?) 1984-07-13 Carúpano, Venezuela 1 Win 1–0 Elias Gonzalez TKO 1 (?) 1984-03-30 Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela Personal life He has two children named; Crisanto and Nico Espana. His older brother Ernesto España was the World Boxing Association lightweight champion in 1979 and 1980. See also Notable boxing families List of world welterweight boxing champions References ^ "Names in the News". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2024-03-20. ^ "Quartey Fighting for High Profile in U.S." The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-03-20. External links Boxing record for Crisanto España from BoxRec (registration required) Sporting positions Regional boxing titles VacantTitle last held byLuis García WBC Internationalwelterweight champion February 12, 1991 – 1992Vacated VacantTitle next held byGrahame Cheney World boxing titles Preceded byMeldrick Taylor WBA welterweight champion October 31, 1992 – June 4, 1994 Succeeded byIke Quartey
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Udine
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Udine
["1 History","2 Bishops and Archbishops of Udine","2.1 Archbishops of Udine, 1752–1818","2.2 Bishops of Udine, 1818–1846","2.3 Archbishops of Udine, 1846–present","3 See also","4 References","5 Books","5.1 Studies"]
Coordinates: 46°04′00″N 13°14′00″E / 46.0667°N 13.2333°E / 46.0667; 13.2333Roman Catholic archdiocese in Italy This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Udine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Archdiocese of UdineArchidioecesis UtinensisUdine CathedralLocationCountryItalyEcclesiastical provinceUdineStatisticsArea4,500 km2 (1,700 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2017)500,700 (est.)483,900 (guess)Parishes374InformationDenominationCatholicSui iuris churchLatin ChurchRiteRoman RiteEstablished1752CathedralCattedrale Metropolitana di S. Maria AnnunziataSecular priests257 (diocesan)69 (Religious Orders)29 Permanent DeaconsCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisMetropolitan ArchbishopRiccardo LambaBishops emeritusAndrea Bruno MazzocatoMapWebsitediocesiudine.it The Archdiocese of Udine (Latin: Archidioecesis Utinensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Italy. The see was established in 1752 when the Patriarchal see of Aquileia was divided. From 1818 to 1846 it was a suffragan diocese of the Patriarch of Venice. History This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2016) Bishops and Archbishops of Udine Archbishops of Udine, 1752–1818 Cardinal Daniele Delfino (1752 Appointed – 13 Mar 1762 Died), former Patriarch of Aquileia Archbishop Bartolomeo Gradenigo (13 Mar 1762 Succeeded – 2 Nov 1765 Died) Archbishop Giovanni Hieronymo Gradenigo, C.R. † (27 Jan 1766 Appointed – 1786 Died) Archbishop Niccolò Sagredo ( 1786 Appointed – 1792 Died) Cardinal Pietro Antonio Zorzi, C.R.S. † (24 Sep 1792 Appointed – 17 Dec 1803 Died) Archbishop Baldassare Rasponti (18 Sep 1807 Appointed – 14 Feb 1814 Died) Bishops of Udine, 1818–1846 Bishop Emmanuele Lodi, O.P. (28 Aug 1819 Appointed – Feb 1845 Died) Archbishop Zaccaria Bricito (21 Dec 1846 Appointed – 6 Feb 1851 Died) Archbishops of Udine, 1846–present Cardinal Giuseppe Luigi Trevisanato (27 Sep 1852 Appointed – 7 Apr 1862 Appointed, Patriarch of Venice) Archbishop Andrea Casasola (28 Sep 1863 Appointed – 1884 Died) Archbishop Giovanni Maria Berengo (10 Nov 1884 Appointed – 1896 Died) Archbishop Pietro Zamburlini (22 Jun 1896 Appointed – 1909 Died) Archbishop Antonio Anastasio Rossi (8 Jan 1910 Appointed – 19 Dec 1927 Appointed, Latin Patriarch of Constantinople) Archbishop Giuseppe Nogara (27 Jan 1928 Appointed – 9 Dec 1955 Died) Archbishop Giuseppe Zaffonato (31 Jan 1956 Appointed – 29 Sep 1972 Resigned) Archbishop Alfredo Battisti (13 Dec 1972 Appointed – 28 Oct 2000 Retired) Archbishop Pietro Brollo (28 Oct 2000 Appointed – 20 Aug 2009 Retired) Archbishop Andrea Bruno Mazzocato (20 Aug 2009 – 23 February 2024 Retired) Archbishop Riccardo Lamba (23 February 2024 – current) See also Archbishop of Gorizia (Görz) Patriarch of Aquileia References ^ Benedict XIV (1778). Bullarium in quo continentur Constitutiones, epistolae, aliaque edita, ab initio pontificatus anno 1760 (in Latin). Vol. Tomus tertius (quarta et emendatior ed.). Venice: J. Gatti. pp. 179–181. ^ "Archdiocese of Udine" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved October 7, 2016 ^ "Metropolitan Archdiocese of Udine" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved October 7, 2016 ^ Dalmistro, Angelo (1793). Nella inaugurazione di sua eccellenza monsignor Pierantonio Zorzi arcivescovo di Udine orazione dell'abate Angelo Dalmistro (in Italian). Venezia: dalla nuova stamperia Curti. p. 9. Books Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo. Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. p. 775. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Vol. Tomus VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. p. 428. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VII (1800–1846). Monasterii: Libreria Regensburgiana. Remigius Ritzler; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VIII (1846–1903). Il Messaggero di S. Antonio. Pięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1903–1922). Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8. Studies Cappelletti, Giuseppe (1851). Le chiese d'Italia (in Italian). Vol. ottavo. Venice: Antonelli. pp. 859–875. Ciconi, Giandomenico (1862). Udine e sua provincia, illustrazione di Giandomenico Ciconi (in Italian) (seconda ed.). Udine: Tipografia Trombetti-Murero. Dichiarazione e ritrattazione del metropolitano capitolo di Udine intorno al suo noto indirizzo de' 31. gennaio 1811 (in Italian). 1814. 46°04′00″N 13°14′00″E / 46.0667°N 13.2333°E / 46.0667; 13.2333 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Italy
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The see was established in 1752 when the Patriarchal see of Aquileia was divided.[1] From 1818 to 1846 it was a suffragan diocese of the Patriarch of Venice.[2][3]","title":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Udine"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bishops and Archbishops of Udine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"Daniele Delfino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniele_Delfino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patriarch of Aquileia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bishops_and_patriarchs_of_Aquileia"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Bartolomeo Gradenigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bartolomeo_Gradenigo_(archbishop)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Hieronymo Gradenigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Hieronymo_Gradenigo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatines"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Sagredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Sagredo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"Pietro Antonio Zorzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Antonio_Zorzi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C.R.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaschi_Fathers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dalmistro1793-4"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Baldassare Rasponti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baldassare_Rasponti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Archbishops of Udine, 1752–1818","text":"Cardinal Daniele Delfino (1752 Appointed – 13 Mar 1762 Died), former Patriarch of Aquileia\nArchbishop Bartolomeo Gradenigo (13 Mar 1762 Succeeded – 2 Nov 1765 Died)\nArchbishop Giovanni Hieronymo Gradenigo, C.R. † (27 Jan 1766 Appointed – 1786 Died)\nArchbishop Niccolò Sagredo ( 1786 Appointed – 1792 Died)\nCardinal Pietro Antonio Zorzi, C.R.S. † (24 Sep 1792 Appointed – 17 Dec 1803 Died)[4]\nArchbishop Baldassare Rasponti (18 Sep 1807 Appointed – 14 Feb 1814 Died)","title":"Bishops and Archbishops of Udine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Emmanuele Lodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmanuele_Lodi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo_Praedicatorum"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Zaccaria Bricito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zaccaria_Bricito&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Bishops of Udine, 1818–1846","text":"Bishop Emmanuele Lodi, O.P. (28 Aug 1819 Appointed – Feb 1845 Died)\nArchbishop Zaccaria Bricito (21 Dec 1846 Appointed – 6 Feb 1851 Died)","title":"Bishops and Archbishops of Udine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Luigi Trevisanato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Luigi_Trevisanato"},{"link_name":"Patriarch of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Andrea Casasola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Casasola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Maria Berengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Maria_Berengo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Pietro Zamburlini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Zamburlini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Antonio Anastasio Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Anastasio_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Latin Patriarch of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Nogara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Nogara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Zaffonato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Zaffonato&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Battisti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Battisti"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Pietro Brollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Brollo"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Andrea Bruno Mazzocato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Bruno_Mazzocato"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Lamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Lamba"}],"sub_title":"Archbishops of Udine, 1846–present","text":"Cardinal Giuseppe Luigi Trevisanato (27 Sep 1852 Appointed – 7 Apr 1862 Appointed, Patriarch of Venice)\nArchbishop Andrea Casasola (28 Sep 1863 Appointed – 1884 Died)\nArchbishop Giovanni Maria Berengo (10 Nov 1884 Appointed – 1896 Died)\nArchbishop Pietro Zamburlini (22 Jun 1896 Appointed – 1909 Died)\nArchbishop Antonio Anastasio Rossi (8 Jan 1910 Appointed – 19 Dec 1927 Appointed, Latin Patriarch of Constantinople)\nArchbishop Giuseppe Nogara (27 Jan 1928 Appointed – 9 Dec 1955 Died)\nArchbishop Giuseppe Zaffonato (31 Jan 1956 Appointed – 29 Sep 1972 Resigned)\nArchbishop Alfredo Battisti (13 Dec 1972 Appointed – 28 Oct 2000 Retired)\nArchbishop Pietro Brollo (28 Oct 2000 Appointed – 20 Aug 2009 Retired)\nArchbishop Andrea Bruno Mazzocato (20 Aug 2009 – 23 February 2024 Retired)\nArchbishop Riccardo Lamba (23 February 2024 – current)","title":"Bishops and Archbishops of Udine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=os9DAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol06eubeuoft"},{"link_name":"428","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol06eubeuoft/page/428"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pgyItwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5oXUjwEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QXuJQwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-250-1000-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-250-1000-8"}],"text":"Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo. Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. p. 775.\nRitzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Vol. Tomus VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. p. 428.\nRitzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VII (1800–1846). Monasterii: Libreria Regensburgiana.\nRemigius Ritzler; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VIII (1846–1903). Il Messaggero di S. Antonio.\nPięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1903–1922). Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8.","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le chiese d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QYmSr1WqMSIC&pg=PA3"},{"link_name":"Udine e sua provincia, illustrazione di Giandomenico Ciconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6f_wXfB2Z_oC&pg=PA294"},{"link_name":"Dichiarazione e ritrattazione del metropolitano capitolo di Udine intorno al suo noto indirizzo de' 31. gennaio 1811","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rQrLW89SursC&pg=PP7"},{"link_name":"46°04′00″N 13°14′00″E / 46.0667°N 13.2333°E / 46.0667; 13.2333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Udine&params=46.0667_N_13.2333_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IT"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365808#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000110926059"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/157830377"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtcKkggHwFpjkRDh8c9Dq"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV144317"}],"sub_title":"Studies","text":"Cappelletti, Giuseppe (1851). Le chiese d'Italia (in Italian). Vol. ottavo. Venice: Antonelli. pp. 859–875.\nCiconi, Giandomenico (1862). Udine e sua provincia, illustrazione di Giandomenico Ciconi (in Italian) (seconda ed.). Udine: Tipografia Trombetti-Murero.\nDichiarazione e ritrattazione del metropolitano capitolo di Udine intorno al suo noto indirizzo de' 31. gennaio 1811 (in Italian). 1814.46°04′00″N 13°14′00″E / 46.0667°N 13.2333°E / 46.0667; 13.2333Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nItaly","title":"Books"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetulka_Island
Svetulka Island
["1 Location","2 See also","3 Maps","4 References","5 External links"]
Svetulka IslandLocation of Robert Island in the South Shetland IslandsSvetulka IslandShow map of AntarcticaSvetulka IslandShow map of Antarctic PeninsulaGeographyLocationAntarcticaCoordinates62°20′49.7″S 59°40′45.8″W / 62.347139°S 59.679389°W / -62.347139; -59.679389ArchipelagoSouth Shetland IslandsAdministrationAntarcticaAdministered under the Antarctic Treaty SystemDemographicsPopulation0 Svetulka Island (Bulgarian: остров Светулка, romanized: ostrov Svetulka, IPA: ) is the northernmost island in the Onogur group off the northwest coast of Robert Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The feature is rocky, extending 150 by 90 metres (490 by 300 ft), and separated from Osenovlag Island by a 20-metre (66 ft) wide passage. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers. The island is named after the settlement of Svetulka in Southern Bulgaria. Location Svetulka Island is located at 62°20′49.7″S 59°40′45.8″W / 62.347139°S 59.679389°W / -62.347139; -59.679389, which is 520 metres (1,710 ft) northwest of Shipot Point, 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) east-southeast of Cornwall Island and 1.74 kilometres (1.08 mi) southeast of Rogozen Island. Measurements are based on British mapping in 1968 and Bulgarian mapping in 2009. See also List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands Maps Livingston Island to King George Island. Scale 1:200000. Admiralty Nautical Chart 1776. Taunton: UK Hydrographic Office, 1968. L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4 (Second edition 2010, ISBN 978-954-92032-9-5) Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated. References Svetulka Island. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer. Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English) External links Svetulka Island. Copernix satellite image This article includes information from the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria which is used with permission. Topographic map of Livingston Island, Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Portals: Islands Geography vteSouth Shetland IslandsMain islands Clarence Deception Elephant Greenwich King George Livingston Low Nelson Robert Smith Snow Other islands Afala Aitcho Barrientos Bilyana Cecilia Emeline Jorge Kilifarevo Pasarel Riksa Akin Alfeus Araguez Astor Aurelia Barlow Basso Beslen Biruni Boatin Borceguí Bridgeman Cacho Chiprovtsi Cornwall Cornwallis Craggy Dee Desolation Island (South Shetland Islands) Dinea Dioptra Dufayel Dunbar Aspis Balsha Melyane Pogledets Zavala Eadie Express Fregata Gergini Gibbs Glumche Gnomon González Half Moon Heywood Kabile Kaliman Kondor Korsis Låvebrua Meade Cave Pisanitsa Zverino Miladinovi Montufar Ogygia Ongley Onogur Churicheni Grod Kovach Leeve Oescus Osenovlag Redina Svetulka Vilare Penguin Pindarev Pordim Presnakov Prisad Prosechen Pyramid Rogozen Romeo Rotalia Rowett Rugged Saffar San Telmo Seal Sierra Square End Stoker Sugarloaf Table Tatul Tirizis Toledo Treklyano Two Summit Valchedram Window Withem Wood Yrvind Zebil Zed Esperanto Koshava Lesidren Phanagoria Rocks, stacks, reefsspits and banks Aim Rocks Alepu Avren Baktriana Ballestilla Bekas Belchin Besson Bizone Bonert Borda Bowler Brahe Bris Buchino Caraquet Chabrier Channel Chaos Chapman Cheshire Chorobates Cone Cosmolabe Cove Cutler Dlagnya Dovizio Dzhegov Eddystone Elemag Eliza Emm Enchantress Folger Frederick Galiche Glozhene Goritsa Grace Graovo Groma Growler Habermehl Hauken Henfield Hetty Hole Holmes Ibar Indian Keep Kianida Knight Koynare Lenoir Letelier Liberty Lientur Limit Livonia Long Low Lynx Lyutibrod Maglizh Makresh Martello Tower Meldia Mellona Milev Mónica Morris Nancy Napier Nessie Nikudin Odometer Okol Opaka Ørnen Orsini Orsoya Parry Patch Passage Patresh Perivol Pig Pingvin Potmess Asses Ears Priboy Rabisha Ramsden Raquelia Reyes Ritchie Rongel Rosales Rusokastro Sail Rock Salient Sally Sewing-Machine Needles Shearer Simms Simpson Sinbad Skrino Stackpole Stewart Suhache Syrezol Telefon Telish Tenorio The Pointers Tooth Triznatsi Troughton Tu Turmoil Tvarditsa Twin Pinnacles Upton Vardim Vergilov Vidal Vietor Vodoley Voluyak Waldseemüller ‎ ‎ Weeks Straits Boyd English Fildes Glogovo Hell Gates Iglika Izgrev Klimash McFarlane Morton Mugla Neck or Nothing Nelson Orión Osmar Smolensk Villalón Undersea andsubglacial features Bransfield Trough Macheret Trench Orca Seamount Quiroga Ridge South Shetland Trough Vergilov Ridge Wordie Seamount vteAntarcticaGeography Antarctic sea ice Climate Climate change Ice shelves Geology Glaciers Mountains Tundra Volcanoes Regions Biogeographic realm Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica ice sheet shield Extreme points Floristic Kingdom Islands South Pole South magnetic pole West Antarctica ice sheet Bodies of Water Antarctic/Southern Ocean Lake CECs Lake Mercer Lake Vostok List of rivers McMurdo Sound Ross Sea Weddell Sea Life Flora Microorganisms Wildlife Birds Mammals Krill History Expeditions Heroic Age World War II Colonization COVID-19 pandemic Years Politics Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs Military activity National programs Territorial claims Treaty System Society Antarctica Day Crime Demographics Economy Field camps Firefighting Flags Gateway cities Midwinter Day Protected areas Religion Research stations Telecommunications Time Tourism Transport Women Famous explorers Roald Amundsen Richard E. Byrd Douglas Mawson Ui-te-Rangiora James Clark Ross Robert Falcon Scott Ernest Shackleton Category Commons Index This Robert Island location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter%E2%80%99s_field
Potter's field
["1 Origin","2 Examples","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Burial place for unknown or indigent people For other uses, see The Potter's Field (disambiguation). The Trench in Potter's Field on Hart Island, New York, circa 1890 by Jacob Riis Potter's field in Dunn County, Wisconsin A potter's field, paupers' grave or common grave is a place for the burial of unknown, unclaimed or indigent people. "Potter's field" is of Biblical origin, referring to Akeldama (meaning field of blood in Aramaic), stated to have been purchased after Judas Iscariot's suicide by the chief priests of Jerusalem with the coins that had been paid to Judas for his identification of Jesus. The priests are stated to have acquired it for the burial of strangers, criminals, and the poor, the coins paid to Judas being considered blood money. Prior to Akeldama's use as a burial ground, it had been a site where potters collected high-quality, deeply red clay for the production of ceramics, thus the name potters' field. "I come to claim my dead" drawing by William Thomas Smedley, circa 1884 Origin Main article: Akeldama The term "potter's field" comes from Matthew 27:3–27:8 in the New Testament of the Bible, in which Jewish priests take 30 pieces of silver returned by a remorseful Judas: Then Judas, who betrayed him, seeing that he was condemned, repenting himself, brought back the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and ancients, saying: "I have sinned in betraying innocent blood." But they said: "What is that to us? Look thou to it." And casting down the pieces of silver in the temple, he departed, and went and hanged himself with a halter. But the chief priests, having taken the pieces of silver, said: "It is not lawful to put them into the corbona, because it is the price of blood." And after they had consulted together, they bought with them the potter's field, to be a burying place for strangers. For this the field was called Haceldama, that is, the field of blood, even to this day. — Douay–Rheims Bible The site referred to in these verses is traditionally known as Akeldama, in the valley of Hinnom, which was a source of potters' clay. After the clay was removed, such a site would be left unusable for agriculture, being full of trenches and holes, thus becoming a graveyard for those who could not be buried in an orthodox cemetery. The author of Matthew was drawing on earlier Biblical references to potters' fields. The passage continues, with verses 9 and 10: Then what the prophet Jeremiah had said came true: "They took the thirty silver coins, the amount the people of Israel had agreed to pay for him, and used the money to buy the potter's field, as the Lord had commanded me." This is based on a quotation from Zechariah (Zechariah 11:12–13). However, Matthew attributes the quote to Jeremiah. The author of Matthew may have been mistaken. There are two other possible reasons for the reference. First, Jeremiah also speaks of buying a field, in Jeremiah 32:6–15. That field is a symbol of hope, not despair as mentioned in Matthew, and the price is 17 pieces of silver. The author of Matthew could have combined the words of Zechariah and Jeremiah, while only citing the "major" prophet. Secondly, "Jeremiah" was sometimes used to refer to the Books of the Prophets in toto as "The Law" is sometimes used to refer to Moses' five books – Genesis through Deuteronomy, the Pentateuch. Craig Blomberg suggests that the use of the blood money to buy a burial ground for foreigners in Matthew 27:7 may hint at the idea that "Jesus' death makes salvation possible for all the peoples of the world, including the Gentiles." Other scholars do not read the verse as referring to Gentiles, but rather to Jews who are not native to Jerusalem. Examples Blue Plains, in the Anacostia area of Washington, D.C., contains remains of executed international spies including Nazi spies from Operation Pastorius. Cimetière de Laval, near Montreal, Quebec Eloise Cemetery in Westland, Michigan, was used by the Eloise hospital complex; some 7,000 people were buried there between 1894 and 1948. Golden Gate Cemetery in San Francisco, California, was used from 1870 to 1909, with some 29,000 burials in sections, one of which was a potter's field. Hart Island in the Bronx is New York City's current potter's field and one of the largest cemeteries in the United States with at least 800,000 burials. Holt Cemetery in New Orleans contains the remains of known and unknown early jazz musicians, including Charles "Buddy" Bolden. The battered remains of Robert Charles, at the center of the 1900 New Orleans race riot were briefly interred there, then dug up and incinerated. Hudson County Burial Grounds in Secaucus, New Jersey. Lincoln Park, on Chicago's North Side, found its origin in the 1840s as Chicago City Cemetery. The southernmost portion of the cemetery, where one may now find a number of baseball fields (north of LaSalle Dr., west of North Avenue Beach), was the location of the City Cemetery potter's field from 1843 to 1871. More than 15,000 people, including 4,000 Confederate soldiers, were buried here on marshy land near the water's edge. The baseball fields have occupied these grounds since 1877. Madison Square Park, Washington Square Park and Bryant Park in New York City originated as potter's fields. Music Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio was built over a 19th-century potter's field. Potter's Field (Omaha) in Omaha, Nebraska Queen Lane Apartments. Work on the project was delayed by the discovery of a potter's field on an adjacent plot. Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground in Richmond, Virginia, came to be labeled as Potter's Field on maps in the 1870s. It was/is likely the largest burial ground for free people of color and the enslaved in the United States. The number of estimated interments made between 1816 and 1879 is upwards of 22,000. Strangers' Burying Ground, Toronto open from 1826 to 1855 with total 6,685 burials. Washington Park (Albany) was the site of the State Street Burying Grounds, a municipal cemetery which included a potter's field. Some maps identify the section as the "strangers" burial ground. Washington Square (Philadelphia) Puticuli, an ancient Roman mass grave for poor people and waste. The Green Bay, WI Potter's Field was neglected and forgotten until 2014, when VFW Post 9677 launched a fundraising campaign, spruced up the area, and identified many of the 296 people buried there from 1853 to 1973. The City Public Works now maintains the property. Harris County Cemetery in Houston Harris County Eastgate Cemetery in unincorporated Harris County, near the Crosby census-designated place and with a Crosby mailing address. See also Boot Hill Mass grave Pauper's funeral References ^ "Glass Slide of the Potter's Field (Jerusalem, Israel)". Dallas, Texas: University of North Texas. April 26, 2020. Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ France, R. T. (1985). The Gospel According to Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary. Eerdmans. p. 386. ISBN 0-85111-870-4. ^ Bahde, Thomas (30 December 2016). "The Common Dust of Potter's Field". 06 (4). Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016 – via Common-Place. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Blomberg, Craig L. (2007). "Matthew". Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-8010-2693-5. ^ Brown, Raymond (1998). The Death of the Messiah. Yale University Press. p. 646. ISBN 0-385-49448-3. ^ "Montreal Mirror - the Front Page : Funerals". Archived from the original on 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2009-04-05. ^ Burns, Gus (January 19, 2019) . "Wayne County halts unearthing of Eloise Cemetery graves by volunteers". Mlive. Retrieved March 3, 2021. ^ Winegarner, Beth (2022-09-26). "The Hidden History of San Francisco's Graveyards". Alta Online. Retrieved 2022-11-03. ^ Hart Island; Melinda Hunt and Joel Sternfeld; ISBN 3-931141-90-X ^ "Hidden Truths: Potter's Field". Retrieved 30 December 2016. ^ Emmerson, Allison L. C. (2020-05-24). Life and Death in the Roman Suburb. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–98. ISBN 978-0-19-259409-9. ^ Collier, Kiah (2014-07-14). "County cemetery used to be full of life". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2023-11-20. ^ "About Us Harris County Community Services Department". Harris County Government. Archived from the original on 2020-12-03. Retrieved 2023-11-20. Burial is provided at the Harris County Cemetery, at 21122 Crosby Eastgate Road. - The cemetery referred to here is the new one in the Crosby area, and not the old one on Oates Road.Compare to: "2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Crosby CDP, TX" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2023-11-20. - The cemetery is not in the boundaries of the CDP. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Common graves. New York City's Hart Island Potter's Field Haceldama – From the Catholic Encyclopedia NYC's Potter's field on Hart Island, by CBS Television
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Potter's Field (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Potter%27s_Field_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_trench_at_the_potter%27s_field_on_Hart_Island,_circa_1890_by_Jacob_Riis.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Trench in Potter's Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trench_in_Potter%27s_Field"},{"link_name":"Hart Island, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_Island,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Jacob Riis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Riis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunn_County_Potter%27s_Field_graves.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Dunn County, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunn_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"place for the burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery"},{"link_name":"unknown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_decedent"},{"link_name":"Biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Akeldama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeldama"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic"},{"link_name":"Judas Iscariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"coins that had been paid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_pieces_of_silver"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I_come_to_claim_my_dead.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Thomas Smedley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomas_Smedley"}],"text":"For other uses, see The Potter's Field (disambiguation).The Trench in Potter's Field on Hart Island, New York, circa 1890 by Jacob RiisPotter's field in Dunn County, WisconsinA potter's field, paupers' grave or common grave is a place for the burial of unknown, unclaimed or indigent people. \"Potter's field\" is of Biblical origin, referring to Akeldama (meaning field of blood in Aramaic), stated to have been purchased after Judas Iscariot's suicide by the chief priests of Jerusalem with the coins that had been paid to Judas for his identification of Jesus.[1] The priests are stated to have acquired it for the burial of strangers, criminals, and the poor, the coins paid to Judas being considered blood money. Prior to Akeldama's use as a burial ground, it had been a site where potters collected high-quality, deeply red clay for the production of ceramics, thus the name potters' field.[citation needed]\"I come to claim my dead\" drawing by William Thomas Smedley, circa 1884","title":"Potter's field"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew 27:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_27:3"},{"link_name":"27:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_27:8"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"30 pieces of silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_pieces_of_silver"},{"link_name":"Judas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot"},{"link_name":"who betrayed him","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas"},{"link_name":"corbona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite_box"},{"link_name":"Douay–Rheims Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible"},{"link_name":"Akeldama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeldama"},{"link_name":"valley of Hinnom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehenna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Zechariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah"},{"link_name":"Zechariah 11:12–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Zechariah%2011:12%E2%80%9313&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 32:6–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2032:6%E2%80%9315&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pentateuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentateuch"},{"link_name":"Craig Blomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Blomberg"},{"link_name":"Matthew 27:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_27:7"},{"link_name":"Gentiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The term \"potter's field\" comes from Matthew 27:3–27:8 in the New Testament of the Bible, in which Jewish priests take 30 pieces of silver returned by a remorseful Judas:Then Judas, who betrayed him, seeing that he was condemned, repenting himself, brought back the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and ancients, saying: \"I have sinned in betraying innocent blood.\" But they said: \"What is that to us? Look thou to it.\" And casting down the pieces of silver in the temple, he departed, and went and hanged himself with a halter. But the chief priests, having taken the pieces of silver, said: \"It is not lawful to put them into the corbona, because it is the price of blood.\" And after they had consulted together, they bought with them the potter's field, to be a burying place for strangers. For this the field was called Haceldama, that is, the field of blood, even to this day. — Douay–Rheims BibleThe site referred to in these verses is traditionally known as Akeldama, in the valley of Hinnom, which was a source of potters' clay. After the clay was removed, such a site would be left unusable for agriculture, being full of trenches and holes, thus becoming a graveyard for those who could not be buried in an orthodox cemetery.[2][3]The author of Matthew was drawing on earlier Biblical references to potters' fields. The passage continues, with verses 9 and 10:Then what the prophet Jeremiah had said came true: \"They took the thirty silver coins, the amount the people of Israel had agreed to pay for him, and used the money to buy the potter's field, as the Lord had commanded me.\"This is based on a quotation from Zechariah (Zechariah 11:12–13). However, Matthew attributes the quote to Jeremiah. The author of Matthew may have been mistaken. There are two other possible reasons for the reference. First, Jeremiah also speaks of buying a field, in Jeremiah 32:6–15. That field is a symbol of hope, not despair as mentioned in Matthew, and the price is 17 pieces of silver. The author of Matthew could have combined the words of Zechariah and Jeremiah, while only citing the \"major\" prophet. Secondly, \"Jeremiah\" was sometimes used to refer to the Books of the Prophets in toto[citation needed] as \"The Law\" is sometimes used to refer to Moses' five books – Genesis through Deuteronomy, the Pentateuch.Craig Blomberg suggests that the use of the blood money to buy a burial ground for foreigners in Matthew 27:7 may hint at the idea that \"Jesus' death makes salvation possible for all the peoples of the world, including the Gentiles.\"[4] Other scholars do not read the verse as referring to Gentiles, but rather to Jews who are not native to Jerusalem.[5]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Plains_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Anacostia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacostia"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Operation Pastorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pastorius"},{"link_name":"Cimetière de Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Laval&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Eloise Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloise_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Westland, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Eloise hospital complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloise_(psychiatric_hospital)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Cemetery_(San_Francisco,_California)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hart Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_Island_(Bronx)"},{"link_name":"the Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Holt Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Charles \"Buddy\" Bolden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Bolden"},{"link_name":"Robert Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Charles"},{"link_name":"New Orleans race riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Charles_riots"},{"link_name":"Hudson County Burial Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_County_Burial_Grounds"},{"link_name":"Secaucus, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secaucus,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Park"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square"},{"link_name":"Washington Square Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Square_Park"},{"link_name":"Bryant Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_Park"},{"link_name":"Music Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Hall_(Cincinnati)"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Potter's Field (Omaha)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter%27s_Field_(Omaha)"},{"link_name":"Omaha, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Queen Lane Apartments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Lane_Apartments"},{"link_name":"Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockoe_Hill_African_Burying_Ground"},{"link_name":"Strangers' Burying Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers%27_Burying_Ground"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Washington Park (Albany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Park_(Albany)"},{"link_name":"Washington Square (Philadelphia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Square_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"Puticuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puticuli"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Green Bay, WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay,_WI"},{"link_name":"VFW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFW"},{"link_name":"Harris County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"unincorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Texas"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Blue Plains, in the Anacostia area of Washington, D.C., contains remains of executed international spies including Nazi spies from Operation Pastorius.\nCimetière de Laval, near Montreal, Quebec[6]\nEloise Cemetery in Westland, Michigan, was used by the Eloise hospital complex; some 7,000 people were buried there between 1894 and 1948.[7]\nGolden Gate Cemetery in San Francisco, California, was used from 1870 to 1909, with some 29,000 burials in sections, one of which was a potter's field.[8]\nHart Island in the Bronx is New York City's current potter's field and one of the largest cemeteries in the United States with at least 800,000 burials.[9]\nHolt Cemetery in New Orleans contains the remains of known and unknown early jazz musicians, including Charles \"Buddy\" Bolden. The battered remains of Robert Charles, at the center of the 1900 New Orleans race riot were briefly interred there, then dug up and incinerated.\nHudson County Burial Grounds in Secaucus, New Jersey.\nLincoln Park, on Chicago's North Side, found its origin in the 1840s as Chicago City Cemetery. The southernmost portion of the cemetery, where one may now find a number of baseball fields (north of LaSalle Dr., west of North Avenue Beach), was the location of the City Cemetery potter's field from 1843 to 1871. More than 15,000 people, including 4,000 Confederate soldiers, were buried here on marshy land near the water's edge. The baseball fields have occupied these grounds since 1877.[10]\nMadison Square Park, Washington Square Park and Bryant Park in New York City originated as potter's fields.\nMusic Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio was built over a 19th-century potter's field.\nPotter's Field (Omaha) in Omaha, Nebraska\nQueen Lane Apartments. Work on the project was delayed by the discovery of a potter's field on an adjacent plot.\nShockoe Hill African Burying Ground in Richmond, Virginia, came to be labeled as Potter's Field on maps in the 1870s. It was/is likely the largest burial ground for free people of color and the enslaved in the United States. The number of estimated interments made between 1816 and 1879 is upwards of 22,000.\nStrangers' Burying Ground, Toronto open from 1826 to 1855 with total 6,685 burials.\nWashington Park (Albany) was the site of the State Street Burying Grounds, a municipal cemetery which included a potter's field. Some maps identify the section as the \"strangers\" burial ground.\nWashington Square (Philadelphia)\nPuticuli, an ancient Roman mass grave for poor people and waste.[11]\nThe Green Bay, WI Potter's Field was neglected and forgotten until 2014, when VFW Post 9677 launched a fundraising campaign, spruced up the area, and identified many of the 296 people buried there from 1853 to 1973. The City Public Works now maintains the property.\nHarris County Cemetery in Houston[12]\nHarris County Eastgate Cemetery in unincorporated Harris County, near the Crosby census-designated place and with a Crosby mailing address.[13]","title":"Examples"}]
[{"image_text":"The Trench in Potter's Field on Hart Island, New York, circa 1890 by Jacob Riis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/A_trench_at_the_potter%27s_field_on_Hart_Island%2C_circa_1890_by_Jacob_Riis.jpg/220px-A_trench_at_the_potter%27s_field_on_Hart_Island%2C_circa_1890_by_Jacob_Riis.jpg"},{"image_text":"Potter's field in Dunn County, Wisconsin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dunn_County_Potter%27s_Field_graves.jpeg/220px-Dunn_County_Potter%27s_Field_graves.jpeg"},{"image_text":"\"I come to claim my dead\" drawing by William Thomas Smedley, circa 1884","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/I_come_to_claim_my_dead.jpg/220px-I_come_to_claim_my_dead.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Boot Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_Hill"},{"title":"Mass grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_grave"},{"title":"Pauper's funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauper%27s_funeral"}]
[{"reference":"\"Glass Slide of the Potter's Field (Jerusalem, Israel)\". Dallas, Texas: University of North Texas. April 26, 2020. Retrieved 2023-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1241131/","url_text":"\"Glass Slide of the Potter's Field (Jerusalem, Israel)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas","url_text":"University of North Texas"}]},{"reference":"France, R. T. (1985). The Gospel According to Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary. Eerdmans. p. 386. ISBN 0-85111-870-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85111-870-4","url_text":"0-85111-870-4"}]},{"reference":"Bahde, Thomas (30 December 2016). \"The Common Dust of Potter's Field\". 06 (4). Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016 – via Common-Place.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160409222417/http://www.common-place-archives.org/vol-06/no-04/bahde/","url_text":"\"The Common Dust of Potter's Field\""},{"url":"http://www.common-place-archives.org/vol-06/no-04/bahde/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Blomberg, Craig L. (2007). \"Matthew\". Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-8010-2693-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Blomberg","url_text":"Blomberg, Craig L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2693-5","url_text":"978-0-8010-2693-5"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Raymond (1998). The Death of the Messiah. Yale University Press. p. 646. ISBN 0-385-49448-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown","url_text":"Brown, Raymond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-49448-3","url_text":"0-385-49448-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Montreal Mirror - the Front Page : Funerals\". Archived from the original on 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2009-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080515160907/http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/2003/091803/news1.html","url_text":"\"Montreal Mirror - the Front Page : Funerals\""},{"url":"http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/2003/091803/news1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Burns, Gus (January 19, 2019) [December 15, 2015]. \"Wayne County halts unearthing of Eloise Cemetery graves by volunteers\". Mlive. Retrieved March 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/2015/12/wayne_county_halts_unearthing.html","url_text":"\"Wayne County halts unearthing of Eloise Cemetery graves by volunteers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlive","url_text":"Mlive"}]},{"reference":"Winegarner, Beth (2022-09-26). \"The Hidden History of San Francisco's Graveyards\". Alta Online. Retrieved 2022-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altaonline.com/dispatches/a40981186/hidden-history-san-francisco-graveyards/","url_text":"\"The Hidden History of San Francisco's Graveyards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hidden Truths: Potter's Field\". Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hiddentruths.northwestern.edu/potter_field.html","url_text":"\"Hidden Truths: Potter's Field\""}]},{"reference":"Emmerson, Allison L. C. (2020-05-24). Life and Death in the Roman Suburb. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–98. ISBN 978-0-19-259409-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=53XnDwAAQBAJ&dq=Puticuli&pg=PA97","url_text":"Life and Death in the Roman Suburb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-259409-9","url_text":"978-0-19-259409-9"}]},{"reference":"Collier, Kiah (2014-07-14). \"County cemetery used to be full of life\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2023-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/County-pauper-cemetery-used-to-be-full-of-life-5616267.php","url_text":"\"County cemetery used to be full of life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us Harris County Community Services Department\". Harris County Government. Archived from the original on 2020-12-03. Retrieved 2023-11-20. Burial is provided at the Harris County Cemetery, at 21122 Crosby Eastgate Road.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201203140808/https://csd.harriscountytx.gov/Pages/AboutUs.aspx","url_text":"\"About Us Harris County Community Services Department\""},{"url":"https://csd.harriscountytx.gov/Pages/AboutUs.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Crosby CDP, TX\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2023-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st48_tx/place/p4817756_crosby/DC20BLK_P4817756.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Crosby CDP, TX\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Zechariah%2011:12%E2%80%9313&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Zechariah 11:12–13"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2032:6%E2%80%9315&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Jeremiah 32:6–15"},{"Link":"https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1241131/","external_links_name":"\"Glass Slide of the Potter's Field (Jerusalem, Israel)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160409222417/http://www.common-place-archives.org/vol-06/no-04/bahde/","external_links_name":"\"The Common Dust of Potter's Field\""},{"Link":"http://www.common-place-archives.org/vol-06/no-04/bahde/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080515160907/http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/2003/091803/news1.html","external_links_name":"\"Montreal Mirror - the Front Page : Funerals\""},{"Link":"http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/2003/091803/news1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/2015/12/wayne_county_halts_unearthing.html","external_links_name":"\"Wayne County halts unearthing of Eloise Cemetery graves by volunteers\""},{"Link":"https://www.altaonline.com/dispatches/a40981186/hidden-history-san-francisco-graveyards/","external_links_name":"\"The Hidden History of San Francisco's Graveyards\""},{"Link":"http://hiddentruths.northwestern.edu/potter_field.html","external_links_name":"\"Hidden Truths: Potter's Field\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=53XnDwAAQBAJ&dq=Puticuli&pg=PA97","external_links_name":"Life and Death in the Roman Suburb"},{"Link":"https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/County-pauper-cemetery-used-to-be-full-of-life-5616267.php","external_links_name":"\"County cemetery used to be full of life\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201203140808/https://csd.harriscountytx.gov/Pages/AboutUs.aspx","external_links_name":"\"About Us Harris County Community Services Department\""},{"Link":"https://csd.harriscountytx.gov/Pages/AboutUs.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st48_tx/place/p4817756_crosby/DC20BLK_P4817756.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Crosby CDP, TX\""},{"Link":"http://www.correctionhistory.org/html/chronicl/hart/html/hartbook2.html","external_links_name":"New York City's Hart Island Potter's Field"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07103b.htm","external_links_name":"Haceldama"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hJAe4hi7GA","external_links_name":"NYC's Potter's field on Hart Island"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdforth
Birdforth
["1 History","2 Governance","3 Geography","4 Religion","5 See also","6 References"]
Coordinates: 54°10′39″N 1°15′27″W / 54.17751°N 1.25761°W / 54.17751; -1.25761Village and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England Human settlement in EnglandBirdforthThe Corner Cupboard, BirdforthBirdforthLocation within North YorkshirePopulation13 OS grid referenceSE485557Civil parishBirdforthUnitary authorityNorth YorkshireCeremonial countyNorth YorkshireRegionYorkshire and the HumberCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townYORKPostcode districtYO61 4PoliceNorth YorkshireFireNorth YorkshireAmbulanceYorkshire UK ParliamentThirsk and Malton List of places UK England Yorkshire 54°10′39″N 1°15′27″W / 54.17751°N 1.25761°W / 54.17751; -1.25761 Birdforth is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 13. The population remained less than 100 at the 2011 Census. Details are included in the civil parish of Long Marston, North Yorkshire. The village is on the A19 road, about six miles south of Thirsk. History Birdforth was also the name of one of the wapentakes, or subdivisions, of the North Riding of Yorkshire, which covered the area around the village. A school was built in 1875, but closed in 1961. Governance The village lies within the Thirsk and Malton UK Parliament constituency. It is also within the Easingwold electoral division of North Yorkshire County Council and the Helperby ward of Hambleton District Council. Geography The nearest settlements to the village are Hutton Sessay 0.8 miles (1.3 km) to the north-west; Carlton Husthwaite 0.9 miles (1.4 km) to the north-east and Thormanby 0.7 miles (1.1 km) to the south. Birdforth Beck, which flows at the south end of the village, is part of the tributary system of the River Swale. The 1881 UK Census recorded the population as 42. Religion St Mary's Church, Birdforth St Mary's Church, Birdforth is a grade II listed Norman church; it was partly rebuilt in 1585, but is no longer in use. See also Listed buildings in Birdforth References ^ The Wapentake of Birdforth. British History Online. Accessed 14 February 2024. ^ a b Bulmer's Topography, History and Directory (Private and Commercial) of North Yorkshire 1890. S&N Publishing. 1890. p. 722. ISBN 1-86150-299-0. ^ a b "OpenData support | OS Tools & Support". ^ "Church of St Mary". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 29 December 2012. ‹ The stub template below has been proposed for deletion. Please share your thoughts at this template's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Please do not edit or blank the template, or remove it from articles where it is used, while the discussion is in progress. › This Hambleton, North Yorkshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"St Mary's Church, Birdforth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Birdforth_Chapel.jpg/220px-Birdforth_Chapel.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Listed buildings in Birdforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Birdforth"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_and_Hinduism
Hinduism and Sikhism
["1 Historical links","2 Beliefs","2.1 Concept of God","2.2 Views on cattle","2.3 Idol worship","2.4 Heaven and Hell","2.5 Pilgrimage","2.6 Śrāddha","2.7 Auspicious days","2.8 Fasting","2.9 Caste system","2.10 Asceticism","2.11 Menstruation","2.12 Animal sacrifice","2.13 Beliefs regarding eclipse","2.14 Yajna","3 Similarities","4 Culture and intermarriage","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Overview of the relationship between the religions of Hinduism and Sikhism Part of a series onHinduism Hindus History OriginsHistorical Hindu synthesis (500/200 BCE–300 CE) History Indus Valley Civilisation Historical Vedic religion Dravidian folk religion Śramaṇa Tribal religions in India Traditional Itihasa-Purana Epic-Puranic royal genealogies Epic-Puranic chronology Traditions Major traditions Shaivism Shaktism Smartism Vaishnavism List Deities Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Parvati Other major Devas / Devis Vedic: Agni Ashvins Chandra Indra Prajapati Pushan Rudra Surya Ushas Varuna Vayu Post-Vedic: Dattatreya Durga Ganesha Hanuman Kali Kartikeya Krishna Kubera Radha Rama Shakti Sita Vishvakarma Concepts Worldview Cosmology Mythology Ontology Tattvas Subtle elements Panchikarana Gross elements Guṇas Supreme reality Brahman Nirguna Saguna Om Saccidānanda God Ishvara God in Hinduism God and gender Meaning of life Dharma Artha Kama Moksha Stages of life Brahmacharya Gṛhastha Vānaprastha Sannyasa Three paths to liberation Bhakti yoga Jnana yoga Karma yoga Liberation Mokṣa-related topics: Paramātman Maya Karma Saṃsāra Mind Ātman (self) Anātman (non-self) Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) Prajña (wisdom) Ānanda (happiness) Viveka (discernment) Vairagya (dispassion) Sama (equanimity) Dama (temperance) Uparati (self-settledness) Titiksha (forbearance) Shraddha (faith) Samadhana (concentration) Arishadvargas (six enemies) Ahamkara (attachment) Ethics Niti śastra Yamas Niyama Ahimsa Achourya Aparigraha Brahmacharya Satya Damah Dayā Akrodha Arjava Santosha Tapas Svādhyāya Shaucha Mitahara Dāna Sources of dharma Epistemology Pratyakṣa (perception) Anumāṇa (inference) Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption) Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation) Śabda (word, testimony) Practices Worship, sacrifice, and charity Puja Ārtī Prarthana Śrauta Temple Murti Bhakti Japa Bhajana Kīrtana Yajna Homa Tarpana Vrata Prāyaścitta Tirtha Yatra Tirthadana Matha Nritta-Nritya Dāna Sevā Meditation Tapas Dhyana Samādhāna Nididhyāsana Yoga Sadhu Yogi Yogini Asana Sādhanā Hatha yoga Jnana yoga Bhakti yoga Karma yoga Rāja yoga Kundalini yoga Arts Bharatanatyam Kathak Kathakali Kuchipudi Manipuri Mohiniyattam Odissi Sattriya Bhagavata Mela Yakshagana Dandiya Raas Carnatic music Pandav Lila Kalaripayattu Silambam Adimurai Rites of passage Garbhadhana Pumsavana Pumsavana Simantonayana Simantonnayana Jatakarma Nāmakaraṇa Nishkramana Annaprashana Chudakarana Karnavedha Vidyāraṃbhaṃ Upanayana Keshanta Ritushuddhi Samavartanam Vivaha Antyesti Festivals Diwali Holi Maha Shivaratri Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami-Dussehra Raksha Bandhan Ganesh Chaturthi Vasant Panchami Rama Navami Janmashtami Onam Makar Sankranti Kumbh Mela Pongal Ugadi Vaisakhi Bihu Puthandu Vishu Ratha Yatra Philosophical schools Six Astika schools Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mīmāṃsā Vedanta Advaita Dvaita Vishishtadvaita Achintya Bheda Abheda Shuddhadvaita Dvaitadvaita Akshar Purushottam Darshan Other schools Shaiva Kapalika Pashupata Pratyabhijña Vaishnava Pancharatra Charvaka Gurus, sants, philosophers Ancient Agastya Angiras Aruni Ashtavakra Atri Bharadwaja Gotama Jaimini Jamadagni Kanada Kapila Kashyapa Patanjali Pāṇini Prashastapada Raikva Satyakama Jabala Valmiki Vashistha Vishvamitra Vyasa Yajnavalkya Medieval Abhinavagupta Adi Shankara Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Alvars Basava Chaitanya Ramdas Kathiababa Chakradhara Chāngadeva Dadu Dayal Eknath Gangesha Upadhyaya Santadas Kathiababa Gaudapada Gorakshanatha Haridasa Thakur Harivansh Jagannatha Dasa Jayanta Bhatta Jayatīrtha Jiva Goswami Jñāneśvar Kabir Kanaka Dasa Kumārila Bhaṭṭa Madhusūdana Madhva Matsyendranatha Morya Gosavi Mukundarāja Namadeva Narahari Tirtha Narasimha Saraswati Nayanars Nimbarkacharya Prabhākara Purandara Dasa Raghavendra Swami Raghunatha Siromani Raghuttama Tirtha Ram Charan Ramananda Ramanuja Ramprasad Sen Ravidas Rupa Goswami Samarth Ramdas Sankardev Satyanatha Tirtha Siddheshwar Sripada Srivallabha Sripadaraja Surdas Swaminarayan Śyāma Śastri Tukaram Tulsidas Tyagaraja Vācaspati Miśra Vadiraja Tirtha Vallabha Valluvar Vedanta Desika Vidyaranya Vyasaraja Modern Aurobindo Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Bhaktivinoda Thakur Chandrashekarendra Saraswati Chinmayananda Dayananda Saraswati Jaggi Vasudev Krishnananda Saraswati Mahavatar Babaji Mahesh Yogi Narayana Guru Nigamananda Nisargadatta Maharaj Prabhupada Radhakrishnan R. D. Ranade Ramakrishna Rama Tirtha Ramana Maharshi Ravi Shankar Ramdas Samarth Sathya Sai Baba Shirdi Sai Baba Shraddhanand Satyadhyana Tirtha Siddharameshwar Maharaj Sivananda Trailanga U. G. Krishnamurti Upasni Maharaj Vethathiri Maharishi Vivekananda Yogananda Texts Sources and classification of scripture Śruti Smṛti Ācāra Ātmatuṣṭi Scriptures Timeline of Hindu texts Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishads Upanishads Rigveda: Aitareya Kaushitaki Yajurveda: Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Shvetashvatara Maitri Samaveda: Chandogya Kena Atharvaveda: Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Vedangas Shiksha Chandas Vyākaraṇa Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Other scriptures Bhagavad Gita Agamas (Hinduism) Itihasas Ramayana Mahabharata Other textsPuranas Vishnu Purana Bhagavata Purana Devi Bhagavata Purana Naradiya Purana Vāmana Purana Matsya Purana Garuda Purana Brahma Purana Brahmanda Purana Brahma Vaivarta Purana Bhavishya Purana Padma Purana Agni Purana Shiva Purana Linga Purana Kūrma Purana Skanda Purana Varaha Purana Markandeya Purana Upavedas Ayurveda Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Shastras, sutras, and samhitas Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Shilpa Shastras Kama Sutra Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita Natya Shastra Panchatantra Naalayira Divya Prabandham Tirumurai Ramcharitmanas Yoga Vasistha Swara yoga Panchadasi Stotras and stutis Kanakadhara Stotra Shiva Stuti Vayu Stuti Tamil literature Tirumurai Naalayira Divya Prabandham Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai Tiruppukal Kural Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram Five Great Epics Eighteen Greater Texts Eighteen Lesser Texts Athichudi Iraiyanar Akapporul Abirami Antati Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam Vinayagar Agaval Society Varna Four varnas: Brahmana Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Varna-less: Dalit Varna-related topics: Jāti Other society-related topics: Discrimination Persecution Nationalism Hindutva Organisations Reform movements Other topics Hinduism by country Balinese Hinduism Caribbean Shaktism Hindu culture Architecture Calendar Iconography Mythology Pilgrimage sites Hinduism and other religions Hinduism and Jainism / and Buddhism / and Sikhism / and Judaism / and Christianity / and Islam Criticism Glossary Outline Hinduism portalvte Part of a series onSikhism People Topics Outline History Glossary Sikh gurus Guru Nanak Guru Angad Guru Amar Das Guru Ram Das Guru Arjan Guru Hargobind Guru Har Rai Guru Har Krishan Guru Tegh Bahadur Guru Gobind Singh Guru Granth Sahib Selected revered saints Bhagat Kabir Bhagat Ravidas Bhagat Farid Bhagat Ramanand Bhagat Beni Bhagat Namdev Bhagat Sadhana Bhagat Bhikhan Bhagat Parmanand Bhagat Sain Bhagat Dhanna Bhagat Pipa Bhagat Surdas Bhagat Jaidev Bhagat Trilochan Bhatt Kalshar Bhatt Balh Bhatt Bhalh Bhatt Bhika Bhatt Gayand Bhatt Harbans Bhatt Jalap Bhatt Kirat Bhatt Mathura Bhatt Nalh Bhatt Salh Baba Sundar Satta Doom Balvand Rai Philosophy Naam Japo Kirat Karō Vand Chakkō Charhdi Kalā Guru Maneyo Granth Five Thieves Five Virtues Practices Sikh Rehat Maryada Prohibitions Ardās Kirtan Amrit Velā Dasvand The Five Ks Langar Sewa Simran Nitnem Dastar (Turban) Naam Karan Amrit Sanskar Anand Karaj Antam Sanskar Scripture Guru Granth Sahib Dasam Granth Sarbloh Granth Five Banis Places and Takhts Gurdwara Harmandir Sahib Akal Takht Keshgarh Sahib Damdama Sahib Patna Sahib Hazur Sahib General topics Ik Onkar Khalsa Waheguru Panj Pyare Nirgun and Sargun Khanda Literature Music Names Nanakshahi calendar Criticism Jathedar of Akal Takht War Sects Sikhism and other religions Sikhism and Hinduism Sikhism and Islam Sikhism and Jainism Religion portalvte Hinduism and Sikhism are Indian religions. Hinduism has pre-historic origins, while Sikhism was founded in the 15th century by Guru Nanak. Both religions share many philosophical concepts such as karma, dharma, mukti, and maya although both religions have different interpretation of some of these concepts. Historical links The roots of the Sikh tradition are, states Louis Fenech, perhaps in the Sant-tradition of India whose ideology grew to become the Sikh religion. Fenech states, "Indic mythology permeates the Sikh sacred canon, the Guru Granth Sahib and the secondary canon, the Dasam Granth and adds delicate nuance and substance to the sacred symbolic universe of the Sikhs of today and of their past ancestors". Some historians do not see evidence of Sikhism as simply an extension of the Bhakti movement. During the Mughal Empire period, the Sikh and Hindu traditions believe that Sikhs helped protect Hindus from Islamic persecution, and this caused martyrdom of their Guru. The Sikh historians, for example, record that the Sikh movement was rapidly growing in northwest India, and Guru Tegh Bahadur was openly encouraging Sikhs to, "be fearless in their pursuit of just society: he who holds none in fear, nor is afraid of anyone, is acknowledged as a man of true wisdom", a statement recorded in Adi Granth 1427. While Guru Tegh Bahadur influence was rising, Aurangzeb had imposed Islamic laws, demolished Hindu schools and temples, and enforced new taxes on non-Muslims. Painting of Kashmiri Pandits petitioning Guru Tegh Bahadur for help against persecution of Hindus in Kashmir by the Mughal Empire, circa 19th century According to records written by his son Guru Gobind Singh, the Guru had resisted persecution, adopted and promised to protect Kashmiri Hindus. The Guru was summoned to Delhi by Aurangzeb on a pretext, but when he arrived with his companions, he was offered, "to abandon his faith, and convert to Islam", but after refusing the demand of the Mughal emperor, Guru Tegh Bahadur and his companions were arrested and tortured for many weeks. The Guru himself was beheaded in public. Beliefs Sikh depiction of Nanak being greeted by various Indic deities The Sikh scriptures use Hindu terminology, with references to the Vedas, and the names of gods and goddesses in Hindu bhakti movement traditions, such as Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, Parvati, Lakshmi, Saraswati, Rama, Krishna, but not to worship. It also refers to the spiritual concepts in Hinduism (Ishvara, Bhagavan, Brahman) and the concept of God in Islam (Allah) to assert that these are just "alternate names for the Almighty One". While the Guru Granth Sahib acknowledges the Vedas, Puranas and Qur'an, it does not imply a syncretic bridge between Hinduism and Islam, but emphasises focusing on Nitnem banis like Japji, instead of Muslim practices such as circumcision or praying by prostrating on the ground to God, or Hindu rituals such as wearing thread. Concept of God The oneness of God is at the core of Hinduism but it has some panentheistic and henotheistic tendencies. Scholars state all deities are typically viewed in Hinduism as "emanations or manifestation of genderless principle called Brahman, representing the many facets of Ultimate Reality". The description of God in Sikhism is monotheistic and rejects the concept of divine incarnation as present in Hinduism. Views on cattle Guru Amar Das condemned atrocities against Brahmins and cattle. According to W. Owen Cole and P. S. Sambhi, an aggregate of evidence tentatively suggests that the Guru refrained from censuring Hindu traditions in order to induct Hindu followers. Under Sikh rule, cow slaughter was punishable by death; the prohibiton was maintained by even the British after the annexation of Punjab to placate Hindu-Sikh sentiments. Sikhs and Hindus traditionally held the cow as sacred due to their role in providing sustenance and haulage. Idol worship Main article: Idolatry in Sikhism Maharaja Ranjit Singh pays homage to Durga Hindus accept the worship facilitated with images or murtis (idols), particularly in Agamic traditions, such as Vaishnavism and Shaivism. Some scholars state it is incorrect to state that all Hindus worship idols and more correct to state that for some, the idol is a means to focus their thoughts, for some idols are a manifestation of spirituality that is everywhere, and for some, even a linga, a sunrise or a river or a flower serves the same purpose. Sikhism prohibits idol worship, in accordance with mainstream Khalsa norms and the teachings of the Sikh Gurus, a position that has been accepted as orthodox. The prohibition on idol worship is traceable in Sikhism since the early 20th century, a change led by the Tat Khalsa of the Singh Sabha Movement of late 19th-century. Heaven and Hell According to Hinduism, the soul is immortal. The souls are reborn into another being as per their karma. Sikhs believe that heaven and hell are also both in this world where everyone reaps the fruit of karma. They refer to good and evil stages of life respectively and can be lived now and here during our life on Earth. Pilgrimage Photograph of Sikh pilgrims at the Golden Temple in Amritsar, circa January 1906 Hinduism considers pilgrimage as helpful for one's spiritual development. According to Karel Werner's Popular Dictionary of Hinduism, "most Hindu places of pilgrimage are associated with legendary events from the lives of various gods. Almost any place can become a focus for pilgrimage, but in most cases they are sacred cities, rivers, lakes, and mountains." Sikhism does not overtly promote pilgrimage as a religious practice. According to a study pubslihed by Madanjit Kaur, there exists documentary proof in the form of vahis (ledgers maintained by genealogists and priests at various places of pilgrimage) that Guru Tegh Bahadur, Guru Gobind Singh and his widows visited various Hindu tirthas, appointed their family purohits to those sites, and directed their followers to honor the appointed purohits. Śrāddha Hindus offer Śrāddha every year in memory of their ancestors. On the corresponding day, the descendants invite the Brahmin and feed them in memory of their parents and grandparents, in the belief that this will give some benefit to the soul of their dead ancestors. According to Sikhism, such food can provide benefit to the Brahmins, but the benefit can't reach the ancestors. All that can provide benefit to the deceased is his own good actions and service to humanity. As per Sikh belief, it is much better to respect one's parents while alive than offering food to Brahmins after their death. Auspicious days According to certain shastras of Hinduism, some moments, days and lunar dates are regarded as auspicious. On all these days special rituals are observed. It is a common practice in Hinduism to perform or avoid activities like important religious ceremonies on the basis of the quality of a particular muhurta. One or more Muhūrtas are recommended by the Vedic scriptures when performing rituals and other ceremonies. The Sikh Scripture, Guru Granth Sahib denounces belief in auspicious days. Sikh Gurus rejected the idea that certain days are auspicious while some others are not. Fasting Fasting is an important part of Hinduism and fasts are observed on many occasions. Fasts are an important aspect of Hindu ritual life, and there are many different types. In some cases, fasting simply means abstaining from certain types of foods, such as grains. Devotees fast for a variety of reasons. Some fast to honor a particular deity, and others fast to obtain a specific end. Sikhism does not regard fasting as a spiritual act. Fasting as an austerity or as a mortification of the body by means of willful hunger is discouraged in Sikhism. Sikhism encourages temperance and moderation in food i.e. neither starve nor over-eat. Caste system There are four varnas within Hindu society. Within these varnas, there are also many jati. The first is the Brahmin (teacher or priest), the second is the Kshatriya (ruler or warrior), the third is the Vaishya (merchant or farmer) and the fourth is the Shudra (servant or labourer). People who are excluded from the four-fold varna system are considered untouchables and are called Dalit. Guru Nanak preached against the caste system. Guru Gobind Singh introduced Singh for Sikh males to abolish caste-based prejudice. Although Sikh Gurus criticised the hierarchy of the caste system, one does exist in Sikh community. Some Sikh families continue to check the caste of any prospective marriage partner for their children. In addition, Sikhs of some castes tend to establish gurdwaras intended for their caste only. Members of the Ramgarhia caste, for example, identify their gurdwaras in this way (particularly those established in the United Kingdom), as do members of the Dalit caste. Asceticism Hinduism has exalted asceticism because of the belief that ascetics live the pure life of spiritual attainment. Sannyasa as a form of asceticism, is marked by renunciation of material desires and prejudices, represented by a state of disinterest and detachment from material life, and has the purpose of spending one's life in peaceful, love-inspired, simple spiritual life. While Sikhism treats lust as a sin, it at the same time points out that man must share the moral responsibility by leading the life of a householder. According to Sikhism, being God-centred while being a householder is better than being an ascetic. According to Sikhism, ascetics are not on the right path. Menstruation Hindu traditions present varying opinions regarding menstruation. Tantric sects consider menstrual blood to be sacred and even incorporated it into certain rituals and practices. Several texts, including Agama literature as well as the Yogashikha Upanishad, believe that menstruation is a physical reflection of the divine feminine, the shakti (creative/cosmic energy) that allows the creation of life. On the contrary, many strict Menstruation laws are expressed in the Manusmriti. Any touch of the menstruating woman was deemed polluted, and if she touches any food item, that was also considered forbidden. To lie down in the same bed as a menstruating woman was also not allowed. However, Manusmriti is only one among several other, approximated to be around 100, Dharmaśāstra. These Hindu theological texts have differing views on the subject of Menstruation with some recognizing menstruation as a natural process. The Vedas, the primary and most sacred Hindu texts do not put any such restrictions around menstruation. Menstruation is a natural process and is seen as sacred as it gives life. Menstruating women in the Vedic period were relieved from their regular duties to rest and be served by their family members. They would use their free time to pray, meditate and pursue any pastimes of their choice. Sikh scriptures acknowledge menstrual bleeding as an essential and natural process. Sikh Gurus criticized those who stigmatize a blood-stained garment as polluted. Guru Nanak questioned the legitimacy and purpose of devaluing women on the basis of their reproductive energy. Animal sacrifice The rituals of animal sacrifices are mentioned in some of the Hindu scriptures such as Vedas. Hindu texts dated to 1st millennium BC, initially mention meat as food, then evolve to suggestions that only meat obtained through ritual sacrifice can be eaten, thereafter evolving to the stance that one should eat no meat because it hurts animals, with verses describing the noble life as one that lives on flowers, roots and fruits alone. The late Vedic era literature (pre-500 BCE) condemns all killings of men, cattle, birds and horses, and prays to god Agni to punish those who kill. Sikhism rejects the concept of sacrificing animals to appease God. Guru Gobind Singh prohibited consumption of any meat obtained through religious sacrifice of animals (Kutha meat). Some Nihangs and Hazoori Sikhs still do animal sacrifice. Beliefs regarding eclipse Guru Nanak and the eclipse, a Janamsakhi painting According to Hinduism, Rahu is responsible for causing an eclipse. During an eclipse, cooked food should not be consumed. Hindus wash off in the Ganges river (which is believed to be spiritually cleansing) directly following an eclipse to clean themselves. Guru Nanak, when he went to Kurukshetra, asserted that Solar Eclipse is just a natural phenomenon and that bathing in the holy tank, giving alms, and so on to mitigate the effects of solar eclipse is nothing but blind faith. Yajna Yajna refers in Hinduism to any ritual done in front of a sacred fire, often with mantras. Yajna has been a Vedic tradition, described in a layer of Vedic literature called Brahmanas, as well as Yajurveda. There is no concept of havana and yajna in the Sikh religion. Similarities Painting of Indic deities, Sikh gurus, and Bhagats all praying to Akal Both Hindus and Sikh are cremated after death Both believe in karma although Sikhism do not necessarily infer a metaphysical soteriology similar to Hinduism Both Sikhs and Hindus revere the concept of a guru although the role and concept of a guru in Sikhism is different from that in Hinduism In the Hindu and Sikh traditions, there is a distinction between religion and culture, and ethical decisions are grounded in both religious beliefs and cultural values. Both Hindu and Sikh ethics are primarily duty based. Traditional teachings deal with the duties of individuals and families to maintain a lifestyle conducive to physical, mental and spiritual health. These traditions share a culture and world view that includes ideas of karma and rebirth, collective versus individual identity, and a strong emphasis on spiritual purity. The notion of dharma, karma, moksha are very important for both Hindus and Sikhs. Unlike the linear view of life, death, heaven or hell taken in Abrahamic religions, for Hindus and Sikhs believe in the concept of Saṃsāra, that is life, birth and death are repeated, for each soul, in a cycle until one reaches mukti or moksha. Culture and intermarriage Image of the personified sword, Kalika, found on the reputed Tegha (sword) of Guru Hargobind While organically related to Hinduism, with the religious philosophy of the Gurus showing both continuity with and reaction against earlier Hindu thought, the Sikh faith is a religion in its own right, with a strong sense of its own identity throughout its existence. Some groups view Sikhism as a tradition within Hinduism along with other Dharmic faiths, even though the Sikh faith is a distinct religion. Historically, Sikhs were seen as the protectors of Hindus, among others, and were even considered by some right-wing Hindu political organizations like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh as the "sword arm" of Hinduism. This status as protectors of Hindus was strong enough that Punjabi Hindus would sometimes raise their eldest son as a Sikh. Marriages between Sikhs and Hindus, particularly among Khatris, are frequent. Dogra states that there has always been inter-marriage between the Hindu Khatri and Sikh Khatri communities. William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi state that for Khatri Sikhs, intermarriage between Hindus and Sikhs of same community was preferable than other communities. Sikh scriptures are venerated by certain Hindu communities, often by syncretic sects. See also Nanakpanthi Udasi Sanatan Sikh Keshdhari Hindus Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Idolatry in Sikhism Sikhism and Jainism Hinduism and Jainism Sikhism and Islam Hinduism and Islam Notes ^ Pandurang Vaman Kane mentions over 100 different Dharmasastra texts which were known by the Middle Ages in India, but most of these are lost to history and their existence is inferred from quotes and citations in bhasya and digests that have survived. Currently, 18 major Dharmasastra texts are in existence. References ^ Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition, Suny Press, Klaus K. Klostermaier, pages 1, 544 ^ McLeod, William H. (2014). "Sikhism: History and Doctrine". britannica.com. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 January 2019. Sikhs claim that their tradition has always been separate from Hinduism. But Sikhism too believed in Ram and other avatars of Vishnu and Lord Shiva as recited by the tenth Guru Gobind Singh in the granth. Nevertheless, many Western scholars argue that in its earliest stage Sikhism was a movement within the Hindu tradition; Nanak, they point out, was raised a Hindu and eventually belonged to the Sant tradition of northern India, a movement associated with the great poet and mystic Kabir (1440–1518). The Sants, most of whom were poor, dispossessed, and illiterate, composed hymns of great beauty expressing their experience of the divine, which they saw in all things. Their tradition drew heavily on the Vaishnava bhakti (the devotional movement within the Hindu tradition that worships the god Vishnu), though there were important differences between the two. Like the followers of bhakti, the Sants believed that devotion to God is essential to liberation from the cycle of rebirth in which all human beings are trapped; unlike the followers of bhakti, however, the Sants maintained that God is nirgun ("without form") and not sagun ("with form"). For the Sants, God can be neither incarnated nor represented in concrete terms. ^ "Sikh world history". BBC. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2019. Sikhism was born in the Punjab area of South Asia, which now falls into the present day states of India and Pakistan. The main religions of the area at the time were Hinduism and Islam. The Sikh faith began around 1500 CE, when Guru Nanak began teaching a faith that was quite distinct from Hinduism and Islam. Nine Gurus followed Nanak and developed the Sikh faith and community over the next centuries. ^ Sikhism and death BBC ^ Reincarnation and Sikhism (religion), Encyclopædia Britannica ^ a b Chahal, Amarjit Singh (December 2011). "Concept of Reincarnation in Guru Nanak's Philosophy" (PDF). Understanding Sikhism – the Research Journal. 13 (1–2): 52–59. Retrieved 29 November 2013. ^ a b Wilkinson, Philip (2008). Religions. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 209, 214–215. ISBN 978-0-7566-3348-6. ^ Louis Fenech (2014), in The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199699308, page 36, Quote: "Few Sikhs would mention these Indic texts and ideologies in the same breadth as the Sikh tradition, let alone trace elements of their tradition to this chronological and ideological point, despite the fact that the Indic mythology permeates the Sikh sacred canon, the Guru Granth Sahib and the secondary canon, the Dasam Granth (Rinehart 2011), and adds delicate nuance and substance to the sacred symbolic universe of the Sikhs of today and of their past ancestors." ^ Grewal, JS (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 9780521637640. ^ Pruthi, Raj (2004). Sikhism and Indian Civilization. Discovery Publishing House. p. 202. ISBN 9788171418794. ^ Mir, Farina (2010). The social space of language vernacular culture in British colonial Punjab. 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ISBN 9780823931798. ^ Christopher Chapple (1993), Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-1498-1, pages 16–17 ^ Baudhayana Dharmasutra 2.4.7; 2.6.2; 2.11.15; 2.12.8; 3.1.13; 3.3.6; Apastamba Dharmasutra 1.17.15; 1.17.19; 2.17.26–2.18.3; Vasistha Dharmasutra 14.12. ^ Krishna, Nanditha (2014), Sacred Animals of India, Penguin Books, pp. 15, 33, ISBN 978-81-8475-182-6 ^ Singha, Dr. H.S. (30 May 2009). "7 Sikh Traditions and Customs". Sikhism: A Complete Introduction. Sikh Studies. Vol. Book 7 (Paperback ed.). New Delhi: Hemkunt Press. pp. 81–82. ISBN 978-81-7010-245-8. Retrieved 25 November 2010. ^ The Sikh review, Volume 46, Issues 535-540, pp 45, Sikh Cultural Centre., 1998 ^ "Sacrifice of a goat within precints of Gurudwara on a number of occasions, apply its blood to arms/armaments kept inside the shrine, distribute its meat as Prasad among devotees at their home." The Sikh Bulletin, July–August 2009, Volume 11, Number 7 & 8, pp 26, Khalsa Tricentenneal Foundation of N.A. Inc ^ a b Singh, Mandeep (2020). Guru Nanak Dev Life & Teachings. Virsa Publications. p. 62. ISBN 9789387152731. ^ Dwivedi, Bhojraj (2016). Scientific Bases of Hindu Beliefs. Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9789352610471. ^ Musharraf, Muhammad Nabeel; Dars, Dr Basheer Ahmed (2021-09-15). "Eclipses, Mythology, and Islam". Al-Duhaa. 2 (02): 01–16. doi:10.51665/al-duhaa.002.02.0077. ISSN 2710-0812. ^ SG Nigal (1986), Axiological Approach to the Vedas, Northern Book, ISBN 978-8185119182, pages 80–81 ^ Laurie Patton (2005), The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal, Gene Thursby), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415772273, pages 38-39 ^ Dogra, R.C. (1995). Encyclopaedia of Sikh religion and culture. Vikas Publishing House. p. 220. ISBN 9780706983685. ^ Jonathan H. X. Lee; Kathleen M. Nadeau (2011). Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife. ABC-CLIO. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5. ^ Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0. ^ Joel Mlecko (1982), The Guru in Hindu Tradition, Numen, Volume 29, Fasc. 1, pages 33-61 ^ Singh, Kharak (1996). Sikh History & Its Concepts. Institute of Sikh Studies. p. 5. ^ Coward, Harold (2000). "Bioethics for clinicians: 19. Hinduism and Sikhism". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 163 (9): 1167–70. PMC 80253. PMID 11079065. Retrieved 25 October 2020. ^ W.O. Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (2016). Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study. Springer. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-349-23049-5. ^ Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4411-5366-1. ^ a b c Robert Zaehner (1997), Encyclopedia of the World's Religions, Barnes & Noble Publishing, ISBN 978-0760707128, page 409 ^ "SIKHS AND THEIR HISTORY | Facts and Details". ^ Mukul Kesavan (14 September 2015). "Their better selves – Vegetarianism and virtue". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on September 18, 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2017. ^ Robert Zaehner (1997), Encyclopedia of the World's Religions, Barnes & Noble Publishing, ISBN 978-0760707128, page 409 ^ a b c Ved Mehta (1996). Rajiv Gandhi and Rama's Kingdom (illustrated, revised ed.). Yale University Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780300068580. ^ Ratan Sharda: RSS 360 °: Demystifying Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|date=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|9789386950406|page=290| ^ R. C. Dogra & Urmila Dogra: Hindu and Sikh wedding ceremonies pub. 2000. Star Publications. ISBN 9788176500289. ^ Douglas Charing and William Owen Cole: Six world faiths pub. 2004, page 309. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780826476838. ^ William Owen Cole, Piara Singh Sambhi: Sikhism and Christianity: a comparative study, Volume 1993, Part 2, pub. 1993. Macmillan. Page 22. ISBN 9780333541067. Further reading K.P. Agrawala: Adi Shrî Gurû Granth Sâhib kî Mahimâ (Hindi: "The greatness of the original sacred Guru scripture") Rajendra Singh Nirala: Ham Hindu Hain, 1989. Ham Hindu Kyon, 1990. Delhi: Voice of India. Kahn Singh Nabha: Hum Hindu Nahin, Singh Brothers 2011 E. Trumpp. Adi Granth or the Holy Scripture of the Sikhs, Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi 1970. McLeod, W.H.:(ed.) Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism. Manchester University Press, Manchester 1984., -: Who Is a Sikh? The Problem of Sikh Identity. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1989. Harjot Oberoi, The Construction of Religious Boundaries : Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition, University Of Chicago Press 1994. Rajendra Singh: Sikkha Itihâsa mein Râma Janmabhûmi. Swarup, Ram: Hindu-Sikh Relationship. Voice of India, Delhi 1985. -: Whither Sikhism? Voice of India, Delhi 1991. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma"},{"link_name":"dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma"},{"link_name":"mukti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha"},{"link_name":"maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_(illusion)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chahal2011-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilkinson-7"}],"text":"Hinduism and Sikhism are Indian religions. Hinduism has pre-historic origins,[1] while Sikhism was founded in the 15th century by Guru Nanak.[2][3] Both religions share many philosophical concepts such as karma, dharma, mukti, and maya[4][5] although both religions have different interpretation of some of these concepts.[6][7]","title":"Hinduism and Sikhism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_(religion)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bhakti movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movement"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Guru Tegh Bahadur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs2013-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pslf-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sg2007-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pslf-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcgtb-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsxviii-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Painting_of_Kashmiri_Pandits_petitioning_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur_for_help_against_persecution_of_Hindus_in_Kashmir_by_the_Mughal_Empire,_circa_19th_century.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kashmiri Pandits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits"},{"link_name":"Guru Tegh Bahadur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur"},{"link_name":"persecution of Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Valley"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Guru Gobind Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs2013-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sg2007-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs2013-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sg2007-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sg2007-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pslf-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The roots of the Sikh tradition are, states Louis Fenech, perhaps in the Sant-tradition of India whose ideology grew to become the Sikh religion. Fenech states, \"Indic mythology permeates the Sikh sacred canon, the Guru Granth Sahib and the secondary canon, the Dasam Granth and adds delicate nuance and substance to the sacred symbolic universe of the Sikhs of today and of their past ancestors\".[8] Some historians do not see evidence of Sikhism as simply an extension of the Bhakti movement.[9][10]During the Mughal Empire period, the Sikh and Hindu traditions believe that Sikhs helped protect Hindus from Islamic persecution, and this caused martyrdom of their Guru.[11] The Sikh historians, for example, record that the Sikh movement was rapidly growing in northwest India, and Guru Tegh Bahadur was openly encouraging Sikhs to, \"be fearless in their pursuit of just society: he who holds none in fear, nor is afraid of anyone, is acknowledged as a man of true wisdom\", a statement recorded in Adi Granth 1427.[12][13][14] While Guru Tegh Bahadur influence was rising, Aurangzeb had imposed Islamic laws, demolished Hindu schools and temples, and enforced new taxes on non-Muslims.[13][15][16]Painting of Kashmiri Pandits petitioning Guru Tegh Bahadur for help against persecution of Hindus in Kashmir by the Mughal Empire, circa 19th centuryAccording to records written by his son Guru Gobind Singh, the Guru had resisted persecution, adopted and promised to protect Kashmiri Hindus.[12][14] The Guru was summoned to Delhi by Aurangzeb on a pretext, but when he arrived with his companions, he was offered, \"to abandon his faith, and convert to Islam\",[12][14] but after refusing the demand of the Mughal emperor, Guru Tegh Bahadur and his companions were arrested and tortured for many weeks.[14][17][18] The Guru himself was beheaded in public.[13][19][20]","title":"Historical links"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nanak_being_greeted_by_Indic_deities.png"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Vedas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brekke673-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Ishvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishvara"},{"link_name":"Bhagavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavan"},{"link_name":"Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Vedas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas"},{"link_name":"Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"syncretic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretic_religion"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Nitnem banis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitnem"},{"link_name":"Japji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japji_Sahib"},{"link_name":"circumcision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision"},{"link_name":"thread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janeyu"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Sikh depiction of Nanak being greeted by various Indic deitiesThe Sikh scriptures use Hindu terminology, with references to the Vedas, and the names of gods and goddesses in Hindu bhakti movement traditions, such as Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, Parvati, Lakshmi, Saraswati, Rama, Krishna, but not to worship.[21][22][23][24] It also refers to the spiritual concepts in Hinduism (Ishvara, Bhagavan, Brahman) and the concept of God in Islam (Allah) to assert that these are just \"alternate names for the Almighty One\".[25]While the Guru Granth Sahib acknowledges the Vedas, Puranas and Qur'an,[26] it does not imply a syncretic bridge between Hinduism and Islam,[27] but emphasises focusing on Nitnem banis like Japji, instead of Muslim practices such as circumcision or praying by prostrating on the ground to God, or Hindu rituals such as wearing thread.[28]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"panentheistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panentheistic"},{"link_name":"henotheistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henotheistic"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abid_god-29"},{"link_name":"Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynnfoulston-30"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"monotheistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheistic"},{"link_name":"divine incarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abid_god-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nesbitt2005-31"}],"sub_title":"Concept of God","text":"The oneness of God is at the core of Hinduism but it has some panentheistic and henotheistic tendencies.[29] Scholars state all deities are typically viewed in Hinduism as \"emanations or manifestation of genderless principle called Brahman, representing the many facets of Ultimate Reality\".[30]The description of God in Sikhism is monotheistic and rejects the concept of divine incarnation as present in Hinduism.[29][31]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Views on cattle","text":"Guru Amar Das condemned atrocities against Brahmins and cattle. According to W. Owen Cole and P. S. Sambhi, an aggregate of evidence tentatively suggests that the Guru refrained from censuring Hindu traditions in order to induct Hindu followers.[32] Under Sikh rule, cow slaughter was punishable by death; the prohibiton was maintained by even the British after the annexation of Punjab to placate Hindu-Sikh sentiments.[33] Sikhs and Hindus traditionally held the cow as sacred due to their role in providing sustenance and haulage.[34]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_pays_homage_to_Durga.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maharaja Ranjit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh"},{"link_name":"Durga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga"},{"link_name":"murtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murti"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jagraj-35"},{"link_name":"Agamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Shaivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"linga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linga"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgsingh-39"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jagraj-35"},{"link_name":"Khalsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalsa"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-madan1-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLeod2009p97-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-louis-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ks542-43"},{"link_name":"Singh Sabha Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singh_Sabha_Movement"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-louis-42"}],"sub_title":"Idol worship","text":"Maharaja Ranjit Singh pays homage to DurgaHindus accept the worship facilitated with images or murtis (idols),[35] particularly in Agamic traditions, such as Vaishnavism and Shaivism.[36] Some scholars state it is incorrect to state that all Hindus worship idols and more correct to state that for some, the idol is a means to focus their thoughts, for some idols are a manifestation of spirituality that is everywhere, and for some, even a linga, a sunrise or a river or a flower serves the same purpose.[37][38]Sikhism prohibits idol worship,[39][35] in accordance with mainstream Khalsa norms and the teachings of the Sikh Gurus,[40] a position that has been accepted as orthodox.[41][42][43] The prohibition on idol worship is traceable in Sikhism since the early 20th century, a change led by the Tat Khalsa of the Singh Sabha Movement of late 19th-century.[42]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kathleen-44"},{"link_name":"reborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anna_naraka-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kathleen-44"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Heaven and Hell","text":"According to Hinduism, the soul is immortal.[44] The souls are reborn into another being as per their karma.[45]Sikhs believe that heaven and hell are also both in this world where everyone reaps the fruit of karma.[44] They refer to good and evil stages of life respectively and can be lived now and here during our life on Earth.[46]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_pilgrims_at_the_Golden_Temple,_circa_January_1906.jpg"},{"link_name":"Golden Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Temple"},{"link_name":"Amritsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatra"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gobind-47"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gobind-47"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"tirthas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"purohits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purohita"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Pilgrimage","text":"Photograph of Sikh pilgrims at the Golden Temple in Amritsar, circa January 1906Hinduism considers pilgrimage as helpful for one's spiritual development.[47] According to Karel Werner's Popular Dictionary of Hinduism, \"most Hindu places of pilgrimage are associated with legendary events from the lives of various gods. Almost any place can become a focus for pilgrimage, but in most cases they are sacred cities, rivers, lakes, and mountains.\"[48]Sikhism does not overtly promote pilgrimage as a religious practice.[47][49]According to a study pubslihed by Madanjit Kaur, there exists documentary proof in the form of vahis (ledgers maintained by genealogists and priests at various places of pilgrimage) that Guru Tegh Bahadur, Guru Gobind Singh and his widows visited various Hindu tirthas, appointed their family purohits to those sites, and directed their followers to honor the appointed purohits.[50]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Śrāddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dogra_shradh-51"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dogra_shradh-51"}],"sub_title":"Śrāddha","text":"Hindus offer Śrāddha every year in memory of their ancestors. On the corresponding day, the descendants invite the Brahmin and feed them in memory of their parents and grandparents, in the belief that this will give some benefit to the soul of their dead ancestors.[51]According to Sikhism, such food can provide benefit to the Brahmins, but the benefit can't reach the ancestors. All that can provide benefit to the deceased is his own good actions and service to humanity. As per Sikh belief, it is much better to respect one's parents while alive than offering food to Brahmins after their death.[51]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jagraj_auspicious-52"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"muhurta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhurta"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Guru Granth Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jagraj_auspicious-52"},{"link_name":"Sikh Gurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Gurus"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Auspicious days","text":"According to certain shastras of Hinduism, some moments, days and lunar dates are regarded as auspicious. On all these days special rituals are observed.[52] It is a common practice in Hinduism to perform or avoid activities like important religious ceremonies on the basis of the quality of a particular muhurta. One or more Muhūrtas are recommended by the Vedic scriptures when performing rituals and other ceremonies.[53][54]The Sikh Scripture, Guru Granth Sahib denounces belief in auspicious days.[52] Sikh Gurus rejected the idea that certain days are auspicious while some others are not.[55]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrata"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singha_fasting-56"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singha_fasting-56"}],"sub_title":"Fasting","text":"Fasting is an important part of Hinduism and fasts are observed on many occasions.[56] Fasts are an important aspect of Hindu ritual life, and there are many different types. In some cases, fasting simply means abstaining from certain types of foods, such as grains. Devotees fast for a variety of reasons. Some fast to honor a particular deity, and others fast to obtain a specific end.[57]Sikhism does not regard fasting as a spiritual act. Fasting as an austerity or as a mortification of the body by means of willful hunger is discouraged in Sikhism. Sikhism encourages temperance and moderation in food i.e. neither starve nor over-eat.[56]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"varnas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Kshatriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshatriya"},{"link_name":"Vaishya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishya"},{"link_name":"Shudra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudra"},{"link_name":"varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Dalit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jon_mayled-59"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jon_mayled-59"},{"link_name":"Guru Gobind Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh"},{"link_name":"Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singh"},{"link_name":"caste-based prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system_in_India"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Sikh Gurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Gurus"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jon_mayled-59"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Caste system","text":"There are four varnas within Hindu society.[58] Within these varnas, there are also many jati. The first is the Brahmin (teacher or priest), the second is the Kshatriya (ruler or warrior), the third is the Vaishya (merchant or farmer) and the fourth is the Shudra (servant or labourer). People who are excluded from the four-fold varna system are considered untouchables and are called Dalit.[59]Guru Nanak preached against the caste system.[59] Guru Gobind Singh introduced Singh for Sikh males to abolish caste-based prejudice.[60] Although Sikh Gurus criticised the hierarchy of the caste system, one does exist in Sikh community. Some Sikh families continue to check the caste of any prospective marriage partner for their children.[59] In addition, Sikhs of some castes tend to establish gurdwaras intended for their caste only. Members of the Ramgarhia caste, for example, identify their gurdwaras in this way (particularly those established in the United Kingdom), as do members of the Dalit caste.[61]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"asceticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singha_asceticism-62"},{"link_name":"Sannyasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sannyasa"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"lust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaam"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singha_asceticism-62"}],"sub_title":"Asceticism","text":"Hinduism has exalted asceticism because of the belief that ascetics live the pure life of spiritual attainment.[62] Sannyasa as a form of asceticism, is marked by renunciation of material desires and prejudices, represented by a state of disinterest and detachment from material life, and has the purpose of spending one's life in peaceful, love-inspired, simple spiritual life.[63][64]While Sikhism treats lust as a sin, it at the same time points out that man must share the moral responsibility by leading the life of a householder. According to Sikhism, being God-centred while being a householder is better than being an ascetic. According to Sikhism, ascetics are not on the right path.[62]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Yogashikha Upanishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogashikha_Upanishad"},{"link_name":"shakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Menstruation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation"},{"link_name":"Manusmriti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusmriti"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jane_menstruation-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Dharmaśāstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Sikh Gurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Gurus"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jane_menstruation-66"}],"sub_title":"Menstruation","text":"Hindu traditions present varying opinions regarding menstruation. Tantric sects consider menstrual blood to be sacred and even incorporated it into certain rituals and practices. Several texts, including Agama literature as well as the Yogashikha Upanishad, believe that menstruation is a physical reflection of the divine feminine, the shakti (creative/cosmic energy) that allows the creation of life.[65]On the contrary, many strict Menstruation laws are expressed in the Manusmriti. Any touch of the menstruating woman was deemed polluted, and if she touches any food item, that was also considered forbidden. To lie down in the same bed as a menstruating woman was also not allowed.[66][67] However, Manusmriti is only one among several other, approximated to be around 100,[a] Dharmaśāstra. These Hindu theological texts have differing views on the subject of Menstruation with some recognizing menstruation as a natural process.[68] The Vedas, the primary and most sacred Hindu texts do not put any such restrictions around menstruation. Menstruation is a natural process and is seen as sacred as it gives life. Menstruating women in the Vedic period were relieved from their regular duties to rest and be served by their family members. They would use their free time to pray, meditate and pursue any pastimes of their choice.[69]Sikh scriptures acknowledge menstrual bleeding as an essential and natural process. Sikh Gurus criticized those who stigmatize a blood-stained garment as polluted. Guru Nanak questioned the legitimacy and purpose of devaluing women on the basis of their reproductive energy.[66]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animal sacrifices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Sacrifice_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abid_sacrifice-71"},{"link_name":"Vedas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chapple16-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Agni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abid_sacrifice-71"},{"link_name":"Guru Gobind Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh"},{"link_name":"Kutha meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutha_meat"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Nihangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihang"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sikh_Review-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sikh_Bulletin-78"}],"sub_title":"Animal sacrifice","text":"The rituals of animal sacrifices are mentioned in some of the Hindu scriptures[70] such as Vedas.[71] Hindu texts dated to 1st millennium BC, initially mention meat as food, then evolve to suggestions that only meat obtained through ritual sacrifice can be eaten, thereafter evolving to the stance that one should eat no meat because it hurts animals, with verses describing the noble life as one that lives on flowers, roots and fruits alone.[72][73] The late Vedic era literature (pre-500 BCE) condemns all killings of men, cattle, birds and horses, and prays to god Agni to punish those who kill.[74]Sikhism rejects the concept of sacrificing animals to appease God.[70] Guru Gobind Singh prohibited consumption of any meat obtained through religious sacrifice of animals (Kutha meat).[75] Some Nihangs and Hazoori Sikhs still do animal sacrifice.[76][77]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Nanak_and_the_eclipse,_a_Janamsakhi_painting.jpg"},{"link_name":"Janamsakhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janamsakhis"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Rahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahu"},{"link_name":"eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahana"},{"link_name":"eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mandeep_eclipse-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Ganges river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak"},{"link_name":"Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukshetra"},{"link_name":"Solar Eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Eclipse"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mandeep_eclipse-79"}],"sub_title":"Beliefs regarding eclipse","text":"Guru Nanak and the eclipse, a Janamsakhi paintingAccording to Hinduism, Rahu is responsible for causing an eclipse. During an eclipse, cooked food should not be consumed.[78][79] Hindus wash off in the Ganges river (which is believed to be spiritually cleansing) directly following an eclipse to clean themselves.[80]Guru Nanak, when he went to Kurukshetra, asserted that Solar Eclipse is just a natural phenomenon and that bathing in the holy tank, giving alms, and so on to mitigate the effects of solar eclipse is nothing but blind faith.[78]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yajna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajna"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual"},{"link_name":"mantras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nigal80-82"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abid_sacrifice-71"},{"link_name":"Vedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"Brahmanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmana"},{"link_name":"Yajurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawan"},{"link_name":"Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abid_sacrifice-71"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"Yajna","text":"Yajna refers in Hinduism to any ritual done in front of a sacred fire, often with mantras.[81][70] Yajna has been a Vedic tradition, described in a layer of Vedic literature called Brahmanas, as well as Yajurveda.[82]There is no concept of havana and yajna in the Sikh religion.[70][83]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Painting_of_Indic_deities,_Sikh_gurus,_and_Bhagats_all_praying_to_Akal.jpg"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nesbitt2016p5-86"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chahal2011-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilkinson-7"},{"link_name":"guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma"},{"link_name":"karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma"},{"link_name":"moksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha"},{"link_name":"Abrahamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic"},{"link_name":"Saṃsāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra"},{"link_name":"moksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colesambhi13-90"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"text":"Painting of Indic deities, Sikh gurus, and Bhagats all praying to AkalBoth Hindus and Sikh are cremated after death[84]\nBoth believe in karma[85] although Sikhism do not necessarily infer a metaphysical soteriology similar to Hinduism[6][7]\nBoth Sikhs and Hindus revere the concept of a guru[86] although the role and concept of a guru in Sikhism is different from that in Hinduism[87]In the Hindu and Sikh traditions, there is a distinction between religion and culture, and ethical decisions are grounded in both religious beliefs and cultural values. Both Hindu and Sikh ethics are primarily duty based. Traditional teachings deal with the duties of individuals and families to maintain a lifestyle conducive to physical, mental and spiritual health. These traditions share a culture and world view that includes ideas of karma and rebirth, collective versus individual identity, and a strong emphasis on spiritual purity.[88]The notion of dharma, karma, moksha are very important for both Hindus and Sikhs. Unlike the linear view of life, death, heaven or hell taken in Abrahamic religions, for Hindus and Sikhs believe in the concept of Saṃsāra, that is life, birth and death are repeated, for each soul, in a cycle until one reaches mukti or moksha.[89][90]","title":"Similarities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image_of_the_personified_sword,_Kalika,_found_on_the_reputed_Tegha_(sword)_of_Guru_Hargobind.png"},{"link_name":"Kalika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robertzaehner-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robertzaehner2-95"},{"link_name":"Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mehta-96"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Punjabi Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mehta-96"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robertzaehner-92"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robertzaehner-92"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mehta-96"}],"text":"Image of the personified sword, Kalika, found on the reputed Tegha (sword) of Guru HargobindWhile organically related to Hinduism, with the religious philosophy of the Gurus showing both continuity with and reaction against earlier Hindu thought, the Sikh faith is a religion in its own right, with a strong sense of its own identity throughout its existence.[91][92] Some groups view Sikhism as a tradition within Hinduism along with other Dharmic faiths,[93] even though the Sikh faith is a distinct religion.[94] Historically, Sikhs were seen as the protectors of Hindus, among others, and were even considered by some right-wing Hindu political organizations like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh as the \"sword arm\" of Hinduism.[95][96] This status as protectors of Hindus was strong enough that Punjabi Hindus would sometimes raise their eldest son as a Sikh.[95]Marriages between Sikhs and Hindus, particularly among Khatris,[91] are frequent.[91] Dogra states that there has always been inter-marriage between the Hindu Khatri and Sikh Khatri communities.[97][98] William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi state that for Khatri Sikhs, intermarriage between Hindus and Sikhs of same community was preferable than other communities.[99]Sikh scriptures are venerated by certain Hindu communities,[95] often by syncretic sects.","title":"Culture and intermarriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"Pandurang Vaman Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandurang_Vaman_Kane"},{"link_name":"bhasya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhasya"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"^ Pandurang Vaman Kane mentions over 100 different Dharmasastra texts which were known by the Middle Ages in India, but most of these are lost to history and their existence is inferred from quotes and citations in bhasya and digests that have survived. Currently, 18 major Dharmasastra texts are in existence.[citation needed]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hum Hindu Nahin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Hindu_Nahin"},{"link_name":"Harjot Oberoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harjot_Oberoi"}],"text":"K.P. Agrawala: Adi Shrî Gurû Granth Sâhib kî Mahimâ (Hindi: \"The greatness of the original sacred Guru scripture\")\nRajendra Singh Nirala: Ham Hindu Hain, 1989. Ham Hindu Kyon, 1990. Delhi: Voice of India.\nKahn Singh Nabha: Hum Hindu Nahin, Singh Brothers 2011\nE. Trumpp. Adi Granth or the Holy Scripture of the Sikhs, Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi 1970.\nMcLeod, W.H.:(ed.) Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism. Manchester University Press, Manchester 1984., -: Who Is a Sikh? The Problem of Sikh Identity. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1989.\nHarjot Oberoi, The Construction of Religious Boundaries : Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition, University Of Chicago Press 1994.\nRajendra Singh: Sikkha Itihâsa mein Râma Janmabhûmi.\nSwarup, Ram: Hindu-Sikh Relationship. Voice of India, Delhi 1985. -: Whither Sikhism? Voice of India, Delhi 1991.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Painting of Kashmiri Pandits petitioning Guru Tegh Bahadur for help against persecution of Hindus in Kashmir by the Mughal Empire, circa 19th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Painting_of_Kashmiri_Pandits_petitioning_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur_for_help_against_persecution_of_Hindus_in_Kashmir_by_the_Mughal_Empire%2C_circa_19th_century.jpg/220px-Painting_of_Kashmiri_Pandits_petitioning_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur_for_help_against_persecution_of_Hindus_in_Kashmir_by_the_Mughal_Empire%2C_circa_19th_century.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sikh depiction of Nanak being greeted by various Indic deities","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Nanak_being_greeted_by_Indic_deities.png/220px-Nanak_being_greeted_by_Indic_deities.png"},{"image_text":"Maharaja Ranjit Singh pays homage to Durga","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_pays_homage_to_Durga.jpg/220px-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_pays_homage_to_Durga.jpg"},{"image_text":"Photograph of Sikh pilgrims at the Golden Temple in Amritsar, circa January 1906","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Photograph_of_pilgrims_at_the_Golden_Temple%2C_circa_January_1906.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_pilgrims_at_the_Golden_Temple%2C_circa_January_1906.jpg"},{"image_text":"Guru Nanak and the eclipse, a Janamsakhi painting","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Guru_Nanak_and_the_eclipse%2C_a_Janamsakhi_painting.jpg/220px-Guru_Nanak_and_the_eclipse%2C_a_Janamsakhi_painting.jpg"},{"image_text":"Painting of Indic deities, Sikh gurus, and Bhagats all praying to Akal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Painting_of_Indic_deities%2C_Sikh_gurus%2C_and_Bhagats_all_praying_to_Akal.jpg/220px-Painting_of_Indic_deities%2C_Sikh_gurus%2C_and_Bhagats_all_praying_to_Akal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Image of the personified sword, Kalika, found on the reputed Tegha (sword) of Guru Hargobind","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Image_of_the_personified_sword%2C_Kalika%2C_found_on_the_reputed_Tegha_%28sword%29_of_Guru_Hargobind.png"}]
[{"title":"Nanakpanthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanakpanthi"},{"title":"Udasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udasi"},{"title":"Sanatan Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanatan_Sikh"},{"title":"Keshdhari Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshdhari_Hindus"},{"title":"Rashtriya Sikh Sangat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat"},{"title":"Idolatry in Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism"},{"title":"Sikhism and Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_and_Jainism"},{"title":"Hinduism and Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism"},{"title":"Sikhism and Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_and_Islam"},{"title":"Hinduism and Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_and_Islam"}]
[{"reference":"McLeod, William H. (2014). \"Sikhism: History and Doctrine\". britannica.com. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 January 2019. Sikhs claim that their tradition has always been separate from Hinduism. But Sikhism too believed in Ram and other avatars of Vishnu and Lord Shiva as recited by the tenth Guru Gobind Singh in the granth. Nevertheless, many Western scholars argue that in its earliest stage Sikhism was a movement within the Hindu tradition; Nanak, they point out, was raised a Hindu and eventually belonged to the Sant tradition of northern India, a movement associated with the great poet and mystic Kabir (1440–1518). The Sants, most of whom were poor, dispossessed, and illiterate, composed hymns of great beauty expressing their experience of the divine, which they saw in all things. Their tradition drew heavily on the Vaishnava bhakti (the devotional movement within the Hindu tradition that worships the god Vishnu), though there were important differences between the two. Like the followers of bhakti, the Sants believed that devotion to God is essential to liberation from the cycle of rebirth in which all human beings are trapped; unlike the followers of bhakti, however, the Sants maintained that God is nirgun (\"without form\") and not sagun (\"with form\"). For the Sants, God can be neither incarnated nor represented in concrete terms.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism#ref253152","url_text":"\"Sikhism: History and Doctrine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Britannica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indology","url_text":"Western scholars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_(religion)","url_text":"Sant tradition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_India","url_text":"northern India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet","url_text":"poet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism","url_text":"mystic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabir","url_text":"Kabir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnava","url_text":"Vaishnava"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movement","url_text":"bhakti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu","url_text":"Vishnu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation#Sikhism","url_text":"cycle of rebirth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Hinduism#Nirguna_and_Saguna","url_text":"God is nirgun (\"without form\") and not sagun (\"with form\")"}]},{"reference":"\"Sikh world history\". BBC. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2019. Sikhism was born in the Punjab area of South Asia, which now falls into the present day states of India and Pakistan. The main religions of the area at the time were Hinduism and Islam. The Sikh faith began around 1500 CE, when Guru Nanak began teaching a faith that was quite distinct from Hinduism and Islam. Nine Gurus followed Nanak and developed the Sikh faith and community over the next centuries.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/history/history_1.shtml","url_text":"\"Sikh world history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab","url_text":"Punjab"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia","url_text":"South Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India","url_text":"India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan","url_text":"Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_gurus","url_text":"Nine Gurus"}]},{"reference":"Chahal, Amarjit Singh (December 2011). \"Concept of Reincarnation in Guru Nanak's Philosophy\" (PDF). Understanding Sikhism – the Research Journal. 13 (1–2): 52–59. Retrieved 29 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/archives/2011/j1312p52.pdf","url_text":"\"Concept of Reincarnation in Guru Nanak's Philosophy\""}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Philip (2008). Religions. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 209, 214–215. ISBN 978-0-7566-3348-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-3348-6","url_text":"978-0-7566-3348-6"}]},{"reference":"Grewal, JS (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 9780521637640.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/28","url_text":"The Sikhs of the Punjab"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521637640","url_text":"9780521637640"}]},{"reference":"Pruthi, Raj (2004). Sikhism and Indian Civilization. Discovery Publishing House. p. 202. ISBN 9788171418794.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KxndvJs3wUkC&pg=PA202","url_text":"Sikhism and Indian Civilization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171418794","url_text":"9788171418794"}]},{"reference":"Mir, Farina (2010). The social space of language vernacular culture in British colonial Punjab. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 207–237. ISBN 978-0-520-26269-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26269-0","url_text":"978-0-520-26269-0"}]},{"reference":"Seiple, Chris (2013). The Routledge handbook of religion and security. New York: Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66744-9","url_text":"978-0-415-66744-9"}]},{"reference":"Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech (2014). The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 236–237. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8","url_text":"978-0-19-969930-8"}]},{"reference":"Gandhi, Surjit (2007). History of Sikh gurus retold. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 653–691. ISBN 978-81-269-0858-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0858-5","url_text":"978-81-269-0858-5"}]},{"reference":"Gobind Singh (Translated by Navtej Sarna) (2011). Zafarnama. Penguin Books. p. xviii-xix. ISBN 978-0-670-08556-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08556-9","url_text":"978-0-670-08556-9"}]},{"reference":"William Irvine (2012). Later Mughals. Harvard Press. ISBN 9781290917766.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781290917766","url_text":"9781290917766"}]},{"reference":"Siṅgha, Kirapāla (2006). Select documents on Partition of Punjab-1947. National Book. p. 234. ISBN 978-81-7116-445-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7116-445-5","url_text":"978-81-7116-445-5"}]},{"reference":"SS Kapoor. The Sloaks of Guru Tegh Bahadur & The Facts About the Text of Ragamala. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-81-7010-371-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-371-4","url_text":"978-81-7010-371-4"}]},{"reference":"Gandhi, Surjit (2007). History of Sikh gurus retold. Atlantic Publishers. p. 690. ISBN 978-81-269-0858-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0858-5","url_text":"978-81-269-0858-5"}]},{"reference":"Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge. pp. xxxiv–xli. ISBN 978-0-415-26604-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8","url_text":"978-0-415-26604-8"}]},{"reference":"Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-1-898723-13-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4","url_text":"978-1-898723-13-4"}]},{"reference":"Wani, Abid Mushtaq (2018). Hinduism, Islam and Sikhism: A Comparative Study. Educreation Publishing. p. 105. ISBN 9781545718186.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FYxRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105","url_text":"Hinduism, Islam and Sikhism: A Comparative Study"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781545718186","url_text":"9781545718186"}]},{"reference":"Lynn Foulston, Stuart Abbott (2009). Hindu goddesses: beliefs and practices. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 1–3, 40–41. ISBN 9781902210438.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9XbCAQAACAAJ","url_text":"Hindu goddesses: beliefs and practices"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902210438","url_text":"9781902210438"}]},{"reference":"Nesbitt, Eleanor M. (2005). Sikhism: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–23. ISBN 978-0-19-280601-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fvTK_CfkeasC","url_text":"Sikhism: a very short introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280601-7","url_text":"978-0-19-280601-7"}]},{"reference":"Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, P. S. (1993), Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, P. S. (eds.), \"Ethics\", Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study, Themes in Comparative Religion, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 180–190, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_11, ISBN 978-1-349-23049-5, retrieved 2023-07-15","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_11","url_text":"\"Ethics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-23049-5_11","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-23049-5","url_text":"978-1-349-23049-5"}]},{"reference":"Oberoi, Harjot (2012-02-21). \"Brotherhood of the Pure: The Poetics and Politics of Cultural Transgression\". In Anshu, Malhotra (ed.). Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-908877-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_vQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT263","url_text":"\"Brotherhood of the Pure: The Poetics and Politics of Cultural Transgression\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908877-5","url_text":"978-0-19-908877-5"}]},{"reference":"Bigelow, Anna (2010-01-28). Sharing the Sacred: Practicing Pluralism in Muslim North India. Oxford University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-19-970961-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OfpQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71","url_text":"Sharing the Sacred: Practicing Pluralism in Muslim North India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970961-8","url_text":"978-0-19-970961-8"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Jagraj (2009). A Complete Guide to Sikhism. Unistar Books. p. 109. ISBN 978-8-1714-2754-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/ACompleteGuideToSikhism/#page/n109","url_text":"A Complete Guide to Sikhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1714-2754-3","url_text":"978-8-1714-2754-3"}]},{"reference":"TN Madan (1994). Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby (ed.). Fundamentalisms Observed. University of Chicago Press. pp. 604–610. ISBN 978-0-226-50878-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC","url_text":"Fundamentalisms Observed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50878-8","url_text":"978-0-226-50878-8"}]},{"reference":"W. H. McLeod (2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA97","url_text":"The A to Z of Sikhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6","url_text":"978-0-8108-6344-6"}]},{"reference":"Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Sikhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1","url_text":"978-1-4422-3601-1"}]},{"reference":"Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 542–543. ISBN 978-0-19-100412-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542","url_text":"The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100412-4","url_text":"978-0-19-100412-4"}]},{"reference":"Garces-Foley, Kathleen (2006). Death and Religion in a Changing World. M.E. Sharpe. p. 188. ISBN 9780765612212.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TxP5Ww_JO64C&pg=PA188","url_text":"Death and Religion in a Changing World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765612212","url_text":"9780765612212"}]},{"reference":"Dallapiccola, Anna L. (2002). \"Naraka\". Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-51088-9.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.credoreference.com/entry/thhll/naraka","url_text":"\"Naraka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Hindu_Lore_and_Legend","url_text":"Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson","url_text":"Thames & Hudson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51088-9","url_text":"978-0-500-51088-9"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Jagraj (2009). A Complete Guide to Sikhism. Unistar Books. p. 271. ISBN 978-8-1714-2754-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rFm9_Jc1ykcC&pg=PA271","url_text":"A Complete Guide to Sikhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1714-2754-3","url_text":"978-8-1714-2754-3"}]},{"reference":"Mansukhani, Gobind Singh (1968). Introduction to Sikhism: 100 Basic Questions and Answers on Sikh Religion and History. India Book House. p. 60.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/IntroductionToSikhism/page/n57","url_text":"Introduction to Sikhism: 100 Basic Questions and Answers on Sikh Religion and History"}]},{"reference":"Werner, Karel (1994). A popular dictionary of Hinduism. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 0700702792. Retrieved 30 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/populardictionar0000wern","url_text":"A popular dictionary of Hinduism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700702792","url_text":"0700702792"}]},{"reference":"Myrvold, Kristina (2012). Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs. A&C Black. p. 178. ISBN 9781441103581.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fU8BAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT178","url_text":"Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441103581","url_text":"9781441103581"}]},{"reference":"\"A STUDY OF THE PANDA \"VAHIS\" AS SOURCE MATERIAL FOR THE HISTORY OF THE SIKH GURUS on JSTOR\". www.jstor.org. Retrieved 2023-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/bcc9cd97-2762-3648-8b63-e1db5fec06fe","url_text":"\"A STUDY OF THE PANDA \"VAHIS\" AS SOURCE MATERIAL FOR THE HISTORY OF THE SIKH GURUS on JSTOR\""}]},{"reference":"Dogra, R.C. (1995). Encyclopaedia of Sikh religion and culture. Vikas Publishing House. p. 433. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gordon_(prison_inspector)
Mary Gordon (prison inspector)
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Physician","2.2 Prison reformer","2.3 Author","3 Death","4 Notes","5 References","6 Bibliography"]
English physician and prison inspector (1861–1941) Mary GordonMary Louisa Gordon, from a 1920 publicationBornMary Louisa Gordon(1861-08-15)15 August 1861Seaforth, Lancashire, EnglandDied5 May 1941(1941-05-05) (aged 79)Crowborough, Sussex, EnglandNationalityBritishOccupation(s)Physician, prison inspector and authorKnown forFirst British female prison inspectorNotable workPenal Discipline (1922)Chase of the Wild Goose (1936) Mary Louisa Gordon (15 August 1861 − 5 May 1941) was a British physician, prison inspector and writer. After graduating from the London School of Medicine for Women in 1890, Gordon worked at the East London Hospital for Children, the Evelina London Children's Hospital, and later had a private practice in Harley Street. While working as a physician, she made a number of public addresses and wrote publications on topics including the effects of prostitution and alcohol dependence on women. Gordon was appointed as the first British female prison inspector in 1908. During her time as prison inspector, she enacted a number of improvements including prison work allocation. She also supported the British suffragette movement, and secretly communicated with the Women's Social and Political Union about conditions in prisons. After retirement in 1921, she wrote the book Penal Discipline (1922), which advocated for reforms to the prison system, and the historical novel Chase of the Wild Goose (1936), based on the Ladies of Llangollen. Early life Gordon was born on 15 August 1861 in Seaforth, Lancashire, to James Gordon and his second wife Mary Emily Carter. Her father sold hide and tallow. She had six sisters and three brothers. Gordon also had an older stepsister and stepbrother, their mother Anne Barnsley Shaw had died from consumption in 1855. Gordon studied at the London School of Medicine for Women, and qualified as a doctor with the Triple Qualification in 1890. Career Physician After graduation, she worked part-time as the librarian and curator of the school. She later worked as a clinical assistant at the East London Hospital for Children and at the Evelina London Children's Hospital. Gordon joined the Association of Registered Medical Women (ARMW), a precursor to the Medical Women's Federation, in 1891. She also later worked as a physician in Harley Street, London. During this time, she contributed a number of publications and public addresses regarding a variety of topics including the effects of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), prostitution, and alcohol dependence on women. This included writing a letter which had been signed by 73 members of the ARMW in 1898 to Lord George Hamilton, the Secretary of State for India, to criticise measures enacted in the previous year to combat the spread of STDs in the British Army stationed there. The measures included the mandatory medical examinations of women suspected of carrying an STD living near a military building, if they refused they would be expelled from their homes. Prison reformer HM Prison Holloway in 1897 In March 1908, Gordon was appointed as a prison inspector. She was the first woman to hold the position. Her role involved the inspection of the female wings of 47 prisons, and the training of female prison officers. She had no formal training prior to being appointed therefore Gordon visited prisons in Europe in order to learn the best practice. She soon identified that the majority of female prisoners had short sentences with high rates of recidivism. Gordon supported a rehabilitative approach in prisons to combat this. She organised the prison labour so that menial tasks such as cleaning were assigned to short-term inmates, while more productive roles were given to long-term inmates such as training for jobs when released. Gordon is also credited with physical improvements in conditions in British prisons, such as better lighting in jail cells with the use of clear glass in windows, and introducing notebooks to HM Prison Holloway. She was a supporter of the British suffragette movement, and secretly communicated with Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence and the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) about the state of prisons, and reached out to incarcerated leaders such as Emmeline Pankhurst. When the WSPU headquarters was raided by the police on 23 May 1914, this correspondence was discovered and she was asked by the Home Office to renounce her association with the movement, which she refused to do so. During the First World War, she served from July to December 1916 with the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service in Macedonia. By the end of her career, she was marginalised and isolated for her association with the suffragette movement and her "feminist" approach to her role. When she asked for an increase in her salary in 1919, an official replied by describing her appointment as a "sop to feminism" and that any further increase would be "a concession to the claims of feminism". She retired in 1921. Author Gordon wrote a novel about the Ladies of Llangollen (pictured) St Collen’s Church, Llangollen Gordon wrote her first book in 1907 when she was a physician, a novel called A Jury of the Virtuous under the pseudonym of Patrick Hood. It was about a convicted forger called Richard Ransome who is released from prison at the age of 26, and finds it difficult to reintegrate into society. A review in the British Medical Journal commented that the characters were well-written particularly the convict, and that it taught an important moral, "let a man strive ever so hard to retrieve the social ruin entailed by crime that is found out, he can never, in the eyes of the world, live down his past". A reviewer for the literary magazine The Athenaeum also felt that the characters were well-written but criticised the "conventional happy ending". The year after her retirement, Gordon wrote the book, Penal Discipline (1922), in which she advocated for reforms to the prison system. She felt that prisons were too focused on punishment and discipline, which encouraged recidivism. Gordon argued for more focus on rehabilitation which included seeking prisoners' views on what would prevent them from reoffending. On one occasion, she describes helping an inmate who was frequently arrested for stealing men's clothes. The inmate told her that "she felt it impossible to live as a woman, but could live as a man, and enjoyed men's work". Gordon provided her with men's clothing and a train fare to South Wales, where she obtained work as a coal miner. The former inmate later wrote to Gordon to inform her that in the year after her release, she was "living respectably", and had experienced her first Easter out of prison in ten years. A reviewer for The Guardian newspaper wrote that it was a "very humanly and brightly written book". A review in The New York Times praised Penal Discipline for its "vivid" description of conditions in British prisons and the "warmth and vigor" in which Gordon argued against the British prison system but felt that she was "idealistic". The book, along with Sidney and Beatrice Webb's report English Prisons Under Local Government and Stephen Hobhouse and Fenner Brockway's English Prisons Today, prompted calls for an inquiry into prison conditions. Initially this was thought likely as prison commissioners had recognised the need for reform, but after the 1922 general election, the new Home Secretary William Bridgeman decided against it. In later life, Gordon studied analytical psychology with Carl Jung, and his wife Emma in Switzerland. In 1936, she wrote the historical novel Chase of the Wild Goose, based on the Ladies of Llangollen. The book, dedicated to Emma Jung, is split up into three parts. The first two parts cover the women's initial meeting and their time in Ireland and Wales. In the epilogue, she describes a meeting with the ghosts of the ladies in 1934 during a visit to Llangollen. It was published by writer Virginia Woolf, and her husband Leonard. A review in The Guardian praised Gordon for telling "their story with sensitiveness and understanding" but suggested that some readers would dislike the fantastical nature of the book's epilogue and her characterisation of the women as early examples of feminists. A year after the release of the book, Gordon installed a marble relief of the women at St Collen’s Church, Llangollen where they were buried. Gordon was highly critical of Virginia Woolf's 1940 biography of artist Roger Fry, particularly in its portrayal of his wife, the artist Helen Coombe, who she was close friends with. She wrote a letter to Woolf describing her reservations about the book. Gordon felt that Coombe had been described in the book as "only the pitiful nebulous ghost she had to be" rather than the brave and charismatic woman that she knew from her youth. She also felt it did not discuss the potential contribution, from her point of view, of Fry's extroverted personality to the deterioration in Coombe's mental health in later life. It is not known whether Woolf replied to the letter but in previous brief references to Gordon in her writing she did not describe her with warm words. Death Gordon died on 5 May 1941 in the town of Crowborough, Sussex, at the age of 79. Notes ^ For context, see the Contagious Diseases Acts, which had been repealed in Britain in 1886, and Prostitution in colonial India. ^ Most of the suffragettes imprisoned between 1905 and 1914 were sent to Holloway. They often secretly recorded their experiences in journals and diaries which allowed them to cope psychologically as well as highlight prison conditions. References ^ a b c d e f g "Gordon, Mary Louisa". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/56108. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Smith 2016, p. 283. ^ a b c Oakley 2019, p. 204. ^ Smith 2016, pp. 283–284. ^ a b Smith 2016, p. 284. ^ "A New Post for Women: Inspection of Prisons". The Guardian. 14 March 1908. p. 8. Retrieved 22 December 2019 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Cheney 2010, pp. 116–117. ^ "Memorial addressed to the Rt. Hon. Lord George Hamilton, Secretary of State for India, (March, 1898)". Columbia University Libraries. Retrieved 4 March 2020. ^ "The Contagious Diseases Act was introduced in 1864". Health Foundation. Retrieved 13 March 2020. ^ a b Oakley 2019, p. 205. ^ Cheney 2010, p. 130. ^ Cheney 2010, p. 132. ^ Oakley 2019, pp. 205–206. ^ "Suffragists Released: A Woman Prison Inspector's Work". The Guardian. 1 August 1908. p. 9. Retrieved 22 December 2019 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Schwan 2014, p. 145. ^ Smith 2016, p. 285. ^ Cheney 2010, p. 115. ^ Cheney 2010, p. 126. ^ "Reviews". The BMJ. 2 (1907): 1431. 16 November 1907. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2446.1430. S2CID 220194235. ^ The Athenæum. 1907. p. 349. ^ Gordon, Mary. "Penal Discipline". Internet Archive. pp. 71–72. Retrieved 18 December 2019. ^ "New Books". The Guardian. 18 September 1922. p. 5. Retrieved 4 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Social Reflections of a Prison Inspector". The New York Times. 4 February 1923. p. 38.(subscription required) ^ Bailey 2019, p. 41. ^ Oakley 2019, pp. 206, 403. ^ "Chase of the Wild Goose". The Spectator. 7 August 1936.(subscription required) ^ Oakley 2019, p. 206. ^ Smith 2016, pp. 278–279. ^ Smith 2016, p. 277. ^ Evans, B. Ifor (3 July 1936). "Books of the Day". The Guardian. p. 7. Retrieved 4 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Smith 2016, p. 281. ^ Smith 2016, pp. 287–289, 294. ^ Smith 2016, pp. 279, 289. Bibliography Bailey, Victor (9 April 2019). The Rise and Fall of the Rehabilitative Ideal, 1895–1970. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-66388-8. Cheney, Deborah (10 August 2010). "Dr Mary Louisa Gordon (1861–1941): A Feminist Approach in Prison". Feminist Legal Studies. 18 (2): 115–136. doi:10.1007/s10691-010-9151-4. S2CID 143466926. Oakley, Ann (1 March 2019). Women, peace and welfare: A suppressed history of social reform, 1880–1920. Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-4473-3262-6. Schwan, Anne (2 December 2014). Convict Voices: Women, Class, and Writing about Prison in Nineteenth-Century England. University of New Hampshire Press. ISBN 978-1-61168-673-9. Smith, Martin Ferguson (2 March 2016). "Virginia Woolf and 'the Hermaphrodite': A Feminist Fan of Orlando and Critic of Roger Fry". English Studies. 97 (3): 277–297. doi:10.1080/0013838X.2015.1121724. S2CID 164195139. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States
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After graduating from the London School of Medicine for Women in 1890, Gordon worked at the East London Hospital for Children, the Evelina London Children's Hospital, and later had a private practice in Harley Street. While working as a physician, she made a number of public addresses and wrote publications on topics including the effects of prostitution and alcohol dependence on women.Gordon was appointed as the first British female prison inspector in 1908. During her time as prison inspector, she enacted a number of improvements including prison work allocation. She also supported the British suffragette movement, and secretly communicated with the Women's Social and Political Union about conditions in prisons. After retirement in 1921, she wrote the book Penal Discipline (1922), which advocated for reforms to the prison system, and the historical novel Chase of the Wild Goose (1936), based on the Ladies of Llangollen.","title":"Mary Gordon (prison inspector)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seaforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaforth,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"tallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2016283-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley2019204-3"},{"link_name":"London School of Medicine for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Medicine_for_Women"},{"link_name":"Triple Qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Qualification"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2016283%E2%80%93284-4"}],"text":"Gordon was born on 15 August 1861 in Seaforth, Lancashire, to James Gordon and his second wife Mary Emily Carter. Her father sold hide and tallow.[1] She had six sisters and three brothers. Gordon also had an older stepsister and stepbrother, their mother Anne Barnsley Shaw had died from consumption in 1855.[2][3] Gordon studied at the London School of Medicine for Women, and qualified as a doctor with the Triple Qualification in 1890.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East London Hospital for Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_for_Children"},{"link_name":"Evelina London Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelina_London_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Medical Women's Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Women%27s_Federation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2016284-5"},{"link_name":"Harley Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Street"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"sexually transmitted diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_diseases"},{"link_name":"alcohol dependence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_dependence"},{"link_name":"Lord George Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_George_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India"},{"link_name":"British Army stationed there","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2016284-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2010116%E2%80%93117-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Physician","text":"After graduation, she worked part-time as the librarian and curator of the school. She later worked as a clinical assistant at the East London Hospital for Children and at the Evelina London Children's Hospital. Gordon joined the Association of Registered Medical Women (ARMW), a precursor to the Medical Women's Federation, in 1891.[5] She also later worked as a physician in Harley Street, London.[6]During this time, she contributed a number of publications and public addresses regarding a variety of topics including the effects of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), prostitution, and alcohol dependence on women. This included writing a letter which had been signed by 73 members of the ARMW in 1898 to Lord George Hamilton, the Secretary of State for India, to criticise measures enacted in the previous year to combat the spread of STDs in the British Army stationed there.[5][7] The measures included the mandatory medical examinations of women suspected of carrying an STD living near a military building, if they refused they would be expelled from their homes.[8][a]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holloway_Prison.png"},{"link_name":"HM Prison Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Holloway"},{"link_name":"prison inspector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prison_inspector&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"prison officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_officer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley2019205-11"},{"link_name":"recidivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recidivism"},{"link_name":"rehabilitative approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2010130-12"},{"link_name":"prison labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_labour"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2010132-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley2019205%E2%80%93206-14"},{"link_name":"HM Prison Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Holloway"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"British suffragette movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette"},{"link_name":"Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmeline_Pethick-Lawrence,_Baroness_Pethick-Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Women's Social and Political Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union"},{"link_name":"Emmeline Pankhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst"},{"link_name":"Home Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Office"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Women%27s_Hospitals_for_Foreign_Service"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley2019205-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2016285-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2010115-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2010126-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"sub_title":"Prison reformer","text":"HM Prison Holloway in 1897In March 1908, Gordon was appointed as a prison inspector.[1] She was the first woman to hold the position.[1] Her role involved the inspection of the female wings[1] of 47 prisons, and the training of female prison officers. She had no formal training prior to being appointed therefore Gordon visited prisons in Europe in order to learn the best practice.[10] She soon identified that the majority of female prisoners had short sentences with high rates of recidivism. Gordon supported a rehabilitative approach in prisons to combat this.[11] She organised the prison labour so that menial tasks such as cleaning were assigned to short-term inmates, while more productive roles were given to long-term inmates such as training for jobs when released.[12] Gordon is also credited with physical improvements in conditions in British prisons, such as better lighting in jail cells with the use of clear glass in windows,[13] and introducing notebooks to HM Prison Holloway.[14][b]She was a supporter of the British suffragette movement, and secretly communicated with Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence and the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) about the state of prisons, and reached out to incarcerated leaders such as Emmeline Pankhurst. When the WSPU headquarters was raided by the police on 23 May 1914, this correspondence was discovered and she was asked by the Home Office to renounce her association with the movement, which she refused to do so. During the First World War, she served from July to December 1916 with the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service in Macedonia.[10][16] By the end of her career, she was marginalised and isolated for her association with the suffragette movement and her \"feminist\" approach to her role.[17] When she asked for an increase in her salary in 1919, an official replied by describing her appointment as a \"sop to feminism\" and that any further increase would be \"a concession to the claims of feminism\".[18] She retired in 1921.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_The_Rt._Honble._Lady_Eleanor_Butler_%26_Miss_Ponsonby_%27The_Ladies_of_Llangollen%27_(4671302).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ladies of Llangollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_of_Llangollen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eglwys_Sant_Collen,_Llangollen,_Cymru_St._Collen%27s_Parish_Church,_Llangollen,_Denbighshire,_Wales_61.JPG"},{"link_name":"St 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Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung"},{"link_name":"Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Jung"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley2019206,_403-27"},{"link_name":"Ladies of Llangollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_of_Llangollen"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakley2019206-29"},{"link_name":"Llangollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llangollen"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2016278%E2%80%93279-30"},{"link_name":"Virginia Woolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf"},{"link_name":"Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Woolf"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2016277-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"St Collen’s Church, Llangollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Collen%E2%80%99s_Church,_Llangollen"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2016281-33"},{"link_name":"1940 biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fry:_A_Biography"},{"link_name":"Roger Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fry"},{"link_name":"Helen Coombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helen_Coombe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2016287%E2%80%93289,_294-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2016279,_289-35"}],"sub_title":"Author","text":"Gordon wrote a novel about the Ladies of Llangollen (pictured)St Collen’s Church, LlangollenGordon wrote her first book in 1907 when she was a physician, a novel called A Jury of the Virtuous under the pseudonym of Patrick Hood.[3] It was about a convicted forger called Richard Ransome who is released from prison at the age of 26, and finds it difficult to reintegrate into society. A review in the British Medical Journal commented that the characters were well-written particularly the convict, and that it taught an important moral, \"let a man strive ever so hard to retrieve the social ruin entailed by crime that is found out, he can never, in the eyes of the world, live down his past\".[19] A reviewer for the literary magazine The Athenaeum also felt that the characters were well-written but criticised the \"conventional happy ending\".[20]The year after her retirement, Gordon wrote the book, Penal Discipline (1922), in which she advocated for reforms to the prison system. She felt that prisons were too focused on punishment and discipline, which encouraged recidivism. Gordon argued for more focus on rehabilitation which included seeking prisoners' views on what would prevent them from reoffending. On one occasion, she describes helping an inmate who was frequently arrested for stealing men's clothes. The inmate told her that \"she felt it impossible to live as a woman, but could live as a man, and enjoyed men's work\". Gordon provided her with men's clothing and a train fare to South Wales, where she obtained work as a coal miner. The former inmate later wrote to Gordon to inform her that in the year after her release, she was \"living respectably\", and had experienced her first Easter out of prison in ten years.[1][3][21] A reviewer for The Guardian newspaper wrote that it was a \"very humanly and brightly written book\".[22] A review in The New York Times praised Penal Discipline for its \"vivid\" description of conditions in British prisons and the \"warmth and vigor\" in which Gordon argued against the British prison system but felt that she was \"idealistic\".[23] The book, along with Sidney and Beatrice Webb's report English Prisons Under Local Government and Stephen Hobhouse and Fenner Brockway's English Prisons Today, prompted calls for an inquiry into prison conditions. Initially this was thought likely as prison commissioners had recognised the need for reform, but after the 1922 general election, the new Home Secretary William Bridgeman decided against it.[24]In later life, Gordon studied analytical psychology with Carl Jung, and his wife Emma in Switzerland.[25] In 1936, she wrote the historical novel Chase of the Wild Goose, based on the Ladies of Llangollen.[26] The book, dedicated to Emma Jung,[27] is split up into three parts. The first two parts cover the women's initial meeting and their time in Ireland and Wales. In the epilogue, she describes a meeting with the ghosts of the ladies in 1934 during a visit to Llangollen.[28] It was published by writer Virginia Woolf, and her husband Leonard.[29] A review in The Guardian praised Gordon for telling \"their story with sensitiveness and understanding\" but suggested that some readers would dislike the fantastical nature of the book's epilogue and her characterisation of the women as early examples of feminists.[30] A year after the release of the book, Gordon installed a marble relief of the women at St Collen’s Church, Llangollen where they were buried.[31]Gordon was highly critical of Virginia Woolf's 1940 biography of artist Roger Fry, particularly in its portrayal of his wife, the artist Helen Coombe, who she was close friends with. She wrote a letter to Woolf describing her reservations about the book. Gordon felt that Coombe had been described in the book as \"only the pitiful nebulous ghost she had to be\" rather than the brave and charismatic woman that she knew from her youth. She also felt it did not discuss the potential contribution, from her point of view, of Fry's extroverted personality to the deterioration in Coombe's mental health in later life.[32] It is not known whether Woolf replied to the letter but in previous brief references to Gordon in her writing she did not describe her with warm words.[33]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crowborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowborough"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"Gordon died on 5 May 1941 in the town of Crowborough, Sussex, at the age of 79.[1]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Contagious Diseases Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_Diseases_Acts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Prostitution in colonial India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_colonial_India"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwan2014145-16"}],"text":"^ For context, see the Contagious Diseases Acts, which had been repealed in Britain in 1886,[9] and Prostitution in colonial India.\n\n^ Most of the suffragettes imprisoned between 1905 and 1914 were sent to Holloway. They often secretly recorded their experiences in journals and diaries which allowed them to cope psychologically as well as highlight prison conditions.[15]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rise and Fall of the Rehabilitative Ideal, 1895–1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BJ6RDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-429-66388-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-66388-8"},{"link_name":"Feminist Legal Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_Legal_Studies"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s10691-010-9151-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10691-010-9151-4"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"143466926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143466926"},{"link_name":"Women, peace and welfare: A suppressed history of social reform, 1880–1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7o-KDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Policy Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4473-3262-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-3262-6"},{"link_name":"Convict Voices: Women, Class, and Writing about Prison in Nineteenth-Century England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RAuXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT145"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-61168-673-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-673-9"},{"link_name":"English Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Studies_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/0013838X.2015.1121724","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F0013838X.2015.1121724"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"164195139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164195139"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18936204#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1719330/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000116388706"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/49562513"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcr9d33QyQ3HRXtb8cF8C"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15923649j"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15923649j"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007334538105171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n00025212"}],"text":"Bailey, Victor (9 April 2019). The Rise and Fall of the Rehabilitative Ideal, 1895–1970. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-66388-8.\nCheney, Deborah (10 August 2010). \"Dr Mary Louisa Gordon (1861–1941): A Feminist Approach in Prison\". Feminist Legal Studies. 18 (2): 115–136. doi:10.1007/s10691-010-9151-4. S2CID 143466926.\nOakley, Ann (1 March 2019). Women, peace and welfare: A suppressed history of social reform, 1880–1920. Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-4473-3262-6.\nSchwan, Anne (2 December 2014). Convict Voices: Women, Class, and Writing about Prison in Nineteenth-Century England. University of New Hampshire Press. ISBN 978-1-61168-673-9.\nSmith, Martin Ferguson (2 March 2016). \"Virginia Woolf and 'the Hermaphrodite': A Feminist Fan of Orlando and Critic of Roger Fry\". English Studies. 97 (3): 277–297. doi:10.1080/0013838X.2015.1121724. S2CID 164195139.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"HM Prison Holloway in 1897","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Holloway_Prison.png/220px-Holloway_Prison.png"},{"image_text":"Gordon wrote a novel about the Ladies of Llangollen (pictured)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Portrait_of_The_Rt._Honble._Lady_Eleanor_Butler_%26_Miss_Ponsonby_%27The_Ladies_of_Llangollen%27_%284671302%29.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_The_Rt._Honble._Lady_Eleanor_Butler_%26_Miss_Ponsonby_%27The_Ladies_of_Llangollen%27_%284671302%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Collen’s Church, Llangollen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eglwys_Sant_Collen%2C_Llangollen%2C_Cymru_St._Collen%27s_Parish_Church%2C_Llangollen%2C_Denbighshire%2C_Wales_61.JPG/280px-Eglwys_Sant_Collen%2C_Llangollen%2C_Cymru_St._Collen%27s_Parish_Church%2C_Llangollen%2C_Denbighshire%2C_Wales_61.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Gordon, Mary Louisa\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/56108.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F56108","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/56108"}]},{"reference":"\"A New Post for Women: Inspection of Prisons\". The Guardian. 14 March 1908. p. 8. Retrieved 22 December 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/40937739/the_guardian/","url_text":"\"A New Post for Women: Inspection of Prisons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Memorial addressed to the Rt. Hon. Lord George Hamilton, Secretary of State for India, (March, 1898)\". Columbia University Libraries. Retrieved 4 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/memorialaddresse00hami_8/memorialaddresse00hami_8_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Memorial addressed to the Rt. Hon. Lord George Hamilton, Secretary of State for India, (March, 1898)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Contagious Diseases Act was introduced in 1864\". Health Foundation. Retrieved 13 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://navigator.health.org.uk/content/contagious-diseases-act-was-introduced-1864","url_text":"\"The Contagious Diseases Act was introduced in 1864\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Foundation","url_text":"Health Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"Suffragists Released: A Woman Prison Inspector's Work\". The Guardian. 1 August 1908. p. 9. Retrieved 22 December 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/40936240/the_guardian/","url_text":"\"Suffragists Released: A Woman Prison Inspector's Work\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews\". The BMJ. 2 (1907): 1431. 16 November 1907. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2446.1430. S2CID 220194235.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/2/2446/1430","url_text":"\"Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_BMJ","url_text":"The BMJ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.2446.1430","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.2.2446.1430"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220194235","url_text":"220194235"}]},{"reference":"The Athenæum. 1907. p. 349.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jVdFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA349","url_text":"The Athenæum"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Mary. \"Penal Discipline\". Internet Archive. pp. 71–72. Retrieved 18 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/penaldiscipline00gordrich/page/71","url_text":"\"Penal Discipline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"New Books\". The Guardian. 18 September 1922. p. 5. Retrieved 4 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46094062/the-guardian/","url_text":"\"New Books\""}]},{"reference":"\"Social Reflections of a Prison Inspector\". The New York Times. 4 February 1923. p. 38.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1923/02/04/archives/social-reflections-of-a-prison-inspector-penal-discipline-by-mary.html","url_text":"\"Social Reflections of a Prison Inspector\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Chase of the Wild Goose\". The Spectator. 7 August 1936.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/7th-august-1936/32/chase-of-the-wild-goose","url_text":"\"Chase of the Wild Goose\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator","url_text":"The Spectator"}]},{"reference":"Evans, B. Ifor (3 July 1936). \"Books of the Day\". The Guardian. p. 7. Retrieved 4 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46094444/the-guardian/","url_text":"\"Books of the Day\""}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Victor (9 April 2019). The Rise and Fall of the Rehabilitative Ideal, 1895–1970. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-66388-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ6RDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Rise and Fall of the Rehabilitative Ideal, 1895–1970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-66388-8","url_text":"978-0-429-66388-8"}]},{"reference":"Cheney, Deborah (10 August 2010). \"Dr Mary Louisa Gordon (1861–1941): A Feminist Approach in Prison\". Feminist Legal Studies. 18 (2): 115–136. doi:10.1007/s10691-010-9151-4. S2CID 143466926.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_Legal_Studies","url_text":"Feminist Legal Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10691-010-9151-4","url_text":"10.1007/s10691-010-9151-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143466926","url_text":"143466926"}]},{"reference":"Oakley, Ann (1 March 2019). Women, peace and welfare: A suppressed history of social reform, 1880–1920. Policy Press. 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ISBN 978-1-61168-673-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RAuXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT145","url_text":"Convict Voices: Women, Class, and Writing about Prison in Nineteenth-Century England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-673-9","url_text":"978-1-61168-673-9"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Martin Ferguson (2 March 2016). \"Virginia Woolf and 'the Hermaphrodite': A Feminist Fan of Orlando and Critic of Roger Fry\". English Studies. 97 (3): 277–297. doi:10.1080/0013838X.2015.1121724. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_XI_of_Sweden
Charles XI of Sweden
["1 Under guardian rule","2 Scanian War","3 Post-war actions","3.1 Financial restoration","3.2 Greycoat","3.3 Absolutism","3.4 Military restructuring","3.5 Assimilation of the newest territories","3.6 Church","4 Family matters","5 Death","6 Legacy","7 Ancestors","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","10.1 Attribution","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
King of Sweden from 1660 to 1697 Charles XIPortrait by David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl, 1689King of Sweden Duke of Bremen and VerdenReign13 February 1660 – 5 April 1697Coronation28 September 1675PredecessorCharles X GustavSuccessorCharles XIIRegentHedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp (1660–1672)Born24 November 1655Tre Kronor, SwedenDied5 April 1697(1697-04-05) (aged 41)Tre Kronor, SwedenBurial24 November 1697Riddarholmen Church, StockholmSpouse Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark ​ ​(m. 1680; died 1693)​Issue Hedvig Sophia, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp Charles XII, King of Sweden Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden HousePalatinate-ZweibrückenFatherCharles X GustavMotherHedwig Eleonora of Holstein-GottorpReligionLutheranSignature Charles XI or Carl (Swedish: Karl XI; 4 December  1655 – 15 April  1697) was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death, in a period of Swedish history known as the Swedish Empire (1611–1721). He was the only son of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp. His father died when he was four years old, so Charles was educated by his governors until his coronation at the age of seventeen. Soon afterward, he was forced out on military expeditions to secure the recently acquired dominions from Danish troops in the Scanian War. Having successfully fought off the Danes, he returned to Stockholm and engaged in correcting the country's neglected political, financial, and economic situation. He managed to sustain peace during the remaining 20 years of his reign. Changes in finance, commerce, national maritime and land armaments, judicial procedure, church government, and education emerged during this period. Charles XI was succeeded by his only son Charles XII, who made use of the well-trained army in battles throughout Europe. Though Charles was crowned as Charles XI, he was not the 11th king of Sweden of that name. His father's name (as the 10th) was due to his great-grandfather, King Charles IX of Sweden (1604–1611), having adopted his own numeral by using a mythological History of Sweden. That ancestor was actually the third King Charles. The numbering tradition thus begun still continues, with the present king of Sweden being Carl XVI Gustaf. Under guardian rule Charles at the age of five, dressed as a Roman emperor. Painting by Ehrenstrahl. Miniature of Charles XI, Pierre Signac, c. 1662 Charles was born in the Stockholm Palace Tre Kronor in November 1655. His father, Charles X of Sweden, had left Sweden in July that year to fight in the war against Poland. After several years of warfare, the king returned in the winter of 1659, gathered his family and the Riksdag of the Estates in Gothenburg. Here he beheld his four-year-old son for the first time. Only a few weeks later, in mid-January 1660, the king fell ill; one month later, he wrote his last will and died. Charles X Gustav's will and testament left the administration of the Swedish Empire during Charles XI's minority to a regency led by Queen Dowager Hedwig Eleonora as both formal regent and chair of a six-member Regency Council with two votes and a final say over the rest of the council. Per Brahe was one member of the council. In addition, Charles X Gustav left command of the army and a seat on the council to his younger brother, Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg. These provisions among others led to the remainder of the council immediately challenging the will. On 14 February, the day after King Charles X's death, Hedwig Eleonora sent a message to the council stating that she knew that they contested the will and that she demanded that it should be respected. The council answered that the will must first be discussed with the parliament, and at the following council in Stockholm on 13 May, the council tried to keep her from attending. The parliament questioned whether it would be good for her health or suitable for a widow to attend council, and that if not, it would be hard to keep sending a messenger to her quarters. Her reply that the council would be allowed to meet without her and only inform her when they considered it necessary was met with satisfaction from the council. Hedwig Eleonora's ostensible indifference to politics came as a great relief to the lords of the guardian government. His mother, Queen Hedvig Eleonora, remained the formal regent until Charles XI attained his majority on 18 December 1672, but she was careful not to embroil herself in political conflicts. During his first appearances in parliament, Charles spoke to the government through her. He would whisper the questions he had in her ear, and she would ask them aloud and clearly for him. As an adolescent, Charles devoted himself to sports, exercise, and his favourite pastime of bear-hunting. He appeared ignorant of the very rudiments of statecraft and almost illiterate. His main difficulties are now seen as evident signs of dyslexia, a disability that was poorly understood at the time. According to many contemporary sources, the king was considered poorly educated and therefore not qualified to conduct himself effectively in foreign affairs. Charles was dependent on his mother and advisors to interact with the foreign envoys since he had no foreign language skills apart from German and was ignorant of the world outside Sweden. Italian writer Lorenzo Magalotti visited Stockholm in 1674 and described the teenage Charles XI as "virtually afraid of everything, uneasy to talk to foreigners, and not daring to look anyone in the face". Another trait was a deep religious devotion: he was God-fearing, frequently prayed kneeling and attended sermons. Magalotti otherwise described the king's main pursuits as hunting, the upcoming war, and jokes. Scanian War Main article: Scanian War Charles XI at the Battle of Lund in 1676. Painting by David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl in 1682. The situation in Europe was shaky during this time and Sweden was going through financial problems. Charles XI's guardians decided to negotiate an alliance with France in 1671. This would ensure that Sweden would not be isolated if there was a war, and that the national finances would improve thanks to French subsidies. France directed its aggression against the Dutch in 1672, and by the spring of 1674, Sweden was forced to take part by directing forces towards Brandenburg, under the lead of Karl Gustav Wrangel. Denmark was an ally of the Habsburg Holy Roman Empire, and it was evident that Sweden was on the verge of yet another war with that country. A remedy was attempted by chancellor Nils Brahe, who traveled to Copenhagen in the spring of 1675 to try to get the Danish princess Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark engaged to the Swedish king. In mid-June 1675, the engagement was officially proclaimed. However, when news arrived of the Swedish defeat at the Battle of Fehrbellin, Danish king Christian V declared war on Sweden that September. The Swedish Privy Council continued its internal feuds, and the king was forced to rule without them. The 20-year-old king was inexperienced and considered ill-served amidst what has been called the anarchy in the nation. He dedicated autumn in his newly formed camp in Scania to arm the Swedish nation for battle in the Scanian War. The Swedish soldiers in Scania were outnumbered and out-equipped by the Danes. In May 1676, they invaded Scania, taking Landskrona and Helsingborg, then proceeding through Bohuslän towards Halmstad. The King had to grow up quickly. He suddenly found himself alone and under great pressure. Victory at the Battle of Halmstad (17 August 1676), when Charles and his commander-in-chief Simon Grundel-Helmfelt defeated a Danish division, was the king's first glimmer of good luck. Charles continued south through Scania, arriving on the tableland of the flooded Kävlinge River – near Lund – on 11 November. The Danish army commanded by Christian V was positioned on the other side. It was impossible to cross the river and Charles had to wait for weeks until it froze over. This finally happened on 4 December and Charles launched a surprise attack on the Danish forces to fight the Battle of Lund. This was one of the bloodiest engagements of its time. Of the over 20,000 combatants, about 8,000 perished on the battlefield. All the Swedish commanders showed ability, but the chief glory of the day was attributed to Charles XI and his fighting spirit. The battle proved to be a decisive one for the rule of the Scanian lands and it has been described as the most significant event for Charles' personality. Charles commemorated this date the rest of his life. In the following year, 13,000 men led by Charles routed 12,000 Danes at the Battle of Landskrona. This proved to be the last pitched battle of the war since, in September 1678, Christian V evacuated his army back to Zealand. In 1679, Louis XIV of France dictated the terms of a general pacification, and Charles XI, who is said to have bitterly resented "the insufferable tutelage" of the French king, was forced at last to acquiesce to a peace that managed to leave his empire practically intact. Peace was made with Denmark in the treaties of Fontainebleau (1679) and Lund, and with Brandenburg in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679). Post-war actions Equestrian portrait of Charles XI. Charles devoted the rest of his life to avoiding further warfare by gaining larger independence in foreign affairs, while he also promoted economic stabilization and a reorganization of the military. His remaining 20 years on the throne were the longest peacetime of the Swedish Empire (1611–1718). In the early years, he was assisted by the man who had become his trusted prime-minister, Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna (1635–1680). Some sources say the king was basically dependent on Gyllenstierna. His sudden death in 1680 opened up the road to the monarch, and many men tried to get close to the king to take Gyllenstierna's place. Financial restoration Läckö Castle, one of many mansions reclaimed by the Crown. Engraving by Willem Swidde from circa 1700 in Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna. Sweden's weak economy had suffered during the war and was now in a deep crisis. Charles assembled the Riksdag of the Estates in October 1680. The assembly has been described as one of the most important held by the Riksdag of the Estates. Here, the king finally pushed through the reduction ordeal, something that had been discussed in the Riksdag since 1650. It meant that any land or object previously owned by the crown and lent or given away – including counties, baronies and lordships – could be recovered. It affected many prominent members of the nobility, some of whom were ruined by it. One of them was the former guardian and Lord Chief Justice Magnus De La Gardie, who, among many other Estates, had to return the extravagant 248-room Läckö Castle. The reduction process involved the examination of every title deed in the kingdom, including the dominions, and it resulted in a complete readjustment of the nation's finances. Greycoat According to Swedish legend, Charles XI travelled around the country dressed as a farmer or simple traveller. In the legend he is referred to as the Greycoat (Swedish: Gråkappan). This was done to discover and identify corruption and oppression against the populace. There are many stories about him arriving in villages looking for corrupt church officials and punishing them. One anecdote tells of him visiting one village with a church in splendid condition and the priest living in poverty. Continuing, the King found in the next village a church in disrepair and a priest living lavishly. The King solved the situation by switching the priests, giving the poor priest the lavish living condition and a church the King was certain he would rebuild. Always followed by a military cortège, Charles toured the country more than other Swedish kings during this era and was famous for the speed at which he travelled, setting many records. The stories of the Greycoat were published in a book by Arvid August Afzelius in the middle of the 19th century. Absolutism Portrait in Samuel von Pufendorf: De rebus a Carolo Gustavo, 1696 Another important decision made during the assembly was that of the Swedish Privy Council. Since 1634, it had been mandatory for the king to take advice from the council. During the Scanian War, the members of the council were engaged in internal feuds, and the king more or less ruled without listening to their advice. At the 1680 assembly, he asked the Estates whether he was still bound to the council, to which the Estates responded with his desired reply: "he was not bound by anyone other than himself" ("envälde"), and thereby the absolute monarchy was formally established in Sweden. The Riksdag of the Estates confirmed his power in 1693 by officially proclaiming that the king was the sole ruler of Sweden. Military restructuring In the 1682 assembly of the Riksdag of the Estates, the king put forth his suggestion for military reform, whereby each of the lands of Sweden were to have 1,200 soldiers at the ready, at all times, and two farms were to provide accommodations for one soldier. His soldiers were known as Caroleans, trained to be skilled and preferring to attack rather than defend. Savagery and looting were strictly forbidden. Soldier huts around the country were the most visible part of the new Swedish allotment system. However, Charles also modernized the military techniques and worked to improve the skills and knowledge of the officers by sending them abroad to study. Charles XI was initially enthusiastic about warfare and combat and he was often portrayed as the soldier-King. In the years after the Scanian War however, during which he personally engaged in the fighting and saw the devastation of war, he would later come to view that war was something better to be avoided if possible. With the recent war in mind he wanted to strengthen the armed forces for a defensive war which he knew would come sooner or later. The Swedish navy suffered major defeats against Danish-Dutch forces in the Scanian War, revealing deficiencies in organization and supply, and disadvantages in basing the fleet at Stockholm. The navy was bolstered with the founding of an ice-free base at Karlskrona in 1680 which became the mainstay of future naval operations. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Assimilation of the newest territories Development of the Swedish Empire in Early Modern Europe (1560–1815) Further information: Uniformity policy Charles believed it was very important to assimilate the new Swedish territories of Scania, Blekinge, Halland, in southern Sweden; Bohuslän in western Sweden and Jämtland, in northern Sweden, and the island of Gotland. Some assimilation policies included: the ban of all books written in Danish or Norwegian, thus breaking the promise made at the Treaty of Roskilde; the use of Swedish language in the conduct of sermons; and all new priests and teachers having to come from Sweden. The king had seen bitter resentment from the Scanian peasants during the Scanian War and was particularly tough on that province. The guerrilla Snapphane movement, in northern Scania, had attacked his soldiers and stolen his money. They also had strong support from the local villages. Charles remained suspicious of the Scanian inhabitants throughout his life. He did not allow soldiers from Scania in his Scanian regiment: the 1,200 soldiers that were to be stationed there had to be recruited from more northern provinces. He also advocated rough treatment of the inhabitants and the first Governor-General of Scania, his trusted aide Johan Gyllenstierna (governor-general 1679–1680), was notably brutal in his treatment of the locals. The rule of Rutger von Ascheberg (governor-general 1680–1693), proved more lenient. The assimilation was not as strongly implemented in the German dominions of Swedish Pomerania, Bremen-Verden, and the Baltic dominions (Estonia and Livonia). In Germany, Charles found himself being opposed by the Estates there. He was also bound by the law of the German emperor and the peace treaty. In the Baltic, the power structure was completely different, with a German-descended nobility that used serfs, something that Charles abhorred and wanted to abolish but was unable to. Finally, Kexholm and Ingria were sparsely populated and not of great interest. Church Charles was a devoted Lutheran Christian. In February 1686, a church law was put forth on his initiative. The church order declared that the king was ruler of the Church in the same way that he ruled the country and God ruled the world. Attending sermons on Sunday was made obligatory and ordinary people found walking during that time risked arrest. Three years later, he declared it obligatory for all commoners to learn to read a catechism written by archbishop Olov Svebilius and then-bishop Haqvin Spegel so that they would understand the "magnificence of God". Charles encouraged the production of a hymnal (Psalmbok) to be printed and distributed to the churches (completed 1693), and a new printed version of the Bible that was completed in 1703 and named after his successor: Charles XII Bible. Family matters Queen Ulrika Eleonora, Charles's wife Wedding medal 1680 Charles XI's family with his sister-in-law and her son (his future son-in-law), 1690s The death of Prince Ulric as painted by David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl On 6 May 1680, Charles married Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark (1656–1693), daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark (1609–1670). He had previously been engaged to his cousin, Juliana of Hesse-Eschwege, but the engagement was broken after a scandal. Charles and Ulrika were engaged in 1675 in an attempt to smooth over longstanding hostilities, but the Scanian War soon broke out. During the war, Ulrika Eleonora gained a reputation for loyalty to her future home country by exhibiting kindness to Swedish prisoners: she pawned her jewelry, even her engagement ring, to care for the Swedish prisoners of war. Her personal merits and continued charitable acts throughout her tenure endeared her to the Swedish people and eased some of the difficulties brought on by her Danish background. In the peace negotiations between Sweden and Denmark in 1679, the marriage between her and Charles XI was on the agenda, and ratified on 26 September 1679. They married at Skottorp on 6 May 1680 in a hasty ceremony, as Charles prioritized government work over private matters, even a marriage ceremony. Charles and Ulrika Eleonora were very different. He enjoyed hunting and riding, while she enjoyed reading and art, and is best remembered for her great charitable activity. She was also limited by ill-health and numerous pregnancies. Charles was very active and busy and while Charles was away inspecting his troops or pursuing his pastimes, she was often lonely and sad. The marriage itself, however, is considered a success, with the King and Queen being very fond of each other. As queen, Ulrika Eleonora had little political involvement and was placed in the shadow of her mother-in-law. During "The Great Reversion" to the crown of counties, baronies and large lordships from the nobility, Ulrika tried to speak on the behalf of the people whose property was confiscated by the crown. But the king told her that the reason he had married her was not because he wanted her political advice. Instead, she helped people whose property had been confiscated by secretly compensating them economically from her own budget. However Charles XI's confidence in her grew over time: in 1690, he named her future Regent, should his son succeed him still a minor. Instead Ulrika Eleonora predeceased him by almost four years. At the time of her death she was personally supporting 17,000 people. It is said that on his death bed, Charles XI admitted to his mother that he hadn't been happy since Ulrika Eleonora's death. The marriage produced seven children, of whom only three outlived Charles: Hedwig Sophia (1681–1708), duchess of Holstein-Gottorp and grandmother of Tsar Peter III; Charles XII (1682–1718), who succeeded him to the throne; he had no issue Gustav (1683–1685) Ulric (1684–1685) Frederick (1685–1685) Charles Gustav (1686–1687) Ulrika Eleonora ("the younger", 1688–1741), who succeeded her brother on the Swedish throne; no issue Ulrika Eleonora (the elder) was sickly, and the many child births eventually broke her. When she became seriously ill, in 1693, Charles finally dedicated his time and care to her. Her death in July that year shook him deeply and he never fully recovered. Her infant son Ulric (1684–1685) had been given Ulriksdal Palace, which was renamed for him (Ulric's Dale). Death Charles XI lying in state, 1697. Charles' coffin at Riddarholmen Church Charles XI had complained of stomach pains since 1694. In the summer of 1696, he asked his doctors for an opinion on the pain as it had continuously become worse, but they had no viable cure or treatment for it. He continued to perform his duties as usual, but, in February 1697, the pains became too severe for him to cope and he returned to Stockholm where the doctors discovered he had a large, hard lump in his stomach. At this point there was little the doctors could do except alleviate the King's pain as best they could. Charles XI died on 5 April 1697, in his forty-first year. An autopsy showed that the King had developed cancer and that it had spread through his entire abdominal cavity. Legacy Image of King Carl XI on a wall of Stockholm Palace Statue of Charles XI in Karlskrona Charles XI has sometimes been described in Sweden as the greatest of all the Swedish kings, except for Gustavus II Adolphus, unduly eclipsed by his father and his son. In the first half of the 20th century, the view of him changed and he was regarded as dependent, uncertain, and easily influenced by others. In the most recent book, Rystad's biography from 2003, the king is again characterized as a strong-willed shaper of Sweden through economic reforms and achievement of financial and military stability and strength. Charles XI was commemorated on the previous 500-kronor bill. His portrait is taken from one of Ehrenstrahl's paintings, possibly the one displayed on this page. The king is pictured on the bill since the Bank of Sweden was founded in 1668, during Charles' reign. The fortified town of Carlsburg near Bremen, at the site of modern Bremerhaven, was named after Charles XI. The Swedish town of Karlskrona, built during his reign to host the primary navy base in southern Sweden, which it remains to this day, is also named after him. Charles's Church in Tallinn, Estonia, is dedicated to Charles XI. The recognition of his sores and corpse didn't show the incorruptibility that medieval hagiographers believed to be a sign of Christian sainthood. In 1697 the same belief caused Charles's subjects to ask if "God had put the illness inside the king...to punish the people or Charles." Two years later, the course of events that highlighted the crisis was of the absolutism itself. Ancestors Ancestors of Charles XI of Sweden 8. John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken 4. John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg 9. Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg 2. Charles X Gustav of Sweden 10. Charles IX of Sweden 5. Catharina of Sweden 11. Maria of the Palatinate-Simmern 1. Charles XI of Sweden 12. John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp 6. Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp 13. Augusta of Denmark 3. Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp 14. John George I, Elector of Saxony 7. Marie Elisabeth of Saxony 15. Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia See also Carlsten Caroleans Swedish Empire Notes ^ "Karl XI". Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish). Vol. 13 (2nd ed.). 1910. p. 962. ^ This article uses the Julian calendar, which was used in Sweden until 1700 (see Swedish calendar for more information). In the Gregorian calendar, Charles was born 4 December 1655 and died 15 April 1697. ^ a b c d e f g h Bain 1911b ^ Article Karl Archived 30 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine in Nordisk familjebok ^ Åberg (1958) ^ Granlund 2004, pp. 58–59. ^ Granlund 2004, p. 59. ^ a b Lundh-Eriksson, Nanna (1947). Hedvig Eleonora (in Swedish). Wahlström & Widstrand. ^ Rystad (2003), p. 26 ^ Herman Lindqvist: Historien om Sverige: Storhet och Fall (History of Sweden: Greatness and fall) (in Swedish) ^ Nationalencyclopedin, article Karl XII ^ Rystad (2003), p. 23 ^ Åberg (1958) gives examples: he would start with the last letter when reading words, and would spell faton instead of afton, etc. ^ Upton, Anthony F. (1998). Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism, 1660–1697. Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-521-57390-4, p. 91: "There was a widespread contemporary impression that the king was poorly qualified and ineffective in foreign affairs The Danish minister, M. Scheel, reported to his king how Charles XI seemed embarrassed by questions, kept his eyes down and was taciturn The French diplomat, Jean Antoine de Mesmes, comte d'Avaux, described him as 'a prince with few natural talents', so obsessed with getting money out of his subjects that he 'does not concern himself much with foreign affairs'. The Dane, Jens Juel, made a similar comment." ^ Upton, p. 91. ^ Rystad (2003) p. 37 ^ Åberg (1958), pp. 63–65 ^ Åberg (1959) pp. 50–53 ^ Åberg, p. 66 ^ Åberg (1958), pp. 71–72 ^ Åberg (1958), pp. 72–74 ^ Åberg (1958), pp. 75–76 ^ Åberg (1958), pp. 77–79 ^ Rystad (2003), p. 95, estimates that 8,000–9,000 men fell out of 20,000 ^ Åberg (1958) p. 81 ^ Rystad (2003) p. 97 ^ Nationalencyklopedin, article Karl XI ^ Åberg (1958), pp. 106–107 ^ Rystad (2003) p. 165 ^ Rystad (2003), p. 167 ^ Rystad (2003) p. 181 ^ Åberg (1958), pp. 93–94 ^ Trager, James (1979). The People's Chronology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. p. 256. ISBN 0-03-017811-8. ^ Lars O. Lagerqvist in Sverige och dess regenter under 1000 år ISBN 91-0-075007-7 p. 185 ^ Libris Archived 20 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine listing at Swedish National Library ^ Rystad, Göran (2001). Karl XI: en biografi (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska media. p. 255. ISBN 978-91-89442-27-6. ^ Åberg (1958), p. 111 ^ Åberg (1958), p. 190 ^ a b Åberg (1958) pp. 125–134 ^ a b Rystad (2003), pp. 241–265 ^ Rystad, Göran (2001). Karl XI: en biografi (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska media. p. 240. ISBN 978-91-89442-27-6. ^ a b c Åberg (1958), pp. 135–146 ^ a b c Rystad (2003) pp. 307–344 ^ a b Åberg (1958), pp. 157–166 ^ a b Rystad (2003) pp. 345–357 ^ Nanna Lundh-Eriksson (1947). Hedvig Eleonora. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. ISBN (Swedish) ^ Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark in CF Bricka, Danish biographical encyclopaedia (1st edition, 1904) ^ a b Rystad (2003), pp.287–289 ^ "Karl XI". Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish). Vol. 13 (2nd ed.). 1910. pp. 967–968. ^ Ulf Sundberg ln Kungliga släktband ISBN 9185057487 p 137 ^ Rystad (2003), pp. 368–369 ^ Back-cover of Åberg (1958) ^ Back-cover of Rystad (2003) ^ (in Swedish) 500-kronorssedeln Archived 8 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine – From Bank of Sweden official site. Accessed 2 September 2008 ^ Sennefelt, Karin (22 December 2020). A Pathology of Sacral Kingship: Putrefaction in the Body of Charles XI of Sweden. Vol. 253. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–117. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtaa025. ISSN 1477-464X. OCLC 8620538229. Archived from the original on 26 December 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2021. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) ^ a b Bain 1911a. ^ a b Dahlgren, Stellan (1971). "Hedvig Eleonora". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish). Vol. 18. p. 512. ^ a b Kromnow, Åke (1975). "Johan Kasimir". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish). Vol. 20. p. 204. ^ a b Kromnow, Åke (1977). "Katarina". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish). Vol. 21. p. 1. ^ a b Kellenbenz, Hermann (1961), "Friedrich III.", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 5, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 583–584; (full text online) ^ a b "Marie Elizabeth of Saxony (1610–1684)". Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Gale. 2002 – via Encyclopedia.com. References Åberg, Alf: Karl XI, Wahlström & Widstrand 1958 (reprinted by ScandBook, Falun 1994, ISBN 91-46-16623-8 ) Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911a). "Charles X., king of Sweden" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 927–929. Granlund, Lis (2004). "Queen Hedwig Eleonora of Sweden: Dowager, Builder, and Collector". In Campbell Orr, Clarissa (ed.). Queenship in Europe 1660–1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–76. ISBN 0-521-81422-7. Lindqvist, Herman: Historien om Sverige Roberts, Michael. "Charles XI" History 50:169 (1965): 160–192. Rystad, Göran: Karl XI / En biografi, AiT Falun AB 2001. ISBN 91-89442-27-X Upton, Anthony F. Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism, 1660–1697. Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-521-57390-4. Attribution  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911b). "Charles XI.". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 929. Further reading Åberg, A., "The Swedish army from Lützen to Narva", in Michael Roberts (ed.), Sweden's Age of Greatness, 1632–1718 (1973). External links Media related to Charles XI of Sweden at Wikimedia Commons "Charles XI." . New International Encyclopedia. 1905. Charles XI of Sweden at DigitaltMuseum Charles XI of Sweden House of Palatinate-ZweibrückenCadet branch of the House of WittelsbachBorn: 24 November 1655 Died: 5 April 1697 Regnal titles Preceded byCharles X Gustav King of SwedenDuke of Bremen and Verden 1660–1697 Succeeded byCharles XII Preceded byFrederick Louis Duke of Palatinate-Zweibrücken 1681–1697 vteSwedish princesThe generations indicate descent from Gustav I, of the House of Vasa, and continues through the Houses of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, Holstein-Gottorp; and the Bernadotte, the adoptive heirs of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, who were adoptive heirs of the Palatinate-Zweibrückens.1st generation King Eric XIV King John III Prince Magnus, Duke of Östergötland King Charles IX 2nd generation King Sigismund I Gustav, Prince of Uglich Prince John, Duke of Östergötland King Gustav II Adolf Prince Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland 3rd generation King Władysław IV of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania King John II Casimir of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania Prince Alexander Charles John Albert, Prince-Bishop of Warmia and Kraków Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Opole 4th generation King Charles XI 5th generation King Charles XII King Frederick I 6th generation King Adolf Frederick 7th generation King Gustav III King Charles XIII Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland 8th generation King Gustav IV Adolf Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland Crown Prince Charles August King Charles XIV John 9th generation Crown Prince Gustav, Prince of Vasa King Oscar I 10th generation King Charles XV Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland King Oscar II Prince August, Duke of Dalarna 11th generation Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland King Gustaf V Prince Oscar, Duke of Gotland Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke 12th generation King Gustaf VI Adolf Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland Prince Carl, Duke of Östergötland 13th generation Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland Prince Carl Johan, Duke of Dalarna Prince Lennart, Duke of Småland 14th generation King Carl XVI Gustaf 15th generation Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland 16th generation Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne 1 Also prince of Norway2 Also prince of Poland and Lithuania3 Lost his title due to an unequal marriage4 Not Swedish prince by birth, but created prince of Sweden vteMonarchs of SwedenMunsöc. 970 – c. 1060 Eric "VII" Olof Skötkonung Anund Jacob Emund the Old Stenkilc. 1060 – c. 11301160–1161 Stenkil Eric and Eric Halsten Anund Gårdske Håkan the Red Halsten / Inge the Elder Blot-Sweyn Inge the Elder Philip / Inge the Younger Ragnvald Knaphövde Magnus I (House of Estridsen, descendant of Inge the Elder) Sverker · Ericc. 1130 – 1250 Sverker the Elder Eric "IX" the Holy Magnus II (House of Estridsen, descendant of Inge the Elder) Charles VII Kol / Boleslaw Canute I Sverker the Younger Eric "X" John I Eric "XI" Canute II the Tall 1 Eric "XI" Bjelbo1250–1364 Valdemar Magnus III Birger Magnus IV2 Eric "XII" Magnus IV / Haakon2 Mecklenburg1364–1389 Albert Kalmar Union Italics indicateregents1389–1523 Margaret3 (House of Estridsen) / Eric XIII3 (House of Griffins) Eric XIII3 (House of Griffins) Charles (VIII) Eric XIII3 (House of Griffins) Charles (VIII) Christopher of Bavaria3 (House of Wittelsbach) Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna) / Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna) Charles VIII2 (House of Bonde) Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna / Erik Axelsson Tott Christian I3 (House of Oldenburg) Kettil Karlsson (Vasa) Charles VIII (House of Bonde) Kettil Karlsson (Vasa) Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna Erik Axelsson Tott Charles VIII (House of Bonde) Sten Sture the Elder John II3 (House of Oldenburg) Sten Sture the Elder Svante Nilsson Eric Trolle Sten Sture the Younger Christian II3 (House of Oldenburg) Gustav (I) Vasa1523–1654 Gustav I Eric XIV John III Sigismund4 Charles IX Gustav II Adolf Christina Palatinate-Zweibrücken (Wittelsbach)Hesse-Kassel1654–1751 Charles X Gustav Charles XI Charles XII Ulrika Eleonora Frederick I Holstein-Gottorp (Oldenburg)1751–1818 Adolf Frederick Gustav III Gustav IV Adolf Charles XIII2 Bernadottesince 1818 Charles XIV John2 Oscar I2 Charles XV2 Oscar II2 Gustaf V Gustaf VI Adolf Carl XVI Gustaf 1 Lineage uncertain 2 Also Norwegian monarch 3 Also Norwegian and Danish monarch 4 Also king of Poland Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Finland Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Artists KulturNav People BMLO Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"King of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Swedish history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Swedish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Charles X Gustav of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_Eleonora_of_Holstein-Gottorp"},{"link_name":"dominions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark-Norway"},{"link_name":"Scanian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanian_War"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc1911-3"},{"link_name":"Charles XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Charles IX of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Carl XVI Gustaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf_of_Sweden"}],"text":"King of Sweden from 1660 to 1697Charles XI or Carl (Swedish: Karl XI; 4 December [O.S. 24 November] 1655 – 15 April [O.S. 5 April] 1697)[2] was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death, in a period of Swedish history known as the Swedish Empire (1611–1721).He was the only son of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp. His father died when he was four years old, so Charles was educated by his governors until his coronation at the age of seventeen. Soon afterward, he was forced out on military expeditions to secure the recently acquired dominions from Danish troops in the Scanian War. Having successfully fought off the Danes, he returned to Stockholm and engaged in correcting the country's neglected political, financial, and economic situation. He managed to sustain peace during the remaining 20 years of his reign. Changes in finance, commerce, national maritime and land armaments, judicial procedure, church government, and education emerged during this period.[3] Charles XI was succeeded by his only son Charles XII, who made use of the well-trained army in battles throughout Europe.Though Charles was crowned as Charles XI, he was not the 11th king of Sweden of that name. His father's name (as the 10th) was due to his great-grandfather, King Charles IX of Sweden (1604–1611), having adopted his own numeral by using a mythological History of Sweden. That ancestor was actually the third King Charles.[4] The numbering tradition thus begun still continues, with the present king of Sweden being Carl XVI Gustaf.","title":"Charles XI of Sweden"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_XI,_five_years_old.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ehrenstrahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miniatyrportr%C3%A4tt,_Karl_XI,_Pierre_Signac,_ca_1662_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89014.tif"},{"link_name":"Stockholm Palace Tre Kronor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre_Kronor_(castle)"},{"link_name":"Charles X of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"war against Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wars"},{"link_name":"Riksdag of the Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aberg-5"},{"link_name":"Hedwig Eleonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_Eleonora_of_Holstein-Gottorp"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranlund200458%E2%80%9359-6"},{"link_name":"Per Brahe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Brahe_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranlund200459-7"},{"link_name":"Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_John_I,_Count_Palatine_of_Kleeburg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundh-Eriksson,_Nanna_1947-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundh-Eriksson,_Nanna_1947-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rystadp26-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"statecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy"},{"link_name":"illiterate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy"},{"link_name":"dyslexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyslexia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Magalotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Magalotti"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Charles at the age of five, dressed as a Roman emperor. Painting by Ehrenstrahl.Miniature of Charles XI, Pierre Signac, c. 1662Charles was born in the Stockholm Palace Tre Kronor in November 1655. His father, Charles X of Sweden, had left Sweden in July that year to fight in the war against Poland. After several years of warfare, the king returned in the winter of 1659, gathered his family and the Riksdag of the Estates in Gothenburg. Here he beheld his four-year-old son for the first time. Only a few weeks later, in mid-January 1660, the king fell ill; one month later, he wrote his last will and died.[5]Charles X Gustav's will and testament left the administration of the Swedish Empire during Charles XI's minority to a regency led by Queen Dowager Hedwig Eleonora as both formal regent and chair of a six-member Regency Council with two votes and a final say over the rest of the council.[6] Per Brahe was one member of the council.[7] In addition, Charles X Gustav left command of the army and a seat on the council to his younger brother, Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg.[8] These provisions among others led to the remainder of the council immediately challenging the will. On 14 February, the day after King Charles X's death, Hedwig Eleonora sent a message to the council stating that she knew that they contested the will and that she demanded that it should be respected. The council answered that the will must first be discussed with the parliament, and at the following council in Stockholm on 13 May, the council tried to keep her from attending. The parliament questioned whether it would be good for her health or suitable for a widow to attend council, and that if not, it would be hard to keep sending a messenger to her quarters. Her reply that the council would be allowed to meet without her and only inform her when they considered it necessary was met with satisfaction from the council. Hedwig Eleonora's ostensible indifference to politics came as a great relief to the lords of the guardian government.[8]His mother, Queen Hedvig Eleonora, remained the formal regent until Charles XI attained his majority on 18 December 1672, but she was careful not to embroil herself in political conflicts.[9]\nDuring his first appearances in parliament, Charles spoke to the government through her. He would whisper the questions he had in her ear, and she would ask them aloud and clearly for him.[10]\nAs an adolescent, Charles devoted himself to sports, exercise, and his favourite pastime of bear-hunting. He appeared ignorant of the very rudiments of statecraft and almost illiterate. His main difficulties are now seen as evident signs of dyslexia, a disability that was poorly understood at the time.[11][12][13] According to many contemporary sources, the king was considered poorly educated and therefore not qualified to conduct himself effectively in foreign affairs.[14] Charles was dependent on his mother and advisors to interact with the foreign envoys since he had no foreign language skills apart from German and was ignorant of the world outside Sweden.[15]Italian writer Lorenzo Magalotti visited Stockholm in 1674 and described the teenage Charles XI as \"virtually afraid of everything, uneasy to talk to foreigners, and not daring to look anyone in the face\". Another trait was a deep religious devotion: he was God-fearing, frequently prayed kneeling and attended sermons. Magalotti otherwise described the king's main pursuits as hunting, the upcoming war, and jokes.[16][17]","title":"Under guardian rule"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_XI,_1655-1697,_konung_av_Sverige_(David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15129.tif"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lund"},{"link_name":"David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl"},{"link_name":"subsidies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Karl Gustav Wrangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gustav_Wrangel"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Nils Brahe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Brahe"},{"link_name":"Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fehrbellin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fehrbellin"},{"link_name":"Christian V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_V"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Swedish Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"anarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy"},{"link_name":"Scania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne"},{"link_name":"Scanian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanian_War"},{"link_name":"Landskrona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskrona"},{"link_name":"Helsingborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborg"},{"link_name":"Bohuslän","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n"},{"link_name":"Halmstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmstad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc1911-3"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Battle of Halmstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halmstad"},{"link_name":"commander-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief"},{"link_name":"Simon Grundel-Helmfelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Grundel-Helmfelt"},{"link_name":"tableland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateaus"},{"link_name":"Kävlinge River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4vlinge_River"},{"link_name":"Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lund"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc1911-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc1911-3"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Scanian lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5neland"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Battle of Landskrona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Landskrona"},{"link_name":"pitched battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitched_battle"},{"link_name":"Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealand_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc1911-3"},{"link_name":"Fontainebleau (1679)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1679)"},{"link_name":"Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lund"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1679)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Charles XI at the Battle of Lund in 1676. Painting by David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl in 1682.The situation in Europe was shaky during this time and Sweden was going through financial problems. Charles XI's guardians decided to negotiate an alliance with France in 1671. This would ensure that Sweden would not be isolated if there was a war, and that the national finances would improve thanks to French subsidies.[18] France directed its aggression against the Dutch in 1672, and by the spring of 1674, Sweden was forced to take part by directing forces towards Brandenburg, under the lead of Karl Gustav Wrangel.[19]Denmark was an ally of the Habsburg Holy Roman Empire, and it was evident that Sweden was on the verge of yet another war with that country. A remedy was attempted by chancellor Nils Brahe, who traveled to Copenhagen in the spring of 1675 to try to get the Danish princess Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark engaged to the Swedish king. In mid-June 1675, the engagement was officially proclaimed. However, when news arrived of the Swedish defeat at the Battle of Fehrbellin, Danish king Christian V declared war on Sweden that September.[20]The Swedish Privy Council continued its internal feuds, and the king was forced to rule without them.[21]\nThe 20-year-old king was inexperienced and considered ill-served amidst what has been called the anarchy in the nation. He dedicated autumn in his newly formed camp in Scania to arm the Swedish nation for battle in the Scanian War. The Swedish soldiers in Scania were outnumbered and out-equipped by the Danes. In May 1676, they invaded Scania, taking Landskrona and Helsingborg, then proceeding through Bohuslän towards Halmstad. The King had to grow up quickly. He suddenly found himself alone and under great pressure.[3][22]Victory at the Battle of Halmstad (17 August 1676), when Charles and his commander-in-chief Simon Grundel-Helmfelt defeated a Danish division, was the king's first glimmer of good luck. Charles continued south through Scania, arriving on the tableland of the flooded Kävlinge River – near Lund – on 11 November. The Danish army commanded by Christian V was positioned on the other side. It was impossible to cross the river and Charles had to wait for weeks until it froze over. This finally happened on 4 December and Charles launched a surprise attack on the Danish forces to fight the Battle of Lund.[3] This was one of the bloodiest engagements of its time. Of the over 20,000 combatants, about 8,000 perished on the battlefield.[3][23][24] All the Swedish commanders showed ability, but the chief glory of the day was attributed to Charles XI and his fighting spirit. The battle proved to be a decisive one for the rule of the Scanian lands and it has been described as the most significant event for Charles' personality. Charles commemorated this date the rest of his life.[25][26]In the following year, 13,000 men led by Charles routed 12,000 Danes at the Battle of Landskrona. This proved to be the last pitched battle of the war since, in September 1678, Christian V evacuated his army back to Zealand. In 1679, Louis XIV of France dictated the terms of a general pacification, and Charles XI, who is said to have bitterly resented \"the insufferable tutelage\" of the French king, was forced at last to acquiesce to a peace that managed to leave his empire practically intact.[3] Peace was made with Denmark in the treaties of Fontainebleau (1679) and Lund, and with Brandenburg in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679).[citation needed]","title":"Scanian War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portr%C3%A4tt_av_ryttare,_kungaportr%C3%A4tt,_olja_p%C3%A5_duk_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_30793.tif"},{"link_name":"Swedish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_G%C3%B6ransson_Gyllenstierna"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Equestrian portrait of Charles XI.Charles devoted the rest of his life to avoiding further warfare by gaining larger independence in foreign affairs, while he also promoted economic stabilization and a reorganization of the military. His remaining 20 years on the throne were the longest peacetime of the Swedish Empire (1611–1718).[27]In the early years, he was assisted by the man who had become his trusted prime-minister, Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna (1635–1680). Some sources say the king was basically dependent on Gyllenstierna.[28] His sudden death in 1680 opened up the road to the monarch, and many men tried to get close to the king to take Gyllenstierna's place.[29]","title":"Post-war actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suecia_3-047_;_L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_slott.jpg"},{"link_name":"Läckö Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_Castle"},{"link_name":"Willem Swidde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Swidde"},{"link_name":"Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suecia_Antiqua_et_Hodierna"},{"link_name":"Riksdag of the Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"lordships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"Lord Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Magnus De La Gardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_De_La_Gardie"},{"link_name":"Läckö Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_Castle"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"dominions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc1911-3"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Financial restoration","text":"Läckö Castle, one of many mansions reclaimed by the Crown. Engraving by Willem Swidde from circa 1700 in Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna.Sweden's weak economy had suffered during the war and was now in a deep crisis. Charles assembled the Riksdag of the Estates in October 1680. The assembly has been described as one of the most important held by the Riksdag of the Estates.[30] Here, the king finally pushed through the reduction ordeal, something that had been discussed in the Riksdag since 1650. It meant that any land or object previously owned by the crown and lent or given away – including counties, baronies and lordships – could be recovered. It affected many prominent members of the nobility, some of whom were ruined by it. One of them was the former guardian and Lord Chief Justice Magnus De La Gardie, who, among many other Estates, had to return the extravagant 248-room Läckö Castle.[31] The reduction process involved the examination of every title deed in the kingdom, including the dominions, and it resulted in a complete readjustment of the nation's finances.[3][32][33]","title":"Post-war actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Arvid August Afzelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid_August_Afzelius"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Greycoat","text":"According to Swedish legend, Charles XI travelled around the country dressed as a farmer or simple traveller. In the legend he is referred to as the Greycoat (Swedish: Gråkappan).[34] This was done to discover and identify corruption and oppression against the populace. There are many stories about him arriving in villages looking for corrupt church officials and punishing them. One anecdote tells of him visiting one village with a church in splendid condition and the priest living in poverty. Continuing, the King found in the next village a church in disrepair and a priest living lavishly. The King solved the situation by switching the priests, giving the poor priest the lavish living condition and a church the King was certain he would rebuild. Always followed by a military cortège, Charles toured the country more than other Swedish kings during this era and was famous for the speed at which he travelled, setting many records. The stories of the Greycoat were published in a book by Arvid August Afzelius in the middle of the 19th century.[35][36]","title":"Post-war actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel-von-Pufendorf-De-rebus-a-Carolo-Gustavo_MG_9395.tif"},{"link_name":"Swedish Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"absolute monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Absolutism","text":"Portrait in Samuel von Pufendorf: De rebus a Carolo Gustavo, 1696Another important decision made during the assembly was that of the Swedish Privy Council. Since 1634, it had been mandatory for the king to take advice from the council. During the Scanian War, the members of the council were engaged in internal feuds, and the king more or less ruled without listening to their advice. At the 1680 assembly, he asked the Estates whether he was still bound to the council, to which the Estates responded with his desired reply: \"he was not bound by anyone other than himself\" (\"envälde\"), and thereby the absolute monarchy was formally established in Sweden.[37] The Riksdag of the Estates confirmed his power in 1693 by officially proclaiming that the king was the sole ruler of Sweden.[38]","title":"Post-war actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lands of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Caroleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroleans"},{"link_name":"Swedish allotment system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_allotment_system"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%85bergMil-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RystadMil-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Swedish navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_navy"},{"link_name":"Scanian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanian_War"},{"link_name":"Karlskrona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlskrona"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%85bergMil-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RystadMil-40"}],"sub_title":"Military restructuring","text":"In the 1682 assembly of the Riksdag of the Estates, the king put forth his suggestion for military reform, whereby each of the lands of Sweden were to have 1,200 soldiers at the ready, at all times, and two farms were to provide accommodations for one soldier. His soldiers were known as Caroleans, trained to be skilled and preferring to attack rather than defend. Savagery and looting were strictly forbidden. Soldier huts around the country were the most visible part of the new Swedish allotment system. However, Charles also modernized the military techniques and worked to improve the skills and knowledge of the officers by sending them abroad to study.[39][40]Charles XI was initially enthusiastic about warfare and combat and he was often portrayed as the soldier-King. In the years after the Scanian War however, during which he personally engaged in the fighting and saw the devastation of war, he would later come to view that war was something better to be avoided if possible. With the recent war in mind he wanted to strengthen the armed forces for a defensive war which he knew would come sooner or later. [41]The Swedish navy suffered major defeats against Danish-Dutch forces in the Scanian War, revealing deficiencies in organization and supply, and disadvantages in basing the fleet at Stockholm. The navy was bolstered with the founding of an ice-free base at Karlskrona in 1680 which became the mainstay of future naval operations. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[39][40]","title":"Post-war actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swedish_Empire.svg"},{"link_name":"Swedish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Uniformity policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformity_policy"},{"link_name":"assimilate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedification"},{"link_name":"Scania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania"},{"link_name":"Blekinge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blekinge"},{"link_name":"Halland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halland"},{"link_name":"Bohuslän","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n"},{"link_name":"Jämtland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland"},{"link_name":"Gotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotland"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Roskilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde"},{"link_name":"Swedish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%85bergProv-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RystadProv-43"},{"link_name":"Snapphane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapphane"},{"link_name":"Governor-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Governors-General"},{"link_name":"Johan Gyllenstierna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_G%C3%B6ransson_Gyllenstierna"},{"link_name":"Rutger von Ascheberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutger_von_Ascheberg"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%85bergProv-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RystadProv-43"},{"link_name":"dominions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Swedish Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Bremen-Verden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen-Verden"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1561%E2%80%931721)"},{"link_name":"Livonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia_(1629%E2%80%931721)"},{"link_name":"serfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom"},{"link_name":"Kexholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Kexholm"},{"link_name":"Ingria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Ingria"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%85bergProv-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RystadProv-43"}],"sub_title":"Assimilation of the newest territories","text":"Development of the Swedish Empire in Early Modern Europe (1560–1815)Further information: Uniformity policyCharles believed it was very important to assimilate the new Swedish territories of Scania, Blekinge, Halland, in southern Sweden; Bohuslän in western Sweden and Jämtland, in northern Sweden, and the island of Gotland. Some assimilation policies included: the ban of all books written in Danish or Norwegian, thus breaking the promise made at the Treaty of Roskilde; the use of Swedish language in the conduct of sermons; and all new priests and teachers having to come from Sweden.[42][43]The king had seen bitter resentment from the Scanian peasants during the Scanian War and was particularly tough on that province. The guerrilla Snapphane movement, in northern Scania, had attacked his soldiers and stolen his money. They also had strong support from the local villages. Charles remained suspicious of the Scanian inhabitants throughout his life. He did not allow soldiers from Scania in his Scanian regiment: the 1,200 soldiers that were to be stationed there had to be recruited from more northern provinces. He also advocated rough treatment of the inhabitants and the first Governor-General of Scania, his trusted aide Johan Gyllenstierna (governor-general 1679–1680), was notably brutal in his treatment of the locals. The rule of Rutger von Ascheberg (governor-general 1680–1693), proved more lenient.[42][43]The assimilation was not as strongly implemented in the German dominions of Swedish Pomerania, Bremen-Verden, and the Baltic dominions (Estonia and Livonia). In Germany, Charles found himself being opposed by the Estates there. He was also bound by the law of the German emperor and the peace treaty. In the Baltic, the power structure was completely different, with a German-descended nobility that used serfs, something that Charles abhorred and wanted to abolish but was unable to. Finally, Kexholm and Ingria were sparsely populated and not of great interest.[42][43]","title":"Post-war actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"catechism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism"},{"link_name":"Olov Svebilius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olov_Svebilius"},{"link_name":"Haqvin Spegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqvin_Spegel"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%85bergKyrkan-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RystadKyrkan-45"},{"link_name":"hymnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymnal"},{"link_name":"Psalmbok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmbok"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Charles XII Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XII_Bible"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%85bergKyrkan-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RystadKyrkan-45"}],"sub_title":"Church","text":"Charles was a devoted Lutheran Christian. In February 1686, a church law was put forth on his initiative. The church order declared that the king was ruler of the Church in the same way that he ruled the country and God ruled the world. Attending sermons on Sunday was made obligatory and ordinary people found walking during that time risked arrest. Three years later, he declared it obligatory for all commoners to learn to read a catechism written by archbishop Olov Svebilius and then-bishop Haqvin Spegel so that they would understand the \"magnificence of God\".[44][45]Charles encouraged the production of a hymnal (Psalmbok) to be printed and distributed to the churches (completed 1693), and a new printed version of the Bible that was completed in 1703 and named after his successor: Charles XII Bible.[44][45]","title":"Post-war actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ulrikeeleonoredenmarksweden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ulrika Eleonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Denmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_XI_%26_Ulrica_Eleanor_weddding_medal_1680.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Familjeportr%C3%A4tt,_Karl_XI,_Ehrenstrahl,_1690-tal_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89010.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ulrik,_1684-1685,_prins_av_Sverige_-_Nationalmuseum_-_16074.tif"},{"link_name":"David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl"},{"link_name":"Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Frederick III of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Juliana of Hesse-Eschwege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliana_of_Hesse-Eschwege"},{"link_name":"Scanian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanian_War"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Skottorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skottorp"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rystad_2003,_pp.287%E2%80%93289-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NF-49"},{"link_name":"Hedwig Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_Sophia_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Holstein-Gottorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein-Gottorp"},{"link_name":"Tsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar"},{"link_name":"Peter III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Charles XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Ulrika Eleonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc1911-3"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rystad_2003,_pp.287%E2%80%93289-48"},{"link_name":"Ulriksdal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulriksdal_Palace"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Queen Ulrika Eleonora, Charles's wifeWedding medal 1680Charles XI's family with his sister-in-law and her son (his future son-in-law), 1690sThe death of Prince Ulric as painted by David Klöcker EhrenstrahlOn 6 May 1680, Charles married Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark (1656–1693), daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark (1609–1670). He had previously been engaged to his cousin, Juliana of Hesse-Eschwege, but the engagement was broken after a scandal. Charles and Ulrika were engaged in 1675 in an attempt to smooth over longstanding hostilities, but the Scanian War soon broke out. During the war, Ulrika Eleonora gained a reputation for loyalty to her future home country by exhibiting kindness to Swedish prisoners: she pawned her jewelry, even her engagement ring, to care for the Swedish prisoners of war. Her personal merits and continued charitable acts throughout her tenure endeared her to the Swedish people and eased some of the difficulties brought on by her Danish background.[46] In the peace negotiations between Sweden and Denmark in 1679, the marriage between her and Charles XI was on the agenda, and ratified on 26 September 1679. They married at Skottorp on 6 May 1680 in a hasty ceremony, as Charles prioritized government work over private matters, even a marriage ceremony.[citation needed]Charles and Ulrika Eleonora were very different. He enjoyed hunting and riding, while she enjoyed reading and art, and is best remembered for her great charitable activity. She was also limited by ill-health and numerous pregnancies. Charles was very active and busy and while Charles was away inspecting his troops or pursuing his pastimes, she was often lonely and sad. The marriage itself, however, is considered a success, with the King and Queen being very fond of each other. As queen, Ulrika Eleonora had little political involvement and was placed in the shadow of her mother-in-law. During \"The Great Reversion\" to the crown of counties, baronies and large lordships from the nobility, Ulrika tried to speak on the behalf of the people whose property was confiscated by the crown. But the king told her that the reason he had married her was not because he wanted her political advice. Instead, she helped people whose property had been confiscated by secretly compensating them economically from her own budget. However Charles XI's confidence in her grew over time: in 1690, he named her future Regent, should his son succeed him still a minor. Instead Ulrika Eleonora predeceased him by almost four years. At the time of her death she was personally supporting 17,000 people.[47]It is said that on his death bed, Charles XI admitted to his mother that he hadn't been happy since Ulrika Eleonora's death.[48]The marriage produced seven children, of whom only three outlived Charles:[49]Hedwig Sophia (1681–1708), duchess of Holstein-Gottorp and grandmother of Tsar Peter III;\nCharles XII (1682–1718), who succeeded him to the throne; he had no issue\nGustav (1683–1685)\nUlric (1684–1685)\nFrederick (1685–1685)\nCharles Gustav (1686–1687)\nUlrika Eleonora (\"the younger\", 1688–1741), who succeeded her brother on the Swedish throne; no issueUlrika Eleonora (the elder) was sickly, and the many child births eventually broke her. When she became seriously ill, in 1693, Charles finally dedicated his time and care to her. Her death in July that year shook him deeply and he never fully recovered.[3][48] Her infant son Ulric (1684–1685) had been given Ulriksdal Palace, which was renamed for him (Ulric's Dale).[50]","title":"Family matters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_Karl_XI_p%C3%A5_lit_de_parade,_1697_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_100379.tif"},{"link_name":"lying in state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lying_in_state"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_XI_of_Sweden_grave_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Riddarholmen Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddarholmen_Church"},{"link_name":"abdominal cavity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavity"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Charles XI lying in state, 1697.Charles' coffin at Riddarholmen ChurchCharles XI had complained of stomach pains since 1694. In the summer of 1696, he asked his doctors for an opinion on the pain as it had continuously become worse, but they had no viable cure or treatment for it. He continued to perform his duties as usual, but, in February 1697, the pains became too severe for him to cope and he returned to Stockholm where the doctors discovered he had a large, hard lump in his stomach. At this point there was little the doctors could do except alleviate the King's pain as best they could. Charles XI died on 5 April 1697, in his forty-first year. An autopsy showed that the King had developed cancer and that it had spread through his entire abdominal cavity.[51]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_XI_of_Sweden_outdoor_relief_2013_Stockholm_Palace.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stockholm Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_XI_staty_i_Karlskrona.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karlskrona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlskrona"},{"link_name":"Gustavus II Adolphus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_II_Adolphus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc1911-3"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"kronor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_krona"},{"link_name":"Bank of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Carlsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsburg,_Weser"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"Bremerhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerhaven"},{"link_name":"Karlskrona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlskrona"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Charles's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%27s_Church,_Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"absolutism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy#Sweden"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Image of King Carl XI on a wall of Stockholm PalaceStatue of Charles XI in KarlskronaCharles XI has sometimes been described in Sweden as the greatest of all the Swedish kings, except for Gustavus II Adolphus, unduly eclipsed by his father and his son.[3] In the first half of the 20th century, the view of him changed and he was regarded as dependent, uncertain, and easily influenced by others.[52] In the most recent book, Rystad's biography from 2003, the king is again characterized as a strong-willed shaper of Sweden through economic reforms and achievement of financial and military stability and strength.[53]Charles XI was commemorated on the previous 500-kronor bill. His portrait is taken from one of Ehrenstrahl's paintings, possibly the one displayed on this page. The king is pictured on the bill since the Bank of Sweden was founded in 1668, during Charles' reign.[54]The fortified town of Carlsburg near Bremen, at the site of modern Bremerhaven, was named after Charles XI. The Swedish town of Karlskrona, built during his reign to host the primary navy base in southern Sweden, which it remains to this day, is also named after him.[citation needed]Charles's Church in Tallinn, Estonia, is dedicated to Charles XI.[citation needed] The recognition of his sores and corpse didn't show the incorruptibility that medieval hagiographers believed to be a sign of Christian sainthood. In 1697 the same belief caused Charles's subjects to ask if \"God had put the illness inside the king...to punish the people or Charles.\" Two years later, the course of events that highlighted the crisis was of the absolutism itself.[55]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I,_Count_Palatine_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBL-Johan_Kasimir-58"},{"link_name":"John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Casimir,_Count_Palatine_of_Kleeburg"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911a-56"},{"link_name":"Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalene_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBL-Johan_Kasimir-58"},{"link_name":"Charles X Gustav of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Charles IX of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBL-Katarina-59"},{"link_name":"Catharina of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Sweden_(1584-1638)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911a-56"},{"link_name":"Maria of the Palatinate-Simmern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_the_Palatinate-Simmern"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBL-Katarina-59"},{"link_name":"John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adolf,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDB-Friedrich_III-60"},{"link_name":"Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBL-Hedvig-57"},{"link_name":"Augusta of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDB-Friedrich_III-60"},{"link_name":"Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_Eleonora_of_Holstein-Gottorp"},{"link_name":"John George I, Elector of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_George_I,_Elector_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIWH-Marie_Elizabeth-61"},{"link_name":"Marie Elisabeth of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Elisabeth_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBL-Hedvig-57"},{"link_name":"Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalene_Sibylle_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIWH-Marie_Elizabeth-61"}],"text":"Ancestors of Charles XI of Sweden 8. John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken[58] 4. John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg[56] 9. Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg[58] 2. Charles X Gustav of Sweden 10. Charles IX of Sweden[59] 5. Catharina of Sweden[56] 11. Maria of the Palatinate-Simmern[59] 1. Charles XI of Sweden 12. John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp[60] 6. Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp[57] 13. Augusta of Denmark[60] 3. Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp 14. John George I, Elector of Saxony[61] 7. Marie Elisabeth of Saxony[57] 15. Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia[61]","title":"Ancestors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NF2_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Karl XI\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//runeberg.org/nfbm/0509.html"},{"link_name":"Nordisk familjebok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Swedish calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_calendar"},{"link_name":"Gregorian 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Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie"},{"link_name":"full text online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn11870320X.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WIWH-Marie_Elizabeth_61-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WIWH-Marie_Elizabeth_61-1"},{"link_name":"\"Marie Elizabeth of Saxony (1610–1684)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/marie-elizabeth-saxony-1610-1684"},{"link_name":"Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(publisher)"}],"text":"^ \"Karl XI\". Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish). Vol. 13 (2nd ed.). 1910. p. 962.\n\n^ This article uses the Julian calendar, which was used in Sweden until 1700 (see Swedish calendar for more information). In the Gregorian calendar, Charles was born 4 December 1655 and died 15 April 1697.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Bain 1911b\n\n^ Article Karl Archived 30 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine in Nordisk familjebok\n\n^ Åberg (1958)\n\n^ Granlund 2004, pp. 58–59.\n\n^ Granlund 2004, p. 59.\n\n^ a b Lundh-Eriksson, Nanna (1947). Hedvig Eleonora (in Swedish). Wahlström & Widstrand.\n\n^ Rystad (2003), p. 26\n\n^ Herman Lindqvist: Historien om Sverige: Storhet och Fall (History of Sweden: Greatness and fall) (in Swedish)\n\n^ Nationalencyclopedin, article Karl XII\n\n^ Rystad (2003), p. 23\n\n^ Åberg (1958) gives examples: he would start with the last letter when reading words, and would spell faton instead of afton, etc.\n\n^ Upton, Anthony F. (1998). Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism, 1660–1697. Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-521-57390-4, p. 91: \"There was a widespread contemporary impression that the king was poorly qualified and ineffective in foreign affairs [...] The Danish minister, M. Scheel, reported to his king how Charles XI seemed embarrassed by questions, kept his eyes down and was taciturn [...] The French diplomat, Jean Antoine de Mesmes, comte d'Avaux, described him as 'a prince with few natural talents', so obsessed with getting money out of his subjects that he 'does not concern himself much with foreign affairs'. The Dane, Jens Juel, made a similar comment.\"\n\n^ Upton, p. 91.\n\n^ Rystad (2003) p. 37\n\n^ Åberg (1958), pp. 63–65\n\n^ Åberg (1959) pp. 50–53\n\n^ Åberg, p. 66\n\n^ Åberg (1958), pp. 71–72\n\n^ Åberg (1958), pp. 72–74\n\n^ Åberg (1958), pp. 75–76\n\n^ Åberg (1958), pp. 77–79\n\n^ Rystad (2003), p. 95, estimates that 8,000–9,000 men fell out of 20,000\n\n^ Åberg (1958) p. 81\n\n^ Rystad (2003) p. 97\n\n^ Nationalencyklopedin, article Karl XI\n\n^ Åberg (1958), pp. 106–107\n\n^ Rystad (2003) p. 165\n\n^ Rystad (2003), p. 167\n\n^ Rystad (2003) p. 181\n\n^ Åberg (1958), pp. 93–94\n\n^ Trager, James (1979). The People's Chronology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. p. 256. ISBN 0-03-017811-8.\n\n^ Lars O. Lagerqvist in Sverige och dess regenter under 1000 år ISBN 91-0-075007-7 p. 185\n\n^ Libris Archived 20 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine listing at Swedish National Library\n\n^ Rystad, Göran (2001). Karl XI: en biografi (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska media. p. 255. ISBN 978-91-89442-27-6.\n\n^ Åberg (1958), p. 111\n\n^ Åberg (1958), p. 190\n\n^ a b Åberg (1958) pp. 125–134\n\n^ a b Rystad (2003), pp. 241–265\n\n^ Rystad, Göran (2001). Karl XI: en biografi (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska media. p. 240. ISBN 978-91-89442-27-6.\n\n^ a b c Åberg (1958), pp. 135–146\n\n^ a b c Rystad (2003) pp. 307–344\n\n^ a b Åberg (1958), pp. 157–166\n\n^ a b Rystad (2003) pp. 345–357\n\n^ Nanna Lundh-Eriksson (1947). Hedvig Eleonora. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. ISBN (Swedish)\n\n^ Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark in CF Bricka, Danish biographical encyclopaedia (1st edition, 1904)\n\n^ a b Rystad (2003), pp.287–289\n\n^ \"Karl XI\". Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish). Vol. 13 (2nd ed.). 1910. pp. 967–968.\n\n^ Ulf Sundberg ln Kungliga släktband ISBN 9185057487 p 137\n\n^ Rystad (2003), pp. 368–369\n\n^ Back-cover of Åberg (1958)\n\n^ Back-cover of Rystad (2003)\n\n^ (in Swedish) 500-kronorssedeln Archived 8 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine – From Bank of Sweden official site. Accessed 2 September 2008\n\n^ Sennefelt, Karin (22 December 2020). A Pathology of Sacral Kingship: Putrefaction in the Body of Charles XI of Sweden. Vol. 253. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–117. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtaa025. ISSN 1477-464X. OCLC 8620538229. Archived from the original on 26 December 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2021. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)\n\n^ a b Bain 1911a.\n\n^ a b Dahlgren, Stellan (1971). \"Hedvig Eleonora\". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish). Vol. 18. p. 512.\n\n^ a b Kromnow, Åke (1975). \"Johan Kasimir\". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish). Vol. 20. p. 204.\n\n^ a b Kromnow, Åke (1977). \"Katarina\". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish). Vol. 21. p. 1.\n\n^ a b Kellenbenz, Hermann (1961), \"Friedrich III.\", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 5, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 583–584; (full text online)\n\n^ a b \"Marie Elizabeth of Saxony (1610–1684)\". Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Gale. 2002 – via Encyclopedia.com.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Roberts_(historian)"}],"text":"Åberg, A., \"The Swedish army from Lützen to Narva\", in Michael Roberts (ed.), Sweden's Age of Greatness, 1632–1718 (1973).","title":"Further reading"}]
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Oxford University Press. pp. 83–117. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtaa025. ISSN 1477-464X. OCLC 8620538229. Archived from the original on 26 December 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/past/advance-article/doi/10.1093/pastj/gtaa025/6043726","url_text":"A Pathology of Sacral Kingship: Putrefaction in the Body of Charles XI of Sweden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtaa025","url_text":"10.1093/pastj/gtaa025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1477-464X","url_text":"1477-464X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8620538229","url_text":"8620538229"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20201226083548/https://academic.oup.com/past/advance-article/doi/10.1093/pastj/gtaa025/6043726","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dahlgren, Stellan (1971). \"Hedvig Eleonora\". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish). Vol. 18. p. 512.","urls":[{"url":"https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=12760","url_text":"\"Hedvig Eleonora\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenskt_biografiskt_lexikon","url_text":"Svenskt biografiskt lexikon"}]},{"reference":"Kromnow, Åke (1975). \"Johan Kasimir\". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish). Vol. 20. p. 204.","urls":[{"url":"https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=12105","url_text":"\"Johan Kasimir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenskt_biografiskt_lexikon","url_text":"Svenskt biografiskt lexikon"}]},{"reference":"Kromnow, Åke (1977). \"Katarina\". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish). Vol. 21. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=11393","url_text":"\"Katarina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenskt_biografiskt_lexikon","url_text":"Svenskt biografiskt lexikon"}]},{"reference":"Kellenbenz, Hermann (1961), \"Friedrich III.\", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 5, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 583–584","urls":[{"url":"https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016321/images/index.html?seite=599","url_text":"\"Friedrich III.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie","url_text":"Neue Deutsche Biographie"}]},{"reference":"\"Marie Elizabeth of Saxony (1610–1684)\". Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Gale. 2002 – via Encyclopedia.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/marie-elizabeth-saxony-1610-1684","url_text":"\"Marie Elizabeth of Saxony (1610–1684)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(publisher)","url_text":"Gale"}]},{"reference":"Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911a). \"Charles X., king of Sweden\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 927–929.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nisbet_Bain","url_text":"Bain, Robert Nisbet"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Charles_X._(King_of_Sweden)","url_text":"\"Charles X., king of Sweden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Granlund, Lis (2004). \"Queen Hedwig Eleonora of Sweden: Dowager, Builder, and Collector\". In Campbell Orr, Clarissa (ed.). Queenship in Europe 1660–1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–76. ISBN 0-521-81422-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81422-7","url_text":"0-521-81422-7"}]},{"reference":"Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911b). \"Charles XI.\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Mania
Marian Foster
["1 Life","2 Career","3 Awards","4 References"]
English television and radio presenter Marian Foster (born 19 March 1948 in Newcastle upon Tyne) is an English television and radio presenter. She is best known for presenting BBC One's Pebble Mill at One from 1972 to 1986 and Garden Mania on BBC Radio Newcastle and BBC Radio Tees. Marian FosterBorn(1948-03-19)19 March 1948Newcastle Upon Tyne, EnglandCareerShowPebble Mill at One, Top Gear, BBC Look North, ITV Tyne TeesStation(s)BBC Radio 2, BBC Radio 4Station(s)BBC Radio Newcastle and BBC Radio Tees (present)StyleTelevision and radio presenterCountryUnited Kingdom Life Foster was educated at Dame Allan's School, Newcastle upon Tyne. Her father was a Tyneside sailor, in which she learned how to steer a huge cargo boat before she could drive. At Newcastle University, she was the president of the Gilbert and Sullivan society; she studied geography then completed a Diploma of Education, training at Heaton High School. Whilst in her last year at university, she worked with Bob Langley at Tyne Tees Television. More recently, when Foster was in her 60s, she completed a Diploma in Horticulture, after she was inspired to learn more through presenting her gardening programme Garden Mania. She was trained as a music teacher and sang with the London Symphony Chorus. Career Foster is most famous for presenting the BBC1 afternoon chat show Pebble Mill at One for fourteen years, from 1972 to 1986 alongside Bob Langley and Donny MacLeod. During her time on the programme, she interviewed many celebrities, introduced various different segments and even had a rose named after her called ‘The Marian Foster Rose’. She was voted viewers’ favourite while on the chat show. In 1981, she met Queen Elizabeth II at the Pebble Mill studios in Birmingham. In the 1960s, she was one of ITV's first women reporters and a weather girl. She was also a host on the BBC2 car show Top Gear. Later on television she fronted gardening reports for Look North. She worked in Ethiopia filming the results of Live Aid. Foster has degrees in Geography and Education, previously working as a Geography teacher in both Newcastle and London. On radio she has presented music programmes on BBC Radio 2 and ‘Woman’s Hour’ for BBC Radio 4. She produced the documentary series ‘The Task Of Mankind’ for BBC Two and also worked for BBC One and BBC Two. She was also a science reporter for various public broadcasting stations across America. She is currently a presenter on BBC Radio Newcastle, hosting the weekly gardening show Garden Mania on Sunday mornings for over 20 years. She has presented programmes from RHS Chelsea Flower Show and worked alongside Alan Titchmarsh. Her co-presenter includes Gardening Expert John Guy. Previous co-hosts alongside Foster on the programme included former Gardening Experts Stan Timmins and Eddie Wardrobe. As of November 2023, the show also broadcasts on BBC Radio Tees. Foster often gives advice and talks at flower shows, events and school across the North East of England. In 2017, Foster appeared on Peter Seabrook’s podcast ‘This Week In The Garden’. Foster is often a compare and judge for Northumbria In Bloom. Foster is the former President of the North of England Horticultural Society. Awards During her time on Pebble Mill at One, Foster had a rose named after her called ‘The Marian Foster Rose’. In 2017, Foster won a Garden Media Guild Award for her BBC Radio Newcastle broadcast documentary on English landscape gardener Capability Brown. References ^ a b "Marian Foster". IMDb. Retrieved 24 August 2008. ^ "School record that will never be broken". The Journal. 15 August 2005. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018. ^ Newcastle Journal Wednesday 18 February 1981, page 6 ^ Gillard, David (14 May 1988). "Hear This!: Foster's favourites". Radio Times. Vol. 257, no. 3363. UK: BBC Enterprises Ltd. p. 24. ^ a b "Presenter profiles". BBC Radio Newcastle. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2008. ^ "Marian Foster - BFI". BFI. 24 August 2008. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. ^ "BBC - Pebble Mill At One". BBC. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2018. ^ Weatherall, Nicola (14 May 2009). "Gardening guru Marian Foster helps out at school". Chronicle Live. Chronicle Live. Retrieved 27 February 2013. ^ Seabrook, Peter (22 June 2017). "This Week In The Garden - Marian Foster". Apple Podcast. ^ "Northumbria in Bloom Awards". Belmont Parish Council. 5 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022. ^ "Garden Media Guild - Marian Foster 2017". Garden Media Guild Awards. GMG Awards. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
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She is best known for presenting BBC One's Pebble Mill at One from 1972 to 1986 and Garden Mania on BBC Radio Newcastle and BBC Radio Tees.[1]","title":"Marian Foster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dame Allan's School, Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Allan%27s_School,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gilbert and Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Heaton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesmond_Park_Academy"},{"link_name":"Tyne Tees Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Tyne_Tees"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"London Symphony Chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Chorus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Foster was educated at Dame Allan's School, Newcastle upon Tyne.[2] Her father was a Tyneside sailor, in which she learned how to steer a huge cargo boat before she could drive. At Newcastle University, she was the president of the Gilbert and Sullivan society; she studied geography then completed a Diploma of Education, training at Heaton High School. Whilst in her last year at university, she worked with Bob Langley at Tyne Tees Television. More recently, when Foster was in her 60s, she completed a Diploma in Horticulture, after she was inspired to learn more through presenting her gardening programme Garden Mania.[3]She was trained as a music teacher and sang with the London Symphony Chorus.[4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC1"},{"link_name":"Pebble Mill at One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble_Mill_at_One"},{"link_name":"Bob Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Langley"},{"link_name":"Donny MacLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donny_MacLeod"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Network"},{"link_name":"BBC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC2"},{"link_name":"Top Gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_(1977_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDB-1"},{"link_name":"Look North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_North"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newcastle-5"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Live Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Aid"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_2"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"gardening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardening"},{"link_name":"RHS Chelsea Flower Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHS_Chelsea_Flower_Show"},{"link_name":"Alan Titchmarsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Titchmarsh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newcastle-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marian_Foster_-_BFI-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Tees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Tees"},{"link_name":"North East of England.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durham_City_Afc_Sign_Sue_Sweeney_As_Their_Latest_%E2%80%9CCelebrity_Citizen%E2%80%9D-10"}],"text":"Foster is most famous for presenting the BBC1 afternoon chat show Pebble Mill at One for fourteen years, from 1972 to 1986 alongside Bob Langley and Donny MacLeod. During her time on the programme, she interviewed many celebrities, introduced various different segments and even had a rose named after her called ‘The Marian Foster Rose’. She was voted viewers’ favourite while on the chat show. In 1981, she met Queen Elizabeth II at the Pebble Mill studios in Birmingham. In the 1960s, she was one of ITV's first women reporters and a weather girl. She was also a host on the BBC2 car show Top Gear.[1] Later on television she fronted gardening reports for Look North.[5] She worked in Ethiopia filming the results of Live Aid.Foster has degrees in Geography and Education, previously working as a Geography teacher in both Newcastle and London.\nOn radio she has presented music programmes on BBC Radio 2 and ‘Woman’s Hour’ for BBC Radio 4. She produced the documentary series ‘The Task Of Mankind’ for BBC Two and also worked for BBC One and BBC Two. She was also a science reporter for various public broadcasting stations across America. She is currently a presenter on BBC Radio Newcastle, hosting the weekly gardening show Garden Mania on Sunday mornings for over 20 years. She has presented programmes from RHS Chelsea Flower Show and worked alongside Alan Titchmarsh. Her co-presenter includes Gardening Expert John Guy. Previous co-hosts alongside Foster on the programme included former Gardening Experts Stan Timmins and Eddie Wardrobe.[5][6][7] As of November 2023, the show also broadcasts on BBC Radio Tees. Foster often gives advice and talks at flower shows, events and school across the North East of England.[8]In 2017, Foster appeared on Peter Seabrook’s podcast ‘This Week In The Garden’.[9]Foster is often a compare and judge for Northumbria In Bloom. Foster is the former President of the North of England Horticultural Society. [10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pebble Mill at One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble_Mill_at_One"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"Capability Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability_Brown"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FACT_Cancer_Support-11"}],"text":"During her time on Pebble Mill at One, Foster had a rose named after her called ‘The Marian Foster Rose’. In 2017, Foster won a Garden Media Guild Award for her BBC Radio Newcastle broadcast documentary on English landscape gardener Capability Brown.[11]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucile_Wheeler
Lucile Wheeler
["1 Early years","2 Racing career","3 World Championship results","4 Olympic results","5 After racing","6 Honours","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Canadian alpine skier Lucile WheelerCMPersonal informationBorn (1935-01-14) January 14, 1935 (age 89)Sainte-Jovite, Quebec, CanadaOccupationAlpine skier ♀Skiing careerDisciplinesDownhill, giant slalom, slalom, combinedOlympicsTeams2 – (1952, 1956)Medals1 (0 gold)World ChampionshipsTeams5 – (1950, '52, '54, '56, '58)     includes two OlympicsMedals4 (2 gold) Medal record Women's alpine skiing Representing  Canada Olympic Games 1956 Cortina Downhill World Championships 1958 Bad Gastein Downhill 1958 Bad Gastein Giant slalom 1958 Bad Gastein Combined Lucile Wheeler CM (born January 14, 1935) is a former alpine ski racer from Canada. She was a double world champion in 1958, the first North American to win a world title in the downhill event. Early years Wheeler was born in Quebec and grew up in the village of Sainte-Jovite in the Laurentian mountains. Her family was instrumental in promoting the sport of skiing and her grandfather George Wheeler built the famous Gray Rocks ski centre at Mont-Tremblant, Quebec. He had moved to Quebec from Chazy, New York in the late nineteenth century, hoping to make it rich in the lumber business, but was wiped out by a forest fire. Taught to ski at the age of two, Wheeler's skills were such that she was soon competing against older ski racers. At age 10, she finished seventh in a downhill event at Mont Tremblant in a race that was open to participants of all ages. She won the Canadian junior ski championship in 1947 at age 12 and at 14 was selected to compete for Canada at the World Championships in 1950 in Aspen, Colorado, the first major alpine event held outside of Europe. However, her parents felt she was too young at age 15 to miss school and did not allow her to go. Racing career The early 1950s was still a time when resources for Canadian skiers were extremely limited. There was very little in the way of government funding to cover expenses for skiers wishing to compete on the world stage or to pay for professional training. Recognizing their daughter's gifts, her parents bore the expense for her to spend several winters training in Kitzbühel, Austria. It paid off when she became the first North American Olympic medalist in the downhill in alpine skiing, winning the bronze in 1956 at Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. She followed this with a spectacular performance at the 1958 World Championships in Bad Gastein, Austria, where she won both the downhill and the giant slalom and took silver in the combined. Upon her return to Canada a month later, she received tumultuous receptions. Wheeler's breakthrough performance resulted in an increase in government funding that enabled other Canadian skiers to compete at the international level. Her achievements were also instrumental in increasing the popularity of the sport both nationwide and in her native Quebec where what was once a remote destination in the Laurentian mountains for only a limited few became a thriving ski area with an abundance of quality facilities that attracts hundreds of thousands of skiers every winter. World Championship results   Year    Age   Slalom  Giant Slalom  Super-G Downhill Combined 1950 15 DNS DNS not run DNS not run 1952 17 26 27 27 1954 19 DSQ2 18 7 — 1956 21 DSQ2 6 3 — 1958 23 14 1 1 2 From 1948 through 1980, the Winter Olympics were also the World Championships for alpine skiing. Wheeler qualified for the 1950 championships, but did not attend. Olympic results   Year    Age   Slalom  Giant Slalom  Super-G Downhill Combined 1952 17 26 27 not run 27 not run 1956 21 DSQ2 6 3 After racing Following her retirement from competitive racing at age 24 in 1959, Wheeler, along with Réal Charette, was a ski instructor in a film made at the Banff ski resort that won the American Library Association's award as the best educational sports film of 1960. In June 1960, Wheeler married Kaye Vaughan, former player with the Ottawa Rough Riders and member of the Canadian Football League Hall of Fame. The couple lived for a time in Ottawa, but in 1967 they moved to the village of Knowlton, Quebec, in the heart of a ski area in the Eastern Townships. The mother of two children, she organized a ski program at Knowlton High School for children aged 14 and under. Honours Wheeler was voted the Lou Marsh Trophy as Canada's most outstanding athlete of 1958 and was inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame. In 1976, she was made a member of the Order of Canada, her country's highest civilian honour, and was inducted into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame. South of the border, Wheeler was inducted into the U.S. Ski Hall of Fame in 1976. Glen Mountain, a small Quebec ski hill in West Bolton, honoured her with a trail named "The Wheeler." See also List of alpine skiing world champions References ^ "Canada's Lucile Wheeler wins skiing title". Ottawa Citizen. Canadian Press. February 6, 1958. p. 1. ^ "Canadian takes downhill title". Spokane Daily Chronicle. United Press. February 6, 1958. p. 35. ^ "Lucile Wheeler first again, wins world's giant slalom". Ottawa Citizen. Canadian Press. February 8, 1958. p. 1. ^ "Lucile and Anne give Canada ski prominence". Ottawa Citizen. Canadian Press. February 10, 1958. p. 11. ^ a b Christie, James (April 20, 2009). "Lucile Wheeler". Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 7, 2014. ^ a b c d e Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Lucille Wheeler". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2010-01-26. ^ Chisholm, Lauchie (March 13, 1958). "Lucile welcomed as champ, takes celebrity role in stride". Montreal Gazette. p. 3. ^ "Home town residents honour Lucile Wheeler". Montreal Gazette. April 14, 1958. p. 28. ^ "Kaye Vaughan weds skier Lucile Wheeler". Ottawa Citizen. Canadian Press. June 27, 1960. p. 7. External links Lucile Wheeler at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation Lucile Wheeler at Ski-DB Alpine Ski Database Lucile Wheeler – Lou Marsh Trophy 1958 Lucile Wheeler at Canada's Sports Hall of Fame Lucile Wheeler at Canadian Ski Hall of Fame Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame – Alpine skiing – Lucile Wheeler Lucile Wheeler Vaughan at U.S. Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame Lucile Wheeler at Team Canada Lucile Wheeler at Olympics.comLucille Wheeler at Olympic.org (archived) Lucile Wheeler at Olympedia vteWorld champions in women's downhill 1931: Esme Mackinnon 1932: Paula Wiesinger 1933: Inge Wersin-Lantschner 1934:    Anny Rüegg 1935: Christl Cranz 1936: Evelyn Pinching 1937: Christl Cranz 1938: Lisa Resch 1939: Christl Cranz 1948:    Hedy Schlunegger 1950: Trude Beiser 1952: Trude Beiser 1954:    Ida Schöpfer 1956:    Madeleine Berthod 1958: Lucile Wheeler 1960: Heidi Biebl 1962: Christl Haas 1964: Christl Haas 1966: Marielle Goitschel 1968: Olga Pall 1970:    Annerösli Zryd 1972:    Marie-Theres Nadig 1974: Annemarie Pröll 1976: Rosi Mittermaier 1978: Annemarie Moser-Pröll 1980: Annemarie Moser-Pröll 1982: Gerry Sorensen 1985:    Michela Figini 1987:    Maria Walliser 1989:    Maria Walliser 1991: Petra Kronberger 1993: Kate Pace 1996: Picabo Street 1997: Hilary Lindh 1999: Renate Götschl 2001: Michaela Dorfmeister 2003: Mélanie Turgeon 2005: Janica Kostelić 2007: Anja Pärson 2009: Lindsey Vonn 2011: Elisabeth Görgl 2013: Marion Rolland 2015: Tina Maze 2017: Ilka Štuhec 2019: Ilka Štuhec 2021:    Corinne Suter 2023:    Jasmine Flury Women's World Champions: Downhill • Super-G • Giant Slalom • Slalom • Combined • Parallel Giant Slalom • Mixed Team vteWorld champions in women's giant slalom 1950: Dagmar Rom 1952: Andrea Mead Lawrence 1954: Lucienne Schmidt-Couttet 1956: Ossi Reichert 1958: Lucile Wheeler 1960:    Yvonne Rüegg 1962: Marianne Jahn 1964: Marielle Goitschel 1966: Marielle Goitschel 1968: Nancy Greene 1970: Betsy Clifford 1972:    Marie-Theres Nadig 1974: Fabienne Serrat 1976: Kathy Kreiner 1978: Maria Epple 1980: Hanni Wenzel 1982:    Erika Hess 1985: Diann Roffe 1987:    Vreni Schneider 1989:    Vreni Schneider 1991: Pernilla Wiberg 1993: Carole Merle 1996: Deborah Compagnoni 1997: Deborah Compagnoni 1999: Alexandra Meissnitzer 2001:    Sonja Nef 2003: Anja Pärson 2005: Anja Pärson 2007: Nicole Hosp 2009: Kathrin Hölzl 2011: Tina Maze 2013: Tessa Worley 2015: Anna Fenninger 2017: Tessa Worley 2019: Petra Vlhová 2021:    Lara Gut-Behrami 2023: Mikaela Shiffrin Women's World Champions: Downhill • Super-G • Giant Slalom • Slalom • Combined • Parallel Giant Slalom • Mixed Team vteNorthern Star Award1936–1950 Phil Edwards (1936) Marshal Cleland (1937) Bobby Pearce (1938) Bob Pirie (1939) Gérard Côté (1940) Theo Dubois (1941) Barbara Ann Scott (1945) Joe Krol (1946) Barbara Ann Scott (1947) Barbara Ann Scott (1948) Cliff Lumsdon (1949) Bob McFarlane (1950) 1951–1975 Marlene Streit (1951) George Genereux (1952) Doug Hepburn (1953) Marilyn Bell (1954) Beth Whittall (1955) Marlene Streit (1956) Maurice Richard (1957) Lucile Wheeler (1958) Barbara Wagner & Robert Paul (1959) Anne Heggtveit (1960) Bruce Kidd (1961) Donald Jackson (1962) Bill Crothers (1963) Roger Jackson & George Hungerford (1964) Petra Burka (1965) Elaine Tanner (1966) Nancy Greene (1967) Nancy Greene (1968) Russ Jackson (1969) Bobby Orr (1970) Hervé Filion (1971) Phil Esposito (1972) Sandy Hawley (1973) Ferguson Jenkins (1974) Bobby Clarke (1975) 1976–2000 Sandy Hawley (1976) Guy Lafleur (1977) Graham Smith / Ken Read (1978) Sandra Post (1979) Terry Fox (1980) Susan Nattrass (1981) Rick Hansen / Wayne Gretzky (1982) Wayne Gretzky (1983) Gaétan Boucher (1984) Wayne Gretzky (1985) Ben Johnson (1986) Ben Johnson (1987) Carolyn Waldo (1988) Wayne Gretzky (1989) Kurt Browning (1990) Silken Laumann (1991) Mark Tewksbury (1992) Mario Lemieux (1993) Myriam Bédard (1994) Jacques Villeneuve (1995) Donovan Bailey (1996) Jacques Villeneuve (1997) Larry Walker (1998) Caroline Brunet (1999) Daniel Igali (2000) 2001–present Jamie Salé & David Pelletier (2001) Catriona Le May Doan (2002) Mike Weir (2003) Adam van Koeverden (2004) Steve Nash (2005) Cindy Klassen (2006) Sidney Crosby (2007) Chantal Petitclerc (2008) Sidney Crosby (2009) Joey Votto (2010) Patrick Chan (2011) Christine Sinclair (2012) Jon Cornish (2013) Kaillie Humphries (2014) Carey Price (2015) Penny Oleksiak (2016) Joey Votto (2017) Mikaël Kingsbury (2018) Bianca Andreescu (2019) Alphonso Davies / Laurent Duvernay-Tardif (2020) Damian Warner (2021) Marie-Philip Poulin (2022) Shai Gilgeous-Alexander (2023) vteBobbie Rosenfeld Award1932–1950 Hilda Strike (1932) Ada Mackenzie (1933) Phyllis Dewar (1934) Aileen Meagher (1935) Betty Taylor (1936) Robina Higgins (1937) Noel MacDonald (1938) Mary Rose Thacker (1939) Dorothy Walton (1940) Mary Rose Thacker (1941) Barbara Ann Scott (1946) Barbara Ann Scott (1947) Barbara Ann Scott (1948) Irene Strong (1949) Bobbie Rosenfeld (1950) 1952–1975 Marlene Streit (1952) Marlene Streit (1953) Marilyn Bell (1954) Marilyn Bell (1955) Marlene Streit (1956) Marlene Streit (1957) Lucile Wheeler (1958) Anne Heggtveit (1959) Anne Heggtveit (1960) Mary Stewart (1961) Mary Stewart (1962) Marlene Streit (1963) Petra Burka (1964) Petra Burka (1965) Elaine Tanner (1966) Nancy Greene (1967) Nancy Greene (1968) Beverly Boys (1969) Beverly Boys (1970) Debbie Van Kiekebelt / Debbie Brill (1971) Jocelyne Bourassa (1972) Karen Magnussen (1973) Wendy Cook (1974) Nancy Garapick (1975) 1976–2000 Kathy Kreiner (1976) Cindy Nicholas (1977) Diane Jones-Konihowski (1978) Sandra Post (1979) Sandra Post (1980) Tracey Wainman (1981) Gerry Sorensen (1982) Carling Bassett (1983) Sylvie Bernier (1984) Carling Bassett (1985) Laurie Graham (1986) Carolyn Waldo (1987) Carolyn Waldo (1988) Helen Kelesi (1989) Helen Kelesi (1990) Silken Laumann (1991) Silken Laumann (1992) Kate Pace (1993) Myriam Bédard (1994) Susan Auch (1995) Alison Sydor (1996) Lorie Kane (1997) Catriona Le May Doan (1998) Nancy Greene (1999) Lorie Kane (2000) 2001–present Catriona Le May Doan (2001) Catriona Le May Doan (2002) Perdita Felicien (2003) Lori-Ann Muenzer (2004) Cindy Klassen (2005) Cindy Klassen (2006) Hayley Wickenheiser (2007) Chantal Petitclerc (2008) Aleksandra Wozniak (2009) Joannie Rochette (2010) Jennifer Heil (2011) Christine Sinclair (2012) Eugenie Bouchard (2013) Eugenie Bouchard (2014) Brooke Henderson (2015) Penny Oleksiak (2016) Brooke Henderson (2017) Brooke Henderson (2018) Bianca Andreescu (2019) Christine Sinclair (2020) Leylah Fernandez (2021) Marie-Philip Poulin (2022) Summer McIntosh (2023) Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"alpine ski racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"world champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships_1958"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"downhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toptenfin-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ctdht-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lwfgn-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laagcsp-4"}],"text":"Lucile Wheeler CM (born January 14, 1935) is a former alpine ski racer from Canada. She was a double world champion in 1958, the first North American to win a world title in the downhill event.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Lucile Wheeler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Jovite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jovite,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Laurentian mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentian_mountains"},{"link_name":"Gray Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Rocks"},{"link_name":"Mont-Tremblant, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont-Tremblant,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Chazy, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chazy,_New_York"},{"link_name":"lumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber"},{"link_name":"forest fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glbmllw-5"},{"link_name":"downhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)"},{"link_name":"Mont Tremblant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Tremblant_Resort"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships_1950"},{"link_name":"Aspen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_Mountain_(ski_area)"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheeler-6"}],"text":"Wheeler was born in Quebec and grew up in the village of Sainte-Jovite in the Laurentian mountains. Her family was instrumental in promoting the sport of skiing and her grandfather George Wheeler built the famous Gray Rocks ski centre at Mont-Tremblant, Quebec. He had moved to Quebec from Chazy, New York in the late nineteenth century, hoping to make it rich in the lumber business, but was wiped out by a forest fire.[5]Taught to ski at the age of two, Wheeler's skills were such that she was soon competing against older ski racers. At age 10, she finished seventh in a downhill event at Mont Tremblant in a race that was open to participants of all ages. She won the Canadian junior ski championship in 1947 at age 12 and at 14 was selected to compete for Canada at the World Championships in 1950 in Aspen, Colorado, the first major alpine event held outside of Europe. However, her parents felt she was too young at age 15 to miss school and did not allow her to go.[6]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glbmllw-5"},{"link_name":"Kitzbühel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitzb%C3%BChel,_Austria"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"downhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)"},{"link_name":"alpine skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Cortina d'Ampezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheeler-6"},{"link_name":"1958 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships_1958"},{"link_name":"Bad Gastein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Gastein"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"downhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)"},{"link_name":"giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_combined"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheeler-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lwachm-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-htrhlw-8"}],"text":"The early 1950s was still a time when resources for Canadian skiers were extremely limited.[5] There was very little in the way of government funding to cover expenses for skiers wishing to compete on the world stage or to pay for professional training. Recognizing their daughter's gifts, her parents bore the expense for her to spend several winters training in Kitzbühel, Austria. It paid off when she became the first North American Olympic medalist in the downhill in alpine skiing, winning the bronze in 1956 at Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy.[6] She followed this with a spectacular performance at the 1958 World Championships in Bad Gastein, Austria, where she won both the downhill and the giant slalom and took silver in the combined.[6] Upon her return to Canada a month later, she received tumultuous receptions.[7][8]Wheeler's breakthrough performance resulted in an increase in government funding that enabled other Canadian skiers to compete at the international level. Her achievements were also instrumental in increasing the popularity of the sport both nationwide and in her native Quebec where what was once a remote destination in the Laurentian mountains for only a limited few became a thriving ski area with an abundance of quality facilities that attracts hundreds of thousands of skiers every winter.","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships"}],"text":"From 1948 through 1980, the Winter Olympics were also the World Championships for alpine skiing.\nWheeler qualified for the 1950 championships, but did not attend.","title":"World Championship results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Olympic results "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheeler-6"},{"link_name":"Banff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"American Library Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Library_Association"},{"link_name":"Kaye Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaye_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Rough Riders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Rough_Riders"},{"link_name":"Canadian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kvwslw-9"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Knowlton, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowlton,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Eastern Townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Townships"}],"text":"Following her retirement from competitive racing at age 24 in 1959,[6] Wheeler, along with Réal Charette, was a ski instructor in a film made at the Banff ski resort that won the American Library Association's award as the best educational sports film of 1960. In June 1960, Wheeler married Kaye Vaughan, former player with the Ottawa Rough Riders and member of the Canadian Football League Hall of Fame.[9] The couple lived for a time in Ottawa, but in 1967 they moved to the village of Knowlton, Quebec, in the heart of a ski area in the Eastern Townships. The mother of two children, she organized a ski program at Knowlton High School for children aged 14 and under.","title":"After racing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lou Marsh Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Marsh_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheeler-6"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Sports_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"U.S. Ski Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ski_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Glen Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glen_Mountain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bolton,_Quebec"}],"text":"Wheeler was voted the Lou Marsh Trophy as Canada's most outstanding athlete of 1958 and was inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame.[6] In 1976, she was made a member of the Order of Canada, her country's highest civilian honour, and was inducted into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame. South of the border, Wheeler was inducted into the U.S. Ski Hall of Fame in 1976.Glen Mountain, a small Quebec ski hill in West Bolton, honoured her with a trail named \"The Wheeler.\"","title":"Honours"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of alpine skiing world champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alpine_skiing_world_champions"}]
[{"reference":"\"Canada's Lucile Wheeler wins skiing title\". Ottawa Citizen. Canadian Press. February 6, 1958. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tywxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WeMFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7217%2C930865","url_text":"\"Canada's Lucile Wheeler wins skiing title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian takes downhill title\". Spokane Daily Chronicle. United Press. February 6, 1958. p. 35.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3dlYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-_YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7156%2C1237555","url_text":"\"Canadian takes downhill title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lucile Wheeler first again, wins world's giant slalom\". Ottawa Citizen. Canadian Press. February 8, 1958. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uCwxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WeMFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7242%2C1308335","url_text":"\"Lucile Wheeler first again, wins world's giant slalom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lucile and Anne give Canada ski prominence\". Ottawa Citizen. Canadian Press. February 10, 1958. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uCwxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WeMFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2354%2C1759647","url_text":"\"Lucile and Anne give Canada ski prominence\""}]},{"reference":"Christie, James (April 20, 2009). \"Lucile Wheeler\". Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/lucile-wheeler/article1156811/","url_text":"\"Lucile Wheeler\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Lucille Wheeler\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2010-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417223521/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/wh/lucile-wheeler-1.html","url_text":"\"Lucille Wheeler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/wh/lucile-wheeler-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Lauchie (March 13, 1958). \"Lucile welcomed as champ, takes celebrity role in stride\". Montreal Gazette. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mUwwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=d6gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7080%2C2083019","url_text":"\"Lucile welcomed as champ, takes celebrity role in stride\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home town residents honour Lucile Wheeler\". Montreal Gazette. April 14, 1958. p. 28.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tU4wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gKgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7406%2C2493931","url_text":"\"Home town residents honour Lucile Wheeler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kaye Vaughan weds skier Lucile Wheeler\". Ottawa Citizen. Canadian Press. June 27, 1960. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ANMxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=b-QFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3453%2C2680650","url_text":"\"Kaye Vaughan weds skier Lucile Wheeler\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_Tract
Donation Tract
["1 Background","2 Congressional donation","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°33′55″N 81°34′40″W / 39.56528°N 81.57778°W / 39.56528; -81.57778The Donation Tract lies in southern Ohio The Donation Tract was a land tract in southern Ohio that was established by the Congress in the late 18th century to buffer Ohio Company lands against local indigenous people. Congress gave 100-acre (0.40 km2) lots to men who settled on the land. This marked the first time that federal land was given without charge to specified settlers, predating the more famous Homestead Act of 1862 by seventy years. Background The Ohio Company of Associates, also known as the Ohio Company, was a land company that was formed on March 3, 1786, by General Rufus Putnam, Benjamin Tupper, Samuel Holden Parsons and Manasseh Cutler, who had met in Boston, Massachusetts to discuss the settlement of the territory around the Ohio River. They convinced Congress to sell the company a tract at the confluence of the Muskingum River and the Ohio River. Settlement began at the newly formed town of Marietta, Ohio in April 1788. Indians objected to this incursion on their homeland, leading to the War of 1790. Most of the troops in Fort Harmar, near Marietta, were transferred to Fort Washington to protect Cincinnati, so settlers ended up having to defend themselves at the expense of the Ohio Company. Wyandots killed settlers in the Big Bottom massacre of Jan. 2, 1791, in present day Morgan County. Congressional donation The Donation Tract is the green area in the upper right The Ohio Company petitioned Congress in March, 1792 to donate some land along the north boundary of their lands to form a buffer against the Indians. With the Act of April 21, 1792, Congress donated 100,000 acres (400 km2) to the officers of the Company. The land was to be conveyed in lots of 100 acres (0.40 km2), free of expense, to each male of at least 18 years of age who settled on the land. The Donation Tract is in parts of modern day Adams, Fearing, Salem, Muskingum, Palmer, Waterford, and Watertown Township in Washington County, and Windsor Township in Morgan County. The land was divided into “allotments”, and each allotment was further divided into 100-acre (0.40 km2) lots. These lots did not follow the usual surveying plan of survey townships and one square mile sections. That part of the tract that was not conveyed by the Company to settlers within five years was to be returned to the federal government. However, nothing was done about the unsold lots until an act in 1818 when Congress required their return so they could be sold by the Marietta Land Office. After settlement of the Donation Tract, the Ohio Company did not suffer another raid as large as the Big Bottom Massacre. See also Ohio Lands Historic regions of the United States References ^ a b c d e Knepper, George W (2002). The Official Ohio Lands Book (PDF). The Auditor of the State of Ohio. p. 30. ^ a b c Peters, William E. (1918). Ohio Lands and Their Subdivision. W.E. Peters. pp. 259–264. ^ 6 Stat. 8 - Text of Act of April 21, 1792 Library of Congress ^ 3 Stat. 409 - Text of Act of March 18, 1818 Library of Congress External links Ohio History Central- Donation Tract 39°33′55″N 81°34′40″W / 39.56528°N 81.57778°W / 39.56528; -81.57778 vteOhio LandsSix-MileRectangularSystem Surveys Congress Lands Congress Lands North of Old Seven Ranges Congress Lands West of Miami River Congress Lands East of Scioto River North and East of First Principal Meridian South and East of the First Principal Meridian Michigan Survey Ohio Company of Associates Purchase on the Muskingum Seven Ranges Symmes Purchase Toledo Strip Five-MileRectangularSystem Surveys Connecticut Western Reserve Firelands United States Military District IndiscriminateSurveys French Grant Indian Land Grants Moravian Indian Grants Gnadenhutten Tract Salem Tract Schoenbrunn Tract Donation Tract Twelve Mile Square Reservation Two Mile Square Reservation Zane's Tracts metes and boundsSurvey Virginia Military District Land Grants Canal Lands Miami & Erie Canal Lands Ohio & Erie Canal Lands College Lands College Township Dohrman Tract Ephraim Kimberly Grant Fort Washington Maumee Road Lands Ministerial Lands Refugee Tract Salt Reservations School Lands Turnpike Lands Other Historic regions of the United States Scioto Company Northwest Territory Ohio Country Ohio Company Images from Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donation_Tract_(Ohio).png"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Company_of_Associates"},{"link_name":"local indigenous people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Homestead Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Act"}],"text":"The Donation Tract lies in southern OhioThe Donation Tract was a land tract in southern Ohio that was established by the Congress in the late 18th century to buffer Ohio Company lands against local indigenous people. Congress gave 100-acre (0.40 km2) lots to men who settled on the land. This marked the first time that federal land was given without charge to specified settlers, predating the more famous Homestead Act of 1862 by seventy years.","title":"Donation Tract"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio Company of Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Company_of_Associates"},{"link_name":"Rufus Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Putnam"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Tupper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tupper"},{"link_name":"Samuel Holden Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Holden_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Manasseh Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_Cutler"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Muskingum River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskingum_River"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Marietta, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"War of 1790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialohio-1"},{"link_name":"Fort Harmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Harmar"},{"link_name":"Fort Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Washington,_Cincinnati,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohiosub-2"},{"link_name":"Wyandots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyandot_people"},{"link_name":"Big Bottom massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bottom_massacre"},{"link_name":"Morgan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialohio-1"}],"text":"The Ohio Company of Associates, also known as the Ohio Company, was a land company that was formed on March 3, 1786, by General Rufus Putnam, Benjamin Tupper, Samuel Holden Parsons and Manasseh Cutler, who had met in Boston, Massachusetts to discuss the settlement of the territory around the Ohio River. They convinced Congress to sell the company a tract at the confluence of the Muskingum River and the Ohio River. Settlement began at the newly formed town of Marietta, Ohio in April 1788. Indians objected to this incursion on their homeland, leading to the War of 1790.[1] Most of the troops in Fort Harmar, near Marietta, were transferred to Fort Washington to protect Cincinnati, so settlers ended up having to defend themselves at the expense of the Ohio Company.[2] Wyandots killed settlers in the Big Bottom massacre of Jan. 2, 1791, in present day Morgan County.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ohio_Company_and_Donation_Tract.png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialohio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohiosub-2"},{"link_name":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_Township,_Washington_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Fearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearing_Township,_Washington_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Township,_Washington_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Muskingum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskingum_Township,_Washington_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Township,_Washington_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Township,_Washington_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Watertown Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertown_Township,_Washington_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Washington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Windsor Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Township,_Morgan_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Morgan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialohio-1"},{"link_name":"survey townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_township"},{"link_name":"sections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_(United_States_land_surveying)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialohio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohiosub-2"}],"text":"The Donation Tract is the green area in the upper rightThe Ohio Company petitioned Congress in March, 1792 to donate some land along the north boundary of their lands to form a buffer against the Indians. With the Act of April 21, 1792,[3] Congress donated 100,000 acres (400 km2) to the officers of the Company.[1] The land was to be conveyed in lots of 100 acres (0.40 km2), free of expense, to each male of at least 18 years of age who settled on the land.[2] The Donation Tract is in parts of modern day Adams, Fearing, Salem, Muskingum, Palmer, Waterford, and Watertown Township in Washington County, and Windsor Township in Morgan County.[1] The land was divided into “allotments”, and each allotment was further divided into 100-acre (0.40 km2) lots. These lots did not follow the usual surveying plan of survey townships and one square mile sections. That part of the tract that was not conveyed by the Company to settlers within five years was to be returned to the federal government. However, nothing was done about the unsold lots until an act in 1818[4] when Congress required their return so they could be sold by the Marietta Land Office.[1][2] After settlement of the Donation Tract, the Ohio Company did not suffer another raid as large as the Big Bottom Massacre.","title":"Congressional donation"}]
[{"image_text":"The Donation Tract lies in southern Ohio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Donation_Tract_%28Ohio%29.png/450px-Donation_Tract_%28Ohio%29.png"},{"image_text":"The Donation Tract is the green area in the upper right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ohio_Company_and_Donation_Tract.png/450px-Ohio_Company_and_Donation_Tract.png"}]
[{"title":"Ohio Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Lands"},{"title":"Historic regions of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States"}]
[{"reference":"Knepper, George W (2002). The Official Ohio Lands Book (PDF). The Auditor of the State of Ohio. p. 30.","urls":[{"url":"https://ohioauditor.gov/publications/OhioLandsBook.pdf","url_text":"The Official Ohio Lands Book"}]},{"reference":"Peters, William E. (1918). Ohio Lands and Their Subdivision. W.E. Peters. pp. 259–264.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HiApAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA259","url_text":"Ohio Lands and Their Subdivision"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Jamal
Sophie Jamal
["1 Early life and career","2 Misconduct controversy","3 Medical licensing","4 See also","5 References"]
Canadian endocrinologist Sophie JamalBornAbida Sophina Jamal (1966-06-06) June 6, 1966 (age 58)NationalityCanadianKnown forBiomedical research fraudMedical careerFieldEndocrinologyResearchOsteoporosis treatmentNotable worksEffect of Nitroglycerin Ointment on Bone Density and Strength in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Trial (2011) Abida Sophie Jamal (born on 6 June 1966) is a Canadian endocrinologist and former osteoporosis researcher who was at the centre of a scientific misconduct case in the mid-to-late 2010s. Jamal published a high-profile paper suggesting that the heart medication nitroglycerin was a treatment for osteoporosis, and was later demonstrated to have misrepresented her results. She received a lifetime ban from receiving funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and was named directly in their disclosure report, becoming the first person mentioned by name by the institute for scientific misconduct. Jamal was later stripped of her medical license for two years, regaining it in a controversial 3–2 decision. Early life and career Jamal was born 6 June 1966. She graduated from medical school at the University of Toronto in 1991 and completed a residency in internal medicine and endocrinology in 1996; in 2002, she additionally completed a Ph.D. at the University of Toronto in the field of osteoporosis-related clinical epidemiology. She spent a short period in the 1990s at the University of California, San Francisco, working under osteoporosis expert Steven Cummings. Jamal later described her parents and upbringing as "overbearing", instilling the need to present a facade of academic and professional success at all times. In 2007, Jamal was appointed as a staff member at the Women's College Hospital and as a scientist at its research institute, becoming the head of endocrinology and director of osteoporosis research. She was also an associate professor at the University of Toronto. Jamal was respected by her peers and thought of as a researcher of "high moral standing and high ethics". She was recognized as an expert on osteoporosis and its treatment by both the medical and general community, for which she received media coverage. A particular focus of said coverage was her role as a woman in science, where she was treated as a spokeswoman for women's medical concerns. Jamal began research on whether nitrates could prevent or treat osteoporosis in 1998, while working under Cummings at UCSF. Her first trial to test a nitrate drug against placebo was published in 2004 and had positive findings. Jamal's most famous study, a paper on the use of nitroglycerin in osteoporosis, was published in 2011 with collaborators Cummings and Richard Eastell. The study claimed to find that nitroglycerin was a safe and effective treatment of and preventative for osteoporosis, increasing the bone density of elderly women in the most vulnerable skeletal regions to the disease. Due to the potentially dangerous side effects of common osteoporosis treatments, Jamal's findings were hailed as impressive progress in the field, drawing the attention of major medical establishments such as the Mayo Clinic. As a result, Jamal was granted nearly CA$260,000 to fund a follow-up study in 2012. She was also awarded the 2012 CSEM Young Investigator Award, a CA$20,000 grant from the Canadian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Misconduct controversy The additional scrutiny brought upon Jamal's 2011 paper by the follow-up study revealed inconsistencies that had not been previously noticed. Jamal's collaborator Richard Eastell found discrepancies between the raw data and her descriptions in reports she sent him. When Eastell conducted his own statistical analysis in 2014, he found no difference between the treatment and placebo groups. When questioned about the discrepancies, Jamal blamed a research assistant for inaccurately presenting the data. She later took to physical measures to try cover up the fraud; Jamal changed files in patient records, destroyed an old computer of hers to prevent fraud investigators from accessing it, and modified the temperature controls to destroy blood and urine specimens stored at Canadian Blood Services and prevent their analysis. Following investigation by the Women's College Hospital, Jamal was deemed to have manipulated data and misrepresented her findings. She resigned from her positions at the clinic and the University of Toronto in 2015. One member of the investigative panel defined the case as possibly the "worst case of research fraud dealt with by the college in its history". That December, her paper on nitroglycerin was retracted by JAMA, the journal of the American Medical Association and its original publisher. The follow-up "Nitrates and Bone Turnover" trial was cancelled. In 2016, Jamal was barred from ever receiving funding in the future from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research or from any other Canadian source of federal research funding, and forced to pay back the sum she received in 2012. She became the first scientist mentioned by name by the institute for fraud, which had previously redacted the names of sanctioned researchers for confidentiality reasons. Following the JAMA retraction, two further papers of Jamal's were retracted; one on the risk of osteoporosis in kidney disease, and one on nitrate use and bone density. These retractions related to her work with the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study, which launched an independent investigation following the results of the Women's College Hospital investigation. Jamal had been their study's site coordinator in Toronto. In both cases, all authors except Jamal supported retraction of the papers, while she was unable to be reached for comment. A fourth retraction on another paper regarding kidney disease and bone fracture risk was announced in August 2021. The fourth retraction was unconnected to the investigations into Jamal's research, but requested by her co-authors after independently analysing the study data and finding inconsistencies. Medical licensing In 2017, Jamal's medical license was restricted by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. A year later, she was entirely stripped of her license. In February 2020, Jamal applied for the reinstatement of her license. She ascribed her actions to mental health issues, particularly depression, related to her strict and achievement-focused upbringing. While the Women's College Hospital opposed the reinstatement, the disciplinary panel reinstated her license with the condition that she remain in therapy for her mental health and restrict her practice to clinical work rather than research. Jamal's reinstatement, a 3–2 decision, was opposed by the panel's chairman and castigated by the media. Peeter Poldre, professor emeritus of medicine at the University of Toronto and president of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, had "significant concerns" about Jamal's "sense of decency, integrity, and honesty" and believed she had failed to deal with the professional and personal consequences of her misconduct. See also List of scientific misconduct incidents References ^ "Jamal, Sophie (Sophie A.), 1966-". Library of Congress. 12 March 2001. Retrieved 16 June 2021. ^ a b c d e f "Jamal, Abida Sophina". College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ a b c d e f Shuchman M (20 September 2016). "Misconduct saga rattles bone scientists". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 188 (13): 938–939. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-5314. PMC 5026510. PMID 27551032. ^ a b c d Perkel C (27 May 2020). "Once noted Toronto researcher who falsified data wins medical licence back". Toronto Star. Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ Jamal S (15 July 2009). "Ask the expert: Dr. Sophie Jamal on osteoporosis". Brampton Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ Gandhi U (1 June 2006). "Early osteoporosis detection vital". The Globe & Mail. Retrieved 7 May 2021. ^ Staff writer (9 February 2010). "Research briefs: Kidney function tied to bone density". The News Journal. Wilmington, Delaware. p. 30. ^ Hotakie A (4 February 2011). "Hospital continues 100-year tradition of serving women". Toronto Observer. Retrieved 31 May 2021. ^ Jamal SA, Hamilton CJ, Eastell R, Cummings SR (23 February 2011). "Effect of Nitroglycerin Ointment on Bone Density and Strength in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Trial". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 305 (8): 800–807. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.176. PMID 21343579. ^ "CSEM Awards". The Canadian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ a b Mandel M (20 May 2020). "Despite committing research fraud, Toronto doc gets licence back after 2 years". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ Boyle T (26 October 2015). "Women's College researcher 'manipulated' study results: hospital president". Toronto Star. Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ Palus S (29 December 2015). "JAMA retracts osteoporosis paper with manipulated data". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ Oransky I (19 July 2016). "Canada funding agency bans researcher for fraud, and in first, reveals her name". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ a b Singh Chawla D (11 August 2016). "Second retraction for bone researcher with lifetime funding ban". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ Singh Chawla D (19 December 2016). "Bone researcher with lifetime funding ban earns third retraction". Retraction Watch. ^ Goltzman D, Hanley DA, Papaioannou A, Prior JC, Josse RG (1 December 2016). "Retraction to: Nitrate use and changes in bone mineral density: the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study". Osteoporosis International. 28 (1): 421. doi:10.1007/s00198-016-3843-9. PMID 27909783. S2CID 13004034. ^ Marcus A (24 August 2021). "Doing the right thing: Co-authors of researcher who covered up data fakery retract paper". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ a b Singh Chawla D (23 July 2020). "It's Time to Get Serious About Research Fraud". Undark. Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ Greenfield SA (10 December 2018). "Dr. Peeter Poldre Assumes Role as New President of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Of Ontario". College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. Retrieved 3 March 2021. Authority control databases International VIAF National Norway United States Academics Google Scholar
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endocrinologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinologist"},{"link_name":"osteoporosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosis"},{"link_name":"scientific misconduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_misconduct"},{"link_name":"nitroglycerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroglycerin_(medication)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Institutes_of_Health_Research"}],"text":"Canadian endocrinologistAbida Sophie Jamal (born on 6 June 1966) is a Canadian endocrinologist and former osteoporosis researcher who was at the centre of a scientific misconduct case in the mid-to-late 2010s. Jamal published a high-profile paper suggesting that the heart medication nitroglycerin was a treatment for osteoporosis, and was later demonstrated to have misrepresented her results. She received a lifetime ban from receiving funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and was named directly in their disclosure report, becoming the first person mentioned by name by the institute for scientific misconduct. Jamal was later stripped of her medical license for two years, regaining it in a controversial 3–2 decision.","title":"Sophie Jamal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loc-1"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"internal medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_medicine"},{"link_name":"endocrinology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinology"},{"link_name":"osteoporosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosis"},{"link_name":"clinical epidemiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_epidemiology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpso-2"},{"link_name":"University of California, San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thestar-4"},{"link_name":"Women's College Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_College_Hospital"},{"link_name":"associate professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_professor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpso-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brampton-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gam-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nj-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-observer-8"},{"link_name":"nitrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrates"},{"link_name":"placebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi-3"},{"link_name":"nitroglycerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroglycerin_(medication)"},{"link_name":"Richard Eastell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Eastell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fakestudy-9"},{"link_name":"Mayo Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csem-10"}],"text":"Jamal was born 6 June 1966.[1] She graduated from medical school at the University of Toronto in 1991 and completed a residency in internal medicine and endocrinology in 1996; in 2002, she additionally completed a Ph.D. at the University of Toronto in the field of osteoporosis-related clinical epidemiology.[2] She spent a short period in the 1990s at the University of California, San Francisco, working under osteoporosis expert Steven Cummings.[3] Jamal later described her parents and upbringing as \"overbearing\", instilling the need to present a facade of academic and professional success at all times.[4]In 2007, Jamal was appointed as a staff member at the Women's College Hospital and as a scientist at its research institute, becoming the head of endocrinology and director of osteoporosis research. She was also an associate professor at the University of Toronto.[2] Jamal was respected by her peers and thought of as a researcher of \"high moral standing and high ethics\".[3] She was recognized as an expert on osteoporosis and its treatment by both the medical and general community, for which she received media coverage.[5][6][7] A particular focus of said coverage was her role as a woman in science, where she was treated as a spokeswoman for women's medical concerns.[8]Jamal began research on whether nitrates could prevent or treat osteoporosis in 1998, while working under Cummings at UCSF. Her first trial to test a nitrate drug against placebo was published in 2004 and had positive findings.[3] Jamal's most famous study, a paper on the use of nitroglycerin in osteoporosis, was published in 2011 with collaborators Cummings and Richard Eastell. The study claimed to find that nitroglycerin was a safe and effective treatment of and preventative for osteoporosis, increasing the bone density of elderly women in the most vulnerable skeletal regions to the disease.[9] Due to the potentially dangerous side effects of common osteoporosis treatments, Jamal's findings were hailed as impressive progress in the field, drawing the attention of major medical establishments such as the Mayo Clinic. As a result, Jamal was granted nearly CA$260,000 to fund a follow-up study in 2012.[3] She was also awarded the 2012 CSEM Young Investigator Award, a CA$20,000 grant from the Canadian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism.[10]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpso-2"},{"link_name":"Canadian Blood Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Blood_Services"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torontosun-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star2-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpso-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thestar-4"},{"link_name":"retracted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retractions_in_academic_publishing"},{"link_name":"JAMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAMA"},{"link_name":"American Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retractionwatch1-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpso-2"},{"link_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Institutes_of_Health_Research"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retractionwatch2-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retractionwatch3-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retractionwatch4-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retractionwatch3-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nitrateretract-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retractionwatch5-18"}],"text":"The additional scrutiny brought upon Jamal's 2011 paper by the follow-up study revealed inconsistencies that had not been previously noticed. Jamal's collaborator Richard Eastell found discrepancies between the raw data and her descriptions in reports she sent him.[3] When Eastell conducted his own statistical analysis in 2014, he found no difference between the treatment and placebo groups.[2] When questioned about the discrepancies, Jamal blamed a research assistant for inaccurately presenting the data. She later took to physical measures to try cover up the fraud; Jamal changed files in patient records, destroyed an old computer of hers to prevent fraud investigators from accessing it, and modified the temperature controls to destroy blood and urine specimens stored at Canadian Blood Services and prevent their analysis.[11]Following investigation by the Women's College Hospital, Jamal was deemed to have manipulated data and misrepresented her findings.[12] She resigned from her positions at the clinic and the University of Toronto in 2015.[2] One member of the investigative panel defined the case as possibly the \"worst case of research fraud dealt with by the college in its history\".[4] That December, her paper on nitroglycerin was retracted by JAMA, the journal of the American Medical Association and its original publisher.[13] The follow-up \"Nitrates and Bone Turnover\" trial was cancelled.[2] In 2016, Jamal was barred from ever receiving funding in the future from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research or from any other Canadian source of federal research funding, and forced to pay back the sum she received in 2012. She became the first scientist mentioned by name by the institute for fraud, which had previously redacted the names of sanctioned researchers for confidentiality reasons.[14]Following the JAMA retraction, two further papers of Jamal's were retracted; one on the risk of osteoporosis in kidney disease, and one on nitrate use and bone density.[15][16] These retractions related to her work with the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study, which launched an independent investigation following the results of the Women's College Hospital investigation. Jamal had been their study's site coordinator in Toronto.[3] In both cases, all authors except Jamal supported retraction of the papers, while she was unable to be reached for comment.[15][17] A fourth retraction on another paper regarding kidney disease and bone fracture risk was announced in August 2021. The fourth retraction was unconnected to the investigations into Jamal's research, but requested by her co-authors after independently analysing the study data and finding inconsistencies.[18]","title":"Misconduct controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpso-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-undark-19"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thestar-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torontosun-11"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-undark-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpso2-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thestar-4"}],"text":"In 2017, Jamal's medical license was restricted by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario.[2] A year later, she was entirely stripped of her license.[19] In February 2020, Jamal applied for the reinstatement of her license. She ascribed her actions to mental health issues, particularly depression, related to her strict and achievement-focused upbringing. While the Women's College Hospital opposed the reinstatement, the disciplinary panel reinstated her license with the condition that she remain in therapy for her mental health and restrict her practice to clinical work rather than research.[4]Jamal's reinstatement, a 3–2 decision, was opposed by the panel's chairman and castigated by the media.[11][19] Peeter Poldre, professor emeritus of medicine at the University of Toronto and president of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario,[20] had \"significant concerns\" about Jamal's \"sense of decency, integrity, and honesty\" and believed she had failed to deal with the professional and personal consequences of her misconduct.[4]","title":"Medical licensing"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of scientific misconduct incidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents"}]
[{"reference":"\"Jamal, Sophie (Sophie A.), 1966-\". Library of Congress. 12 March 2001. Retrieved 16 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2001127392.html","url_text":"\"Jamal, Sophie (Sophie A.), 1966-\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jamal, Abida Sophina\". College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://doctors.cpso.on.ca/DoctorDetails/Abida-Sophina-Jamal/0049957-63935","url_text":"\"Jamal, Abida Sophina\""}]},{"reference":"Shuchman M (20 September 2016). \"Misconduct saga rattles bone scientists\". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 188 (13): 938–939. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-5314. PMC 5026510. PMID 27551032.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5026510","url_text":"\"Misconduct saga rattles bone scientists\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.109-5314","url_text":"10.1503/cmaj.109-5314"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5026510","url_text":"5026510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27551032","url_text":"27551032"}]},{"reference":"Perkel C (27 May 2020). \"Once noted Toronto researcher who falsified data wins medical licence back\". Toronto Star. Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2020/05/27/once-noted-toronto-researcher-who-falsified-data-wins-medical-licence-back.html","url_text":"\"Once noted Toronto researcher who falsified data wins medical licence back\""}]},{"reference":"Jamal S (15 July 2009). \"Ask the expert: Dr. Sophie Jamal on osteoporosis\". Brampton Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bramptonguardian.com/community-story/3079363-ask-the-expert-dr-sophie-jamal-on-osteoporosis/","url_text":"\"Ask the expert: Dr. Sophie Jamal on osteoporosis\""}]},{"reference":"Gandhi U (1 June 2006). \"Early osteoporosis detection vital\". The Globe & Mail. Retrieved 7 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/early-osteoporosis-detection-vital/article4109196/","url_text":"\"Early osteoporosis detection vital\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (9 February 2010). \"Research briefs: Kidney function tied to bone density\". The News Journal. Wilmington, Delaware. p. 30.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hotakie A (4 February 2011). \"Hospital continues 100-year tradition of serving women\". Toronto Observer. Retrieved 31 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://torontoobserver.ca/2011/02/04/hospital-continues-100-year-tradition-of-serving-women/","url_text":"\"Hospital continues 100-year tradition of serving women\""}]},{"reference":"Jamal SA, Hamilton CJ, Eastell R, Cummings SR (23 February 2011). \"Effect of Nitroglycerin Ointment on Bone Density and Strength in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Trial\". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 305 (8): 800–807. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.176. PMID 21343579.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2011.176","url_text":"10.1001/jama.2011.176"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21343579","url_text":"21343579"}]},{"reference":"\"CSEM Awards\". The Canadian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220126212257/http://www.endo-metab.ca/csem-awards-and-grants/csem-awards","url_text":"\"CSEM Awards\""},{"url":"https://www.endo-metab.ca/csem-awards-and-grants/csem-awards","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mandel M (20 May 2020). \"Despite committing research fraud, Toronto doc gets licence back after 2 years\". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://torontosun.com/news/local-news/mandel-despite-committing-research-fraud-toronto-doc-gets-licence-back-after-2-years","url_text":"\"Despite committing research fraud, Toronto doc gets licence back after 2 years\""}]},{"reference":"Boyle T (26 October 2015). \"Women's College researcher 'manipulated' study results: hospital president\". Toronto Star. Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/life/health_wellness/2015/10/26/womens-college-researcher-manipulated-study-results-hospital-president.html","url_text":"\"Women's College researcher 'manipulated' study results: hospital president\""}]},{"reference":"Palus S (29 December 2015). \"JAMA retracts osteoporosis paper with manipulated data\". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://retractionwatch.com/2015/12/29/jama-retracts-osteoporosis-paper-with-manipulated-data/","url_text":"\"JAMA retracts osteoporosis paper with manipulated data\""}]},{"reference":"Oransky I (19 July 2016). \"Canada funding agency bans researcher for fraud, and in first, reveals her name\". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://retractionwatch.com/2016/07/19/canada-funding-agency-bans-researcher-for-fraud-and-in-first-reveals-her-name/","url_text":"\"Canada funding agency bans researcher for fraud, and in first, reveals her name\""}]},{"reference":"Singh Chawla D (11 August 2016). \"Second retraction for bone researcher with lifetime funding ban\". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://retractionwatch.com/2016/08/11/second-retraction-for-bone-researcher-with-lifetime-funding-ban/","url_text":"\"Second retraction for bone researcher with lifetime funding ban\""}]},{"reference":"Singh Chawla D (19 December 2016). \"Bone researcher with lifetime funding ban earns third retraction\". Retraction Watch.","urls":[{"url":"https://retractionwatch.com/2016/12/19/bone-researcher-lifetime-funding-ban-earns-third-retraction/","url_text":"\"Bone researcher with lifetime funding ban earns third retraction\""}]},{"reference":"Goltzman D, Hanley DA, Papaioannou A, Prior JC, Josse RG (1 December 2016). \"Retraction to: Nitrate use and changes in bone mineral density: the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study\". Osteoporosis International. 28 (1): 421. doi:10.1007/s00198-016-3843-9. PMID 27909783. S2CID 13004034.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00198-016-3843-9","url_text":"\"Retraction to: Nitrate use and changes in bone mineral density: the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00198-016-3843-9","url_text":"10.1007/s00198-016-3843-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27909783","url_text":"27909783"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13004034","url_text":"13004034"}]},{"reference":"Marcus A (24 August 2021). \"Doing the right thing: Co-authors of researcher who covered up data fakery retract paper\". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://retractionwatch.com/2021/08/24/doing-the-right-thing-co-authors-of-researcher-who-covered-up-data-fakery-retract-paper/","url_text":"\"Doing the right thing: Co-authors of researcher who covered up data fakery retract paper\""}]},{"reference":"Singh Chawla D (23 July 2020). \"It's Time to Get Serious About Research Fraud\". Undark. Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://undark.org/2020/07/23/cracking-down-on-research-fraud/","url_text":"\"It's Time to Get Serious About Research Fraud\""}]},{"reference":"Greenfield SA (10 December 2018). \"Dr. Peeter Poldre Assumes Role as New President of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Of Ontario\". College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cpso.on.ca/News/News-Articles/Dr-Peeter-Poldre-Assumes-Role-as-New-President-of","url_text":"\"Dr. Peeter Poldre Assumes Role as New President of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Of Ontario\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_(American_automobile)
Hammer (American automobile)
["1 References"]
Defunct American motor vehicle manufacturer The Hammer was an American automobile built in Detroit, Michigan by the Hammer Motor Company from 1905 to 1906. The Hammer was a light car built with a two-cylinder, 12 hp engine in 1905. This was replaced with a 24 hp, four-cylinder engine for 1906. The five-seater tonneau weighed 1,800 lb (820 kg), and came with a choice of a planetary or sliding-gear transmission, with a shaft final drive. The Hammer Motor Company was integrated as part of Hammer-Sommer when they went defunct in 1905. References G.N. Georgano (1968). The Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars, 1885 to Present. This article about a brass-era automobile produced between 1905 and 1915 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"light car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_car"},{"link_name":"tonneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonneau"},{"link_name":"planetary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing"},{"link_name":"sliding-gear transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmission"},{"link_name":"final drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivetrain#Final_drive"},{"link_name":"Hammer-Sommer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer-Sommer"}],"text":"The Hammer was an American automobile built in Detroit, Michigan by the Hammer Motor Company from 1905 to 1906. The Hammer was a light car built with a two-cylinder, 12 hp engine in 1905. This was replaced with a 24 hp, four-cylinder engine for 1906. The five-seater tonneau weighed 1,800 lb (820 kg), and came with a choice of a planetary or sliding-gear transmission, with a shaft final drive. The Hammer Motor Company was integrated as part of Hammer-Sommer when they went defunct in 1905.","title":"Hammer (American automobile)"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"G.N. Georgano (1968). The Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars, 1885 to Present.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.N._Georgano","url_text":"G.N. Georgano"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Surrey
High Sheriff of Surrey
["1 1066–1228","2 1229–1398","3 1399–1509","4 1509–1566","5 1566–1635","6 1636–1702","7 1702–1799","8 19th century","9 20th century","10 21st century","11 References"]
The list of known High Sheriffs of Surrey extends back to 1066. At various times the High Sheriff of Surrey was also High Sheriff of Sussex (1229–1231, 1232–1240, 1242–1567, 1571–1635). 1066–1228 (High Sheriffs of Surrey only) This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008) 1066–1080: Ansculf de Picquigny 1086: Ranulf 1098: Ranulf 1103: Ralph FitzNigel 1105: Wymond 1106: Roger of Huntingdon 1106–1125: Gilbert the Knight 1126–1128: Fulk 1129: Richard Basset and Aubrey de Vere c1155: Ralph Picot 1155: Hugh de Wateville 1155: Hilary of Chichester the Bishop of Chichester 1160–1162: Hilary of Chichester 1163–1183: Gervase de Cornhill c.1189–1192: Henry de Cornhill 1194–1199: Robert of Thornham 1204: Richard de Maisy and William de Sancto Laudo 1205–1207: Robert of Thornham 1207–1212: John FitzHugh 1213–1215: Reginald de Cornhill 1215: Hubert de Burgh 1216: Engelard de Cigogné 1217–1226: Earl William de Warenne (6th Earl of Surrey) 1226: Gilbert de Abinger 1227: John de Gatesden 1229–1398 (Sheriffs of Surrey and Sussex) Henry III (1216–1272)- Continued 1229: 1231: Robert de Shardlow / Henry de Wintershul 1232: Peter de Rivaux / Henry de Chancellis 1234: Simon de Etchingham /Joel de Sancto Germano 1235: Henry of Bath / Simon de Echingham/ Joel de Sancto Germano 1236–37: John de Gatesden / Philip de Crofts 1238: John de Gatesden 1239: John de Gatesden / Philip de Crofts 1240–1241: Gregory de Oxted 1241: Philip de Crofts 1242–44: Sir Ralph de Camoys 1245–48: Robert le Savage 1249–51: Nicholas de Wauncy 1252: William and Nicholas de Mucheldovere (Munchcledevr) 1254: Amfred de Fering 1254: William de Mucheldovere 1254: Amfred (Humphrey) de Fering 1255–56: Sir Geoffrey de Cruce 1257: Gerard de Evinton 1258: David de Jarpenville 1259–60: John de Wauton 1261: William la Zouche (William Aguillon) - part 1261: John de Wauton 1263: Roger de Loges 1267: Robert Aguillon 1267: Ralph Saunzaver 1267: William de la Leye 1268–69: Roger de Loges 1270–71: Matthew de Hastings Edward I (1272–1307) 1272–73: Matthew de Hastings 1274: William de Herne 1275–77: John de Wanton 1278–79: Emery de Cancellis 1282: Sir Geoffrey "de" Pickford Kt 1280–84: Nicholas le Gras 1285–86: Richard de Pevenese 1287–91: William de Pageham (Pakenham) 1292–97: Robert de Glaumorgan 1298–1301: John Abel 1302–03: Walter de Geddinge (John Harneys) 1304–06: Robert de la Knole Edward II (1307–1327) 1307: Walter de Geddinge 1308–12: William of Henle & Robert de Stangrave/William de Mare 1313–14: Peter de Vienna 1315–16: William de Mare 1317: Walter le Gras 1318: Walter le Gras / Peter de Worldham 1319–20: Peter de Worldham / Henry Hussey 1321: Henry Hussey 1322–23: Nicholas Gentil 1324–26: Peter de Worldham/Andrew Medested Edward III (1327- 1377) 1327: Nicholas Gentil 1328–30: Nicholas Gentil/Robert de Stangave 1331: John Dabernon 1332–33: William Vaughan 1334–36: William Vaughan/ John Dabernon 1337–38: William Vaughan 1339: Godfrey de Hunston 1340: Godfrey de Hunston/William de Northo 1341: William de Northo/Hugo de Bowsey 1342–43: Andrew Peverel/Hugo de Bowsey 1344: William de Northo 1345–47: Regin de Forrister 1348: Roger Dabernon 1349–51: Thomas Hoo 1352–53: Richard de St Oweyn 1354: Simon de Codington 1355: Roger de Lukenor 1356: William North 1357–59: Thomas de Hoo 1360–62: ??? 1363: Simon de Codington 1364: Ranulph Thurnham 1365: John Wayleys 1366: John Weyville 1367–68: Sir Andrew Sackville 1369–70: Ranulph Thurnham 1371: William Neidegate 1372: Roger Dalingrugge 1373: Nicholas Wilcombe of Wappingthorne in Steyning, Sussex 1374: Robert de Loxley 1375: Robert Atte Hele 1376: John St Clere Richard II (1377–1399) 1377: William Percy of Woodmancote, Sussex 1378: Sir Edmund Fitzherbert of Ewhurst, Sussex 1379: John de Hadresham of Lingfield and Crowhurst, Surrey 1380: Nicholas Slyfield (1320-1397) of Slyfield Manor, Great Bookham, Surrey 1381: William Percy of Woodmancote, Sussex 1382: William Weston of West Clandon, Surrey 1383: Sir William de Waleys of Glynde, Sussex 1384: Robert Rutborne 1385: Richard Hurst 1386–87: Thomas Jardyn of South Mundham and Bowley, Sussex 1388: Edward de St John 1389: Robert Atte Mille of Guildford, Surrey 1390: John Robert de Eckingham 1390: John Mill of Gretham 1391: Nicholas Carew of Beddington Park, Surrey 1392: Thomas Jardyn 1393: Nicholas Slyfield (1320-1397) of Slyfield Manor, Great Bookham, Surrey 1393: John de Uvedale of Titsey Place and Wickham, Hants 1394: Edward St John 1395: John Ashburnham of Ashburnham, Sussex 1396: William Fienes 1397: John Salerne of Rye and Leigh in Iden, Sussex 1398: William Fienes 1399–1509 (High Sheriffs of Surrey and Sussex) Henry IV (1399–1412) 1399: Radul Codington of Cuddington 1400: Nicholas Carew of Beddington Park, Surrey 1401: John Pelham 1402: John Ashburnham of Ashburnham, Sussex 1403–04: Robert Atte Mulle 1405: Sir Philip St Clere 1406: Sir Thomas Sackvile 1407: John Clipsham of Imbhams and Guildford, Surrey 1408: William Verd 1409: John Ashburnham of Ashburnham, Sussex 1410: John Warner Campie 1411: John Waterton of Bramley Henry V (1412–1422) 1412–13: John Haysham 1414: John Wintershall of Wintershall and Shalford, Surrey 1415: John Clipsham of Imbhams and Guildford, Surrey 1416: John Uvedale of Titsey Place and Wickham Hants 1417: William Weston of Dedswell in Send, Surrey and Hindhall in Buxted, Sussex 1418: James Knotesford 1419: John Clipsham of Imbhams and Guildford, Surrey 1420: John Hace 1421: John Bolvey / James Knotesford Henry VI (1422–1461) 1422–23:Sir Roger Fiennes of Herstmonceux, Sussex 1424:John Wintershall of Wintershall and Shalford, Surrey 1425:John Clipsham of Imbhams and Guildford, Surrey 1426:Thomas Lewkenor 1427:John Ferriby 1428:William Warbleton 1429:John Wintershall of Wintershall and Shalford, Surrey 1430:William Uvedale of Titsey Place and Wickham Hants 1431:William Finch 1432:Sir Thomas Lewkenor 1433:John Anderne 1434:Richard Waller 1435:Sir Roger Fiennes of Herstmonceux, Sussex 1436:Richard Dalingrugg 1437:John Ferriby 1438: Sir Thomas Uvedale of Titsey Place and Wickham Hants 1439: James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele, of Kemsing and Seal 1440:Roger Lewkenor 1441:Nicholas Carew 1442:Walter Strickland 1443:John Stanley 1444:John Basket 1445:Nicholas Carew 1446:Nicholas Husey 1447:William Belknape 1448:Robert Radmill 1449:Nicholas Carew 1450:John Pennycocke 1451:John Lewkenor 1452:Thomas Yard 1453:Sir Richard Fiennes 1454:Walter Devenish 1455:John Knotesford 1456:Sir Thomas Cobham 1457:Nicholas Husey 1458:Thomas Basset 1459: Sir Thomas Tresham 1460:Robert Fiennes Edward IV (1461–1483) 1461:Nicholas Gaynesford 1462-3:Walter Denis 1464:Thomas Goring 1465: Sir Thomas Uvedale of Titsey Place and Wicham Hants 1466:William Cheney 1467:Thomas Vaughan 1468:Sir Roger Lewkenor 1469:Nicholas Gaynesford 1470:Richard Lewkenor 1471:Thomas St. Leger 1472:John Gaynesford 1473:Nicholas Gaynesford 1474:Thomas Lewkenor 1475:Thomas Echingham 1476:John Wode 1477:Sir Henry Roos 1478:William Weston 1479:Thomas Combs 1480:John Ebrington 1481:Thomas Fiennes 1482:John Apseley Richard III (1483–1485) 1483:Sir Henry Roos 1484:John Dudley 1485:John Norbury / Richard Gainsford Henry VII (1485–1509) 1486:Nicholas Gaynesford 1487:Thomas Coombes 1488:William Merston 1489:Robert Morley 1490:John Apseley 1491:Richard Lewkenor 1492:Edward Dawtree 1493:John Leigh 1494:John Coke 1495:John Apseley 1496:Richard Lewkenor 1497:Matthew Brown 1498: Richard Sackville 1499:John Coke 1500:Thomas Ashburnham 1501:John Gainsford 1502:Sir Richard Carew 1503:John Apseley 1504:Rad Shirley 1505:Richard Sackvile 1506:Goddard Oxenbridge 1507:William Ashburnham 1508:Thomas Morton 1509:Sir Thomas Fiennes 1509–1566 (High Sheriffs of Surrey and Sussex) Henry VIII (1509–1546) 1510: John Leigh 1511: Edward Lewkenor 1512: Sir Roger Lewkenor 1513: Sir Godfrey Oxenbridge 1514: Richard Shirley of Wiston, Sussex 1515: Roger Copley 1516: Sir John Leigh 1517: William Ashburnham 1518: Sir John Gainsford 1519: Nicholas Carew of Beddington Park, Surrey 1520: Sir Godfrey Oxenbridge 1521: John Scott 1522: Sir Edward Bray 1523: Richard Covert 1524: John William Ashburnham 1525: Sir Thomas West, Baron de la Warr 1526: Richard Shirley of Wiston, Sussex 1527: John Sackville of Chiddingly, Sussex 1528: Sir John Dawtry 1529: Richard Belingham 1530: Sir Roger Copley 1531: Sir William Goring of Burton, Sussex 1532: Sir Roger Lewkenor 1533: Christopher More of Loseley, Surrey 1534: John Palmer of Angmering, Sussex 1535: Richard Belingham 1536: Sir William Goring of Burton, Sussex 1537: Sir Richard Page 1538: Nicholas Gainsford 1539: Sir Edward Bray of Henfield and Selmeston, Sussex and the Vachery, Shere, Surrey 1540: Sir Christopher Moore of Loseley, Surrey 1541: John Sackville of Chiddingly, Sussex 1542: Thomas Darell 1543: Richard Belingham 1544: John Palmer 1546: John Thetcher 1546: John Sackville of Chiddingly, Sussex Edward VI (1546–1553) 1547: Sir John Dawtrey 1548: Sir Thomas Cawarden of Bletchingley, Surrey 1549: John Scott 1550: Sir Nicholas Pelham of Laughton, Sussex 1551: Sir William Goring of Burton, Sussex 1552: Robert Oxenbridge (1508-1574) of Brede, Sussex 1553: Sir Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu of Battle Abbey and Cowdray Park, Sussex Mary (1553–1558) 1553: Sir Thomas Saunders of Charlwood, Surrey 1554: John Covert of Ifield and Slaugham, Sussex 1555: William Saunders of Ewell, Surrey 1556: Sir Edward Gage 1557: John Ashburnham of Asburnham, Sussex 1558: William Moore Elizabeth I (1558–1603) 1558:Sir Thomas Palmer of Parham, Sussex 1559:John Colepeper 1560:John Stidolph 1561:Henry Goring 1562:William Gresham 1563:Richard Covert 1564:Anthony Pelham 1565:William Dawtry 1566–1635 (High Sheriffs of Surrey only) Elizabeth I (1558–1603) – Continued 1566:Anthony Palmer / William Dawtrey of More House, Petworth, Sussex 1567:Francis Carew of Beddington, Surrey 1568:Sir Henry Weston of Sutton Place, Surrey 1569:Thomas Lyfield of Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey 1570:Sir Thomas Browne of Betchworth Castle, Surrey (High Sheriffs of Surrey and Sussex) Elizabeth I (1558–1603) – Continued 1571:John Pelham of Laughton, near Lewes, Sussex 1571:Thomas Palmer of Angmering, Sussex 1572:Francis Shirley of West Grinstead, Sussex 1573:John Rede / Richard Polsted of Albury, Surrey 1574:Henry Pelham 1575:William Gresham 1576:Sir Thomas Shirley of Wiston, near Steyning, Sussex 1576 (Apr–Nov): Herbert Pelham of Michelham Priory, near Hailsham, Sussex 1577:George Goring of Ovingdean, Lewes and Danny Park, Sussex 1578:Sir William Moore 1579:William Morley of Glynde, Sussex 1580:Edward "Edmond" Slyfield (1521-13 February 1590) of Clandon Manor, West Clandon, Surrey and Slyfield Manor, Great Bookham, Surrey 1581:Sir Thomas Browne 1582:Walter Covert of Slaugham, Sussex 1583:Thomas Bishopp of Parham, Sussex 1584:Richard Bostock of Tandridge, Surrey 1585:Nicholas Parker of Ratton and Willingdon 1586:Richard Browne of Knowle in Cranleigh, Surrey 1587:John Carrell 1588:Thomas Pelham of Laughton, Sussex 1589:Herbert Pelham of Michelham Priory, near Hailsham, Sussex 1590:Robert Linsey (Livesey) 1591:Sir Walter Covert of Slaugham, Sussex 1592:Sir Nicholas Parker of Ratton and Willingdon, Sussex 1593:William Gardiner of Bermondsey, Surrey 1594:Richard Leech of Fletching, Sussex 1595:Edmund Culpeper 1596:George More 1597:James Colebrand of Chichester, Sussex 1598: Thomas Eversfield, of Denne Park, Horsham, West Sussex 1599:Edmund Bowyer of Camberwell, Surrey 1600:Thomas Bishopp of Parham, Sussex 1601:John Ashburnham 1602:Robert Lynsey (Livesey) James I (1603–1625) 1603:Robert Linsey (Livesey) 1604:Sir Henry Goring 1605:Sir Edward Culpeper 1606:Sir Thomas Hoskings 1607:Herbert Morley of Glynde, Sussex 1608:Sir George Gunter 1609:Sir Thomas Hunt 1610:John Lountesford 1611:Edward Bellingham 1612:William Wignall 1613:Edward Goring 1614:Sir John Willdigos 1615:Rowland Trappes/Sir John Morgan 1616:Sir John Shirley of Isfield, Sussex 1617:John Middleton 1618:Sir John Howland 1619:Nicholas Eversfield of The Grove, Hollington, Hastings 1620:Richard Michelborne 1621:Sir Francis Leigh of Addington, Surrey 1622:Sir Thomas Springett 1623:Sir Ben Pelham 1624:Ambrose Browne of Betchworth Castle, Dorking, Surrey Charles I (1625–1649) 1625: Edward Alford of Offington, Sussex 1626: Sir Thomas Bowyer, 1st Baronet of Leythorne, North Mundham 1627: Edward Jordan 1628: Sir Stephen Boord 1629: Anthony May 1630: Sir William Walter of Wimbledon, Surrey 1631: Sir Robert Morley of Glynde Place, Sussex (died 1632) 1632: Sir John Chapman 1633: Richard Evelyn 1634: Sir William Culpeper, 1st Baronet of Wakehurst 1635: Sir William Morley 1636(Jan-Nov): Sir William Morley of Halnaker, Boxgrove, Sussex 1636–1702 (High Sheriffs of Surrey only) Charles I (1625–1649) – Continued 1636: Sir Francis Vincent 1636: Sir Anthony Vincent 1637: Nicholas Stoughton of Stoughton, near Guildford, Surrey 1638: Sir John Gresham 1639: Sir John Howland 1640: Thomas Smith 1641: George Price 1642: Sir John Denham 1643–1645: Edmund Jordan 1645: Sir Matthew Brand 1645: Richard Bettinson 1646: William Wymondeshold 1647: John Turner of Ham 1648: Thomas Thorold 1648: Thomas Morton Commonwealth (1649–1660) 1649: John Carpenter replaced by Thomas Woodward 13 February 1650 1650: William Hynde 1651: Richard Farrand 1652: Edward Knipe 1653: Anthony Smyth of Brackhouse /John Parker/Henry White of Putney 1654: Daniel Harvey of Coombe, Surrey 1655: Colonel Thomas Pride 1656: John Blackwell 1657: Thomas Walker 1658: Jeffrey Howland 1659: Charles II (1660–1685) 1660: Henry Weston 1661: Roger Duncombe 1662: Sir Nicholas Stoughton 1663: Sir Walter Plomer 1664: Sir William Humble 12 November 1665: Sir John Evelyn, 1st Baronet 7 November 1666: Dawes Wymondesold 6 November 1667: Sir Richard Stydolph, 1st Baronet 6 November 1668: Sir William More, 2nd Baronet 25 November 1668: George Woodroffe, of Poyle, Seale 11 November 1669: James Zouche, of Woking 4 November 1670: Walter More 9 November 1671: Ellis Crisp 11 November 1672: James Burton 10 November 1673: Matthew Andrews 12 November 1673: Edmund Smyth 5 November 1674: Sigismund Stydolph 12 November 1674: Matthew Andrews 1674: John Appleby 15 November 1675: Robert Knightley, of Ashsteed 10 November 1676: Sigismund Stydolph 18 November 1676: Thomas Saunders 15 November 1677: Sir Edward Bromfield 17 November 1677: Anthony Brian, of Bermondsey 29 November 1677: Thomas Jordan, of Gatwick 1 December 1677: Thomas Newton, of Stoke 14 November 1678: Robert Wilson 23 November 1678: Anthony Brian 13 November 1679: Sir Robert Hatton 4 November 1680: Sigismund Stydolph 1680: Joseph Reeve 1681: Peter Daniel of Clapham, Surrey 1682: Anthony Rawlins 1683: William Inwood 1684: Samuel Lewin 1685: George Turner James II (1685–1689) 1686: John Weston/George Gore/Morgan Randyll of Chilworth, Surrey 1687: ? Le Cane 1688: Peter de Lannoy/Sigismund Stydolph 1689: Sir Edward Bromfield/George Meggott William and Mary (1689–1702) 1690: Walter Howland 1691: George Attwood 1692: Michael Edwards 1693: John Buckworthreplaced by Thomas Bouroughs then Henry Wheatley 1694: Henry Bartelott 1695: John Pettyward 1696: William Mason 1697: Thomas Lowfield 1698: Edward Budgen 1699: Leonard Wessell of Tadworth Court, Surrey 1700–1701: Robert Corffe/John Shorter 1702–1799 1702: John Deleau/Edward Woodward/William Woodward of West Dean, near Midhurst 1703: James Tichborne 1704: William Fenwick 1705: William Hammond 1706: Isaac Shard 1707:John Dewey 1708: William Steavens 1709: John Evershed 1710: William Genew/Walter Kent of Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey 1711: John Mitchell 1712: Richard Oldner 1713: Joseph Wandale 1714: James Plume 1715: Joseph Bagnoll 1716: Vincent Sheppard 1717: Sir Charles Cox of Southwark, Surrey/John Vanhattem 1719: Nathaniel Roffey 1719–1720: William Belitha 1721: Wright Woolley/Peter Theobald 1722–1723: John Neale 1724: John Essington of Wandsworth, Surrey then William Nicholl 1726: John Palmer/Sir Thomas Stevens 1727: John Wall 1728: Sir Matthew Decker, Bt of Richmond, Surrey 1729: Samuel Kent of Vauxhall, Surrey 1730: Percival Lewis 1731: Joshua Smith 1732: Ralph Thrale of Streatham (1698–1758), MP, father of Henry Thrale and owner of Anchor Brewery, Southwark 1733: Maltis Ryall 1734: John Copeland 1735: Joseph Chitty 1737: John Rush 1738: William Clarke/Robert Booth 1739: William Browning – Felmonger of Bermondsey. Born 1676 Burton Latimer. Buried 1758 St. Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey, where there is a marble memorial. 1740: Benjamin Hayes 1741: Thomas Bevois 1742: Isaac Eles 1744: Elias Bird 1745: Sir Peter Thompson of Mill St, Bermondsey 1746: Thomas Page 1747: Abraham Atkins 1748: Samuel Atkinson 1749: Jeremiah Crutchley 1750: Jacob Tonson Jnr 1751: John Smith 1752: Edward Saunderson 1753: Edward Langton 1754: Henry Talbot 1755: John Mackerill 1756: Charles Devon 1757: Joseph Mawbey, later Sir Joseph Mawbey, 1st Baronet of Botleys, Surrey 1758: Edmund Shallett, of Sheer 1759: Daniel Ponton 1760: Thomas Bridges 1761: John Dawson of Lambeth 1762: Sir William Bridges Baldwin 1763: Thomas Page 1764: James Morris of Lambeth 1765: John Hughes 1766: John Small 1767: John Durand, of Woodcote Lodge, Carshalton 1768: Richard Barwell (William Barwell?) 1769: John Thornton 1770: Sir Richard Hotham of Merton Place 1771: Sir Thomas Kent 1772: Morgan Rice 1773: Richard Earle Bedford 1774: Thomas James 1775: Isaac Akerman 1776: George Ward 1777: William Brightwell Sumner 1778: John Lewin Smith 1779: James Bordien 1780: Charles Eyre 1781: William Northey 1782: Sir Abraham Pitches 1783: James Paine 1784: William Aldersey 1785: James Payne of Chertsey 1786: Theodore Henry Broadhead of Carshalton 1787: Richard Ladbroke of Tadworth Court 1788: Thomas Creuze of Woodbridge 1789: Thomas Sutton of East Molesey 1790: Samuel Long of Carshalton Park, Surrey 1791: Henry Byne of Carshalton, Surrey 1792: William Woodroffe of Poyle Park 1793: John Hodsdon Durand of Carshalton, Surrey and West Dean Place, Sussex 1794: Charles Bowles 1795: Thomas Turton, later Sir Thomas Turton, 1st Baronet of Starborough Castle, Surrey 1796: Thomas Sutton of Hurst House, East Molesey 1797: Robert Taylor 1798: James Trotter 1799: Robert Hankey 19th century 5 February 1800: George Griffin Stonestreet, of Clapham 11 February 1801: Bryant Barret, of Stockwell 3 February 1802: Edward Peppin, of Walton Lodge 10 February 1803: John Pooley Kensington, of Putney 1 February 1804: William Borrodaile, of Streatham 6 February 1805: Robert Chatfield, of Croydon 1 February 1806: Kennard Smith, of Cheam 4 February 1807: James Newsome, of Wandsworth Lodge 3 February 1808: James Mangles of Woodbridge, near Guildford 6 February 1809: Edmund Bilke, of Southwark 31 January 1810: Henry Edmund Austen, of Shalford House 8 February 1811: George Tritton, of West Hill, Wandsworth 24 January 1812: Thomas Starling Benson, of Champion Lodge 10 February 1813: Henry Bridges, of Ewell 4 February 1814: Richard Birt, of Hall Grove 13 February 1815: James Laing, of Streatham 1816: Benjamin Bernard 1817: Thomas Lett the younger of Dulwich 1818: Henry Peters of Betchworth Castle, Surrey 1819: William Speer of Thames Ditton 1820: Hutches Trower of Unsted Wood 1821: John Spicer 1822: Charles Nicholas Pallmer of Norbiton House, Surrey 1823: Charles Hampden Turner of Rook's Nest 1824: Florence Young 1825: John Bernard Hankey 1826: Henry Drummond 1827: William Crawford of Pippbrook 1828: Thomas Hope 1829: Felix Calvert Ladbroke 1830: Sir William George Hylton Joliffe, Bt. of Merstham 1831: Harvey Combe, of Cobham Park 1832: Miles Stringer, of Effingham 1833: Sir Henry Fletcher, 3rd Baronet, of Ashley Park 1834: George Thomas Nicholson, of Waverley Abbey 1835: James Shudi Broadwood, of Lyne House 1836: William Henry Cooper, of Pains Hill 1837: Thomas Alcock, of Kingswood Warren 1838: Thomas Chaloner Bisse Chaloner, of Potnalls Park 1839: Samuel Paynter, of Richmond 1840: Hon. Peter John Locke King, of Woburn-Farm 1841: William Leveson-Gower of Titsey Place 1842: Charles Barclay of Bury-Hill 1843: Richard Sumner, of Puttenham Priory 1844: William Straeham, of Ashurst 1845: Richard Fuller, of the Rookery 1846: Charles McNivin, of Perrysfield 1847: Joseph Bonsor, of Poulsden 1848: Lee Steere, of Jayes 1849: William Francis Gamul Farmer, of Nonsuch-Park 1850: James William Freshfield, of Moor-Place 1851: John Sparkes, of Gosden-House 1852: George Robert Smith of Selsden, Croydon 1853: Thomas Grissell, of Norbury Park, Leatherhead 1854: Robert Gosling, of Botleys Park 1855: James Gadesden, of Ewell Castle, Ewell 1856: Edward Richard Northey, of Woodcote House, Epsom 1857: John Labouchere, of Broom Hall, Dorking 1858: Hon. George John Cavendish, of Lyne Grove, Chertsey 1859: Sir Walter Farquhar, 3rd Baronet, of Polesden, Leatherhead 1860: William John Evelyn, of Wootton, near Dorking 1861: Samuel Gurney, of Carshalton 1862: Joseph Godman, of Park Hatch, Godalming 1863: Lewis Lloyd, of Monks Orchard, near Croydon 1864: Thomas Price of Heywood, Cobham 1865: John Bradshaw of Knowle, Guildford 1866: John Frederick Bateman 1867: James More-Molyneux 1868: Robert Carter 1869: Robert Hay Murray 1870: William Farnell-Watson 1871: Money Wigram 1872: Albert George Sandeman 1873: Gordon Wyatt Clark 1874: John Coyscarne Sim 1875: G.W. Granville Leveson-Gower 1876: Charles Churchill 1877: William Robert Gamul Farmer 1878: Robert Barclay 1879: John Barnard Hankey 1880: Sir Francis Burdett, Bt. 1881: Richard Henry Combe 1882: Henry John Tritton 1883: James Stewart Hodgson 1884: John Henderson 1885: Charles Combe 1886: George James Murray 1887: Walter Waterlow 1888: Hon. Francis Baring 1889: Augustus William Gadesden 1890: James Hudson of Capenor Nutfield, Surrey 1891: John Fisher Eastwood, of Esher Lodge, Esher 1892: James Brand 1893: Sir Jeremiah Colman 1894: Sir Frederick Wigan, 1st Baronet 1895: Edward Lee Rowcliffe, of Hall Place, Hascombe, Godalming, 1896: Sir Edward Hamer Carbutt, Bt., of Nanhurst, Cranleigh 1897: William Keswick, of Eastwick Park, Great Bookham, near Leatherhead, 1898: Lawrence James Baker of Ottersbaw Park, Chertsey, 1899: Sir John Whittaker Ellis, Bt., of Buccleuch House, Richmond 20th century 1900: Charles Hoskins Master, of Barrow Green, Oxted, 1901: Herbert Gosling, of Botley's Park, Chertsey, 1902: Max Leonard Waechter, of Terrace House, Richmond, 1903: Sir Walpole Lloyd Greenwell, of Marden Park, Woldingham, 1904: Edward David Stern, of Fan Court, Chertsey, 1905: Sir Philip Waterlow, 2nd Baronet 1906: Ralph Forster 1907 Wickham Noakes 1908 Basil Braithwaite 1909 Sir Frederick Edridge 1910: Sir Harry Waechter 1911: Sir William Chance, 2nd Baronet 1912: Sir Benjamin Brodie, 3rd Baronet 1913: Sir Richard Charles Garton, of Lythe Hill, Haslemere 1914: St Loe Strachey 1915: Charles Tyrrell Giles, of Copse Hill House, Wimbledon 1916: Beresford Rimingtoir Heaton, of Round Down, Gomshall 1917: Alfred Withall Aston, of Woodcote Grove, Epsom 1918: James Henry Renton, of Mervel Hill, Hambledon 1919: John Henry Bridges, of Ewell Court, Ewell 1920: Major Henry Herbert Gordon Clark, of Mickleham Hall, Mickleham 1921: Charles Pendleton Hull of Earlswood Mount, Redhill 1922: Frederick Gordon Dalziel Colman of Great Burgh, Burgh Heath, near Banstead 1923: Robert Wyvill Barclay of Logmore, Dorking 1924: Henry Oberlin Serpell of West Croft Park, Chobham, Woking 1925: Cuthbert Eden Heath of Anstie Grange, Holmwood, Dorking, 1926: Charles Stanley Gordon Clark of Fetcham Lodge, Fetcham 1927: Robert Cron Henderson of Nithsdale, Sutton, 1928: Brigadier-General Edward Boustead Cuthbertson of The Old House, Betchworth 1929: Charles Harvey Combe of Cobham Park, Cobham 1930: Hubert Cecil Rickett of Hawthorns, Overton Road, Sutton, Surrey 1931: Sir Edward John Holland 1932: Sir Stanley Machin, Kt., of Cleeve, Oatlands, Weybridge, Surrey 1933: William Mallinson 1934: Sir John Jarvis, 1st Baronet, of Hascombe Court, near Godalming 1935: Sir Laurence Edward Halsey of Gooserye, Worplesdon, 1936: Charles Edward Hoskins Master of Barrow Green Court, Oxted 1937: Sir Malcolm Fraser, 1st Baronet of Pixholme Court, Dorking 1938: Charles Micklem of Long Cross House, near Chertsey 1939: Theodore Howard Lloyd of Harewoods, Outwood 1940: John Edward Humphery of Santon House, Flanchford, Reigate 1941: Dermot William Berdoe-Wilkinson of Knowle, Cranleigh, Guildford 1942: Ian Forest Anderson of Old Surrey Hall, Dormansland 1943: Reginald Tristram Harper of Lamberts, Hascombe 1944: Francis Paget Hett of Littleworth, Esher 1945: Lawrence Henry Seccombe of Queenwood, Ottershaw, Chertsey 1946: Denzil Morton Stanley of Furzehill Place, Pirbright 1947: Cecil Bevis Bevis, of Alderhurst, Englefield Green 1948: Ian Forest Anderson, of Old Surrey Hall, Dormansland, Lingfield 1949: Neville Lawrence 1950: Arnold Adrian Jarvis of Pirbright 1951: Francis Paget Hett of Littleworth, Esher 1952: Granville Brian Chetwynd-Stapylton of Walton-on-Thames 1953: John Edward Ferguson of Busbridge Wood,Godalming 1954: Henry Michael Gordon Clark, of the Old Cottage, Mickleham 1955: Guy Cubitt 1956: Sir Ambrose Keevil 1957: Captain Evelyn Henry Tschudi Broadwood of Lyne, Capel 1958: Nigel Tritton 1959: Samuel Leslie Bibby of Villans Wyk, Headley, Epsom. 1960: Wilfred Vernon 1961: Uvedale Henry Hoare Lambert of South Park, Blechingley 1962: Sydney Black of Wimbledon, London S.W.19. 1963: Sir (Robert) George Erskine of Busbridge Wood, Godalming 1964: Sir William John Herbert De Wette Mullens of Guildford. 1965: Lieut.-Colonel Herbert James Wells of Oakhurst Rise, Carshalton Beeches. 1966: Major Henry Dumas of Abbots Wood,Hurtmore, Godalming. 1967: Terence Robert Beaumont Sanders 1968: Jack Nelson Streynsham Hoskins , Sandhills, Witley. 1969:Brigadier David Terence Bastin of Polshot Farm, Elstead. 1970: Colonel Alan Randall Rees-Reynolds of Priors Gate, near Godalming 1971: Philip Sydney Henman, of Home Farm, Coldharbour Lane, Dorking 1972: Widdrington Richard Stafford of Cherrys High Drive, Woddingham 1973: Rear Admiral John Edwin Home McBeath of Woodbury House, Churt 1974: Major James Robert More-Molyneux, of Loseley Park, Guildford 1975: Winifred Mary Margueritta Du Buisson, of Pratsham Grange, Holmbury St. Mary 1976: Thomas Irvine Smith of Titlarks Hill Lodge, Sunningdale, Berkshire 1977: Commodore James Goddard Young of Haslemere. 1978: Richard Eustace Thornton, of Hampton, Scale, near Farnham. 1979: Michael John Calvert, of Ockley Court, Ockley, near Dorking. 1980: John Eveleigh Bolton of Brook Place, Woking. 1981: George William Semark Miskin, of Hankley Edge, Tilford, Farnham. 1982: John Patrick Michael Hugh Evelyn, of Kempslade Farm, Abinger Common, Dorking 1983: Sir Hugh Guy Cubitt , of Chapel House, West Humble, Dorking. 1984: Sir Richard Anthony Meyjes, of Longhill House, The Stands, near Farnham. 1985: John Flett Whitfield, of Priory Road, Sunningdale, Berkshire 1986: David James Keswick Coles, of Vigo House,Holmwood, Dorking. 1987: Alistair Jevon Johnston of Upper Jordan, Worplesdon. 1988: Major Wyndham Jermyn Hacket Pain, of Parkstone House, Ashwood Road, Woking. 1989: Sir Hugh Spender Lisle Dundas of Dockenfield, Farnham 1990: Dr. Anthony John Blowers of Boundstone, Farnham. 1991: James Balbedie 1992: Gordon Ernest Lee-Steere, of Jayes Park, Ockley. 1993: Sir Peter Anson, 7th Baronet 1994: Timothy Francis Goad, of South Park, Bletchingley. 1995: James Hamilton, 4th Baron Hamilton of Dalzell 1996: Adrian Nicholas MacDonald Sanders, of Underhill Farm, Buckland. 1997: James Douglas Moir Robertson, "Cobwebs", Sunbury-on-Thames. 1998: Richard Henry Simpson Stilgoe 1999: Peter Robert Nutting of North Breache Manor, Ewhurst 21st century 2000: Michael More-Molyneaux 2001: William (Bill) Biddell 2002: Penelope Anne Constance Keith 2003: Andrew Wates 2004: Dr Grace Dowling 2005: David Hypher 2006: Adrian Edwin White 2007: Nicholas John Elliot Sealy 2008: Sally Varah of Holmbury St Mary 2009: Lady (Elizabeth) Toulson of Wood Street Village 2010: Robert Harold Douglas of Walton on Thames 2011: Professor Michael Joy 2012: Karin M. Sehmer of Wormley 2013: Helen A. Bowcock of Haslemere 2014: Peter J G Lee of Godstone 2015: Elizabeth A S Kennedy of Cobham, Surrey 2016: Richard Whittington of Chobham, descendant of Dick Whittington 2017: Robert Stewart Napier of Baynards Manor, Rudgwick 2018: William James Glover 2019: Bridget Biddell of Seale, Nr Farnham 2020: Shahid Azeem of Woking 2021: Dr Julie Llewelyn 2022: Christopher Allan Critchlow 2023: Timothy Andrew de Burgh Wates References ^ "Surrey High Sherrifs 1066–2013 | Goldsworth Park Community Association | Window on Woking". Archived from the original on 5 May 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2008. ^ Harvey, P. D. A. (2004). "Cornhill, Gervase of". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52168. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Kent County History". The High Sheriffs Association of England and Wales. Retrieved 10 April 2011. ^ a b Burke, Bernard (1875). Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry, Volume 1. London, UK: Harrison & Sons. p. 409. Retrieved 12 April 2011. ^ "Journal of the House of Commons, Vol. 6". British History Online. Retrieved 12 April 2011. ^ "House of Commons Journal". British History Online. Retrieved 10 April 2011. ^ 'House of Commons Journal Volume 6: 13 February 1650', Journal of the House of Commons: volume 6: 1648–1651 (1802), pp. 363–365. URL: Woodward. Date accessed: 17 November 2007. ^ "House of Commons Journal Volume 7–10". British History Online. Retrieved 27 May 2011. ^ Daniel Lysons, 'Putney', in The Environs of London: Volume 1, County of Surrey (London, 1792), pp. 404-435 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-environs/vol1/pp404-435 ^ "No. 1". The Oxford Gazette. 7 November 1665. p. 1. ^ "No. 102". The London Gazette. 5 November 1666. p. 2. ^ "No. 206". The London Gazette. 4 November 1667. p. 2. ^ "No. 311". The London Gazette. 9 November 1668. p. 2. ^ "No. 316". The London Gazette. 23 November 1668. p. 2. ^ "No. 416". The London Gazette. 8 November 1669. p. 2. ^ "No. 519". The London Gazette. 3 November 1670. p. 1. ^ "No. 624". The London Gazette. 6 November 1671. p. 2. ^ "No. 728". The London Gazette. 7 November 1672. p. 2. ^ a b "No. 833". The London Gazette. 10 November 1673. p. 2. ^ "No. 935". The London Gazette. 5 November 1674. p. 2. ^ "No. 938". The London Gazette. 16 November 1674. p. 2. ^ "No. 1042". The London Gazette. 15 November 1675. p. 2. ^ "No. 1146". The London Gazette. 9 November 1676. p. 1. ^ "No. 1148". The London Gazette. 16 November 1676. p. 2. ^ "No. 1251". The London Gazette. 12 November 1677. p. 2. ^ "No. 1252". The London Gazette. 15 November 1677. p. 1. ^ "No. 1255". The London Gazette. 26 November 1677. p. 2. ^ "No. 1256". The London Gazette. 29 November 1677. p. 2. ^ "No. 1355". The London Gazette. 11 November 1678. p. 2. ^ "No. 1358". The London Gazette. 21 November 1678. p. 2. ^ "No. 1460". The London Gazette. 13 November 1679. p. 1. ^ "No. 1562". The London Gazette. 4 November 1680. p. 1. ^ "No. 2928". The London Gazette. 30 November 1693. p. 2. ^ "No. 5178". The London Gazette. 20 December 1712. p. 1. ^ "No. 6231". The London Gazette. 4 January 1723. p. 1. ^ "No. 6442". The London Gazette. 11 January 1725. p. 1. ^ Hasted, Edward (1798). "Parishes". The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent. 6. Institute of Historical Research: 259–263. Retrieved 8 April 2014. ^ "Southwark – Winchester House and Barclay's Brewery". British History Online. ^ "No. 8920". The London Gazette. 16 January 1749. p. 1. ^ "No. 9760". The London Gazette. 24 January 1758. p. 1. ^ "No. 10074". The London Gazette. 27 January 1761. p. 1. ^ "No. 10390". The London Gazette. 7 February 1764. p. 1. ^ "No. 10702". The London Gazette. 10 February 1767. p. 1. ^ "No. 10798". The London Gazette. 12 January 1768. p. 1. ^ "No. 12266". The London Gazette. 29 January 1782. p. 1. ^ "No. 12619". The London Gazette. 5 February 1785. p. 73. ^ "No. 12725". The London Gazette. 11 February 1786. p. 65. ^ "No. 12829". The London Gazette. 10 February 1787. p. 69. ^ "No. 12962". The London Gazette. 5 February 1788. p. 61. ^ "No. 13092". The London Gazette. 28 April 1789. p. 333. ^ "No. 13279". The London Gazette. 1 February 1791. p. 71. ^ "No. 13385". The London Gazette. 31 January 1792. p. 77. ^ Complete Baronetage ^ "No. 15228". The London Gazette. 4 February 1800. p. 114. ^ "No. 15336". The London Gazette. 10 February 1801. p. 174. ^ "No. 15450". The London Gazette. 2 February 1802. p. 113. ^ "No. 15557". The London Gazette. 8 February 1803. p. 161. ^ "No. 15671". The London Gazette. 31 January 1804. p. 145. ^ "No. 15778". The London Gazette. 5 February 1805. p. 175. ^ "No. 15886". The London Gazette. 1 February 1806. p. 145. ^ "No. 15998". The London Gazette. 7 February 1807. p. 156. ^ "No. 16115". The London Gazette. 2 February 1808. p. 173. ^ "No. 16226". 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The London Gazette. 13 March 1953. p. 1442. ^ "No. 40115". The London Gazette. 2 March 1954. p. 1315. ^ "No. 40433". The London Gazette. 18 March 1955. p. 1609. ^ "No. 40738". The London Gazette. 23 March 1956. p. 1731. ^ "No. 41024". The London Gazette. 15 March 1957. p. 1651. ^ "No. 41340". The London Gazette. 18 March 1958. p. 1779. ^ "No. 41656". The London Gazette. 13 March 1959. p. 1725. ^ "No. 41986". The London Gazette. 18 March 1960. p. 2025. ^ "No. 42314". The London Gazette. 28 March 1961. p. 2346. ^ "No. 42623". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 March 1962. p. 2144. ^ "No. 42955". The London Gazette. 29 March 1963. p. 2823. ^ "No. 43286". The London Gazette. 31 March 1964. p. 2849. ^ "No. 43610". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 March 1965. p. 3049. ^ "No. 43921". The London Gazette. 11 March 1966. p. 2704. ^ "No. 44276". The London Gazette. 28 March 1967. p. 3382. ^ "No. 44540". The London Gazette. 5 March 1968. p. 2668. ^ "No. 44811". The London Gazette. 20 March 1969. p. 3012. ^ "No. 45070". The London Gazette. 31 March 1970. p. 3646. ^ "No. 45321". The London Gazette. 12 March 1971. p. 2158. ^ "No. 45630". The London Gazette. 24 March 1972. p. 3654. ^ "No. 45941". The London Gazette. 30 March 1973. p. 4154. ^ "No. 46249". The London Gazette. 28 March 1974. p. 4007. ^ "No. 46524". The London Gazette. 21 March 1975. p. 3844. ^ "No. 46857". The London Gazette. 23 March 1976. p. 4338. ^ "No. 47171". The London Gazette. 11 March 1977. p. 3436. ^ "No. 47497". The London Gazette. 23 March 1978. p. 3548. ^ "No. 47795". The London Gazette. 16 March 1979. p. 3663. ^ "No. 48134". The London Gazette. 21 March 1980. p. 4412. ^ "No. 48563". The London Gazette. 24 March 1981. p. 4216. ^ "No. 48919". The London Gazette. 12 March 1982. pp. 3496–3314. ^ "No. 49294". The London Gazette. 18 March 1983. pp. 3830–3830. ^ "No. 49677". The London Gazette. 16 March 1984. p. 3868. ^ "No. 50071". The London Gazette. 22 March 1985. p. 4108. ^ "No. 50472". The London Gazette. 27 March 1986. p. 4374. ^ "No. 50865". The London Gazette. 19 March 1987. p. 3692. ^ "No. 51281". The London Gazette. 24 March 1988. p. 3545. ^ "No. 51678". The London Gazette. 17 March 1989. pp. 3358–3314. ^ "No. 52081". The London Gazette. 20 March 1990. p. 3678. ^ "No. 52484". The London Gazette. 25 March 1991. p. 4709. ^ "No. 52868". The London Gazette. 20 March 1992. p. 5026. ^ "No. 53247". The London Gazette. 15 March 1993. p. 4679. ^ "No. 53618". The London Gazette. 18 March 1994. p. 4244. ^ "No. 53985". The London Gazette. 20 March 1995. p. 4273. ^ "No. 54345". The London Gazette. 14 March 1996. p. 3831. ^ "No. 54715". The London Gazette. 25 March 1997. p. 3622. ^ "No. 55079". The London Gazette. 25 March 1998. p. 3449. ^ "No. 55428". The London Gazette. 12 March 1999. pp. 2937–2938. ^ "The Good Life of Penelope Keith". BBC News. 30 December 2006. Retrieved 6 September 2013. ^ "No. 57921". The London Gazette. 9 March 2006. pp. 3375–3376. ^ "No. 58266". The London Gazette. 7 March 2007. pp. 3313–3314. ^ "No. 58639". The London Gazette. 13 March 2008. pp. 3947–3948. ^ "No. 59011". The London Gazette. 19 March 2009. p. 4924. ^ "No. 59364". The London Gazette. 18 March 2010. pp. 4707–4708. ^ "No. 59729". The London Gazette. 17 March 2011. p. 4995. ^ "No. 60087". The London Gazette. 15 March 2012. p. 5223. ^ "No. 60447". The London Gazette. 14 March 2013. p. 5101. ^ "No. 60799". The London Gazette. 6 March 2014. p. 4635. ^ "No. 61177". The London Gazette. 23 March 2015. p. 5242. ^ "No. 61759". The London Gazette. 17 March 2016. p. 5942. ^ "No. 61868". The London Gazette. 10 March 2017. p. 5262. ^ "No. 62229". The London Gazette. 15 March 2018. p. 4814. ^ "No. 62582". The London Gazette. 15 March 2019. p. 4643. ^ "No. 62943". The London Gazette. 13 March 2020. p. 5161. ^ "No. 63290". The London Gazette. 10 March 2021. p. 4778. ^ "No. 63644". The London Gazette. 17 March 2022. p. 5082. ^ "No. 63990". The London Gazette. 10 March 2023. p. 4634. vteHigh sheriffs in the United KingdomEnglandCurrent Bedfordshire Berkshire Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire City of London Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Hull Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire Merseyside Norfolk North Yorkshire Northamptonshire Northumberland Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire Former Avon Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire Berkshire and Oxfordshire Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely Cleveland Cumberland Hallamshire Hereford and Worcester Humberside Huntingdon and Peterborough Leicestershire and Warwickshire County of London Middlesex Norfolk and Suffolk Notts, Derbys and the Royal Forests Sussex Westmorland Yorkshire Ireland(pre-partition)County Carlow Cavan Clare Cork Donegal Dublin Galway Kerry Kildare Kilkenny King's County Leitrim Limerick Longford Louth Mayo Meath Monaghan Queen's County Roscommon Sligo Tipperary Waterford Westmeath Wexford Wicklow City and town Carrickfergus Cork Drogheda Dublin Galway Kilkenny Limerick Waterford Northern IrelandCounty Antrim Armagh Down Fermanagh Londonderry Tyrone City Belfast Londonderry WalesCurrent Clwyd Dyfed Gwent Gwynedd Mid Glamorgan Powys South Glamorgan West Glamorgan Former Anglesey Brecknockshire Caernarvonshire Cardiganshire Carmarthenshire Denbighshire Flintshire Glamorgan Merionethshire Monmouthshire Montgomeryshire Pembrokeshire Radnorshire
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"High Sheriff of Surrey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"incomplete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Sheriff_of_Surrey&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Ansculf de Picquigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansculf_de_Picquigny"},{"link_name":"Richard Basset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Basset_(royal_justice)"},{"link_name":"Aubrey de Vere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_de_Vere_II"},{"link_name":"Hilary of Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_of_Chichester"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Chichester"},{"link_name":"Hilary of Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_of_Chichester"},{"link_name":"Gervase de Cornhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gervase_de_Cornhill"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Henry de Cornhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Cornhill_(sheriff)"},{"link_name":"Robert of Thornham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Thornham"},{"link_name":"Robert of Thornham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Thornham"},{"link_name":"John FitzHugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_FitzHugh"},{"link_name":"Reginald de Cornhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_de_Cornhill"},{"link_name":"Hubert de Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_de_Burgh"},{"link_name":"Engelard de Cigogné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelard_de_Cigogn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Earl William de Warenne (6th Earl of Surrey)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Warenne,_5th_Earl_of_Surrey"}],"text":"(High Sheriffs of Surrey only)This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)\n1066–1080: Ansculf de Picquigny\n1086: Ranulf\n1098: Ranulf\n1103: Ralph FitzNigel\n1105: Wymond\n1106: Roger of Huntingdon\n1106–1125: Gilbert the Knight\n1126–1128: Fulk\n1129: Richard Basset and Aubrey de Vere\nc1155: Ralph Picot\n1155: Hugh de Wateville\n1155: Hilary of Chichester the Bishop of Chichester\n1160–1162: Hilary of Chichester\n1163–1183: Gervase de Cornhill[2]\nc.1189–1192: Henry de Cornhill\n1194–1199: Robert of Thornham\n1204: Richard de Maisy and William de Sancto Laudo\n1205–1207: Robert of Thornham\n1207–1212: John FitzHugh\n1213–1215: Reginald de Cornhill\n1215: Hubert de Burgh\n1216: Engelard de Cigogné\n1217–1226: Earl William de Warenne (6th Earl of Surrey)\n1226: Gilbert de Abinger\n1227: John de Gatesden","title":"1066–1228"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert de Shardlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Shardlow"},{"link_name":"Peter de Rivaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_de_Rivaux"},{"link_name":"Henry of Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Bath"},{"link_name":"William Aguillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguillon_family"},{"link_name":"Henry Hussey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hussey,_1st_Baron_Hussey"},{"link_name":"Henry Hussey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hussey,_1st_Baron_Hussey"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Wilcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Wilcombe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Percy_(c.1337-1407)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Edmund Fitzherbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Fitzherbert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John de Hadresham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hathersham_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Slyfield (1320-1397)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Slyfield_(1320-1397)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Percy_(c.1337-1407)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Weston_I"},{"link_name":"Sir William de Waleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Waleys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jardyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Jardyn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Atte Mille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Atte_Mille&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Carew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Carew_(c.1356-1432)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beddington Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beddington_Park"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jardyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Jardyn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Slyfield (1320-1397)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Slyfield_(1320-1397)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Titsey Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titsey_Place"},{"link_name":"John Ashburnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ashburnham_(died_1417)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Salerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Salerne_I"}],"text":"(Sheriffs of Surrey and Sussex)Henry III (1216–1272)- Continued\n1229:\n1231: Robert de Shardlow / Henry de Wintershul\n1232: Peter de Rivaux / Henry de Chancellis\n1234: Simon de Etchingham /Joel de Sancto Germano\n1235: Henry of Bath / Simon de Echingham/ Joel de Sancto Germano\n1236–37: John de Gatesden / Philip de Crofts\n1238: John de Gatesden\n1239: John de Gatesden / Philip de Crofts\n1240–1241: Gregory de Oxted\n1241: Philip de Crofts\n1242–44: Sir Ralph de Camoys\n1245–48: Robert le Savage\n1249–51: Nicholas de Wauncy\n1252: William and Nicholas de Mucheldovere (Munchcledevr)\n1254: Amfred de Fering\n1254: William de Mucheldovere\n1254: Amfred (Humphrey) de Fering\n1255–56: Sir Geoffrey de Cruce\n1257: Gerard de Evinton\n1258: David de Jarpenville\n1259–60: John de Wauton\n1261: William la Zouche (William Aguillon) - part\n1261: John de Wauton\n1263: Roger de Loges\n1267: Robert Aguillon\n1267: Ralph Saunzaver\n1267: William de la Leye\n1268–69: Roger de Loges\n1270–71: Matthew de Hastings\nEdward I (1272–1307)\n\n1272–73: Matthew de Hastings\n1274: William de Herne\n1275–77: John de Wanton\n1278–79: Emery de Cancellis\n1282: Sir Geoffrey \"de\" Pickford Kt [Geoffrey of Pitchford]\n1280–84: Nicholas le Gras\n1285–86: Richard de Pevenese\n1287–91: William de Pageham (Pakenham)\n1292–97: Robert de Glaumorgan\n1298–1301: John Abel\n1302–03: Walter de Geddinge (John Harneys)\n1304–06: Robert de la Knole\nEdward II (1307–1327)\n\n1307: Walter de Geddinge\n1308–12: William of Henle & Robert de Stangrave/William de Mare\n1313–14: Peter de Vienna\n1315–16: William de Mare\n1317: Walter le Gras\n1318: Walter le Gras / Peter de Worldham\n1319–20: Peter de Worldham / Henry Hussey\n1321: Henry Hussey\n1322–23: Nicholas Gentil\n1324–26: Peter de Worldham/Andrew Medested\nEdward III (1327- 1377)\n\n1327: Nicholas Gentil\n1328–30: Nicholas Gentil/Robert de Stangave\n1331: John Dabernon\n1332–33: William Vaughan\n1334–36: William Vaughan/ John Dabernon\n1337–38: William Vaughan\n1339: Godfrey de Hunston\n1340: Godfrey de Hunston/William de Northo\n1341: William de Northo/Hugo de Bowsey\n1342–43: Andrew Peverel/Hugo de Bowsey\n1344: William de Northo\n1345–47: Regin de Forrister\n1348: Roger Dabernon\n1349–51: Thomas Hoo\n1352–53: Richard de St Oweyn\n1354: Simon de Codington\n1355: Roger de Lukenor\n1356: William North\n1357–59: Thomas de Hoo\n1360–62: ???\n1363: Simon de Codington\n1364: Ranulph Thurnham\n1365: John Wayleys\n1366: John Weyville\n1367–68: Sir Andrew Sackville\n1369–70: Ranulph Thurnham\n1371: William Neidegate\n1372: Roger Dalingrugge\n1373: Nicholas Wilcombe of Wappingthorne in Steyning, Sussex\n1374: Robert de Loxley\n1375: Robert Atte Hele\n1376: John St Clere\nRichard II (1377–1399)\n\n1377: William Percy of Woodmancote, Sussex\n1378: Sir Edmund Fitzherbert of Ewhurst, Sussex\n1379: John de Hadresham of Lingfield and Crowhurst, Surrey\n1380: Nicholas Slyfield (1320-1397) of Slyfield Manor, Great Bookham, Surrey\n1381: William Percy of Woodmancote, Sussex\n1382: William Weston of West Clandon, Surrey\n1383: Sir William de Waleys of Glynde, Sussex\n1384: Robert Rutborne\n1385: Richard Hurst\n1386–87: Thomas Jardyn of South Mundham and Bowley, Sussex\n1388: Edward de St John\n1389: Robert Atte Mille of Guildford, Surrey\n1390: John Robert de Eckingham\n1390: John Mill of Gretham\n1391: Nicholas Carew of Beddington Park, Surrey\n1392: Thomas Jardyn\n1393: Nicholas Slyfield (1320-1397) of Slyfield Manor, Great Bookham, Surrey\n1393: John de Uvedale of Titsey Place and Wickham, Hants\n1394: Edward St John\n1395: John Ashburnham of Ashburnham, Sussex\n1396: William Fienes\n1397: John Salerne of Rye and Leigh in Iden, Sussex\n1398: William Fienes","title":"1229–1398"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radul Codington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Cuddington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Carew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Carew_(c.1356-1432)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beddington Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beddington_Park"},{"link_name":"John Ashburnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ashburnham_(died_1417)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Philip St Clere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Philip_St_Clere"},{"link_name":"John Clipsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Clipsham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Ashburnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ashburnham_(died_1417)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Waterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Waterton"},{"link_name":"Bramley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramley,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"John Wintershall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Wintershall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Clipsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Clipsham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Weston_II"},{"link_name":"John Clipsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Clipsham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Roger Fiennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fiennes"},{"link_name":"John Wintershall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Wintershall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Clipsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Clipsham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Wintershall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Wintershall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Roger Fiennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fiennes"},{"link_name":"James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fiennes,_1st_Baron_Saye_and_Sele"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Tresham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Tresham_(speaker)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Gaynesford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Gaynesford"},{"link_name":"Thomas Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Vaughan_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"Thomas St. Leger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_St._Leger"},{"link_name":"Goddard Oxenbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddard_Oxenbridge"}],"text":"(High Sheriffs of Surrey and Sussex)Henry IV (1399–1412)\n1399: Radul Codington of Cuddington\n1400: Nicholas Carew of Beddington Park, Surrey\n1401: John Pelham\n1402: John Ashburnham of Ashburnham, Sussex\n1403–04: Robert Atte Mulle\n1405: Sir Philip St Clere\n1406: Sir Thomas Sackvile\n1407: John Clipsham of Imbhams and Guildford, Surrey\n1408: William Verd\n1409: John Ashburnham of Ashburnham, Sussex\n1410: John Warner Campie\n1411: John Waterton of Bramley\nHenry V (1412–1422)\n\n1412–13: John Haysham\n1414: John Wintershall of Wintershall and Shalford, Surrey\n1415: John Clipsham of Imbhams and Guildford, Surrey\n1416: John Uvedale of Titsey Place and Wickham Hants\n1417: William Weston of Dedswell in Send, Surrey and Hindhall in Buxted, Sussex\n1418: James Knotesford\n1419: John Clipsham of Imbhams and Guildford, Surrey\n1420: John Hace\n1421: John Bolvey / James Knotesford\nHenry VI (1422–1461)\n\n1422–23:Sir Roger Fiennes of Herstmonceux, Sussex\n1424:John Wintershall of Wintershall and Shalford, Surrey\n1425:John Clipsham of Imbhams and Guildford, Surrey\n1426:Thomas Lewkenor\n1427:John Ferriby\n1428:William Warbleton\n1429:John Wintershall of Wintershall and Shalford, Surrey\n1430:William Uvedale of Titsey Place and Wickham Hants\n1431:William Finch\n1432:Sir Thomas Lewkenor\n1433:John Anderne\n1434:Richard Waller\n1435:Sir Roger Fiennes of Herstmonceux, Sussex\n1436:Richard Dalingrugg\n1437:John Ferriby\n1438: Sir Thomas Uvedale of Titsey Place and Wickham Hants\n1439: James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele, of Kemsing and Seal[3]\n1440:Roger Lewkenor\n1441:Nicholas Carew\n1442:Walter Strickland\n1443:John Stanley\n1444:John Basket\n1445:Nicholas Carew\n1446:Nicholas Husey\n1447:William Belknape\n1448:Robert Radmill\n1449:Nicholas Carew\n1450:John Pennycocke\n1451:John Lewkenor\n1452:Thomas Yard\n1453:Sir Richard Fiennes\n1454:Walter Devenish\n1455:John Knotesford\n1456:Sir Thomas Cobham\n1457:Nicholas Husey\n1458:Thomas Basset\n1459: Sir Thomas Tresham\n1460:Robert Fiennes\nEdward IV (1461–1483)\n\n1461:Nicholas Gaynesford\n1462-3:Walter Denis\n1464:Thomas Goring\n1465: Sir Thomas Uvedale of Titsey Place and Wicham Hants\n1466:William Cheney\n1467:Thomas Vaughan\n1468:Sir Roger Lewkenor\n1469:Nicholas Gaynesford\n1470:Richard Lewkenor\n1471:Thomas St. Leger\n1472:John Gaynesford\n1473:Nicholas Gaynesford\n1474:Thomas Lewkenor\n1475:Thomas Echingham\n1476:John Wode\n1477:Sir Henry Roos\n1478:William Weston\n1479:Thomas Combs\n1480:John Ebrington\n1481:Thomas Fiennes\n1482:John Apseley\nRichard III (1483–1485)\n\n1483:Sir Henry Roos\n1484:John Dudley\n1485:John Norbury / Richard Gainsford\nHenry VII (1485–1509)\n\n1486:Nicholas Gaynesford\n1487:Thomas Coombes\n1488:William Merston\n1489:Robert Morley\n1490:John Apseley\n1491:Richard Lewkenor\n1492:Edward Dawtree\n1493:John Leigh\n1494:John Coke\n1495:John Apseley\n1496:Richard Lewkenor\n1497:Matthew Brown\n1498: Richard Sackville\n1499:John Coke\n1500:Thomas Ashburnham\n1501:John Gainsford\n1502:Sir Richard Carew\n1503:John Apseley\n1504:Rad Shirley\n1505:Richard Sackvile\n1506:Goddard Oxenbridge\n1507:William Ashburnham\n1508:Thomas Morton\n1509:Sir Thomas Fiennes","title":"1399–1509"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Shirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Shirley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir John Gainsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gainsford_(died_1543)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Carew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Carew_(courtier)"},{"link_name":"Beddington Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beddington_Park"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Braye,_1st_Baron_Braye"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas West, Baron de la Warr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_West,_8th_Baron_De_La_Warr"},{"link_name":"Richard Shirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Shirley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Sackville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sackville_(died_1557)"},{"link_name":"Sir William Goring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Goring_(by_1500-54)"},{"link_name":"Christopher More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_More"},{"link_name":"John Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Palmer_(died_1563)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir William Goring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Goring_(by_1500-54)"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Page"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Braye"},{"link_name":"Sir Christopher Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_More"},{"link_name":"John Sackville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sackville_(died_1557)"},{"link_name":"John Sackville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sackville_(died_1557)"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Cawarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cawarden"},{"link_name":"Sir Nicholas Pelham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Pelham"},{"link_name":"Sir William Goring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Goring_(by_1500-54)"},{"link_name":"Robert Oxenbridge (1508-1574)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oxenbridge_(1508-1574)"},{"link_name":"Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Browne,_1st_Viscount_Montagu"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Saunders_(died_1565)"},{"link_name":"John Covert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Covert_(by_1501%E2%80%9358)"},{"link_name":"William Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Saunders_(died_1570)"},{"link_name":"John Ashburnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ashburnham_II&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_More_(of_Losely)"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Palmer_(by_1520%E2%80%9382)"}],"text":"(High Sheriffs of Surrey and Sussex)Henry VIII (1509–1546)\n1510: John Leigh\n1511: Edward Lewkenor\n1512: Sir Roger Lewkenor\n1513: Sir Godfrey Oxenbridge\n1514: Richard Shirley of Wiston, Sussex\n1515: Roger Copley\n1516: Sir John Leigh\n1517: William Ashburnham\n1518: Sir John Gainsford\n1519: Nicholas Carew of Beddington Park, Surrey\n1520: Sir Godfrey Oxenbridge\n1521: John Scott\n1522: Sir Edward Bray\n1523: Richard Covert\n1524: John William Ashburnham\n1525: Sir Thomas West, Baron de la Warr\n1526: Richard Shirley of Wiston, Sussex\n1527: John Sackville of Chiddingly, Sussex\n1528: Sir John Dawtry\n1529: Richard Belingham\n1530: Sir Roger Copley\n1531: Sir William Goring of Burton, Sussex\n1532: Sir Roger Lewkenor\n1533: Christopher More of Loseley, Surrey\n1534: John Palmer of Angmering, Sussex\n1535: Richard Belingham\n1536: Sir William Goring of Burton, Sussex\n1537: Sir Richard Page\n1538: Nicholas Gainsford\n1539: Sir Edward Bray of Henfield and Selmeston, Sussex and the Vachery, Shere, Surrey\n1540: Sir Christopher Moore of Loseley, Surrey\n1541: John Sackville of Chiddingly, Sussex\n1542: Thomas Darell\n1543: Richard Belingham\n1544: John Palmer\n1546: John Thetcher\n1546: John Sackville of Chiddingly, Sussex\nEdward VI (1546–1553)\n\n1547: Sir John Dawtrey\n1548: Sir Thomas Cawarden of Bletchingley, Surrey\n1549: John Scott\n1550: Sir Nicholas Pelham of Laughton, Sussex\n1551: Sir William Goring of Burton, Sussex\n1552: Robert Oxenbridge (1508-1574) of Brede, Sussex\n1553: Sir Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu of Battle Abbey and Cowdray Park, Sussex\nMary (1553–1558)\n\n1553: Sir Thomas Saunders of Charlwood, Surrey\n1554: John Covert of Ifield and Slaugham, Sussex\n1555: William Saunders of Ewell, Surrey\n1556: Sir Edward Gage\n1557: John Ashburnham of Asburnham, Sussex\n1558: William Moore\nElizabeth I (1558–1603)\n\n1558:Sir Thomas Palmer of Parham, Sussex\n1559:John Colepeper\n1560:John Stidolph\n1561:Henry Goring\n1562:William Gresham\n1563:Richard Covert\n1564:Anthony Pelham\n1565:William Dawtry","title":"1509–1566"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Dawtrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Dawtrey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francis Carew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Carew_(MP_for_Castle_Rising)"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Weston_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lyfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lyfield"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Browne_(died_1597)"},{"link_name":"Betchworth Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betchworth_Castle"},{"link_name":"John Pelham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Pelham_(1537-1580)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Palmer_(1542-by_1616)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francis Shirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Shirley"},{"link_name":"Richard Polsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Polsted&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Shirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Shirley_(1542%E2%80%931612)"},{"link_name":"Herbert Pelham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Pelham_(died_1620)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Goring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Goring_(died_1594)"},{"link_name":"William Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morley_(died_1597)"},{"link_name":"Edward \"Edmond\" Slyfield (1521-13 February 1590)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_%22Edmond%22_Slyfield_(1521-13_February_1590)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Browne_(died_1597)"},{"link_name":"Walter Covert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Covert"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bishopp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Bishopp,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Richard Bostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bostock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Parker_(MP)"},{"link_name":"Richard Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Browne_(died_%3F_1614)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pelham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Pelham,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Herbert Pelham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Pelham_(died_1620)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Walter Covert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Covert"},{"link_name":"Sir Nicholas Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Parker_(MP)"},{"link_name":"William Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Gardiner_(MP_for_Helston)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard Leech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Leech_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_More"},{"link_name":"James Colebrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Colebrand_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Horsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsham"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Edmund Bowyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Bowyer_(died_1627)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bishopp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Bishopp,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Herbert Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Morley"},{"link_name":"Sir John Shirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Shurley_(1631)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Eversfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Eversfield_(MP_for_Hastings)"},{"link_name":"Hollington, Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollington,_Hastings"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-4"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Leigh_(died_1644)"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Ambrose_Browne,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Betchworth Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betchworth_Castle"},{"link_name":"Edward Alford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Alford_(MP_for_Colchester)"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Bowyer, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Bowyer,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir William Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walter_(MP_for_Peterborough)"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morley_(died_1632)"},{"link_name":"Sir William Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morley_(1606%E2%80%931658)"}],"text":"(High Sheriffs of Surrey only)\nElizabeth I (1558–1603) – Continued\n\n1566:Anthony Palmer / William Dawtrey of More House, Petworth, Sussex\n1567:Francis Carew of Beddington, Surrey\n1568:Sir Henry Weston of Sutton Place, Surrey\n1569:Thomas Lyfield of Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey\n1570:Sir Thomas Browne of Betchworth Castle, Surrey\n(High Sheriffs of Surrey and Sussex)\nElizabeth I (1558–1603) – Continued\n\n1571:John Pelham of Laughton, near Lewes, Sussex\n1571:Thomas Palmer of Angmering, Sussex\n1572:Francis Shirley of West Grinstead, Sussex\n1573:John Rede / Richard Polsted of Albury, Surrey\n1574:Henry Pelham\n1575:William Gresham\n1576:Sir Thomas Shirley of Wiston, near Steyning, Sussex\n1576 (Apr–Nov): Herbert Pelham of Michelham Priory, near Hailsham, Sussex\n1577:George Goring of Ovingdean, Lewes and Danny Park, Sussex\n1578:Sir William Moore\n1579:William Morley of Glynde, Sussex\n1580:Edward \"Edmond\" Slyfield (1521-13 February 1590) of Clandon Manor, West Clandon, Surrey and Slyfield Manor, Great Bookham, Surrey\n1581:Sir Thomas Browne\n1582:Walter Covert of Slaugham, Sussex\n1583:Thomas Bishopp of Parham, Sussex\n1584:Richard Bostock of Tandridge, Surrey\n1585:Nicholas Parker of Ratton and Willingdon\n1586:Richard Browne of Knowle in Cranleigh, Surrey\n1587:John Carrell\n1588:Thomas Pelham of Laughton, Sussex\n1589:Herbert Pelham of Michelham Priory, near Hailsham, Sussex\n1590:Robert Linsey (Livesey)\n1591:Sir Walter Covert of Slaugham, Sussex\n1592:Sir Nicholas Parker of Ratton and Willingdon, Sussex\n1593:William Gardiner of Bermondsey, Surrey\n1594:Richard Leech of Fletching, Sussex\n1595:Edmund Culpeper\n1596:George More\n1597:James Colebrand of Chichester, Sussex\n1598: Thomas Eversfield, of Denne Park, Horsham, West Sussex[4][5]\n1599:Edmund Bowyer of Camberwell, Surrey\n1600:Thomas Bishopp of Parham, Sussex\n1601:John Ashburnham\n1602:Robert Lynsey (Livesey)\nJames I (1603–1625)\n\n1603:Robert Linsey (Livesey)\n1604:Sir Henry Goring\n1605:Sir Edward Culpeper\n1606:Sir Thomas Hoskings\n1607:Herbert Morley of Glynde, Sussex\n1608:Sir George Gunter\n1609:Sir Thomas Hunt\n1610:John Lountesford\n1611:Edward Bellingham\n1612:William Wignall\n1613:Edward Goring\n1614:Sir John Willdigos\n1615:Rowland Trappes/Sir John Morgan\n1616:Sir John Shirley of Isfield, Sussex\n1617:John Middleton\n1618:Sir John Howland\n1619:Nicholas Eversfield of The Grove, Hollington, Hastings[4]\n1620:Richard Michelborne\n1621:Sir Francis Leigh of Addington, Surrey\n1622:Sir Thomas Springett\n1623:Sir Ben Pelham\n1624:Ambrose Browne of Betchworth Castle, Dorking, Surrey\nCharles I (1625–1649)\n\n1625: Edward Alford of Offington, Sussex\n1626: Sir Thomas Bowyer, 1st Baronet of Leythorne, North Mundham\n1627: Edward Jordan\n1628: Sir Stephen Boord\n1629: Anthony May\n1630: Sir William Walter of Wimbledon, Surrey\n1631: Sir Robert Morley of Glynde Place, Sussex (died 1632)\n1632: Sir John Chapman\n1633: Richard Evelyn\n1634: Sir William Culpeper, 1st Baronet of Wakehurst\n1635: Sir William Morley\n1636(Jan-Nov): Sir William Morley of Halnaker, Boxgrove, Sussex","title":"1566–1635"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicholas Stoughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Stoughton"},{"link_name":"Sir John Denham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Denham_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Putney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putney"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Daniel Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Harvey_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pride"},{"link_name":"Sir John Evelyn, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Evelyn,_1st_Baronet,_of_Godstone"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Stydolph, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stydolph_baronets"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sir William More, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_More,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"George Woodroffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Woodroffe"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Peter Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Daniel_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Morgan Randyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Randyll"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Leonard Wessell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Wessell&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"(High Sheriffs of Surrey only)Charles I (1625–1649) – Continued\n1636: Sir Francis Vincent\n1636: Sir Anthony Vincent\n1637: Nicholas Stoughton of Stoughton, near Guildford, Surrey\n1638: Sir John Gresham\n1639: Sir John Howland\n1640: Thomas Smith\n1641: George Price\n1642: Sir John Denham\n1643–1645: Edmund Jordan\n1645: Sir Matthew Brand\n1645: Richard Bettinson\n1646: William Wymondeshold\n1647: John Turner of Ham[6]\n1648: Thomas Thorold\n1648: Thomas Morton\nCommonwealth (1649–1660)\n\n1649: John Carpenter replaced by Thomas Woodward 13 February 1650[7]\n1650: William Hynde\n1651: Richard Farrand\n1652: Edward Knipe\n1653: Anthony Smyth of Brackhouse[8] /John Parker/Henry White of Putney[9]\n1654: Daniel Harvey of Coombe, Surrey\n1655: Colonel Thomas Pride\n1656: John Blackwell\n1657: Thomas Walker\n1658: Jeffrey Howland\n1659:\nCharles II (1660–1685)\n\n1660: Henry Weston\n1661: Roger Duncombe\n1662: Sir Nicholas Stoughton\n1663: Sir Walter Plomer\n1664: Sir William Humble\n12 November 1665: Sir John Evelyn, 1st Baronet[10]\n7 November 1666: Dawes Wymondesold[11]\n6 November 1667: Sir Richard Stydolph, 1st Baronet[12]\n6 November 1668: Sir William More, 2nd Baronet[13]\n25 November 1668: George Woodroffe,[14] of Poyle, Seale\n11 November 1669: James Zouche,[15] of Woking\n4 November 1670: Walter More[16]\n9 November 1671: Ellis Crisp[17]\n11 November 1672: James Burton[18]\n10 November 1673: Matthew Andrews[19]\n12 November 1673: Edmund Smyth[19]\n5 November 1674: Sigismund Stydolph[20]\n12 November 1674: Matthew Andrews[21]\n1674: John Appleby\n15 November 1675: Robert Knightley, of Ashsteed[22]\n10 November 1676: Sigismund Stydolph[23]\n18 November 1676: Thomas Saunders[24]\n15 November 1677: Sir Edward Bromfield[25]\n17 November 1677: Anthony Brian, of Bermondsey[26]\n29 November 1677: Thomas Jordan, of Gatwick[27]\n1 December 1677: Thomas Newton, of Stoke[28]\n14 November 1678: Robert Wilson[29]\n23 November 1678: Anthony Brian[30]\n13 November 1679: Sir Robert Hatton[31]\n4 November 1680: Sigismund Stydolph[32]\n1680: Joseph Reeve\n1681: Peter Daniel of Clapham, Surrey\n1682: Anthony Rawlins\n1683: William Inwood\n1684: Samuel Lewin\n1685: George Turner\nJames II (1685–1689)\n\n1686: John Weston/George Gore/Morgan Randyll of Chilworth, Surrey\n1687: ? Le Cane\n1688: Peter de Lannoy/Sigismund Stydolph\n1689: Sir Edward Bromfield/George Meggott\nWilliam and Mary (1689–1702)\n\n1690: Walter Howland\n1691: George Attwood\n1692: Michael Edwards\n1693: John Buckworthreplaced by Thomas Bouroughs[33] then Henry Wheatley\n1694: Henry Bartelott\n1695: John Pettyward\n1696: William Mason\n1697: Thomas Lowfield\n1698: Edward Budgen\n1699: Leonard Wessell of Tadworth Court, Surrey\n1700–1701: Robert Corffe/John Shorter","title":"1636–1702"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Woodward_Knight&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walter Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Kent_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cox_(brewer)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Sir Matthew Decker, Bt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Matthew_Decker,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Samuel Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Kent_(MP)"},{"link_name":"Ralph Thrale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Thrale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henry Thrale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Thrale"},{"link_name":"Anchor Brewery, Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_Brewery,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Sir Peter Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thompson_(antiquarian)"},{"link_name":"Jacob Tonson Jnr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Tonson#Jacob_Tonson_the_younger"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Sir Joseph Mawbey, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_Mawbey,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"John Durand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Durand_(MP,_died_1788)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Richard Barwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Barwell"},{"link_name":"William Barwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barwell"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Hotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hotham"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"James Paine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Paine_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Samuel Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Long_(MP)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"John Hodsdon Durand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hodsdon_Durand"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Turton, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Thomas_Turton,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Starborough Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starborough_Castle"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Sutton,_1st_Baronet"}],"text":"1702: John Deleau/Edward Woodward/William Woodward of West Dean, near Midhurst\n1703: James Tichborne\n1704: William Fenwick\n1705: William Hammond\n1706: Isaac Shard\n1707:John Dewey\n1708: William Steavens\n1709: John Evershed\n1710: William Genew/Walter Kent of Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey\n1711: John Mitchell\n1712: Richard Oldner\n1713: Joseph Wandale[34]\n1714: James Plume\n1715: Joseph Bagnoll\n1716: Vincent Sheppard\n1717: Sir Charles Cox of Southwark, Surrey/John Vanhattem\n1719: Nathaniel Roffey\n1719–1720: William Belitha\n1721: Wright Woolley/Peter Theobald\n1722–1723: John Neale\n1724: John Essington of Wandsworth, Surrey[35] then William Nicholl\n1726: John Palmer[36]/Sir Thomas Stevens[37]\n1727: John Wall\n1728: Sir Matthew Decker, Bt of Richmond, Surrey\n1729: Samuel Kent of Vauxhall, Surrey\n1730: Percival Lewis\n1731: Joshua Smith\n1732: Ralph Thrale of Streatham (1698–1758), MP, father of Henry Thrale and owner of Anchor Brewery, Southwark[38]\n1733: Maltis Ryall\n1734: John Copeland\n1735: Joseph Chitty\n1737: John Rush\n1738: William Clarke/Robert Booth\n1739: William Browning – Felmonger of Bermondsey. Born 1676 Burton Latimer. Buried 1758 St. Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey, where there is a marble memorial.\n1740: Benjamin Hayes\n1741: Thomas Bevois\n1742: Isaac Eles\n1744: Elias Bird\n1745: Sir Peter Thompson of Mill St, Bermondsey\n1746: Thomas Page\n1747: Abraham Atkins\n1748: Samuel Atkinson\n1749: Jeremiah Crutchley\n1750: Jacob Tonson Jnr[39]\n1751: John Smith\n1752: Edward Saunderson\n1753: Edward Langton\n1754: Henry Talbot\n1755: John Mackerill\n1756: Charles Devon\n1757: Joseph Mawbey, later Sir Joseph Mawbey, 1st Baronet of Botleys, Surrey\n1758: Edmund Shallett, of Sheer[40]\n1759: Daniel Ponton\n1760: Thomas Bridges\n1761: John Dawson of Lambeth[41]\n1762: Sir William Bridges Baldwin\n1763: Thomas Page\n1764: James Morris of Lambeth[42]\n1765: John Hughes\n1766: John Small\n1767: John Durand, of Woodcote Lodge, Carshalton[43]\n1768: Richard Barwell (William Barwell?)[44]\n1769: John Thornton\n1770: Sir Richard Hotham of Merton Place\n1771: Sir Thomas Kent\n1772: Morgan Rice\n1773: Richard Earle Bedford\n1774: Thomas James\n1775: Isaac Akerman\n1776: George Ward\n1777: William Brightwell Sumner\n1778: John Lewin Smith\n1779: James Bordien\n1780: Charles Eyre\n1781: William Northey\n1782: Sir Abraham Pitches[45]\n1783: James Paine\n1784: William Aldersey\n1785: James Payne of Chertsey[46]\n1786: Theodore Henry Broadhead of Carshalton[47]\n1787: Richard Ladbroke of Tadworth Court[48]\n1788: Thomas Creuze of Woodbridge[49]\n1789: Thomas Sutton of East Molesey[50]\n1790: Samuel Long of Carshalton Park, Surrey\n1791: Henry Byne of Carshalton, Surrey[51]\n1792: William Woodroffe of Poyle Park[52]\n1793: John Hodsdon Durand of Carshalton, Surrey and West Dean Place, Sussex\n1794: Charles Bowles\n1795: Thomas Turton, later Sir Thomas Turton, 1st Baronet of Starborough Castle, Surrey[53]\n1796: Thomas Sutton of Hurst House, East Molesey\n1797: Robert Taylor\n1798: James Trotter\n1799: Robert Hankey","title":"1702–1799"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clapham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Stockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockwell"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Putney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putney"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Streatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Cheam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheam"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"James Mangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mangles_(MP)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Shalford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalford,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"West Hill, Wandsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hill,_Wandsworth"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewell"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"James Laing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Laing_(doctor)"},{"link_name":"Streatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Henry Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Peters_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"Betchworth Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betchworth_Castle"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Charles Nicholas Pallmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Nicholas_Pallmer"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Charles Hampden Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hampden_Turner"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Henry Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Drummond_(1786%E2%80%931860)"},{"link_name":"William Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Crawford_(London_MP)"},{"link_name":"Felix Calvert Ladbroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Ladbroke"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Sir William George Hylton Joliffe, Bt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Joliffe,_1st_Baron_Hylton"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"George Thomas Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Thomas_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"James Shudi Broadwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Shudi_Broadwood"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Thomas Alcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alcock_(MP)"},{"link_name":"Kingswood Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingswood_Warren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Thomas Chaloner Bisse Chaloner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas-Chaloner_Bisse-Challoner_(1788-1872)"},{"link_name":"Potnalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portnall_Park,_Virginia_Water"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Samuel Paynter, of Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Paynter,_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Peter John Locke King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_John_Locke_King"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Charles Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barclay_(MP)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Lee Steere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Lee_Steere"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"James William Freshfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_William_Freshfield"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"George Robert Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robert_Smith_(MP)"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Thomas Grissell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Grissell"},{"link_name":"Norbury Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbury_Park"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Sir Walter Farquhar, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Walter_Farquhar,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"William John Evelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Evelyn"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Samuel Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gurney_(1816%E2%80%931882)"},{"link_name":"Carshalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carshalton"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Monks Orchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monks_Orchard"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Albert George Sandeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_George_Sandeman"},{"link_name":"Henry John Tritton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Tritton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walter Waterlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Waterlow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hon. Francis Baring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Henry_Baring&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Sir Jeremiah Colman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Jeremiah_Colman,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sir Frederick Wigan, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Wigan,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Hamer Carbutt, Bt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_Carbutt,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"William Keswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Keswick_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Lawrence James Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_James_Baker"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Sir John Whittaker Ellis, Bt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Ellis,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"text":"5 February 1800: George Griffin Stonestreet, of Clapham[54]\n11 February 1801: Bryant Barret, of Stockwell[55]\n3 February 1802: Edward Peppin, of Walton Lodge[56]\n10 February 1803: John Pooley Kensington, of Putney[57]\n1 February 1804: William Borrodaile, of Streatham[58]\n6 February 1805: Robert Chatfield, of Croydon[59]\n1 February 1806: Kennard Smith, of Cheam[60]\n4 February 1807: James Newsome, of Wandsworth Lodge[61]\n3 February 1808: James Mangles of Woodbridge, near Guildford[62]\n6 February 1809: Edmund Bilke, of Southwark[63]\n31 January 1810: Henry Edmund Austen, of Shalford House[64]\n8 February 1811: George Tritton, of West Hill, Wandsworth[65]\n24 January 1812: Thomas Starling Benson, of Champion Lodge[66]\n10 February 1813: Henry Bridges, of Ewell[67]\n4 February 1814: Richard Birt, of Hall Grove[68]\n13 February 1815: James Laing, of Streatham[69]\n1816: Benjamin Bernard\n1817: Thomas Lett the younger of Dulwich[70]\n1818: Henry Peters of Betchworth Castle, Surrey[71]\n1819: William Speer of Thames Ditton[72]\n1820: Hutches Trower of Unsted Wood[73]\n1821: John Spicer[74]\n1822: Charles Nicholas Pallmer of Norbiton House, Surrey[75]\n1823: Charles Hampden Turner of Rook's Nest[76]\n1824: Florence Young\n1825: John Bernard Hankey\n1826: Henry Drummond\n1827: William Crawford of Pippbrook\n1828: Thomas Hope\n1829: Felix Calvert Ladbroke[77]\n1830: Sir William George Hylton Joliffe, Bt. of Merstham[78]\n1831: Harvey Combe, of Cobham Park[79]\n1832: Miles Stringer, of Effingham[80]\n1833: Sir Henry Fletcher, 3rd Baronet, of Ashley Park[81]\n1834: George Thomas Nicholson, of Waverley Abbey[82]\n1835: James Shudi Broadwood, of Lyne House[83][84]\n1836: William Henry Cooper, of Pains Hill[85]\n1837: Thomas Alcock, of Kingswood Warren[86]\n1838: Thomas Chaloner Bisse Chaloner, of Potnalls Park[87]\n1839: Samuel Paynter, of Richmond[88]\n1840: Hon. Peter John Locke King, of Woburn-Farm[89]\n1841: William Leveson-Gower of Titsey Place[90]\n1842: Charles Barclay of Bury-Hill[91]\n1843: Richard Sumner, of Puttenham Priory[92]\n1844: William Straeham, of Ashurst[93]\n1845: Richard Fuller, of the Rookery[94]\n1846: Charles McNivin, of Perrysfield[95]\n1847: Joseph Bonsor, of Poulsden[96]\n1848: Lee Steere, of Jayes[97][98]\n1849: William Francis Gamul Farmer, of Nonsuch-Park[99]\n1850: James William Freshfield, of Moor-Place[100]\n1851: John Sparkes, of Gosden-House[101]\n1852: George Robert Smith of Selsden, Croydon[102]\n1853: Thomas Grissell, of Norbury Park, Leatherhead[103]\n1854: Robert Gosling, of Botleys Park[104]\n1855: James Gadesden, of Ewell Castle, Ewell[105]\n1856: Edward Richard Northey, of Woodcote House, Epsom[106]\n1857: John Labouchere, of Broom Hall, Dorking[107]\n1858: Hon. George John Cavendish, of Lyne Grove, Chertsey[108]\n1859: Sir Walter Farquhar, 3rd Baronet, of Polesden, Leatherhead[109]\n1860: William John Evelyn, of Wootton, near Dorking[110]\n1861: Samuel Gurney, of Carshalton[111]\n1862: Joseph Godman, of Park Hatch, Godalming[112]\n1863: Lewis Lloyd, of Monks Orchard, near Croydon[113]\n1864: Thomas Price of Heywood, Cobham[114]\n1865: John Bradshaw of Knowle, Guildford[115]\n1866: John Frederick Bateman[116]\n1867: James More-Molyneux\n1868: Robert Carter\n1869: Robert Hay Murray\n1870: William Farnell-Watson\n1871: Money Wigram\n1872: Albert George Sandeman\n1873: Gordon Wyatt Clark\n1874: John Coyscarne Sim\n1875: G.W. Granville Leveson-Gower\n1876: Charles Churchill\n1877: William Robert Gamul Farmer\n1878: Robert Barclay\n1879: John Barnard Hankey\n1880: Sir Francis Burdett, Bt.\n1881: Richard Henry Combe\n1882: Henry John Tritton\n1883: James Stewart Hodgson\n1884: John Henderson\n1885: Charles Combe\n1886: George James Murray\n1887: Walter Waterlow\n1888: Hon. Francis Baring\n1889: Augustus William Gadesden\n1890: James Hudson of Capenor Nutfield, Surrey[117]\n1891: John Fisher Eastwood, of Esher Lodge, Esher[118]\n1892: James Brand\n1893: Sir Jeremiah Colman[citation needed]\n1894: Sir Frederick Wigan, 1st Baronet\n1895: Edward Lee Rowcliffe, of Hall Place, Hascombe, Godalming,[119]\n1896: Sir Edward Hamer Carbutt, Bt., of Nanhurst, Cranleigh[120]\n1897: William Keswick, of Eastwick Park, Great Bookham, near Leatherhead,[121]\n1898: Lawrence James Baker of Ottersbaw Park, Chertsey,[122]\n1899: Sir John Whittaker Ellis, Bt., of Buccleuch House, Richmond[123]","title":"19th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Hoskins Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hoskins_Master"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Max Leonard Waechter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Waechter"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Sir Walpole Lloyd Greenwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwell_baronets"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Sir Philip Waterlow, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Philip_Waterlow,_2nd_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GT-130"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GT-130"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GT-130"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GT-130"},{"link_name":"Sir Harry Waechter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Waechter"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Sir William Chance, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_baronets"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sir Benjamin Brodie, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Benjamin_Brodie,_3rd_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"St Loe Strachey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Loe_Strachey"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Gordon Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Clark"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Cuthbert Eden Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Eden_Heath"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Charles Harvey Combe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Harvey_Combe"},{"link_name":"Cobham Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobham_Park"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward John Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Edward_John_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"William Mallinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_William_Mallinson,_2nd_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Sir John Jarvis, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Jarvis,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Barrow Green Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_Green_Court"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Sir Malcolm Fraser, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Malcolm_Fraser,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Gordon Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Clark"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Guy Cubitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy_Cubitt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Sir Ambrose Keevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keevil_and_Keevil#Ambrose_Keevil"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"Nigel Tritton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigel_Tritton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilfred_Douglas_Vernon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Terence Robert Beaumont Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Sanders"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Philip Sydney Henman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Henman"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"Richard Anthony Meyjes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Meyjes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"Hugh Spender Lisle Dundas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Dundas"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"James Balbedie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_James_Balbedie,_12th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"Sir Peter Anson, 7th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Peter_Anson,_7th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"James Hamilton, 4th Baron Hamilton of Dalzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hamilton,_4th_Baron_Hamilton_of_Dalzell"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"Richard Henry Simpson Stilgoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stilgoe"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"}],"text":"1900: Charles Hoskins Master, of Barrow Green, Oxted,[124]\n1901: Herbert Gosling, of Botley's Park, Chertsey,[125]\n1902: Max Leonard Waechter, of Terrace House, Richmond,[126]\n1903: Sir Walpole Lloyd Greenwell, of Marden Park, Woldingham,[127]\n1904: Edward David Stern, of Fan Court, Chertsey,[128]\n1905: Sir Philip Waterlow, 2nd Baronet[129]\n1906: Ralph Forster[130]\n1907 Wickham Noakes[130]\n1908 Basil Braithwaite[130]\n1909 Sir Frederick Edridge[130]\n1910: Sir Harry Waechter[131]\n1911: Sir William Chance, 2nd Baronet[citation needed]\n1912: Sir Benjamin Brodie, 3rd Baronet[132]\n1913: Sir Richard Charles Garton, of Lythe Hill, Haslemere[133]\n1914: St Loe Strachey[134]\n1915: Charles Tyrrell Giles, of Copse Hill House, Wimbledon[135]\n1916: Beresford Rimingtoir Heaton, of Round Down, Gomshall[136]\n1917: Alfred Withall Aston, of Woodcote Grove, Epsom[137]\n1918: James Henry Renton, of Mervel Hill, Hambledon[138]\n1919: John Henry Bridges, of Ewell Court, Ewell[139]\n1920: Major Henry Herbert Gordon Clark, of Mickleham Hall, Mickleham[140]\n1921: Charles Pendleton Hull of Earlswood Mount, Redhill[141]\n1922: Frederick Gordon Dalziel Colman of Great Burgh, Burgh Heath, near Banstead[142]\n1923: Robert Wyvill Barclay of Logmore, Dorking[143]\n1924: Henry Oberlin Serpell of West Croft Park, Chobham, Woking[144]\n1925: Cuthbert Eden Heath of Anstie Grange, Holmwood, Dorking,[145]\n1926: Charles Stanley Gordon Clark of Fetcham Lodge, Fetcham[146]\n1927: Robert Cron Henderson of Nithsdale, Sutton,[147]\n1928: Brigadier-General Edward Boustead Cuthbertson of The Old House, Betchworth[148]\n1929: Charles Harvey Combe of Cobham Park, Cobham[149]\n1930: Hubert Cecil Rickett of Hawthorns, Overton Road, Sutton, Surrey[150]\n1931: Sir Edward John Holland[151]\n1932: Sir Stanley Machin, Kt., of Cleeve, Oatlands, Weybridge, Surrey[152]\n1933: William Mallinson[153]\n1934: Sir John Jarvis, 1st Baronet, of Hascombe Court, near Godalming[154]\n1935: Sir Laurence Edward Halsey of Gooserye, Worplesdon,[155]\n1936: Charles Edward Hoskins Master of Barrow Green Court, Oxted[156]\n1937: Sir Malcolm Fraser, 1st Baronet of Pixholme Court, Dorking[157]\n1938: Charles Micklem of Long Cross House, near Chertsey[158]\n1939: Theodore Howard Lloyd of Harewoods, Outwood[159]\n1940: John Edward Humphery of Santon House, Flanchford, Reigate[160]\n1941: Dermot William Berdoe-Wilkinson of Knowle, Cranleigh, Guildford[161]\n1942: Ian Forest Anderson of Old Surrey Hall, Dormansland[162]\n1943: Reginald Tristram Harper of Lamberts, Hascombe[163]\n1944: Francis Paget Hett of Littleworth, Esher[164]\n1945: Lawrence Henry Seccombe of Queenwood, Ottershaw, Chertsey[165]\n1946: Denzil Morton Stanley of Furzehill Place, Pirbright[166]\n1947: Cecil Bevis Bevis, of Alderhurst, Englefield Green[167]\n1948: Ian Forest Anderson, of Old Surrey Hall, Dormansland, Lingfield[168]\n1949: Neville Lawrence[169]\n1950: Arnold Adrian Jarvis of Pirbright[170]\n1951: Francis Paget Hett of Littleworth, Esher[171]\n1952: Granville Brian Chetwynd-Stapylton of Walton-on-Thames[172]\n1953: John Edward Ferguson of Busbridge Wood,Godalming[173]\n1954: Henry Michael Gordon Clark, of the Old Cottage, Mickleham[174]\n1955: Guy Cubitt[175]\n1956: Sir Ambrose Keevil[176]\n1957: Captain Evelyn Henry Tschudi Broadwood of Lyne, Capel[177]\n1958: Nigel Tritton[178]\n1959: Samuel Leslie Bibby of Villans Wyk, Headley, Epsom.[179]\n1960: Wilfred Vernon[180]\n1961: Uvedale Henry Hoare Lambert of South Park, Blechingley[181]\n1962: Sydney Black of Wimbledon, London S.W.19.[182]\n1963: Sir (Robert) George Erskine of Busbridge Wood, Godalming[183]\n1964: Sir William John Herbert De Wette Mullens of Guildford.[184]\n1965: Lieut.-Colonel Herbert James Wells of Oakhurst Rise, Carshalton Beeches.[185]\n1966: Major Henry Dumas of Abbots Wood,Hurtmore, Godalming.[186]\n1967: Terence Robert Beaumont Sanders[187]\n1968: Jack Nelson Streynsham Hoskins , Sandhills, Witley.[188]\n1969:Brigadier David Terence Bastin of Polshot Farm, Elstead.[189]\n1970: Colonel Alan Randall Rees-Reynolds of Priors Gate, near Godalming[190]\n1971: Philip Sydney Henman, of Home Farm, Coldharbour Lane, Dorking[191]\n1972: Widdrington Richard Stafford of Cherrys High Drive, Woddingham[192]\n1973: Rear Admiral John Edwin Home McBeath of Woodbury House, Churt[193]\n1974: Major James Robert More-Molyneux, of Loseley Park, Guildford[194]\n1975: Winifred Mary Margueritta Du Buisson, of Pratsham Grange, Holmbury St. Mary[195]\n1976: Thomas Irvine Smith of Titlarks Hill Lodge, Sunningdale, Berkshire[196]\n1977: Commodore James Goddard Young of Haslemere.[197]\n1978: Richard Eustace Thornton, of Hampton, Scale, near Farnham.[198]\n1979: Michael John Calvert, of Ockley Court, Ockley, near Dorking.[199]\n1980: John Eveleigh Bolton of Brook Place, Woking.[200]\n1981: George William Semark Miskin, of Hankley Edge, Tilford, Farnham.[201]\n1982: John Patrick Michael Hugh Evelyn, of Kempslade Farm, Abinger Common, Dorking[202]\n1983: Sir Hugh Guy Cubitt , of Chapel House, West Humble, Dorking.[203]\n1984: Sir Richard Anthony Meyjes, of Longhill House, The Stands, near Farnham.[204]\n1985: John Flett Whitfield, of Priory Road, Sunningdale, Berkshire[205]\n1986: David James Keswick Coles, of Vigo House,Holmwood, Dorking.[206]\n1987: Alistair Jevon Johnston of Upper Jordan, Worplesdon.[207]\n1988: Major Wyndham Jermyn Hacket Pain, of Parkstone House, Ashwood Road, Woking.[208]\n1989: Sir Hugh Spender Lisle Dundas of Dockenfield, Farnham[209]\n1990: Dr. Anthony John Blowers of Boundstone, Farnham.[210]\n1991: James Balbedie[211]\n1992: Gordon Ernest Lee-Steere, of Jayes Park, Ockley.[212]\n1993: Sir Peter Anson, 7th Baronet[213]\n1994: Timothy Francis Goad, of South Park, Bletchingley.[214]\n1995: James Hamilton, 4th Baron Hamilton of Dalzell[215]\n1996: Adrian Nicholas MacDonald Sanders, of Underhill Farm, Buckland.[216]\n1997: James Douglas Moir Robertson, \"Cobwebs\", Sunbury-on-Thames.[217]\n1998: Richard Henry Simpson Stilgoe[218]\n1999: Peter Robert Nutting of North Breache Manor, Ewhurst[219]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penelope Anne Constance Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope_Keith"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"Adrian Edwin White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Edwin_White&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"Chobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobham"},{"link_name":"Dick Whittington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Whittington"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"}],"text":"2000: Michael More-Molyneaux\n2001: William (Bill) Biddell\n2002: Penelope Anne Constance Keith[220]\n2003: Andrew Wates\n2004: Dr Grace Dowling\n2005: David Hypher\n2006: Adrian Edwin White[221]\n2007: Nicholas John Elliot Sealy[222]\n2008: Sally Varah of Holmbury St Mary[223]\n2009: Lady (Elizabeth) Toulson of Wood Street Village[224]\n2010: Robert Harold Douglas of Walton on Thames[225]\n2011: Professor Michael Joy [226]\n2012: Karin M. Sehmer of Wormley[227]\n2013: Helen A. Bowcock of Haslemere[228]\n2014: Peter J G Lee of Godstone[229]\n2015: Elizabeth A S Kennedy of Cobham, Surrey[230]\n2016: Richard Whittington of Chobham, descendant of Dick Whittington[231]\n2017: Robert Stewart Napier of Baynards Manor, Rudgwick[232]\n2018: William James Glover[233]\n2019: Bridget Biddell of Seale, Nr Farnham[234]\n2020: Shahid Azeem of Woking[235]\n2021: Dr Julie Llewelyn[236]\n2022: Christopher Allan Critchlow[237]\n2023: Timothy Andrew de Burgh Wates[238]","title":"21st century"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Surrey High Sherrifs 1066–2013 | Goldsworth Park Community Association | Window on Woking\". Archived from the original on 5 May 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070505002329/http://www.windowonwoking.org.uk/sites/goldsworthparkcommunityassociation/GPnews/sherrifs","url_text":"\"Surrey High Sherrifs 1066–2013 | Goldsworth Park Community Association | Window on Woking\""},{"url":"http://www.windowonwoking.org.uk/sites/goldsworthparkcommunityassociation/GPnews/sherrifs","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, P. D. A. (2004). \"Cornhill, Gervase of\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52168.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F52168","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/52168"}]},{"reference":"\"Kent County History\". The High Sheriffs Association of England and Wales. Retrieved 10 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.highsheriffs.com/Kent/KentHistory.htm","url_text":"\"Kent County History\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, Bernard (1875). Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry, Volume 1. London, UK: Harrison & Sons. p. 409. Retrieved 12 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNEKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA409","url_text":"Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry, Volume 1"}]},{"reference":"\"Journal of the House of Commons, Vol. 6\". British History Online. Retrieved 12 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=25781","url_text":"\"Journal of the House of Commons, Vol. 6\""}]},{"reference":"\"House of Commons Journal\". British History Online. Retrieved 10 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=25229","url_text":"\"House of Commons Journal\""}]},{"reference":"\"House of Commons Journal Volume 7–10\". British History Online. Retrieved 27 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=24307","url_text":"\"House of Commons Journal Volume 7–10\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1\". The Oxford Gazette. 7 November 1665. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Gazette","url_text":"The Oxford Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 102\". The London Gazette. 5 November 1666. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/102/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 102\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 206\". The London Gazette. 4 November 1667. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/206/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 206\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 311\". The London Gazette. 9 November 1668. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/311/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 311\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 316\". The London Gazette. 23 November 1668. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/316/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 316\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 416\". The London Gazette. 8 November 1669. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/416/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 416\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 519\". The London Gazette. 3 November 1670. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/519/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 519\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 624\". The London Gazette. 6 November 1671. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/624/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 624\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 728\". The London Gazette. 7 November 1672. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/728/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 728\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 833\". The London Gazette. 10 November 1673. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/833/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 833\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 935\". The London Gazette. 5 November 1674. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/935/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 935\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 938\". The London Gazette. 16 November 1674. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/938/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 938\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1042\". The London Gazette. 15 November 1675. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1042/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 1042\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1146\". The London Gazette. 9 November 1676. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1146/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1146\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1148\". The London Gazette. 16 November 1676. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1148/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 1148\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1251\". The London Gazette. 12 November 1677. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1251/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 1251\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1252\". The London Gazette. 15 November 1677. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1252/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1252\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1255\". The London Gazette. 26 November 1677. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1255/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 1255\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1256\". The London Gazette. 29 November 1677. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1256/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 1256\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1355\". The London Gazette. 11 November 1678. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1355/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 1355\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1358\". The London Gazette. 21 November 1678. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1358/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 1358\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1460\". The London Gazette. 13 November 1679. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1460/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1460\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 1562\". The London Gazette. 4 November 1680. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1562/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 1562\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 2928\". The London Gazette. 30 November 1693. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2928/page/2","url_text":"\"No. 2928\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 5178\". The London Gazette. 20 December 1712. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/5178/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 5178\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 6231\". The London Gazette. 4 January 1723. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6231/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 6231\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 6442\". The London Gazette. 11 January 1725. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/6442/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 6442\""}]},{"reference":"Hasted, Edward (1798). \"Parishes\". The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent. 6. Institute of Historical Research: 259–263. Retrieved 8 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=62965","url_text":"\"Parishes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southwark – Winchester House and Barclay's Brewery\". British History Online.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=45264","url_text":"\"Southwark – Winchester House and Barclay's Brewery\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 8920\". The London Gazette. 16 January 1749. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/8920/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 8920\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 9760\". The London Gazette. 24 January 1758. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/9760/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 9760\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 10074\". The London Gazette. 27 January 1761. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10074/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 10074\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 10390\". The London Gazette. 7 February 1764. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10390/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 10390\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 10702\". The London Gazette. 10 February 1767. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10702/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 10702\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 10798\". The London Gazette. 12 January 1768. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10798/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 10798\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 12266\". The London Gazette. 29 January 1782. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12266/page/1","url_text":"\"No. 12266\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 12619\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1785. p. 73.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12619/page/73","url_text":"\"No. 12619\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 12725\". The London Gazette. 11 February 1786. p. 65.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12725/page/65","url_text":"\"No. 12725\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 12829\". The London Gazette. 10 February 1787. p. 69.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12829/page/69","url_text":"\"No. 12829\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 12962\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1788. p. 61.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12962/page/61","url_text":"\"No. 12962\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 13092\". The London Gazette. 28 April 1789. p. 333.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13092/page/333","url_text":"\"No. 13092\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 13279\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1791. p. 71.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13279/page/71","url_text":"\"No. 13279\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 13385\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1792. p. 77.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13385/page/77","url_text":"\"No. 13385\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15228\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1800. p. 114.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15228/page/114","url_text":"\"No. 15228\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15336\". The London Gazette. 10 February 1801. p. 174.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15336/page/174","url_text":"\"No. 15336\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15450\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1802. p. 113.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15450/page/113","url_text":"\"No. 15450\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15557\". The London Gazette. 8 February 1803. p. 161.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15557/page/161","url_text":"\"No. 15557\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15671\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1804. p. 145.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15671/page/145","url_text":"\"No. 15671\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15778\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1805. p. 175.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15778/page/175","url_text":"\"No. 15778\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15886\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1806. p. 145.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15886/page/145","url_text":"\"No. 15886\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15998\". The London Gazette. 7 February 1807. p. 156.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15998/page/156","url_text":"\"No. 15998\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16115\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1808. p. 173.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16115/page/173","url_text":"\"No. 16115\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16226\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1809. p. 165.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16226/page/165","url_text":"\"No. 16226\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16338\". The London Gazette. 30 January 1810. p. 149.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16338/page/149","url_text":"\"No. 16338\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16451\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1811. p. 226.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16451/page/226","url_text":"\"No. 16451\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16565\". The London Gazette. 21 January 1812. p. 142.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16565/page/142","url_text":"\"No. 16565\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16702\". The London Gazette. 9 February 1813. p. 301.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16702/page/301","url_text":"\"No. 16702\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16852\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1814. p. 278.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16852/page/278","url_text":"\"No. 16852\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16984\". The London Gazette. 14 February 1815. p. 257.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16984/page/257","url_text":"\"No. 16984\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 17219\". The London Gazette. 12 February 1817. p. 325.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17219/page/325","url_text":"\"No. 17219\""}]},{"reference":"Cave, Edward; Nichols, John (1819). \"The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, for ..., Volume 89, Part 1\". Retrieved 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_d4IAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA176","url_text":"\"The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, for ..., Volume 89, Part 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dodsley's Annual Register, 1820\". 1822. Retrieved 17 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CnUEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA551","url_text":"\"Dodsley's Annual Register, 1820\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 17677\". The London Gazette. 6 February 1821. p. 328.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17677/page/328","url_text":"\"No. 17677\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 17788\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1822. p. 217.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17788/page/217","url_text":"\"No. 17788\""}]},{"reference":"The New Monthly Magazine. 1823. p. 134.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 18554\". The London Gazette. 27 February 1929. p. 373.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18554/page/373","url_text":"\"No. 18554\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18652\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1830. p. 258.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18652/page/258","url_text":"\"No. 18652\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18772\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1831. pp. 194–195.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18772/page/194","url_text":"\"No. 18772\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18900\". The London Gazette. 6 February 1832. pp. 254–255.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18900/page/254","url_text":"\"No. 18900\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19019\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1833. p. 246.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19019/page/246","url_text":"\"No. 19019\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19125\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1834. p. 206.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19125/page/206","url_text":"\"No. 19125\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19238\". The London Gazette. 9 February 1835. pp. 235–236.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19238/page/235","url_text":"\"No. 19238\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19242\". The London Gazette. 20 February 1835. p. 308.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19242/page/308","url_text":"\"No. 19242\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19353\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1836. pp. 223–224.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19353/page/223","url_text":"\"No. 19353\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19462\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1837. pp. 232–233.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19462/page/232","url_text":"\"No. 19462\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19586\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1838. p. 232.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19586/page/232","url_text":"\"No. 19586\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19704\". The London Gazette. 9 February 1839. p. 214.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19704/page/214","url_text":"\"No. 19704\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19819\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1840. p. 198.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19819/page/198","url_text":"\"No. 19819\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19948\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1841. p. 304.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19948/page/304","url_text":"\"No. 19948\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20067\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1842. p. 285.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20067/page/285","url_text":"\"No. 20067\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20192\". The London Gazette. 1 February 1843. p. 372.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20192/page/372","url_text":"\"No. 20192\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20311\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1844. p. 348.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20311/page/348","url_text":"\"No. 20311\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20439\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1845. p. 316.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20439/page/316","url_text":"\"No. 20439\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20566\". The London Gazette. 30 January 1846. p. 362.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20566/page/362","url_text":"\"No. 20566\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20698\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1847. p. 410.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20698/page/410","url_text":"\"No. 20698\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20825\". The London Gazette. 11 February 1848. p. 542.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20825/page/542","url_text":"\"No. 20825\""}]},{"reference":"Kimberly, Warren Bert (1897). History of West Australia/James George Lee-Steere  – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_West_Australia/James_George_Lee-Steere","url_text":"History of West Australia/James George Lee-Steere"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20944\". The London Gazette. 13 February 1849. p. 431.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20944/page/431","url_text":"\"No. 20944\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21065\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1850. p. 313.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21065/page/313","url_text":"\"No. 21065\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21181\". The London Gazette. 11 February 1851. p. 363.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21181/page/363","url_text":"\"No. 21181\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21287\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1852. p. 289.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21287/page/289","url_text":"\"No. 21287\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21409\". The London Gazette. 8 February 1853. p. 329.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21409/page/329","url_text":"\"No. 21409\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21517\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1854. p. 265.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21517/page/265","url_text":"\"No. 21517\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21660\". The London Gazette. 9 February 1855. p. 470.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21660/page/470","url_text":"\"No. 21660\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21844\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1856. p. 361.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21844/page/361","url_text":"\"No. 21844\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21964\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1857. p. 379.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21964/page/379","url_text":"\"No. 21964\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22091\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1858. p. 539.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22091/page/539","url_text":"\"No. 22091\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22226\". The London Gazette. 2 February 1859. p. 454.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22226/page/454","url_text":"\"No. 22226\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22348\". The London Gazette. 23 January 1860. p. 213.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22348/page/213","url_text":"\"No. 22348\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22477\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1861. p. 433.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22477/page/433","url_text":"\"No. 22477\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22596\". The London Gazette. 7 February 1862. pp. 648–649.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22596/page/648","url_text":"\"No. 22596\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22704\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1863. p. 573.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22704/page/573","url_text":"\"No. 22704\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22815\". The London Gazette. 3 February 1864. p. 525.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22815/page/525","url_text":"\"No. 22815\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22936\". The London Gazette. 4 February 1865. p. 559.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22936/page/559","url_text":"\"No. 22936\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, Edmund (1867). The annual register – Google Boeken. Retrieved 4 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NNdkxHnE8SgC","url_text":"The annual register – Google Boeken"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26036\". The London Gazette. 25 March 1890. pp. 1781–1782.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26036/page/1781","url_text":"\"No. 26036\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26146\". The London Gazette. 24 March 1891. p. 1653.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26146/page/1653","url_text":"\"No. 26146\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26606\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1895. p. 1455.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26606/page/1455","url_text":"\"No. 26606\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26720\". The London Gazette. 10 March 1896. p. 1596.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26720/page/1596","url_text":"\"No. 26720\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26828\". The London Gazette. 2 March 1897. p. 1238.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26828/page/1238","url_text":"\"No. 26828\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26945\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1898. p. 1415.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26945/page/1415","url_text":"\"No. 26945\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27061\". The London Gazette. 10 March 1899. p. 1660.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27061/page/1660","url_text":"\"No. 27061\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27171\". The London Gazette. 6 March 1900. p. 1520.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27171/page/1520","url_text":"\"No. 27171\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27293\". The London Gazette. 17 March 1901. p. 1760.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27293/page/1760","url_text":"\"No. 27293\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27414\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1902. p. 1625.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27414/page/1625","url_text":"\"No. 27414\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27534\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1903. p. 1671.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27534/page/1671","url_text":"\"No. 27534\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27655\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1904. p. 1538.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27655/page/1538","url_text":"\"No. 27655\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27777\". The London Gazette. 21 March 1905. p. 2179.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27777/page/2179","url_text":"\"No. 27777\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goldsworth Timeline 1877–1913\". Retrieved 1 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.windowonwoking.org.uk/sites/goldsworthparkcommunityassociation/Local_History_Archive/18771913timeline","url_text":"\"Goldsworth Timeline 1877–1913\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28346\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1910. p. 1679.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28346/page/1679","url_text":"\"No. 28346\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28586\". The London Gazette. 1 March 1912. p. 1556.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28586/page/1556","url_text":"\"No. 28586\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28701\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1913. p. 2059.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28701/page/2059","url_text":"\"No. 28701\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28811\". The London Gazette. 10 March 1914. p. 2159.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28811/page/2159","url_text":"\"No. 28811\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29086\". The London Gazette. 2 March 1915. p. 2089.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29086/page/2089","url_text":"\"No. 29086\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29492\". The London Gazette. 29 February 1916. p. 2236.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29492/page/2236","url_text":"\"No. 29492\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29982\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1917. p. 2509.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29982/page/2509","url_text":"\"No. 29982\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 31230\". The London Gazette. 5 March 1918. p. 3477.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31230/page/3477","url_text":"\"No. 31230\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30557\". The London Gazette. 14 March 1919. p. 2781.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30557/page/2781","url_text":"\"No. 30557\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 31821\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1920. p. 3177.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31821/page/3177","url_text":"\"No. 31821\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32254\". The London Gazette. 11 March 1921. p. 1994.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32254/page/1994","url_text":"\"No. 32254\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32642\". The London Gazette. 17 March 1922. p. 2231.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32642/page/2231","url_text":"\"No. 32642\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32805\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1923. p. 1989.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32805/page/1989","url_text":"\"No. 32805\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32920\". The London Gazette. 21 March 1924. p. 2413.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32920/page/2413","url_text":"\"No. 32920\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33030\". The London Gazette. 17 March 1925. p. 1874.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33030/page/1874","url_text":"\"No. 33030\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33143\". The London Gazette. 19 March 1926. p. 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33143/page/2012","url_text":"\"No. 33143\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33259\". The London Gazette. 22 March 1927. p. 1876.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33259/page/1876","url_text":"\"No. 33259\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33369\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1928. p. 2127.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33369/page/2127","url_text":"\"No. 33369\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33479\". The London Gazette. 22 March 1929. p. 1965.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33479/page/1965","url_text":"\"No. 33479\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33592\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1930. p. 1958.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33592/page/1958","url_text":"\"No. 33592\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33700\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1931. p. 1878.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33700/page/1878","url_text":"\"No. 33700\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33809\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1932. p. 1855.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33809/page/1855","url_text":"\"No. 33809\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33922\". The London Gazette. 17 March 1933. p. 1856.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33922/page/1856","url_text":"\"No. 33922\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34035\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1934. p. 1940.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34035/page/1940","url_text":"\"No. 34035\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34135\". The London Gazette. 22 February 1935. p. 1266.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34135/page/1266","url_text":"\"No. 34135\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34261\". The London Gazette. 3 March 1936. p. 1379.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34261/page/1379","url_text":"\"No. 34261\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34381\". The London Gazette. 19 March 1937. p. 1819.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34381/page/1819","url_text":"\"No. 34381\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34494\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1938. p. 1838.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34494/page/1838","url_text":"\"No. 34494\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34606\". The London Gazette. 10 March 1939. p. 1632.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34606/page/1632","url_text":"\"No. 34606\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34807\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1940. p. 1380.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34807/page/1380","url_text":"\"No. 34807\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35119\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1941. p. 1801.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35119/page/1801","url_text":"\"No. 35119\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35508\". The London Gazette. 31 March 1942. p. 1453.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35508/page/1453","url_text":"\"No. 35508\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35938\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1943. p. 1199.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35938/page/1199","url_text":"\"No. 35938\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 36444\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1944. p. 1449.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36444/page/1449","url_text":"\"No. 36444\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 36998\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1945. p. 1602.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36998/page/1602","url_text":"\"No. 36998\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37509\". The London Gazette. 22 March 1946. p. 1493.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37509/page/1493","url_text":"\"No. 37509\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37905\". The London Gazette. 14 March 1947. p. 1214.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37905/page/1214","url_text":"\"No. 37905\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 38235\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 12 March 1948. p. 1811.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38235/supplement/1811","url_text":"\"No. 38235\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 38556\". The London Gazette. 8 March 1949. p. 1202.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38556/page/1202","url_text":"\"No. 38556\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 38878\". The London Gazette. 4 March 1950. p. 1667.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38878/page/1667","url_text":"\"No. 38878\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39175\". The London Gazette. 16 March 1951. p. 1429.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39175/page/1429","url_text":"\"No. 39175\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39489\". The London Gazette. 11 March 1952. p. 1400.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39489/page/1400","url_text":"\"No. 39489\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39798\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1953. p. 1442.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39798/page/1442","url_text":"\"No. 39798\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 40115\". The London Gazette. 2 March 1954. p. 1315.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40115/page/1315","url_text":"\"No. 40115\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 40433\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1955. p. 1609.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40433/page/1609","url_text":"\"No. 40433\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 40738\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1956. p. 1731.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40738/page/1731","url_text":"\"No. 40738\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41024\". The London Gazette. 15 March 1957. p. 1651.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41024/page/1651","url_text":"\"No. 41024\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41340\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1958. p. 1779.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41340/page/1779","url_text":"\"No. 41340\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41656\". The London Gazette. 13 March 1959. p. 1725.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41656/page/1725","url_text":"\"No. 41656\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41986\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1960. p. 2025.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41986/page/2025","url_text":"\"No. 41986\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 42314\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1961. p. 2346.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42314/page/2346","url_text":"\"No. 42314\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 42623\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 March 1962. p. 2144.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42623/supplement/2144","url_text":"\"No. 42623\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 42955\". The London Gazette. 29 March 1963. p. 2823.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42955/page/2823","url_text":"\"No. 42955\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 43286\". The London Gazette. 31 March 1964. p. 2849.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43286/page/2849","url_text":"\"No. 43286\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 43610\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 March 1965. p. 3049.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43610/supplement/3049","url_text":"\"No. 43610\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 43921\". The London Gazette. 11 March 1966. p. 2704.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43921/page/2704","url_text":"\"No. 43921\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 44276\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1967. p. 3382.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44276/page/3382","url_text":"\"No. 44276\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 44540\". The London Gazette. 5 March 1968. p. 2668.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44540/page/2668","url_text":"\"No. 44540\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 44811\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1969. p. 3012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44811/page/3012","url_text":"\"No. 44811\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 45070\". The London Gazette. 31 March 1970. p. 3646.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45070/page/3646","url_text":"\"No. 45070\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 45321\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1971. p. 2158.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45321/page/2158","url_text":"\"No. 45321\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 45630\". The London Gazette. 24 March 1972. p. 3654.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45630/page/3654","url_text":"\"No. 45630\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 45941\". The London Gazette. 30 March 1973. p. 4154.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45941/page/4154","url_text":"\"No. 45941\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 46249\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1974. p. 4007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46249/page/4007","url_text":"\"No. 46249\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 46524\". The London Gazette. 21 March 1975. p. 3844.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46524/page/3844","url_text":"\"No. 46524\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 46857\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1976. p. 4338.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46857/page/4338","url_text":"\"No. 46857\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 47171\". The London Gazette. 11 March 1977. p. 3436.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/47171/page/3436","url_text":"\"No. 47171\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 47497\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1978. p. 3548.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/47497/page/3548","url_text":"\"No. 47497\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 47795\". The London Gazette. 16 March 1979. p. 3663.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/47795/page/3663","url_text":"\"No. 47795\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 48134\". The London Gazette. 21 March 1980. p. 4412.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/48134/page/4412","url_text":"\"No. 48134\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 48563\". The London Gazette. 24 March 1981. p. 4216.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/48563/page/4216","url_text":"\"No. 48563\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 48919\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1982. pp. 3496–3314.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/48919/page/3496","url_text":"\"No. 48919\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 49294\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1983. pp. 3830–3830.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49294/page/3830","url_text":"\"No. 49294\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 49677\". The London Gazette. 16 March 1984. p. 3868.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49677/page/3868","url_text":"\"No. 49677\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 50071\". The London Gazette. 22 March 1985. p. 4108.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/50071/page/4108","url_text":"\"No. 50071\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 50472\". The London Gazette. 27 March 1986. p. 4374.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/50472/page/4374","url_text":"\"No. 50472\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 50865\". The London Gazette. 19 March 1987. p. 3692.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/50865/page/3692","url_text":"\"No. 50865\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 51281\". The London Gazette. 24 March 1988. p. 3545.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/51281/page/3545","url_text":"\"No. 51281\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 51678\". The London Gazette. 17 March 1989. pp. 3358–3314.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/51678/page/3358","url_text":"\"No. 51678\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 52081\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1990. p. 3678.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/52081/page/3678","url_text":"\"No. 52081\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 52484\". The London Gazette. 25 March 1991. p. 4709.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/52484/page/4709","url_text":"\"No. 52484\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 52868\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1992. p. 5026.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/52868/page/5026","url_text":"\"No. 52868\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 53247\". The London Gazette. 15 March 1993. p. 4679.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53247/page/4679","url_text":"\"No. 53247\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 53618\". The London Gazette. 18 March 1994. p. 4244.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53618/page/4244","url_text":"\"No. 53618\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 53985\". The London Gazette. 20 March 1995. p. 4273.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53985/page/4273","url_text":"\"No. 53985\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 54345\". The London Gazette. 14 March 1996. p. 3831.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/54345/page/3831","url_text":"\"No. 54345\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 54715\". The London Gazette. 25 March 1997. p. 3622.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/54715/page/3622","url_text":"\"No. 54715\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 55079\". The London Gazette. 25 March 1998. p. 3449.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/55079/page/3449","url_text":"\"No. 55079\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 55428\". The London Gazette. 12 March 1999. pp. 2937–2938.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/55428/page/2937","url_text":"\"No. 55428\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Good Life of Penelope Keith\". BBC News. 30 December 2006. Retrieved 6 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6216985.stm","url_text":"\"The Good Life of Penelope Keith\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 57921\". The London Gazette. 9 March 2006. pp. 3375–3376.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/57921/page/3375","url_text":"\"No. 57921\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 58266\". The London Gazette. 7 March 2007. pp. 3313–3314.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58266/page/3313","url_text":"\"No. 58266\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 58639\". The London Gazette. 13 March 2008. pp. 3947–3948.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58639/page/3947","url_text":"\"No. 58639\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 59011\". The London Gazette. 19 March 2009. p. 4924.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/59011/page/4924","url_text":"\"No. 59011\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 59364\". The London Gazette. 18 March 2010. pp. 4707–4708.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/59364/page/4707","url_text":"\"No. 59364\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 59729\". The London Gazette. 17 March 2011. p. 4995.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/59729/page/4995","url_text":"\"No. 59729\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 60087\". The London Gazette. 15 March 2012. p. 5223.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60087/page/5223","url_text":"\"No. 60087\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 60447\". The London Gazette. 14 March 2013. p. 5101.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60447/page/5101","url_text":"\"No. 60447\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 60799\". The London Gazette. 6 March 2014. p. 4635.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60799/page/4635","url_text":"\"No. 60799\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 61177\". The London Gazette. 23 March 2015. p. 5242.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61177/page/5242","url_text":"\"No. 61177\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 61759\". The London Gazette. 17 March 2016. p. 5942.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61759/page/5942","url_text":"\"No. 61759\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 61868\". The London Gazette. 10 March 2017. p. 5262.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61868/page/5262","url_text":"\"No. 61868\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 62229\". The London Gazette. 15 March 2018. p. 4814.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62229/page/4814","url_text":"\"No. 62229\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 62582\". The London Gazette. 15 March 2019. p. 4643.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62582/page/4643","url_text":"\"No. 62582\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 62943\". The London Gazette. 13 March 2020. p. 5161.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62943/page/5161","url_text":"\"No. 62943\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 63290\". The London Gazette. 10 March 2021. p. 4778.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63290/page/4778","url_text":"\"No. 63290\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 63644\". The London Gazette. 17 March 2022. p. 5082.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63644/page/5082","url_text":"\"No. 63644\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 63990\". The London Gazette. 10 March 2023. p. 4634.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63990/page/4634","url_text":"\"No. 63990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._S._Macaulay
Francis Sowerby Macaulay
["1 Publications","2 See also","3 References"]
English mathematician Francis Sowerby MacaulayBornFrancis Sowerby Macaulay(1862-02-11)11 February 1862WitneyDied9 February 1937(1937-02-09) (aged 74)CambridgeNationalityBritishKnown forMacaulay dualityMacaulay matrixMacaulay representationMacaulay's resultantCohen–Macaulay ringAwardsFRS (1928)Scientific careerFieldsMathematics Francis Sowerby Macaulay FRS (11 February 1862, Witney – 9 February 1937, Cambridge) was an English mathematician who made significant contributions to algebraic geometry. He is known for his 1916 book The Algebraic Theory of Modular Systems (an old term for ideals), which greatly influenced the later course of commutative algebra. Cohen–Macaulay rings, Macaulay duality, the Macaulay resultant and the Macaulay and Macaulay2 computer algebra systems are named for Macaulay. Macaulay was educated at Kingswood School and graduated with distinction from St John's College, Cambridge. He taught the top mathematics class in St Paul's School in London from 1885 to 1911. His students included J. E. Littlewood and G. N. Watson. In 1928 Macaulay was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. Publications MacAulay, F. S. (1902), "Some Formulæ in Elimination", Proc. London Math. Soc., 35: 3–27, doi:10.1112/plms/s1-35.1.3 Macaulay, Francis Sowerby (1916), The Algebraic Theory of Modular Systems, The Cornell Library of Historical Mathematical Monographs, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1275570412 See also Gorenstein ring References ^ a b Baker, H. F. (1938). "Francis Sowerby Macaulay. 1862-1937". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 2 (6): 356–361. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1938.0018. ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Francis Sowerby Macaulay", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews ^ Eisenbud, David; Gray, Jeremy (2023). "F. S. Macaulay: From plane curves to Gorenstein rings" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 60: 371–406. doi:10.1090/bull/1787. ^ "Macaulay, Francis Sowerby (FML879FS)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Australia Netherlands Academics CiNii MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project Scopus zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef This article about a United Kingdom mathematician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"title":"Gorenstein ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorenstein_ring"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huascar_Ynoa
Huascar Ynoa
["1 Career","1.1 Minnesota Twins","1.2 Atlanta Braves","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"]
Dominican baseball player (born 1998) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Ynoa and the second or maternal family name is Ventura. Baseball player Huascar YnoaYnoa with the Rome Braves in 2018Atlanta Braves – No. 19PitcherBorn: (1998-05-28) May 28, 1998 (age 26)Puerto Plata, Dominican RepublicBats: RightThrows: RightMLB debutJune 16, 2019, for the Atlanta BravesMLB statistics (through 2022 season)Win–loss record4–8Earned run average5.22Strikeouts128 Teams Atlanta Braves (2019–2022) Career highlights and awards World Series champion (2021) Huascar Jose Ynoa Ventura (born May 28, 1998) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher for the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut in 2019. Career Minnesota Twins Ynoa signed with the Minnesota Twins as an international free agent in July 2014. During his time in the Twins organization, he played for the DSL Twins in 2015, the GCL Twins in 2016, and the Elizabethton Twins in 2017. Atlanta Braves On July 24, 2017, the Twins traded Ynoa to the Atlanta Braves in exchange for Jaime García and Anthony Recker. He was assigned to the Danville Braves for the rest of the 2017 season. He split the 2018 season between the Rome Braves and the Florida Fire Frogs. The Braves added him to their 40-man roster after the 2018 season. Ynoa opened the 2019 season playing for the Fire Frogs and was promoted to the Mississippi Braves and the Gwinnett Stripers. The Braves promoted him to the major leagues on June 15, 2019. Ynoa made his major league debut the next day, against the Philadelphia Phillies. In the minor leagues in 2019 he was 4–8 and had a 5.09 earned run average (ERA) with 110 strikeouts in 97+1⁄3 innings. He pitched three innings in the majors in 2019. In 2020, Ynoa was 0–0 with a 5.82 ERA, in 21+2⁄3 innings, in nine games, including five starts. On April 29, 2021, Ynoa hit his first career home run off of Chicago Cubs starter Kyle Hendricks. In his next start on May 4, he hit his first career grand slam off of Washington Nationals reliever Tanner Rainey. On May 17, 2021, Ynoa was put on the 10-day injured list due to a fractured right hand. In his previous start, he allowed 5 runs in 4.1 innings against the Milwaukee Brewers and suffered the injury when he punched a bench out of frustration. He was placed on the 60-day injured list on May 31. On August 17, Ynoa was activated off of the injured list. In 2021, he was 4–6 with a 4.05 ERA. Ynoa pitched out of the Braves ‘ bullpen in the National League Division Series against the Brewers. As the Braves advanced to the National League Championship Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, Ynoa was scheduled to start Game 4. However, he suffered a shoulder injury as he prepared hours before. The Braves ruled Ynoa out for the game and Jesse Chavez started in his place. Ynoa was also replaced on the roster by Dylan Lee, making him ineligible to play again in the 2021 postseason. The Braves eventually won the 2021 World Series, their first title since 1995. Ynoa began the 2022 season in the Atlanta Braves' pitching rotation, making two ineffective appearances before a demotion to the Gwinnett Braves in April. On September 8, the organization announced that Ynoa needed Tommy John surgery. He missed the 2023 season to recover from the surgery, and was signed to a one-year contract worth $825,000 for the 2024 season on January 4, 2024. Ynoa began the 2024 season in Triple-A Gwinnett after not being able to secure the fifth spot in the Braves rotation. He was placed on the injured list with right elbow inflammation on April 23, 2024, and transferred to the 60–day injured list on June 16. Personal life Ynoa's brother, Michael, has played in the major leagues. References ^ a b "Twins lock up pitching prospect Ynoa". MLB.com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2019. ^ a b c "Huascar Ynoa". The Baseball Cube. Retrieved June 19, 2019. ^ "Prospect Huascar Ynoa traded to Atlanta". MLB.com. Retrieved December 14, 2018. ^ "Braves add 4 prospects to 40-man roster". MLB.com. Retrieved December 14, 2018. ^ Hoehn, Jim (July 15, 2019). "Webb (elbow) placed on IL; Ynoa recalled". MLB.com. Retrieved September 11, 2022. ^ Burns, Gabriel (June 15, 2019). "Huascar Ynoa joins the Braves' bullpen". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved June 17, 2019. ^ "Donaldson stays hot as Braves overwhelm Phillies 15–1". ESPN.com. Associated Press. June 16, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019. ^ "Huascar Ynoa Minor Leagues Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ a b c "Huascar Ynoa Stats". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ a b Bright, Sterling (May 5, 2021). "Another HR, this one a slam, as Ynoa cruises". MLB.com. Retrieved May 5, 2021. ^ Bowman, Mark (May 17, 2021). "Ynoa to miss months after punching bench". MLB.com. MLB. Retrieved May 17, 2021. ^ Burns, Gabriel (May 31, 2021). "Braves promote veteran outfielder Abraham Almonte from Triple-A". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved September 11, 2022. ^ Bowman, Mark (May 31, 2021). "Braves add Almonte to mix in left field". MLB.com. Retrieved September 11, 2022. ^ Burns, Gabriel (August 17, 2021). "Braves win again as Huascar Ynoa, bullpen hold Marlins scoreless". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved September 11, 2022. ^ "Atlanta Braves win 2021 World Series". MLB. Retrieved November 2, 2021. ^ "Franco has 4 hits, drives in 5 as Nats trounce Braves 11-2". ESPN.com. Associated Press. April 11, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2022. ^ Toscano, Justin (April 11, 2022). "Huascar Ynoa struggles as Braves suffer ugly loss". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Retrieved September 10, 2022. ^ "Freeman hits 1st HR for Dodgers in reunion win over Braves". ESPN.com. Associated Press. April 18, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2022. ^ "Braves right-hander Huascar Ynoa undergoes Tommy John surgery". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. September 7, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2022. ^ "Braves sign Huascar Ynoa, plus veteran infielder". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024. ^ Toscano, Justin (March 18, 2024). "Braves option Bryce Elder, clearing way for Reynaldo Lopez to be fifth starter". ajc.com. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 18, 2024. ^ "Huascar Ynoa dealing with right elbow inflammation". ajc.com. Retrieved June 17, 2024. ^ "Braves Select Grant Holmes". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved June 16, 2024. External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet vteAtlanta Braves current rosterActive roster 1 Ozzie Albies 11 Orlando Arcia 12 Sean Murphy 14 Adam Duvall 15 Brain Anderson 16 Travis d'Arnaud 18 Ramón Laureano 20 Marcell Ozuna 24 Jarred Kelenic 26 Raisel Iglesias 27 Austin Riley 28 Matt Olson 37 Forrest Wall 38 Pierce Johnson 40 Reynaldo López 49 Aaron Bummer 50 Charlie Morton 51 Chris Sale 52 Dylan Lee 54 Max Fried 56 Spencer Schwellenbach 59 Zack Short 60 Jesse Chavez 62 Daysbel Hernández 66 Grant Holmes 77 Joe Jiménez Inactive roster 45 Chadwick Tromp 46 Dylan Dodd 48 Ian Anderson 55 Bryce Elder 58 Ray Kerr 61 Darius Vines 63 J. P. Martínez 65 Luke Williams 72 Allan Winans Injured list 13 Ronald Acuña Jr. 19 Huascar Ynoa 23 Michael Harris II 30 Hurston Waldrep 32 AJ Smith-Shawver 33 A. J. Minter 64 Jimmy Herget 68 Tyler Matzek 99 Spencer Strider -- Ángel Perdomo Coaching staff Manager 43 Brian Snitker Bench/Infield 4 Walt Weiss Pitching 39 Rick Kranitz Hitting 34 Kevin Seitzer First base 88 Tom Goodwin Third base 89 Matt Tuiasosopo Bullpen 85 Erick Abreu Catching 57 Sal Fasano Major league 95 Eddie Pérez Assistant hitting 70 Bobby Magallanes Hitting Consultant 10 Chipper Jones Bullpen catcher 99 José Yepez Bullpen catcher 97 Jimmy Leo Batting practice pitcher 98 Tomás Pérez
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Hendricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Hendricks"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bright-10"},{"link_name":"grand slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_slam_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Washington Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Nationals"},{"link_name":"Tanner Rainey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanner_Rainey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bright-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowman-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref-9"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Jesse Chavez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Chavez"},{"link_name":"Dylan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Lee"},{"link_name":"2021 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_World_Series"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Atlanta_Braves_season"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tommy John surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulnar_collateral_ligament_reconstruction"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Atlanta Braves","text":"On July 24, 2017, the Twins traded Ynoa to the Atlanta Braves in exchange for Jaime García and Anthony Recker.[3] He was assigned to the Danville Braves for the rest of the 2017 season.[citation needed] He split the 2018 season between the Rome Braves and the Florida Fire Frogs.[2] The Braves added him to their 40-man roster after the 2018 season.[4]Ynoa opened the 2019 season playing for the Fire Frogs and was promoted to the Mississippi Braves and the Gwinnett Stripers.[2] The Braves promoted him to the major leagues on June 15, 2019.[5][6] Ynoa made his major league debut the next day, against the Philadelphia Phillies.[7] In the minor leagues in 2019 he was 4–8 and had a 5.09 earned run average (ERA) with 110 strikeouts in 97+1⁄3 innings.[8] He pitched three innings in the majors in 2019.[9]In 2020, Ynoa was 0–0 with a 5.82 ERA, in 21+2⁄3 innings, in nine games, including five starts.[9]On April 29, 2021, Ynoa hit his first career home run off of Chicago Cubs starter Kyle Hendricks.[10] In his next start on May 4, he hit his first career grand slam off of Washington Nationals reliever Tanner Rainey.[10] On May 17, 2021, Ynoa was put on the 10-day injured list due to a fractured right hand. In his previous start, he allowed 5 runs in 4.1 innings against the Milwaukee Brewers and suffered the injury when he punched a bench out of frustration.[11] He was placed on the 60-day injured list on May 31.[12][13] On August 17, Ynoa was activated off of the injured list.[14]In 2021, he was 4–6\twith a 4.05 ERA.[9] Ynoa pitched out of the Braves ‘ bullpen in the National League Division Series against the Brewers. As the Braves advanced to the National League Championship Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, Ynoa was scheduled to start Game 4. However, he suffered a shoulder injury as he prepared hours before. The Braves ruled Ynoa out for the game and Jesse Chavez started in his place. Ynoa was also replaced on the roster by Dylan Lee, making him ineligible to play again in the 2021 postseason. The Braves eventually won the 2021 World Series, their first title since 1995.[15]Ynoa began the 2022 season in the Atlanta Braves' pitching rotation,[16][17][18] making two ineffective appearances before a demotion to the Gwinnett Braves in April. On September 8, the organization announced that Ynoa needed Tommy John surgery.[19] He missed the 2023 season to recover from the surgery, and was signed to a one-year contract worth $825,000 for the 2024 season on January 4, 2024.[20]Ynoa began the 2024 season in Triple-A Gwinnett after not being able to secure the fifth spot in the Braves rotation.[21] He was placed on the injured list with right elbow inflammation on April 23, 2024,[22] and transferred to the 60–day injured list on June 16.[23]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ynoa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twins-1"}],"text":"Ynoa's brother, Michael, has played in the major leagues.[1]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Twins lock up pitching prospect Ynoa\". MLB.com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170727092731/http://m.mlb.com/news/article/82154470/twins-lock-up-pitching-prospect-huascar-ynoa/","url_text":"\"Twins lock up pitching prospect Ynoa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"},{"url":"http://m.mlb.com/news/article/82154470/twins-lock-up-pitching-prospect-huascar-ynoa/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Huascar Ynoa\". The Baseball Cube. Retrieved June 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebaseballcube.com/players/profile.asp?ID=199005","url_text":"\"Huascar Ynoa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prospect Huascar Ynoa traded to Atlanta\". MLB.com. Retrieved December 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/prospect-huascar-ynoa-traded-to-atlanta/c-244178130","url_text":"\"Prospect Huascar Ynoa traded to Atlanta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Braves add 4 prospects to 40-man roster\". MLB.com. Retrieved December 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/braves-add-4-prospects-to-40-man-roster/c-300952832","url_text":"\"Braves add 4 prospects to 40-man roster\""}]},{"reference":"Hoehn, Jim (July 15, 2019). \"Webb (elbow) placed on IL; Ynoa recalled\". MLB.com. Retrieved September 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/jacob-webb-on-il-huascar-ynoa-recalled","url_text":"\"Webb (elbow) placed on IL; Ynoa recalled\""}]},{"reference":"Burns, Gabriel (June 15, 2019). \"Huascar Ynoa joins the Braves' bullpen\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved June 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/sports/baseball/huascar-ynoa-joins-the-braves-bullpen/n2bL3nXaInVO8q1Y9PdmmO/","url_text":"\"Huascar Ynoa joins the Braves' bullpen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Donaldson stays hot as Braves overwhelm Phillies 15–1\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. June 16, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://global.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId=401075802","url_text":"\"Donaldson stays hot as Braves overwhelm Phillies 15–1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huascar Ynoa Minor Leagues Statistics & History\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=ynoa--000hua","url_text":"\"Huascar Ynoa Minor Leagues Statistics & History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huascar Ynoa Stats\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/y/ynoahu01.shtml","url_text":"\"Huascar Ynoa Stats\""}]},{"reference":"Bright, Sterling (May 5, 2021). \"Another HR, this one a slam, as Ynoa cruises\". MLB.com. Retrieved May 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/huascar-ynoa-hits-grand-slam-in-braves-win-over-nats","url_text":"\"Another HR, this one a slam, as Ynoa cruises\""}]},{"reference":"Bowman, Mark (May 17, 2021). \"Ynoa to miss months after punching bench\". MLB.com. MLB. Retrieved May 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/huascar-ynoa-breaks-hand-punching-dugout","url_text":"\"Ynoa to miss months after punching bench\""}]},{"reference":"Burns, Gabriel (May 31, 2021). \"Braves promote veteran outfielder Abraham Almonte from Triple-A\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved September 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/sports/atlanta-braves/braves-promote-veteran-of-abraham-almonte-from-triple-a/LPQHHRXHNNENZCG3GCBPOTOLTY/","url_text":"\"Braves promote veteran outfielder Abraham Almonte from Triple-A\""}]},{"reference":"Bowman, Mark (May 31, 2021). \"Braves add Almonte to mix in left field\". MLB.com. Retrieved September 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/abraham-almonte-called-up-by-braves","url_text":"\"Braves add Almonte to mix in left field\""}]},{"reference":"Burns, Gabriel (August 17, 2021). \"Braves win again as Huascar Ynoa, bullpen hold Marlins scoreless\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved September 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/sports/atlanta-braves/braves-win-again-as-huascar-ynoa-holds-marlins-scoreless-in-return/HZE6PVZIGZGLVMPXLIF5BELDQI/","url_text":"\"Braves win again as Huascar Ynoa, bullpen hold Marlins scoreless\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlanta Braves win 2021 World Series\". MLB. Retrieved November 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/braves-win-world-series-2021","url_text":"\"Atlanta Braves win 2021 World Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Franco has 4 hits, drives in 5 as Nats trounce Braves 11-2\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. April 11, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId=401354305","url_text":"\"Franco has 4 hits, drives in 5 as Nats trounce Braves 11-2\""}]},{"reference":"Toscano, Justin (April 11, 2022). \"Huascar Ynoa struggles as Braves suffer ugly loss\". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Retrieved September 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/sports/atlanta-braves/huascar-ynoa-struggles-as-braves-suffer-ugly-loss/QWVMMSW6OJEWHPOLULRO5DDSEI/","url_text":"\"Huascar Ynoa struggles as Braves suffer ugly loss\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freeman hits 1st HR for Dodgers in reunion win over Braves\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. April 18, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId=401354392","url_text":"\"Freeman hits 1st HR for Dodgers in reunion win over Braves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Braves right-hander Huascar Ynoa undergoes Tommy John surgery\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. September 7, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/sports/atlanta-braves/braves-right-hander-huascar-ynoa-undergoes-tommy-john-surgery/LKC2F7CUE5C4RIUBVAO26VZNRY/","url_text":"\"Braves right-hander Huascar Ynoa undergoes Tommy John surgery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Braves sign Huascar Ynoa, plus veteran infielder\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/sports/atlanta-braves/braves-sign-huascar-ynoa-plus-veteran-infielder/5ELI3OILLFEIZCI3TN7OOU2EW4/","url_text":"\"Braves sign Huascar Ynoa, plus veteran infielder\""}]},{"reference":"Toscano, Justin (March 18, 2024). \"Braves option Bryce Elder, clearing way for Reynaldo Lopez to be fifth starter\". ajc.com. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/sports/atlanta-braves/braves-option-bryce-elder-clearing-way-for-reynaldo-lopez-to-be-fifth-starter/VLGECEAFY5G2DD2PTNPZCLF3X4/","url_text":"\"Braves option Bryce Elder, clearing way for Reynaldo Lopez to be fifth starter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution","url_text":"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution"}]},{"reference":"\"Huascar Ynoa dealing with right elbow inflammation\". ajc.com. Retrieved June 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/sports/atlanta-braves/huascar-ynoa-dealing-with-right-elbow-inflammation/LFHA2SL5SVEXVKTXIKY477RJUI/","url_text":"\"Huascar Ynoa dealing with right elbow inflammation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Braves Select Grant Holmes\". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved June 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2024/06/braves-select-grant-holmes.html","url_text":"\"Braves Select Grant Holmes\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limekiln_Lake
Limekiln Lake
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 43°42′45″N 74°47′58″W / 43.7125625°N 74.7995166°W / 43.7125625; -74.7995166Lake in New York, United StatesLimekiln LakeLimekiln Lake in 2015Limekiln LakeLocation within New YorkShow map of New York Adirondack ParkLimekiln LakeLimekiln Lake (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationHamilton County, Herkimer County, New York,United StatesCoordinates43°42′45″N 74°47′58″W / 43.7125625°N 74.7995166°W / 43.7125625; -74.7995166TypeLakePrimary outflowsLimekiln CreekBasin countriesUnited StatesSurface area464 acres (1.88 km2)Average depth20 feet (6.1 m)Max. depth72 feet (22 m)Shore length16.7 miles (10.8 km)Surface elevation1,886 feet (575 m)Islands3SettlementsInlet, New York1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. Limekiln Lake is located south of Inlet, New York. Fish species present in the lake are brown trout, rock bass, splake, rainbow smelt, white sucker, bluegill, black bullhead, yellow perch, and sunfish. There is a state owned hard surface ramp off NY-28 on the north shore, located 3 miles southeast of inlet. Power-boats are allowed on this lake. References ^ a b c "Limekiln Lake". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved June 2, 2020. ^ "Limekiln Lake" (PDF). dec.ny.gov. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inlet, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlet,_New_York#Communities_and_locations_in_Inlet"},{"link_name":"lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake"},{"link_name":"brown trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_trout"},{"link_name":"rock bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_bass"},{"link_name":"splake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splake"},{"link_name":"rainbow smelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_smelt"},{"link_name":"white sucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_sucker"},{"link_name":"bluegill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegill"},{"link_name":"black bullhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_bullhead"},{"link_name":"yellow perch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_perch"},{"link_name":"sunfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrarchidae"},{"link_name":"NY-28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_28"}],"text":"Lake in New York, United StatesLimekiln Lake is located south of Inlet, New York. Fish species present in the lake are brown trout, rock bass, splake, rainbow smelt, white sucker, bluegill, black bullhead, yellow perch, and sunfish. There is a state owned hard surface ramp off NY-28 on the north shore, located 3 miles southeast of inlet. Power-boats are allowed on this lake.","title":"Limekiln Lake"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veiko_Spol%C4%ABtis
Veiko Spolītis
["1 Biography","2 Political career","3 References"]
Latvian politician (born 1971) Veiko Spolītis in 2021. Veiko Spolītis (born 5 September 1971) is a Latvian politician, representing the Unity party (Latvian: Vienotība). From 2014 until 2018, he served as an elected member of the Saeima. Biography Veiko Spolītis was born in Riga to a Latvian father and an Estonian mother. Spolītis has two native languages: Latvian and Estonian. He obtained a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of Tartu in 1996. He went on to get a master's degree in European studies and international relations in 1997 at the Central European University of Budapest, and a master's degree in history in 2003 at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva. In 1998, he became a lecturer of European Studies at Riga Stradiņš University; a position he held until 2010. In 2012, he received the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana IV class, and in 2013 the Knight Order of the Order of the Lion of Finland. Political career He was elected in 2001 on the Salaspils City Council as part of the list of the Latvian Farmers' Union. After a stint as the parliamentary secretary of the Ministry of Defence, he became Deputy Minister of Defense of Latvia from 2010 to 2013, In 2014, he made a bid to get elected to the 2014 Latvian parliamentary election but was defeated. Still, he won a temporary mandate in parliament while another contender who ran on the same electoral list of the Unity party but was elected, Edgars Rinkēvičs, fulfilled his duties as minister. A few days before he was set to join Parliament,Veiko Spolītis was arrested for driving while under the influence of alcohol. His driver's license was revoked for two years. He announced his withdrawal from the Unity party, but continued to work in Parliament as part of the New Unity faction. References ^ a b c d "Kümne minutiga eestlasest lätlaseks". Maailm (in Estonian). 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ a b "Veiko Spolīša emuārs: CV". Veiko Spolīša emuārs. Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ "Wayback Machine". 2022-03-08. Archived from the original on 2022-03-08. Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ "Aizsardzības ministrija". 2013-08-31. Archived from the original on 2013-08-31. Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ "Kümne minutiga eestlasest lätlaseks". Maailm (in Estonian). 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ S.A, Telewizja Polska. "Latvian Russians appeal to Moscow 'NOT to help' them after language law passed". tvpworld.com. Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ "STO News". www.sto.nato.int. Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ "Saeimā ar "mīksto" mandātu strādās arī Abu Meri un Vjačeslavs Dombrovskis". www.diena.lv. Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ "Deputātu Spolīti pieķer pie stūres 1,4 promiļu alkohola reibumā". www.lsm.lv (in Latvian). Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ "Dzērumā pie stūres pieķertais Spolītis pametīs partiju «Vienotība»". www.lsm.lv (in Latvian). Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ "Spolītis uz «pārdomu laiku» aptur darbību «Vienotībā»". www.lsm.lv (in Latvian). Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ LETA (2014-12-11). "Veiko Spolītis decides to take a break from working in Unity". Baltic News Network. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Investment_Group
Dubai Group
["1 References","2 External links"]
Not to be confused with Dubai Holding Group. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Dubai Group" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Dubai Group" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Dubai Investment GroupCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryDiversified InvestmentsFounded2000 as The Investment OfficeFounderSheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al MaktoumHeadquartersDubai, United Arab EmiratesKey peopleSoud Ba'alawy (Chairman)Tom Volpe (CEO)AUMUS$60 billion (2014)OwnerDubai HoldingNumber of employees18,000 (2014) Dubai Group is an Emirati investment company based in the United Arab Emirates, and a subsidiary of Dubai Holding. The company was founded in 2000 as the Investment Office, and was renamed Dubai Group in 2005. Through its companies, the group focuses on banking, investments and insurance in the United Arab Emirates and globally. The group consists of three companies, each with its respective focal point: Dubai Investment Group Dubai Banking Group Noor Investment Group. References ^ "Dubai Investment Group". Archived from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2010. ^ "Soud Ba'alawy to focus on Dubai Group; Resigns from the Financial ExchangesFinancial Services - Zawya". www.zawya.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2022. ^ a b "Dubai Group: Private Company Information - Businessweek". Investing.businessweek.com. 2014-12-22. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved 2015-04-16. ^ "Invest in Real Estate in Dubai". Pakwm. 2020-12-22. Retrieved 2020-04-17. External links Official website vteDubai HoldingSubsidiaries Dubai Group Dubai Banking Group Dubai Bank Dubai International Capital Dubai Properties Dubiotech Jumeirah Tatweer Arab Media Group Bawadi Dubai Eye 103.8 Dubailand Hit 96.7 Six Flags Dubailand Tag 91.1 Universal Studios Dubailand TECOM Investments Dubai International Academic City Dubai Internet City Dubai Knowledge Village Dubai Media City People Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum This bank, insurance, or other financial services corporation article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This United Arab Emirates-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reimund_Gerhard
Reimund Gerhard
["1 Education","2 Career","3 Awards and honors","4 References","5 External links"]
German physicist and university professor Reimund Gerhard (born 31 May 1952 in Heidelberg) is a German applied physicist and university professor. Between 1979 and 2006 he used the last name "Gerhard-Multhaupt". Education Gerhard graduated from the Technical University of Darmstadt as Diplom-Physiker in 1978 and was a research student with Martin M. Perlman (1930–2013) in 1978/79. In 1984, he obtained his Ph.D. with Gerhard M. Sessler at the Technical University of Darmstadt. Career From 1985 until 1994, Gerhard was scientist and project manager at the Heinrich-Hertz-Institut fuer Nachrichtentechnik (now Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications) Berlin in the department led by Gerhard Mahler. In 1994 and 1996, he was appointed university professor for sensorics and for applied condensed-matter physics of the University of Potsdam. From 1997 until 2000, Gerhard served as director of the institute of physics and astronomy, from 2006 to 2008 as vice dean, and from 2008 to 2012 as dean of the faculty of science at the university. Between 2004 and 2012, he chaired the joint board of the master-of-science program in polymer science at the four universities with science faculties in Berlin and Potsdam. From 2014 until 2016 he was a member of the university senate in Potsdam. He has undertaken visiting appointments at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ, USA (1981, 1982, 1983), at the Tongji University in Shanghai, China (1987 and 1989), at the École Normal Supérieure (ENS) in Cachan, France (1995/96 and 2014/15), at the University of São Paulo (USP) in São Carlos, Brazil (1999, 2005–06, 2012), at the École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI) in Paris, France (1999), at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel (HUJI) (2013), at the Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU) in Xi'an, China (2015, 2017, 2019), and at Chongqing University in Chongqing, China (2018 and 2019). Gerhard served as secretary of the 5th IEEE International Symposium on Electrets (ISE) in Heidelberg (1985), co-chair of the 7th IEEE International Symposium on Electrets (ISE) in Berlin (1991), chair of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (ICSD) in Potsdam (2010) and chair of the 2nd International Conference on Electromechanically Active Polymers (EuroEAP) in Potsdam (2012). He was the vice president for technical activities of the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society (DEIS) in 2007–2008 and 2014–2015. From January 2018 through December 2019 he served as president of the IEEE Dielectrics & Electrical Insulation Society (DEIS). His research portfolio includes polymer electrets with quasi-permanent space charge, ferro- or piezoelectrets (polymer films with electrically charged cavities), ferroelectric polymers with piezo- and pyroelectric properties, polymer composites with novel property combinations, physical mechanisms of dipole orientation and charge storage, electrically deformable dielectric elastomers (sometimes also called "electro-electrets"), as well as the physics of musical instruments. Awards and honors Student fellowship of the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes (1974–1979) ITG Award of the Informationstechnische Gesellschaft im VDE (1988) Silver medal as young scientist of the foundation Werner-von-Siemens-Ring (1989) Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (1992) Technology-Transfer Award of the Technologie-Stiftung Brandenburg (2001) Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) (2011) Whitehead Memorial Lecture of the IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP) (2014) Bernhard Gross Memorial Lecture, 16th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE), Leuven, Belgium, September 2017 E. O. Forster Distinguished Service Award, IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society (2023) References ^ GND 120261138 ^ Wertheimer, M.R.; Yelon, A.; Gerhard, R.; Bamji, S.S. (1 September 2013). "Dr. Martin M. Perlman (1930–2013) ". IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine. 29 (5): 83–84. doi:10.1109/MEI.2013.6585862. ISSN 0883-7554. ^ "List of dissertations". Fachgebiet Elektroakustik – Technische Universität Darmstadt. Retrieved 29 October 2015. ^ Gerhard-Multhaupt, R.; Mahler, G. (1 January 1995). "Light-valve projection displays — an introduction". Displays. 16 (1): 5–7. doi:10.1016/0141-9382(95)91867-2. ^ "Prof. Reimund Gerhard". IUS 2021 - 2021's IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2023. ^ Grabowski, Silvana (9 October 2014). "Ehre für Potsdamer Physiker". Universität Potsdam (in German). Retrieved 22 July 2023. ^ "2012-099: Universität Potsdam – Medieninformationen". Mitglieder der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam ehren langjährigen Dekan mit einer wissenschaftlichen Festveranstaltung (in German). Retrieved 29 October 2015. ^ "Polymer Science – An Interdisciplinary Master Program". ^ "Universität Potsdam: Senat". www.uni-potsdam.de. Retrieved 29 October 2015. ^ "LinkedIn". Visiting Professor – The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem. ^ a b c "Biographical sketch: Reimund Gerhard". canopus.physik.uni-potsdam.de. Retrieved 1 November 2015. ^ "5th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 5)". IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation. EI-20 (6): 974–1000. 1 December 1985. doi:10.1109/TEI.1985.348738. ISSN 0018-9367. ^ "Proceedings, 7th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 7), 1991". Retrieved 29 October 2015. ^ "2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (ICSD)". www.ieee.org. Retrieved 29 October 2015. ^ "EuroEAP 2012" (PDF). ^ "IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society (DEIS)". 2015 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC). 1 June 2015. p. 1. doi:10.1109/ICACACT.2014.7223471. ISBN 978-1-4799-7352-1. ^ a b "Nachrichten – Universität Potsdam". uni-potsdam.de (in German). Retrieved 5 January 2018. ^ "ITG Preis" (in German). Retrieved 29 October 2015. ^ "Jungwissenschaftler 1989" (in German). Stiftung "Werner-von-Siemens-Ring". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. ^ "IEEE Fellows Directory". www.ieee.org. Retrieved 29 October 2015. ^ "APS Fellow Archive". www.aps.org. Retrieved 29 October 2015. ^ "Prof. Dr. Reimund Gerhard zum Fellow der American Physical Society gewählt" (in German). Retrieved 29 October 2015. ^ "CEIDP 2014 Program" (PDF). ^ "Report of 2023 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena". Electrical Insulation Magazine. 40 (1). IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society: 59–61. 2024. ^ "2023 IEEE DEIS Eric O. Forster Distinguished Service Award". Electrical Insulation Magazine. 40 (2). IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society: 65. 2024. External links Wirges, Werner (16 November 2022). "Soft Transducer Materials and Systems". Soft Transducer Materials and Systems. Retrieved 22 July 2023. 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Sessler at the Technical University of Darmstadt.[3]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Telecommunications"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"University of Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Potsdam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUS_2021_-_2021's_IEEE_International_Ultrasonics_Symposium_2021_x727-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grabowski_2014_g707-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bell Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs"},{"link_name":"Tongji University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongji_University"},{"link_name":"École Normal Supérieure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure"},{"link_name":"University of São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"São Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Carlos"},{"link_name":"École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Physique_et_de_Chimie_Industrielles_de_la_Ville_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an_Jiaotong_University"},{"link_name":"Chongqing University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"IEEE Dielectrics & Electrical Insulation Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Dielectrics_%26_Electrical_Insulation_Society"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"electrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electret"},{"link_name":"space charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_charge"},{"link_name":"ferro- or piezoelectrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroelectret"},{"link_name":"ferroelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroelectricity"},{"link_name":"piezo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity"},{"link_name":"pyroelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroelectricity"},{"link_name":"dielectric elastomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_elastomers"}],"text":"From 1985 until 1994, Gerhard was scientist and project manager at the Heinrich-Hertz-Institut fuer Nachrichtentechnik (now Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications) Berlin in the department led by Gerhard Mahler.[4] In 1994 and 1996, he was appointed university professor for sensorics and for applied condensed-matter physics of the University of Potsdam.[5][6]From 1997 until 2000, Gerhard served as director of the institute of physics and astronomy, from 2006 to 2008 as vice dean, and from 2008 to 2012 as dean of the faculty of science at the university.[7] Between 2004 and 2012, he chaired the joint board of the master-of-science program in polymer science at the four universities with science faculties in Berlin and Potsdam.[8] From 2014 until 2016 he was a member of the university senate in Potsdam.[9] He has undertaken visiting appointments at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ, USA (1981, 1982, 1983), at the Tongji University in Shanghai, China (1987 and 1989), at the École Normal Supérieure (ENS) in Cachan, France (1995/96 and 2014/15), at the University of São Paulo (USP) in São Carlos, Brazil (1999, 2005–06, 2012), at the École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI) in Paris, France (1999), at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,[10] Israel (HUJI) (2013), at the Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU) in Xi'an, China (2015, 2017, 2019), and at Chongqing University in Chongqing, China (2018 and 2019).[11]Gerhard served as secretary of the 5th IEEE International Symposium on Electrets (ISE) in Heidelberg (1985),[12] co-chair of the 7th IEEE International Symposium on Electrets (ISE) in Berlin (1991),[13] chair of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (ICSD) in Potsdam (2010)[14] and chair of the 2nd International Conference on Electromechanically Active Polymers (EuroEAP) in Potsdam (2012).[15] He was the vice president for technical activities of the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society (DEIS) in 2007–2008 and 2014–2015.[16] From January 2018 through December 2019 he served as president of the IEEE Dielectrics & Electrical Insulation Society (DEIS).[17]His research portfolio includes polymer electrets with quasi-permanent space charge, ferro- or piezoelectrets (polymer films with electrically charged cavities), ferroelectric polymers with piezo- and pyroelectric properties, polymer composites with novel property combinations, physical mechanisms of dipole orientation and charge storage, electrically deformable dielectric elastomers (sometimes also called \"electro-electrets\"), as well as the physics of musical instruments.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studienstiftung"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Technologie-Stiftung Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ts-bb.org/"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Student fellowship of the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes (1974–1979)[11]\nITG Award of the Informationstechnische Gesellschaft im VDE (1988)[18]\nSilver medal as young scientist of the foundation Werner-von-Siemens-Ring (1989)[19]\nFellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (1992)[20]\nTechnology-Transfer Award of the Technologie-Stiftung Brandenburg (2001)[11]\nFellow of the American Physical Society (APS) (2011)[21][22]\nWhitehead Memorial Lecture of the IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP) (2014)[23]\nBernhard Gross Memorial Lecture, 16th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE), Leuven, Belgium, September 2017[17]\nE. O. Forster Distinguished Service Award, IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society (2023)[24][25]","title":"Awards and honors"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Wertheimer, M.R.; Yelon, A.; Gerhard, R.; Bamji, S.S. (1 September 2013). \"Dr. Martin M. Perlman (1930–2013) [DEIS news]\". IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine. 29 (5): 83–84. doi:10.1109/MEI.2013.6585862. ISSN 0883-7554.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMEI.2013.6585862","url_text":"10.1109/MEI.2013.6585862"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0883-7554","url_text":"0883-7554"}]},{"reference":"\"List of dissertations\". Fachgebiet Elektroakustik – Technische Universität Darmstadt. Retrieved 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ea.tu-darmstadt.de/elektroakustik_nt/research_projects_1/liste_der_frueheren_dissertationen_1/liste_der_frueheren_dissertationen_ea_nt_2.en.jsp","url_text":"\"List of dissertations\""}]},{"reference":"Gerhard-Multhaupt, R.; Mahler, G. (1 January 1995). \"Light-valve projection displays — an introduction\". Displays. 16 (1): 5–7. doi:10.1016/0141-9382(95)91867-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0141-9382%2895%2991867-2","url_text":"10.1016/0141-9382(95)91867-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Prof. Reimund Gerhard\". IUS 2021 - 2021's IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://2021.ieee-ius.org/presenter/prof-reimund-gerhard/","url_text":"\"Prof. Reimund Gerhard\""}]},{"reference":"Grabowski, Silvana (9 October 2014). \"Ehre für Potsdamer Physiker\". Universität Potsdam (in German). Retrieved 22 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uni-potsdam.de/de/medieninformationen/detail/2014-10-09-ehre-fuer-potsdamer-physiker","url_text":"\"Ehre für Potsdamer Physiker\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012-099: Universität Potsdam – Medieninformationen\". Mitglieder der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam ehren langjährigen Dekan mit einer wissenschaftlichen Festveranstaltung (in German). Retrieved 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uni-potsdam.de/pm/news/up/date/2012/05/30/2012-099.html","url_text":"\"2012-099: Universität Potsdam – Medieninformationen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polymer Science – An Interdisciplinary Master Program\".","urls":[{"url":"http://polymerscience.physik.hu-berlin.de/#page-joint","url_text":"\"Polymer Science – An Interdisciplinary Master Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Universität Potsdam: Senat\". www.uni-potsdam.de. Retrieved 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uni-potsdam.de/senat/","url_text":"\"Universität Potsdam: Senat\""}]},{"reference":"\"LinkedIn\". Visiting Professor – The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/title/visiting-professor-at-the-hebrew-university-of-jerusalem","url_text":"\"LinkedIn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biographical sketch: Reimund Gerhard\". canopus.physik.uni-potsdam.de. Retrieved 1 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://canopus.physik.uni-potsdam.de/members/gerhard_reimund.shtml","url_text":"\"Biographical sketch: Reimund Gerhard\""}]},{"reference":"\"5th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 5)\". IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation. EI-20 (6): 974–1000. 1 December 1985. doi:10.1109/TEI.1985.348738. ISSN 0018-9367.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTEI.1985.348738","url_text":"10.1109/TEI.1985.348738"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9367","url_text":"0018-9367"}]},{"reference":"\"Proceedings, 7th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 7), 1991\". Retrieved 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?punumber=573","url_text":"\"Proceedings, 7th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 7), 1991\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (ICSD)\". www.ieee.org. Retrieved 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ieee.org/conferences_events/conferences/conferencedetails/index.html?Conf_ID=16195","url_text":"\"2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (ICSD)\""}]},{"reference":"\"EuroEAP 2012\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.euroeap.eu/images/Conference/2012/euroeap2012_programme.pdf","url_text":"\"EuroEAP 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society (DEIS)\". 2015 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC). 1 June 2015. p. 1. doi:10.1109/ICACACT.2014.7223471. ISBN 978-1-4799-7352-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICACACT.2014.7223471","url_text":"10.1109/ICACACT.2014.7223471"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-7352-1","url_text":"978-1-4799-7352-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Nachrichten – Universität Potsdam\". uni-potsdam.de (in German). Retrieved 5 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://uni-potsdam.de/nachrichten/detail-latest/article/2018-01-04-potsdamer-physiker-prof-dr-reimund-gerhard-ist-praesident-der-ieee-dielectrics-and-elect.html","url_text":"\"Nachrichten – Universität Potsdam\""}]},{"reference":"\"ITG Preis\" (in German). Retrieved 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vde.com/de/fg/itg/ehrungen-preise/literaturpreis/seiten/literaturpreis%20der%20itg.aspx","url_text":"\"ITG Preis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jungwissenschaftler 1989\" (in German). Stiftung \"Werner-von-Siemens-Ring\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101652/http://www.siemens-ring.de/jungwissenschaftler.html","url_text":"\"Jungwissenschaftler 1989\""},{"url":"http://www.siemens-ring.de/jungwissenschaftler.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IEEE Fellows Directory\". www.ieee.org. Retrieved 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/fellows/fellowsDirectory.html","url_text":"\"IEEE Fellows Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Fellow Archive\". www.aps.org. Retrieved 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?initial=&year=2011&unit_id=DPOLY&institution=University+of+Postdam","url_text":"\"APS Fellow Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prof. Dr. Reimund Gerhard zum Fellow der American Physical Society gewählt\" (in German). Retrieved 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uni-potsdam.de/pm/news/up/date/2011/11/23/2011-240.html","url_text":"\"Prof. Dr. Reimund Gerhard zum Fellow der American Physical Society gewählt\""}]},{"reference":"\"CEIDP 2014 Program\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://sites.ieee.org/ceidp-2014/files/2014/10/CEIDP-2014-program-booklet-final-final.pdf","url_text":"\"CEIDP 2014 Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report of 2023 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena\". Electrical Insulation Magazine. 40 (1). IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society: 59–61. 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10381681","url_text":"\"Report of 2023 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023 IEEE DEIS Eric O. Forster Distinguished Service Award\". Electrical Insulation Magazine. 40 (2). IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society: 65. 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ieee.org/ns/periodicals/EI/MarApr2024/index.html","url_text":"\"2023 IEEE DEIS Eric O. Forster Distinguished Service Award\""}]},{"reference":"Wirges, Werner (16 November 2022). \"Soft Transducer Materials and Systems\". Soft Transducer Materials and Systems. Retrieved 22 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://canopus.physik.uni-potsdam.de/home.shtml","url_text":"\"Soft Transducer Materials and Systems\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Rose_Music
St Rose Music
["1 Current clients","2 References","3 External links"]
St Rose MusicCompany typeMusic Publishing and ManagementIndustryMusic & entertainmentFounded1999 (1999)HeadquartersNew York, New York, United StatesKey peopleJim Keller: Director Philip Glass: FounderNumber of employees10Websitestrosemusic.com St. Rose Music is a music management and publishing company representing a select and diverse roster of composers and artists. The company was founded in 1999 by Jim Keller and Philip Glass. Current clients Nico Muhly Rufus Wainwright Jeff Beal Paul Leonard-Morgan Ravi Shankar Anoushka Shankar Rachel Portman Tom Waits References ^ "St Rose Music". St Rose Music. ^ "Contact". Nico Muhly. ^ "Contact". RufusWainwright. 2014-01-31. Retrieved 2018-05-10. ^ "Contact". Jeff Beal. ^ "Contact". Paul Leonard-Morgan. ^ "Ravi Shankar". ^ "Anoushka Shankar". ^ "Little Prince". Music Sales Classical. ^ "Black Rider". Music Sales Classical. External links Website Facebook This article about a music industry company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibolite_Facies
Amphibolite
["1 Ortho-amphibolite vs. para-amphibolite","2 Amphibolite facies","2.1 Uralite","2.2 Epidiorite","3 Uses","4 References"]
Metamorphic rock type AmphiboliteMetamorphic rockAn amphibolite boulder in the Botanical Gardens of Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.CompositionAmphiboles, such as hornblende and actinolite, often with plagioclase.Physical CharacteristicsFabricSchistoseRelationshipsProtolithsMafics, such as basalt Amphibolite from Cape Cod, Massachusetts Garnet bearing amphibolite from Val di Fleres, Italy Amphibolite (/æmˈfɪbəlaɪt/) is a metamorphic rock that contains amphibole, especially hornblende and actinolite, as well as plagioclase feldspar, but with little or no quartz. It is typically dark-colored and dense, with a weakly foliated or schistose (flaky) structure. The small flakes of black and white in the rock often give it a salt-and-pepper appearance. Amphibolite frequently forms by metamorphism of mafic igneous rocks, such as basalt. However, because metamorphism creates minerals entirely based upon the chemistry of the protolith, certain 'dirty marls' and volcanic sediments may also metamorphose to an amphibolite assemblage. Deposits containing dolomite and siderite also readily yield amphibolite (tremolite-schist, grunerite-schist, and others) especially where there has been a certain amount of contact metamorphism by adjacent granitic masses. Metamorphosed basalt (metabasalt) creates ortho-amphibolite and other chemically appropriate lithologies create para-amphibolite. Although tremolite is a metamorphic amphibole, it is most commonly derived from highly metamorphosed ultramafic rocks, and thus tremolite-talc schist is not generally considered a variety of amphibolite. A holocrystalline plutonic igneous rock composed primarily of hornblende amphibole is called a hornblendite, which is usually a crystal cumulate rock. Igneous rocks with greater than 90% amphiboles, which have a feldspar groundmass, may be lamprophyres. Ortho-amphibolite vs. para-amphibolite Metamorphic rocks composed primarily of amphibole, plagioclase, with subordinate epidote, zoisite, chlorite, quartz, titanite, and accessory leucoxene, ilmenite and magnetite which have a protolith of an igneous rock are known as ortho-amphibolite. Para-amphibolite will generally have the same equilibrium mineral assemblage as ortho-amphibolite, with more biotite, and may include more quartz, plagioclase, and depending on the protolith, more calcite/aragonite and wollastonite. Often the easiest way to determine the true nature of an amphibolite is to inspect its field relationships; especially whether it is interfingered with other metasedimentary rocks, especially greywacke and other poorly sorted sedimentary rocks. If the amphibolite appears to transgress apparent protolith bedding surfaces it is an ortho-amphibolite, as this suggests it was a dyke. Picking a sill and thin metamorphosed lava flows may be more troublesome. Thereafter, whole rock geochemistry will suitably identify ortho- from para-amphibolite. The word metabasalt was thus coined, largely to avoid the confusion between ortho-amphibolite and para-amphibolite. This term is recommended by the British Geological Survey when it is possible to determine the origin of the rock from its characteristics alone (and not from field relationships), particularly when the degree of metamorphism is low. Amphibolite facies Garnet amphibolite, sold as "Nordic Sunset Granite", reportedly from Murmansk area Erratic boulder of dark-colored amphibolite mingled with light-colored granitic bands, near the Trift Glacier, Switzerland Amphibolite as a rock defines a particular set of temperature and pressure conditions known as the amphibolite facies. However, caution must be applied here before embarking on metamorphic mapping based on amphibolite alone. First, for an ortho-amphibolite or amphibolite to be classed as a metamorphic amphibolite, it must be certain that the amphibole in the rock is a prograde metamorphic product, and not a retrograde metamorphic product. For instance, actinolite amphibole is a common product of retrograde metamorphism of metabasalt at (upper) greenschist facies conditions. Often, this will take on the crystal form and habit of the original protolith assemblage; actinolite pseudomorphically replacing pyroxene is an indication that the amphibolite may not represent a peak metamorphic grade in the amphibolite facies. Actinolite schist is often the result of hydrothermal alteration or metasomatism, and thus may not, necessarily, be a good indicator of metamorphic conditions when taken in isolation. Second, the microstructure and crystal size of the rock must be appropriate. Amphibolite facies conditions are experienced at temperatures in excess of 500 °C and pressures less than 1.2 GPa, well within the ductile deformation field. Gneissic texture may occur nearby, if not then mylonite zones, foliations and ductile behaviour, including stretching lineations may occur. While it is not impossible to have remnant protolith mineralogy, this is rare. More common is to find phenocrysts of pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase and even magmatic amphibole such as pargasite rhombohedra, pseudomorphed by hornblende amphibole. Original magmatic textures, especially crude magmatic layering in layered intrusions, is often preserved. Amphibolite facies equilibrium mineral assemblages of various protolith rock types consist of: Basalt ortho-amphibolite; hornblende/actinolite +/- albite +/- biotite +/- quartz +/- accessories; often remnant greenschist facies assemblages including, notably, chlorite High-magnesia basalt; as ortho-amphibolite, but may contain anthophyllite, a Mg-rich amphibole Ultramafic rocks; tremolite, asbestiform amphibole, talc, pyroxene, wollastonite, prograde metamorphic olivine (rarely) Sedimentary para-amphibolite; hornblende/actinolite +/- albite +/- biotite +/- quartz +/- garnet (calcite +/- wollastonite) Pelite; quartz, orthoclase +/- albite, +/- biotite +/- actinolite +/- garnet +/- staurolite +/- sillimanite Amphibolite facies is usually a product of Barrovian Facies Sequence or advanced Abukuma Facies Sequence metamorphic trajectories. Amphibolite facies is a result of continuing burial and thermal heating after greenschist facies is exceeded. Further burial and metamorphic compression (but little extra heat) will lead to eclogite facies metamorphism; with more advanced heating the majority of rocks begin melting in excess of 650 to 700 °C in the presence of water. In dry rocks, however, additional heat (and burial) may result in granulite facies conditions. Uralite Uralite is a particular hydrothermally altered pyroxenite; during autogenic hydrothermal circulation the primary mineralogy of pyroxene and plagioclase, etc. has altered to actinolite and saussurite (albite + epidote). The texture is distinctive, the pyroxene altered to fuzzy, radially arranged actinolite pseudomorphically after pyroxene, and saussuritised plagioclase. Epidiorite The archaic term epidiorite is sometimes used, especially in Europe, to refer to a metamorphosed ortho-amphibolite with a protolith of diorite, gabbro or other mafic intrusive rock. In epidiorite the original clinopyroxene (most often augite) has been replaced by the fibrous amphibole uralite. Uses Amphibolite was a favourite material for the production of adzes (shoe-last-celts) in the central European early Neolithic (Linearbandkeramic and Rössen cultures). Amphibolite is a common dimension stone used in construction, paving, facing of buildings, especially because of its attractive textures, dark color, hardness and polishability and its ready availability. References ^ Robertson, S. (1999). "BGS Rock Classification Scheme, Volume 2: Classification of metamorphic rocks" (PDF). British Geological Survey Research Report. RR 99-02. Retrieved 27 February 2021. Winter, John D., 2001. An introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, 695 pages, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-240342-0 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Amphibolite" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amphibolite. vteMetamorphic facies Zeolite Prehnite-pumpellyite Greenschist Blueschist Eclogite Amphibolite Granulite Minerals portal vteTypes of rocksIgneous rock Adakite Andesite Alkali feldspar granite Anorthosite Aplite Basalt Basaltic trachyandesite Mugearite Shoshonite Basanite Blairmorite Boninite Carbonatite Charnockite Enderbite Dacite Diabase Diorite Napoleonite Dunite Essexite Foidolite Gabbro Granite Granodiorite Granophyre Harzburgite Hornblendite Hyaloclastite Icelandite Ignimbrite Ijolite Kimberlite Komatiite Lamproite Lamprophyre Latite Lherzolite Monzogranite Monzonite Nepheline syenite Nephelinite Norite Obsidian Pegmatite Peridotite Phonolite Phonotephrite Picrite Porphyry Pumice Pyroxenite Quartz diorite Quartz monzonite Quartzolite Rhyodacite Rhyolite Comendite Pantellerite Scoria Shonkinite Sovite Syenite Tachylyte Tephriphonolite Tephrite Tonalite Trachyandesite Benmoreite Trachybasalt Hawaiite Trachyte Troctolite Trondhjemite Tuff Websterite Wehrlite Sedimentary rock Argillite Arkose Banded iron formation Breccia Calcarenite Chalk Chert Claystone Coal Conglomerate Coquina Diamictite Diatomite Dolomite Evaporite Flint Geyserite Greywacke Gritstone Itacolumite Jaspillite Laterite Lignite Limestone Lumachelle Marl Mudstone Oil shale Oolite Phosphorite Sandstone Shale Siltstone Sylvinite Tillite Travertine Tufa Turbidite Varve Wackestone Metamorphic rock Anthracite Amphibolite Blueschist Cataclasite Eclogite Gneiss Granulite Greenschist Hornfels Calcflinta Itabirite Litchfieldite Marble Migmatite Mylonite Metapelite Metapsammite Phyllite Pseudotachylite Quartzite Schist Serpentinite Skarn Slate Suevite Talc carbonate Soapstone Tectonite Whiteschist Specific varieties Adamellite Appinite Aphanite Borolanite Blue Granite Epidosite Felsite Flint Ganister Gossan Hyaloclastite Ijolite Jadeitite Jasperoid Kenyte Lapis lazuli Larvikite Litchfieldite Llanite Luxullianite Mangerite Novaculite Pietersite Pyrolite Rapakivi granite Rhomb porphyry Rodingite Shonkinite Taconite Tachylite Teschenite Theralite Unakite Variolite Wad Authority control databases National Israel United States Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
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It is typically dark-colored and dense, with a weakly foliated or schistose (flaky) structure. The small flakes of black and white in the rock often give it a salt-and-pepper appearance.Amphibolite frequently forms by metamorphism of mafic igneous rocks, such as basalt. However, because metamorphism creates minerals entirely based upon the chemistry of the protolith, certain 'dirty marls' and volcanic sediments may also metamorphose to an amphibolite assemblage. Deposits containing dolomite and siderite also readily yield amphibolite (tremolite-schist, grunerite-schist, and others) especially where there has been a certain amount of contact metamorphism by adjacent granitic masses. Metamorphosed basalt (metabasalt) creates ortho-amphibolite and other chemically appropriate lithologies create para-amphibolite.Although tremolite is a metamorphic amphibole, it is most commonly derived from highly metamorphosed ultramafic rocks, and thus tremolite-talc schist is not generally considered a variety of amphibolite. A holocrystalline plutonic igneous rock composed primarily of hornblende amphibole is called a hornblendite, which is usually a crystal cumulate rock. Igneous rocks with greater than 90% amphiboles, which have a feldspar groundmass, may be lamprophyres.","title":"Amphibolite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amphibole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibole"},{"link_name":"plagioclase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagioclase"},{"link_name":"epidote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidote"},{"link_name":"zoisite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoisite"},{"link_name":"chlorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorite_group"},{"link_name":"quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz"},{"link_name":"titanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanite"},{"link_name":"leucoxene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucoxene"},{"link_name":"ilmenite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmenite"},{"link_name":"magnetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite"},{"link_name":"protolith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protolith"},{"link_name":"calcite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite"},{"link_name":"aragonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonite"},{"link_name":"wollastonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollastonite"},{"link_name":"greywacke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greywacke"},{"link_name":"dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dike_(geology)"},{"link_name":"sill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sill_(geology)"},{"link_name":"lava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava"},{"link_name":"British Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGS-1"}],"text":"Metamorphic rocks composed primarily of amphibole, plagioclase, with subordinate epidote, zoisite, chlorite, quartz, titanite, and accessory leucoxene, ilmenite and magnetite which have a protolith of an igneous rock are known as ortho-amphibolite.Para-amphibolite will generally have the same equilibrium mineral assemblage as ortho-amphibolite, with more biotite, and may include more quartz, plagioclase, and depending on the protolith, more calcite/aragonite and wollastonite.Often the easiest way to determine the true nature of an amphibolite is to inspect its field relationships; especially whether it is interfingered with other metasedimentary rocks, especially greywacke and other poorly sorted sedimentary rocks. If the amphibolite appears to transgress apparent protolith bedding surfaces it is an ortho-amphibolite, as this suggests it was a dyke. Picking a sill and thin metamorphosed lava flows may be more troublesome.Thereafter, whole rock geochemistry will suitably identify ortho- from para-amphibolite.The word metabasalt was thus coined, largely to avoid the confusion between ortho-amphibolite and para-amphibolite. This term is recommended by the British Geological Survey when it is possible to determine the origin of the rock from its characteristics alone (and not from field relationships), particularly when the degree of metamorphism is low.[1]","title":"Ortho-amphibolite vs. para-amphibolite"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nordic_Sunset_Granite_(garnet_amphibolite)_Murmansk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Murmansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schollenamphibolit_glacial_erratic_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Erratic boulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_erratic"},{"link_name":"prograde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphism#Prograde_and_retrograde"},{"link_name":"actinolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinolite"},{"link_name":"greenschist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenschist"},{"link_name":"pyroxene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroxene"},{"link_name":"hydrothermal alteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_alteration"},{"link_name":"metasomatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasomatism"},{"link_name":"Gneissic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss"},{"link_name":"mylonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylonite"},{"link_name":"foliations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliation_(geology)"},{"link_name":"phenocrysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenocryst"},{"link_name":"olivine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine"},{"link_name":"plagioclase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagioclase"},{"link_name":"pargasite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pargasite"},{"link_name":"hornblende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornblende"},{"link_name":"layered intrusions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layered_intrusion"},{"link_name":"greenschist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenschist"},{"link_name":"chlorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorite_group"},{"link_name":"anthophyllite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthophyllite"},{"link_name":"tremolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremolite"},{"link_name":"asbestiform amphibole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos"},{"link_name":"talc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talc"},{"link_name":"pyroxene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroxene"},{"link_name":"wollastonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollastonite"},{"link_name":"olivine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine"},{"link_name":"orthoclase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoclase"},{"link_name":"staurolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staurolite"},{"link_name":"sillimanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillimanite"},{"link_name":"greenschist facies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenschist_facies"},{"link_name":"eclogite facies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclogite_facies"},{"link_name":"granulite facies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_facies#Granulite_facies"}],"text":"Garnet amphibolite, sold as \"Nordic Sunset Granite\", reportedly from Murmansk areaErratic boulder of dark-colored amphibolite mingled with light-colored granitic bands, near the Trift Glacier, SwitzerlandAmphibolite as a rock defines a particular set of temperature and pressure conditions known as the amphibolite facies. However, caution must be applied here before embarking on metamorphic mapping based on amphibolite alone.First, for an ortho-amphibolite or amphibolite to be classed as a metamorphic amphibolite, it must be certain that the amphibole in the rock is a prograde metamorphic product, and not a retrograde metamorphic product. For instance, actinolite amphibole is a common product of retrograde metamorphism of metabasalt at (upper) greenschist facies conditions. Often, this will take on the crystal form and habit of the original protolith assemblage; actinolite pseudomorphically replacing pyroxene is an indication that the amphibolite may not represent a peak metamorphic grade in the amphibolite facies. \nActinolite schist is often the result of hydrothermal alteration or metasomatism, and thus may not, necessarily, be a good indicator of metamorphic conditions when taken in isolation.Second, the microstructure and crystal size of the rock must be appropriate. Amphibolite facies conditions are experienced at temperatures in excess of 500 °C and pressures less than 1.2 GPa, well within the ductile deformation field. Gneissic texture may occur nearby, if not then mylonite zones, foliations and ductile behaviour, including stretching lineations may occur.While it is not impossible to have remnant protolith mineralogy, this is rare. More common is to find phenocrysts of pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase and even magmatic amphibole such as pargasite rhombohedra, pseudomorphed by hornblende amphibole. Original magmatic textures, especially crude magmatic layering in layered intrusions, is often preserved.Amphibolite facies equilibrium mineral assemblages of various protolith rock types consist of:Basalt ortho-amphibolite; hornblende/actinolite +/- albite +/- biotite +/- quartz +/- accessories; often remnant greenschist facies assemblages including, notably, chlorite\nHigh-magnesia basalt; as ortho-amphibolite, but may contain anthophyllite, a Mg-rich amphibole\nUltramafic rocks; tremolite, asbestiform amphibole, talc, pyroxene, wollastonite, prograde metamorphic olivine (rarely)\nSedimentary para-amphibolite; hornblende/actinolite +/- albite +/- biotite +/- quartz +/- garnet (calcite +/- wollastonite)\nPelite; quartz, orthoclase +/- albite, +/- biotite +/- actinolite +/- garnet +/- staurolite +/- sillimaniteAmphibolite facies is usually a product of Barrovian Facies Sequence or advanced Abukuma Facies Sequence metamorphic trajectories. Amphibolite facies is a result of continuing burial and thermal heating after greenschist facies is exceeded. Further burial and metamorphic compression (but little extra heat) will lead to eclogite facies metamorphism; with more advanced heating the majority of rocks begin melting in excess of 650 to 700 °C in the presence of water. In dry rocks, however, additional heat (and burial) may result in granulite facies conditions.","title":"Amphibolite facies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrothermally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal"},{"link_name":"pyroxenite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroxenite"},{"link_name":"pyroxene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroxene"},{"link_name":"plagioclase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagioclase"},{"link_name":"actinolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinolite"},{"link_name":"saussurite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saussurite"},{"link_name":"albite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albite"},{"link_name":"epidote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidote"},{"link_name":"pseudomorphically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomorph"}],"sub_title":"Uralite","text":"Uralite is a particular hydrothermally altered pyroxenite; during autogenic hydrothermal circulation the primary mineralogy of pyroxene and plagioclase, etc. has altered to actinolite and saussurite (albite + epidote). The texture is distinctive, the pyroxene altered to fuzzy, radially arranged actinolite pseudomorphically after pyroxene, and saussuritised plagioclase.","title":"Amphibolite facies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protolith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protolith"},{"link_name":"diorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorite"},{"link_name":"gabbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabbro"},{"link_name":"clinopyroxene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinopyroxene"},{"link_name":"augite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augite"},{"link_name":"amphibole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibole"}],"sub_title":"Epidiorite","text":"The archaic term epidiorite is sometimes used, especially in Europe, to refer to a metamorphosed ortho-amphibolite with a protolith of diorite, gabbro or other mafic intrusive rock. In epidiorite the original clinopyroxene (most often augite) has been replaced by the fibrous amphibole uralite.","title":"Amphibolite facies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze"},{"link_name":"shoe-last-celts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe-last-celt"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Linearbandkeramic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearbandkeramic"},{"link_name":"Rössen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ssen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"dimension stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_stone"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Amphibolite was a favourite material for the production of adzes (shoe-last-celts) in the central European early Neolithic (Linearbandkeramic and Rössen cultures).[citation needed]Amphibolite is a common dimension stone used in construction, paving, facing of buildings, especially because of its attractive textures, dark color, hardness and polishability and its ready availability.[citation needed]","title":"Uses"}]
[{"image_text":"Amphibolite from Cape Cod, Massachusetts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Amphibolite_from_under_Cape_Cod_USA.jpg/220px-Amphibolite_from_under_Cape_Cod_USA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Garnet bearing amphibolite from Val di Fleres, Italy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Amphibolit.jpg/220px-Amphibolit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Garnet amphibolite, sold as \"Nordic Sunset Granite\", reportedly from Murmansk area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nordic_Sunset_Granite_%28garnet_amphibolite%29_Murmansk.jpg/220px-Nordic_Sunset_Granite_%28garnet_amphibolite%29_Murmansk.jpg"},{"image_text":"Erratic boulder of dark-colored amphibolite mingled with light-colored granitic bands, near the Trift Glacier, Switzerland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Schollenamphibolit_glacial_erratic_1.jpg/220px-Schollenamphibolit_glacial_erratic_1.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Robertson, S. (1999). \"BGS Rock Classification Scheme, Volume 2: Classification of metamorphic rocks\" (PDF). British Geological Survey Research Report. RR 99-02. Retrieved 27 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/3226/1/RR99002.pdf","url_text":"\"BGS Rock Classification Scheme, Volume 2: Classification of metamorphic rocks\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon_Island
Gnomon Island
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 61°5′S 54°52′W / 61.083°S 54.867°W / -61.083; -54.867Island on Elephant island in Shetland Islands, United Kingdom Gnomon IslandSouth Shetland IslandsGnomon IslandLocation of Gnomon IslandShow map of Antarctic PeninsulaGnomon IslandGnomon Island (Antarctica)Show map of AntarcticaGeographyLocationAntarcticaCoordinates61°5′S 54°52′W / 61.083°S 54.867°W / -61.083; -54.867AdministrationAdministered under the Antarctic Treaty SystemDemographicsPopulationUninhabited Gnomon Island is a small rocky island lying just north of Point Wild, on Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands. It was charted by Ernest Shackleton's Endurance expedition, 1914–1916, and so named by them because when viewed from Point Wild the shape of the feature is suggestive of a gnomon, the elevated arm of a sundial. See also List of antarctic and sub-antarctic islands References ^ "Gnomon Island". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 26 April 2012.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Gnomon Island". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Portals: Islands Geography vteSouth Shetland IslandsMain islands Clarence Deception Elephant Greenwich King George Livingston Low Nelson Robert Smith Snow Other islands Afala Aitcho Barrientos Bilyana Cecilia Emeline Jorge Kilifarevo Pasarel Riksa Akin Alfeus Araguez Astor Aurelia Barlow Basso Beslen Biruni Boatin Borceguí Bridgeman Cacho Chiprovtsi Cornwall Cornwallis Craggy Dee Desolation Island (South Shetland Islands) Dinea Dioptra Dufayel Dunbar Aspis Balsha Melyane Pogledets Zavala Eadie Express Fregata Gergini Gibbs Glumche Gnomon González Half Moon Heywood Kabile Kaliman Kondor Korsis Låvebrua Meade Cave Pisanitsa Zverino Miladinovi Montufar Ogygia Ongley Onogur Churicheni Grod Kovach Leeve Oescus Osenovlag Redina Svetulka Vilare Penguin Pindarev Pordim Presnakov Prisad Prosechen Pyramid Rogozen Romeo Rotalia Rowett Rugged Saffar San Telmo Seal Sierra Square End Stoker Sugarloaf Table Tatul Tirizis Toledo Treklyano Two Summit Valchedram Window Withem Wood Yrvind Zebil Zed Esperanto Koshava Lesidren Phanagoria Rocks, stacks, reefsspits and banks Aim Rocks Alepu Avren Baktriana Ballestilla Bekas Belchin Besson Bizone Bonert Borda Bowler Brahe Bris Buchino Caraquet Chabrier Channel Chaos Chapman Cheshire Chorobates Cone Cosmolabe Cove Cutler Dlagnya Dovizio Dzhegov Eddystone Elemag Eliza Emm Enchantress Folger Frederick Galiche Glozhene Goritsa Grace Graovo Groma Growler Habermehl Hauken Henfield Hetty Hole Holmes Ibar Indian Keep Kianida Knight Koynare Lenoir Letelier Liberty Lientur Limit Livonia Long Low Lynx Lyutibrod Maglizh Makresh Martello Tower Meldia Mellona Milev Mónica Morris Nancy Napier Nessie Nikudin Odometer Okol Opaka Ørnen Orsini Orsoya Parry Patch Passage Patresh Perivol Pig Pingvin Potmess Asses Ears Priboy Rabisha Ramsden Raquelia Reyes Ritchie Rongel Rosales Rusokastro Sail Rock Salient Sally Sewing-Machine Needles Shearer Simms Simpson Sinbad Skrino Stackpole Stewart Suhache Syrezol Telefon Telish Tenorio The Pointers Tooth Triznatsi Troughton Tu Turmoil Tvarditsa Twin Pinnacles Upton Vardim Vergilov Vidal Vietor Vodoley Voluyak Waldseemüller ‎ ‎ Weeks Straits Boyd English Fildes Glogovo Hell Gates Iglika Izgrev Klimash McFarlane Morton Mugla Neck or Nothing Nelson Orión Osmar Smolensk Villalón Undersea andsubglacial features Bransfield Trough Macheret Trench Orca Seamount Quiroga Ridge South Shetland Trough Vergilov Ridge Wordie Seamount vteAntarcticaGeography Antarctic sea ice Climate Climate change Ice shelves Geology Glaciers Mountains Tundra Volcanoes Regions Biogeographic realm Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica ice sheet shield Extreme points Floristic Kingdom Islands South Pole South magnetic pole West Antarctica ice sheet Bodies of Water Antarctic/Southern Ocean Lake CECs Lake Mercer Lake Vostok List of rivers McMurdo Sound Ross Sea Weddell Sea Life Flora Microorganisms Wildlife Birds Mammals Krill History Expeditions Heroic Age World War II Colonization COVID-19 pandemic Years Politics Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs Military activity National programs Territorial claims Treaty System Society Antarctica Day Crime Demographics Economy Field camps Firefighting Flags Gateway cities Midwinter Day Protected areas Religion Research stations Telecommunications Time Tourism Transport Women Famous explorers Roald Amundsen Richard E. Byrd Douglas Mawson Ui-te-Rangiora James Clark Ross Robert Falcon Scott Ernest Shackleton Category Commons Index This Elephant Island location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"List of antarctic and sub-antarctic islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antarctic_and_sub-antarctic_islands"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Solar_Energy_Project
Jasper Solar Energy Project
["1 Background","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 28°17′53″S 23°21′56″E / 28.29806°S 23.36556°E / -28.29806; 23.36556Jasper Solar Energy ProjectCountrySouth AfricaLocationBetween Postmasburg and Kimberley, Northern CapeCoordinates28°17′53″S 23°21′56″E / 28.29806°S 23.36556°E / -28.29806; 23.36556StatusOperationalCommission date2014Construction costUS$260 millionSolar farm TypeStandard PVPower generationNameplate capacity96 MWp (75 MWAC)Annual net output180 GWh The Jasper Solar Energy Project (or Jasper PV Project) is a 96 megawatt (MW) photovoltaic power station, located 120 km west of Kimberley, in South Africa's Northern Cape. Construction of the project was completed in October 2014 and it is fully operational to power up to 80,000 homes. Google has a recent history of investing in wind and solar power, and since 2010 has committed to more than US$1 billion in renewable energy projects worldwide. Until 2013 little of this was spent on renewable energy in Africa. A new $12 million investment in the Jasper power project, at a project cost of approximately ZAR2.3 billion ($260 million) signals a change in policy. It is one of the largest solar installations in Africa, comprising over 325,000 PV modules. Background Since 2008 South African households and industry endure rolling blackouts due to a severe lack of generating capacity. Only since then has the government been active in looking at new potential sources of electricity. These incentives led to South Africa having the highest growth in clean energy investment in the world in 2012. While it is dependent on fossil fuels, its generous resources of wind and sun have made it opportune to diversify and to set itself the goal of installing 18 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity by 2030. SolarReserve, a developer of large-scale solar energy projects, joined forces with the Kensani Group and Intikon Energy, two South African companies, to develop three photovoltaic (PV) solar energy projects in South Africa. This consortium was awarded preferred bidder status in May 2012 by the South Africa Department of Energy. SolarReserve is busy on two other 75 megawatt projects, Letsatsi and Lesedi. The consortium closed the $260-million contract with investments coming from Google, the government's Public Investment Corporation (PIC), the Development Bank of Southern Africa and the PEACE Humansrus Trust. SolarReserve appointed SgurrEnergy as technical advisor on the projects involving the Letsatsi PV plant at Soutdrif north of Bloemfontein and Lesedi PV plant at Humansrus east of Postmasburg. See also South Africa portalRenewable energy portal List of power stations in South Africa References ^ a b c SolarReserve.com Jasper PV Project Archived 2013-08-07 at the Wayback Machine, 2014 ^ "Massive South African solar plant comes online". mybroadband.co.za. 11 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014. ^ "Energy". ^ "Global Reach | SolarReserve". Archived from the original on 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2013-07-23. ^ "SolarReserve, Kensani and Intikon Complete $260 million Solar Project Financing with Key Investment from Google and the PIC". ^ "SgurrEnergy provides technical advisory services on landmark South African solar projects | Sgurr Energy". www.sgurrenergy.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-25. vtePower in South AfricaSectors Energy in South Africa Nuclear power Renewable energy Solar power Companies andorganisationsCurrent Eskom South African Nuclear Energy Corporation National Energy Regulator of South Africa Defunct Atomic Energy Corporation Johannesburg Gas Works Activepower stationsEskom Coal Arnot Power Station Bloemfontein Power Station Camden Power Station Duvha Power Station Grootvlei Power Station Hendrina Power Station Kelvin Power Station Kendal Power Station Komati Power Station Kriel Power Station Kusile Power Station Lethabo Power Station Majuba Power Station Matimba Power Station Matla Power Station Medupi Power Station Pretoria West Power Station Tutuka Power Station Metro Coal Kelvin Power Station Rooiwal Power Station Hydro-electric Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme Gariep Dam Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme Kouga Dam Power Station Ncora Dam Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme Steenbras Dam Vanderkloof Dam Nuclear Koeberg Nuclear Power Station Oil and gas Acacia Power Station Ankerlig Power Station Gourikwa Power Station Newcastle Cogeneration Plant Port Rex Power Station Solar Bokpoort CSP De Aar Solar Power Droogfontein Solar Power Jasper Solar Energy Project Kalkbult Kathu Solar Park KaXu Solar One Khi Solar One Lesedi Solar Park Letsatsi Solar Park Mulilo Sonnedix Prieska PV Redstone Solar Thermal Power SlimSun Swartland Solar Park Touwsrivier CPV Solar Project Wind Amakhala Emoyeni Wind Farm Aurora Wind Farm Brandvallei Wind Farm Castle Wind Farm Chaba Wind Farm Coega Wind Farm Coleskop Wind Farm Cookhouse Wind Farm Copperton Wind Farm De Aar Wind Farm Darling Wind Farm Dassiesklip Wind Energy Facility Dorper Wind Farm Excelsior Wind Farm Garob Wind Farm Gibson Bay Wind Farm Golden Valley Wind Farm Gouda Wind Facility Grassridge Wind Farm Hopefield Wind Farm Impofu Wind Power Farms Complex Jeffreys Bay Wind Farm Kangans Wind Farm Karusa Wind Farm Klipheuwel Wind Farm Khobab Wind Farm Kouga Wind Farm Loeriesfontein Wind Farm Metrowind Wind Farm Noblesfontein Wind Farm Nojoli Wind Farm Noupoort Wind Farm Nxuba Wind Farm Oyster Bay Wind Farm Perdekraal Wind Farm Phezukomoya Wind Farm Red Cap Wind Farm Rietkloof Wind Farm Roggeveld Wind Farm San Kraal Wind Farm Sere Wind Farm Seriti Wind Power Station Soetwater Wind Farm Tsitsikamma Community Wind Farm Umoya Wind Farm Van Stadens Wind Farm Waainek Wind Farm West Coast 1 Wind Farm Wesley-Ciskei Wind Power Station Other Johannesburg Landfill Gas to Electricity Decommissionedpower stationsCoal Athlone Power Station Colenso Power Station Driehoek Power Station Graaff Electric Lighting Works Ingagane Power Station Kroonstad Power Station Mount Road Power Station Orlando Power Station Swartkops Power Station Other Department of Energy (South Africa) Coal in South Africa Renewable energy in Africa South African energy crisis Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"megawatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt"},{"link_name":"photovoltaic power station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station"},{"link_name":"Kimberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape"},{"link_name":"Northern Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cape"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jasper-sheet-1"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myboardbandP-2"}],"text":"The Jasper Solar Energy Project (or Jasper PV Project) is a 96 megawatt (MW) photovoltaic power station, located 120 km west of Kimberley, in South Africa's Northern Cape. Construction of the project was completed in October 2014 and it is fully operational to power up to 80,000 homes.[1]Google has a recent history of investing in wind and solar power, and since 2010 has committed to more than US$1 billion in renewable energy projects worldwide. Until 2013 little of this was spent on renewable energy in Africa. A new $12 million investment in the Jasper power project, at a project cost of approximately ZAR2.3 billion ($260 million) signals a change in policy. It is one of the largest solar installations in Africa, comprising over 325,000 PV[2] modules.","title":"Jasper Solar Energy Project"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jasper-sheet-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"SolarReserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarReserve"},{"link_name":"photovoltaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jasper-sheet-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Public Investment Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Investment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Development Bank of Southern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Bank_of_Southern_Africa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"SgurrEnergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SgurrEnergy"},{"link_name":"Bloemfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemfontein"},{"link_name":"Postmasburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmasburg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Since 2008 South African households and industry endure rolling blackouts due to a severe lack of generating capacity. Only since then has the government been active in looking at new potential sources of electricity. These incentives led to South Africa having the highest growth in clean energy investment in the world in 2012.[1] While it is dependent on fossil fuels, its generous resources of wind and sun have made it opportune to diversify and to set itself the goal of installing 18 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity by 2030.[3]SolarReserve, a developer of large-scale solar energy projects, joined forces with the Kensani Group and Intikon Energy, two South African companies, to develop three photovoltaic (PV) solar energy projects in South Africa. This consortium was awarded preferred bidder status in May 2012 by the South Africa Department of Energy. SolarReserve is busy on two other 75 megawatt projects, Letsatsi and Lesedi.[1][4] The consortium closed the $260-million contract with investments coming from Google, the government's Public Investment Corporation (PIC), the Development Bank of Southern Africa and the PEACE Humansrus Trust.[5] SolarReserve appointed SgurrEnergy as technical advisor on the projects involving the Letsatsi PV plant at Soutdrif north of Bloemfontein and Lesedi PV plant at Humansrus east of Postmasburg.[6]","title":"Background"}]
[]
[{"title":"South Africa portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:South_Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg"},{"title":"Renewable energy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy"},{"title":"List of power stations in South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_South_Africa"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urusei_Yatsura_(1981_TV_series)
Urusei Yatsura (1981 TV series)
["1 Theme songs","2 Series overview","3 Episodes","3.1 Season 1 (1981–82)","3.2 Season 2 (1983–84)","3.3 Season 3 (1984–85)","3.4 Season 4 (1985–86)","4 Broadcast and release","5 Reception","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
Japanese anime television series This article is about the 1981 TV series. For the 2022 TV series, see Urusei Yatsura (2022 TV series). Urusei YatsuraPromotional Fuji TV poster that features the main characters, with Lum, Ataru Moroboshi, and Ten in a leadCreated byRumiko TakahashiBased onUrusei Yatsuraby Rumiko TakahashiWritten byTakao Koyama (#1–21)Kazunori Itō (#22–106)Michiru Shimada (#107–194)Directed byMamoru Oshii (#1–106)Kazuo Yamazaki  (#107–194)ComposersFumitaka AnzaiKatsu Hoshi Shinsuke Kazato Izumi KobayashiKouji NishimuraCountry of originJapanOriginal languageJapaneseNo. of seasons4No. of episodes194 (213 segments)ProductionProducersTakao InoueTadashi OkaYuji Nunokawa (S1–2)Hiroshi Hasegawa (S3–4)Makoto Kubo (S3–4)EditorSeiji MoritaRunning time25 minutesProduction companiesKitty FilmsFuji TelevisionPierrot (#1-106)Studio Deen (#107-194)Original releaseNetworkFNS (Fuji TV)ReleaseOctober 14, 1981 (1981-10-14) –March 19, 1986 (1986-03-19)RelatedUrusei Yatsura (2022) Urusei Yatsura is a Japanese anime television series produced by Kitty Films that aired on Fuji TV from October 14, 1981, to March 19, 1986. It is based on the manga series of the same name by Rumiko Takahashi, produced by Kitty Films and Fuji Television and was animated by Pierrot until episode 106, and Studio Deen for the rest of the series. The series was licensed in North America by AnimEigo in 1992, and released the series English subbed on VHS in October that year. Their license expired in 2011, and is currently licensed by Discotek Media. Theme songs Six opening themes and nine ending themes were used during the series. "Lum's Love Song" (ラムのラブソング, Lum no Love Song) was used as the opening theme for the first 77 episodes. It was replaced by "Dancing Star" for episodes 78 to 106. "Pajama Jama da!" (パジャマ・じゃまだ!) was used for episodes 107 to 127, and "Chance on Love" was used for episodes 128 to 149. The final two opening themes were "Rock the Planet" for episodes 150 to 165 and "Gentlemen, I'm Sorry" (殿方ごめん遊ばせ, Tonogata Gomen Asobase) for the remaining episodes. The first ending theme was "Uchū wa Taihen da!" (宇宙は大ヘンだ) which was used for the first 21 episodes. It was replaced by "Kokorobosoi na" (心細いな) for episodes 22 to 43 and by "Hoshizora Cycling" (星空サイクリング) for episodes 44 to 54 and later 65 to 77. "I, I, You and Ai" was used for episodes 55 to 64, and "Yume wa Love Me More" (夢は Love Me More) was used for episodes 78 to 106. "Koi no Mobius" (恋のメビウス) was used for episodes 107 to 127, and "Open Invitation" was used for episodes 128 to 149. The final two ending themes were "Every Day" for episodes 150 to 165, and "Good Luck" for the remainder of the series. Series overview Season Episodes Original run SeriesDirector SeriesComposition Studio Theme songs Opening Ending 1 54 October 14, 1981 − December 22, 1982 Mamoru Oshii Takao Koyama Studio Pierrot "Lum no Love Song" by Yuko Matsutani "Uchū wa Taihen da!" by Yuko Matsutani Kazunori Itō "Kokorobosoi na" by Helen Sasano "Hoshizora Cycling" by Virgin VS 2 52 January 5, 1983 − March 28, 1984 "I, I, You and Ai" by Izumi Kobayashi "Hoshizora Cycling" by Virgin VS "Dancing Star" by Izumi Kobayashi "Yume wa Love Me More" by Izumi Kobayashi 3 43 April 11, 1984 − March 27, 1985 Kazuo Yamazaki Michiru Shimada Studio Deen "Pajama Jama da!" by Kanako Narikiyo "Koi no Mobius" by Rittsu "Chance on Love" by Cindy "Open Invitation" by Cindy 4 45 April 3, 1985 − March 19, 1986 "Rock the Planet" by Steffanie Borges "Every Day" by Steffanie Borges "Tonogata Gomen Asobase" by Shoko Minami "Good Luck" by Shoko Minami Episodes Season 1 (1981–82) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byAnimation directed byOriginal air dateProd.code 11"I'm Lum-chan the Notorious!"Transliteration: "Uwasa no Ramu-chan Datcha!" (Japanese: うわさのラムちゃんだっちゃ！)Mamoru OshiiHiroyuki HoshiyamaAsami EndoOctober 14, 1981 (1981-10-14)101"It's Raining Oil All Over Town"Transliteration: "Machi ni Sekiyu no Ame ga Furu" (Japanese: 町に石油の雨がふる)102 Ataru is kidnapped by men dressed in black and escorted to his house where he meets an Oni named Mr. Invader, who comes from beyond the Galaxy to take over Earth. One of the men in black explains to Ataru that he has been randomly selected from Earth's population to duel against the alien: winning the duel is the only chance to stop the alien invasion. Ataru refuses despite the man in black is begging him to save the Earth. Suddenly, a giant spaceship appears and a lightning hits Moroboshi’s house. A sexy girl named Lum appears after the flash: she’s going to be Ataru's opponent. Mr. Invader says that Ataru would win if he can grab Lum by her horns. Excited by the opportunity to touch her, Ataru changes his mind and agrees to take part in the duel. Lum says she is not easy to catch though. The next day, Ataru and Lum are both going to play a game of tag. When the game starts, Ataru tries to grab Lum’s body but he fails as Lum can fly. Ataru is about to catch Lum during multiple attempts but he fails every time. Later on, TV news informs its viewers there is only one more day left to catch Lum; if Ataru fails he and his family will be lynched. Later that night, Shinobu says to Ataru that she would marry him if he wins. On the final day, Ataru uses a suction cup gun to get Lum's bra. While Lum is trying to get her bra back, Ataru grabs her by the horns. Ataru's delighted that this means he can finally marry Shinobu, but Lum, misunderstanding his claim, thinks Ataru wants to marry her instead, angering Shinobu. Taking place a week after the previous episode, a group of Tomobiki High School boys (later known as Lum's Stormtroopers) want Lum to come back to Earth, and capture Ataru (who also failed in his attempt to flee the country). These knuckleheads want to summon Lum back to Earth, and end up summoning an alien taxi driver. Too bad his prices are absolutely massive, so he decides to claim his fee by taking every drop of oil on Earth. Now without any gasoline or heat, the entire populace of Earth wants Ataru's head on a platter. Can Lum save the day? Sure, if Ataru can swallow his pride and ask her for help. 22"Mail from Space - Ten-chan Arrives!"Transliteration: "Uchū Yūbin - Ten-chan Tōchaku!" (Japanese: 宇宙ゆうびん　テンちゃん到着！)Directed by : Masuji HaradaStoryboarded by : Yuzo AokiShusuke KanekoYuji YatabeOctober 21, 1981 (1981-10-21)103"Mrs. Swallow and Mrs. Penguin"Transliteration: "Tsubame-san to Pengin-san" (Japanese: つばめさんとペンギンさん)Tamiko KojimaAsami Endo104 During a thunderstorm, a peach falls from the sky in form of a lightning bolt and is delivered to the Moroboshi family. Ataru and his mom both crack open the peach together and inside it is Lum's cousin, Ten. Lum is thrilled that her little cousin dropped in for a visit, but Ten can't stand Ataru, as he thought Lum found a good husband, and the feeling is mutual. Ataru tries to kick Ten out of the house, only for the house to explode after Ten fires the propane. Ten feeds alien candy to a swallow, making it grow massively in size. And all further attempts to circumvent this problem only invite bigger disasters. 33"The Coming of Rei the Handsome Shapechanger!"Transliteration: "Henshin Bidan Rei ga Kita!" (Japanese: 変身美男レイが来た)Keiji HayakawaIchirô IzumiHayao NodeOctober 28, 1981 (1981-10-28)105"Die Dreamy-Man!"Transliteration: "Kutabare Iro-Otoko!" (Japanese: くたばれイロ男！)Mamoru OshiiAsami Endo106 Lum's ex-fiancé, Rei, a handsome yet laconic and gluttonous Oni with an unusual transformational ability, arrives on earth to win her back but succeeds only in winning the attention of every other woman on Earth (including Ataru's mother). While visiting a gyūdon, Ataru, Megane, Chibi and Kakugari encounter a distraught Rei unable to shirk his obsession towards Lum. 44"Kintaro from the Autumn Sky!"Transliteration: "Aki no Sora Kara Kintarō!" (Japanese: 秋の空から金太郎！)Tamiko KojimaYū YamamotoHayao NodeNovember 4, 1981 (1981-11-04)107"Gonna Live Like a Man!"Transliteration: "Takumashiku Ikirun yā!" (Japanese: たくましく生きるんやっ)Masuji HaradaYuji Yatabe108 The cast meets Kintaro, the legendary mighty boy who is lost on earth. Lured by the attractiveness of Kintaro's teacher, Ataru convinces Kintaro - with his alien classmates in tow - to visit Earth on a field trip. 55"Sakura - Raving Beauty of Mystery"Transliteration: "Nazo no Oiroke Bijo - Sakura" (Japanese: 謎のお色気美女　サクラ)Mamoru OshiiYū YamamotoHayao NodeNovember 18, 1981 (1981-11-18)109"Virus in Distress"Transliteration: "Nayameru Uirusu" (Japanese: 悩めるウィルス)Motosuke TakahashiAsami Endo110 Ataru runs away from home, unable to stand the pressure of living with Lum. Unfortunately, he subsequently runs into Sakura, a gorgeous-but-sickly woman, and is tasked with returning her to a local temple to exorcise the demons possessing her. Sakura finds employment in Ataru's school as the school nurse, yet Ataru is remarkably the only male student to not express any lustful interest in her, leading Sakura and Lum to suspect a possession. 66"Black Hole Love Triangle"Transliteration: "Koi no Sankaku Burakku Hōru" (Japanese: 恋の三角ブラックホール)Masuji HaradaTakao KoyamaYuji YatabeNovember 25, 1981 (1981-11-25)111"It's a Lovesick Little Demon!"Transliteration: "Horehore Ko Akuma Dakkya!" (Japanese: ホレホレ小悪魔だっきゃ！)Keiji HayakawaHiroyuki HoshiyamaHayao Node112 Lum blocks Ataru and Shinobu's phone call using equipment in her UFO, inadvertently creating a black hole that causes aircraft to vanish, leaving Ataru to stop her and reassert his relationship with Shinobu against undesirably high stakes. Ataru puts two mirrors together on Friday the 13th and accidentally makes a clingy, lecherous demon appear from another dimension, who immediately falls for both Shinobu and Ataru's mother. 77"Electric Shocks Scare Me!"Transliteration: "Dengeki Shokku ga Kowai!" (Japanese: 電撃ショックがこわい！)Tamiko KojimaAkira NakaharaAsami EndoDecember 2, 1981 (1981-12-02)113"Voodoo Dolls of Vengeance"Transliteration: "Nenriki Urami no Ayatsuri Ningyō" (Japanese: 念力ウラミのあやつり人形)Takao KoyamaYuji Yatabe114 Cherry gives Ataru some magical yellow ribbons which, when tied on Lum's horns, render her unable to fire electric shocks. Lum makes a voodoo doll of Shinobu, and Ataru tries to stop her from using it to hurt Shinobu. 88"Neptune is Beyond My Closet"Transliteration: "Oshi-ire no Mukō wa Kaiōsei" (Japanese: おし入れの向うは海王星)Mamoru OshiiYuji AmemiyaYuji YatabeDecember 9, 1981 (1981-12-09)115"That Crazy Age of the Dinosaurs"Transliteration: "Hachamecha Kyōryū Jidai" (Japanese: ハチャメチャ恐竜時代)Keiji HayakawaYū YamamotoAsami Endo116 The gang discovers a portal to the ice-covered planet Neptune in Ataru's closet and meet Lum's aloof and elegant high school friend, Oyuki, the queen of Neptune. An accident sends Lum, Ataru, Ten and Kintaro back to the time of the dinosaurs. 99"Princess Kurama, Sleeping Beauty"Transliteration: "Nemureru Bijo Kurama Hime" (Japanese: 眠れる美女クラマ姫)Keiji HayakawaAkira NakaharaAsami EndoDecember 16, 1981 (1981-12-16)117"Athletics in Women's Hell!"Transliteration: "Asurechikku Onna Jigoku!" (Japanese: アスレチック女地獄！)Tameo KohanawaYuji Yatabe118 Having been awakened from her long sleep by Ataru's kiss, Kurama, a temperamental crow demon, tries her best to reform him by making him undergo strenuous training to be her husband and trying to cure his lechery. Still trying to cure Ataru's lechery, Kurama uses a dimensional door where Ataru faces hostile versions of the girls he loves. 1010"Pitter Patter Christmas Eve"Transliteration: "Toki Meki no Seiya" (Japanese: ときめきの聖夜)Mamoru OshiiYū YamamotoAsami EndoDecember 23, 1981 (1981-12-23)119120 Lum's Stormtroopers, outraged by Ataru's dismissal of Lum's affection, attempt to stage a humiliating false date for Ataru, a scheme ultimately thwarted by Lum. 1111"Ataru Genji Goes to the Heian Capital"Transliteration: "Ataru Genji Heian Kyō ni Yuku" (Japanese: あたる源氏平安京にゆく)Tamiko KojimaShusuke KanekoHayao NodeJanuary 6, 1982 (1982-01-06)121122 In an episode that parodies The Tale of Genji, Shutaro Mendou ("soon to become a regular character on this series") tells a tale about ancient Japan featuring the normal cast in a slightly different alien invasion story. This time the aliens all look like a bunch of odd barbarians, except for a pretty girl and her young boy cousin. 1212"Battle Royal of Love"Transliteration: "Koi no Batoru Roiyaru" (Japanese: 恋のバトルロイヤル)Keiji HayakawaTakao KoyamaAsami EndoJanuary 13, 1982 (1982-01-13)123"Father You Were Strong"Transliteration: "Chichi yo Anata wa Tsuyokatta" (Japanese: 父よあなたは強かった)Motosuke Takahashi124 Lum, Ataru and the gang go out to a disco, and chaos ensues when Sakura's boyfriend Tsubame starts to demonstrate his magic abilities. Kurama takes Ataru back in time to a fictionalized analogue of feudal Japan in a desperate attempt to remodel Ataru's lecherous personality to mirror that of her aloof and 'chivalrous' father, whom she idolizes as her 'ideal man'. 1313"Hawaiian Swimsuit Thief"Transliteration: "Hawaian Mizugi Dorobō" (Japanese: ハワイアン水着ドロボウ)Masuji HaradaHiroyuki HoshiyamaYuji YatabeJanuary 20, 1982 (1982-01-20)125"Full Course From Hell"Transliteration: "Jigoku no Furu Kōsu" (Japanese: 地獄のフルコース)Tamiko KojimaHayao Node126 The girls' swimsuits are stolen during a Hawaiian vacation, and everyone suspects Cherry. Sakura, Ataru and Cherry compete in an eating contest at a restaurant near their resort, during which the immensity of Sakura's culinary capacity is brought to the forefront. 1414"Mendo Brings Trouble!"Transliteration: "Mendō wa Toraburu to Tomo ni!" (Japanese: 面堂はトラブルとともに！)Mamoru OshiiYū YamamotoAsami EndoJanuary 27, 1982 (1982-01-27)127"Constellation is Spinning"Transliteration: "Seiza wa Meguru" (Japanese: 星座はめぐる)Tameo KohanawaYuji Yatabe128 Shutaro Mendo, the adolescent heir to the wealthiest corporation in Japan, enrols at Tomobiki High and proceeds to woo every girl (with the notable exception of Lum) in Class 2B with his suave and 'chivalrous' demeanor, much to Ataru's ire. After a computer calculates Lum's perfect matchmade partner to be Shutaro instead of Ataru, she employs an interactive horoscope-based 'personality test' to determine the 'more eligible' partner. 1515"The Great Spring War"Transliteration: "Setsubun Dai Sensō" (Japanese: せつぶん大戦争)Keiji HayakawaTakao KoyamaHayao NodeFebruary 3, 1982 (1982-02-03)129"The Benten Gang's Return Match"Transliteration: "Benten Gundan no Ritān Matchi" (Japanese: 弁天軍団リターンマッチ)Asami Endo130 Lum brings Ataru against his will to her home planet to take part in a Setsubun ball-throwing competition between her race the Oni and the 'Cosmic Gods', represented by the headstrong Benten, whom Ataru, to the detriment of the competition, immediately falls for. Benten and her motorcycle gang come to Earth and end up in a fight with Lum. 1616"Ah Lone Teacher!"Transliteration: "Ā Kojin Kyōju" (Japanese: あゝ個人教授！)Tamiko KojimaShusuke KanekoAsami EndoFebruary 10, 1982 (1982-02-10)131"Terrifying Visiting Day"Transliteration: "Senritsu no Sankan Bi" (Japanese: 戦りつの参観日)Motosuke Takahashi132 A new teacher, Sanjuro Kuribayashi, arrives at Tomobiki High and has been tasked with bringing order to Ataru's class, only to develop an infatuation towards Lum (and a resultant dislike of Ataru's relationship with her). During parents' visiting day, a misunderstanding between Mrs. Mendo and Lum's mother Mrs. Invader rapidly escalates into potential warfare, which Ataru's mother is tasked with settling. 1717"The Fourth Dimension Camera"Transliteration: "Yojigen Kamera" (Japanese: 四次元カメラ)Masuji HaradaHiroyuki HoshiyamaYuji YatabeFebruary 24, 1982 (1982-02-24)133"Demonic Running"Transliteration: "Ma no Ranningu" (Japanese: 魔のランニング)Mamoru OshiiHayao Node134 Shutaro brings in an antique camera to Tomobiki High that, upon taking a photo of Ataru, transports him to a different dimension. Ataru suddenly becomes amazingly lucky for a day and turns out to have accidentally made a pact with a devil. 1818"Girls' Day! Introducing Ran-chan"Transliteration: "Hina Matsuri! Ran-chan Tōjō" (Japanese: ひな祭り！ランちゃん登場)Mamoru OshiiYū YamamotoHayao NodeMarch 3, 1982 (1982-03-03)137"Ran-chan's Invitation"Transliteration: "Ran-chan no Goshōtai" (Japanese: ランちゃんの御招待)Keiji HayakawaAsami Endo138 Lums' childhood friend Ran arrives and attempts to suck out Ataru's youth to exact 'revenge' upon Lum for romantically 'stealing' her object of affection Rei. Ran makes a duplicate of Ataru to switch it with the real one so that she could suck up his youth. 1919"The Tearful Diary of Tomorrow"Transliteration: "Namida no Ashita Nikki" (Japanese: 涙のあした日記)Tamiko KojimaAkira NakaharaHayao NodeMarch 10, 1982 (1982-03-10)135"Whose Kid Is This?"Transliteration: "Kono Ko wa Dāre?" (Japanese: この子はだあれ？)Keiji HayakawaAsami Endo136 Lum time travels to the next day and brings back Ataru's diary, enabling her to anticipate the events of Ataru's day in advance. Mendou finds an alien resembling an abandoned infant in his locker and is tasked with the increasingly ludicrous proportions of care it requires. 2020"Sleepy Serene Springtime Classroom"Transliteration: "Haru Urara Inemuri Kyōshitsu" (Japanese: 春うらら居眠り教室)Mamoru OshiiIchirô IzumiAsami EndoMarch 17, 1982 (1982-03-17)139"Peach Blossom Song Contest"Transliteration: "Momo no Hana Uta Gassen" (Japanese: 桃の花歌合戦)Keiji Hayakawa140 The gang meet Shunmin, a spirit-in-training whose assignment is to put everyone in Ataru's class to sleep. Mendou, Ataru, Cherry, Sakura, Shinobu, Ran, Lum, and Ten go on a peach blossom viewing picnic. 2121"Duel! Ataru vs Ataru"Transliteration: "Kettō! Ataru tai Ataru" (Japanese: 決斗！あたるｖｓあたる)Tamiko KojimaAkira NakaharaHayao NodeMarch 24, 1982 (1982-03-24)141"Wake up to a Nightmare"Transliteration: "Mezamereba Akumu" (Japanese: 目ざめれば悪夢)Asami Endo142 After eating a lollipop that Lum makes for him and a bun Cherry intended to bury as it is evil, Ataru splits into two beings, one representative of his more chivalrous and moral traits and the other an abstraction of his impulsivity and lechery. As Ataru sleeps in class after losing to Lum in a gambling many times the night before, he becomes trapped in a sequence of nightmare ultimately rectified by the dream lord Mujaki and his nightmare-devouring baku accomplice. SP121.5"Urusei Yatsura All-Star Bash"Transliteration: "Urusei Yatsura ōru stā daishingeki" (Japanese: うる星やつら　オールスタア大進撃)Mamoru Oshii, etcKazunori Itō, etcAsami Endo, etcMarch 31, 1982 (1982-03-31)–"Grade School Excursion! Run For It!"Transliteration: "Shūgaku Ryokō! kunoichi yo hashire" (Japanese: 修学旅行！くの一よ走れ)Keiji HayakawaYū YamamotoHayao Node A clipshow which is a recap of the series so far. Mrs. Moroboshi is the narrator. During a field trip about the capital of Nara, Ataru meets a ninja named Kaede, who wishes to have a better life, as her grandma makes her miserable. 2222"Great Space Matchmaking Operation"Transliteration: "Supēsu Omiai Dai Sakusen" (Japanese: スペースお見合い大作戦)Mamoru OshiiMasaki TsujiAsami EndoApril 7, 1982 (1982-04-07)201 Lum returns to her home planet unaware that her father is throwing her a matchmaking party. Through Freudian slip, Ten alerts a disheartened Ataru to the event, leading him to embark on an intergalactic mission to retrieve Lum. 2323"Big Springtime Picnic Uproar!"Transliteration: "Haru Ranman Pikunikku Daisōdō!" (Japanese: 春らんまんピクニック大騒動！)Directed by : Masuji Harada & Sachihiko KawaiStoryboarded by : Mamoru Oshii & Sachihiko KawaiYū YamamotoHayao Node & Yuji YatabeApril 14, 1982 (1982-04-14)202 During a Spring class field trip, Ataru journeys to an underwater kingdom and then he, Lum, Shinobu and Mendou get lost in a cave (exposing Mendou's legendary fear of the dark). 2424"Beware of Earmuffs!"Transliteration: "Iyāmaffuru ni Goyōjin!" (Japanese: イヤーマッフルに御用心！)Tamiko KojimaMasaki TsujiAsami EndoApril 21, 1982 (1982-04-21)203 Ataru and Ten switch bodies after wearing earmuffs sold by a shady alien vendor. 2525"Fly Imo-chan!"Transliteration: "Tobe yo Imo-chan!" (Japanese: 翔べよイモちゃん！)Directed by : Keiji HayakawaStoryboarded by : Shunji ÔgaYū YamamotoHayao NodeApril 28, 1982 (1982-04-28)204 Owing to its monstrous appetite, the Stormtroopers donate a large, ungainly 'caterpillar', 'Imo', to Ataru, who proceeds to protect it from the wrath of his classmates following the disappearance of their lunches. 2626"Ten-chan's Love"Transliteration: "Ten-chan no Koi" (Japanese: テンちゃんの恋)Directed by : Mamoru OshiiStoryboarded by : Mizuho NishikuboSo Hisakazu & Kazunori ItōYuichi EndoMay 5, 1982 (1982-05-05)205 Ten develops an unrequited crush on Sakura and, with Kintaro's aid, attempts to 'win her heart' via a date, sparking Ataru's ire. 2727"What a Dracula"Transliteration: "Tonda Dorakyura" (Japanese: 翔んだドラキュラ)Directed by : Keiji HayakawaStoryboarded by : Kazufumi NomuraSo Hisakazu & Kazunori ItōNoboru FuruseMay 12, 1982 (1982-05-12)206 A washed-up and incompetent Count Dracula, aspiring to drain the blood of a beauteous young maiden, targets Lum, only to be obstructed by his own ineptitude. 2828"Lum's Education Lecture Course for Boys"Transliteration: "Ramu-chan no Otoko no Ko Kyōiku Kōza" (Japanese: ラムちゃんの男のコ教育講座)Directed by : Tamiko KojimaStoryboarded by : Motosuke TakahashiMasaki TsujiAsami EndoMay 19, 1982 (1982-05-19)207 Lum travels back in time in order to meet a younger Ataru and cure his libido. 2929"From the Gardenia with Love"Transliteration: "Kuchinashi Yori Ai wo Komete" (Japanese: クチナシより愛をこめて)Keiji HayakawaKazunori ItōAsami EndoMay 26, 1982 (1982-05-26)208 Ataru and Ten compete for the attention of the pretty female proprietor of a flower shop through buying a gardenia, which, upon Ten attempting to accelerate its growth through use of alien fertilizer, balloons to gigantic proportions. 3030"A Beautiful Girl Brings Rain"Transliteration: "Bishōjo wa Ame to Tomo ni" (Japanese: 美少女は雨とともに)Tamiko KojimaKazunori ItōAsami EndoJune 2, 1982 (1982-06-02)209 Ataru meets Tsuyuko, a cursed girl who seems to bring torrential rain wherever she goes, and agrees to date her to alleviate her of the curse. 3131"Gimme Back My Horn!"Transliteration: "Wai no Tsuno wo Kaeshitekure!" (Japanese: わいのツノを返してくれ！)Kazuo YamazakiYū YamamotoHayao NobeJune 9, 1982 (1982-06-09)210 Ten's horn falls off during a fight with Ataru, leaving him weakened and unable to breathe fire. Ataru wastes no time in taking advantage of the situation, while Ran, upon discovered Ten's disembodied horn, assumes the horn to be Lum's and subsequently plots to exploit Lum's 'weakened' state to exact 'revenge'. 3232"Shock Library - Quiet Please!"Transliteration: "Dokkiri Toshokan - Oshizuka ni!" (Japanese: ドッキリ図書館　お静かに！)Keiji HayakawaYukiyoshi OhashiAsami EndoJune 16, 1982 (1982-06-16)211 Chaos ensues at the library after the characters in the books start coming to life. Wendy Darling (from J.M. Barrie's Peter Pan novel) enlists Ataru and Lum's help in restoring order. 3333"Teacher Hanawa Arrives! It's the Youth"Transliteration: "Hanawa Sensei Tōjō! Kore ga Seishun da ne" (Japanese: 花和先生登場！これが青春だね)Directed by : Mamoru OshiiStoryboarded by : Shunji OgaKazunori ItōHayao NobeJune 23, 1982 (1982-06-23)212 Mr. Hanawa, a naively righteous young teacher, finds employment in Ataru's school simultaneous with Lum's enrolment as a student. 3434"Goblin in Distress - Wonderful People"Transliteration: "Kanashiki Yōkai - Hito Koishikute" (Japanese: 悲しき妖怪　人恋しくて)Tamiko KojimaTadashi FukuiAsami EndoJune 30, 1982 (1982-06-30)213 A cordial goblin is displaced from his home in a Mendou Conglomerate-owned resort pool, thus seeking refuge in Ataru's bathtub. 3535"Darling Had It This Time!"Transliteration: "Dārin Zettai Zetsumei!" (Japanese: ダーリン絶体絶命！)Kazuo YamazakiKazunori ItōKazuo YamazakiJuly 14, 1982 (1982-07-14)214 Remembering how Lum always got her in trouble when they were younger, Ran devises a new scheme to suck away Ataru's youth. 3636"Rei Returns! The Big Study Hall Uproar!!"Transliteration: "Rei Fukkatsu! Jishū Dai Sōdō!!" (Japanese: レイ復活！自習大騒動！！)Mamoru OshiiKazunori ItōHayao NobeJuly 21, 1982 (1982-07-21)215 Rei appears and causes an uproar by eating everyone's lunch, and Ran tries her best to win him back. 3737"The Coming of The Phantom Red Mantle!"Transliteration: "Kaijin Aka Manto Arawaru!" (Japanese: 怪人赤マントあらわる！)Keiji HayakawaKazunori ItōAsami EndoJuly 28, 1982 (1982-07-28)216 On an evening disco dance held by the students at Tomobiki High School during summer break, Class 2B's teacher, Onsen-Mark, warns the students of a demonic and enigmatic man known as the 'Red Mantle' notorious for the abduction of one of Onsen's own peers. Upon the night of the dance, however, the Mantle himself is revealed to be an overweight and incompetent has-been, obstructing his 'schemes'. 3838"Steal Darling! Copy Operation!!"Transliteration: "Dārin wo Ubae! Kopī Sakusen!!" (Japanese: ダーリンを奪え！コピー作戦！！)Directed by : Tamiko KojimaStoryboarded by : Motosuke TakahashiTadashi FukuiAsami EndoAugust 4, 1982 (1982-08-04)217 Lum tries to make copies of Ataru in order to protect him from Ran's vengeance, to disastrous results. 3939"Thrilling Summer Date"Transliteration: "Dokidoki Samā Dēto" (Japanese: どきどきサマーデート)Directed by : Mamoru OshiiStoryboarded by : Mitsugu KanzakiHiroyuki HoshiyamaHayao NobeAugust 11, 1982 (1982-08-11)218 Lum and Ataru go on their first date together after Lum watches a television program that makes her realize her relationship with Ataru is abnormal. Ataru, although hesitant at first, shows that he does actually have feelings for Lum, but feels uncomfortable expressing them. 4040"So long Byebye Summer Days"Transliteration: "Sayonara Baibai Natsu no Hibi" (Japanese: さよならバイバイ夏の日々)Directed by : Keiji HayakawaStoryboarded by : Mitsugu KanzakiYukiyoshi OhashiHayao NobeAugust 18, 1982 (1982-08-18)219 Lum, Ataru, Shinobu and Mendo spend their summer vacation at the seaside. First they provoke the wrath of a watermelon god, then they are visited by a crying yōkai. 4141"Panic in Typhoon!"Transliteration: "Panikku in Taifū!" (Japanese: パニックイン台風！)Keiji HayakawaKazunori ItōAsami EndoSeptember 1, 1982 (1982-09-01)220 A typhoon strikes Tomobiki and floods the Moroboshi household, but Lum has some inventive ways of helping her Darling and his parents cope with the flood waters. 4242"Drunkard's Boogie"Transliteration: "Yopparai Bugi" (Japanese: 酔っぱらいブギ)Tamiko KojimaTomoko KonparuAsami EndoSeptember 8, 1982 (1982-09-08)221 Lum and Ten get drunk from eating umeboshi, and Lum begins flying around terrorizing Ataru's classmates in order to get more umeboshi. 4343"The Terror of Meow"Transliteration: "Nyaon no Kyōfu" (Japanese: ニャオンの恐怖)Mamoru OshiiMamoru OshiiHayao NobeSeptember 22, 1982 (1982-09-22)222 During one of the cats' mating season, Ataru, Lum and Ten meet a beautiful female cat-like humanoid named Misuzu (voiced by Eiko Masuyama) 44193.544"After You've Gone"Transliteration: "Kimi Sarishi Nochi" (Japanese: 君去りし後)Directed by : Junji NishimuraStoryboarded by : Kazuo YamazakiKazunori ItōKazuo YamazakiOctober 13, 1982 (1982-10-13)3011129 Lum's Stormtroopers throw Lum a party, but Ataru spoils it by yelling at Lum and accusing her of ruining his life. Lum leaves for her home planet, and when she doesn't return, Ataru, believing she has gone for good, begins to miss her and tearfully wishes she would return. However, it turns out Lum merely left to renew her passport.Note: Episode 193.5 ("Immediate Farewell Special – Shine!! Planet Uru Awards" ("Urusei Yatsura Owakare Chokuzen Supesharu – Kagayake!! Urusei Taishō", うる星やつらお別れ直前スペシャル — 輝け！！うる星大賞)), originally airing on March 12, 1986, is a repeat of this episode with a special introduction and a best episode countdown before the episode. 4545"Lum-chan's Class Reunion"Transliteration: "Ramu-chan no Kurasu Kai" (Japanese: ラムちゃんのクラス会)Directed by : Tamiko KojimaStoryboarded by : Motosuke TakahashiKazunori ItōAsami EndoOctober 20, 1982 (1982-10-20)302 Lum's friends from outer space plan a surprise class-reunion party for her, but an unaware Lum can't understand why her friends are avoiding her and is hurt. 4646"Those Buy-Eaters Gather Round!"Transliteration: "Kai-Gui Surumono Yottoide!" (Japanese: 買い食いするものよっといで！)Keiji HayakawaKazunori ItōHayao NobeOctober 27, 1982 (1982-10-27)303 Lum, Ataru, Shinobu and the rest of the Tomobiki student body - except for Mendo and his small gang of "good kids" - fight a new school rule which forbids students to leave the campus to eat lunch at fast-food joints. 4747"Terror! The Deserted Fossil Grounds Mystery"Transliteration: "Senritsu! Kaseki no Hekichi no Nazo" (Japanese: 戦りつ！化石のへき地の謎)Directed by : Takashi AnoStoryboarded by : Mitsugu KanzakiKazunori ItōAsami EndoNovember 3, 1982 (1982-11-03)304 Ataru, Lum, Mendo, Shinobu, and Jariten all go on a picnic to a remote part of Japan which has some fossils. A group of archaeologists are also exploring this area and using a lot of fancy tricks to make the exploration seem more dramatic than it is. 4848"Princess Kurama - A New Challenge!"Transliteration: "Kurama Hime - Arata Naru Chōsen!" (Japanese: クラマ姫　新たなる挑戦！)Tamiko KojimaKazunori ItōAsami EndoNovember 10, 1982 (1982-11-10)305 A slumbering Kurama is discovered and re-awakened (much to her ire) by Ataru; upon encountering Mendou, Kurama immediately targets him as an 'eligible' husband despite her technical (as per Tengu law) betrothal to Ataru. 4949"The Terrifying Cavity Wars!"Transliteration: "Kyofu no Mushiba Uōzu!" (Japanese: 恐怖のムシ歯ＷＡＲＳ！)Keiji HayakawaMamoru OshiiHayao NobeNovember 17, 1982 (1982-11-17)306 Ten has gotten cavities. However, these cavities can be cured by biting 10 people and spreading the cavities to others. To relieve himself, he pays Ataru's class a visit. 5050"The Mendo Siblings!"Transliteration: "Za Mendō Kyōdai!" (Japanese: ザ・面堂兄妹！)Directed by : Keiji HayakawaStoryboarded by : Tori NanoKazunori ItōAsami EndoNovember 24, 1982 (1982-11-24)307 Ataru gets to meet Mendō's stunning-yet-manipulative younger sister, Ryōko, who offers him to visit her for a Romeo and Juliet rendezvous, but Mendō and Lum won’t allow it. 5151"A Cat with a Grudge on the Stairs"Transliteration: "Kaidan ni Neko ga Onnen" (Japanese: 階段に猫がおんねん)Directed by : Junji NishimuraStoryboarded by : Kazuo YamazakiKazunori ItōKazuo YamazakiDecember 1, 1982 (1982-12-01)308 After encountering Kotatsu-Neko, the silent, monolithic spirit of a kotatsu-loving cat, in a derelict district of Tomobiki one winter afternoon, Ten shelters the spectre in the Moroboshi household to the result of obstructing the stairway, thereby barricading Ataru upstairs with an amorous Lum and inciting a feud between the Moroboshi parents. 5252"Can a Raccoon Repay a Favor!?"Transliteration: "Tanuki wa Ongaeshi Dekiru ka!?" (Japanese: タヌキは恩返しできるか！？)Directed by : Mamoru OshiiStoryboarded by : Motosuke TakahashiHiroyuki HoshiyamaAsami EndoDecember 8, 1982 (1982-12-08)309 Ataru helps a wounded bird who transforms itself into a raccoon and moves in to repay the service to Ataru. 5353"The Suicide Subspace Parttime Job"Transliteration: "Kesshi no Akūkan Arubaito" (Japanese: 決死の亜空間アルバイト)Keiji HayakawaKazunori ItōHayao NobeDecember 15, 1982 (1982-12-15)310 Ataru finds the perfect part-time job - a washing attendant at a bathhouse - which he excitedly anticipates as being an opportunity to ogle and grope naked women. However, it doesn't turn out the way he expected. 5454"The Big Year-End Party that Lum-chan Organized!"Transliteration: "Ramu-chan Shusai Dai Bō-Nen Kai!" (Japanese: ラムちゃん主催大忘年会！)Keiji HayakawaKazunori ItōAsami EndoDecember 22, 1982 (1982-12-22)311 When Lum plans the class's end-of-year party, Ataru explains that New Year's is when you forget who you are. He's a bit worried she took it a bit literally... Season 2 (1983–84) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byAnimation directed byOriginal air dateProd.code 551"Badboy Musashi - A Success Story"Transliteration: "Damekko Musashi Fū Un Roku" (Japanese: ダメッコ武蔵　風雲録)Directed by : Junji NishimuraStoryboarded by : Tori NanoKazunori ItōHayao NobeJanuary 5, 1983 (1983-01-05)401 The normal cast is again put into an ancient Japanese story with Ataru as a food thief with Onsen-Mark and Cherry as his occasional companions. 562"We'll Risk Our Lives During Classtime!"Transliteration: "Inochi Kake Masu Jugyōchū!" (Japanese: 命かけます授業中！)Directed by : Keiji HayakawaStoryboarded by : Mitsugu KanzakiKazunori ItōAsami EndoJanuary 12, 1983 (1983-01-12)402 After he's pelted by snowballs by Ataru and his friends, Ten plans revenge on Ataru during class after Onsen-Mark threatens the class should any of them make noise. 573"Domestic Quarrel – To Eat or Be Eaten?!"Transliteration: "Fūfugenka - Kū ka Kuwareru ka!?" (Japanese: 夫婦げんか　食うか食われるか！？)Directed by : Junji NishimuraStoryboarded by : Kazuo YamazakiKazunori ItōKazuo YamazakiJanuary 26, 1983 (1983-01-26)403 Lum's mother boots father out of the house, so he comes to stay with Lum. 584"Steal the Kiss of Miss Snow Queen!"Transliteration: "Misu Yuki no Jō Kissu wo Ubae!" (Japanese: ミス雪の女王キッスを奪え！)Keiji HayakawaKazunori ItōYuichi EndoFebruary 2, 1983 (1983-02-02)404 Lum gets Ataru to go on a ski trip with her, but Mendo, Shinobu, and Lum's guards find out and tail along to cause static, Ataru enters a ski contest. Note: This is the last episode to air before the theatrical release of the first film Urusei Yatsura: Only You. 595"St. Valentine Day Horror"Transliteration: "Kyōfu no Sei Barentain Dē" (Japanese: 恐怖の聖バレンタインデー)Directed by : Junji NishimuraStoryboarded by : Motosuke TakahashiKazunori ItōAsami EndoFebruary 16, 1983 (1983-02-16)405 Ten becomes the new Ataru when he mistakenly gets another girl to marry him, but tries to escape so he could see other older women. 606"Love Love Catchball!"Transliteration: "Rabu Rabu Kyacchiboru!" (Japanese: ラブラブキャッチボール！)Keiji HayakawaKazunori ItōYuji MoriyamaFebruary 23, 1983 (1983-02-23)406 Ten orders two special balls called Love-Love Catchballs that supposedly show a person's future love, one for each gender. When Ataru finds the one for guys that show their future wives, things quickly get chaotic. 617"The Mendo Family... Masquerade War"Transliteration: "Mendō Ke... Kamen Butōkai" (Japanese: 面堂家。。。　仮面ぶとう会)Mamoru OshiiKazunori ItōAsami EndoMarch 2, 1983 (1983-03-02)407 Ryoko plans a masquerade "party" (which is actually a tournament of sorts) to get closer to Ataru, but her brother Shutaro is dead-fast against this, hiring all of Ataru's rivals to fight him. 628"Space Cold Panic!"Transliteration: "Uchū Kaze Panikku!" (Japanese: 宇宙かぜパニック！)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Tamiko KojimaKazunori ItōNoboru FuruseMarch 9, 1983 (1983-03-09)408 Lum catches a cold from her father, which soon spreads across the entire male student body at Tomobiki High. 639"Ryunosuke Arrives! I Love the Sea!"Transliteration: "Ryūnosuke Tōjō! Umi ga Suki!!" (Japanese: 竜之介登場！海が好きっ！！)Directed by : Mamoru OshiiStoryboarded by : Motosuke TakahashiKazunori ItōAsami EndoMarch 16, 1983 (1983-03-16)409 After their beach shop is ruined by their fighting due to Ataru and co.'s interference, a father and his "son" Ryunosuke move into Tomobiki High and set up a shop in-school. 6410"Goodbye Season"Transliteration: "Sayonara no Kiseki" (Japanese: さようなら季節)Mamoru OshiiMamoru OshiiYuji MoriyamaMarch 23, 1983 (1983-03-23)410 Ataru talks to Megane one day about handing over a "position", which Shinobu overhears, thinking that he's planning to give up on Lum. Not wanting to lose Mendou, she takes manners into her own hands.. 6511"Ran-chan's Great Date Plan!"Transliteration: "Ran-chan no Dēto Dai Sakusen!" (Japanese: ランちゃんのデート大作戦！)Directed by : Junji NishimuraStoryboarded by : Kazuo YamazakiKeiji HayakawaKazuo YamazakiApril 13, 1983 (1983-04-13)501 Admiring Ran's feminine beauty, Ryunosuke goes out with her in an attempt to become more feminine, but everyone else except Ran (who doesn't know Ryunosuke's true gender and thinks she's going on a date with a guy) thinks this means she's interested in girls when she claims she has no interest in boys. Lum and Ataru decide to intervene with Ran and Ryunosuke's "date". 6612"Happy Birthday My Darling"Transliteration: "Happi Bāsudē Mai Dārin" (Japanese: はっぴいバースデーマイダーリン)Directed by : Norio KashimaStoryboarded by : Tamiko KojimaKazunori ItōAsami EndoApril 20, 1983 (1983-04-20)502 When Ataru flips out over Lum for forgetting his upcoming birthday, she goes absent from school for days and only comes home late at night. This causes both Ataru and Lum to become upset, as well as separately confine in Miss Sakura. 6713"Seeing Togenkyo as a Hell Camp!"Transliteration: "Jigoku no Kyanpu ni Tōgenkyō wo Mita!" (Japanese: 地獄のキャンプに桃源郷を見た！)Directed by : Junji NishimuraStoryboarded by : Mitsugu KanzakiKazunori ItōAkemi TakadaApril 27, 1983 (1983-04-27)503 After enduring Lum's ultra-spicy dinner on a camping trip, Ataru, Mendou, Megane, and Perm head off to find food (with Lum and Ten not far behind). They eventually end up fighting against the Evil Peach after they're tipped off by Cherry of a village that produces giant peaches, wanting to save a beautiful girl from being sacrificed. 6814"The Muco Flower's Name is Ryunosuke"Transliteration: "Hana Muko no Na wa Ryūnosuke" (Japanese: 花ムコの名は竜之介)Directed by : Mamoru OshiiStoryboarded by : Takashi AnoKazunori ItōToshiki HiranoMay 11, 1983 (1983-05-11)504 Ataru is changed into a girl by Kurama's tengu henchmen after they try to use a cannon to change Ryunosuke into a man for their princess. 6915"Bottled Letter Seashore Mystery!"Transliteration: "Binzume Retā Umibe no Kai!" (Japanese: ビンづめレター海辺の怪！)Junji NishimuraKazunori ItōKazuo YamazakiMay 25, 1983 (1983-05-25)505 After Ataru, Ten, and Mendo fall for a beautiful woman's love letters - which end up luring them (along with Lum and Shinobu) to the inn she works in - they stay at a creepy inn, where the residents quite literally want them for dinner. 7016"Dramatic Appearance! Mizunokoji Ton-chan!!"Transliteration: "Gekiretsu Tōjō! Mizunokōji Ton-chan!!" (Japanese: 激烈登場！水乃小路トンちゃん！！)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Motosuke TakahashiHiroyuki HoshiyamaAsami EndoJune 1, 1983 (1983-06-01)506 Mendo's rival Tobimaro Mizunokoji returns, and the two decide to settle their baseball rivalry once and for all. 7117"Shinobu's Cinderella Story"Transliteration: "Shinobu no Shinderera Sutōrī" (Japanese: しのぶのシンデレラストーリー)Directed by : Junji NishimuraStoryboarded by : Mamoru OshiiKazunori ItōAsami EndoJune 8, 1983 (1983-06-08)507 Shinobu gets involved with the rich Kobayakawa family's youngest son, the adopted Makoto, whose father recently died. But his older siblings want to bump him off so that they don't have to share their late father's wealth with him. 7218"Lum-chan the Ruthless Rebel"Transliteration: "Ramu-chan no Riyūnaki Hankō" (Japanese: ラムちゃんの理由なき反抗)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Tamiko KojimaKazunori ItōAsami EndoJune 15, 1983 (1983-06-15)508 Ataru is the producer/director of a film for school. At first it only involves him, Lum, and the Stormtroopers, but it soon involves most of the student body after Ataru gets funding by Mendo. 7319"Big Showdown! Sakura vs Sakuranbo!!"Transliteration: "Dai Shōbu! Sakura tai Sakuranbō!!" (Japanese: 大勝負！サクラｖｓ錯乱坊！！)Junji NishimuraKazunori ItōTakafumi HayashiJune 22, 1983 (1983-06-22)509 Ataru and Lum are left home alone when his parents leave for three days, and Lum locks Ataru inside of his own house. When a botched-up meal causes planes and tanks to appear instead of food, it attracts the attention of Sakura and Sakuranbo, who try to fight them off, but end up fighting against each other's summoned creatures instead. 7420"Ghost Story! Old Man Willow!!"Transliteration: "Kai Dan! Yanagi no Oji Ji!!" (Japanese: 怪談！柳のオジジ！！)Naoyuki YoshinagaHiroyuki HoshiyamaAsami EndoJune 29, 1983 (1983-06-29)510 Onsen-Mark tells the class a story of a cursed willow tree, which Ataru finds a load of fluff and ends up releasing an old man after Mendou after he carved his company's symbol with a knife on said tree. The old man drops a map to a possible treasure, while Mendou plans to see him at midnight to settle a score regarding the mockery of his company logo Ataru carved on the back of his robe. Meanwhile, Onsen-Mark is forced to do guard duty across the school by himself at night. 7521"And Then There was Nobody!?"Transliteration: "Soshite Dare mo Inakunattaccha!?" (Japanese: そして誰もいなくなったっちゃ！？)Directed by : Junji NishimuraStoryboarded by : Kazuo YamazakiKazunori ItōKazuo YamazakiJuly 6, 1983 (1983-07-06)511 In this take of the novel And Then There Were None, Ataru, Lum, Shinobu, Mendo, Onsen-Mark, Sakura, Cherry, and the Stormtroopers have a stay at a mansion, where they are slowly picked off one by one in a manner similar to the nursery rhyme Cock Robin. 7622"Firefighter Mama Visits!"Transliteration: "Hikeshi Mama Sanjō!" (Japanese: 火消しママ参上！)Mamoru OshiiHiroyuki HoshiyamaYuji MoriyamaJuly 13, 1983 (1983-07-13)512 Ten's mother, a firefighter, comes to visit her son on Earth. Ten must keep his fire-breathing a secret from his mother as she hates pyromaniacs and will send all those who are to Hell. Unfortunately for him, Ataru - taking full advantage of Ten's mother's position - isn't going to make it easy on him. 7723"Darling's Dying!?"Transliteration: "Dārin ga Shinjau!?" (Japanese: ダーリンが死んじゃう！？)Directed by : Mamoru OshiiStoryboarded by : Makoto MorikawaKazunori ItōAsami EndoJuly 20, 1983 (1983-07-20)513 When Ataru gets poisoned by one of Ran's cupcakes, Lum rushes into a magical world to find an antidote for him before he dies. 7824"Pitiful! Mother of Love and Banishment!?"Transliteration: "Mijime! Ai to Sasurai no Haha!?" (Japanese: みじめ！愛とさすらいの母！？)Junji NishimuraMamoru OshiiKazuo YamazakiJuly 27, 1983 (1983-07-27)601 An accident at the mall causes Ataru's mother to become unconscious. During this time she begins to have nightmares. 7925"Mendo Family - Summer Christmas"Transliteration: "Mendō Ke - Samā Kurisumasu" (Japanese: 面堂家　サマークリスマス)Directed by : Osamu UemuraStoryboarded by : Mamoru OshiiHiro IwasakiTakafumi HayashiAugust 3, 1983 (1983-08-03)602 Ryoko holds a "Summer Xmas" party, where everyone must come in male-female pairs. And the main attraction is a gigantic Christmas tree, which they must climb in order to get to the dance floor above. The male winner will receive a kiss from Ryoko, and the female Mendou. 8026"Panic in the Haunted Inn"Transliteration: "Panikku in Yūrei Minshuku" (Japanese: パニックイン幽霊民宿)Directed by : Junji NishimuraStoryboarded by : Tameo KohanawaHiroshi KonishikawaKazuo YamazakiAugust 10, 1983 (1983-08-10)603 Ataru, Lum, Mendo, and Shinobu stay at an inn and meet Otama, a scaredy-cat ghost who tries (and fails) to out-scare an old couple each year around the summer. But the old couple are far scarier than she is (though not on purpose). 8127"Ah The Eyelid of Mother"Transliteration: "Ā Mabuta no Haha" (Japanese: ああまぶたの母)Directed by : Osamu UemuraStoryboarded by : Mamoru OshiiKazunori ItōYuji MoriyamaAugust 17, 1983 (1983-08-17)604 Ryunosuke tries to recall what her mother was like, and her father doesn't help her at all in this endeavor. Note: Another new eyecatch featuring Lum and Ataru is introduced this episode. 8228"Full of Sunshine - Full of Amours"Transliteration: "Taiyō ga Ippai - Uwaki ga Ippai" (Japanese: 太陽がいっぱい　浮気がいっぱい)Directed by : Junji NishimuraStoryboarded by : Tameo KohanawaKazunori ItōKatsuhiko Nishijima & Asami EndoAugust 24, 1983 (1983-08-24)605 Thanks to Ten's Core technology, he, Ataru, and Mendo make three Sakura sand dolls come to life. Frustrated, Lum goes out with another guy to make Ataru jealous. 8329"Big Clash! Ten VS Ataru"Transliteration: "Dai Gekitotsu! Ten TAI Ataru" (Japanese: 大激突！テンＶＳあたる)Directed by : Osamu UemuraStoryboarded by : Mamoru OshiiMamoru OshiiTakafumi HayashiSeptember 7, 1983 (1983-09-07)606 Tired of being defeated recently by Ataru, Ten goes into training with the help of Cherry and Lum to defeat his arch-nemesis. 8430"Terror! Tororo has Come to Attack!!"Transliteration: "Kyōfu! Tororo ga Semete Kuru!!" (Japanese: 恐怖！トロロが攻めてくる！！)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Motosuke TakahashiKazunori ItōMotosuke TakahashiSeptember 14, 1983 (1983-09-14)607 In a spoof of Matango, during a holiday at Mendo's family's mountain lodge, Lum, Shinobu, Ataru and Mendou are attacked by crazed Tororo yam filling (torojiru). 8531"Galactic Teacher CAO-2's Revenge"Transliteration: "Wakusei Kyōshi Shī Ei O-Tsū no Fukushū" (Japanese: 惑星教師ＣＡＯ－２の復讐)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Tori NanoKazunori ItōToshiki HiranoSeptember 21, 1983 (1983-09-21)608 Lum, Ran, Benten, and Oyuki find out that their old teacher, a giant, robot chalkboard eraser named CAO-2, has come to Earth after being trapped on a deserted planet for years. And the former three are not pleased with the news. 8632"Outraged! Piteous Kid Shutaro!!"Transliteration: "Gyakujō! Mijime Ko Shūtarō!!" (Japanese: 逆上！みじめっ子終太郎！！)Directed by : Toshiyuki SakuraiStoryboarded by : Tamiko KojimaKazunori ItōYuji MoriyamaOctober 12, 1983 (1983-10-12)609 Ataru, Lum, Shinobu, Mendo, and Ryunosuke go back in time to when Mendou was an obnoxious, violent kid to cure him of both his nyctophobia and claustrophobia. 8733"Grand! The Mysterious Matsutake Pot!!"Transliteration: "Sōzetsu! Nazo no Matsutake Nabe!!" (Japanese: 壮絶！謎のまつたけなべ！！)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Motosuke TakahashiKazunori ItōTakafumi HayashiOctober 26, 1983 (1983-10-26)610 A batch of matsutake mushrooms from Cherry turn the Tomobiki High student body and staff alike (except Lum and Cherry himself) into a bunch of high weirdos desperate for entertainment. 8834"Enraged Lum-chan!"Transliteration: "Ikari no Ramu-chan!" (Japanese: 怒りのラムちゃん！)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Motosuke TakahashiKazunori ItōMotosuke TakahashiNovember 2, 1983 (1983-11-02)611 After Ten burns Lum's scarf she made especially for Ataru, he's forced to do something he's never really done before - apologize. And Ataru is making sure to drag this out as much as possible, even convincing Lum to get angry at him. 8935"Lum and Ataru – A Night only for Two"Transliteration: "Ramu to Ataru - Futari Dake no Yoru" (Japanese: ラムとあたる・二人だけの夜)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Tamiko KojimaKazunori ItōNoboru FuruseNovember 9, 1983 (1983-11-09)612 Ataru's parents head away for an overnight trip to Atami, leaving Lum and Ataru in the house together. Ataru dreads the prospect of a Lum-cooked dinner, while a horrified Mendo and Lum's Stormtroopers storm the Moroboshi home to protect Lum from Ataru. Ataru tries to kiss her at the last moment, but as a precaution, puts an armor that prevents electricity, in the last frames...he begins to cry. 9036"Lady Ryunosuke!"Transliteration: "Redī Ryūnosuke!" (Japanese: レディー竜之介！)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Mamoru OshiiKazunori ItōToshiki HiranoNovember 23, 1983 (1983-11-23)613 Onsen-Mark is given the task of making "a woman" out of Ryunosuke. 9137"Document - Who Will Be Miss Tomobiki!?"Transliteration: "Dokyumento - Misu Tomobiki wa Dare da?" (Japanese: ドキュメント・ミス友引は誰だ！？)Directed by : Takashi AnoStoryboarded by : Motosuke TakahashiKazunori ItōMotosuke TakahashiNovember 30, 1983 (1983-11-30)614 A contest is held in Tomobiki for Miss Tomobiki, with a reward of 150,000 yen for the winner. Candidates include Lum, Shinobu, Ran, Sakura, and Ryunosuke. 9238"Bizarre! The Medicine of Selflessness!!"Transliteration: "Kikai! Muga no Myōyaku!!" (Japanese: 奇怪！無我の妙薬！！)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Keiji HayakawaKeiji HayakawaTakeshi ÔsakaDecember 7, 1983 (1983-12-07)615 Ataru has a literal out-of-body experience when he eats a strange potion shaped like a fish cookie from Cherry. 9339"Shutaro - Jinxed Morning"Transliteration: "Shūtarō - Fukō no Asa" (Japanese: 終太郎・不幸の朝)Directed by : Mamoru Oshii, Keiji Hayakawa, Osamu Sekita & Tamiko KojimaStoryboarded by : Tameo Kohanawa, Masuji Harada & Tamiko KojimaYū Yamamoto, Hiroyuki Hoshiyama, Akira Nakahara & Masaki TsujiAsami Endo, Hayao Nobe & Noboru FuruseDecember 14, 1983 (1983-12-14)616 Mendo talks to Sakuranbo about Ataru's possible weaknesses in this clip show episode. 9440"The Story of a Traveling Snow Dharma"Transliteration: "Tabi no Yuki Daruma Jōwa" (Japanese: 旅の雪ダルマ情話)Osamu UemuraTakashi AnoTakafumi HayashiDecember 21, 1983 (1983-12-21)617 After saving its life three times from Ten's antics, a snowman spirit awards Ataru with a late night dinner, taking the form of a cute pink-haired girl that only he can see. 9541"Lum-chan's Ancient Japanese Fairytales"Transliteration: "Ramu-chan no Nihon Mukashi Banashi" (Japanese: ラムちゃんの日本昔話)Directed by : Tetsurō AminoStoryboarded by : Keiji HayakawaKeiji HayakawaTakeshi ÔsakaJanuary 11, 1984 (1984-01-11)618 Cherry tells Ten a fairytale that's basically a giant mishmash of Japanese children's stories, featuring Ataru and Lum as an old couple and Ten as their "son". 9642"Shine! The Blessed Bra!!"Transliteration: "Kagayake! Akogare no Bura!!" (Japanese: かがやけ！あこがれのブラ！！)Directed by : Iku SuzukiStoryboarded by : Tamiko KojimaMichiru ShimadaNoboru FuruseJanuary 18, 1984 (1984-01-18)701 Ryunosuke is blackmailed into going on a date with Shinobu to obtain a bra, which she's always wanted to wear. 9743"Duel! Benten VS the Three Daughters"Transliteration: "Kettō! Benten TAI Sannin Musume!!" (Japanese: 決斗！弁天ＶＳ三人娘！！)Osamu UemuraKazunori ItōTakeshi ÔsakaJanuary 25, 1984 (1984-01-25)702 A trio of middle-school space girls steal Benten's chain and then challenge her, Lum, and Oyuki to fight them. 9844"Lum-chan is Full!"Transliteration: "Ramu-chan ga Ippai!" (Japanese: ラムちゃんがいっぱい！)Directed by : Tetsurō AminoStoryboarded by : Keiji HayakawaMinoru ShinbayashiTakeshi ÔsakaFebruary 1, 1984 (1984-02-01)703 Ran tries to clone Lum to get revenge on her, but it doesn't work quite as planned. 9945"Deadly! Standup Eating Wars!!"Transliteration: "Hissatsu! Tachi Gui Uōzu!!" (Japanese: 必殺！立ち食いウォーズ！！)Iku SuzukiKazunori ItōNoboru FuruseFebruary 8, 1984 (1984-02-08)704 Megane deals with a tough, fast-eating "fast-food costumer dragon" named Ryuu at the noodle shop he works at, who criticizes others' inferior foods and eats for free if not satisfied. But soon other fast-food fighters start hitting the scene in Tomobiki, and Megane only worries even more. Turns out that Mendou, who's thinking of opening a supermarket in town in an attempt to bankrupt the small-time family restaurants, is the cause of this, starting a contest between Ataru and co. and the fast-food fighters to determine if Tomobiki gets the supermarket. Note: This is the last episode to air before the theatrical release of the second film Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer. 10046"Great Vault! Courageous Survival!!"Transliteration: "Dai Kinko! Kesshi no Sabaibaru!!" (Japanese: 大金庫！決死のサバイバル！！)Directed by : Osamu UemuraStoryboarded by : Takashi AnoTakashi AnoNoboru FuruseFebruary 15, 1984 (1984-02-15)705 Ataru and Mendou get locked in the latter's giant safe, where they slowly go mad when the place starts flooding and they try to out-survive each other. NOTE: This is the only episode which doesn't contain Lum throughout. 10147"Operation - Peek in the Woman's Bath"Transliteration: "Maruhi Sakusen - Onnayu wo Nozoke!" (Japanese: ㊙作戦・女湯をのぞけ！)Directed by : Iku SuzukiStoryboarded by : Motosuke TakahashiKazunori ItōMotosuke TakahashiFebruary 22, 1984 (1984-02-22)706 Ataru takes a bath at an old-fashioned sento (along with Cherry), where he tries to peek on the girls' side, where Lum, Shinobu, Sakura, Ran, Ryoko, Ryunosuke, Benten, and Oyuki are having a private party. But soon the Stormtroopers and even Mendo find out about Ataru's plan. 10248"Sakura - Melancholy of a Youth Time"Transliteration: "Sakura - Aishū no Yōnen Ki" (Japanese: サクラ・哀愁の幼年期)Directed by : Tetsurō AminoStoryboarded by : Tamiko KojimaTamiko KojimaTakeshi ÔsakaFebruary 29, 1984 (1984-02-29)707 Sakura literally re-meets her childhood when Cherry slips her a pill that makes her childhood self appear, who wants to play. But everyone else thinks it's her illegitimate child. 10349"Burning Ran's Emotional Video Mail"Transliteration: "Moeyo Ran Ikari no Bideo Mēru" (Japanese: 燃えよラン怒りのビデオメール)Directed by : Osamu Uemura, Mamoru Oshii, Keiji Hayakawa, Kazuo Yamazaki & Tamiko KojimaStoryboarded by : Osamu Uemura, Kazuo Yamazaki & Motosuke TakahashiKazunori Itō, Yū Yamamoto & Tadashi FukuiNoboru Furuse, Kazuo Yamazaki, Asami Endo & Hayao NobeMarch 7, 1984 (1984-03-07)708 Ran gets video tapes "highlighting" her unhappy childhood, as well as previous episodes' events, via clips. NOTE: Ran is the only character who appears in new animation. 10450"Sakura-san is My Youth!"Transliteration: "Waga Seishun no Sakura-san!" (Japanese: わが青春のサクラさん！)Directed by : Mamoru Oshii, Keiji Hayakawa, Tamiko Kojima, Junji Nishimura, Osamu Uemura & Takashi AnoStoryboarded by : Mamoru Oshii, Keiji Hayakawa, Mizuho Nishikubo, Tamiko Kojima, Motosuke Takahashi, Mitsugu Kanzaki & Kazuo YamazakiKazunori Itō, Yū Yamamoto, Takao Koyama, Hiroyuki Hoshiyama, Tadashi Fukui & Mamoru OshiiHayao Nobe, Asami Endo, Yuji Yatabe, Kazuo Yamazaki, Takafumi Hayashi & Motosuke TakahashiMarch 14, 1984 (1984-03-14)709 Ataru recounts how he met Sakura, and how she ended up as the school nurse of his school. This is intermixed with clips from previous episodes. 10551"Scramble! Recapture Lum!!"Transliteration: "Sukuranburu! Ramu wo Dakkai se yo!!" (Japanese: スクランブル！ラムを奪回せよ！！)Osamu UemuraKazunori ItōNoboru FuruseMarch 21, 1984 (1984-03-21)710 Ataru and Lum get into an argument, with Lum going to her UFO to sleep that night. But in her sleep it crashes on Mendou's property, with Lum losing her memory in the process. Mendou, disgusted by Ataru's lack of sympathy about Lum's missing, informs Ataru that she's on his property. He also tells him that if he wants her back, he'll have to go on his property and deal with him and his army. After some nudging by Lum's Stormtroopers, Ataru works together with them to save her. 10652"Deathmatch! Ataru VS Mendo Brigade!!"Transliteration: "Shitō! Ataru TAI Mendō Gundan!!" (Japanese: 死闘！あたるＶＳ面堂軍団！！)Directed by : Mamoru Oshii & Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Yuji MoriyamaKazunori ItōYuji MoriyamaMarch 28, 1984 (1984-03-28)711 Continuing from "Scramble! Recapture Lum!!", despite their best efforts, all of Lum's Stroomtroopers except Megane have been kidnapped. Ataru is saved from captivity by Mendou's little sister Ryoko, who gives him supplies and even a motorcycle to save Lum with. Season 3 (1984–85) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byAnimation directed byOriginal air dateProd.code 1071"Different Dimension Switch - Where is Darling!?"Transliteration: "I Jigen Kūkan - Dārin wa Doko Datcha!?" (Japanese: 異次元空間　ダーリンはどこだっちゃ！？)Kazuo YamazakiYumi AsanoYuji MoriyamaApril 11, 1984 (1984-04-11)801 During Hanami, Ataru snaps a tree branch and somehow causes a rip in dimensions, sending Lum to a parallel world. Here Ataru lost the game of tag in the first episode, his family living in poverty. And he refuses to talk to Lum because he is upset that she ruined his life, as well as his parents'. Lum hops dimensions in hopes of finding the real Ataru. 1082"Clash!! Queen Majesty and Ragaman's Love"Transliteration: "Gekitotsu!! Jō Heika to Ai no Ragāman" (Japanese: 激突！！女王陛下と愛のラガーマン)Junji NishimuraKeiko MaruoMasami AbeApril 25, 1984 (1984-04-25)802 Ryunosuke loses the cloth that wraps up her breasts, but decides to not buy a new wrap when she's finally treated like a girl by everyone around her. But when it comes time to play rugby at gym class, the boys are more interested in Ryunosuke's large chest than they are in playing the actual game. At the same time, an evil space queen and her all-male henchmen are plotting to overtake Earth, their ship the size (and shape) of a rugby ball. 1093"Ran-chan - First Kiss Tastes Tears of Love"Transliteration: "Ran-chan - Hatsu Kissu Namida no Koi no Aji" (Japanese: ランちゃん・初キッス涙涙の恋の味)Naoyuki YoshinagaYoshiyuki SugaSetsuko ShibuichiMay 2, 1984 (1984-05-02)803 Ran tries to win Rei's heart literally through his stomach. And while she doesn't succeed, she does manage to get an indirect kiss from him when he licks bean paste from her face. Lum is happy to see Rei and Ran paired up, ecstatic at the idea that Ran will no longer bother her. Or is she...? 1104"Un-re-mov-ab-le Rouge Magic"Transliteration: "Ki-e-na-i Rūju Majikku" (Japanese: き・え・な・いルージュマジック)Iku SuzukiMichiru ShimadaTakafumi HayashiMay 9, 1984 (1984-05-09)804 Lum is sad that she's never kissed Ataru, so she invents a lipstick that makes whoever wears it to kiss anyone else who's also wearing it. 1115"Deathmatch!! The Mendo Family Flower Display Death Match"Transliteration: "Shitō!! Mendō Ka Hana Mi Desu Matchi" (Japanese: 死闘！！面堂家花見デスマッチ)Directed by : Junji NishimuraStoryboarded by : Motosuke TakahashiYumi AsanoTakafumi HayashiMay 16, 1984 (1984-05-16)805 A mysterious monster is causing strange events in town. Mendo figures out what the monster is when all of his octopuses are turned to heptapuses. 1126"Benten & Ryunosuke - Run Toward Tomorrow!"Transliteration: "Benten ando Ryūnosuke - Asu ni Mukatte Hashire!" (Japanese: 弁天＆竜之介　明日に向って走れ！)Kazuo YamazakiKeiko MaruoMasami AbeMay 23, 1984 (1984-05-23)806 Benten drops in to Tomobiki High, making friends with Ryunosuke, leading to crime-fighting, kitten-saving adventures. 1137"Great Horrors! Oyuki is Finally Angered!!"Transliteration: "Dai Kyōfu! Oyuki Tsui ni Okoru!!" (Japanese: 大恐怖！おユキついに怒る！！)Junji NishimuraYoshiyuki SugaYuji MoriyamaMay 30, 1984 (1984-05-30)807 Ran upsets Oyuki and relives a traumatizing childhood experience with an angry Oyuki. The song "Magical Mystery Tour" by The Beatles seems to be featured as well. NOTE: This is the only episode which doesn't contain Ataru throughout. 1148"Ten-chan's Strange Love Story"Transliteration: "Ten-chan no Fushigi na Koi no Monogatari" (Japanese: テンちゃんの不思議な恋の物語)Naoyuki YoshinagaToshiki InoueYuichi EndoJune 6, 1984 (1984-06-06)808 Ten meets a lovely little girl, only to find their time together is all too brief. Also in this episode: sumo wrestling and puppies. 1159"Haunted Special! Search for Mendo Mansion's Treasure!!"Transliteration: "Makyō supesharu! Mendō Tei no Zaihō wo Sagase!!" (Japanese: 魔境スペシャル！面堂邸の財宝を探せ！！)Iku SuzukiKeiko MaruoTakafumi HayashiJune 13, 1984 (1984-06-13)809 Mendo's elderly grandfather requests Shutaro find the secret family treasure. Unfortunately for Shutaro, his classmates decide to join. Unfortunately for his classmates, is it hidden in the extensive Mendo Estate. 11610"Love and War! Battle of Glove VS Pants!!"Transliteration: "Ai to Tōkon! Gurōbu TAI Pantsu no Kettō!!" (Japanese: 愛と闘魂！グローブＶＳパンツの決闘！！)Yumiko SudaYoshiyuki SugaKyoko KatoJune 20, 1984 (1984-06-20)810 Possessed accessories bring three of our heroes to a spiritual fight to the... nap time. 11711"Lum-chan's Becoming a Cow?"Transliteration: "Ramu-chan ushi ni naru!?" (Japanese: ラムちゃん牛になる！？)Directed by : Iku SuzukiStoryboarded by : Tamiko KojimaToshiki InoueSetsuko ShibuichiJune 27, 1984 (1984-06-27)811 Lum and Ataru are both bitten by a cow in a pet shop. Shortly afterward, Lum's horns begin to grow and resemble a cow's horns, and a horrified Lum believes she is turning into a cow. 11812"Great Achievement! This is Lum-chan's Youth Film"Transliteration: "Dōdō Kansei! Kore ga Ramu-chan no Seishun Eiga" (Japanese: 堂々完成！これがラムちゃんの青春映画)Junji NishimuraYumi Asano & Yoshiyuki SugaYuichi EndoJuly 11, 1984 (1984-07-11)812 Megane convinces everyone to help him make a film starring Lum. 11913"Scaring Ghosts! Pretty Sakura's Oharai!!"Transliteration: "Yōkai Taisan! Adesugata Sakura no Oharai!!" (Japanese: 妖怪退散！艶姿サクラのおはらい！！)Naoyuki YoshinagaTokio TsuchiyaYuji MoriyamaJuly 18, 1984 (1984-07-18)813 Sakura's wand needs a recharge, leaving an opening for all the ghosties! 12014"Counterattack of the Primeval Animals! Panic at the Poolside"Transliteration: "Gensei Dōbutsu no Gyakushū! Pūrusaido wa Ōsawagi" (Japanese: 原生動物の逆襲！プールサイドは大騒ぎ)Iku SuzukiToshiki InoueTakafumi HayashiJuly 25, 1984 (1984-07-25)814 Ten gets a lesson once again about Oni candy and Earthlings while Ataru and Mendou's relationship develops to new levels. 12115"Appeared Again! Hunter of Love Princess Kurama"Transliteration: "Matamata Tōjō! Ai no Kariudo Kurama Hime" (Japanese: またまた登場！愛の狩人クラマ姫)Mamoru HamatsuShigeru YanagawaTsukasa DokiteAugust 1, 1984 (1984-08-01)815 Kurama returns to find her mate. Instead she meets her match. 12216"The Fox's Hard Feelings of Painful Love..."Transliteration: "Kitsune no Kata Omoi Koisuredo Setsunaku..." (Japanese: キツネのかた想い恋すれどせつなく…)Kazuo YamazakiMichiru ShimadaYuichi EndoAugust 15, 1984 (1984-08-15)816 How can little Kitsune repay Shinobu's good deed? 12317"Ryunosuke Stunned! My Young Child Loves Rock Mother!!"Transliteration: "Ryūnosuke Bōzen! Waga Ko Koishi ya Ganseki no Haha!!" (Japanese: 竜之介ボー然！わが子恋しや岩石の母！！)Junji NishimuraHirohisa SodaTakafumi HayashiAugust 22, 1984 (1984-08-22)817 A beach town frantically searches for the food-thieving goblin as Ryunosuke is once again plagued by her past... and her dramatic father. 12418"Thriller! Curra~n Collo~n Womens Dorm!!"Transliteration: "Kaidan! Kara~n Koro~n Joshi Ryō!!" (Japanese: 怪談！カラ〜ンコロ〜ン女子寮！！)Iku SuzukiKeiko MaruoYuji MoriyamaAugust 29, 1984 (1984-08-29)818 Ataru's ghost story becomes all too real when no matter how hard Lum tries to stop it. 12519"Pool Spooks! Burning with Forbidden Love!!"Transliteration: "Pūru Yōkai! Yurusarenu Koi ni Moete!!" (Japanese: プール妖怪！許されぬ恋に燃えて！！)Tomokazu KougoTokio TsuchiyaKyoko KatoSeptember 12, 1984 (1984-09-12)819 The gang helps Pochi rescue his beloved blowfish from the sharky kidnapper. 12620"Ran-chan Panic: There is No Tomorrow for Tomobiki Town"Transliteration: "Ran-chan Panikku: Tomobiki Machi ni Ashita wa Nai" (Japanese: ランちゃんパニック　友引町に明日はない)Directed by : Iku SuzukiStoryboarded by : Motosuke TakahashiYumi AsanoNaoko YamamotoSeptember 19, 1984 (1984-09-19)820 Ran's lost konpeito-like supernova fragment causes quite a ruckus for Tomobiki High. The song The Fool on the Hill by The Beatles seems to be featured as well. 12721"Where is Love's Room? Kuriko and Chojuro"Transliteration: "Ai no Sumika wa Izuko? Kuriko to Chōjūrō" (Japanese: 愛のすみかはいずこ？栗子と長十郎)Naoyuki YoshinagaShigeru YanagawaYuichi EndoSeptember 26, 1984 (1984-09-26)821 Pear-consciousness brings everyone in class closer to Ataru. 12822"Man or Bird? Gokakenran Ally of Justice!"Transliteration: "Hito ka Tori ka? Gōkakenran Seigi no Mikata!" (Japanese: 人か鳥か？豪華けんらん正義の味方！)Junji NishimuraToshiki InoueTakafumi HayashiOctober 17, 1984 (1984-10-17)901 Ten learns the difficulties of being the righteousness of the universe when he gets powers from a salary-man superhero, whom Ran and Lum have a grudge against. Note: Another new eyecatch is introduced in this episode. 12923"Attack the Seniors! Revenge of the Knowing Three Daughters"Transliteration: "Senpai wo Yattsukero! Gozonji Sannin Musume no Gyakushū" (Japanese: 先輩をやっつけろ！ご存知三人娘の逆襲)Norio KashimaTokio TsuchiyaTsukasa DokiteOctober 24, 1984 (1984-10-24)902 The Planet Middle School Girl Gang is back to get revenge on Lum. However, she's too distracted by Ataru's proposition; if she can go three days without shocking him, he'll go on a date with her. 13024"Blazing Hidden Trick! This Straight Line Road"Transliteration: "Moe yo Kakushi Gei! Kono Michi Itchoku Sen" (Japanese: 燃えよかくし芸！この道一直線)Yumiko SudaHirohisa SodaKyoko KatoOctober 31, 1984 (1984-10-31)903 Lum finds an alien way to motivate everyone to do their best at the talent show. 13125"Don't Die! Ryoko's Special Straw Doll!!"Transliteration: "Shindara Akan! Ryōko no Tokusei Wara Ningyō!!" (Japanese: 死んだらあかん！了子の特製ワラ人形！！)Directed by : Naoyuki YoshinagaStoryboarded by : Kazuo YamazakiToshiki InoueYuichi EndoNovember 7, 1984 (1984-11-07)904 Ryoko harnesses the power of voodoo and gives Ataru a voodoo doll effigy of her brother Shutaro, who unintentionally hurts him without realizing it. Shutaro now must do everything to prevent Ataru from finding out that the voodoo doll is of him, while trying to avoid himself in the process. 13226"Matchmaking Hell! Is the Armored Daughter a Beauty? Beast?"Transliteration: "Omiai Jigoku! Yoroi Musume wa Bijo? Kaijo?" (Japanese: お見合地獄！ヨロイ娘は美女？怪女？)Iku SuzukiShigeru YanagawaTsukasa DokiteNovember 14, 1984 (1984-11-14)905 Shutaro is forced into an arranged marriage with the heavily armored Asuka Mizunokoji of the Mizunokoji clan, who've been mortal enemies with the Mendou clan for generations. While Shutaro wants nothing to do with Asuka, Ataru (of course) wants this armored girl for himself. A girl who, apparently, has never met a man before, much less one outside of her armor. At episode's end her armor is removed via Lum shocking her with Ataru clinging to her, revealing her true appearance. Cherry, breaking the fourth wall as he tells the audience to turn in next time for the conclusion. 13327"Love of the Armored Daughter! Maiden Heart is Shaky Wobbling"Transliteration: "Yoroi Musume no Koi! Otome Kokoro wa Guragura Yurete" (Japanese: ヨロイ娘の恋！乙女心はグラグラゆれて)Directed by : Iku SuzukiStoryboarded by : Yuji MoriyamaShigeru YanagawaYuji MoriyamaNovember 21, 1984 (1984-11-21)906 Continuing from "Matchmaking Hell! Is the Armored Daughter a Beauty? Beast?", Asuka's armor now gone, and runs away from Ataru, Shutaro, and even her own brother Tobimaro. It's also revealed why Asuka is in the armor; no male from the Mizunokoji clan is allowed to see their daughter until she turns 15. Shutaro, initially against the idea of the arranged marriage, is now all for it when he hears from Ataru that Asuka is cute, despite her being scary powerful due to 15 years in armor. Ryoko, however, plans to put a stop to the arranged marriage with a giant army and later an armored suit. The marriage is soon after called off. 13428"Meeting Even in Death! Pure Fox Returns!!"Transliteration: "Shinuhodo Aitakute! Junjō Kitsune Futatabi!!" (Japanese: 死ぬほど会いたくて！純情キツネ再び！！)Naoyuki YoshinagaMichiru ShimadaYuichi EndoNovember 28, 1984 (1984-11-28)907 Inspired by a movie about a fox using a spell to turn a human girl he loves into a fox like himself for one night, Kitsune looks for Shinobu to find his missing gingko nuts, which he wants her to eat under a full moon to do the same. Ataru and Lum help them. Kitsune eventually finds them, turning Lum, Ataru, Cherry, Shinobu, and Kotatsu-Neko all into foxes, as well as many of the people in town partially into foxes as well. A half-fox Shinbou and Kitsune dance together under the full moon, happy together. 13529"What Do I Care for Talking Flowers!"Transliteration: "Oshaberi Hana Nanka dō wa Ikkirai!" (Japanese: おしゃべり花なんかどうわいっきらい！)Junji NishimuraYumi AsanoTakafumi HayashiDecember 5, 1984 (1984-12-05)908 Ran and Lum learn a valuable lesson about spreading rumors after Ran's talking flowers (named Ryuugenvillias) spread rumors about them to the entire town, soon affecting/hurting everyone's lives. (Aside from Ataru, oddly enough, who is mostly unaffected due to one growing on his head and Shinobu, one grows on her shoulder until their weakness is the wind, which blows the petals away.) 13630"The Birth of Ten-chan's Son!? I Dunno"Transliteration: "Ten-chan no Musuko Tanjō!? Wai wa Shirando" (Japanese: テンちゃんの息子誕生！？わいは知らんど)Tomokazu KougoTokio TsuchiyaKyoko KatoDecember 12, 1984 (1984-12-12)909 An accident causes an egg to be attached to Ten's body. The egg hatches and reveals a strange bee-like creature who proceeds to harass Ten constantly, claiming Ten is his father. 13731"Lum's Courageous Duel! Victory is a Nitpicky Hand"Transliteration: "Ramu no Yūkiaru Kettō! Shōri wa Sekoi Te de" (Japanese: ラムの勇気ある決闘！勝利はせこい手で)Iku SuzukiShigeru YanagawaYuichi EndoDecember 19, 1984 (1984-12-19)910 Lum learns just how much she needs her powers. 13832"Big Employment Aspiration! Return of Missing Ninja Kaede!!"Transliteration: "Shūshoku Dai Ganbō! Kaettekita Nuke Nin Kaede!!" (Japanese: 就職大願望！帰ってきた抜け忍かえで！！)Junji NishimuraShigeru YanagawaTakafumi HayashiJanuary 9, 1985 (1985-01-09)911 Ninja Kaede seeks a new life in the city. 13933"Tomobiki Highschool Survival! Who Are the Survivors!"Transliteration: "Tomobiki Kōkō Sabaibaru! Ikinokoru no wa Dare da" (Japanese: 友引高校サバイバル！生き残るのは誰だ！)Naoyuki YoshinagaToshiki InoueYuichi EndoJanuary 16, 1985 (1985-01-16)912 Texas Chainsaw Tomato Massacre at its finest. 14034"The Mysterious Giant Cake! Love's Escape Panic!!"Transliteration: "Nazo no Kyodai Kēki! Koi no Tōhikō Panikku!!" (Japanese: 謎の巨大ケーキ！恋の逃避行パニック！！)Yumiko SudaShigeru YanagawaKyoko KatoJanuary 23, 1985 (1985-01-23)913 Mendo's New Year's party takes a delicious, spongy turn when Ryoko hears about it. Note: This is the last episode to air before the theatrical release of the third film Urusei Yatsura 3: Remember My Love. 14135"Underground Reincarnation! What's Darling Thinking!?"Transliteration: "Makyō Tensei! Dārin wa Nani wo Kangaeterutcha!?" (Japanese: 魔境転生！ダーリンはなにを考えてるっちゃ！？)Junji NishimuraToshiki InoueTakafumi HayashiJanuary 30, 1985 (1985-01-30)914 The gang lands on an island where "poison" literally makes one's dreams come true. 14236"Snow Panic! The Mendo Family Hanami Banquet!!"Transliteration: "Oshibai Panikku! Mendō Ka Hanami no Utage!!" (Japanese: お芝居パニック！面堂家花見のうたげ！！)Iku SuzukiTokio TsuchiyaYuichi EndoFebruary 6, 1985 (1985-02-06)915 Once again, everyone is taught that Oni eating human food and humans eating Oni food is a drunken disaster. 14337"Far Spring! Tale of the Lonely Fairy!!"Transliteration: "Haru Tōkaraji! Sabishigari ya no Yōsei Monogatari!!" (Japanese: 春遠からじ！さびしがり屋の妖精物語！！)Naoyuki YoshinagaMichiru ShimadaShinkuro DateFebruary 13, 1985 (1985-02-13)916 Ataru learns the importance of happy thought thanks to a fairy. 14438"To Dream Land! Darling Battle Royal Abduction"Transliteration: "Yume no Naka he! Dārin Sōdatsu Batoru Roiyaru" (Japanese: 夢の中へ！ダーリン争奪バトルロイヤル)Tomokazu KougoShigeru YanagawaKyoko KatoFebruary 20, 1985 (1985-02-20)917 Everyone learns about eating other people's dreams. 14539"Three Daughters Again! The Great Mission Tempting Darling!!"Transliteration: "Matamoya Sannin Musume! Dārin Yūwaku Dai Sakusen!!" (Japanese: またもや三人娘！ダーリン誘惑大作戦！！)Junji NishimuraTokio TsuchiyaYuichi EndoFebruary 27, 1985 (1985-02-27)918 Ginger, Pepper, and Sugar return to their old tricks to break up Lum and Ataru. 14640"The Scampering Kotatsu Cat! Anything to Get Warm"Transliteration: "Kake Meguru Kotatsu Neko! Nani ga Nandemo Atatamaru" (Japanese: 駆けめぐるコタツ猫！何が何でも暖まる)Iku SuzukiToshiki InoueTakafumi HayashiMarch 6, 1985 (1985-03-06)919 Kotatsu Cat proves himself to be true to his name by catching the ever-running Kotatsu. 14741"Ryunosuke's Naïve Father! A Wife is in Vestiges!!"Transliteration: "Ryūnosuke no Chichi Junjō su! Tsuma wa Omokage no Naka ni!!" (Japanese: 竜之介の父・純情す！妻は面影の中に！！)Naoyuki YoshinagaShigeru YanagawaMasami AbeMarch 13, 1985 (1985-03-13)920 Ryunosuke's father tries to bring Masako to Ryunosuke's life with lies and trickery. 14842"Spring Full Bloom!? Frozen by Oyuki's Cold!!"Transliteration: "Haru Ran Man!? Oyuki no Kaze de Kōri Zuke!!" (Japanese: 春らんまん！？おユキのカゼで氷づけ！！)Junji NishimuraShigeru YanagawaHidetoshi ŌmoriMarch 20, 1985 (1985-03-20)921 Oyuki's cold is unlike anyone's on Earth. It's far more literal. The only cure can come from a cat. 14943"Friendship Panic! I Love to Eat Blowfish"Transliteration: "Yūjō Panikku! Wai wa Fugu ga Suki ya Nen" (Japanese: 友情パニック！わいはフグが好きやねん)Tomomi MochizukiShigeru YanagawaKyoko KatoMarch 27, 1985 (1985-03-27)922 Ten finds a new friend in a blowfish and brings havoc to Tomobiki with a blowfish and Oni candy. Season 4 (1985–86) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byAnimation directed byOriginal air dateProd.code 1501"The Armored Girl Returns! Older Brother is Full"Transliteration: "Kaettekita Yoroi Musume! Onī-sama ga Ippai" (Japanese: 帰ってきたヨロイ娘！お兄様がいっぱい)Iku SuzukiHirohisa SodaYuji MoriyamaApril 3, 1985 (1985-04-03)1001 At the demand of her mother, Asuka faces her fear of men in a visit to Tomobiki High School after her love crushes her brother. It goes about as well as expected. 1512"Boredom Syndrome! Is Tomobiki Town Wasting Away!?"Transliteration: "Taikutsu Shindorōmu! Tomobiki Chō wa Izu ko he!?" (Japanese: 退屈シンドローム！友引町はいずこへ！？)Directed by : Iku SuzukiStoryboarded by : Kazuo YamazakiToshiki Inoue & Kazuo YamazakiTsukasa DokiteApril 10, 1985 (1985-04-10)1002 Ataru drinks a can of eye drops Lum left in his room, thinking it was juice. Because of this, everyone ends up having weird dreams. 1523"Look Out Ran! Kotatsu Neko's First Love Oden!?"Transliteration: "Ayaushi Ran! Kotatsu Neko no Hatsu Koi Oden!?" (Japanese: あやうしラン！コタツ猫の初恋オデン！？)Naoyuki YoshinagaTokio TsuchiyaMasami AbeApril 17, 1985 (1985-04-17)1003 Ran cooks an Oden with love mushrooms to Rei, but Kotatsu Neko eats it. 1534"The Armored Girl Appears Again! The Storm Called Date"Transliteration: "Matamata Yoroi Musume Tōjō! Arashi wo Yobu Dēto" (Japanese: またまたヨロイ娘登場！嵐をよぶデート)Yuji MoriyamaMichiru ShimadaYuji MoriyamaApril 24, 1985 (1985-04-24)1004 Mrs. Mizunokoji has Mendo and Asuka go on a date on their estate, but Ataru interferes to scare Asuka. Asuka goes on a rampage. 1545"The Mystery Priest Appears! Luck Bell Battle Royal"Transliteration: "Nazo no Bōsan Tōjō! Kane Tsuki Batoru Roiyaru" (Japanese: 謎の坊さん登場！鐘つきバトルロイヤル)Tomomi MochizukiToshiki InoueKyoko KatoMay 1, 1985 (1985-05-01)1005 A priest shows up and rings Ataru, Shinobu, Ryu, Lum, Mendo, and Sakura to a great bell in a shrine. 1556"First Love Again!? A Return to the Past for Lum and Rei!!"Transliteration: "Hatsu Koi Futatabi!? Mukashi ni Modoru ka Ramu to Rei!!" (Japanese: 初恋ふたたび！？昔に戻るかラムとレイ！！)Iku SuzukiToshiki InoueHidetoshi ŌmoriMay 8, 1985 (1985-05-08)1006 Jariten finds part of a love locket Lum and Rei got when they were going together. At a birthday party for Mendo's favorite octopus, Lum tries to hide this fact, especially from Ataru. 1567"Youthful Old Man Appears! Shine Great Tearoom of Dreams!!"Transliteration: "Seishun Oji-san Tōjō! Kagayake Yume no Dai Kissaten!!" (Japanese: 青春おじさん登場！輝け夢の大喫茶店！！)Yumiko SudaShigeru YanagawaMasami AbeMay 15, 1985 (1985-05-15)1007 A middle-aged man and his daughter opens up a teahouse which constantly becomes the scene of many fights between Tomobiki High School students and staff. 1578"I Love Darling's Kindness..."Transliteration: "Dārin no Yasashisa ga Suki Datcha..." (Japanese: ダーリンのやさしさが好きだっちゃ…)Naoyuki YoshinagaTokio TsuchiyaTsukasa DokiteMay 22, 1985 (1985-05-22)1008 A ghost girl who fell in love with Ataru while she was alive wants to have a date with him. She spent most of her life in the hospital and made a scarf, mittens, and most of a sweater before dying; all of which she wanted to give to the handsome boy she saw from her window, Ataru. 1589"Pure Fox Again! Shinobu-san is Love"Transliteration: "Matamata Junjō Gitsune! Shinobu-san ga suki" (Japanese: またまた純情ギツネ！しのぶさんが好き)Kazuo YamazakiKazuo YamazakiHidetoshi Ōmori & Masahito SawadaMay 29, 1985 (1985-05-29)1009 Kitsune goes to Tomobiki High School and bring the class back to his class in the woods on a flying bus. NOTE: Kenshiro from Fist of the North Star makes a cameo appearance. 15910"I Love the Sea~! Prosperity Record's Thriving Hamajaya!?"Transliteration: "Umi ga Suki~! Higan no Hamajaya Hanjō Ki!?" (Japanese: 海が好き〜っ！悲願の浜茶屋繁盛記！？)Iku SuzukiMichiru ShimadaMasaaki KannanJune 5, 1985 (1985-06-05)1010 At the beach, Ataru, Mendo, Shinobu, Lum, and Ryu are trying to attract customers for the Hamajaya restaurant, but Mr. Fujinami keeps scaring away the customers. 16011"Ryunosuke VS Benten! Great Fruitless Amorousness Duel"Transliteration: "Ryūnosuke Tai Benten! Munashiki Oiroke Dai Kettō" (Japanese: 竜之介ＶＳ弁天！むなしきお色気大決闘)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Kazuo YamazakiHirohisa SodaKatsuhiko NishijimaJune 12, 1985 (1985-06-12)1011 Benten comes to visit Lum and again meets Ryunosuke, but Mr. Fujinami is trying to convince Benten that Ryu is a boy. 16112"Small Magic Bin! What's to Become of Me!?"Transliteration: "Mahō no Ko Bin! Uchi wa Dō Narutcha!?" (Japanese: 魔法の小ビン！うちはどうなるっちゃ！？)Iku SuzukiShigeru YanagawaMasami AbeJune 19, 1985 (1985-06-19)1012 Jariten buys a magic bottle that can shrink anything down to fit inside it. 16213"Great Devil's Debut! Lum's Dangerous Purchase!?"Transliteration: "Dai Mashin Arawaru! Ramu no Kiken na Okaimono!?" (Japanese: 大魔神現わる！？ラムの危険なお買物！？)Directed by : Naoyuki YoshinagaStoryboarded by : Seicho HisajimaTokio TsuchiyaMasaaki KannanJune 26, 1985 (1985-06-26)1013 Discipline in school raises to a new peak because of the disturbances caused by the arrival of packages from space for Lum. 16314"Goodness! Words Aren't Getting to Darling"Transliteration: "Taihen! Dārin ni Kotoba ga Tsūji Naitcha" (Japanese: 大変！ダーリンに言葉が通じないっちゃ)Kazuo YamazakiToshiki InoueTsukasa DokiteJuly 3, 1985 (1985-07-03)1014 During a fight between Ataru and Ten at breakfast, Ataru misses Ten and hits Lum with a rice cooker, causing her to forget how to understand or speak Japanese. 16415"Devil's Summer! Ten-chan's Great Unaju Mission!!"Transliteration: "Akumu no Natsu! Ten-chan no Unajū Dai Sakusen!!" (Japanese: 悪夢の夏！テンちゃんのうな重大作戦！！)Directed by : Tsuneo TominagaStoryboarded by : Takehito HobaraShigeru YanagawaSetsuko ShibuichiJuly 10, 1985 (1985-07-10)1015 Jariten gets a fever from staying in the sun too long and the cure is to be made very cold. 16516"Omimai Panic!? I Didn't Mean Any Harm"Transliteration: "Omimai Panikku!? Warugi wa Naitcha yo" (Japanese: お見舞パニック！？悪気はないっちゃよ)Naoyuki YoshinagaTokio TsuchiyaMasahito SawadaJuly 17, 1985 (1985-07-17)1016 Ran gets sick and asks Lum to come over by sending Lum exploding dolls, missiles and the like. 16617"Scary!! There is an Octopus on Shutaro's Head!?"Transliteration: "Kowai!! Shūtarō no Atama ni Tako ga Irutcha!?" (Japanese: 怖い！！終太郎の頭にタコがいるっちゃ！？)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Futa MoritaToshiki InoueMasami AbeJuly 24, 1985 (1985-07-24)1101 An apparition of one of Shutaro's favorite octopuses appears on his head and cannot be removed. 16718"Invader From Space! Lum's Dangerous Lips!!"Transliteration: "Uchū Kara no Shinryakusha! Ayaushi Ramu no Kuchibiru!!" (Japanese: 宇宙からの侵略者！あやうしラムの唇！！)Iku SuzukiMichiru ShimadaMasaaki KannanJuly 31, 1985 (1985-07-31)1102 A space centaur comes to Earth where he takes the guise of Ataru and tries to kiss every girl in school, but fails. 16819"Space Survival! They are the Eaters"Transliteration: "Supēsu Sabaibaru! Kū no wa Yatsura da" (Japanese: スペースサバイバル！食うのは奴らだ)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Kazuo YamazakiTokio TsuchiyaTsukasa DokiteAugust 7, 1985 (1985-08-07)1103 On a spaceship near Earth, an alien is cleaning a special food bowl and drops it. 16920"It's Stimulating! Overhead Cooler of Terror!!"Transliteration: "Shigekiteki Datcha! Kyōfu no Zujō Kūrā!!" (Japanese: 刺激的だっちゃ！恐怖の頭上クーラー！！)Naoyuki YoshinagaToshiki InoueMasami AbeAugust 14, 1985 (1985-08-14)1104 It's a hot summer day, and the heat is bothering everyone except Lum. 17021"Love Raid! Romantic has Not Stopped!!"Transliteration: "Ai no Shūgeki! Romanchikku ga Tomara Nai!!" (Japanese: 愛の襲撃！ロマンチックがとまらない！！)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Kazuo YamazakiShigeru YanagawaTakafumi HayashiAugust 21, 1985 (1985-08-21)1105 Lum buys a plant that grows a little cupid. She then gets the cupid to try hitting Ataru with an arrow. 17122"Long-Time Appearance! Worries for Firefighter Mother!!"Transliteration: "Hisa-Bisa Tōjō! Hikeshi no Haha ni Nayami Ari!!" (Japanese: ひさびさ登場！火消しの母に悩みあり！！)Yoshihide KuriyamaShigeru YanagawaMasaaki KannanAugust 28, 1985 (1985-08-28)1106 Ten's mother visits and Jariten wants to give her a bouquet of carnations to show his love for her. 17223"Hardsell Happiness! Out of Pint Bluebird!!"Transliteration: "Kōfuku Oshiuri! Pinto Hazure no Aoi Tori!!" (Japanese: 幸福押し売り！ピントはずれの青い鳥！！)Iku SuzukiShigeru YanagawaMasahito SawadaSeptember 4, 1985 (1985-09-04)1107 An escaped alien convict, a bluebird, come to Tomobiki and begins to grant people's wishes. 17324"Great Storm! Ryunosuke's First Time Wearing a Swimsuit!!"Transliteration: "Dai Haran! Ryūnosuke ga Hajimete Mizugi wo Kiru Toki!!" (Japanese: 大波乱！竜之介が初めて水着を着る時！！)Naoyuki YoshinagaMichiru ShimadaTsukasa DokiteSeptember 11, 1985 (1985-09-11)1108 Ryunosuke has a final showdown with her father. If she wins, she gets to wear her mother's bathing suit. 17425"I Want a Bride!! The Fox's Big Love Adventure!!"Transliteration: "Hanayome ga Hoshī!! Kitsune no Koi no Dai Bōken!!" (Japanese: 花嫁がほしい！！キツネの恋の大冒険！！)Iku SuzukiTokio TsuchiyaMasaaki KannanSeptember 18, 1985 (1985-09-18)1109 Kitsune comes to Tomobiki High School during a costume festival to see Shinobu. SP225.5"Ryoko's September Tea Party"Transliteration: "Ryōko no 9-gatsu no Ochakai" (Japanese: 了子の9月のお茶会)Directed by : Keiji Hayakawa, Mamoru Oshii, Junji Nishimura, Osamu Uemura, Kazuo Yamazaki, Naoyuki Yoshinaga & Iku SuzukiStoryboarded by : Mamoru Oshii, Junji Nishimura, Osamu Uemura, Kazuo Yamazaki, Naoyuki Yoshinaga & Iku SuzukiKazunori Itō, Hiroshi Iwasaki, Michiru Shimada, Toshiki Inoue, Shigeru Yanagawa & Tokio TsuchiyaAsami Endo, Kazuo Yamazaki, Takafumi Hayashi, Yuichi Endo, Tsukasa Dokite & Masahito SawadaSeptember 24, 1985 (1985-09-24)- A special combining flashback footage with 15 minutes of new animation. This was originally released in fan conventions and was labeled in the United States as part of the OAV series. 17526"How Persistent! The Three Daughters' Great Animal Mission!!"Transliteration: "Shitsuko Itcha! Sannin Musume no Dōbutsu Dai Sakusen!!" (Japanese: しつこいっちゃ！三人娘の動物大作戦！！)Yoshihide KuriyamaHirohisa SodaTakafumi HayashiSeptember 25, 1985 (1985-09-25)1110 The three scamps from Lum's old school are trying to one-up Lum's gang again. This time, they choose animals to match each of the gang's individual weaknesses. 17627"Fast Money in Fast Fighting! Hamajaya's Forbidden Business"Transliteration: "Osakana Tsuka Midori! Hamajaya no Ikenai Shōbai" (Japanese: お魚つかみどり！浜茶屋のイケナイ商売)Osamu SekitaTokio TsuchiyaMasahito SawadaOctober 2, 1985 (1985-10-02)1111 Ryunosuke's father hatches a scheme to solve Hamachaya's finances while Mendou accidentally invites everyone to a beach outing. 17728"Wish Upon a Star! Ataru Family is Desire Panic"Transliteration: "Hoshi ni Negai wo! Ataru Ikka wa Yokubō Panikku" (Japanese: 星に願いを！あたる一家は欲望パニック)Naoyuki YoshinagaShigeru YanagawaNaoyuki YoshinagaOctober 16, 1985 (1985-10-16)1112 After Ataru's father is hit by a semi, the Moriboshi family's financial situation grants them three wishes by a falling star. 17829"Kiss Courier! Darling's First Jealousy!"Transliteration: "Kuchizuke Takkyūbin! Dārin Hajimete no Yakimochi!!" (Japanese: くちづけ宅急便！ダーリン初めてのヤキモチ！！)Directed by : Iku SuzukiStoryboarded by : Tatsuo AsukaShigeru YanagawaMasami AbeOctober 23, 1985 (1985-10-23)1113 Lum receives a frog via special delivery, and intends to kiss him despite Ataru's objections. 17930"Osake is Scary! Sakura's Oharai Big Failure"Transliteration: "Osake wa Kowai! Sakura no Oharai Dai Shippai" (Japanese: お酒はコワイ！サクラのおはらい大失敗)Yoshihide KuriyamaShigeru YanagawaTaro ChokanOctober 30, 1985 (1985-10-30)1114 Sakura is possessed by a spirit spirit in order to properly exorcise it, but is tempted to go binge drinking before she has the chance. 18031"It's Strange! Sakuranbo Yoga School!!"Transliteration: "Bukimi Datcha! Sakuranbō Yoga Sukūru!!" (Japanese: 不気味だっちゃ！錯乱坊ヨガスクール！！)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Tsukasa AbeTokio TsuchiyaMasaaki KannanNovember 6, 1985 (1985-11-06)1115 Sakura starts a yoga class, and the main characters all attend. They engage in "multiple-person yoga" to cleanse their souls, but it becomes a competition to see who'll "win." 18132"Farewell Onsen Sensei!? Tearful Farewell Marathon Tournament"Transliteration: "Saraba Onsen Sensei!? Namida no Sōbetsu Marason Taikai" (Japanese: さらば温泉先生！？涙の送別マラソン大会)Iku SuzukiShigeru YanagawaMasaaki KannanDecember 4, 1985 (1985-12-04)1116 Onsen is leaving, and Lum organizes a goodbye ceremony. Before he goes, he has unfinished business to attend to... namely revenge for all the students' hijinks over the years. 18233"Pure Love Sakura! Slippery Soap of Separation!?"Transliteration: "Jun Ai Sakura! Wakare no Tsurutsuru Sekken!?" (Japanese: 純愛サクラ！別れのつるつるセッケン！？)Osamu SekitaShigeru YanagawaToshiko SasakiDecember 11, 1985 (1985-12-11)1117 Sakura must overcome Lum's home-made soap in order to be with her true love. He mistakes her slippery nature for disinterest in him. 18334"Asuka VS Big Brother! It's Battle for Certain Love!"Transliteration: "Asuka TAI Onī-sama! Aru Ai no Tatakai Datcha!" (Japanese: 飛鳥ＶＳお兄様！ある愛の闘いだっちゃ！)Directed by : Yoshihide KuriyamaStoryboarded by : Tsukasa AbeTokio TsuchiyaTsukasa DokiteDecember 18, 1985 (1985-12-18)1118 Asuka will not stop flirting with her brother, so her mother makes a desperate wager with her: if he defeats in Asuka in combat, Asuka must give up on marrying him. Unfortunately, their respective martial abilities mean she's almost guaranteed a victory. Lum's help is employed. It gets weird. 18435"Darling Great Misfortune! Four Dimension Fortune of Fear!!"Transliteration: "Dārin Dai Kyō! Kyōfu no Yon Jigen Omikuji!!" (Japanese: ダーリン大凶！恐怖の四次元おみくじ！！)Makoto MoriwakiShigeru YanagawaMasaaki KannanDecember 25, 1985 (1985-12-25)1119 Lum and Ataru visit the shrine and make very different wishes, which both come true, in a way. Different dimensions are involved. 18536"New Years Panic! Mendo Family Human Sugoroku Tournament"Transliteration: "Shin Shun Panikku! Mendō Ka Ningen Sugoroku Taikai" (Japanese: 新春パニック！面堂家人間すごろく大会)Iku SuzukiTokio TsuchiyaKazuhiro FuruhashiJanuary 8, 1986 (1986-01-08)1120 The Mendo family uses the main characters as unwilling pawn-like pieces for a family game. 18637"Dreaming Ten-chan! Great Adventure at the End of the Rainbow!!"Transliteration: "Yumemiru Ten-chan! Niji no Hate ni Dai Bōken!!" (Japanese: 夢みるテンちゃん！虹のはてに大冒険！！)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Tsukasa AbeToshiki InoueMasami AbeJanuary 15, 1986 (1986-01-15)1121 Ten is asked to retrieve an umbrella by a creature that lives in another dimension. 18738"Wanting to Date! Ataru's Great Test Mission"Transliteration: "Dēto ga Shitai! Ataru no Tesuto Dai Sakusen" (Japanese: デートがしたい！あたるのテスト大作戦)Directed by : Tomomasa YamazakiStoryboarded by : Koichiro NakamuraShigeru YanagawaMasaaki KannanJanuary 22, 1986 (1986-01-22)1122 Shinobu makes a deal with Ataru that she'll go on a date with him if he comes in first on one of the upcoming exams. However, Ataru and studying don't mix, so he comes up with a crazy scheme to help him pass... 18839"Darling Said He Loved Me"Transliteration: "Dārin ga Uchi wo Suki da to Ittatcha" (Japanese: ダーリンがうちを好きだと言ったっちゃ)Iku SuzukiToshiki InoueMasahiko ImaiJanuary 29, 1986 (1986-01-29)1123 Sakura makes medicine that Lum and Shinobu give to Mendo and Ataru. The medicine makes them delusional, but very creative. 18940"Death-Defying House Call! A Teacher Occupation Desperate too!!"Transliteration: "Kesshi no Katei Hōmon! Kyōshi Kagyō mo Inochigake!!" (Japanese: 決死の家庭訪問！教師稼業も命がけ！！)Directed by : Osamu SekitaStoryboarded by : Norio KashimaMichiru ShimadaHidetoshi ŌmoriFebruary 5, 1986 (1986-02-05)1124 Onsen-mark must brave the families of some of his worst students in a round of home visits. 19041"Nonsense! Ran-chan's Huge Doll!!"Transliteration: "Hachamecha! Ran-chan no Kyodai Ningyō!!" (Japanese: ハチャメチャ！ランちゃんの巨大人形！！)Tsukasa AbeTokio TsuchiyaMasaaki KannanFebruary 12, 1986 (1986-02-12)1125 The main characters are forced to undergo meditation as punishment for their classroom disruption. Ran creates a giant doll that rampages through Tokyo like Gojira. 19142"Love Ray! Bet Life Honest Fox!!"Transliteration: "Koi Hitosuji! Inochi Kake Masu Junjō Kitsune!!" (Japanese: 恋ひとすじ！命かけます純情キツネ！！)Jun'ichi SakataShigeru YanagawaAtsushi MatobaFebruary 19, 1986 (1986-02-19)1126 The little fox that loves Shinobu hears a tale that implies that if you grab an Oni's horn, you will win your true love's heart. Note: This is the last episode to air before the theatrical release of the fourth film Urusei Yatsura 4: Lum the Forever. 19243"Hurry Come Darling! Lum's Dangerous Marriage Story"Transliteration: "Hayaku Kite Dārin! Ramu no Kiken na Kekkon Banashi" (Japanese: 早くきてダーリン！ラムの危険な結婚話)Iku SuzukiMichiru ShimadaAtsuko NakajimaFebruary 26, 1986 (1986-02-26)1127 Another suitor has swung in to Lum's life, and he's immune to electric shock. 19344"Not Bearable! Ran's Great Malicious Mission"Transliteration: "Tamara Naitcha! Ran no Ijiwaru Dai Sakusen" (Japanese: たまらないっちゃ！ランの意地悪大作戦)Directed by : Tomomasa YamazakiStoryboarded by : Tsukasa AbeToshiki InoueKazuhiro FuruhashiMarch 5, 1986 (1986-03-05)1128 Ran's latest revenge scheme involves a control button in an attempt to take over Ataru's life. 19445"Great All Star Banquet! We are Immortal!!"Transliteration: "Ōru Sutā Dai Enkai! Uchira wa Fumetsu Datcha!!" (Japanese: オールスター大宴会！うちらは不滅だっちゃ！！)Iku SuzukiShigeru Yanagawa & Iku SuzukiTsukasa DokiteMarch 19, 1986 (1986-03-19)1130 Every character from the show makes an appearance as the school attempts a retelling of a classic Japanese tale. SP3-"Memorial Album - I'm the Shuu-chan"Transliteration: "Aimu za Shū-chan" (Japanese: アイム THE 終ちゃん)Kazuo Yamazaki, Mamoru Oshii, Motosuke Takahashi, Osamu Uemura, Naoyuki Yoshinaga, Iku Suzuki & Junji NishimuraKazuo Yamazaki, Kazunori Itō, Hiroyuki Hoshiyama, Shigeru Yanagawa, Toshiki Inoue & Michiru ShimadaKazuo Yamazaki, Asami Endo, Yuji Moriyama, Tsukasa Dokite, Takafumi Hayashi, Yuichi Endo, Noboru Furuse & Nobuyoshi HabaraSeptember 15, 1986 (1986-09-15)- The Mendou family's personal satellite narrates an overview of the family. Like the last special, this is also released in fan conventions originally and labeled in the United States as part of the OAV series. Broadcast and release Urusei Yatsura aired on Fuji TV from October 14, 1981, to March 19, 1986. With the exceptions of episodes 10 and 11, the first 21 episodes were composed of two 11-minute segments. Mamoru Oshii served as head director for the first 106 episodes, while the remainder is head directed by Kazuo Yamazaki. Episode 193.5 "Urusei Yatsura Immediate Farewell Special - Shine!! Planet Uru Award" is a repeat of episode 44 "After You've Gone" with a special introduction and best episode countdown before the episode. On December 10, 1983, the first VHS release of the series was made available in Japan. The series was also released on fifty Laserdiscs. Another VHS release across fifty cassettes began on March 17, 1998, and concluded on April 19, 2000. In 1987, 6,000 laserdisc box sets of the anime series costing ¥330,000 each were sold out, generating ¥1.98 billion ($18 million) in retail sales. Two DVD box sets of the series were released between December 8, 2000, and March 9, 2001. These were followed by fifty individual volumes between August 24, 2001, and August 23, 2002. To celebrate the 35th anniversary of the anime a new HD transfer was created and released on Blu-ray in Japan. The first Blu-ray box set of the series was released on March 27, 2013, with the fourth box set released on March 26, 2014. To promote the Blu-ray, the anime was rebroadcast in high definition on Kids Station. During 1992, the series was licensed for a North American release by AnimEigo. Their VHS release began in October of the same year and was among the first anime titles to receive a subtitled North American release. However the release schedule was erratic. An improvisational gag dub of the first and third episodes was broadcast on now-defunct BBC Choice channel on 5/6 August 2000, as part of a Japan TV Weekend block special as "Lum the Invader Girl". AnimEigo later released the series on DVD. The series was available in box set form as well as individual releases. A total of 10 box sets and 50 individual DVDs were released between March 27, 2001, and June 20, 2006. Each DVD and VHS contained Liner notes explaining the cultural references and puns from the series. In February 2011, AnimEigo announced that it would not renew their license to the series and that their DVDs would fall out of print on September 30, 2011. A fan group known as "Lum's Stormtroopers" convinced the San Jose public television station KTEH to broadcast subtitled episodes of the series in 1998. On July 31, 2022, during their panel at Otakon 2022, Discotek Media announced that they licensed the anime series. The first season was released on Blu-ray on April 25, 2023, with the second season released on July 25, 2023, and the third season was released on October 31, 2023. The fourth and final season was released as well on January 30, 2024. Crunchyroll added the series in Japanese audio with English subtitles on March 28, 2024. Reception In 1982, the anime series ranked sixth in Animage magazine's reader-voted Anime Grand Prix. The following year, the show climbed to fourth place. In 1984, the film Urusei Yatsura: Only You took fifth and the TV anime took sixth. While the TV series did not appear in the 1985 Anime Grand Prix, the film Beautiful Dreamer came in third. In 1986, the show reappeared in sixth place and the third film Remember My Love took third place. In 1987, the series went down to eighth place. The series received two additional awards as part of the Anime Grand Prix. In 1982, its theme song "Lum no Love Song" was voted best anime song. In 1983, the sixty-seventh episode was voted best episode. A 2019 NHK poll of 210,061 people saw Urusei Yatsura named Takahashi's fourth best animated work, with Beautiful Dreamer in fifth. Christina Carpenter of THEM Anime Reviews praised the anime adaptation's characters and humor and noted the influence the series had on other series over the years. Carpenter summarized the series as an "Original and unapologetically Japanese classic that earns every star we can give" and awarded the series five stars out of five. In The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917, Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy viewed the anime as "a Japanese Simpsons for its usage of domestic humor and made note of AnimEigo's attention to providing notes for those unfamiliar with Japanese culture. They summarized the series as "a delight from beginning to end" that "absolutely deserves its fan favorite status." In reviewing AnimEigo's home video releases, Peter Nichols of The New York Times thought that the series was "relatively restrained" compared to their other releases. In a feature on the series for Anime Invasion, McCarthy recommended it as being "the first, the freshest and the funniest" of Takahashi's works and for its large cast, stories and use as a cultural and historical resource. Writing in Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation, Susan J. Napier dedicated several pages to discussion of the series, regarding it as "a pioneering work in the magical girlfriend genre." Napier contrasted the series to Western shows such as Bewitched and I Dream of Jeannie, highlighting their harmonious resolution to the chaos in comparison to Urusei Yatsura's "out of control" ending to each episode. Napier later compared the series to other magical girlfriend series such as Ah! My Goddess and Video Girl Ai. Fred Patten writing in Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews credited the series with being the first program to inspire translations from fans. Patten also credited the series for introducing the phenomenon of using anime to advertise pop songs, claiming it was a deliberate decision by Kitty Films. Writing further about the series for the website Cartoon Research, Patten noted that the series was aimed at adults who could buy their own merchandise, as opposed to being subsidized by toy sales like many other shows at the time. Like Napier, Patten compared the series to Bewitched, but also to Sabrina the Teenage Witch. See also Urusei Yatsura (film series) Notes ^ Not including episode 193.5, which is a repeat of episode 44 ^ The "seasons" that comprise the episode list correspond to the series' international release outside Japan. In Japan, Urusei Yatsura was aired year-round continuously, with regular preemptions for sporting events and television specials taking place, not split into standard seasonal cycles. References ^ "The Hit Parade". Furinkan.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2009. Retrieved January 11, 2010. ^ a b "Episodes 1–21". Furinkan.com. Retrieved January 2, 2010. ^ a b "Episodes 55–77". Furinkan.com. Retrieved January 2, 2010. ^ a b "Episodes 78–106". Furinkan.com. Retrieved January 2, 2010. ^ a b c "Episodes 107-127". Furinkan.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2010. ^ a b "Episodes 128–149". Furinkan.com. Retrieved January 2, 2010. ^ a b "Episodes 150–165". Furinkan.com. Retrieved January 2, 2010. ^ a b "Episodes 166–195". Furinkan.com. Retrieved January 2, 2010. ^ a b "Episodes 44-54". Furinkan.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2010. ^ "Episodes 22–43". Furinkan.com. Retrieved January 2, 2010. ^ "Urusei Yatsura TV Series Liner Notes | AnimEigo". ^ "Urusei Yatsura Episode Guide -Kitty Film, Page 2". ^ "Urusei Yatsura Episode Guide -Kitty Film, Page 3". ^ Article title ^ DataBase, The Big Cartoon. "Urusei Yatsura Episode Guide -Kitty Film, Page 4". Big Cartoon DataBase (BCDB). ^ "Urusei Yatsura Episode Guide -Kitty Film, Page 5". ^ DataBase, The Big Cartoon. "Damekko Musashi Fûn Roku (Kitty Film)". Big Cartoon DataBase (BCDB). ^ DataBase, The Big Cartoon. "A Fight To The Death! Ataru Vs. The Mendo Brigade! (Kitty Film)". Big Cartoon DataBase (BCDB). ^ DataBase, The Big Cartoon. "Urusei Yatsura Episode Guide -Kitty Film, Page 6". Big Cartoon DataBase (BCDB). ^ DataBase, The Big Cartoon. "Urusei Yatsura Episode Guide -Kitty Film, Page 7". Big Cartoon DataBase (BCDB). ^ Article title ^ Article title ^ Article title ^ Article title ^ Article title ^ Article title ^ Article title ^ Article title ^ "うる星やつら(1) ". Amazon.co.jp. December 5, 1983. Retrieved January 2, 2009. ^ "About the Anime". Furinkan.com. Retrieved January 2, 2010. ^ "うる星やつら(1)". Amazon.co.jp. April 17, 1998. Retrieved January 2, 2009. ^ "うる星やつら(50)". Amazon.co.jp. April 19, 2000. Retrieved January 2, 2009. ^ 増田弘道『アニメビジネスがわかる』NTT出版、2007年、p130 ^ "うる星やつら TVシリーズ 完全収録版 DVD-BOX1". Amazon.co.jp. December 8, 2000. Retrieved January 2, 2009. ^ "うる星やつら TVシリーズ 完全収録版 DVD-BOX2". Amazon.co.jp. March 9, 2001. Retrieved January 2, 2009. ^ "うる星やつらDVD vol.1". Amazon.co.jp. August 24, 2001. Retrieved January 2, 2009. ^ "うる星やつらDVD Vol.50". Amazon.co.jp. August 23, 2002. Retrieved January 2, 2009. ^ "Urusei Yatsura (TV Anime) Blu-ray BOX 1 Animation Blu-ray". CDJapan. Retrieved March 14, 2023. ^ "Urusei Yatsura (TV Anime) Blu-ray BOX 4 Animation Blu-ray". CDJapan. Retrieved March 14, 2023. ^ Fuji, Ryo (January 30, 2013). 重盛さと美が宣伝部長に！『うる星やつら』デジタルリマスターHD版がキッズステーションで放映決定 ｜ ガジェット通信 GetNews. ガジェット通信 GetNews (in Japanese). Retrieved September 28, 2017. ^ "Frequently asked Questions". Furinkan.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2010. ^ a b Huddlestone, Daniel (1999). "Spotlight — Urusei Yatsura". Animerica. 7 (4): 13–15, 31–33. ^ "Anime News Dateline". Animerica. 1: 6. 1992. ^ a b Clements, Jonathan; McCarthy, Helen (2006). The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 (Revised and Expanded ed.). Stone Bridge Press. p. 377. ISBN 1-933330-10-4. ^ "Tokyo Calling". The Guardian. August 4, 2000. Retrieved January 21, 2014. ^ "BBC Programme Index". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk. August 5, 2000. ^ "BBC Programme Index". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk. August 6, 2000. ^ "Urusei Yatsura, TV Series 1 (Episodes 1-4) (1982)". Amazon. March 27, 2001. Retrieved January 2, 2010. ^ "Urusei Yatsura TV, Vol. 50". Amazon. June 20, 2006. Retrieved January 2, 2010. ^ "Urusei Yatsura — Anime Products". Animeigo. Archived from the original on December 26, 2009. Retrieved December 18, 2009. ^ Pineda, Rafael Antonio (July 31, 2022). "Discotek Licenses Classic Urusei Yatsura Anime, City Hunter Films, More". Anime News Network. Retrieved July 31, 2022. ^ "Urusei Yatsura TV Series Collection 1". April 25, 2023 – via Amazon. ^ "Urusei Yatsura TV Series Collection 2". Amazon. July 25, 2023. ^ "Urusei Yatsura TV Series Collection 3". Amazon. October 31, 2023. ^ "Urusei Yatsura TV Series Collection 4". Amazon. January 30, 2024. ^ Mateo, Alex (March 28, 2024). "Crunchyroll Adds 1981 Urusei Yatsura Anime". Anime News Network. Retrieved March 31, 2024. ^ "第4回アニメグランプリ ［1982年6月号］ ( June 1982 - 4th Anime Grand Prix)". Animage. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2014. ^ "第5回アニメグランプリ ［1983年6月号］ ( 5th Anime Grand Prix)". Animage. Archived from the original on May 23, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2014. ^ "第6回アニメグランプリ ［1984年6月号］ ( 6th Anime Grand Prix)". Animage. Archived from the original on May 23, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2014. ^ "第8回アニメグランプリ ［1986年6月号］ ( 8th Anime Grand Prix)". Animage. Archived from the original on October 19, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2014. ^ "第9回アニメグランプリ ［1987年6月号］ ( The 9th Anime Grand Prix)". Animage. Archived from the original on October 19, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2014. ^ "第4回アニメグランプリ［1982年6月号］". Tokuma Shoten. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2010. ^ "第5回アニメグランプリ［1983年6月号］". Tokuma Shoten. Archived from the original on May 23, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2010. ^ "The Results are in for NHK's Ultimate Rumiko Takahashi Poll". Anime News Network. November 19, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2021. ^ Carpenter, Christina. "Urusei Yatsura". THEM Anime Reviews. Retrieved January 2, 2010. ^ Nichols, Peter M. (January 14, 1994). "Home Video". The New York Times. Vol. 143, no. 49, 576. p. D-16. Retrieved February 7, 2018. ^ McCarthy, Helen (Spring 2002). "Anime Invasion" (2). Wizard Entertainment: 58–59. ISSN 1097-8143. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Napier, Susan J. (2001). Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 142–153. ISBN 0-312-23863-0. ^ Patten, Fred (2004). Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews. Stone Bridge Press. p. 47. ISBN 1-880656-92-2. ^ Patten, Fred (2004). Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews. Stone Bridge Press. p. 94. ISBN 1-880656-92-2. ^ Patten, Fred (September 15, 2013). "The "Teenagers From Outer Space" Genre". Cartoon Research. Retrieved May 28, 2014. ^ Patten, Fred (2004). Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews. Stone Bridge Press. p. 243. ISBN 1-880656-92-2. ^ Patten, Fred (May 1986). "Japan + Animation = Japanimation". Starlog (106): 68. Retrieved February 9, 2018. External links Urusei Yatsura (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteUrusei YatsuraCreated by Rumiko TakahashiMedia Chapters 1981 anime episodes 2022 anime episodes Momoko 120% Films Urusei Yatsura: Only You Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer Characters Ataru Moroboshi Lum Benten Ran vtePierrot television series1980s The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (1980–1981) Miss Machiko (1981–1983) Urusei Yatsura (1981–1984) The Mysterious Cities of Gold (1982–1983) Mrs. Pepper Pot (1983–1984) Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel (1983–1984) Chikkun Takkun (1984) Persia, the Magic Fairy (1984–1985) Star Musketeer Bismarck / Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs (1984–1985 / 1987–1988) Magical Emi, the Magic Star (1985–1986) Ninja Senshi Tobikage (1985–1986) Pastel Yumi, the Magic Idol (1986) Anmitsu Hime: From Amakara Castle (1986–1987) Ganbare, Kickers! (1986–1987) Kimagure Orange Road (1987–1988) Norakuro-kun (1987–1988) Osomatsu-kun (1988–1989) The Burning Wild Man (1988) Magical Hat (1989–1990) 1990s Heisei Genius Bakabon (1990) Musashi, the Samurai Lord (1990–1991) Tasuke, the Samurai Cop (1990–1991) Chiisana Obake Acchi, Kocchi, Socchi (1991–1992) Marude Dameo (1991–1992) Yu Yu Hakusho (1992–1994) Tottemo! Luckyman (1994–1995) Ninku (1995–1996) Fushigi Yûgi (1995–1996) Midori no Makibaō (1996–1997) First Human Gon (1996–1997) Baby & Me (1996–1997) Hyper Police (1997) Clamp School Detectives (1997) Flame of Recca (1997–1998) Takoyaki Mantoman (1998–1999) Fancy Lala (1998) Neo Ranga (1998–1999) Dokkiri Doctor (1998–1999) Yoiko (1998–1999) Microman, The Little Giant (1999) Power Stone (1999) I'm Gonna Be An Angel! (1999) Great Teacher Onizuka (1999–2000) Rerere no Tensai Bakabon (1999–2000) 2000s OH! Super Milk Chan (2000) Gensomaden Saiyuki (2000–2001) Ceres, Celestial Legend (2000) Ghost Stories (2000–2001) Super Gals! Kotobuki Ran (2001–2002) Kaze no Yojimbo (2001–2002) Hikaru no Go (2001–2003) Kogepan (2001) Tokyo Underground (2002) Tokyo Mew Mew (2002–2003) The Twelve Kingdoms (2002–2003) Naruto (2002–2007) E's Otherwise (2003) Detective School Q (2003–2004) Saiyuki ReLoad (2003–2004) Hikaru no Go: Journey to the North Star Cup (2004) Saiyuki Reload Gunlock (2004) Midori Days (2004) Bleach (2004–2012) Emma – A Victorian Romance (2005) Sugar Sugar Rune (2005–2006) Naruto: Shippuden (2007–2017) Blue Dragon (2007–2008) Blue Dragon: Trials of the Seven Shadows (2008–2009) Hanasakeru Seishōnen (2009–2010) Yumeiro Patissiere (2009–2010) 2010s Yumeiro Patissiere SP Professional (2010) Level E (2011) Naruto: Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals (2012–2013) Polar Bear Café (2012–2013) Kingdom (2012–present) Gaist Crusher (2013–2014) Baby Steps (2014–2015) The World Is Still Beautiful (2014) Tokyo Ghoul (2014) Yona of the Dawn (2014–2015) Tokyo Ghoul √A (2015) Mr. Osomatsu (2015–2021) Divine Gate (2016) Twin Star Exorcists (2016–2017) Onigiri (2016) Puzzle & Dragons X (2016–2018) Tsukiuta. THE ANIMATION (2016) Soul Buster (2016) ĒlDLIVE (2017) Boruto: Naruto Next Generations (2017–2023) Convenience Store Boy Friends (2017) Black Clover (2017–2021) Dynamic Chord (2017) Sanrio Boys (2018) Tokyo Ghoul:re (2018) 2020s Akudama Drive (2020) Play It Cool, Guys (2022–2023) Bleach: Thousand-Year Blood War (2022–present) Yatagarasu: The Raven Does Not Choose Its Master (2024) Category vteStudio Deen television series1980s Urusei Yatsura (1984–1986, #107–195) Maison Ikkoku (1986–1988) F (1988) Ranma ½ (1989) Ranma ½ Nettōhen (1989–1992) 1990s DNA² (1994) Zenki (1995) You're Under Arrest (1996–1997) Violinist of Hameln (1996–1997) Rurouni Kenshin (1997–1998, #67–95) Eat-Man (1997) Haunted Junction (1997) Don't Leave Me Alone, Daisy (1997) Ehrgeiz (1997) AWOL (1998) Super Radical Gag Family (1998) Shadow Skill - Eigi (1998) Eat-Man '98 (1998) Eden's Bowy (1999) Hoshin Engi (1999) You're Under Arrest (1999) 2000s Mon Colle Knights (2000) Gravitation (2000–2001) You're Under Arrest (2001) Star Ocean EX (2001) Fruits Basket (2001) Kokoro Library (2001) Sadamitsu the Destroyer (2001) Rave Master (2001–2002) Samurai Deeper Kyo (2002) Bomberman Jetters (2002–2003) Full Moon o Sagashite (2002–2003) GetBackers (2002–2003) Jing: King of Bandits (2002) The Mythical Detective Loki Ragnarok (2003) Mouse (2003) Yami to Bōshi to Hon no Tabibito (2003) R.O.D the TV (2003–2004) Diamond Daydreams (2004) Maria-sama ga Miteru (2004) Maria-sama ga Miteru: Printemps (2004) Yumeria (2004) AM Driver (2004–2005) Tactics (2004–2005) Zipang (2004–2005) Kyo Kara Maoh! (2004–2006) Amaenaide yo!! (2005) Ginga Densetsu Weed (2005–2006) Hell Girl (2005–2006) The Law of Ueki (2005–2006) Amaenaide yo!! Katsu!! (2006) Binchō-tan (2006) Fate/stay night (2006) Higurashi no Naku Koro ni (2006) Hell Girl: Two Mirrors (2006–2007) Princess Princess (2006) Simoun (2006) Shōnen Onmyōji (2006–2007) Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Kai (2007) Shining Tears X Wind (2007) Tōka Gettan (2007) You're Under Arrest: Full Throttle (2007–2008) Code-E (2007) Shion no Ō (2007–2008) Fantastic Detective Labyrinth (2007–2008) Gag Manga Biyori 3 (2008) Mission-E (2008) Amatsuki (2008) Hatenkō Yūgi (2008) Junjo Romantica (2008) Vampire Knight (2008) Hell Girl: Three Vessels (2008–2009) Junjo Romantica 2 (2008) Vampire Knight Guilty (2008) Kyo Kara Maoh! Third Series (2008–2009) Maria-sama ga Miteru (2009) 07-Ghost (2009) Student Council's Discretion (2009) Umineko no Naku Koro ni (2009) 2010s Gag Manga Biyori + (2010) Giant Killing (2010) Hakuoki: Demon of the Fleeting Blossom (2010) Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan (2010) Hakuoki: Record of the Jade Blood (2010) Starry Sky (2010–2011) Dragon Crisis! (2011) Is This a Zombie? (2011) Sekai-ichi Hatsukoi (2011) Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan: Demon Capital (2011) Sekai-ichi Hatsukoi 2 (2011) Poyopoyo Kansatsu Nikki (2012) Hakuoki: Dawn of the Shinsengumi (2012) Hiiro no Kakera: The Tamayori Princess Saga (2012) Is This a Zombie? of the Dead (2012) Sankarea: Undying Love (2012) Hiiro no Kakera: The Tamayori Princess Saga 2' (2012) Hakkenden: Tōhō Hakken Ibun (2013) Rozen Maiden: Zurückspulen (2013) Gifu Dodo!! Kanetsugu to Keiji (2013) Meganebu! (2013) Pupa (2014) Sakura Trick (2014) Meshimase Lodoss-tō Senki: Sorette Oishii no? (2014) Always! Super Radical Gag Family (2014) Samurai Jam -Bakumatsu Rock- (2014) Log Horizon 2 (2014–2015) Jewelpet: Magical Change (2015) Junjo Romantica 3 (2015) Descending Stories: Showa Genroku Rakugo Shinju (2016–2017) Reikenzan: Hoshikuzu-tachi no Utage (2016) KonoSuba (2016–2017) Rilu Rilu Fairilu ~Yousei no Door~ (2016–2017) Super Lovers (2016–2017) Haven't You Heard? I'm Sakamoto (2016) Tonkatsu DJ Agetarō (2016) First Love Monster (2016) Ao Oni: The Animation (2016–2017) Reikenzan: Eichi e no Shikaku (2017) Kabukibu! (2017) Rilu Rilu Fairilu ~Maho no Kagami~ (2017–2018) Hell Girl: The Fourth Twilight (2017) The Reflection (2017) Hozuki's Coolheadedness 2 (2017–2018) Junji Ito Collection (2018) Gurazeni (2018) Ongaku Shōjo (2018) Oshiete Mahou no Pendulum ~Rilu Rilu Fairilu~ (2018–2019) Agū: Tensai Ningyō (2018) Muhyo & Roji's Bureau of Supernatural Investigation (2018–2020) Xuan Yuan Sword Luminary (2018) Bakumatsu (2018–2019) Kochoki (2019) Outburst Dreamer Boys (2019) The Seven Deadly Sins: Wrath of the Gods (2019–2020) 2020s Sorcerous Stabber Orphen (2020) Log Horizon: Destruction of the Round Table (2021) The Seven Deadly Sins: Dragon's Judgement (2021) Sorcerous Stabber Orphen: Battle of Kimluck (2021) Sasaki and Miyano (2022) Sorcerous Stabber Orphen: Chaos in Urbanrama (2023) Sorcerous Stabber Orphen: Doom of Dragon's Sanctuary (2023) Power of Hope: PreCure Full Bloom (2023) Re:Monster (2024) The Banished Former Hero Lives as He Pleases (2024) Welcome Home (2024) Days with My Stepsister (2024) Twilight Out of Focus (2024) I'm a Noble on the Brink of Ruin, So I Might as Well Try Mastering Magic (TBA) Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urusei Yatsura (2022 TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urusei_Yatsura_(2022_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Kitty Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Films"},{"link_name":"Fuji TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_TV"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"series of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urusei_Yatsura"},{"link_name":"Rumiko Takahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumiko_Takahashi"},{"link_name":"Kitty Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Films"},{"link_name":"Fuji Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_Television"},{"link_name":"Pierrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierrot_(company)"},{"link_name":"Studio Deen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Deen"},{"link_name":"AnimEigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnimEigo"},{"link_name":"Discotek Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discotek_Media"}],"text":"This article is about the 1981 TV series. For the 2022 TV series, see Urusei Yatsura (2022 TV series).Urusei Yatsura is a Japanese anime television series produced by Kitty Films that aired on Fuji TV from October 14, 1981, to March 19, 1986. It is based on the manga series of the same name by Rumiko Takahashi, produced by Kitty Films and Fuji Television and was animated by Pierrot until episode 106, and Studio Deen for the rest of the series. The series was licensed in North America by AnimEigo in 1992, and released the series English subbed on VHS in October that year. Their license expired in 2011, and is currently licensed by Discotek Media.","title":"Urusei Yatsura (1981 TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lum's Love Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lum%27s_Love_Song"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps4-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps5-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps6-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps7-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps8-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps9-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps1-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps3-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps4-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps5-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps6-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps7-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps8-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps9-9"}],"text":"Six opening themes and nine ending themes were used during the series.[1] \"Lum's Love Song\" (ラムのラブソング, Lum no Love Song) was used as the opening theme for the first 77 episodes.[2][3] It was replaced by \"Dancing Star\" for episodes 78 to 106.[4] \"Pajama Jama da!\" (パジャマ・じゃまだ!) was used for episodes 107 to 127, and \"Chance on Love\" was used for episodes 128 to 149.[5][6] The final two opening themes were \"Rock the Planet\" for episodes 150 to 165 and \"Gentlemen, I'm Sorry\" (殿方ごめん遊ばせ, Tonogata Gomen Asobase) for the remaining episodes.[7][8] The first ending theme was \"Uchū wa Taihen da!\" (宇宙は大ヘンだ) which was used for the first 21 episodes.[2] It was replaced by \"Kokorobosoi na\" (心細いな) for episodes 22 to 43 and by \"Hoshizora Cycling\" (星空サイクリング) for episodes 44 to 54 and later 65 to 77.[9][10] \"I, I, You and Ai\" was used for episodes 55 to 64, and \"Yume wa Love Me More\" (夢は Love Me More) was used for episodes 78 to 106.[3][4] \"Koi no Mobius\" (恋のメビウス) was used for episodes 107 to 127, and \"Open Invitation\" was used for episodes 128 to 149.[5][6] The final two ending themes were \"Every Day\" for episodes 150 to 165, and \"Good Luck\" for the remainder of the series.[7][8]","title":"Theme songs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Series overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (1981–82)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (1983–84)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 3 (1984–85)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 4 (1985–86)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fuji TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_TV"},{"link_name":"Mamoru Oshii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamoru_Oshii"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps3-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eps6-6"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Laserdiscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserdiscs"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHV-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Kids Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kids_Station"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"AnimEigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnimEigo"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Furinkan.com_Q+A-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Animerica_feature-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Animerica_1-0-45"},{"link_name":"BBC Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Choice"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anime_encyclopaedia-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animeigo_dvd-52"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"KTEH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQEH"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Animerica_feature-44"},{"link_name":"Otakon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otakon"},{"link_name":"Discotek Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discotek_Media"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Crunchyroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"Urusei Yatsura aired on Fuji TV from October 14, 1981, to March 19, 1986. With the exceptions of episodes 10 and 11, the first 21 episodes were composed of two 11-minute segments. Mamoru Oshii served as head director for the first 106 episodes, while the remainder is head directed by Kazuo Yamazaki.[9][5] Episode 193.5 \"Urusei Yatsura Immediate Farewell Special - Shine!! Planet Uru Award\" is a repeat of episode 44 \"After You've Gone\" with a special introduction and best episode countdown before the episode.On December 10, 1983, the first VHS release of the series was made available in Japan.[29] The series was also released on fifty Laserdiscs.[30] Another VHS release across fifty cassettes began on March 17, 1998, and concluded on April 19, 2000.[31][32] In 1987, 6,000 laserdisc box sets of the anime series costing ¥330,000 each were sold out, generating ¥1.98 billion ($18 million) in retail sales.[33] Two DVD box sets of the series were released between December 8, 2000, and March 9, 2001.[34][35] These were followed by fifty individual volumes between August 24, 2001, and August 23, 2002.[36][37] To celebrate the 35th anniversary of the anime a new HD transfer was created and released on Blu-ray in Japan. The first Blu-ray box set of the series was released on March 27, 2013, with the fourth box set released on March 26, 2014.[38][39] To promote the Blu-ray, the anime was rebroadcast in high definition on Kids Station.[40]During 1992, the series was licensed for a North American release by AnimEigo. Their VHS release began in October of the same year and was among the first anime titles to receive a subtitled North American release. However the release schedule was erratic.[41][42][43] An improvisational gag dub of the first and third episodes was broadcast on now-defunct BBC Choice channel on 5/6 August 2000, as part of a Japan TV Weekend block special as \"Lum the Invader Girl\".[44][45][46][47] AnimEigo later released the series on DVD. The series was available in box set form as well as individual releases. A total of 10 box sets and 50 individual DVDs were released between March 27, 2001, and June 20, 2006.[48][49] Each DVD and VHS contained Liner notes explaining the cultural references and puns from the series.[50] In February 2011, AnimEigo announced that it would not renew their license to the series and that their DVDs would fall out of print on September 30, 2011. A fan group known as \"Lum's Stormtroopers\" convinced the San Jose public television station KTEH to broadcast subtitled episodes of the series in 1998.[42] On July 31, 2022, during their panel at Otakon 2022, Discotek Media announced that they licensed the anime series.[51] The first season was released on Blu-ray on April 25, 2023,[52] with the second season released on July 25, 2023,[53] and the third season was released on October 31, 2023.[54] The fourth and final season was released as well on January 30, 2024.[55]Crunchyroll added the series in Japanese audio with English subtitles on March 28, 2024.[56]","title":"Broadcast and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animage"},{"link_name":"Anime Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"NHK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"THEM Anime Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THEM_Anime_Reviews"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anime_Encyclopedia:_A_Guide_to_Japanese_Animation_Since_1917"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Clements"},{"link_name":"Helen McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anime_encyclopaedia-46"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Anime Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_Insider"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_from_Akira_to_Princess_Mononoke"},{"link_name":"Susan J. Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_J._Napier"},{"link_name":"magical girlfriend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_girlfriend"},{"link_name":"Bewitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewitched"},{"link_name":"I Dream of Jeannie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Dream_of_Jeannie"},{"link_name":"Ah! My Goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_My_Goddess!"},{"link_name":"Video Girl Ai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Girl_Ai"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Fred Patten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Patten"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cartoonesearch-73"},{"link_name":"Sabrina the Teenage Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_the_Teenage_Witch"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"In 1982, the anime series ranked sixth in Animage magazine's reader-voted Anime Grand Prix.[57] The following year, the show climbed to fourth place.[58] In 1984, the film Urusei Yatsura: Only You took fifth and the TV anime took sixth.[59] While the TV series did not appear in the 1985 Anime Grand Prix, the film Beautiful Dreamer came in third. In 1986, the show reappeared in sixth place and the third film Remember My Love took third place.[60] In 1987, the series went down to eighth place.[61] The series received two additional awards as part of the Anime Grand Prix. In 1982, its theme song \"Lum no Love Song\" was voted best anime song. In 1983, the sixty-seventh episode was voted best episode.[62][63] A 2019 NHK poll of 210,061 people saw Urusei Yatsura named Takahashi's fourth best animated work, with Beautiful Dreamer in fifth.[64]Christina Carpenter of THEM Anime Reviews praised the anime adaptation's characters and humor and noted the influence the series had on other series over the years. Carpenter summarized the series as an \"Original and unapologetically Japanese classic that earns every star we can give\" and awarded the series five stars out of five.[65] In The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917, Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy viewed the anime as \"a Japanese Simpsons for its usage of domestic humor and made note of AnimEigo's attention to providing notes for those unfamiliar with Japanese culture. They summarized the series as \"a delight from beginning to end\" that \"absolutely deserves its fan favorite status.\"[44] In reviewing AnimEigo's home video releases, Peter Nichols of The New York Times thought that the series was \"relatively restrained\" compared to their other releases.[66] In a feature on the series for Anime Invasion, McCarthy recommended it as being \"the first, the freshest and the funniest\" of Takahashi's works and for its large cast, stories and use as a cultural and historical resource.[67]Writing in Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation, Susan J. Napier dedicated several pages to discussion of the series, regarding it as \"a pioneering work in the magical girlfriend genre.\" Napier contrasted the series to Western shows such as Bewitched and I Dream of Jeannie, highlighting their harmonious resolution to the chaos in comparison to Urusei Yatsura's \"out of control\" ending to each episode. Napier later compared the series to other magical girlfriend series such as Ah! My Goddess and Video Girl Ai.[68] Fred Patten writing in Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews credited the series with being the first program to inspire translations from fans.[69] Patten also credited the series for introducing the phenomenon of using anime to advertise pop songs, claiming it was a deliberate decision by Kitty Films.[70] Writing further about the series for the website Cartoon Research, Patten noted that the series was aimed at adults who could buy their own merchandise, as opposed to being subsidized by toy sales like many other shows at the time.[71] Like Napier, Patten compared the series to Bewitched, but also to Sabrina the Teenage Witch.[72][73]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-episodes_1-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-season_12-0"}],"text":"^ Not including episode 193.5, which is a repeat of episode 44\n\n^ The \"seasons\" that comprise the episode list correspond to the series' international release outside Japan. In Japan, Urusei Yatsura was aired year-round continuously, with regular preemptions for sporting events and television specials taking place, not split into standard seasonal cycles.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Urusei Yatsura (film series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urusei_Yatsura_(film_series)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stary_Wielis%C5%82aw
Stary Wielisław
["1 Transport","2 References"]
Coordinates: 50°23′N 16°34′E / 50.383°N 16.567°E / 50.383; 16.567Village in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, PolandStary WielisławVillageShrine of Our Lady of SorrowsStary WielisławShow map of PolandStary WielisławShow map of Lower Silesian VoivodeshipCoordinates: 50°23′N 16°34′E / 50.383°N 16.567°E / 50.383; 16.567Country PolandVoivodeshipLower SilesianCountyKłodzkoGminaKłodzkoTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Vehicle registrationDKL Stary Wielisław is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kłodzko, in Kłodzko County, Lower Silesia Province, in southwestern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) southwest of Kłodzko, and 89 kilometres (55 mi) south of the regional capital Wrocław. Local landmarks are the Shrine of Our Lady of Sorrows and the chapel mausoleum of Duke John I of Ziębice, of the Piast dynasty, who died in the vicinity of the village during a 1428 battle against the Hussites. Transport The village of Stary Wielisław has a train station. References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. vteGmina KłodzkoVillages Bierkowice Boguszyn Droszków Gołogłowy Gorzuchów Jaszkowa Dolna Jaszkowa Górna Jaszkówka Kamieniec Korytów Krosnowice Łączna Ławica Marcinów Mikowice Młynów Morzyszów Ołdrzychowice Kłodzkie Piszkowice Podtynie Podzamek Rogówek Romanowo Roszyce Ruszowice Ścinawica Starków Stary Wielisław Święcko Szalejów Dolny Szalejów Górny Wilcza Wojbórz Wojciechowice Żelazno Seat (not part of the gmina) Kłodzko This Kłodzko County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cricket_team_in_Zimbabwe_in_2004
Sri Lankan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2004
["1 Squads","2 ODI series","2.1 1st ODI","2.2 2nd ODI","2.3 3rd ODI","2.4 4th ODI","2.5 5th ODI","3 Test series","3.1 1st Test","3.2 2nd Test","4 References"]
International cricket tour Sri Lankans in Zimbabwe 2004    Zimbabwe Sri LankaDates 20 April 2004 – 17 May 2004Captains Tatenda Taibu Marvan AtapattuMahela Jayawardene (4th ODI)Test seriesResult Sri Lanka won the 2-match series 2–0Most runs Dion Ebrahim (115) Marvan Atapattu (419)Most wickets Tinashe Panyangara (4) Muttiah Muralitharan (14)Player of the series Marvan Atapattu (Sri Lanka)One Day International seriesResults Sri Lanka won the 5-match series 5–0Most runs Tatenda Taibu (169) Kumar Sangakkara (136)Most wickets Tawanda Mupariwa (4) Muttiah Muralitharan (10)Player of the series Tatenda Taibu (Zimbabwe) The Sri Lanka national cricket team toured Zimbabwe in April and May 2004 to play 2 Test matches and 5 Limited Overs Internationals. The next time Zimbabwe played Sri Lanka in a Test match was in October 2016. The series was preceded by a massive crisis rocking Zimbabwe cricket, with captain Heath Streak sacked and dropped from the team for criticising the Zimbabwe Cricket Union (ZCU) and several of its policies, including the quota system for non-white cricketers and politicisation of the sport among others. Subsequently, thirteen leading Zimbabwean cricketers, all of them white, rebelled and made themselves unavailable for selection in protest against the treatment meted out to Streak by the ZCU. As a result, a second-string side led by wicketkeeper Tatenda Taibu and comprising mostly black cricketers was selected to face Sri Lanka. The side proved to be clearly uncompetitive as the Lankans whitewashed them in both the ODIs and Tests by margins of 5-0 and 2-0 respectively, winning all matches by heavy margins and winning both Tests by an innings. Due to the shambolic performance by the Zimbabweans, the ZCU scrapped all Test matches involving Zimbabwe for the rest of the year. The series marked the start of the downfall for Zimbabwe cricket which continues to this day. Squads Zimbabwe Sri Lanka Tatenda Taibu (c; wk) Marvan Atapattu (c) Dion Ebrahim Prasanna Jayawardene (wk) Elton Chigumbura Mahela Jayawardene Douglas Hondo Kumar Sangakkara Blessing Mahwire Sanath Jayasuriya Alester Maregwede Tillakaratne Dilshan Stuart Matsikenyeri Thilan Samaraweera Tawanda Mupariwa Dinusha Fernando Mluleki Nkala Chaminda Vaas Tinashe Panyangara Muttiah Muralitharan Brendan Taylor Upul Chandana Prosper Utseya Ian Daniel Mark Vermeulen Rangana Herath Thilina Kandamby Farveez Maharoof Nuwan Zoysa Russel Arnold ODI series 1st ODI 20 April 2004 Scorecard Zimbabwe 211/6 (50 overs) v  Sri Lanka144/4 (27 overs) T Taibu 96* (151) DNT Zoysa 3/21 (7 overs) KC Sangakkara 73* (72) DT Hondo 2/34 (7 overs) Sri Lanka won by 12 runs (D/L method) Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo Umpires: KC Barbour (ZIM) and DJ Harper (AUS) Player of the match: T Taibu (ZIM) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field. Sri Lankan innings reduced to 33 overs. Target 173. Sri Lankan innings further reduced to 27 overs. When play was halted Sri Lanka needed to have scored 133 runs to win. E Chigumbura, T Panyangara, BRM Taylor and P Utseya (all ZIM) made their ODI debuts. 2nd ODI 22 April 2004 Scorecard Zimbabwe 136 (36.4 overs) v  Sri Lanka139/1 (20.5 overs) T Taibu 35 (57) M Muralitharan 4/32 (8.4 overs) WS Jayantha 74* (64) T Panyangara 1/40 (6 overs) Sri Lanka won by 9 wickets Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo Umpires: KC Barbour (ZIM) and IL Howell (SA) Player of the match: WPUJC Vaas (Sri Lanka) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field. 3rd ODI 25 April 2004 Scorecard Zimbabwe 35 (18 overs) v  Sri Lanka40/1 (9.2 overs) DD Ebrahim 7 (10)Extras 7 WPUJC Vaas 4/11 (9 overs) WS Jayantha 28* (26) DT Hondo 1/11 (5 overs) Sri Lanka won by 9 wickets Harare Sports Club, Harare Umpires: DJ Harper (AUS) and ID Robinson (ZIM) Player of the match: WPUJC Vaas (Sri Lanka) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field. HMRKB Herath and MF Maharoof (both SL) made their ODI debuts. Chaminda Vaas took 300 wickets in ODIs. Zimbabwe's score of 35 was the lowest ever score in ODIs till 12 February 2020. USA scored 35 against Nepal in 12 overs and hence tied the record with Zimbabwe. 4th ODI 27 April 2004 Scorecard Sri Lanka 223/9 (50 overs) v  Zimbabwe151 (43.4 overs) KC Sangakkara 63 (100) ML Nkala 3/50 (10 overs) DD Ebrahim 50* (92) MF Maharoof 2/19 (8.4 overs) Sri Lanka won by 72 runs Harare Sports Club, Harare Umpires: KC Barbour (ZIM) and IL Howell (SA) Player of the match: UDU Chandana (SL) Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field. SHT Kandamby (SL) and T Mupariwa (ZIM) made their ODI debuts. 5th ODI 29 April 2004 Scorecard Sri Lanka 246/7 (50 overs) v  Zimbabwe221/9 (50 overs) RP Arnold 51* (51) T Taibu 2/42 (10 overs) BRM Taylor 74 (120) M Muralitharan 5/23 (10 overs) Sri Lanka won by 25 runs Harare Sports Club, Harare Umpires: DJ Harper (AUS) and ID Robinson (ZIM) Player of the match: RP Arnold (SL) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat. Test series 1st Test 6–8 May Scorecard Zimbabwe  v  Sri Lanka 199 (71.2 overs)Tatenda Taibu 40 (108)Muttiah Muralitharan 6/45 (24.2 overs) 541 (125.1 overs)Marvan Atapattu 170 (253)Blessing Mahwire 3/97 (18 overs) 102 (32 overs)Mluleki Nkala 24 (50)Nuwan Zoysa 5/20 (9.5 overs) Sri Lanka won by an innings and 240 runsHarare Sports Club, Harare Umpires: Billy Bowden (NZ) and Rudi Koertzen (SA) Player of the match: Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field. Test debuts: Brendan Taylor, Elton Chigumbura, Prosper Utseya, Alester Maregwede, Tinashe Panyangara (all Zimbabwe), Farveez Maharoof (Sri Lanka) 2nd Test 14–17 May Scorecard Zimbabwe  v  Sri Lanka 228 (75 overs)Dion Ebrahim 70 (112)Chaminda Vaas 3/41 (19 overs) 713/3d (165.3 overs)Kumar Sangakkara 270 (365)Mluleki Nkala 1/111 (32 overs) 231 (75.1 overs)Dion Ebrahim 42 (103)Muttiah Muralitharan 4/79 (28.1 overs) Sri Lanka won by an innings and 254 runsQueens Sports Club, Bulawayo Umpires: Billy Bowden (NZ) and Rudi Koertzen (SA) Player of the match: Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field Tawanda Mupariwa (Zimbabwe) made his Test debut. References ^ CricketArchive – tour itinerary Archived 6 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 14 December 2010. ^ "Herath set for captaincy debut in Zimbabwe's 100th Test". ESPNcricinfo.com. Retrieved 28 October 2016. ^ Heath Streak was loved, and he knew it ^ a b Zimbabwe hit by players' rebellion ^ Zimbabwe Agrees to Play No More Test Cricket Matches in 2004 - 2004-06-10 ^ Zimbabwe's decade of hurt ^ Zimbabwe fails to qualify for T20 World Cup as African nation’s sad downfall continues ^ "Records | One-Day Internationals | Team records | Lowest innings totals". ESPNcricinfo.com. Retrieved 16 November 2021. ^ CricketArchive – 1st Test scorecard Cricketarchive.com, Retrieved on 14 December 2010. ^ CricketArchive – 2nd Test scorecard Cricketarchive.com, Retrieved on 14 December 2010. vteInternational cricket in 2004Preceding season: International cricket in 2003–04April 2004 Sri Lanka in Zimbabwe May 2004 Bangladesh in West Indies New Zealand in England Australia in Zimbabwe June 2004 NatWest Series July 2004 Sri Lanka in Australia West Indies in England Asia Cup New Zealand women in Ireland August 2004 South Africa in Sri Lanka New Zealand women in England Videocon Cup September 2004 India in England Australia against Pakistan in England Champions Trophy Final Following season: International cricket in 2004–05 vteInternational cricket tours of ZimbabweAfghanistan 2014 2015–16 2016–17 2022 Australia 1999–2000 2004 Bangladesh 2000–01 2003–04 2006 2006–07 2009 2011 2013 2021 2022 England 1996–97 1999–2000 2001–02 2004–05 India 1992–93 1996–97 1998 2001 2005 2010 2013 2015 2016 2022 Ireland 1985–86 1990–91 2010–11 2015–16 2019–20 2022–23 2023–24 New Zealand 1992–93 1997–98 2000–01 2005 2011–12 2015 2016 Pakistan 1992–93 1994–95 1997–98 2002–03 2011 2013 2015 2018 2020–21 South Africa 1991–92 1995–96 1999–2000 2001–02 2007–08 2014 Sri Lanka 1982–83 1994–95 1999–2000 2004 2008–09 2016–17 2019–20 West Indies 2001 2003–04 2007–08 2017–18 2022–23 Tournaments hostedMultiple teams 2001 2003 2005–06 2010 2014 2016–17 2017-18 2018 Other toursDanish 1998–99 Dutch 2017–18 2022–23 English 1909–10 Kenyan 1980–81 2002–03 2005–06 2009–10 2011–12 Multi-national 1961–62 1962–63 1972-73 1974-75 1975-76 Namibian 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2022 Scottish 1993–94 UAE 2018–19 Pakistan A 2023 This article on an international cricket tour of Zimbabwe is a stub. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sri Lanka national cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Test matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"Limited Overs Internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_Overs_International"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"October 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cricket_team_in_Zimbabwe_in_2016%E2%80%9317"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prev2004-2"},{"link_name":"massive crisis rocking Zimbabwe cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwean_cricket_crisis"},{"link_name":"Heath Streak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Streak"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe Cricket Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Cricket_Union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rebel-4"},{"link_name":"Tatenda Taibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatenda_Taibu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rebel-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Sri Lanka national cricket team toured Zimbabwe in April and May 2004 to play 2 Test matches and 5 Limited Overs Internationals.[1] The next time Zimbabwe played Sri Lanka in a Test match was in October 2016.[2]The series was preceded by a massive crisis rocking Zimbabwe cricket, with captain Heath Streak sacked and dropped from the team for criticising the Zimbabwe Cricket Union (ZCU) and several of its policies, including the quota system for non-white cricketers and politicisation of the sport among others.[3] Subsequently, thirteen leading Zimbabwean cricketers, all of them white, rebelled and made themselves unavailable for selection in protest against the treatment meted out to Streak by the ZCU.[4] As a result, a second-string side led by wicketkeeper Tatenda Taibu and comprising mostly black cricketers was selected to face Sri Lanka.[4] The side proved to be clearly uncompetitive as the Lankans whitewashed them in both the ODIs and Tests by margins of 5-0 and 2-0 respectively, winning all matches by heavy margins and winning both Tests by an innings.Due to the shambolic performance by the Zimbabweans, the ZCU scrapped all Test matches involving Zimbabwe for the rest of the year.[5] The series marked the start of the downfall for Zimbabwe cricket which continues to this day.[6][7]","title":"Sri Lankan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2004"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Squads"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"ODI series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79420.html"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"T Taibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatenda_Taibu"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"DNT Zoysa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuwan_Zoysa"},{"link_name":"KC Sangakkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumar_Sangakkara"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"DT Hondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hondo"},{"link_name":"Queens Sports Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Sports_Club"},{"link_name":"Bulawayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawayo"},{"link_name":"KC Barbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevan_Barbour"},{"link_name":"DJ Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Harper"},{"link_name":"T Taibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatenda_Taibu"},{"link_name":"E Chigumbura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_Chigumbura"},{"link_name":"T Panyangara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinashe_Panyangara"},{"link_name":"BRM Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Taylor"},{"link_name":"P Utseya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Utseya"}],"sub_title":"1st ODI","text":"20 April 2004 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nZimbabwe 211/6 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Sri Lanka144/4 (27 overs)\n\n\nT Taibu 96* (151) DNT Zoysa 3/21 (7 overs)\n\n\n\nKC Sangakkara 73* (72) DT Hondo 2/34 (7 overs)\n\n\n\nSri Lanka won by 12 runs (D/L method) Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo Umpires: KC Barbour (ZIM) and DJ Harper (AUS) Player of the match: T Taibu (ZIM)\n\n\nSri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.\nSri Lankan innings reduced to 33 overs. Target 173.\nSri Lankan innings further reduced to 27 overs. When play was halted Sri Lanka needed to have scored 133 runs to win.\nE Chigumbura, T Panyangara, BRM Taylor and P Utseya (all ZIM) made their ODI debuts.","title":"ODI series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79434.html"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"T Taibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatenda_Taibu"},{"link_name":"M Muralitharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttiah_Muralitharan"},{"link_name":"WS Jayantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman_Jayantha"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"T Panyangara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinashe_Panyangara"},{"link_name":"Queens Sports Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Sports_Club"},{"link_name":"Bulawayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawayo"},{"link_name":"KC Barbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevan_Barbour"},{"link_name":"IL Howell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Howell"},{"link_name":"WPUJC Vaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaminda_Vaas"}],"sub_title":"2nd ODI","text":"22 April 2004 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nZimbabwe 136 (36.4 overs)\n\nv\n\n Sri Lanka139/1 (20.5 overs)\n\n\nT Taibu 35 (57) M Muralitharan 4/32 (8.4 overs)\n\n\n\nWS Jayantha 74* (64) T Panyangara 1/40 (6 overs)\n\n\n\nSri Lanka won by 9 wickets Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo Umpires: KC Barbour (ZIM) and IL Howell (SA) Player of the match: WPUJC Vaas (Sri Lanka)\n\n\nSri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.","title":"ODI series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79441.html"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"DD Ebrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion_Ebrahim"},{"link_name":"WPUJC Vaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaminda_Vaas"},{"link_name":"WS Jayantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman_Jayantha"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"DT Hondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hondo"},{"link_name":"Harare Sports Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare_Sports_Club"},{"link_name":"Harare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"DJ Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Harper"},{"link_name":"ID Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Robinson_(cricket_umpire)"},{"link_name":"WPUJC Vaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaminda_Vaas"},{"link_name":"HMRKB Herath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangana_Herath"},{"link_name":"MF Maharoof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farveez_Maharoof"},{"link_name":"Chaminda Vaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaminda_Vaas"},{"link_name":"ODIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Day_International_cricket_records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"3rd ODI","text":"25 April 2004 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nZimbabwe 35 (18 overs)\n\nv\n\n Sri Lanka40/1 (9.2 overs)\n\n\nDD Ebrahim 7 (10)Extras 7 WPUJC Vaas 4/11 (9 overs)\n\n\n\nWS Jayantha 28* (26) DT Hondo 1/11 (5 overs)\n\n\n\nSri Lanka won by 9 wickets Harare Sports Club, Harare Umpires: DJ Harper (AUS) and ID Robinson (ZIM) Player of the match: WPUJC Vaas (Sri Lanka)\n\n\nSri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.\nHMRKB Herath and MF Maharoof (both SL) made their ODI debuts.\nChaminda Vaas took 300 wickets in ODIs.\nZimbabwe's score of 35 was the lowest ever score in ODIs till 12 February 2020. USA scored 35 against Nepal in 12 overs and hence tied the record with Zimbabwe.[8]","title":"ODI series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79455.html"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"KC Sangakkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumar_Sangakkara"},{"link_name":"ML Nkala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mluleki_Nkala"},{"link_name":"DD Ebrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion_Ebrahim"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"MF Maharoof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farveez_Maharoof"},{"link_name":"Harare Sports Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare_Sports_Club"},{"link_name":"Harare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"KC Barbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevan_Barbour"},{"link_name":"IL Howell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Howell"},{"link_name":"UDU Chandana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upul_Chandana"},{"link_name":"SHT Kandamby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thilina_Kandamby"},{"link_name":"T Mupariwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawanda_Mupariwa"}],"sub_title":"4th ODI","text":"27 April 2004 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSri Lanka 223/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Zimbabwe151 (43.4 overs)\n\n\nKC Sangakkara 63 (100) ML Nkala 3/50 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nDD Ebrahim 50* (92) MF Maharoof 2/19 (8.4 overs)\n\n\n\nSri Lanka won by 72 runs Harare Sports Club, Harare Umpires: KC Barbour (ZIM) and IL Howell (SA) Player of the match: UDU Chandana (SL)\n\n\nZimbabwe won the toss and elected to field.\nSHT Kandamby (SL) and T Mupariwa (ZIM) made their ODI debuts.","title":"ODI series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79470.html"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"RP Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russel_Arnold"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"T Taibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatenda_Taibu"},{"link_name":"BRM Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Taylor"},{"link_name":"M Muralitharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttiah_Muralitharan"},{"link_name":"Harare Sports Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare_Sports_Club"},{"link_name":"Harare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"DJ Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Harper"},{"link_name":"ID Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Robinson_(cricket_umpire)"},{"link_name":"RP Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russel_Arnold"}],"sub_title":"5th ODI","text":"29 April 2004 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSri Lanka 246/7 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n Zimbabwe221/9 (50 overs)\n\n\nRP Arnold 51* (51) T Taibu 2/42 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nBRM Taylor 74 (120) M Muralitharan 5/23 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nSri Lanka won by 25 runs Harare Sports Club, Harare Umpires: DJ Harper (AUS) and ID Robinson (ZIM) Player of the match: RP Arnold (SL)\n\n\nSri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"ODI series"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Test series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.espncricinfo.com/series/15029/scorecard/64084/zimbabwe-vs-sri-lanka-1st-test-sri-lanka-tour-of-zimbabwe-2004"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Tatenda Taibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatenda_Taibu"},{"link_name":"Muttiah Muralitharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttiah_Muralitharan"},{"link_name":"Marvan Atapattu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvan_Atapattu"},{"link_name":"Blessing Mahwire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessing_Mahwire"},{"link_name":"Mluleki Nkala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mluleki_Nkala"},{"link_name":"Nuwan Zoysa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuwan_Zoysa"},{"link_name":"Harare Sports Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare_Sports_Club"},{"link_name":"Harare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"Billy Bowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bowden"},{"link_name":"Rudi Koertzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen"},{"link_name":"Muttiah Muralitharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttiah_Muralitharan"},{"link_name":"Brendan Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Elton Chigumbura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_Chigumbura"},{"link_name":"Prosper Utseya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Utseya"},{"link_name":"Alester Maregwede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alester_Maregwede"},{"link_name":"Tinashe Panyangara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinashe_Panyangara"},{"link_name":"Farveez Maharoof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farveez_Maharoof"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"1st Test","text":"6–8 May Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nZimbabwe \n\nv\n\n Sri Lanka\n\n\n199 (71.2 overs)Tatenda Taibu 40 (108)Muttiah Muralitharan 6/45 (24.2 overs)\n\n\n\n541 (125.1 overs)Marvan Atapattu 170 (253)Blessing Mahwire 3/97 (18 overs)\n\n\n102 (32 overs)Mluleki Nkala 24 (50)Nuwan Zoysa 5/20 (9.5 overs)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSri Lanka won by an innings and 240 runsHarare Sports Club, Harare Umpires: Billy Bowden (NZ) and Rudi Koertzen (SA) Player of the match: Muttiah Muralitharan\n\n\nSri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.\nTest debuts: Brendan Taylor, Elton Chigumbura, Prosper Utseya, Alester Maregwede, Tinashe Panyangara (all Zimbabwe), Farveez Maharoof (Sri Lanka)[9]","title":"Test series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.espncricinfo.com/series/15029/scorecard/64085/zimbabwe-vs-sri-lanka-2nd-test-sri-lanka-tour-of-zimbabwe-2004"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Dion Ebrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion_Ebrahim"},{"link_name":"Chaminda Vaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaminda_Vaas"},{"link_name":"Kumar Sangakkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumar_Sangakkara"},{"link_name":"Mluleki Nkala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mluleki_Nkala"},{"link_name":"Dion Ebrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion_Ebrahim"},{"link_name":"Muttiah Muralitharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttiah_Muralitharan"},{"link_name":"Queens Sports Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Sports_Club"},{"link_name":"Bulawayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawayo"},{"link_name":"Billy Bowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bowden"},{"link_name":"Rudi Koertzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen"},{"link_name":"Kumar Sangakkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumar_Sangakkara"},{"link_name":"Tawanda Mupariwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawanda_Mupariwa"},{"link_name":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"2nd Test","text":"14–17 May Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nZimbabwe \n\nv\n\n Sri Lanka\n\n\n228 (75 overs)Dion Ebrahim 70 (112)Chaminda Vaas 3/41 (19 overs)\n\n\n\n713/3d (165.3 overs)Kumar Sangakkara 270 (365)Mluleki Nkala 1/111 (32 overs)\n\n\n231 (75.1 overs)Dion Ebrahim 42 (103)Muttiah Muralitharan 4/79 (28.1 overs)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSri Lanka won by an innings and 254 runsQueens Sports Club, Bulawayo Umpires: Billy Bowden (NZ) and Rudi Koertzen (SA) Player of the match: Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka)\n\n\nSri Lanka won the toss and elected to field\nTawanda Mupariwa (Zimbabwe) made his Test debut.[10]","title":"Test series"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeman_(film)
Seeman (film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
1994 Indian filmSeemanTheatrical release posterDirected byRaj KapoorWritten byRaj KapoorProduced byM. G. SekarS. SanthanamStarringKarthikSukanyaCinematographyB. BalamuruganEdited byB. LeninV. T. VijayanMusic byIlaiyaraajaProductioncompanyM. G. PicturesRelease date 15 April 1994 (1994-04-15) CountryIndiaLanguageTamil Seeman (transl. Rich Man) is a 1994 Indian Tamil-language film, written and directed by Raj Kapoor. The film stars Karthik and Sukanya. It was released on 15 April 1994. Plot This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cast Karthik as Collector Chandru I. A. S Sukanya as Bhagyam Jai Ganesh as Church Father Kavitha as Abirami Goundamani as Dawali Senthil Salim Ghouse as Masanam Manorama Silk Smitha Sindhu Vadivukkarasi (cameo appearance) Vagai Chandrasekhar Thalapathy Dinesh Thyagu Udayprakash as Mani Shanmugasundari Soundtrack The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja, with lyrics by Vaali. Song Singers Length "Ennamo Nadanthuruku" Venkataraman, Shanmugasundari 05:01 "Manu Koduthu" S. Janaki 05:32 "Naatukottai Chettiyar" Mano, Sunandha 04:57 "Ootu Kettu" T. L. Maharajan, Mano 05:08 "Sadu Gudu Thodu" Mano 05:47 Reception Malini Mannath of The Indian Express gave a negative review citing "Raj Kapoor has not done justice to the talented artiste Karthik". R. P. R. of Kalki wrote no matter which donkey the story goes on till the interval; then there is a little suspense, and then there are seven to eight fights to give it a happy end, which almost becomes the whole formula of this series, he panned Ilaiyaraaja's music and praised cinematography as the only positive point. References ^ "Seeman". The Indian Express. 15 April 1994. p. 4. Retrieved 11 January 2019 – via Google News Archive. ^ "சீமான் (1994)". Raaga.com (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023. ^ "Seeman Tamil Film Audio Cassette by Ilayaraaja". Mossymart. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023. ^ Mannath, Malini (22 April 1994). "Derring-do". The Indian Express. p. 6. Retrieved 7 January 2019 – via Google News Archive. ^ ஆர்.பி.ஆர் (22 May 1994). "சீமான்". Kalki (in Tamil). p. 24. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023 – via Internet Archive. External links Seeman at IMDb
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichoderus_flatidorsus
Dolichoderus flatidorsus
["1 References"]
Species of ant Dolichoderus flatidorsus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera Family: Formicidae Subfamily: Dolichoderinae Genus: Dolichoderus Species: D. flatidorsus Binomial name Dolichoderus flatidorsusZhou & Zheng, 1997 Dolichoderus flatidorsus is a species of ant in the genus Dolichoderus. Described by Zhou and Zheng in 1997, the species is endemic to China. References ^ Zhou, S.; Zheng, Z. 1997d. Two new species of the ant genus Dolichoderus Lund (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Guangxi, China. Entomol. Sin. 4 (3): 206-210 (page 206, figs. 1, 2 worker described) Taxon identifiersDolichoderus flatidorsus Wikidata: Q13593277 BOLD: 668275 GBIF: 9830852 iNaturalist: 1232101 NCBI: 609375 Open Tree of Life: 1049773 This Dolichoderus-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_massacres
September Massacres
["1 Background","1.1 The Duke of Brunswick's manifesto","1.2 The insurrection of the Paris Commune","1.3 Prussian advance and Paris reaction","2 Madame de Staël","3 Massacres","3.1 Carmes prison","3.2 Prison de l'Abbaye","3.3 Conciergerie, Saint Firmin and Bernardins","3.4 Bicêtre and Salpêtrière","3.5 The end","3.6 Contemporary reports","3.7 Numbers","4 Killings outside Paris","5 Official role","6 Debate in the Convention","7 Political repercussions","8 Martyrs","9 See also","10 Notes and citations","10.1 Bibliography","10.2 Further reading","10.3 Eyewitnesses","10.4 Fictional accounts","11 External links"]
1792 killings of prisoners in Paris September MassacresPart of the French RevolutionContemporary engraving depicting the killing of priests, nuns and Princess de Lamballe. Captions with poems condemning the massacres in French and German.Native name Massacres de SeptembreDate2–6 September 1792 (1792-09-02 – 1792-09-06)LocationParisTypeMassacresCauseObsession with a prison conspiracy, desire for revenge, fear of advancing Prussians, ambiguity over who was in controlParticipantssans-culottes, fédérés, and guardsmenOutcomeHalf the prison population of Paris summarily executedDeaths1,100–1,600 The September Massacres were a series of killings and summary executions of prisoners in Paris that occurred in 1792, from Sunday, 2 September until Thursday, 6 September, during the French Revolution. Between 1,176 and 1,614 people were killed by sans-culottes, fédérés, and guardsmen, with the support of gendarmes responsible for guarding the tribunals and prisons, the Cordeliers, the Committee of Surveillance of the Commune, and the revolutionary sections of Paris. With Prussian and royalist armies advancing on Paris, and widespread fear that prisoners in the city would be freed to join them, on 1 September the Legislative Assembly called for volunteers to gather the next day on the Champs de Mars. On 2 September, around 1:00 pm, Minister of Justice Georges Danton delivered a speech in the assembly, stating: "We ask that anyone refusing to give personal service or to furnish arms shall be punished with death. The bell we are about to ring... sounds the charge on the enemies of our country." The massacres began around 2:30 PM in the middle of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, and within the first 20 hours more than 1,000 prisoners were killed. The next morning, the surveillance committees of the commune published a circular that called on provincial patriots to defend Paris by eliminating counter-revolutionaries, and the secretary, Jean-Lambert Tallien, called on other cities to follow suit. The massacres were repeated in a few other French cities; in total 65–75 incidents were reported. The exact number of victims is not known, as over 440 people had uncertain fates, including from 22 to 200 Swiss soldiers. The identity of the perpetrators, called "septembriseurs", is poorly documented, but a large number were Parisian national guards and provincial federates who had remained in the city since their arrival in July. 72% of those killed were non-political prisoners including forgers of assignats (galley convicts), common criminals, women, and children, while 17% were Catholic priests. The minister of the interior, Roland, accused the commune of the atrocities. Charlotte Corday held Jean-Paul Marat responsible, while Madame Roland blamed Georges Danton. Danton was also accused by later French historians Adolphe Thiers, Alphonse de Lamartine, Jules Michelet, Louis Blanc and Edgar Quinet of doing nothing to stop them. According to modern historian Georges Lefebvre, the "collective mentality is a sufficient explanation for the killing". Historian Timothy Tackett deflected specific blame from individuals, stating: "The obsession with a prison conspiracy, the desire for revenge, the fear of the advancing Prussians, the ambiguity over who was in control of a state that had always relied in the past on a centralized monarchy: all had come together in a volatile mixture of anger, fear, and uncertainty." Background The Duke of Brunswick's manifesto Anonymous caricature depicting the treatment given to the Brunswick Manifesto by the French population In April 1792 France declared war on the Habsburg monarchy, prompting the War of the First Coalition. In July, an army under the Duke of Brunswick, and composed mostly of Prussians, joined the Austrian side and invaded France. As the army advanced, Paris went into a state of hysteria, especially after the Duke issued the "Brunswick Manifesto" on 25 July. His avowed aim was to put an end to the anarchy in the interior of France, to check the attacks upon the throne and the altar, to reestablish the legal power, to restore to the king the security and the liberty of which he is now deprived and to place him in a position to exercise once more the legitimate authority which belongs to him. The manifesto threatened the French population with instant punishment should it resist the imperial and Prussian armies or the reinstatement of the monarchy. The manifesto was frequently described as unlawful and offensive to national sovereignty. Its authorship was frequently in doubt. Revolutionaries like Marat and Hébert preferred to concentrate on the internal enemy. On 3 August Pétion and 47 sections demanded the deposition of the king. The insurrection of the Paris Commune On the evening of 9 August 1792, a Jacobin insurrection overthrew the leadership of the Paris municipality, proclaiming a new revolutionary commune headed by transitional authorities. The next day the insurrectionists stormed the Tuileries Palace. King Louis XVI was imprisoned with the royal family, and his authority as king was suspended by the Legislative Assembly. The following day the royalist press was silenced. A provisional executive (conseil exécutif) was named and busied itself with reorganizing or solving questions concerning the police, justice, the army, navy, and paper money, but actual power now rested with the new revolutionary commune, whose strength resided in the mobilized and armed sans-culottes, the lower classes of Paris, and fédérés, armed volunteers from the provinces that had arrived at the end of July. The 48 sections of Paris were equipped with munitions from the plundered arsenals in the days before the assault, substituting for the 60 national guard battalions. Supported by a new armed force, the commune dominated the Legislative Assembly and its decisions. The commune pushed through several measures: universal suffrage was adopted, the civilian population was armed, all remnants of noble privileges were abolished and the properties of the émigrés were sold. These events meant a change of direction from the political and constitutional perspective of the Girondists to a more social approach given by the commune as expressed by Pierre-Joseph Cambon: "To reject with more efficacy the defenders of despotism, we have to address the fortunes of the poor, we have to associate the Revolution with this multitude that possesses nothing, we have to convert the people to the cause." Besides these measures, the commune engaged in a policy of political repression of all suspected counter-revolutionary activities. Beginning on 11 August, every Paris section named surveillance committees (committees of vigilance) for conducting searches and making arrests. It was mostly these decentralized committees, rather than the commune as a whole, which engaged in the repression of August and September 1792. Within a few days each section elected three commissioners to take seats in the insurrectionary commune; one of them was Maximilien Robespierre. To ensure that there was some appropriate legal process for dealing with suspects accused of political crimes and treason, rather than arbitrary killing by local committees, a revolutionary tribunal, with extraordinary powers to impose the death sentence without any appeal, was installed on 17 August. Robespierre, who had proposed this measure, refused to preside over the tribunal, arguing that the same man ought not to be a denouncer, an accuser, and a judge.: 201  Already, on 15 August, four sections called for all priests and imprisoned suspects to be put to death before the volunteers departed. Robespierre proposed to erect a pyramid on Place Vendôme to remember the victims of 10 August. On 19 August the nonjuring priests were ordered to leave the country within two weeks, which meant before 2 September 1792. In Paris, all monasteries were closed and would soon be in use as hospitals, etc. The remaining religious orders were banned by the law of 15 August. Marat left nothing in doubt when he urged "good citizens to go to the Abbaye, to seize priests, and especially the officers of the Swiss Guards and their accomplices and run a sword through them". From 15 to 25 August, around 500 detentions were registered; some were sent to Orléans. Half the detentions were of nonjuring priests, but even priests who had sworn the required oath were caught in the wave. Prussian advance and Paris reaction Around 26 August, news reached Paris that the Prussian army had crossed the French border and occupied Longwy without a battle. Roland proposed that the government should leave Paris, whereas Robespierre suggested in a letter to the sections of the commune that they should defend liberty and equality and maintain their posts, and die if necessary. The assembly decreed that all the non-juring priests had to leave Paris within eight days and the country within two weeks. In the evening, in the presence of 350,000 people, a funeral ceremony was held in the gardens of the Tuileries for those killed while storming the Tuileries. On 28 August, the assembly ordered a curfew for around two days. The city gates were closed; all communication with the country was stopped. At the behest of Justice Minister Danton, thirty commissioners from the sections were ordered to search in every (suspect) house for weapons, munition, swords, carriages and horses. "They searched every drawer and every cupboard, sounded every panel, lifted every hearthstone, inquired into every correspondence in the capital. As a result of this inquisition, more than 1,000 "suspects" were added to the immense body of political prisoners already confined in the jails and convents of the city." On 29 August, the Prussians attacked Verdun. When this news arrived it escalated panic in the capital; the situation was highly critical. Throughout August, the Legislative Assembly, which had been greatly diminished as more than half of the deputies had fled since the storming of the Tuileries, had acquiesced to the activities of the commune and its sections. On 30 August, the Girondins Roland and Marguerite-Élie Guadet tried to suppress the influence of the commune, which they accused of exercising unlawful power. The assembly, tired of the pressures, declared the commune illegal and suggested the organization of communal elections and a doubling of the number of seats. However, the assembly canceled the decree the next day at the request of Jacques-Alexis Thuriot. The balance of power was disrupted and the conflict between the Girondins and the Montagnards would influence the progress of the French Revolution. On 1 September the prisons were full. The citizens of Paris were told to prepare themselves for the defense of the country and gather immediately upon the sound of the tocsin. Their imminent departure from the capital provoked further concern about the crowded prisons, now full of counter-revolutionary suspects who might threaten a city deprived of so many of its defenders. Marat called for a "new blood-letting", larger than the one on 10 August. Marat and his Committee of Surveillance of the Commune organized the massacres, first voting to round up 4,000 mostly ordinary people, "suspects" of the committee, agreed to kill them in "whole groups," voting down a Marat proposal to murder them by setting them on fire, then finally agreeing to a proposal by Billaud-Varennes to "butcher them". The bulk of the butchers were made up of "Marseilles," "hired assassins" from the prisons of Genoa and Sicily, paid twenty-four dollars, whose names were listed by "M. Granier de Cassagnac." The rest were murderers and others previously imprisoned for violent crimes released ahead of time from the prisons they would soon be returning to for the massacres. The British ambassador reported: A party at the instigation of someone or other declared they would not quit Paris, as long as the prisons were filled with Traitors (for they called those so, that were confined in the different Prisons and Churches), who might in the absence of such a number of Citizens rise and not only effect the release of His Majesty but make an entire counterrevolution. On 1 September, the gates of the city closed the days before, were opened on the orders of Pétion, providing an opportunity for suspects to flee the capital. According to Louis-Marie Prudhomme people still profited from the opportunity on Sunday morning 2 September. (Verdun capitulated on 2 September gaining a clear westward path to Paris.) The Assembly decreed arming the volunteers; a third would stay in Paris and defend the city with pikes, the others were meant for the frontier and the trenches. It further decreed that traitors who refused to participate in the defense or hand over their arms deserved death. The sections, gathered in the town hall, decided to remain in Paris; Marat proposed to have Roland and his fellow Girondist Brissot arrested. The commune ordered the gates closed and an alarm gun fired. After the tocsin was rung around 14:00, 50 or 60,000 men enrolled for the defense of the country on the Champs de Mars. On 2 September, around 13:00, Georges Danton, a member of the provisional government, delivered a speech in the assembly: "We ask that anyone refusing to give personal service or to furnish arms shall be punished with death." "The bell we are about to ring is not an alarm signal; it sounds the charge on the enemies of our country." After the applause, he continued, "To conquer them we must dare, dare again, always dare, and France is saved." His speech acted as a call for direct action among the citizens, as well as a strike against the external enemy. Madame Roland and Hillary Mantel weren't the only ones who thought his speech was responsible for inciting the September Massacres, also Louis Mortimer−Ternaux. Madame de Staël Around 4 in the afternoon Madame de Staël, as ambassadress of Sweden, who lived in Rue du Bac near Champ de Mars, tried to flee through crowded streets but her carriage was stopped and the crowd forced her to go to the Paris town hall, where Robespierre presided. (However, according to Maximilien's sister Charlotte, he never presided over the insurrectionary commune. According to Louvet de Couvrai he "governed" the Paris Conseil Général of the département.) Late in the evening, she was conveyed home, escorted by the procurator Louis Pierre Manuel. The next day the secretary-general to the Commune of Paris, Tallien, arrived with a passport and accompanied her to the barrier. Massacres Map of Paris and the Faubourgs (1797). The La Force prison was in Le Marais on Rue Pavée, near Place des Fédérés. The Conciergerie was located on the westside of the Île de la Cité, next to the Palais de Justice. 115 priests were killed in the Carmes prison. Le massacre des Carmes by Marie–Marc–Antoine Bilcocq, (1820). Musée de la Révolution française Prison de l'Abbaye where 160–220 people were killed in three days. It was located between Rue de Bussi and Rue du Four (E40), with the entrance on Rue Sainte-Marguerite, today 133, Boulevard Saint-Germain. The first massacre began in the quartier Latin around 14:30 on Sunday afternoon when 24 non-juring priests were being transported to the prison de l'Abbaye near the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, after being interrogated by Billaud-Varenne in the town hall. One of the carriages, escorted by Fédérés, was attacked after an incident. The fédérés killed three men in the middle of the street, before the procession arrived at the prison. Eighteen of the arrested were taken inside. They then mutilated the bodies, "with circumstances of barbarity too shocking to describe" according to the British diplomatic dispatch. One of their victims was the former minister of foreign affairs Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin. Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard was recognized as a beneficent priest and released. Carmes prison In the late afternoon 115 priests in the former convent of Carmelites, detained with the message they would be deported to French Guiana, were massacred in the courtyard with axes, spikes, swords and pistols by people with a strong patois accent. They forced the priests one by one to take the oath on the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and "swear to be faithful to the nation and to maintain liberty and equality or die defending it". Some priests hid in the choir and behind the altar. Several tried to get away by climbing in the trees and over the walls and making their escape through the Rue Cassette. At around 1700 hours, a group of 200 "Septembriseurs" came to the house of Roland on Place Dauphine to arrest him, but, as he was at the ministry, they went there. Prison de l'Abbaye An Incident during the Massacre: Charles François de Virot de Sombreuil and his daughter leaving the prison. Painting by Walter William Ouless Léon-Maxime Faivre (1908) Death of the Princess de Lamballe Between 19:00 and 20:00, the group of fédérés, etc. was back at the Abbaye prison. The Abbaye prison was located in what is now the Boulevard Saint-Germain just west of the current Passage de la Petite Boucherie. The door was closed, but the killing was resumed after an intense discussion with Manuel, the procurator, on people's justice and failing judges. Manuel and Jean Dussaulx belonged to a deputation sent by the "Conseil Général" of the commune to ask for compassion. They were insulted and escaped with their lives. A tribunal composed of twelve people presided over by Stanislas-Marie Maillard, started the interrogation by asking the prisoner why he or she was arrested. A lie was fatal, and the prisoners were summarily judged and either freed or executed. Each prisoner was asked a handful of questions, after which the prisoner was either freed with the words "Vive la nation" and permitted to leave, or sentenced to death with the words "Conduct him to the Abbaye" or "Let him go", after which the condemned was taken to a yard and was immediately killed by a waiting mob consisting of men, women, and children. The massacres were opposed by the staff of the prison, who allowed many prisoners to escape, one example being Pauline de Tourzel. The Prison de l'Abbaye contained a number of prisoners formerly belonging to the royal household, as well as survivors of the Swiss Guards from the royal palace. Among them were the royal governesses Marie Angélique de Mackau and Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel; the ladies-in-waiting the Princess de Tarente and the Princess de Lamballe; the queen's ladies-maids Marie-Élisabeth Thibault and Mme Bazile; the dauphin's nurse St Brice; the Princesse de Lamballe's lady's maid Navarre; and the valets of the king, Chamilly and Hue. All ten former members of the royal household were placed before the tribunals and freed from charges, with the exception of the Princess de Lamballe, whose death would become one of the most publicized of the September Massacres. Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel was released on order of Manuel by the Commune. Of the Swiss Guard prisoners 135 were killed, 27 were transferred, 86 were set free, and 22 had uncertain fates. According to George Long 122 died and 43 people were released. The victims had to leave behind money, jewelry, silver, gold, assignats, but also an Aeneid which is widely regarded as Virgil's masterpiece. Most of the victims' clothes were pierced with spade marks and had bloodstains. According to Louvet four armed men came to the house of Roland to get paid. On Monday morning nine o'clock, Billaud-Varenne came to the Abbaye prison and declared that the tribunal should stop stealing and would get paid by the Commune. At ten Maillard and his twelve judges resumed their work. In three days 216 men, and only three women were massacred in the Abbey. De Virot, responsible for the safeguarding of large stocks of weapons stored in the Hotel des Invalides, and his daughter survived. Conciergerie, Saint Firmin and Bernardins Saint-Bernard where 73 men (locked up in the past three months) were killed and three released. Conciergerie where 250–300 people were killed Saint Firmin in the Rue Saint Victor where 73 seminarians were killed Late in the afternoon, they went to Tour Saint-Bernard (belonging to a confiscated monastery Collège des Bernardins, located in the Sansculotte district) where forgers of assignats were jailed. (Almost all of them were locked up in the previous three months.) The pattern of semi-formal executions followed by the popular tribunals was for condemned prisoners to be ordered "transferred" and then taken into the prison courtyard where they would be cut down. One man was released after he was recognized as a thief. The participants in the killing received bread, wine and cheese, and some money. In the early evening, groups broke into another Paris prison, the Conciergerie, via an open door in a side stair. The massacre was more uncontrolled in the Conciergerie than in the Prison de l'Abbaye. In the Conciergerie, the staff did not cooperate by turning the prisoners to the mob; instead, the mob broke into the cells themselves. The massacre continued from late evening through the night until morning. Of 488 prisoners in the Conciergerie, 378 were killed during the massacre. One woman in the Conciergerie, Marie Gredeler, a bookseller who was accused of murder, was tied to a pole, killed, and mutilated. According to Prudhomme people sat on the stairs of the Palace of Justice watching the butchery in the courtyard. Not far away Restif de la Bretonne saw bodies piled high on Pont au Change in front of the Châtelet, then thrown in the river. He recorded the atrocities he witnessed in Les Nuits de Paris (1794). Before midnight the seminary Saint Firmin was visited by just four men, who killed all the seminarians. All of them were detained in August according to Cassignac; the average age of the prisoners was 47. At 2.30 in the morning, the Assembly was informed that most of the prisons were empty. The next morning the Assembly was still involved with the defense of the city; Hérault de Séchelles presided. It decided the other prisoners had to wait for their trial because of a temporary lack of judges. Bicêtre and Salpêtrière The Salpêtrière hospital where 35 women were killed The royal hospital Bicêtre where 150–170 men were killed Bicêtre, a hospital for men and boys that also served as a prison for beggars and the homeless, was visited twice that day after a rumor that there were thousands of rifles stored there. The commander brought seven cannons. According to Cassignac François Hanriot and his battalion were present; 56 prisoners were released. The average age of the 170 victims was 24–25 years, 41 were between 12 and 18 years old, and 58 were under 20. Mayor Pétion did not have much influence discussing humanity with them. At dawn Salpêtrière, a hospice for women and girls to which a prison was attached, was visited. The number of victims is exactly known: 35 women, including 23 underaged. The average age of the 35 victims was 45 – only one of them, Marie Bertrand, a diocesan from Dyon, was 17 years old – and 52 were released according to Cassignac. The end On Tuesday afternoon the killing in the Abbey finally stopped. Police commissioners Etienne-Jean Panis and Sergent-Marceau gave orders to wash away all the blood from the stairs and the courtyard, to spread straw, to count the corpses, and to dispose of them on carts to avoid infections. A contract was signed with the gravedigger of the nearby Église Saint-Sulpice, Paris, who also had to purchase quicklime. On 5 September, the day of the election, it was perfectly quiet in Paris according to Le Moniteur Universel. There were still 80 prisoners in "La Force". On 6 September the massacres finally ended. The next day the gates were opened, but it was impossible to travel to another department without a passport. Contemporary reports The Grand Châtelet from the north where about 220 people were killed Mass killing of more than 200 prisoners in the Châtelet on 3 SeptemberLa Force prison where about 165 people were killed in 48 hours. In a letter from 25 January 1793 Helen Maria Williams accused Robespierre and Danton, saying that Marat was only their instrument. Francois Buzot, a Girondin, mentions Camille Desmoulins and Fabre d'Eglantine. According to Galart de Montjoie, a lawyer and royalist, in those days everyone believed the Fédérés from Marseille, Avignon and Brest were involved in the killing. About 800–1000 were staying in barrack, but moved supposedly to where events would take place. It seems around 300 Fédérés from Brest and 500 from Marseille were then lodged in Cordeliers Convent. Servan planned to give them military training before using them to supplement the army at the front. The fact is that the reports of conspiracies in the prisons, however improbable, and the constant propaganda about the people's will and the people's anger, held everyone in a sort of stupor and gave the impression that this infamous performance was the work of the populace, whereas in reality there were not above 200 criminals. Though it is an ascertained fact that the perpetrators of the atrocious murders were but a few; yet it is not so clear that this work was not connived at, or consented to, by a much greater number, and those perhaps in authority; for otherwise, two or three companies of the town guard would have been sufficient to disperse those who were employed on the occasion. Perry describes the restoration of order after the events, giving the impression that the massacres may even have had a cathartic effect. He also suggests that France was plagued by fewer foreign enemies afterward. What emerges therefore from Perry's report is a view that, if massacres did take place, they occurred not out of spontaneous popular madness but because of comprehensible grievances. According to Robert Lindet, Adolphe Thiers, George Long, and Stanley Loomis not an outburst of passion, but coldly and carefully organized. Rather than being proof of the unprecedented depravity of an entire population, the prison massacres were the explicable result of both the "wrath and fury" of the victims of 10 August and the machinations of the Paris Commune, who gave their tacit consent to the killings. Those targeted in the attacks had not been imprisoned unjustly but had been suspected of having aided the court in its negotiations with foreign princes. In a similar way to Perry, Williams emphasizes the understandable impatience of the people, who had been kept waiting too long for justice after the August Days, when husbands, brothers, and fathers had been killed. Numbers According to Pierre Caron there were almost 2,800 prisoners in early September. Between 1,250 and 1,450 prisoners were condemned and executed. According to Caron and Bluche 70% of the victims were killed in a 20-hour interval. Among the victims were 223 nonjuring Catholic priests and (arch)bishops who refused to submit to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 81 Swiss guards, and 40–80 political suspects, mostly royalists, aristocrats, and some former judges and ministers including the queen's best friend, the Princesse de Lamballe, the only political victim in "La petite Force". The lives of about 1,250–1,600 prisoners brought before the people's courts were saved. In a few cases people were acclaimed as "patriots" by Robespierre, Tallien, Desmoulins, and Danton. Several prisoners for debts or alimony were released by Louis Pierre Manuel or by the police before 2 September. A total of nine prisons were violently entered during the five days of the massacres before the killings concluded on the night of 6–7 September; four were not visited (Sainte-Pélagie Prison, Prison Saint-Lazare, Tour du Temple and palais Bourbon). About 700 surviving Swiss soldiers, locked up in Palais Bourbon, marched to the town hall to take the oath and joined the volunteers. After initially indiscriminate slayings, ad hoc popular tribunals were set up to distinguish between "enemies of the people" and those who were innocent, or at least were not perceived as counter-revolutionary threats. In spite of this attempted sifting, estimated three-quarters of the 1,250–1,450 killed were not counter-revolutionaries or "villains", but included all the galley convicts, forgers of assignats, 37 women (including the Princess de Lamballe and Marie Gredeler) and 66 children. Some priests and women were of age, about prostitutes or insane not much is known. Killings outside Paris On 3 September the surveillance committees of the Commune, on which Marat now served, published a circular that called on provincial Patriots to defend Paris and asked that, before leaving their homes, they eliminate counter-revolutionaries. Marat advised the entire nation "to adopt this necessary measure". A circular letter was sent to regional authorities by Deforgues, an assistant of Danton, and Tallien, the secretary of the Paris Commune, advising that "ferocious conspirators detained in the prisons had been put to death by the people". The Girondins afterward made much of this circular, but there is no evidence that it had any influence. As before, murders in the provinces continued: the blood-letting did not cease until the countryside was purged. Smaller-scale executions took place in Reims, Meaux, and Lyon on 2, 4 and 9 September. Most notable was the killing of 44 political prisoners near Château de Versailles transported from the High Court in Orléans back to Paris, the 9 September massacres. The next day Brissot wrote in "Le Patriote français", his newspaper: "No doubt you will be told that it is a vengeance of the people; it will be a slander. The people were not involved in this event." Official role On 2 September Stanislas-Marie Maillard and his gang were present at the Abbaye and Carmes. As the president of the tribunal he signed the death sentences. According to Timothy Tackett: "For a period of some 48 hours between the 29th and 31 August, the whole of Paris was systematically searched by the national guard for lurking conspirators and hidden arms. By that time section assemblies were already passing motions demanding "the death of conspirators before the departure of citizens". On 31 August the Committee of Vigilance was created with Panis and Sergent-Marceau. According to Madame de Staël on 31 August "it was already known, that only those who were destined to be massacred were sent to that prison ." On 1 September the Commune declared a state of emergency by decreeing that on the following day the tocsin should be rung, all able-bodied citizens convened in the Champ de Mars. On Sunday 2 September the 1792 French National Convention election started. Robespierre publicly accused Brissot and the Brissotins of plotting with the Duke of Brunswick. Marat was appointed as one of the six additional members of the Committee of Vigilance, but without the approval of the Executive Council. According to Adolphe Thiers on Sunday morning 2 September: "The keeper of the Abbaye sent away his children in the morning. Dinner was served to the prisoners two hours before the accustomed time, and the knives were taken from their plates." Such municipal and central government as existed in Paris in September 1792 was preoccupied with organizing volunteers, supplies, and equipment for the armies on the threatened frontiers. Accordingly, there was no attempt to assuage popular fears that the understaffed and easily accessed prisons were full of royalists who would break out and seize the city when the national guards and other citizen volunteers had left for the war. According to Madame Roland Danton responded to an appeal to protect the prisoners with the comment: "To hell with the prisoners! They must look after themselves." On 3 September Roland said: "Yesterday was a day that we should perhaps throw a veil on." The other members of the provisional government – Clavière, Lebrun-Tondu, Monge and Servan, involved in organizing the country did not do much to stop the killing, or could not foresee or prevent these excesses. Mayor Pétion de Villeneuve turned a blind eye when he visited Bicêtre. Olympe de Gouges and Brissot's newspaper were the only ones condemning the September murders. Debate in the Convention Imaginary meeting between Robespierre, Danton and Marat (illustrating Victor Hugo's novel Ninety-Three ) by Alfred Loudet The Brissotins in the Convention first attacked Danton; he was asked to resign as minister on the 25th but forced to step down on 9 October. He kept his seat in the Convention as deputy. Then the Brissotins decided to attack Robespierre and Marat. On 29 October 1792, the Convention reviewed these recent events. Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray accused Robespierre of creating a personality cult, governing the Paris "Conseil General" and paying the "Septembriseurs". Marat was accused of being asocial and establishing a dictatorship. He was taken by surprise and had to be defended by Danton. Robespierre was given eight days to reply. On 5 November Robespierre stated that Marat had visited him only once since January. He insisted that most of the victims were aristocrats, which wasn't the case. He admitted the arrests at the end of August were illegal, as illegal as the revolution, the fall of the monarchy and the Bastille. He asked the convention: "Citizens, did you want a revolution without revolution?" Robespierre, Danton, and Marat insisted that the "new bloodletting" had been a spontaneous popular movement. Their opponents, the Girondins, spoke of a systematically planned conspiracy. Louvet de Couvrai who published his speech was no longer admitted to the Jacobin Club. Political repercussions The massacres first damaged the political position of the Girondins, who seemed too moderate, and later the Jacobins, who seemed too bloodthirsty. A new mayor Nicolas Chambon was installed on 1 December 1792. On 4 February 1793 Robespierre defended the September massacres as necessary. On 13 February Pierre Gaspard Chaumette received a list of victims in the La Force Prison. It was Servan's proposal to bring armed volunteers from the provinces. He was arrested during the Terror, but released in February 1795. In 1796 24 or 39 craftsmen and small businessmen were accused; although only three were condemned. The vinegar maker Damiens was sentenced to twenty years of imprisonment. Martyrs The abbey chapel in 1793. Main article: Holy September Martyrs One hundred and fifteen churchmen killed in the Carmes Prison were beatified by Pope Pius XI on 17 October 1926. Among the martyrs were Pierre-Louis de la Rochefoucauld, bishop of Saintes; Jean-Marie du Lau d'Alleman, archbishop of Arles; François-Joseph de la Rochefoucauld, bishop of Beauvais; and Ambroise Chevreux, the last superior-general of the monastic Congregation of Saint Maur. See also The Legislative Assembly and the fall of the French monarchy Notes and citations ^ a b L. Madelin, Chapter XXI, p. 256 ^ "Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglements, et Avis du Conseil-d'État". A. Guyot. 5 July 1824. ^ P. Caron (1935), p. 107, 114 ^ S. Schama, p. 611 ^ a b "F. Furet & M. Ozouf (1989) A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution, p. 139" (PDF). ^ a b c "Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglements, et Avis du Conseil-d'État". A. Guyot. 5 July 1824. ^ "Danton (2 septembre 1792) – Histoire – Grands discours parlementaires – Assemblée nationale". www2.assemblee-nationale.fr. ^ "I. "Dare, Dare Again, Always Dare" by Georges Jacques Danton. Continental Europe (380–1906). Vol. VII. Bryan, William Jennings, ed. 1906. The World's Famous Orations". www.bartleby.com. 10 October 2022. ^ a b Danton, Georges-Jacques (1759–1794) Auteur du texte (5 July 1910). Discours de Danton / édition critique par André Fribourg – via gallica.bnf.fr.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Mantel, Hilary (6 August 2009). "Hilary Mantel · He Roared: Danton · LRB 6 August 2009". London Review of Books. 31 (15). ^ F. Furet and M. Ozouf, eds. A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution (1989), pp. 521–22 ^ P. Caron (1935) Les massacres de Septembre, p. 363-394. Part IV covers comparable events in provincial cities that transpired from July to October 1792. ^ a b P. McPhee (2016) Liberty or Death, p. 162 ^ Bluche, Frédéric (1 January 1986). Septembre 1792 : logiques d'un massacre. Robert Laffont (réédition numérique FeniXX). ISBN 9782221178560. ^ "Septembre 1792 : de la rumeur au massacre". www.lhistoire.fr. ^ Gwynne Lewis (2002). The French Revolution: Rethinking the Debate. Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 9780203409916. ^ a b Frédéric Bluche (1986) Septembre 1792 : logiques d'un massacre, p. 235 ^ Hauck, Carolin; Mommertz, Monika; Schlüter, Andreas; Seedorf, Thomas (9 October 2018). Tracing the Heroic Through Gender. Ergon Verlag. ISBN 9783956504037. ^ Lawday, David (6 July 2010). The Giant of the French Revolution: Danton, A Life. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. ISBN 9780802197023. ^ "Georges Danton – Danton's Committee of Public Safety". Encyclopedia Britannica. ^ Georges Lefebvre, The French Revolution: From its Origins to 1793 (2001) p. 236 ^ "Tackett, Timothy (2011) "Rumor and Revolution: The Case of the September Massacres", French History and Civilization Vol. 4, pp. 54–64" (PDF). ^ Arno J. Mayer (2000). The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions. Princeton U.P. p. 554. ISBN 0691090157. ^ "The Myth of the Foreign Enemy? The Brunswick Manifesto and the Radicalization of the French Revolution", French History 25, no. 2 (2011): 188–213 by Elisabeth Cross ^ Cross, E. (2011). "The Myth of the Foreign Enemy? The Brunswick Manifesto and the Radicalization of the French Revolution". French History. 25 (2): 188–213. doi:10.1093/fh/crr030 – via www.academia.edu. ^ fr:Presse sous la Révolution française ^ Jeremy D. Popkin, Revolutionary News : The Press in France, 1789–1799, Durham (Caroline du Nord) / Londres, Duke University Press, coll. « Bicentennial Reflections on the French Revolution », 1990, pp. 133–134 ISBN 082230984X ^ Bergeron, Louis, Le Monde et son Histoire, Paris, 1970, Volume VII, Chapter VII, p. 324 ^ L. Bergeron (1970), p. 325. ^ Mathiez, A. (1934) Le dix août. Hachette ^ In 1815, a secretary of the convention, writing under the pseudonym "Proussinale", published some remarkable details about the procedure, Histoire secrète du tribunal révolutionnaire, par M. de Proussinalle, Band 1, pp. 2–6 ^ Gilchrist, John Thomas (5 July 1971). "Press in the French Revolution". Ardent Media. ^ Ruth Scurr (2007). Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0805082616. ^ L. Bergeron, p. 326 ^ S. Schama, p. 630; L'Amie du peuple, no 680 ^ Jean Massin (1959) Robespierre, pp. 133–134 ^ Le Moniteur universel, t. XIII, n° 241, du 28 aôut, p. 540 ^ Le Moniteur universel, t. XIII, n° 244, du 31 aôut, p. 572 ^ a b J. Massin (1959), Robespierre, p. 132. ^ S. Schama, p. 626 ^ "Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglements, et Avis du Conseil-d'État". A. Guyot. 5 July 1824. ^ Mary Duclaux (1918) A short history of France, p. 227 ^ L. Madelin, Chapter XXI, p. 252 ^ a b J. Israel (2014), Revolutionary Ideas, pp. 267–268. ^ Cassignac, p. 111 ^ Le Moniteur universel, t. XIII, n° 248, du 5 septembre, p. 590 ^ Cobb, R. & C. Jones (1988) The French Revolution. Voices from a momentous epoch 1789–1795, p. 159 ^ Loomis pp. 76–77 ^ Loomis p. 75 ^ Loomis p. 76 ^ Oscar Browning, ed., The Despatches of Earl Gower (Cambridge University Press, 1885), 213–216, 219–221, 223–228. ^ L. Bluche, p. 258 ^ Parker, Geoffrey (2008). The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0521738064. ^ Bluche, Frédéric (1986). Septembre 1792 : logiques d'un massacre. Robert Laffont (réédition numérique FeniXX). ISBN 978-2221178560. ^ a b c Granier de Cassagnac, A. (Adolphe) (5 July 1860). "Histoire des Girondins et des massacres de septembre d'après les documents officiels et inédits, accompagnée de plusieurs fac-similé". Paris : E. Dentu, p. 26 – via Internet Archive. ^ "Danton (2 Septembre 1792) – Histoire – Grands discours parlementaires – Assemblée nationale". www2.assemblee-nationale.fr. ^ "I. "Dare, Dare Again, Always Dare" by Georges Jacques Danton. Continental Europe (380–1906). Vol. VII. Bryan, William Jennings, ed. 1906. The World's Famous Orations". www.bartleby.com. 10 October 2022. ^ Mantel, Hilary (6 August 2009). "Hilary Mantel – He Roared: Danton". London Review of Books. 31 (15). ^ Simien, C. (2016). 4. Un ministre face aux massacres de septembre 1792. Dans : Michel Biard éd., Danton: Le mythe et l'Histoire (pp. 55–69). Paris: Armand Colin. doi:10.3917/arco.biard.2016.02.0055 ^ Mortimer−Ternaux, L. (1863) Histoire de la Terreur, 1792–1794, d'après des documents authentiques et inédits, Tome III, pp. 188–189 ^ Staël (Anne-Louise-Germaine), Madame de (5 July 1818). "Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution". Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, p.74. ^ "Charlotte Robespierre's Memoirs". 6 September 2021. ^ A Maximilien Robespierre et à ses royalistes (accusation). (November 1792) ^ Ballard, Richard (14 October 2011). A New Dictionary of the French Revolution. I.B.Tauris. p. 78. ISBN 9780857720900. ^ The history of the French revolution, tr. with notes by Marie Joseph L. Adolphe Thiers, p. 144 ^ Histoire des Girondins et des massacres de septembre d'après les documents officiels et inédits, accompagnée de plusieurs fac-similé, p. 43 ^ F. Bluche, p. 219 ^ Lapize de La Pannonie, Pierre de Auteur du texte (5 July 1913). Les Massacres du 2 septembre 1792 à la prison des Carmes à Paris / Abbé Pierre de Lapize de La Pannonie – via gallica.bnf.fr. ^ S. Loomis, p. 79 ^ Histoire des Girondins et des massacres de septembre d'après les documents officiels et inédits, accompagnée de plusieurs fac-similé, p. 81 ^ F. Bluche, p. 56-60 ^ L. Blanc (1855) Histoire de la Révolution Française, vol VII, p. 163 ^ Oscar Browning, ed., The Despatches of Earl Gower (Cambridge University Press, 1885), 213–16, 219–21, 223–28. ^ Blanc, Louis (5 July 1855). "Histoire de la révolution française". Langlois et Leclerq, p. 165. ^ a b c Hardy, B. C. (Blanche Christabel), The Princesse de Lamballe; a biography, p. 261, 284–285 (1908), Project Gutenberg ^ Biographical Memoirs of the French Revolution, Volume 1, p. 109 ^ The Eclectic Review, p. 173 ^ Lever, Evelyne; Catherine Temerson (2001). Marie Antoinette: The Last Queen of France. Macmillan. pp. 282–283. ISBN 0-312-28333-4. ^ Leborgne, Dominique, Saint-Germain-des-Prés et son faubourg, p. 40, Éditions Parigramme, Paris, 2005, ISBN 2-84096-189-X ^ France and Its Revolutions: A Pictorial History 1789–1848 by George Long, p. 199-202 ^ Mémoires de Louvet de Couvray, p. 59 ^ Cassignac p. 211 ^ Cassignac p. 216, 280 ^ Histoire des Girondins et des massacres de septembre d'après les documents officiels et inédits, accompagnée de plusieurs fac-similé, p. 474 ^ a b The Tribunal of the terror; a study of Paris in 1793–1795, p. 37 (1909) ^ F. Bluche, p. 260 ^ "The September Massacres witnessed by Restif de la Bretonne". 3 September 1792. ^ Le Moniteur universel, t. XIII, n° 248, du 5 septembre, p. 607 ^ Histoire des Girondins et des massacres de septembre d'après les documents officiels et inédits, accompagnée de plusieurs fac-similé, p. 436-449 ^ "Mémoires sur les journées de septembre, 1792". Baudouin frères. 5 July 1823. ^ F. Bluche, p. 193 ^ F. Bluche, p. 454 ^ Histoire des Girondins et des massacres de septembre d'après les documents officiels et inédits, accompagnée de plusieurs fac-similé, p. 455-463 ^ L. Blanc, p. 182 ^ Le Moniteur universel, t. XIII, n° 248, du 5 septembre, p. 613 ^ a b Le Moniteur universel, t. XIII, n° 251, du 7 septembre, p. 621 ^ F. Bluche, p. 72, 193 ^ Le Moniteur universel, t. XIII, n° 248, du 7 septembre, p. 629 ^ Letters Written in France By Helen Maria Williams, p. 160 ^ Histoire de la conjuration de Robespierre, p. 81. Paris, les marchands de nouveautés, 1795; Chez Maret, an IV(1796). ^ F. Bluche, p. 233 ^ "L.M. Ternaux (1863) Histoire de la Terreur, 1792–1794, Tome III, p. 126, 224" (PDF). ^ Hampson, Norman (1978) Danton (New York: Basil Blackwell), pp. 71–72. ^ S. Schama, p. 605, 611 ^ Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis (5 July 1855). "Histoire de la révolution Française". Langlois et Leclercq, p. 29. ^ Mémoires de Charles Barbaroux, député à la convention nationale ..., Volume 5 p. 63 ^ The memoirs of Madame Roland, p. ? (London: Barrie & Jenkins, translated by Evelyn Shuckburgh (1989)) ^ Histoire de la conjugation de Maximilien Robespierre, p. 81 ^ Perry, Sampson (5 July 1796). "An Historical Sketch of the French Revolution: Commencing with Its Predisposing Causes, and Carried on to the Acceptation of the Constitution, in 1795". H. D. Symonds. ^ "Rachel Rogers (2012) Vectors of Revolution: The British Radical Community in Early Republican Paris, 1792–1794, p. 376. Université Toulouse le Mirail". ^ L. Madelin, p. 260 ^ "France and Its Revolutions: A Pictorial History 1789–1848". Charles Knight, p. 206. 5 July 1850 – via Internet Archive. ^ S. Loomis, p. 74, 81, 96, 143, 207 ^ Helen Maria Williams' Letters from France (1792–93), Letter IV, p. 191 ^ "Rachel Rogers (2012) Vectors of Revolution: The British Radical Community in Early Republican Paris, 1792–1794, p. 402. Université Toulouse le Mirail". ^ F. Bluche, p. 192 ^ P. Caron (1935) Les Massacres de Septembre, p. 94-99; 101–102 ^ Boussemart, Charles (17–18 ?; révolutionnaire) Auteur du texte (5 July 1792). Grande trahison de Louis Capet : complot découvert, pour assassiner, dans la nuit du 2 au 3 de ce mois, tous les bons citoyens de la capitale, par les aristocrates et les prêtres réfractaires, aidé des brignads et des scélérats, détenus dans les prisons de Paris () / – via gallica.bnf.fr.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ P. Caron, p. 99 ^ M. J. Sydenham The French Revolution, B.T. Batsford Ltd, 1965, p. 121 ^ L. Michelet, tome IV, p. 121 ^ "L.M. Ternaux (1863) Histoire de la Terreur, 1792–1794, d'après des documents authentiques et inédits. Tome III, p. 10, 298" (PDF). ^ P. Caron (1935) Les Massacres de Septembre, p. 95 ^ M. J. Sydenham (1966) The French Revolution, p. 123. Capricorn Books. ^ Beale, Joseph H. (1884). "The French Revolution". Charles Knight's Popular History of England. p. 725. in Beale, Joseph H. (1884). Gay's Standard History of the World's Great Nations. Vol. 1. W. Gay and Company. ^ Gorton, John (5 July 1828). "A general biographical dictionary: containing a summary account of the lives of eminent persons of all nations, previous to the present generation". Hunt and Clarke. ^ "Jean-Lambert Tallien". www.nndb.com. ^ F. Bluche, p. 256 ^ "T. Tackett, p. 63 ^ S. Schama, p. 631 ^ Staël (Anne-Louise-Germaine), Madame de (5 July 1818). "Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution". Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, p. 68. ^ Hardman, John (5 July 1999). Robespierre. Longman. ISBN 9780582437555. ^ Jacques, De Cock (1 December 2013). Action politique de Marat pendant la Révolution: (1789–1793). fantasques éditions. ISBN 9782913846319. ^ Thiers, Marie Joseph L. Adolphe (5 July 1845). "The history of the French revolution, tr. with notes". ^ Biard, Michel; Leuwers, Hervé (18 May 2016). Danton: Le mythe et l'histoire. Armand Colin. ISBN 9782200615277. ^ M. J. Sydenham The French Revolution, B. T. Batsford Ltd, 1965, p. 121 ^ R. Scurr (2006) Fatal Purity. Robespierre and the French Revolution, p. 243? ^ "Mémoires sur les journées de septembre, 1792". Baudouin frères. 5 July 1823. ^ Dart, Gregory (26 September 2005). Rousseau, Robespierre and English Romanticism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–46. ISBN 9780521020398 – via Google Books. ^ A Maximilien Robespierre et à ses royalistes (accusation). ^ S. Schama p. 649 ^ R. Scurr (2006) Fatal Purity. Robespierre and the French Revolution, p. ? ^ Robespierre, Maximilien (5 July 1840). "Oeuvres". Worms. ^ Dart, Gregory (26 September 2005). Rousseau, Robespierre and English Romanticism. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780521020398 – via Google Books. ^ "The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art". Leavitt, Trow, & Company. 5 July 1844. ^ J. Israel (2014) Revolutionary ideas, p. 271, 273 ^ Bouloiseau, Marc (17 November 1983). The Jacobin Republic 1792–1794. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521289184. ^ Georges Lefebvre, The French Revolution: From its Origins to 1793 (1962), pp. 241–44, 269 ^ Oeuvres de Maximilien Robespierre, Band 9 by Maximilien Robespierre, p. 263-264 ^ P. Caron (1935), p. 107 ^ F. Bluche, p. 187, 210 ^ "Bienheureux Martyrs des Carmes". Nominis (in French). Catholic Church in France. Retrieved 31 August 2018. Bibliography Blanc, L. (1855) Histoire de la Révolution Française, vol. VII. FUREURS DE LA GIRONDE Bluche, F. (1986) Septembre 1792 : logiques d'un massacre. Caron, P. (1935) Les Massacres de Septembre Israel, J. (2014) Revolutionary Ideas, p. 267-277 Loomis, S. (1964) Paris in the Terror. New York: Dorset Press. ISBN 0-88029-401-9 online Scott, S.F. & B. Rothaus, eds. (1985) Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution 1789–1799. Vol. 2 pp. 891–97. Tulard, J. & J-F. Fayard and A. Fierro (1998) Histoire et Dictionnaire de la Révolution Française. ISBN 2-221-08850-6 Further reading F. Furet (1989) Terror. In: A critical dictionary of the French Revolution Hibbert, Christopher (1980) The Days of the French Revolution. William Morrow, New York. Schama, Simon (1992) Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution pp. 629–39. Tackett, Timothy (2011) "Rumor and Revolution: The Case of the September Massacres", French History and Civilization Vol. 4, pp. 54–64. Eyewitnesses Madame de Staël (1818) Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution, Band 2, p. 68 La Vérité toute entière sur les vrais acteurs de 2. Septembre 1792 par Jean Claude Hippolyte Méhée de la Touche Histoire de la conjugation de Maximilien Robespierre Nicolas-Edme Restif de la Bretonne (1793) Les nuits de Paris, ou Le spectateur nocturne, p. 371-394 The September Massacres witnessed by Earl Gower, a British diplomat Fictional accounts Dickens, Charles, A Tale of Two Cities (1859). Henty, George Alfred, In the Reign of Terror. Neville, Katherine, The Eight (1988). External links "The September Massacres : 2–7 Sept. 1792" (archived link) Thomas Carlyle on the September Massacres Massacre de 2, 3, 4, 5 et 6 septembre (print) Les massacres de Septembre (1910) by Lenotre, G vteFrench Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Journals Museum Significant civil and political events by year1788 Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788) Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788) 1789 What Is the Third Estate? (Jan 1789) Réveillon riots (28 Apr 1789) Convocation of the Estates General (5 May 1789) Death of the Dauphin (4 June 1789) National Assembly (17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) Tennis Court Oath (20 Jun 1789) National Constituent Assembly (9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) Storming of the Bastille (14 Jul 1789) Great Fear (20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) Abolition of Feudalism (4–11 Aug 1789) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (26 Aug 1789) Women's March on Versailles (5 Oct 1789) Nationalization of the Church properties (2 Nov 1789) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements (Feb–Jul 1790) Abolition of the Nobility (23 Jun 1790) Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790) Fête de la Fédération (14 Jul 1790) 1791 Flight to Varennes (20–21 Jun 1791) Champ de Mars massacre (17 Jul 1791) Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791) The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791) National Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792) 1792 France declares war (20 Apr 1792) Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792) 10th of August (10 Aug 1792) September Massacres (Sep 1792) National Convention (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) First republic declared (22 Sep 1792) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI (21 Jan 1793) Revolutionary Tribunal (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793) Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793) Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793) The Death of Marat (painting) Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793) Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793) Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794) Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794) Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794) Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794) White Terror (Fall 1794) Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794) 1795–6 Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III (1 Apr 1795) Constitution of the Year III (22 Aug 1795) Directoire (1795–99) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795 Conspiracy of the Equals (May 1796) 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 Sep 1797) Second Congress of Rastatt (Dec 1797) 1798 Law of 22 Floréal Year VI (11 May 1798) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII (18 Jun 1799) Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov 1799) Constitution of the Year VIII (24 Dec 1799) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur  1793 First Coalition War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden Battle of Famars (23 May 1793) Expedition to Sardinia (21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) Siege of Toulon (18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793) First Battle of Wissembourg (13 Oct 1793) Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) Second Battle of Wissembourg (26–27 Dec 1793) 1794 Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794) Second Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794) Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794) Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794) Glorious First of June (1 Jun 1794) Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794) Chouannerie Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794) Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 1795 Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato (3–4 Aug 1796) Battle of Castiglione (5 Aug 1796) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim (11 Aug 1796) Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796) Battle of Würzburg (3 Sep 1796) Battle of Rovereto (4 Sep 1796) First Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796) Battle of Emmendingen (19 Oct 1796) Battle of Schliengen (26 Oct 1796) Second Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796) Battle of Calliano (6–7 Nov 1796) Battle of Arcole (15–17 Nov 1796) Ireland expedition (Dec 1796) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany (13 Jan 1797) Battle of Rivoli (14–15 Jan 1797) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz (25 Jan 1797) Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797) Battle of Neuwied (18 Apr 1797) Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland (28 January – 17 May 1798) French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801) Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798) Quasi-War (1798–1800) Peasants' War (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798) 1799 Second Coalition (1798–1802) Siege of Acre (20 Mar – 21 May 1799) Battle of Ostrach (20–21 Mar 1799) Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799) Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799) Battle of Cassano (27–28 Apr 1799) First Battle of Zurich (4–7 Jun 1799) Battle of Trebbia (17–20 Jun 1799) Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799) Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799) 1800 Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800) Convention of Alessandria (15 Jun 1800) Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800) League of Armed Neutrality (1800–02) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801) Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801) Algeciras campaign (8 Jul 1801) 1802 Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802) Treaty of Paris (25 Jun 1802) Military leaders FranceFrench Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte Louis-Alexandre Berthier Jean-Baptiste Bessières Guillaume Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean-Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine Louis-Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas-Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis-Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean-Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean-Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Étienne Macdonald Jean-Antoine Marbot Marcellin Marbot François Séverin Marceau Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre-Jacques Osten  Nicolas Oudinot Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon Jean-Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean-de-Dieu Soult Louis-Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles-Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt (Walloon) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss) Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray (Hungarian) Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French) Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon) Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany Netherlands William V, Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Andrei Rosenberg Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factionsPatriotic Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillantsand monarchiens Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean-Sifrein Maury François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean-François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean-Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer-Collard Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Girondins Jacques Pierre Brissot Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Olympe de Gouges Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles-François Lebrun Pierre-Joseph Cambon Bertrand Barère Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean-Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint-Just Paul Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau Jacques-Louis David Marquis de Sade Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean-Henri Voulland Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean-Pierre-André Amar Prieur de la Côte-d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint-André Jean-Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertistsand Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles-Philippe Ronsin Antoine-François Momoro François-Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas-Marie Maillard Charles-Philippe Ronsin Jean-François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal OthersFigures Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien Louis Henri, Prince of Condé Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques-Donatien Le Ray Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target Catherine Théot Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne Jacques Necker Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil List of people associated with the French Revolution Factions Jacobins Cordeliers Panthéon Club Social Club Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean-Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise Cockade of France Flag of France Liberté, égalité, fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican calendar Metric system Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans-culottes Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Incroyables and merveilleuses Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Films Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"summary executions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_executions"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L._Madelin,_Chapter_XXI,_p._256-1"},{"link_name":"sans-culottes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-culottes"},{"link_name":"fédérés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"guardsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(France)"},{"link_name":"gendarmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gendarmerie"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cordeliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordeliers"},{"link_name":"Commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"revolutionary sections of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_sections_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"royalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_des_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Legislative_Assembly_(France)"},{"link_name":"Champs de Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champs_de_Mars"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-6"},{"link_name":"Georges Danton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Danton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Danton-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Saint-Germain-des-Prés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s#The_French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Jean-Lambert Tallien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L._Madelin,_Chapter_XXI,_p._256-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"forgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgery"},{"link_name":"assignats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignats"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-17"},{"link_name":"Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Corday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Corday"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Marat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat"},{"link_name":"Madame Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Roland"},{"link_name":"Georges Danton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Danton"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"French historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_historians"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Thiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers"},{"link_name":"Alphonse de Lamartine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine"},{"link_name":"Jules Michelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Michelet"},{"link_name":"Louis Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc"},{"link_name":"Edgar Quinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Quinet"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Georges Lefebvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Lefebvre"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Georges_Lefebvre_2001-21"},{"link_name":"Timothy Tackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Tackett"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The September Massacres were a series of killings and summary executions of prisoners in Paris that occurred in 1792, from Sunday, 2 September until Thursday, 6 September, during the French Revolution. Between 1,176 and 1,614 people[1] were killed by sans-culottes, fédérés, and guardsmen, with the support of gendarmes responsible for guarding the tribunals and prisons,[2] the Cordeliers, the Committee of Surveillance of the Commune, and the revolutionary sections of Paris.[3][4][5]With Prussian and royalist armies advancing on Paris, and widespread fear that prisoners in the city would be freed to join them, on 1 September the Legislative Assembly called for volunteers to gather the next day on the Champs de Mars.[6] On 2 September, around 1:00 pm, Minister of Justice Georges Danton delivered a speech in the assembly, stating: \"We ask that anyone refusing to give personal service or to furnish arms shall be punished with death.[7] The bell we are about to ring... sounds the charge on the enemies of our country.\"[8][9][10] The massacres began around 2:30 PM in the middle of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, and within the first 20 hours more than 1,000 prisoners were killed.The next morning, the surveillance committees of the commune published a circular that called on provincial patriots to defend Paris by eliminating counter-revolutionaries, and the secretary, Jean-Lambert Tallien, called on other cities to follow suit.[11] The massacres were repeated in a few other French cities; in total 65–75 incidents were reported.[12][13]The exact number of victims is not known, as over 440 people had uncertain fates, including from 22 to 200 Swiss soldiers.[1][14] The identity of the perpetrators, called \"septembriseurs\", is poorly documented, but a large number were Parisian national guards and provincial federates who had remained in the city since their arrival in July.[15] 72% of those killed were non-political prisoners including forgers of assignats (galley convicts), common criminals, women, and children, while 17% were Catholic priests.[16][17]The minister of the interior, Roland, accused the commune of the atrocities. Charlotte Corday held Jean-Paul Marat responsible, while Madame Roland blamed Georges Danton.[18][19] Danton was also accused by later French historians Adolphe Thiers, Alphonse de Lamartine, Jules Michelet, Louis Blanc and Edgar Quinet of doing nothing to stop them.[20] According to modern historian Georges Lefebvre, the \"collective mentality is a sufficient explanation for the killing\".[21] Historian Timothy Tackett deflected specific blame from individuals, stating: \"The obsession with a prison conspiracy, the desire for revenge, the fear of the advancing Prussians, the ambiguity over who was in control of a state that had always relied in the past on a centralized monarchy: all had come together in a volatile mixture of anger, fear, and uncertainty.\"[22]","title":"September Massacres"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manifeste_de_Brunswick_caricature_1792.jpg"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"War of the First Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Duke of Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel"},{"link_name":"Prussians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Brunswick Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"The Duke of Brunswick's manifesto","text":"Anonymous caricature depicting the treatment given to the Brunswick Manifesto by the French populationIn April 1792 France declared war on the Habsburg monarchy, prompting the War of the First Coalition. In July, an army under the Duke of Brunswick, and composed mostly of Prussians, joined the Austrian side and invaded France. As the army advanced, Paris went into a state of hysteria, especially after the Duke issued the \"Brunswick Manifesto\" on 25 July. His avowed aim wasto put an end to the anarchy in the interior of France, to check the attacks upon the throne and the altar, to reestablish the legal power, to restore to the king the security and the liberty of which he is now deprived and to place him in a position to exercise once more the legitimate authority which belongs to him.[23]The manifesto threatened the French population with instant punishment should it resist the imperial and Prussian armies or the reinstatement of the monarchy. The manifesto was frequently described as unlawful and offensive to national sovereignty. Its authorship was frequently in doubt.[24]Revolutionaries like Marat and Hébert preferred to concentrate on the internal enemy.[25] On 3 August Pétion and 47 sections demanded the deposition of the king.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin"},{"link_name":"revolutionary commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"stormed the Tuileries Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_August_(French_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Legislative_Assembly_(France)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"sans-culottes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-culottes"},{"link_name":"fédérés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biens_nationaux"},{"link_name":"émigrés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Girondists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girondists"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Joseph Cambon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Maximilien Robespierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"revolutionary tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal"},{"link_name":"appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scurr-33"},{"link_name":"Place Vendôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"nonjuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy#Jurors_and_non-jurors"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"The insurrection of the Paris Commune","text":"On the evening of 9 August 1792, a Jacobin insurrection overthrew the leadership of the Paris municipality, proclaiming a new revolutionary commune headed by transitional authorities. The next day the insurrectionists stormed the Tuileries Palace. King Louis XVI was imprisoned with the royal family, and his authority as king was suspended by the Legislative Assembly. The following day the royalist press was silenced.[26][27]A provisional executive (conseil exécutif) was named and busied itself with reorganizing or solving questions concerning the police, justice, the army, navy, and paper money, but actual power now rested with the new revolutionary commune, whose strength resided in the mobilized and armed sans-culottes, the lower classes of Paris, and fédérés, armed volunteers from the provinces that had arrived at the end of July. The 48 sections of Paris were equipped with munitions from the plundered arsenals in the days before the assault, substituting for the 60 national guard battalions.[citation needed]Supported by a new armed force, the commune dominated the Legislative Assembly and its decisions.[28] The commune pushed through several measures: universal suffrage was adopted, the civilian population was armed, all remnants of noble privileges were abolished and the properties of the émigrés were sold. These events meant a change of direction from the political and constitutional perspective of the Girondists to a more social approach given by the commune as expressed by Pierre-Joseph Cambon: \"To reject with more efficacy the defenders of despotism, we have to address the fortunes of the poor, we have to associate the Revolution with this multitude that possesses nothing, we have to convert the people to the cause.\"[29]Besides these measures, the commune engaged in a policy of political repression of all suspected counter-revolutionary activities. Beginning on 11 August, every Paris section named surveillance committees (committees of vigilance) for conducting searches and making arrests.[5][dead link] It was mostly these decentralized committees, rather than the commune as a whole, which engaged in the repression of August and September 1792. Within a few days each section elected three commissioners to take seats in the insurrectionary commune; one of them was Maximilien Robespierre.[30]To ensure that there was some appropriate legal process for dealing with suspects accused of political crimes and treason, rather than arbitrary killing by local committees, a revolutionary tribunal, with extraordinary powers to impose the death sentence without any appeal,[31] was installed on 17 August.[32] Robespierre, who had proposed this measure, refused to preside over the tribunal, arguing that the same man ought not to be a denouncer, an accuser, and a judge.[33]: 201Already, on 15 August, four sections called for all priests and imprisoned suspects to be put to death before the volunteers departed. Robespierre proposed to erect a pyramid on Place Vendôme to remember the victims of 10 August. On 19 August the nonjuring priests were ordered to leave the country within two weeks, which meant before 2 September 1792. In Paris, all monasteries were closed and would soon be in use as hospitals, etc. The remaining religious orders were banned by the law of 15 August.[34] Marat left nothing in doubt when he urged \"good citizens to go to the Abbaye, to seize priests, and especially the officers of the Swiss Guards and their accomplices and run a sword through them\".[35] From 15 to 25 August, around 500 detentions were registered; some were sent to Orléans. Half the detentions were of nonjuring priests, but even priests who had sworn the required oath were caught in the wave.[citation needed]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Longwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwy"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"storming the Tuileries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massin-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"attacked Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L._Madelin,_Chapter_XXI,_p._252-43"},{"link_name":"Marguerite-Élie Guadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite-%C3%89lie_Guadet"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Israel267-44"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massin-39"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Alexis Thuriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Alexis_Thuriot_de_la_Rosi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Israel267-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Louis-Marie Prudhomme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Marie_Prudhomme"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parker2008-53"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-6"},{"link_name":"Girondist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girondists"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Granier_de_Cassagnac-55"},{"link_name":"Georges Danton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Danton"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Danton-9"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Madame Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Roland"},{"link_name":"Hillary Mantel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Mantel"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Prussian advance and Paris reaction","text":"Around 26 August, news reached Paris that the Prussian army had crossed the French border and occupied Longwy without a battle. Roland proposed that the government should leave Paris, whereas Robespierre suggested in a letter to the sections of the commune that they should defend liberty and equality and maintain their posts, and die if necessary.[36] The assembly decreed that all the non-juring priests had to leave Paris within eight days and the country within two weeks.[37] In the evening, in the presence of 350,000 people, a funeral ceremony was held in the gardens of the Tuileries for those killed while storming the Tuileries.[38]On 28 August, the assembly ordered a curfew for around two days.\n[39] The city gates were closed; all communication with the country was stopped. At the behest of Justice Minister Danton, thirty commissioners from the sections were ordered to search in every (suspect) house for weapons, munition, swords, carriages and horses.[40][41] \"They searched every drawer and every cupboard, sounded every panel, lifted every hearthstone, inquired into every correspondence in the capital. As a result of this inquisition, more than 1,000 \"suspects\" were added to the immense body of political prisoners already confined in the jails and convents of the city.\"[42]On 29 August, the Prussians attacked Verdun. When this news arrived it escalated panic in the capital; the situation was highly critical.[43]Throughout August, the Legislative Assembly, which had been greatly diminished as more than half of the deputies had fled since the storming of the Tuileries, had acquiesced to the activities of the commune and its sections. On 30 August, the Girondins Roland and Marguerite-Élie Guadet tried to suppress the influence of the commune, which they accused of exercising unlawful power. The assembly, tired of the pressures, declared the commune illegal and suggested the organization of communal elections and a doubling of the number of seats.[44][39] However, the assembly canceled the decree the next day at the request of Jacques-Alexis Thuriot. The balance of power was disrupted and the conflict between the Girondins and the Montagnards would influence the progress of the French Revolution.[44]On 1 September the prisons were full.[45] The citizens of Paris were told to prepare themselves for the defense of the country and gather immediately upon the sound of the tocsin.[46] Their imminent departure from the capital provoked further concern about the crowded prisons, now full of counter-revolutionary suspects who might threaten a city deprived of so many of its defenders.[47]Marat called for a \"new blood-letting\", larger than the one on 10 August. Marat and his Committee of Surveillance of the Commune organized the massacres, first voting to round up 4,000 mostly ordinary people, \"suspects\" of the committee, agreed to kill them in \"whole groups,\" voting down a Marat proposal to murder them by setting them on fire, then finally agreeing to a proposal by Billaud-Varennes to \"butcher them\".[48] The bulk of the butchers were made up of \"Marseilles,\" \"hired assassins\" from the prisons of Genoa and Sicily, paid twenty-four dollars, whose names were listed by \"M. Granier de Cassagnac.\"[49] The rest were murderers and others previously imprisoned for violent crimes released ahead of time[50] from the prisons they would soon be returning to for the massacres.The British ambassador reported:A party at the instigation of someone or other declared they would not quit Paris, as long as the prisons were filled with Traitors (for they called those so, that were confined in the different Prisons and Churches), who might in the absence of such a number of Citizens rise and not only effect the release of His Majesty but make an entire counterrevolution.[51]On 1 September, the gates of the city closed the days before, were opened on the orders of Pétion, providing an opportunity for suspects to flee the capital. According to Louis-Marie Prudhomme people still profited from the opportunity on Sunday morning 2 September.[52] (Verdun capitulated on 2 September gaining a clear westward path to Paris.[53]) The Assembly decreed arming the volunteers; a third would stay in Paris and defend the city with pikes, the others were meant for the frontier and the trenches. It further decreed that traitors who refused to participate in the defense or hand over their arms deserved death.[6] The sections, gathered in the town hall, decided to remain in Paris; Marat proposed to have Roland and his fellow Girondist Brissot arrested.[54] The commune ordered the gates closed and an alarm gun fired. After the tocsin was rung around 14:00, 50 or 60,000 men enrolled for the defense of the country on the Champs de Mars.[55]On 2 September, around 13:00, Georges Danton, a member of the provisional government, delivered a speech in the assembly: \"We ask that anyone refusing to give personal service or to furnish arms shall be punished with death.\"[56] \"The bell we are about to ring is not an alarm signal; it sounds the charge on the enemies of our country.\" After the applause, he continued, \"To conquer them we must dare, dare again, always dare, and France is saved.\"[57][9] His speech acted as a call for direct action among the citizens, as well as a strike against the external enemy.[58] Madame Roland and Hillary Mantel weren't the only ones who thought his speech was responsible for inciting the September Massacres, also Louis Mortimer−Ternaux.[59][60]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madame de Staël","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Sta%C3%ABl"},{"link_name":"Rue du Bac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_du_Bac"},{"link_name":"Paris town hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris"},{"link_name":"Robespierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robespierre"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Robespierre"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Louvet de Couvrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvet_de_Couvrai"},{"link_name":"département","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partement"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"procurator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_procurator"},{"link_name":"Louis Pierre Manuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pierre_Manuel"},{"link_name":"Commune of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barricade"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"Around 4 in the afternoon Madame de Staël, as ambassadress of Sweden, who lived in Rue du Bac near Champ de Mars, tried to flee through crowded streets but her carriage was stopped and the crowd forced her to go to the Paris town hall, where Robespierre presided.[61][non-primary source needed] (However, according to Maximilien's sister Charlotte, he never presided over the insurrectionary commune.[62] According to Louvet de Couvrai he \"governed\" the Paris Conseil Général of the département.[63]) Late in the evening, she was conveyed home, escorted by the procurator Louis Pierre Manuel. The next day the secretary-general to the Commune of Paris, Tallien, arrived with a passport and accompanied her to the barrier.[64]","title":"Madame de Staël"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1797_Jean_Map_of_Paris_and_the_Faubourgs,_France_-_Geographicus_-_Paris-jean-1797.jpg"},{"link_name":"La Force prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Force_prison"},{"link_name":"Le Marais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Marais"},{"link_name":"Place des Fédérés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_des_Vosges"},{"link_name":"Conciergerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciergerie"},{"link_name":"Île de la Cité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Palais de Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_de_Justice,_Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massacre_des_Carmes-Bilcocq-IMG_2416.JPG"},{"link_name":"Carmes prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmes_prison"},{"link_name":"Musée de la Révolution française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massacres_des_2,_3,_4,_5_et_6_septembre_1792.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prison de l'Abbaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_de_l%27Abbaye"},{"link_name":"Boulevard Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_Saint-Germain"},{"link_name":"quartier Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartier_Latin"},{"link_name":"non-juring priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy#Jurors_and_non-jurors"},{"link_name":"prison de l'Abbaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_de_l%27Abbaye"},{"link_name":"Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s#Former_configuration"},{"link_name":"Billaud-Varenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billaud-Varenne"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin"},{"link_name":"Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roch-Ambroise_Cucurron_Sicard"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"Map of Paris and the Faubourgs (1797). The La Force prison was in Le Marais on Rue Pavée, near Place des Fédérés. The Conciergerie was located on the westside of the Île de la Cité, next to the Palais de Justice.115 priests were killed in the Carmes prison. Le massacre des Carmes by Marie–Marc–Antoine Bilcocq, (1820). Musée de la Révolution françaisePrison de l'Abbaye where 160–220 people were killed in three days. It was located between Rue de Bussi and Rue du Four (E40), with the entrance on Rue Sainte-Marguerite, today 133, Boulevard Saint-Germain.The first massacre began in the quartier Latin around 14:30 on Sunday afternoon when 24 non-juring priests were being transported to the prison de l'Abbaye near the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, after being interrogated by Billaud-Varenne in the town hall. One of the carriages, escorted by Fédérés, was attacked after an incident.[65] The fédérés killed three men in the middle of the street, before the procession arrived at the prison. Eighteen of the arrested were taken inside. They then mutilated the bodies, \"with circumstances of barbarity too shocking to describe\" according to the British diplomatic dispatch. One of their victims was the former minister of foreign affairs Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin. Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard was recognized as a beneficent priest and released.[66]","title":"Massacres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"former convent of Carmelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmes_prison"},{"link_name":"French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"patois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patois"},{"link_name":"Civil Constitution of the Clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Place Dauphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Dauphine"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Carmes prison","text":"In the late afternoon 115 priests in the former convent of Carmelites, detained with the message they would be deported to French Guiana, were massacred in the courtyard with axes, spikes, swords and pistols by people with a strong patois accent. They forced the priests one by one to take the oath on the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and \"swear to be faithful to the nation and to maintain liberty and equality or die defending it\".[67]Some priests hid in the choir and behind the altar. Several tried to get away by climbing in the trees and over the walls and making their escape through the Rue Cassette.[68][69]At around 1700 hours, a group of 200 \"Septembriseurs\" came to the house of Roland on Place Dauphine to arrest him, but, as he was at the ministry, they went there.[70]","title":"Massacres"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_Incident_in_the_French_Revolution_(Walter_William_Ouless).jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles François de Virot de Sombreuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Virot_de_Sombreuil"},{"link_name":"Walter William Ouless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_William_Ouless"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Death-of-the-Princess-De-Lamballe-by-Leon-Maxime-Faivre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boulevard Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_Saint-Germain"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Jean Dussaulx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dussaulx"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardy,_B._C._(Blanche_Christabel)-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardy,_B._C._(Blanche_Christabel)-75"},{"link_name":"Pauline de Tourzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_de_Tourzel"},{"link_name":"Swiss Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Guards"},{"link_name":"Marie Angélique de Mackau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Ang%C3%A9lique_de_Mackau"},{"link_name":"Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise-%C3%89lisabeth_de_Cro%C3%BF_de_Tourzel"},{"link_name":"the Princess de Tarente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise-Emmanuelle_de_Ch%C3%A2tillon,_Princesse_de_Tarente"},{"link_name":"the Princess de Lamballe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardy,_B._C._(Blanche_Christabel)-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise-%C3%89lisabeth_de_Cro%C3%BF_de_Tourzel"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Last-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"George Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Long_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Aeneid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneid"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Billaud-Varenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billaud-Varenne"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"De Virot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Virot_de_Sombreuil"},{"link_name":"Hotel des Invalides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_des_Invalides"}],"sub_title":"Prison de l'Abbaye","text":"An Incident during the Massacre: Charles François de Virot de Sombreuil and his daughter leaving the prison. Painting by Walter William OulessLéon-Maxime Faivre (1908) Death of the Princess de LamballeBetween 19:00 and 20:00, the group of fédérés, etc. was back at the Abbaye prison. The Abbaye prison was located in what is now the Boulevard Saint-Germain just west of the current Passage de la Petite Boucherie. The door was closed, but the killing was resumed after an intense discussion with Manuel, the procurator, on people's justice and failing judges.[71] Manuel and Jean Dussaulx belonged to a deputation sent by the \"Conseil Général\" of the commune to ask for compassion.[72] They were insulted and escaped with their lives.[73]A tribunal composed of twelve people presided over by Stanislas-Marie Maillard, started the interrogation by asking the prisoner why he or she was arrested. A lie was fatal,[74] and the prisoners were summarily judged and either freed or executed.[75] Each prisoner was asked a handful of questions, after which the prisoner was either freed with the words \"Vive la nation\" and permitted to leave, or sentenced to death with the words \"Conduct him to the Abbaye\" or \"Let him go\", after which the condemned was taken to a yard and was immediately killed by a waiting mob consisting of men, women, and children.[75]The massacres were opposed by the staff of the prison, who allowed many prisoners to escape, one example being Pauline de Tourzel. The Prison de l'Abbaye contained a number of prisoners formerly belonging to the royal household, as well as survivors of the Swiss Guards from the royal palace. Among them were the royal governesses Marie Angélique de Mackau and Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel; the ladies-in-waiting the Princess de Tarente and the Princess de Lamballe; the queen's ladies-maids Marie-Élisabeth Thibault and Mme Bazile; the dauphin's nurse St Brice; the Princesse de Lamballe's lady's maid Navarre; and the valets of the king, Chamilly and Hue.[75] All ten former members of the royal household were placed before the tribunals and freed from charges, with the exception of the Princess de Lamballe,[76][77] whose death would become one of the most publicized of the September Massacres. Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel was released on order of Manuel by the Commune.[78]Of the Swiss Guard prisoners 135 were killed, 27 were transferred, 86 were set free, and 22 had uncertain fates.[79] According to George Long 122 died and 43 people were released.[80] The victims had to leave behind money, jewelry, silver, gold, assignats, but also an Aeneid which is widely regarded as Virgil's masterpiece. Most of the victims' clothes were pierced with spade marks and had bloodstains. According to Louvet four armed men came to the house of Roland to get paid.[81] On Monday morning nine o'clock, Billaud-Varenne came to the Abbaye prison and declared that the tribunal should stop stealing and would get paid by the Commune. At ten Maillard and his twelve judges resumed their work.[82] In three days 216 men, and only three women were massacred in the Abbey.[83] De Virot, responsible for the safeguarding of large stocks of weapons stored in the Hotel des Invalides, and his daughter survived.","title":"Massacres"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Porte_Saint-Bernard_Adam_Perelle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint-Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_la_Tournelle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conciergerie_in_1790.jpg"},{"link_name":"Conciergerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciergerie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_firmin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tour Saint-Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_la_Tournelle"},{"link_name":"Collège des Bernardins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Bernardins"},{"link_name":"assignats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignat"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Conciergerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciergerie"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.org-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.org-85"},{"link_name":"Prudhomme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Marie_Prudhomme"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Restif de la Bretonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas-Edme_Restif_de_la_Bretonne"},{"link_name":"Pont au Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Notre-Dame"},{"link_name":"Châtelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ch%C3%A2telet"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"},{"link_name":"seminarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminarian"},{"link_name":"Hérault de Séchelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"sub_title":"Conciergerie, Saint Firmin and Bernardins","text":"Saint-Bernard where 73 men (locked up in the past three months) were killed and three released.Conciergerie where 250–300 people were killedSaint Firmin in the Rue Saint Victor where 73 seminarians were killedLate in the afternoon, they went to Tour Saint-Bernard (belonging to a confiscated monastery Collège des Bernardins, located in the Sansculotte district) where forgers of assignats were jailed. (Almost all of them were locked up in the previous three months.) The pattern of semi-formal executions followed by the popular tribunals was for condemned prisoners to be ordered \"transferred\" and then taken into the prison courtyard where they would be cut down. One man was released after he was recognized as a thief. The participants in the killing received bread, wine and cheese, and some money.[84]In the early evening, groups broke into another Paris prison, the Conciergerie, via an open door in a side stair. The massacre was more uncontrolled in the Conciergerie than in the Prison de l'Abbaye. In the Conciergerie, the staff did not cooperate by turning the prisoners to the mob; instead, the mob broke into the cells themselves. The massacre continued from late evening through the night until morning. Of 488 prisoners in the Conciergerie, 378 were killed during the massacre.[85] One woman in the Conciergerie, Marie Gredeler, a bookseller who was accused of murder, was tied to a pole, killed, and mutilated.[85]According to Prudhomme people sat on the stairs of the Palace of Justice watching the butchery in the courtyard.[86] Not far away Restif de la Bretonne saw bodies piled high on Pont au Change in front of the Châtelet, then thrown in the river. He recorded the atrocities he witnessed in Les Nuits de Paris (1794).[87]Before midnight the seminary Saint Firmin was visited by just four men, who killed all the seminarians. All of them were detained in August according to Cassignac; the average age of the prisoners was 47. At 2.30 in the morning, the Assembly was informed that most of the prisons were empty. The next morning the Assembly was still involved with the defense of the city; Hérault de Séchelles presided. It decided the other prisoners had to wait for their trial because of a temporary lack of judges.[88]","title":"Massacres"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massacre_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salpêtrière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%B4pital_Royal_de_Bic%C3%AAtre,_Paris;_panoramic_view_with_gardens_Wellcome_L0003004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bicêtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bic%C3%AAtre"},{"link_name":"Bicêtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bic%C3%AAtre"},{"link_name":"François Hanriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Salpêtrière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_de_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"diocesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocesan"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"sub_title":"Bicêtre and Salpêtrière","text":"The Salpêtrière hospital where 35 women were killedThe royal hospital Bicêtre where 150–170 men were killedBicêtre, a hospital for men and boys that also served as a prison for beggars and the homeless, was visited twice that day after a rumor that there were thousands of rifles stored there. The commander brought seven cannons. According to Cassignac François Hanriot and his battalion were present; 56 prisoners were released. The average age of the 170 victims was 24–25 years, 41 were between 12 and 18 years old, and 58 were under 20.[89] Mayor Pétion did not have much influence discussing humanity with them.[90]At dawn Salpêtrière, a hospice for women and girls to which a prison was attached, was visited.[91] The number of victims is exactly known: 35 women, including 23 underaged.[92] The average age of the 35 victims was 45 – only one of them, Marie Bertrand, a diocesan from Dyon, was 17 years old – and 52 were released according to Cassignac.[93]","title":"Massacres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Etienne-Jean Panis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Jean_Panis"},{"link_name":"Sergent-Marceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sergent_dit_Sergent-Marceau"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Église Saint-Sulpice, Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_Saint-Sulpice,_Paris"},{"link_name":"quicklime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicklime"},{"link_name":"Le Moniteur Universel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Moniteur_Universel"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"The end","text":"On Tuesday afternoon the killing in the Abbey finally stopped. Police commissioners Etienne-Jean Panis and Sergent-Marceau gave orders to wash away all the blood from the stairs and the courtyard, to spread straw, to count the corpses, and to dispose of them on carts to avoid infections.[94] A contract was signed with the gravedigger of the nearby Église Saint-Sulpice, Paris, who also had to purchase quicklime. On 5 September, the day of the election, it was perfectly quiet in Paris according to Le Moniteur Universel.[95] There were still 80 prisoners in \"La Force\".On 6 September the massacres finally ended.[96][97] The next day the gates were opened, but it was impossible to travel to another department without a passport.[98]","title":"Massacres"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Grand_Ch%C3%A2telet_vu_depuis_la_rue_Saint-Denis,_1800.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grand Châtelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ch%C3%A2telet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massacre_ch%C3%A2telet_1792.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LaForcePrisonParis.jpg"},{"link_name":"La Force prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Force_prison"},{"link_name":"Helen Maria Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Maria_Williams"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Francois Buzot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Buzot"},{"link_name":"Camille Desmoulins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins"},{"link_name":"Fabre d'Eglantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabre_d%27Eglantine"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Cordeliers Convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordeliers_Convent"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"cathartic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathartic"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Robert Lindet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lindet"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Thiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers"},{"link_name":"George Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Long_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Stanley Loomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Loomis"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"}],"sub_title":"Contemporary reports","text":"The Grand Châtelet from the north where about 220 people were killedMass killing of more than 200 prisoners in the Châtelet on 3 SeptemberLa Force prison where about 165 people were killed in 48 hours.In a letter from 25 January 1793 Helen Maria Williams accused Robespierre and Danton, saying that Marat was only their instrument.[99] Francois Buzot, a Girondin, mentions Camille Desmoulins and Fabre d'Eglantine.According to Galart de Montjoie, a lawyer and royalist, in those days everyone believed the Fédérés from Marseille, Avignon and Brest were involved in the killing.[100][101][102] About 800–1000 were staying in barrack, but moved supposedly to where events would take place. It seems around 300 Fédérés from Brest and 500 from Marseille were then lodged in Cordeliers Convent.[103][104][105][106] Servan planned to give them military training before using them to supplement the army at the front.The fact is that the reports of conspiracies in the prisons, however improbable, and the constant propaganda about the people's will and the people's anger, held everyone in a sort of stupor and gave the impression that this infamous performance was the work of the populace, whereas in reality there were not above 200 criminals.[107][108]Though it is an ascertained fact that the perpetrators of the atrocious murders were but a few; yet it is not so clear that this work was not connived at, or consented to, by a much greater number, and those perhaps in authority; for otherwise, two or three companies of the town guard would have been sufficient to disperse those who were employed on the occasion.[109][page needed]Perry describes the restoration of order after the events, giving the impression that the massacres may even have had a cathartic effect. He also suggests that France was plagued by fewer foreign enemies afterward. What emerges therefore from Perry's report is a view that, if massacres did take place, they occurred not out of spontaneous popular madness but because of comprehensible grievances.[110]According to Robert Lindet,[111] Adolphe Thiers, George Long,[112] and Stanley Loomis not an outburst of passion, but coldly and carefully organized.[113]Rather than being proof of the unprecedented depravity of an entire population, the prison massacres were the explicable result of both the \"wrath and fury\" of the victims of 10 August and the machinations of the Paris Commune, who gave their tacit consent to the killings.[114] Those targeted in the attacks had not been imprisoned unjustly but had been suspected of having aided the court in its negotiations with foreign princes. In a similar way to Perry, Williams emphasizes the understandable impatience of the people, who had been kept waiting too long for justice after the August Days, when husbands, brothers, and fathers had been killed.[115]","title":"Massacres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre Caron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Caron_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"nonjuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nonjuror"},{"link_name":"Civil Constitution of the Clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy"},{"link_name":"Swiss guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_guards"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Princesse de Lamballe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Louis Pierre Manuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pierre_Manuel"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Granier_de_Cassagnac-55"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Pélagie Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-P%C3%A9lagie_Prison"},{"link_name":"Prison Saint-Lazare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Saint-Lazare"},{"link_name":"Tour du Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_du_Temple"},{"link_name":"palais Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-96"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"forgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgery"},{"link_name":"assignats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignats"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-17"}],"sub_title":"Numbers","text":"According to Pierre Caron there were almost 2,800 prisoners in early September. Between 1,250 and 1,450 prisoners were condemned and executed. According to Caron and Bluche 70% of the victims were killed in a 20-hour interval.[116] Among the victims were 223 nonjuring Catholic priests and (arch)bishops who refused to submit to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 81 Swiss guards, and 40–80 political suspects, mostly royalists, aristocrats, and some former judges and ministers[117] including the queen's best friend, the Princesse de Lamballe, the only political victim in \"La petite Force\".[118]The lives of about 1,250–1,600 prisoners brought before the people's courts were saved.[119] In a few cases people were acclaimed as \"patriots\" by Robespierre, Tallien, Desmoulins, and Danton.[120][121] Several prisoners for debts or alimony were released by Louis Pierre Manuel or by the police before 2 September.[55]A total of nine prisons were violently entered during the five days of the massacres before the killings concluded on the night of 6–7 September; four were not visited (Sainte-Pélagie Prison, Prison Saint-Lazare, Tour du Temple and palais Bourbon). About 700 surviving Swiss soldiers, locked up in Palais Bourbon, marched to the town hall to take the oath and joined the volunteers.[96][122] After initially indiscriminate slayings, ad hoc popular tribunals were set up to distinguish between \"enemies of the people\" and those who were innocent, or at least were not perceived as counter-revolutionary threats. In spite of this attempted sifting, estimated three-quarters of the 1,250–1,450 killed were not counter-revolutionaries or \"villains\", but included all the galley convicts, forgers of assignats, 37 women (including the Princess de Lamballe and Marie Gredeler) and 66 children.[123] Some priests and women were of age, about prostitutes or insane not much is known.[17]","title":"Massacres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Deforgues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Michel_Chemin_Deforgues"},{"link_name":"Tallien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallien"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"purged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purged"},{"link_name":"Meaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaux"},{"link_name":"Château de Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles"},{"link_name":"9 September massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_September_massacres"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-13"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"}],"text":"On 3 September the surveillance committees of the Commune, on which Marat now served, published a circular that called on provincial Patriots to defend Paris and asked that, before leaving their homes, they eliminate counter-revolutionaries. Marat advised the entire nation \"to adopt this necessary measure\".[124]A circular letter was sent to regional authorities by Deforgues, an assistant of Danton, and Tallien, the secretary of the Paris Commune, advising that \"ferocious conspirators detained in the prisons had been put to death by the people\".[125][126][127]The Girondins afterward made much of this circular, but there is no evidence that it had any influence. As before, murders in the provinces continued: the blood-letting did not cease until the countryside was purged. Smaller-scale executions took place in Reims, Meaux, and Lyon on 2, 4 and 9 September. Most notable was the killing of 44 political prisoners near Château de Versailles transported from the High Court in Orléans back to Paris, the 9 September massacres.[13] The next day Brissot wrote in \"Le Patriote français\", his newspaper: \"No doubt you will be told that it is a vengeance of the people; it will be a slander. The people were not involved in this event.\"[128]","title":"Killings outside Paris"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanislas-marie-maillard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stanislas-Marie Maillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard"},{"link_name":"Timothy Tackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Tackett"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Madame de Staël","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Sta%C3%ABl"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-6"},{"link_name":"1792 French National Convention election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_French_National_Convention_election"},{"link_name":"Brissot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brissot"},{"link_name":"Brissotins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brissotins"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Thiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Granier_de_Cassagnac-55"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Clavière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Lebrun-Tondu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Henri_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Marie_Lebrun-Tondu"},{"link_name":"Monge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Monge"},{"link_name":"Servan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Servan_de_Gerbey"},{"link_name":"Pétion de Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Olympe de Gouges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges"}],"text":"On 2 September Stanislas-Marie Maillard and his gang were present at the Abbaye and Carmes. As the president of the tribunal he signed the death sentences.According to Timothy Tackett: \"For a period of some 48 hours between the 29th and 31 August, the whole of Paris was systematically searched by the national guard for lurking conspirators and hidden arms.[129] By that time section assemblies were already passing motions demanding \"the death of conspirators before the departure of citizens\".[130]On 31 August the Committee of Vigilance was created with Panis and Sergent-Marceau. According to Madame de Staël on 31 August \"it was already known, that only those who were destined to be massacred were sent to that prison [of the Abbey].\"[131]On 1 September the Commune declared a state of emergency by decreeing that on the following day the tocsin should be rung, all able-bodied citizens convened in the Champ de Mars.[6]On Sunday 2 September the 1792 French National Convention election started. Robespierre publicly accused Brissot and the Brissotins of plotting with the Duke of Brunswick.[132] Marat was appointed as one of the six additional members of the Committee of Vigilance, but without the approval of the Executive Council.[133]According to Adolphe Thiers on Sunday morning 2 September: \"The keeper of the Abbaye sent away his children in the morning. Dinner was served to the prisoners two hours before the accustomed time, and the knives were taken from their plates.\"[134][55]Such municipal and central government as existed in Paris in September 1792 was preoccupied with organizing volunteers, supplies, and equipment for the armies on the threatened frontiers. Accordingly, there was no attempt to assuage popular fears that the understaffed and easily accessed prisons were full of royalists who would break out and seize the city when the national guards and other citizen volunteers had left for the war. According to Madame Roland Danton responded to an appeal to protect the prisoners with the comment: \"To hell with the prisoners! They must look after themselves.\"[135][136][137] On 3 September Roland said: \"Yesterday was a day that we should perhaps throw a veil on.\" The other members of the provisional government – Clavière, Lebrun-Tondu, Monge and Servan, involved in organizing the country did not do much to stop the killing, or could not foresee or prevent these excesses. Mayor Pétion de Villeneuve turned a blind eye when he visited Bicêtre.[138] Olympe de Gouges and Brissot's newspaper were the only ones condemning the September murders.","title":"Official role"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Loudet_-_Marat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"Ninety-Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety-Three"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Louvet_de_Couvray"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Louvet de Couvrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvet_de_Couvrai"},{"link_name":"Jacobin Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin_Club"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"}],"text":"Imaginary meeting between Robespierre, Danton and Marat (illustrating Victor Hugo's novel Ninety-Three ) by Alfred LoudetThe Brissotins in the Convention first attacked Danton; he was asked to resign as minister on the 25th but forced to step down on 9 October. He kept his seat in the Convention as deputy. Then the Brissotins decided to attack Robespierre and Marat.[139]On 29 October 1792, the Convention reviewed these recent events. Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray accused Robespierre of creating a personality cult, governing the Paris \"Conseil General\" and paying the \"Septembriseurs\".[140][141] Marat was accused of being asocial and establishing a dictatorship. He was taken by surprise and had to be defended by Danton.[142][page needed] Robespierre was given eight days to reply. On 5 November Robespierre stated that Marat had visited him only once since January.[143] He insisted that most of the victims were aristocrats, which wasn't the case.[144] He admitted the arrests at the end of August were illegal, as illegal as the revolution, the fall of the monarchy and the Bastille.[145] He asked the convention: \"Citizens, did you want a revolution without revolution?\" Robespierre, Danton, and Marat insisted that the \"new bloodletting\" had been a spontaneous popular movement. Their opponents, the Girondins, spoke of a systematically planned conspiracy.[146] Louvet de Couvrai who published his speech was no longer admitted to the Jacobin Club.[147]","title":"Debate in the Convention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Girondins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girondin"},{"link_name":"Jacobins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Chambon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Chambon"},{"link_name":"September massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_massacres"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Pierre Gaspard Chaumette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette"},{"link_name":"La Force Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Force_Prison"},{"link_name":"Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"}],"text":"The massacres first damaged the political position of the Girondins, who seemed too moderate, and later the Jacobins, who seemed too bloodthirsty.[148] A new mayor Nicolas Chambon was installed on 1 December 1792. On 4 February 1793 Robespierre defended the September massacres as necessary.[149] On 13 February Pierre Gaspard Chaumette received a list of victims in the La Force Prison.It was Servan's proposal to bring armed volunteers from the provinces. He was arrested during the Terror, but released in February 1795. In 1796 24 or 39 craftsmen and small businessmen were accused;[150] although only three were condemned.[151] The vinegar maker Damiens was sentenced to twenty years of imprisonment.","title":"Political repercussions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PrisonAbbayeChapel.jpg"},{"link_name":"churchmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"beatified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI"},{"link_name":"martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs"},{"link_name":"bishop of Saintes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Saintes"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marie du Lau d'Alleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Marie_du_Lau"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Arles"},{"link_name":"bishop of Beauvais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Beauvais"},{"link_name":"Ambroise Chevreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroise_Chevreux"},{"link_name":"Congregation of Saint Maur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Saint_Maur"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"}],"text":"The abbey chapel in 1793.One hundred and fifteen churchmen killed in the Carmes Prison were beatified by Pope Pius XI on 17 October 1926. Among the martyrs were Pierre-Louis de la Rochefoucauld, bishop of Saintes; Jean-Marie du Lau d'Alleman, archbishop of Arles; François-Joseph de la Rochefoucauld, bishop of Beauvais; and Ambroise Chevreux, the last superior-general of the monastic Congregation of Saint Maur.[152]","title":"Martyrs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-L._Madelin,_Chapter_XXI,_p._256_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-L._Madelin,_Chapter_XXI,_p._256_1-1"},{"link_name":"L. Madelin, Chapter XXI, p. 256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/larvolution00madeuoft"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglements, et Avis du Conseil-d'État\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QTg_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA417"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_5-1"},{"link_name":"\"F. Furet & M. Ozouf (1989) A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution, p. 139\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/students/modules/comparative_revolutions/programme/frenchrev2/furet_terror.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto2_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto2_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto2_6-2"},{"link_name":"\"Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglements, et Avis du Conseil-d'État\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QTg_AAAAcAAJ&q=1+Septembre+1792+paris&pg=PA459"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Danton (2 septembre 1792) – Histoire – Grands discours parlementaires – Assemblée nationale\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/decouvrir-l-assemblee/histoire/grands-discours-parlementaires/danton-2-septembre-1792"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"I. \"Dare, Dare Again, Always Dare\" by Georges Jacques Danton. Continental Europe (380–1906). Vol. VII. Bryan, William Jennings, ed. 1906. 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Carmes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1784/Saints-Martyrs-de-Septembre.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France"}],"text":"^ a b L. Madelin, Chapter XXI, p. 256\n\n^ \"Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglements, et Avis du Conseil-d'État\". A. Guyot. 5 July 1824.\n\n^ P. Caron (1935), p. 107, 114\n\n^ S. Schama, p. 611\n\n^ a b \"F. Furet & M. Ozouf (1989) A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution, p. 139\" (PDF).\n\n^ a b c \"Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglements, et Avis du Conseil-d'État\". A. Guyot. 5 July 1824.\n\n^ \"Danton (2 septembre 1792) – Histoire – Grands discours parlementaires – Assemblée nationale\". www2.assemblee-nationale.fr.\n\n^ \"I. \"Dare, Dare Again, Always Dare\" by Georges Jacques Danton. Continental Europe (380–1906). Vol. VII. Bryan, William Jennings, ed. 1906. The World's Famous Orations\". www.bartleby.com. 10 October 2022.\n\n^ a b Danton, Georges-Jacques (1759–1794) Auteur du texte (5 July 1910). Discours de Danton / édition critique par André Fribourg – via gallica.bnf.fr.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Mantel, Hilary (6 August 2009). \"Hilary Mantel · He Roared: Danton · LRB 6 August 2009\". London Review of Books. 31 (15).\n\n^ F. Furet and M. Ozouf, eds. A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution (1989), pp. 521–22\n\n^ P. Caron (1935) Les massacres de Septembre, p. 363-394. Part IV covers comparable events in provincial cities that transpired from July to October 1792.\n\n^ a b P. McPhee (2016) Liberty or Death, p. 162\n\n^ Bluche, Frédéric (1 January 1986). Septembre 1792 : logiques d'un massacre. Robert Laffont (réédition numérique FeniXX). ISBN 9782221178560.\n\n^ \"Septembre 1792 : de la rumeur au massacre\". www.lhistoire.fr.\n\n^ Gwynne Lewis (2002). The French Revolution: Rethinking the Debate. Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 9780203409916.\n\n^ a b Frédéric Bluche (1986) Septembre 1792 : logiques d'un massacre, p. 235\n\n^ Hauck, Carolin; Mommertz, Monika; Schlüter, Andreas; Seedorf, Thomas (9 October 2018). Tracing the Heroic Through Gender. Ergon Verlag. ISBN 9783956504037.\n\n^ Lawday, David (6 July 2010). The Giant of the French Revolution: Danton, A Life. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. ISBN 9780802197023.\n\n^ \"Georges Danton – Danton's Committee of Public Safety\". Encyclopedia Britannica.\n\n^ Georges Lefebvre, The French Revolution: From its Origins to 1793 (2001) p. 236\n\n^ \"Tackett, Timothy (2011) \"Rumor and Revolution: The Case of the September Massacres\", French History and Civilization Vol. 4, pp. 54–64\" (PDF).\n\n^ Arno J. Mayer (2000). The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions. Princeton U.P. p. 554. ISBN 0691090157.\n\n^ \"The Myth of the Foreign Enemy? The Brunswick Manifesto and the Radicalization of the French Revolution\", French History 25, no. 2 (2011): 188–213 by Elisabeth Cross\n\n^ Cross, E. (2011). \"The Myth of the Foreign Enemy? The Brunswick Manifesto and the Radicalization of the French Revolution\". French History. 25 (2): 188–213. doi:10.1093/fh/crr030 – via www.academia.edu.\n\n^ fr:Presse sous la Révolution française\n\n^ Jeremy D. Popkin, Revolutionary News : The Press in France, 1789–1799, Durham (Caroline du Nord) / Londres, Duke University Press, coll. « Bicentennial Reflections on the French Revolution », 1990, pp. 133–134 ISBN 082230984X\n\n^ Bergeron, Louis, Le Monde et son Histoire, Paris, 1970, Volume VII, Chapter VII, p. 324\n\n^ L. Bergeron (1970), p. 325.\n\n^ Mathiez, A. (1934) Le dix août. Hachette\n\n^ In 1815, a secretary of the convention, writing under the pseudonym \"Proussinale\", published some remarkable details about the procedure, Histoire secrète du tribunal révolutionnaire, par M. de Proussinalle, Band 1, pp. 2–6\n\n^ Gilchrist, John Thomas (5 July 1971). \"Press in the French Revolution\". Ardent Media.\n\n^ Ruth Scurr (2007). Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0805082616.\n\n^ L. Bergeron, p. 326\n\n^ S. Schama, p. 630; L'Amie du peuple, no 680\n\n^ Jean Massin (1959) Robespierre, pp. 133–134\n\n^ Le Moniteur universel, t. XIII, n° 241, du 28 aôut, p. 540\n\n^ Le Moniteur universel, t. XIII, n° 244, du 31 aôut, p. 572\n\n^ a b J. Massin (1959), Robespierre, p. 132.\n\n^ S. Schama, p. 626\n\n^ \"Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglements, et Avis du Conseil-d'État\". A. Guyot. 5 July 1824.\n\n^ Mary Duclaux (1918) A short history of France, p. 227\n\n^ L. Madelin, Chapter XXI, p. 252\n\n^ a b J. Israel (2014), Revolutionary Ideas, pp. 267–268.\n\n^ Cassignac, p. 111\n\n^ Le Moniteur universel, t. XIII, n° 248, du 5 septembre, p. 590\n\n^ Cobb, R. & C. Jones (1988) The French Revolution. Voices from a momentous epoch 1789–1795, p. 159\n\n^ Loomis pp. 76–77\n\n^ Loomis p. 75\n\n^ Loomis p. 76\n\n^ Oscar Browning, ed., The Despatches of Earl Gower (Cambridge University Press, 1885), 213–216, 219–221, 223–228.\n\n^ L. Bluche, p. 258\n\n^ Parker, Geoffrey (2008). The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0521738064.\n\n^ Bluche, Frédéric (1986). Septembre 1792 : logiques d'un massacre. Robert Laffont (réédition numérique FeniXX). ISBN 978-2221178560.\n\n^ a b c Granier de Cassagnac, A. (Adolphe) (5 July 1860). \"Histoire des Girondins et des massacres de septembre d'après les documents officiels et inédits, accompagnée de plusieurs fac-similé\". Paris : E. Dentu, p. 26 – via Internet Archive.\n\n^ \"Danton (2 Septembre 1792) – Histoire – Grands discours parlementaires – Assemblée nationale\". www2.assemblee-nationale.fr.\n\n^ \"I. \"Dare, Dare Again, Always Dare\" by Georges Jacques Danton. Continental Europe (380–1906). Vol. VII. Bryan, William Jennings, ed. 1906. The World's Famous Orations\". www.bartleby.com. 10 October 2022.\n\n^ Mantel, Hilary (6 August 2009). \"Hilary Mantel – He Roared: Danton\". London Review of Books. 31 (15).\n\n^ Simien, C. (2016). 4. Un ministre face aux massacres de septembre 1792. Dans : Michel Biard éd., Danton: Le mythe et l'Histoire (pp. 55–69). Paris: Armand Colin. doi:10.3917/arco.biard.2016.02.0055\n\n^ Mortimer−Ternaux, L. (1863) Histoire de la Terreur, 1792–1794, d'après des documents authentiques et inédits, Tome III, pp. 188–189\n\n^ Staël (Anne-Louise-Germaine), Madame de (5 July 1818). \"Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution\". Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, p.74.\n\n^ \"Charlotte Robespierre's Memoirs\". 6 September 2021.\n\n^ A Maximilien Robespierre et à ses royalistes (accusation). (November 1792)\n\n^ Ballard, Richard (14 October 2011). A New Dictionary of the French Revolution. I.B.Tauris. p. 78. ISBN 9780857720900.\n\n^ The history of the French revolution, tr. with notes by Marie Joseph L. Adolphe Thiers, p. 144\n\n^ Histoire des Girondins et des massacres de septembre d'après les documents officiels et inédits, accompagnée de plusieurs fac-similé, p. 43\n\n^ F. Bluche, p. 219\n\n^ Lapize de La Pannonie, Pierre de Auteur du texte (5 July 1913). Les Massacres du 2 septembre 1792 à la prison des Carmes à Paris / Abbé Pierre de Lapize de La Pannonie – via gallica.bnf.fr.\n\n^ S. Loomis, p. 79\n\n^ Histoire des Girondins et des massacres de septembre d'après les documents officiels et inédits, accompagnée de plusieurs fac-similé, p. 81\n\n^ F. Bluche, p. 56-60\n\n^ L. Blanc (1855) Histoire de la Révolution Française, vol VII, p. 163\n\n^ Oscar Browning, ed., The Despatches of Earl Gower (Cambridge University Press, 1885), 213–16, 219–21, 223–28.\n\n^ Blanc, Louis (5 July 1855). \"Histoire de la révolution française\". Langlois et Leclerq, p. 165.\n\n^ a b c Hardy, B. C. (Blanche Christabel), The Princesse de Lamballe; a biography, p. 261, 284–285 (1908), Project Gutenberg\n\n^ Biographical Memoirs of the French Revolution, Volume 1, p. 109\n\n^ The Eclectic Review, p. 173\n\n^ Lever, Evelyne; Catherine Temerson (2001). Marie Antoinette: The Last Queen of France. Macmillan. pp. 282–283. ISBN 0-312-28333-4.\n\n^ Leborgne, Dominique, Saint-Germain-des-Prés et son faubourg, p. 40, Éditions Parigramme, Paris, 2005, ISBN 2-84096-189-X\n\n^ France and Its Revolutions: A Pictorial History 1789–1848 by George Long, p. 199-202\n\n^ Mémoires de Louvet de Couvray, p. 59 \n\n^ Cassignac p. 211\n\n^ Cassignac p. 216, 280\n\n^ Histoire des Girondins et des massacres de septembre d'après les documents officiels et inédits, accompagnée de plusieurs fac-similé, p. 474\n\n^ a b The Tribunal of the terror; a study of Paris in 1793–1795, p. 37 (1909)\n\n^ F. Bluche, p. 260\n\n^ \"The September Massacres witnessed by Restif de la Bretonne\". 3 September 1792.\n\n^ Le Moniteur universel, t. XIII, n° 248, du 5 septembre, p. 607\n\n^ Histoire des Girondins et des massacres de septembre d'après les documents officiels et inédits, accompagnée de plusieurs fac-similé, p. 436-449\n\n^ \"Mémoires sur les journées de septembre, 1792\". Baudouin frères. 5 July 1823.\n\n^ F. Bluche, p. 193\n\n^ F. Bluche, p. 454\n\n^ Histoire des Girondins et des massacres de septembre d'après les documents officiels et inédits, accompagnée de plusieurs fac-similé, p. 455-463\n\n^ L. Blanc, p. 182\n\n^ Le Moniteur universel, t. XIII, n° 248, du 5 septembre, p. 613\n\n^ a b Le Moniteur universel, t. XIII, n° 251, du 7 septembre, p. 621\n\n^ F. Bluche, p. 72, 193\n\n^ Le Moniteur universel, t. XIII, n° 248, du 7 septembre, p. 629\n\n^ Letters Written in France By Helen Maria Williams, p. 160\n\n^ Histoire de la conjuration de Robespierre, p. 81. Paris, les marchands de nouveautés, 1795; Chez Maret, an IV(1796).\n\n^ F. Bluche, p. 233\n\n^ \"L.M. Ternaux (1863) Histoire de la Terreur, 1792–1794, Tome III, p. 126, 224\" (PDF).\n\n^ Hampson, Norman (1978) Danton (New York: Basil Blackwell), pp. 71–72.\n\n^ S. Schama, p. 605, 611\n\n^ Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis (5 July 1855). \"Histoire de la révolution Française\". Langlois et Leclercq, p. 29.\n\n^ Mémoires de Charles Barbaroux, député à la convention nationale ..., Volume 5 p. 63\n\n^ The memoirs of Madame Roland, p. ? (London: Barrie & Jenkins, translated by Evelyn Shuckburgh (1989))\n\n^ Histoire de la conjugation de Maximilien Robespierre, p. 81\n\n^ Perry, Sampson (5 July 1796). \"An Historical Sketch of the French Revolution: Commencing with Its Predisposing Causes, and Carried on to the Acceptation of the Constitution, in 1795\". H. D. Symonds.[page needed]\n\n^ \"Rachel Rogers (2012) Vectors of Revolution: The British Radical Community in Early Republican Paris, 1792–1794, p. 376. Université Toulouse le Mirail\".\n\n^ L. Madelin, p. 260\n\n^ \"France and Its Revolutions: A Pictorial History 1789–1848\". Charles Knight, p. 206. 5 July 1850 – via Internet Archive.\n\n^ S. Loomis, p. 74, 81, 96, 143, 207\n\n^ Helen Maria Williams' Letters from France (1792–93), Letter IV, p. 191\n\n^ \"Rachel Rogers (2012) Vectors of Revolution: The British Radical Community in Early Republican Paris, 1792–1794, p. 402. Université Toulouse le Mirail\".\n\n^ F. Bluche, p. 192\n\n^ P. Caron (1935) Les Massacres de Septembre, p. 94-99; 101–102\n\n^ Boussemart, Charles (17–18 ?; révolutionnaire) Auteur du texte (5 July 1792). Grande trahison de Louis Capet : complot découvert, pour assassiner, dans la nuit du 2 au 3 de ce mois, tous les bons citoyens de la capitale, par les aristocrates et les prêtres réfractaires, aidé des brignads et des scélérats, détenus dans les prisons de Paris ([Reprod.]) / [par Charles Boussemart,...] – via gallica.bnf.fr.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ P. Caron, p. 99\n\n^ M. J. Sydenham The French Revolution, B.T. Batsford Ltd, 1965, p. 121\n\n^ L. Michelet, tome IV, p. 121\n\n^ \"L.M. Ternaux (1863) Histoire de la Terreur, 1792–1794, d'après des documents authentiques et inédits. Tome III, p. 10, 298\" (PDF).\n\n^ P. Caron (1935) Les Massacres de Septembre, p. 95\n\n^ M. J. Sydenham (1966) The French Revolution, p. 123. Capricorn Books.\n\n^ Beale, Joseph H. (1884). \"The French Revolution\". Charles Knight's Popular History of England. p. 725. in Beale, Joseph H. (1884). Gay's Standard History of the World's Great Nations. Vol. 1. W. Gay and Company.\n\n^ Gorton, John (5 July 1828). \"A general biographical dictionary: containing a summary account of the lives of eminent persons of all nations, previous to the present generation\". Hunt and Clarke.\n\n^ \"Jean-Lambert Tallien\". www.nndb.com.\n\n^ F. Bluche, p. 256\n\n^ \"T. Tackett, p. 63\n\n^ S. Schama, p. 631\n\n^ Staël (Anne-Louise-Germaine), Madame de (5 July 1818). \"Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution\". Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, p. 68.\n\n^ Hardman, John (5 July 1999). Robespierre. Longman. ISBN 9780582437555.\n\n^ Jacques, De Cock (1 December 2013). Action politique de Marat pendant la Révolution: (1789–1793). fantasques éditions. ISBN 9782913846319.\n\n^ Thiers, Marie Joseph L. Adolphe (5 July 1845). \"The history of the French revolution, tr. with notes\".\n\n^ Biard, Michel; Leuwers, Hervé (18 May 2016). Danton: Le mythe et l'histoire. Armand Colin. ISBN 9782200615277.\n\n^ M. J. Sydenham The French Revolution, B. T. Batsford Ltd, 1965, p. 121\n\n^ R. Scurr (2006) Fatal Purity. Robespierre and the French Revolution, p. 243?\n\n^ \"Mémoires sur les journées de septembre, 1792\". Baudouin frères. 5 July 1823.\n\n^ Dart, Gregory (26 September 2005). Rousseau, Robespierre and English Romanticism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–46. ISBN 9780521020398 – via Google Books.\n\n^ A Maximilien Robespierre et à ses royalistes (accusation).\n\n^ S. Schama p. 649\n\n^ R. Scurr (2006) Fatal Purity. Robespierre and the French Revolution, p. ?[page needed]\n\n^ Robespierre, Maximilien (5 July 1840). \"Oeuvres\". Worms.\n\n^ Dart, Gregory (26 September 2005). Rousseau, Robespierre and English Romanticism. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780521020398 – via Google Books.\n\n^ \"The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art\". Leavitt, Trow, & Company. 5 July 1844.\n\n^ J. Israel (2014) Revolutionary ideas, p. 271, 273\n\n^ Bouloiseau, Marc (17 November 1983). The Jacobin Republic 1792–1794. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521289184.\n\n^ Georges Lefebvre, The French Revolution: From its Origins to 1793 (1962), pp. 241–44, 269\n\n^ Oeuvres de Maximilien Robespierre, Band 9 by Maximilien Robespierre, p. 263-264\n\n^ P. Caron (1935), p. 107\n\n^ F. Bluche, p. 187, 210\n\n^ \"Bienheureux Martyrs des Carmes\". Nominis (in French). Catholic Church in France. Retrieved 31 August 2018.","title":"Notes and citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blanc, L. (1855) Histoire de la Révolution Française, vol. VII. FUREURS DE LA GIRONDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fAMxAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Caron, P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Caron_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Israel, J. (2014) Revolutionary Ideas, p. 267-277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xpIpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88029-401-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88029-401-9"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.questia.com/read/71902509/historical-dictionary-of-the-french-revolution-1789-1799"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-221-08850-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-221-08850-6"}],"sub_title":"Bibliography","text":"Blanc, L. (1855) Histoire de la Révolution Française, vol. VII. FUREURS DE LA GIRONDE\nBluche, F. (1986) Septembre 1792 : logiques d'un massacre.\nCaron, P. (1935) Les Massacres de Septembre\nIsrael, J. (2014) Revolutionary Ideas, p. 267-277\nLoomis, S. (1964) Paris in the Terror. New York: Dorset Press. ISBN 0-88029-401-9 online\nScott, S.F. & B. Rothaus, eds. (1985) Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution 1789–1799. Vol. 2 pp. 891–97.\nTulard, J. & J-F. Fayard and A. Fierro (1998) Histoire et Dictionnaire de la Révolution Française. ISBN 2-221-08850-6","title":"Notes and citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F. Furet (1989) Terror. In: A critical dictionary of the French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/students/modules/comparative_revolutions/programme/frenchrev2/furet_terror.pdf"},{"link_name":"Schama, Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schama,_Simon"},{"link_name":"Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens:_A_Chronicle_of_the_French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Tackett, Timothy (2011) \"Rumor and Revolution: The Case of the September Massacres\", French History and Civilization Vol. 4, pp. 54–64.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//h-france.net/rude/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/TackettVol4.pdf"}],"sub_title":"Further reading","text":"F. Furet (1989) Terror. In: A critical dictionary of the French Revolution\nHibbert, Christopher (1980) The Days of the French Revolution. William Morrow, New York.\nSchama, Simon (1992) Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution pp. 629–39.\nTackett, Timothy (2011) \"Rumor and Revolution: The Case of the September Massacres\", French History and Civilization Vol. 4, pp. 54–64.","title":"Notes and citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madame de Staël (1818) Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution, Band 2, p. 68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=mPANAAAAQAAJ"},{"link_name":"La Vérité toute entière sur les vrais acteurs de 2. Septembre 1792 par Jean Claude Hippolyte Méhée de la Touche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MeRBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA26"},{"link_name":"Histoire de la conjugation de Maximilien Robespierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//libx.bsu.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/FrnchRev/id/614/rec/8"},{"link_name":"Nicolas-Edme Restif de la Bretonne (1793) Les nuits de Paris, ou Le spectateur nocturne, p. 371-394","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64357941/f1n312.pdf?download=1"},{"link_name":"The September Massacres witnessed by Earl Gower, a British diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/393/"}],"sub_title":"Eyewitnesses","text":"Madame de Staël (1818) Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution, Band 2, p. 68\nLa Vérité toute entière sur les vrais acteurs de 2. Septembre 1792 par Jean Claude Hippolyte Méhée de la Touche\nHistoire de la conjugation de Maximilien Robespierre\nNicolas-Edme Restif de la Bretonne (1793) Les nuits de Paris, ou Le spectateur nocturne, p. 371-394\nThe September Massacres witnessed by Earl Gower, a British diplomat","title":"Notes and citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dickens, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"A Tale of Two Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities"}],"sub_title":"Fictional accounts","text":"Dickens, Charles, A Tale of Two Cities (1859).\nHenty, George Alfred, In the Reign of Terror.\nNeville, Katherine, The Eight (1988).","title":"Notes and citations"}]
[{"image_text":"Anonymous caricature depicting the treatment given to the Brunswick Manifesto by the French population","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Manifeste_de_Brunswick_caricature_1792.jpg/200px-Manifeste_de_Brunswick_caricature_1792.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Paris and the Faubourgs (1797). The La Force prison was in Le Marais on Rue Pavée, near Place des Fédérés. The Conciergerie was located on the westside of the Île de la Cité, next to the Palais de Justice.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1797_Jean_Map_of_Paris_and_the_Faubourgs%2C_France_-_Geographicus_-_Paris-jean-1797.jpg/220px-1797_Jean_Map_of_Paris_and_the_Faubourgs%2C_France_-_Geographicus_-_Paris-jean-1797.jpg"},{"image_text":"115 priests were killed in the Carmes prison. Le massacre des Carmes by Marie–Marc–Antoine Bilcocq, (1820). Musée de la Révolution française","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Massacre_des_Carmes-Bilcocq-IMG_2416.JPG/200px-Massacre_des_Carmes-Bilcocq-IMG_2416.JPG"},{"image_text":"Prison de l'Abbaye where 160–220 people were killed in three days. It was located between Rue de Bussi and Rue du Four (E40), with the entrance on Rue Sainte-Marguerite, today 133, Boulevard Saint-Germain.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Massacres_des_2%2C_3%2C_4%2C_5_et_6_septembre_1792.jpg/200px-Massacres_des_2%2C_3%2C_4%2C_5_et_6_septembre_1792.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Incident during the Massacre: Charles François de Virot de Sombreuil and his daughter leaving the prison. Painting by Walter William Ouless","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/An_Incident_in_the_French_Revolution_%28Walter_William_Ouless%29.jpg/220px-An_Incident_in_the_French_Revolution_%28Walter_William_Ouless%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Léon-Maxime Faivre (1908) Death of the Princess de Lamballe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Death-of-the-Princess-De-Lamballe-by-Leon-Maxime-Faivre.jpg/200px-Death-of-the-Princess-De-Lamballe-by-Leon-Maxime-Faivre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saint-Bernard where 73 men (locked up in the past three months) were killed and three released.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Porte_Saint-Bernard_Adam_Perelle.jpg/200px-Porte_Saint-Bernard_Adam_Perelle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Conciergerie where 250–300 people were killed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Conciergerie_in_1790.jpg/200px-Conciergerie_in_1790.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saint Firmin in the Rue Saint Victor where 73 seminarians were killed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/St_firmin.jpg/200px-St_firmin.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Salpêtrière hospital where 35 women were killed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Massacre_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg/220px-Massacre_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg"},{"image_text":"The royal hospital Bicêtre where 150–170 men were killed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/H%C3%B4pital_Royal_de_Bic%C3%AAtre%2C_Paris%3B_panoramic_view_with_gardens_Wellcome_L0003004.jpg/220px-H%C3%B4pital_Royal_de_Bic%C3%AAtre%2C_Paris%3B_panoramic_view_with_gardens_Wellcome_L0003004.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Grand Châtelet from the north where about 220 people were killed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Le_Grand_Ch%C3%A2telet_vu_depuis_la_rue_Saint-Denis%2C_1800.jpg/200px-Le_Grand_Ch%C3%A2telet_vu_depuis_la_rue_Saint-Denis%2C_1800.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mass killing of more than 200 prisoners in the Châtelet on 3 September","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Massacre_ch%C3%A2telet_1792.jpg/200px-Massacre_ch%C3%A2telet_1792.jpg"},{"image_text":"La Force prison where about 165 people were killed in 48 hours.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/LaForcePrisonParis.jpg/200px-LaForcePrisonParis.jpg"},{"image_text":"On 2 September Stanislas-Marie Maillard and his gang were present at the Abbaye and Carmes. As the president of the tribunal he signed the death sentences.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stanislas-marie-maillard.jpg/200px-Stanislas-marie-maillard.jpg"},{"image_text":"Imaginary meeting between Robespierre, Danton and Marat (illustrating Victor Hugo's novel Ninety-Three ) by Alfred Loudet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alfred_Loudet_-_Marat.jpg/220px-Alfred_Loudet_-_Marat.jpg"},{"image_text":"The abbey chapel in 1793.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PrisonAbbayeChapel.jpg/200px-PrisonAbbayeChapel.jpg"}]
[{"title":"The Legislative Assembly and the fall of the French monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legislative_Assembly_and_the_fall_of_the_French_monarchy"}]
[{"reference":"\"Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglements, et Avis du Conseil-d'État\". A. Guyot. 5 July 1824.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QTg_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA417","url_text":"\"Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglements, et Avis du Conseil-d'État\""}]},{"reference":"\"F. Furet & M. Ozouf (1989) A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution, p. 139\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/students/modules/comparative_revolutions/programme/frenchrev2/furet_terror.pdf","url_text":"\"F. Furet & M. Ozouf (1989) A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution, p. 139\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglements, et Avis du Conseil-d'État\". A. Guyot. 5 July 1824.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QTg_AAAAcAAJ&q=1+Septembre+1792+paris&pg=PA459","url_text":"\"Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglements, et Avis du Conseil-d'État\""}]},{"reference":"\"Danton (2 septembre 1792) – Histoire – Grands discours parlementaires – Assemblée nationale\". www2.assemblee-nationale.fr.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/decouvrir-l-assemblee/histoire/grands-discours-parlementaires/danton-2-septembre-1792","url_text":"\"Danton (2 septembre 1792) – Histoire – Grands discours parlementaires – Assemblée nationale\""}]},{"reference":"\"I. \"Dare, Dare Again, Always Dare\" by Georges Jacques Danton. Continental Europe (380–1906). Vol. VII. Bryan, William Jennings, ed. 1906. The World's Famous Orations\". www.bartleby.com. 10 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bartleby.com/268/7/20.html","url_text":"\"I. \"Dare, Dare Again, Always Dare\" by Georges Jacques Danton. Continental Europe (380–1906). Vol. VII. Bryan, William Jennings, ed. 1906. The World's Famous Orations\""}]},{"reference":"Danton, Georges-Jacques (1759–1794) Auteur du texte (5 July 1910). Discours de Danton / édition critique par André Fribourg – via gallica.bnf.fr.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54946638","url_text":"Discours de Danton / édition critique par André Fribourg"}]},{"reference":"Mantel, Hilary (6 August 2009). \"Hilary Mantel · He Roared: Danton · LRB 6 August 2009\". London Review of Books. 31 (15).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v31/n15/hilary-mantel/he-roared","url_text":"\"Hilary Mantel · He Roared: Danton · LRB 6 August 2009\""}]},{"reference":"Bluche, Frédéric (1 January 1986). Septembre 1792 : logiques d'un massacre. Robert Laffont (réédition numérique FeniXX). ISBN 9782221178560.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DvlXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1","url_text":"Septembre 1792 : logiques d'un massacre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782221178560","url_text":"9782221178560"}]},{"reference":"\"Septembre 1792 : de la rumeur au massacre\". www.lhistoire.fr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lhistoire.fr/septembre-1792-de-la-rumeur-au-massacre","url_text":"\"Septembre 1792 : de la rumeur au massacre\""}]},{"reference":"Gwynne Lewis (2002). The French Revolution: Rethinking the Debate. Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 9780203409916.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gNIHpeoORmQC&pg=PA38","url_text":"The French Revolution: Rethinking the Debate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203409916","url_text":"9780203409916"}]},{"reference":"Hauck, Carolin; Mommertz, Monika; Schlüter, Andreas; Seedorf, Thomas (9 October 2018). Tracing the Heroic Through Gender. Ergon Verlag. ISBN 9783956504037.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PaN4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97","url_text":"Tracing the Heroic Through Gender"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783956504037","url_text":"9783956504037"}]},{"reference":"Lawday, David (6 July 2010). The Giant of the French Revolution: Danton, A Life. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. ISBN 9780802197023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fIZBE5JmbJUC&pg=PT98","url_text":"The Giant of the French Revolution: Danton, A Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802197023","url_text":"9780802197023"}]},{"reference":"\"Georges Danton – Danton's Committee of Public Safety\". Encyclopedia Britannica.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georges-Danton","url_text":"\"Georges Danton – Danton's Committee of Public Safety\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tackett, Timothy (2011) \"Rumor and Revolution: The Case of the September Massacres\", French History and Civilization Vol. 4, pp. 54–64\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://h-france.net/rude/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/TackettVol4.pdf","url_text":"\"Tackett, Timothy (2011) \"Rumor and Revolution: The Case of the September Massacres\", French History and Civilization Vol. 4, pp. 54–64\""}]},{"reference":"Arno J. Mayer (2000). The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions. Princeton U.P. p. 554. ISBN 0691090157.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gveBKGhmskAC&pg=PA554","url_text":"The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691090157","url_text":"0691090157"}]},{"reference":"Cross, E. (2011). \"The Myth of the Foreign Enemy? The Brunswick Manifesto and the Radicalization of the French Revolution\". French History. 25 (2): 188–213. doi:10.1093/fh/crr030 – via www.academia.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/915802","url_text":"\"The Myth of the Foreign Enemy? The Brunswick Manifesto and the Radicalization of the French Revolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrr030","url_text":"10.1093/fh/crr030"}]},{"reference":"Gilchrist, John Thomas (5 July 1971). \"Press in the French Revolution\". Ardent Media.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y2vy9y9LDvwC&pg=PA277","url_text":"\"Press in the French Revolution\""}]},{"reference":"Ruth Scurr (2007). Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0805082616.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Scurr","url_text":"Ruth Scurr"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CojtKDmS_ocC","url_text":"Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805082616","url_text":"978-0805082616"}]},{"reference":"\"Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglements, et Avis du Conseil-d'État\". A. Guyot. 5 July 1824.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QTg_AAAAcAAJ&q=couvre-feu+28+aout+1792&pg=PA417","url_text":"\"Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglements, et Avis du Conseil-d'État\""}]},{"reference":"Parker, Geoffrey (2008). The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0521738064.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yqNj5BlEMtcC&pg=PA195","url_text":"The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521738064","url_text":"978-0521738064"}]},{"reference":"Bluche, Frédéric (1986). Septembre 1792 : logiques d'un massacre. Robert Laffont (réédition numérique FeniXX). ISBN 978-2221178560.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DvlXDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Septembre 1792 : logiques d'un massacre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2221178560","url_text":"978-2221178560"}]},{"reference":"Granier de Cassagnac, A. (Adolphe) (5 July 1860). \"Histoire des Girondins et des massacres de septembre d'après les documents officiels et inédits, accompagnée de plusieurs fac-similé\". Paris : E. Dentu, p. 26 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/histoiredesgiron02gran","url_text":"\"Histoire des Girondins et des massacres de septembre d'après les documents officiels et inédits, accompagnée de plusieurs fac-similé\""}]},{"reference":"\"Danton (2 Septembre 1792) – Histoire – Grands discours parlementaires – Assemblée nationale\". www2.assemblee-nationale.fr.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/decouvrir-l-assemblee/histoire/grands-discours-parlementaires/danton-2-septembre-1792","url_text":"\"Danton (2 Septembre 1792) – Histoire – Grands discours parlementaires – Assemblée nationale\""}]},{"reference":"\"I. \"Dare, Dare Again, Always Dare\" by Georges Jacques Danton. Continental Europe (380–1906). Vol. VII. Bryan, William Jennings, ed. 1906. The World's Famous Orations\". www.bartleby.com. 10 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bartleby.com/268/7/20.html","url_text":"\"I. \"Dare, Dare Again, Always Dare\" by Georges Jacques Danton. Continental Europe (380–1906). Vol. VII. Bryan, William Jennings, ed. 1906. The World's Famous Orations\""}]},{"reference":"Mantel, Hilary (6 August 2009). \"Hilary Mantel – He Roared: Danton\". London Review of Books. 31 (15).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v31/n15/hilary-mantel/he-roared","url_text":"\"Hilary Mantel – He Roared: Danton\""}]},{"reference":"Staël (Anne-Louise-Germaine), Madame de (5 July 1818). \"Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution\". Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, p.74.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mPANAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"\"Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charlotte Robespierre's Memoirs\". 6 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://revolution-fr.livejournal.com/13518.html","url_text":"\"Charlotte Robespierre's Memoirs\""}]},{"reference":"Ballard, Richard (14 October 2011). A New Dictionary of the French Revolution. I.B.Tauris. p. 78. ISBN 9780857720900.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r2wBAwAAQBAJ&q=Manuel+germaine+de+stael&pg=PA341","url_text":"A New Dictionary of the French Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857720900","url_text":"9780857720900"}]},{"reference":"Lapize de La Pannonie, Pierre de Auteur du texte (5 July 1913). Les Massacres du 2 septembre 1792 à la prison des Carmes à Paris / Abbé Pierre de Lapize de La Pannonie – via gallica.bnf.fr.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65832786","url_text":"Les Massacres du 2 septembre 1792 à la prison des Carmes à Paris / Abbé Pierre de Lapize de La Pannonie"}]},{"reference":"Blanc, Louis (5 July 1855). \"Histoire de la révolution française\". Langlois et Leclerq, p. 165.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fAMxAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Histoire de la révolution française\""}]},{"reference":"Lever, Evelyne; Catherine Temerson (2001). Marie Antoinette: The Last Queen of France. Macmillan. pp. 282–283. ISBN 0-312-28333-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5_VdPU55KCoC&q=lamballe+tourzel&pg=PA282","url_text":"Marie Antoinette: The Last Queen of France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-28333-4","url_text":"0-312-28333-4"}]},{"reference":"\"The September Massacres witnessed by Restif de la Bretonne\". 3 September 1792.","urls":[{"url":"http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/392/","url_text":"\"The September Massacres witnessed by Restif de la Bretonne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mémoires sur les journées de septembre, 1792\". Baudouin frères. 5 July 1823.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3gpBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA346","url_text":"\"Mémoires sur les journées de septembre, 1792\""}]},{"reference":"\"L.M. Ternaux (1863) Histoire de la Terreur, 1792–1794, Tome III, p. 126, 224\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k367704/f1n650.pdf?download=1","url_text":"\"L.M. Ternaux (1863) Histoire de la Terreur, 1792–1794, Tome III, p. 126, 224\""}]},{"reference":"Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis (5 July 1855). \"Histoire de la révolution Française\". Langlois et Leclercq, p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q2NSAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"\"Histoire de la révolution Française\""}]},{"reference":"Perry, Sampson (5 July 1796). \"An Historical Sketch of the French Revolution: Commencing with Its Predisposing Causes, and Carried on to the Acceptation of the Constitution, in 1795\". H. D. Symonds.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MN-vXtoOXokC","url_text":"\"An Historical Sketch of the French Revolution: Commencing with Its Predisposing Causes, and Carried on to the Acceptation of the Constitution, in 1795\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rachel Rogers (2012) Vectors of Revolution: The British Radical Community in Early Republican Paris, 1792–1794, p. 376. Université Toulouse le Mirail\".","urls":[{"url":"https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00797967/document","url_text":"\"Rachel Rogers (2012) Vectors of Revolution: The British Radical Community in Early Republican Paris, 1792–1794, p. 376. Université Toulouse le Mirail\""}]},{"reference":"\"France and Its Revolutions: A Pictorial History 1789–1848\". Charles Knight, p. 206. 5 July 1850 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/franceanditsrev00longgoog","url_text":"\"France and Its Revolutions: A Pictorial History 1789–1848\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rachel Rogers (2012) Vectors of Revolution: The British Radical Community in Early Republican Paris, 1792–1794, p. 402. Université Toulouse le Mirail\".","urls":[{"url":"https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00797967/document","url_text":"\"Rachel Rogers (2012) Vectors of Revolution: The British Radical Community in Early Republican Paris, 1792–1794, p. 402. Université Toulouse le Mirail\""}]},{"reference":"Boussemart, Charles (17–18 ?; révolutionnaire) Auteur du texte (5 July 1792). Grande trahison de Louis Capet : complot découvert, pour assassiner, dans la nuit du 2 au 3 de ce mois, tous les bons citoyens de la capitale, par les aristocrates et les prêtres réfractaires, aidé des brignads et des scélérats, détenus dans les prisons de Paris ([Reprod.]) / [par Charles Boussemart,...] – via gallica.bnf.fr.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k40941v","url_text":"Grande trahison de Louis Capet : complot découvert, pour assassiner, dans la nuit du 2 au 3 de ce mois, tous les bons citoyens de la capitale, par les aristocrates et les prêtres réfractaires, aidé des brignads et des scélérats, détenus dans les prisons de Paris ([Reprod.]) / [par Charles Boussemart,...]"}]},{"reference":"\"L.M. Ternaux (1863) Histoire de la Terreur, 1792–1794, d'après des documents authentiques et inédits. Tome III, p. 10, 298\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k367704/f1n650.pdf?download=1","url_text":"\"L.M. Ternaux (1863) Histoire de la Terreur, 1792–1794, d'après des documents authentiques et inédits. Tome III, p. 10, 298\""}]},{"reference":"Beale, Joseph H. (1884). \"The French Revolution\". Charles Knight's Popular History of England. p. 725.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q9B-AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA725","url_text":"\"The French Revolution\""}]},{"reference":"Beale, Joseph H. (1884). Gay's Standard History of the World's Great Nations. Vol. 1. W. Gay and Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q9B-AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Gay's Standard History of the World's Great Nations"}]},{"reference":"Gorton, John (5 July 1828). \"A general biographical dictionary: containing a summary account of the lives of eminent persons of all nations, previous to the present generation\". Hunt and Clarke.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pm89AAAAYAAJ&q=tallien+september+massacres&pg=PA993","url_text":"\"A general biographical dictionary: containing a summary account of the lives of eminent persons of all nations, previous to the present generation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jean-Lambert Tallien\". www.nndb.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nndb.com/people/405/000098111/","url_text":"\"Jean-Lambert Tallien\""}]},{"reference":"Staël (Anne-Louise-Germaine), Madame de (5 July 1818). \"Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution\". Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, p. 68.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mPANAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"\"Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution\""}]},{"reference":"Hardman, John (5 July 1999). Robespierre. Longman. ISBN 9780582437555.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=grUD3hWUc0AC&pg=PA56","url_text":"Robespierre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582437555","url_text":"9780582437555"}]},{"reference":"Jacques, De Cock (1 December 2013). Action politique de Marat pendant la Révolution: (1789–1793). fantasques éditions. ISBN 9782913846319.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UV5WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA585","url_text":"Action politique de Marat pendant la Révolution: (1789–1793)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782913846319","url_text":"9782913846319"}]},{"reference":"Thiers, Marie Joseph L. Adolphe (5 July 1845). \"The history of the French revolution, tr. with notes\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yDIEAAAAQAAJ&q=insurrection+french+revolution&pg=PA268","url_text":"\"The history of the French revolution, tr. with notes\""}]},{"reference":"Biard, Michel; Leuwers, Hervé (18 May 2016). Danton: Le mythe et l'histoire. Armand Colin. ISBN 9782200615277.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LEUuDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT172","url_text":"Danton: Le mythe et l'histoire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782200615277","url_text":"9782200615277"}]},{"reference":"\"Mémoires sur les journées de septembre, 1792\". Baudouin frères. 5 July 1823.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3gpBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA346","url_text":"\"Mémoires sur les journées de septembre, 1792\""}]},{"reference":"Dart, Gregory (26 September 2005). Rousseau, Robespierre and English Romanticism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–46. ISBN 9780521020398 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=23On-KwV6igC&pg=PA43","url_text":"Rousseau, Robespierre and English Romanticism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521020398","url_text":"9780521020398"}]},{"reference":"Robespierre, Maximilien (5 July 1840). \"Oeuvres\". Worms.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iSMVAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"\"Oeuvres\""}]},{"reference":"Dart, Gregory (26 September 2005). Rousseau, Robespierre and English Romanticism. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780521020398 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=23On-KwV6igC&pg=PA43","url_text":"Rousseau, Robespierre and English Romanticism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521020398","url_text":"9780521020398"}]},{"reference":"\"The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art\". Leavitt, Trow, & Company. 5 July 1844.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iLbxdDTtvvYC&pg=PA213","url_text":"\"The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art\""}]},{"reference":"Bouloiseau, Marc (17 November 1983). The Jacobin Republic 1792–1794. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521289184.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UT7WpHqpYbEC&q=Louvet+expelled+Jacobin+1792&pg=PA53","url_text":"The Jacobin Republic 1792–1794"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521289184","url_text":"9780521289184"}]},{"reference":"\"Bienheureux Martyrs des Carmes\". Nominis (in French). Catholic Church in France. Retrieved 31 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1784/Saints-Martyrs-de-Septembre.html","url_text":"\"Bienheureux Martyrs des Carmes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France","url_text":"Catholic Church in France"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Zita
Kafr Zita
["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Demographics","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography"]
Coordinates: 35°22′25″N 36°36′6″E / 35.37361°N 36.60167°E / 35.37361; 36.60167Town in Hama, SyriaKafr Zita كفر زيتاKafr ZaytaTownKafr Zita, in 2013Kafr ZitaLocation in SyriaCoordinates: 35°22′25″N 36°36′6″E / 35.37361°N 36.60167°E / 35.37361; 36.60167Country SyriaGovernorateHamaDistrictMahardahSubdistrictKafr ZitaPopulation (2004) • Total17,052Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Kafr Zita (Arabic: كفر زيتا, romanized: Kafr Zaytā, also spelled Kfar Zita, Kafr Zayta, Kfar Zeita, Keferzita or Kafr Zeita) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located 30 kilometers north of Hama. Nearby localities include Kafr Nabudah and al-Habit to the northwest, Khan Shaykhun to the northeast, Mork to the east, Suran to the southeast, al-Lataminah, Halfaya and Mahardah to the south, Tremseh to the southwest and Kirnaz and Hayalin. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Kafr Zita had a population of 17,052 in the 2004 census. It is also the center of a nahiyah ("subdistrict"), part of the Mhardeh District, that consists of seven localities with a combined population of 39,032 in 2004. Etymology This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The first word of Kafr Zita, which is Kafr, is a Syriac word for "farm" or "village". The second word 'Zita' is another Syriac word which refers to olive oil. The village is known for cultivation of olives which is still until now one of the main crops of the village. Also pistachio became popular recently regarding to its better economic revenue. History The ruins of a church dating to the Byzantine period in the 5th-century and a mosque dating to the Umayyad period in the 7th-century are located in Kafr Zita. In the late Ottoman era between the 18th-19th centuries, the residents of Kafr Zita, which at that time was one of the largest villages in the area north of the Orontes River, were regularly in arrears for tax payment and had to obtain financial assistance. During the period of the French Mandate in Syria, Kafr Zita, like many of the surrounding localities, was organized as a collective farming village. In 1975 the nahiyahs ("subdistricts") of Kafr Zita and Mhardeh were joined together to form the mantiqah ("district") of Mhardeh, with the latter as capital. On 16 December 2012, during the Syrian uprising against the government of Bashar al-Assad that began in early 2011, government forces combating rebels bombed Kafr Zita, leaving three children dead, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR). On 20 December rebels claimed to have captured Kafr Zita and a string of other nearby towns during an offensive against government forces in the vicinity of Hama. In September 2013, Abu Shafiq checkpoint (35°22′30″N 36°39′07″E / 35.375°N 36.652°E / 35.375; 36.652) which is between Kafr Zita and Morek, was captured by rebels. However, on 22 September 2014, it was reported that the rebels targeted the checkpoint. By early January 2014, the town was controlled by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. However, later on, ISIL was removed from the town by the rebels. On 20 August 2019, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that the rebel and Islamic factions including jihadist group Hayat Tahrir al-Sham had withdrawn from Kafr Zita in north Hama province. Demographics Kafr Zita's inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslim Mawalis. In the early 20th-century they, along with the inhabitants of nearby Suran, were still proud of their Mawali origins. The Mawali were non-Arab Muslim nomadic tribes who dominated the desert regions of northern Syria for centuries before being forced out to the vicinity of Hama and Aleppo in the 18th century by the Annizah, a Bedouin tribal confederation from the Najd region of the Arabian Peninsula. See also 2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack References ^ "Kfar Zita - Wikimapia". Wikimapia. ^ General Census of Population and Housing 2004. Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Hama Governorate. (in Arabic) ^ Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique de l'Orne. 63-71. (1945). p. 73. (in French) ^ Phillip, 1992, p. 274. ^ Comité de l'Asie française, 1933, p. 132. ^ Centre d'études et de recherches URBAMA (France), 1986, p. 463. ^ Camp residents flee Syria warplanes: NGO. Agence France Presse. 2012-12-17. ^ UN sees no prospect of end to Syria violence. Al-Jazeera English. 2012-12-20. ^ قتيلا للنظام وإعدامات ميدانية بحماة Aljazeera, 21/9/2013 ^ فيق ريف حماه الشمالي Aljazeera, 21/9/2013 ^ Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, 22/9/2014 ^ Al Qaida fighters pushed from much of northern Syria, but fighting still rages The Sacramento Bee, 5 January 2014 ^ "Fearing to fall in a complete siege, the factions and jihadi groups withdraw from Khan Shaykhun city and towns and villages south of it in the northern countryside of Hama". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (in Arabic). 20 August 2019. ^ Comité de l'Asie française, 1933, p. 131. ^ Nelles Guide, 1999, p. 22. Bibliography Comité de l'Asie française (1933). L'Asie française (in French). Vol. 33–34. Comité de l'Asie française. Nelles Guide (1999). Syria and Lebanon. Hunter Publishing, Inc. ISBN 3886181057. Phillip, Thomas (1992). The Syrian Land in the 18th and 19th Century: The Common and the Specific in the Historical Experience. F. Steiner. ISBN 3515056858. Centre d'études et de recherches URBAMA (France) (1986). Petites villes et villes moyennes dans le monde arabe (in French). Vol. 2. Université de Tours. ISBN 9782869060128. vte Cities and towns of SyriaGovernorate centres Aleppo Damascus Daraa Deir ez-Zor Hama al-Hasakah Homs Idlib Latakia Quneitra Raqqa Rif Dimashq as-Suwayda Tartus District centres Abu Kamal Afrin Arihah Atarib Ayn al-Arab Azaz al-Bab Baniyas Darayya Dayr Hafir Douma Duraykish Fiq al-Haffah Harem Izra' Jableh Jarabulus Jisr ash-Shughur Maarat al-Numaan al-Malikiyah Manbij Masyaf Mayadin Mhardeh al-Mukharram al-Foqani an-Nabk Palmyra Qamishli Qardaha Qatana Qudsaya al-Qusayr al-Qutayfah Ra's al-'Ayn al-Rastan as-Safira Safita Salamiyah Salkhad al-Sanamayn Shahba ash-Shaykh Badr al-Suqaylabiyah Talkalakh al-Tall Tell Abyad al-Thawrah Yabroud Zabadani Sub-district centres Abu Qilqil Abu al-Thuhur Akhtarin Amuda Arbeen Arima al-Ariqah al-Arishah Armanaz Arwad al-Asharah Assal al-Ward Awj Ayn al-Fijah Ayn Halaqim Ayn Issa Ayn al-Nasr Babbila Banan Barri Sharqi Beit Jinn Binnish Bir al-Helou Bosra Bulbul Busayrah Da'el al-Dana Darat Izza Darkush al-Darbasiyah Deir Atiyah al-Dimas al-Dumayr Furqlus Ghabaghib Ghandoura al-Ghariyah al-Ghizlaniyah al-Hader Hadidah al-Hajar al-Aswad al-Hajib Hajin al-Hamidiyah al-Hamraa Harasta Harbnafsah Harran al-Awamid al-Hirak Hish Hisyah al-Hawl Huraytan al-Huwash Ibbin Samaan Ihsim Jayrud al-Jalaa al-Janudiyah Jaramana al-Jarniyah Jasim al-Jawadiyah Jubb al-Jarrah Jubb Ramlah Jindires al-Jiza al-Qabu Kafr Batna Kafr Nabl Kafr Takharim Kafr Zita al-Karamah al-Kasrah Kessab al-Khafsah Khan Shaykhun Khasham Kirnaz Kuwayris Sharqi Khanaser Khirbet Ghazaleh Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud al-Kiswah Ma'arrat Misrin Maabatli Maadan Ma'loula Madaya Mahin Malah al-Malihah al-Mansurah Mare' Markada Mashta al-Helu Maskanah al-Masmiyah al-Mazraa Muhambal Muhasan al-Musayfirah al-Mushannaf Muzayrib al-Nashabiyah al-Nasirah Nawa Nubl al-Qadmus al-Qahtaniyah Qalaat al-Madiq Qarah al-Qaryatayn al-Qurayya Qurqania Rajo Rankus Rasm Harmil al-Imam al-Rai al-Riqama al-Ruhaybah al-Saan Saasaa Sabburah al-Sabe' Biyar al-Sabkhah Sadad Sahnaya Saidnaya Salqin Saraqib Sarmin Sarrin Sawran Sebei al-Shaddadah al-Shajara Shaqqa Sharran Shathah Shaykh al-Hadid al-Shaykh Maskin Shayukh Tahtani Shin Sinjar Sirghaya Slinfah Suluk al-Surah al-Saghirah al-Suwar Suran al-Susah al-Sukhnah al-Tabni Talbiseh Taldou al-Tamanah Tasil Tell al-Daman Tell Hamis Tell Rifaat Tell Salhab Tell Tamer Tedef Thiban Uqayribat Urum al-Kubra Wadi al-Oyun al-Yaarubiyah al-Zirbah az-Ziyarah vte Hama GovernorateHama DistrictHamaSubdistrict Hama Abu Dardah Abu Mansaf Adabas al-Alamein Amarat Aslan Arzah Awja al-Janah Ayyo Bahra Bayad Besirin al-Buraq Billin al-Daminah Ghawr al-Assi al-Hashimiyah Hawayiz Umm Jurn Hawir al-Salib Jahiyah Jarjara Jarjisa Jibrin Jinan Jumaqliyah Juziyah Kafraa Kafr Amim Kafr Buhum Kafr al-Tun Kasun Eljabal Khala al-Khalidiyah Khitab Maar Daftein Maarin al-Jabal Maar Shuhur al-Mubattan Madbaa Maqtaa al-Hajar Matnin Mubarakat Muraywid Al-Narjis al-Nazaza Qamhana Qubaybat al-Assi al-Rabiaa Raabun al-Ruqaita Safinah Samrah Sawa Shihat Hama Shiraaya Surayhin Suwak al-Shamali al-Suwayda al-Gharbiyah al-Suwayda al-Sharqiyah Taqsis Tayzin Tishrin Tuwaym Tell al-Nahr Tell Qartal Umm al-Amad Umm al-Tuyour Zabada Zor Abu Dardah Zor al-Sarmiyah Zor Taqsis HirbnafsahSubdistrict Hirbnafsah Aqrab Akrad Ibrahim Baja Birin Bisin al-Biyah Bulous Deir al-Fardis al-Humayri Jidrin al-Jafiah Kafr Qadah Khirbet Aref Khirbet al-Jami Khirbet al-Qasr al-Muah Musa al-Houla Qufaylun al-Rawda Suma'ah Talaf al-Tulaysiyah al-Janubiyah Toumin Zara'a SuranSubdistrict Suran Atshan Buwaydah Fan Shamali al-Junaynah Kawkab Khafsin Khirbet al-Hajama Lahaya Maardis Maarkaba Ma'an Masasneh Murak Qasr Abu Samrah Qasr al-Makhram Qubaybat Abu al-Huda Shatheh Taybat al-Imam Taybat al-Ism al-Tulaysiyah Umm Haratayn Zor Abu Zayd Zor al-Haysa al-Sharqiyah HamraaSubdistrict Al-Hamraa Abu Ajwa al-Ala al-Anz Arfa Aziziyah Baroudiyah Bayud Dali Duma Fayda Halabiyah Huways Ibn Hadib Haymaniyah al-Hazim Janat al-Sawarnah Jubb al-Uthman Jubb al-Safa Junaynah Jadduah Shamaliyah Kharsan Maaloula Muwaylah al-Sirwana Maar Shamali Qanater Qasr Ali Qasr Ibn Wardan Rabda Rasm Anz Rasm al-Daheriyah Rasm al-Ward Ruhayyah Shihat al-Hamraa al-Samaqiyah al-Qibliyah Suruj Tarfawi Tharwat Tulayhat Tuwal Dabaghin Umm Habes Umm Turaykat al-Qibliyah Umm Zahmak al-Zughbah Al-Suqaylabiyah DistrictAl-SuqaylabiyahSubdistrict Al-Suqaylabiyah Abr Bayt Sayf Abu Klifun Ammurin Anab Ayn al-Kurum Ayn Waridah Ballunah Breij al-Hurra Hawrat Ammurin Hayalin Jurniyat al-Tar Karamah al-Khandaq al-Gharbi al-Khandaq al-Sharqiyah Khansaa Maksar Mashta' al-Shalahmah Nabi al-Tib Qalaat Jaras Rawdat al-Tar al-Rihana Saidiyah Salba Saqiyat Najm Shahta al-Shajar Tahunat al-Halawa Tell Kumbatri Tell al-Titeen Uwaynah ShathahSubdistrict Shathah Ayn Jurjin Farikah Haydariyah Jubb al-Ghar Jurin Mashta Mahfuz Maradash Na'ur Jurin Nubl al-Khatib Qatrat al-Rihan Rihana Tell SalhabSubdistrict Tell Salhab Abu Qubays Abu Faraj Al-Asharinah Birat al-Jabal Ayn al-Jurn Hawayeq Hawr al-Mawsil Kanayes al-Kashati Khareb al-Latma Mazhal Nahr al-Bared Ras al-Jurn Tamaza Tubah ZiyarahSubdistrict Al-Ziyarah al-Amara al-Amqiyah Tahta al-Ankawi Awja al-Tuba al-Bahsa Barakah Duqmaq Duwayr al-Akrad Ayn al-Hamaam Fawru Khirbet al-Naqus Mansura Maarana Mashik al-Qahira Qarqur Qastal al-Burayj Qastun Qulaydin al-Safsafa Sirmaniyah al-Sindiyana Tell Wasit Zayzun al-Zaqum Qalaat al-MadiqSubdistrict Qalaat al-Madiq Ashrafiyah al-Bani al-Aziziyah Bab al-Taqa al-Barid Deir Sunbul al-Huwayz al-Huwayz al-Shamali al-Hamra al-Hawash al-Humayrat al-Hurriyah Hawijah Fauqa Hawijah Sayyad Hawijat al-Sallah Jamasat Udayat al-Jayyid Kafr Nabudah al-Karim Kawri al-Kurkat Mastarihat Afamiyah Midan Ghazal Qabr Fidda al-Qahirah Qiratah al-Ramlah al-Rasif Salihiyah Sahariyah Shahranaz al-Sha'irah Tell Huwash Tamana al-Ghab al-Thuwarah al-Tuwayni al-Zitiyah Masyaf DistrictMasyafSubdistrict Masyaf Anbura al-Bayda al-Bayyadiyah Biqraqa al-Bustan Biqasqas Deir Huwayt Deir Mama Deir al-Salib al-Findara Hayalin al-Haylunah al-Hurayf Jobet Kalakh Kafr Aqid al-Laqbah Mashta Deir Mama Matna al-Nahda Qabu Shamsiyah Qayrun Qurtuman Rabu al-Rusafa al-Shamsiyah al-Shiha Sighata al-Suwaydah Tayr Jamlah Tayr Jubbah Tell Afar al-Zamaliyah al-Zaynah AwjSubdistrict Awj Akakir Baarin Bishanin Huwayr al-Turukman Kafr Kamra Khirbet Nisaf Khanazir Nisaf Qarmas Qasraya Ta'unah Zor Baarin Ayn HalaqimSubdistrict Ain Halaqim Ayn al-Shams Aq Duqar Asheq Omar Ba'amrah Barshin Bayt Atiq Bayt Natar al-Dulaybah Hermel Hikr Bayt Atiq Kahf al-Habash Khirbet Hazur al-Majawi al-Mashrafah Qasr al-Ayan Tin al-Sabil Jubb RamlahSubdistrict Jubb Ramlah Alamiyah Asilah Deir Shamil Dimu Hanjur Hizanu Julaymadun Jarajis Kanafu Khan Jalaymadun Maarin Mahrusah Mushashin Qurayyat Qurin Sarmiyah Sulukiyah Uqayrabah Zahraa Zawi Wadi al-UyunSubdistrict Wadi al-Uyun Ammuriyah Ayn al-Bayda Ayn Farraj Ayn al-Karam Bashawi Bayt Raqata Barayzah Bir al-Wadi Birat al-Jurd Duwayr al-Mashayekh Jabita Kafr Laha Kamaliyah Marha Maysara Naqir Qussiyah al-Sindiyana Tamarqiyah Zaytuna Mahardah DistrictMahardahSubdistrict Mahardah Abu Ubaydah Abu Rubays al-Arid Halfaya Huwat al-Judaydah Kafr Hud Khirbet Subin Khunayzir Maarzaf (al-Qubeir) al-Majdal Shaizar Shir Safsafiyah Tell Malah Tell Sikkin Tremseh Zilaqiat Zawr al-Qaadah Kafr ZitaSubdistrict Kafr Zita Arba'in Hamamiyat Latmin al-Sayyad al-Zakah KarnazSubdistrict Karnaz al-Asman al-Jalamah Jubbayn al-Lataminah al-Mughayr Shaykh Hadid Salamiyah DistrictSalamiyahSubdistrict Salamiyah Ali Kasun Bardunah Buwaydah Dunaybah Danin Duwaybah Fan Qibli Fan Wastani al-Ghawi Halban Jamala al-Kafat Karim Khafiyah Khunayfis Kaytalun al-Malih Marj Mattar Nawa Qablahat Qubbat al-Kurdi al-Rubbah al-Sabil Safawi Samnah Shakara Shaykh Ali Sibaa Shaykh Rih Smakh Sunaydah Tell Ada Tell Dahab Tell Hasan Basha Tell Khaznah Tell Sinan Taldara Tirad Thawra Thayl al-Jal Tiba al-Turki Tuba Tulul al-Humur Umm al-Amad Umm Tuwaynah al-Uwayr Zighrin BarriSubdistrict Barri Sharqi Abu Hanaya Abu Habilat Akash Arshunah Barri al-Gharbi Furaytan al-Hardanah al-Khurayjah Mafkar al-Gharbi Mafkar Sharqi Salam Gharbi Tell al-Tut Tell Jadid Umm Mil SabburahSubdistrict Sabburah Abu Khanadiq Aqarib Fawrah al-Judaydah Jadduah Jubb Zurayq Jissin Khunayfis al-Dawsa Mabujah Qanafath Qubaybat Salba Samiriyah Shahba Shuhayb Tell Abd al-Aziz Tell al-Ghir Tell al-Shih Umm Khurayzah UqayribatSubdistrict Uqayribat Abu Dali Abu Hakfa Abu al-Fashafish Bustan al-Subeih Dakhilah Hamada al-Omar Hanutah Haddaj Jani al-Albawi Jubb Abyad Jubb Dakhilah Jayruh Makhbuta Masud Mashrafah Na'imiyah Makaymin Shamali Qastal Rasm al-Abid Rasm Elahmar Rasm al-Bardakana Ruwaydah Suha Tabara al-Hamra Tahmaz SaanSubdistrict Al-Saan Abu Hurayk Abu al-Ghor Abu al-Qusur Amya Aniq Bajra al-Ayah Baghadid Harat al-Sharqiyah Hasu al-Qiblawi Ithriya Jakuziyah Jubb Khasara Makharib Mawilah Qabasin al-Arab Rahjan Rasm al-Ahmar Rasm Amun Sarha Shaykh Hilal al-Suwayah Umm Mayal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Hama Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Hama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Map-1"},{"link_name":"Kafr Nabudah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Nabudah"},{"link_name":"al-Habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Habit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khan Shaykhun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun"},{"link_name":"Mork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murak,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Suran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suran,_Hama_Governorate"},{"link_name":"al-Lataminah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Lataminah"},{"link_name":"Halfaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfaya"},{"link_name":"Mahardah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahardah"},{"link_name":"Tremseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremseh"},{"link_name":"Kirnaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirnaz"},{"link_name":"Hayalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayalin"},{"link_name":"Syria Central Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"nahiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahiyah"},{"link_name":"Mhardeh District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhardeh_District"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-2"}],"text":"Town in Hama, SyriaKafr Zita (Arabic: كفر زيتا, romanized: Kafr Zaytā, also spelled Kfar Zita, Kafr Zayta, Kfar Zeita, Keferzita or Kafr Zeita) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located 30 kilometers north of Hama.[1] Nearby localities include Kafr Nabudah and al-Habit to the northwest, Khan Shaykhun to the northeast, Mork to the east, Suran to the southeast, al-Lataminah, Halfaya and Mahardah to the south, Tremseh to the southwest and Kirnaz and Hayalin. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Kafr Zita had a population of 17,052 in the 2004 census. It is also the center of a nahiyah (\"subdistrict\"), part of the Mhardeh District, that consists of seven localities with a combined population of 39,032 in 2004.[2]","title":"Kafr Zita"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"pistachio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistachio"}],"text":"The first word of Kafr Zita, which is Kafr, is a Syriac word for \"farm\" or \"village\". The second word 'Zita' is another Syriac word which refers to olive oil. The village is known for cultivation of olives which is still until now one of the main crops of the village. Also pistachio became popular recently regarding to its better economic revenue.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Umayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Orontes River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orontes_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"French Mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Mandate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"mantiqah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantiqah"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Syrian uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Bashar al-Assad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad"},{"link_name":"Syrian Observatory for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"35°22′30″N 36°39′07″E / 35.375°N 36.652°E / 35.375; 36.652","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kafr_Zita&params=35.375_N_36.652_E_"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Syrian Observatory for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Hayat Tahrir al-Sham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The ruins of a church dating to the Byzantine period in the 5th-century and a mosque dating to the Umayyad period in the 7th-century are located in Kafr Zita.[3]In the late Ottoman era between the 18th-19th centuries, the residents of Kafr Zita, which at that time was one of the largest villages in the area north of the Orontes River, were regularly in arrears for tax payment and had to obtain financial assistance.[4]During the period of the French Mandate in Syria, Kafr Zita, like many of the surrounding localities, was organized as a collective farming village.[5] In 1975 the nahiyahs (\"subdistricts\") of Kafr Zita and Mhardeh were joined together to form the mantiqah (\"district\") of Mhardeh, with the latter as capital.[6]On 16 December 2012, during the Syrian uprising against the government of Bashar al-Assad that began in early 2011, government forces combating rebels bombed Kafr Zita, leaving three children dead, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR).[7] On 20 December rebels claimed to have captured Kafr Zita and a string of other nearby towns during an offensive against government forces in the vicinity of Hama.[8] In September 2013, Abu Shafiq checkpoint (35°22′30″N 36°39′07″E / 35.375°N 36.652°E / 35.375; 36.652) which is between Kafr Zita and Morek, was captured by rebels.[9][10] However, on 22 September 2014, it was reported that the rebels targeted the checkpoint.[11] By early January 2014, the town was controlled by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[12] However, later on, ISIL was removed from the town by the rebels.On 20 August 2019, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that the rebel and Islamic factions including jihadist group Hayat Tahrir al-Sham had withdrawn from Kafr Zita in north Hama province.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunni Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslim"},{"link_name":"Mawalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawali"},{"link_name":"Suran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suran,_Hama_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Mawali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawali"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Annizah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annizah"},{"link_name":"Bedouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin"},{"link_name":"Najd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd"},{"link_name":"Arabian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Kafr Zita's inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslim Mawalis. In the early 20th-century they, along with the inhabitants of nearby Suran, were still proud of their Mawali origins.[14] The Mawali were non-Arab Muslim nomadic tribes who dominated the desert regions of northern Syria for centuries before being forced out to the vicinity of Hama and Aleppo in the 18th century by the Annizah, a Bedouin tribal confederation from the Najd region of the Arabian Peninsula.[15]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L'Asie française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZV09AAAAMAAJ&q=Kafr+Zita"},{"link_name":"Syria and Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MCTszTdofMkC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3886181057","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3886181057"},{"link_name":"The Syrian Land in the 18th and 19th Century: The Common and the Specific in the Historical Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8n1tAAAAMAAJ&q=Kafr+Zayta"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3515056858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3515056858"},{"link_name":"Petites villes et villes moyennes dans le monde arabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=62baAAAAMAAJ&q=Kafr+Zeita+Hama"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782869060128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782869060128"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Syria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Cities and towns of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Daraa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraa"},{"link_name":"Deir ez-Zor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor"},{"link_name":"Hama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama"},{"link_name":"al-Hasakah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasakah"},{"link_name":"Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs"},{"link_name":"Idlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib"},{"link_name":"Latakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latakia"},{"link_name":"Quneitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quneitra"},{"link_name":"Raqqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa"},{"link_name":"Rif Dimashq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq"},{"link_name":"as-Suwayda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Suwayda"},{"link_name":"Tartus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syria_districts.png"},{"link_name":"District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Abu Kamal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Kamal"},{"link_name":"Afrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrin,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Arihah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arihah"},{"link_name":"Atarib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atarib"},{"link_name":"Ayn al-Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab"},{"link_name":"Azaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azaz"},{"link_name":"al-Bab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bab"},{"link_name":"Baniyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniyas"},{"link_name":"Darayya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darayya"},{"link_name":"Dayr Hafir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayr_Hafir"},{"link_name":"Douma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douma,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Duraykish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duraykish"},{"link_name":"Fiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiq,_Syria"},{"link_name":"al-Haffah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Haffah"},{"link_name":"Harem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Izra'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izra"},{"link_name":"Jableh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jableh"},{"link_name":"Jarabulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarabulus"},{"link_name":"Jisr ash-Shughur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisr_ash-Shughur"},{"link_name":"Maarat al-Numaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarat_al-Numaan"},{"link_name":"al-Malikiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Malikiyah"},{"link_name":"Manbij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manbij"},{"link_name":"Masyaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyaf"},{"link_name":"Mayadin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayadin"},{"link_name":"Mhardeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhardeh"},{"link_name":"al-Mukharram al-Foqani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mukharram"},{"link_name":"an-Nabk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nabk"},{"link_name":"Palmyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra"},{"link_name":"Qamishli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qamishli"},{"link_name":"Qardaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qardaha"},{"link_name":"Qatana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatana"},{"link_name":"Qudsaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qudsaya"},{"link_name":"al-Qusayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Syria"},{"link_name":"al-Qutayfah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qutayfah"},{"link_name":"Ra's al-'Ayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn,_al-Hasakah"},{"link_name":"al-Rastan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rastan"},{"link_name":"as-Safira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Safira"},{"link_name":"Safita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safita"},{"link_name":"Salamiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamiyah"},{"link_name":"Salkhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salkhad"},{"link_name":"al-Sanamayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sanamayn"},{"link_name":"Shahba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahba"},{"link_name":"ash-Shaykh Badr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash-Shaykh_Badr"},{"link_name":"al-Suqaylabiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Suqaylabiyah"},{"link_name":"Talkalakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkalakh"},{"link_name":"al-Tall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tall_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"Tell 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Nisaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_Nisaf"},{"link_name":"Khanazir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanazir"},{"link_name":"Nisaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisaf"},{"link_name":"Qarmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarmas"},{"link_name":"Qasraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasraya"},{"link_name":"Ta'unah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunah"},{"link_name":"Zor Baarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zor_Baarin"},{"link_name":"Ain Halaqim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Halaqim"},{"link_name":"Ayn al-Shams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_al-Shams"},{"link_name":"Aq Duqar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq_Duqar"},{"link_name":"Asheq Omar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheq_Omar"},{"link_name":"Ba'amrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baamrah"},{"link_name":"Barshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barshin"},{"link_name":"Bayt Atiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayt_Atiq"},{"link_name":"Bayt Natar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayt_Natar"},{"link_name":"al-Dulaybah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dulaybah"},{"link_name":"Hermel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermel,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Hikr Bayt Atiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikr_Bayt_Atiq"},{"link_name":"Kahf al-Habash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahf_al-Habash"},{"link_name":"Khirbet Hazur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_Hazur"},{"link_name":"al-Majawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Majawi"},{"link_name":"al-Mashrafah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mashrafah,_Hama_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Qasr al-Ayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasr_al-Ayan"},{"link_name":"Tin al-Sabil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_al-Sabil"},{"link_name":"Jubb Ramlah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubb_Ramlah"},{"link_name":"Alamiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamiyeh"},{"link_name":"Asilah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asilah,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Deir Shamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Shamil"},{"link_name":"Dimu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimu,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Hanjur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanjur"},{"link_name":"Hizanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazana"},{"link_name":"Julaymadun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelmidon"},{"link_name":"Jarajis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jreijes"},{"link_name":"Kanafu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanfo"},{"link_name":"Khan Jalaymadun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Jleimdun"},{"link_name":"Maarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarin"},{"link_name":"Mahrusah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahrusah"},{"link_name":"Mushashin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushashin"},{"link_name":"Qurayyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrayat"},{"link_name":"Qurin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qren"},{"link_name":"Sarmiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmiyeh"},{"link_name":"Sulukiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulukiyeh"},{"link_name":"Uqayrabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqayrabah"},{"link_name":"Zahraa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahraa"},{"link_name":"Zawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawi,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Wadi al-Uyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_al-Uyun"},{"link_name":"Ammuriyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriyeh,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Ayn al-Bayda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein_El-Bayda"},{"link_name":"Ayn Farraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein_Farraj"},{"link_name":"Ayn al-Karam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein_Elkaram"},{"link_name":"Bashawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashawi"},{"link_name":"Bayt Raqata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Raqta"},{"link_name":"Barayzah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breizeh"},{"link_name":"Bir al-Wadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_Elwadi"},{"link_name":"Birat al-Jurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birat_al-Jurd"},{"link_name":"Duwayr al-Mashayekh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dweir_Elmashayekh"},{"link_name":"Jabita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jbita,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Kafr Laha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Laha,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Kamaliyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameliyeh"},{"link_name":"Marha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marha,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Maysara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meisreh"},{"link_name":"Naqir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqir"},{"link_name":"Qussiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qossiyeh"},{"link_name":"al-Sindiyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sindiyana,_Masyaf"},{"link_name":"Tamarqiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarqiyeh"},{"link_name":"Zaytuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaytuneh"},{"link_name":"Mahardah District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahardah_District"},{"link_name":"Mahardah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahardah"},{"link_name":"Abu Ubaydah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ubaydah,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Abu Rubays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Rubays"},{"link_name":"al-Arid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Arid"},{"link_name":"Halfaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfaya"},{"link_name":"Huwat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwat"},{"link_name":"al-Judaydah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Judaydah,_Mahardah"},{"link_name":"Kafr Hud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Hud"},{"link_name":"Khirbet Subin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_Subin"},{"link_name":"Khunayzir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khunayzir"},{"link_name":"Maarzaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarzaf"},{"link_name":"al-Qubeir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qubeir"},{"link_name":"al-Majdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Majdal,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Shaizar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaizar"},{"link_name":"Shir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shir,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Safsafiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safsafiyah"},{"link_name":"Tell Malah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Malah"},{"link_name":"Tell Sikkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Sikkin"},{"link_name":"Tremseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremseh"},{"link_name":"Zilaqiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilaqiat"},{"link_name":"Zawr al-Qaadah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawr_al-Qaadah"},{"link_name":"Kafr Zita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Arba'in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbain,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Hamamiyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamamiyat"},{"link_name":"Latmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latmin"},{"link_name":"al-Sayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sayyad"},{"link_name":"al-Zakah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zakah"},{"link_name":"Karnaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaz"},{"link_name":"al-Asman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Asman"},{"link_name":"al-Jalamah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jalamah,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Jubbayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubbayn"},{"link_name":"al-Lataminah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Lataminah"},{"link_name":"al-Mughayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mughayr"},{"link_name":"Shaykh Hadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Hadid"},{"link_name":"Salamiyah District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamiyah_District"},{"link_name":"Salamiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamiyah"},{"link_name":"Ali Kasun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Kasun"},{"link_name":"Bardunah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardunah"},{"link_name":"Buwaydah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Buwaydah"},{"link_name":"Dunaybah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunaybah"},{"link_name":"Danin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danin,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Duwaybah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dweibeh"},{"link_name":"Fan Qibli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_Qibli"},{"link_name":"Fan Wastani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_Wastani"},{"link_name":"al-Ghawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghawi"},{"link_name":"Halban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halban,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Jamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamala,_Hama"},{"link_name":"al-Kafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kafat"},{"link_name":"Karim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim,_Salamiyah"},{"link_name":"Khafiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafiyeh"},{"link_name":"Khunayfis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khunayfis"},{"link_name":"Kaytalun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaytalun"},{"link_name":"al-Malih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Malih"},{"link_name":"Marj Mattar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marj_Mattar"},{"link_name":"Nawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawa,_Salamiyah"},{"link_name":"Qablahat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qablahat"},{"link_name":"Qubbat al-Kurdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubbat_al-Kurdi"},{"link_name":"al-Rubbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rubbah"},{"link_name":"al-Sabil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sabil"},{"link_name":"Safawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safawi,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Samnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samneh,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Shakara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakara,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Shaykh Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Ali"},{"link_name":"Sibaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibaa"},{"link_name":"Shaykh Rih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Rih"},{"link_name":"Smakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smakh"},{"link_name":"Sunaydah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunaydah"},{"link_name":"Tell Ada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Ada"},{"link_name":"Tell Dahab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Dahab,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Tell Hasan Basha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Hasan_Basha"},{"link_name":"Tell Khaznah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Khaznah"},{"link_name":"Tell Sinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Sinan"},{"link_name":"Taldara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taldara"},{"link_name":"Tirad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirad"},{"link_name":"Thawra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thawra,_Salamiyah"},{"link_name":"Thayl al-Jal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theil_Elejel"},{"link_name":"Tiba al-Turki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiba_Elturki"},{"link_name":"Tuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Tulul al-Humur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulul_al-Humur"},{"link_name":"Umm al-Amad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Salamiyah"},{"link_name":"Umm Tuwaynah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_Tweineh"},{"link_name":"al-Uwayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Uwayr"},{"link_name":"Zighrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zighrin"},{"link_name":"Barri Sharqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barri_Sharqi"},{"link_name":"Abu Hanaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanaya"},{"link_name":"Abu Habilat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hbeilat"},{"link_name":"Akash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akash,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Arshunah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshunah"},{"link_name":"Barri al-Gharbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barri_al-Gharbi"},{"link_name":"Furaytan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furaytan"},{"link_name":"al-Hardanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hardanah"},{"link_name":"al-Khurayjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khurayjah"},{"link_name":"Mafkar al-Gharbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafkar_al-Gharbi"},{"link_name":"Mafkar Sharqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafkar_Sharqi"},{"link_name":"Salam Gharbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salam_Gharbi"},{"link_name":"Tell al-Tut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_al-Tut"},{"link_name":"Tell Jadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Jadid"},{"link_name":"Umm Mil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Mil"},{"link_name":"Sabburah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabburah"},{"link_name":"Abu Khanadiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Khanadiq"},{"link_name":"Aqarib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqarib"},{"link_name":"Fawrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawrah"},{"link_name":"al-Judaydah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Judaydah,_Salamiyah"},{"link_name":"Jadduah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadduah"},{"link_name":"Jubb Zurayq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Zreiq"},{"link_name":"Jissin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessine"},{"link_name":"Khunayfis al-Dawsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khneifis_Eldosa"},{"link_name":"Mabujah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabujah"},{"link_name":"Qanafath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanafeth"},{"link_name":"Qubaybat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubaybat"},{"link_name":"Salba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salba,_Salamiyah"},{"link_name":"Samiriyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samiriyeh"},{"link_name":"Shahba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahba,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Shuhayb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheheib"},{"link_name":"Tell Abd al-Aziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Abd_al-Aziz"},{"link_name":"Tell al-Ghir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal_Agher"},{"link_name":"Tell al-Shih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_al-Shih"},{"link_name":"Umm Khurayzah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Khurayzah"},{"link_name":"Uqayribat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqayribat"},{"link_name":"Abu Dali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dali,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Abu Hakfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hakfa"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Fashafish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Fashafish"},{"link_name":"Bustan al-Subeih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustan_Sbeih"},{"link_name":"Dakhilah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakileh"},{"link_name":"Hamada al-Omar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamada_al-Omar"},{"link_name":"Hanutah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuteh"},{"link_name":"Haddaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdaj"},{"link_name":"Jani al-Albawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_Elelbawi"},{"link_name":"Jubb Abyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Abyad"},{"link_name":"Jubb Dakhilah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Dkileh"},{"link_name":"Jayruh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jruh"},{"link_name":"Makhbuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhbuta"},{"link_name":"Masud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masud,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Mashrafah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msheirfeh"},{"link_name":"Na'imiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neimiyeh"},{"link_name":"Makaymin Shamali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mkeimin"},{"link_name":"Qastal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qastal,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Rasm al-Abid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasm_Elabed"},{"link_name":"Rasm Elahmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasm_Elahmar"},{"link_name":"Rasm al-Bardakana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasm_Al-Brdkana"},{"link_name":"Ruwaydah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rweideh"},{"link_name":"Suha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suha,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Tabara al-Hamra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabara_Elhamra"},{"link_name":"Tahmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehmaz"},{"link_name":"Al-Saan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Saan"},{"link_name":"Abu Hurayk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hreik"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Ghor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Gor"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Qusur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Kusour"},{"link_name":"Amya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amya,_Hama"},{"link_name":"Aniq Bajra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniq_Bajra"},{"link_name":"al-Ayah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliyeh"},{"link_name":"Baghadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bgheidid"},{"link_name":"Harat al-Sharqiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hart"},{"link_name":"Hasu al-Qiblawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasu_Elablawi"},{"link_name":"Ithriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithriya"},{"link_name":"Jakuziyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakuziyeh"},{"link_name":"Jubb Khasara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Khsara"},{"link_name":"Makharib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrikb"},{"link_name":"Mawilah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mweileh"},{"link_name":"Qabasin al-Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojet_-_Kabasin_Elarab"},{"link_name":"Rahjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahjan"},{"link_name":"Rasm al-Ahmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasm_Al-Ahmar"},{"link_name":"Rasm Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasm_Amun"},{"link_name":"Sarha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarha"},{"link_name":"Shaykh Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Hilal"},{"link_name":"al-Suwayah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Swaia"},{"link_name":"Umm Mayal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_Myal"}],"text":"Comité de l'Asie française (1933). L'Asie française (in French). Vol. 33–34. Comité de l'Asie française.\nNelles Guide (1999). Syria and Lebanon. Hunter Publishing, Inc. ISBN 3886181057.\nPhillip, Thomas (1992). The Syrian Land in the 18th and 19th Century: The Common and the Specific in the Historical Experience. F. Steiner. ISBN 3515056858.\nCentre d'études et de recherches URBAMA (France) (1986). Petites villes et villes moyennes dans le monde arabe (in French). Vol. 2. Université de Tours. ISBN 9782869060128.vte Cities and towns of SyriaGovernorate centres\nAleppo\nDamascus\nDaraa\nDeir ez-Zor\nHama\nal-Hasakah\nHoms\nIdlib\nLatakia\nQuneitra\nRaqqa\nRif Dimashq\nas-Suwayda\nTartus\nDistrict centres\nAbu Kamal\nAfrin\nArihah\nAtarib\nAyn al-Arab\nAzaz\nal-Bab\nBaniyas\nDarayya\nDayr Hafir\nDouma\nDuraykish\nFiq\nal-Haffah\nHarem\nIzra'\nJableh\nJarabulus\nJisr ash-Shughur\nMaarat al-Numaan\nal-Malikiyah\nManbij\nMasyaf\nMayadin\nMhardeh\nal-Mukharram al-Foqani\nan-Nabk\nPalmyra\nQamishli\nQardaha\nQatana\nQudsaya\nal-Qusayr\nal-Qutayfah\nRa's al-'Ayn\nal-Rastan\nas-Safira\nSafita\nSalamiyah\nSalkhad\nal-Sanamayn\nShahba\nash-Shaykh Badr\nal-Suqaylabiyah\nTalkalakh\nal-Tall\nTell Abyad\nal-Thawrah\nYabroud\nZabadani\nSub-district centres\nAbu Qilqil\nAbu al-Thuhur\nAkhtarin\nAmuda\nArbeen\nArima\nal-Ariqah\nal-Arishah\nArmanaz\nArwad\nal-Asharah\nAssal al-Ward\nAwj\nAyn al-Fijah\nAyn Halaqim\nAyn Issa\nAyn al-Nasr\nBabbila\nBanan\nBarri Sharqi\nBeit Jinn\nBinnish\nBir al-Helou\nBosra\nBulbul\nBusayrah\nDa'el\nal-Dana\nDarat Izza\nDarkush\nal-Darbasiyah\nDeir Atiyah\nal-Dimas\nal-Dumayr\nFurqlus\nGhabaghib\nGhandoura\nal-Ghariyah\nal-Ghizlaniyah\nal-Hader\nHadidah\nal-Hajar al-Aswad\nal-Hajib\nHajin\nal-Hamidiyah\nal-Hamraa\nHarasta\nHarbnafsah\nHarran al-Awamid\nal-Hirak\nHish\nHisyah\nal-Hawl\nHuraytan\nal-Huwash\nIbbin Samaan\nIhsim\nJayrud\nal-Jalaa\nal-Janudiyah\nJaramana\nal-Jarniyah\nJasim\nal-Jawadiyah\nJubb al-Jarrah\nJubb Ramlah\nJindires\nal-Jiza\nal-Qabu\nKafr Batna\nKafr Nabl\nKafr Takharim\nKafr Zita\nal-Karamah\nal-Kasrah\nKessab\nal-Khafsah\nKhan Shaykhun\nKhasham\nKirnaz\nKuwayris Sharqi\nKhanaser\nKhirbet Ghazaleh\nKhirbet al-Tin Mahmoud\nal-Kiswah\nMa'arrat Misrin\nMaabatli\nMaadan\nMa'loula\nMadaya\nMahin\nMalah\nal-Malihah\nal-Mansurah\nMare'\nMarkada\nMashta al-Helu\nMaskanah\nal-Masmiyah\nal-Mazraa\nMuhambal\nMuhasan\nal-Musayfirah\nal-Mushannaf\nMuzayrib\nal-Nashabiyah\nal-Nasirah\nNawa\nNubl\nal-Qadmus\nal-Qahtaniyah\nQalaat al-Madiq\nQarah\nal-Qaryatayn\nal-Qurayya\nQurqania\nRajo\nRankus\nRasm Harmil al-Imam\nal-Rai\nal-Riqama\nal-Ruhaybah\nal-Saan\nSaasaa\nSabburah\nal-Sabe' Biyar\nal-Sabkhah\nSadad\nSahnaya\nSaidnaya\nSalqin\nSaraqib\nSarmin\nSarrin\nSawran\nSebei\nal-Shaddadah\nal-Shajara\nShaqqa\nSharran\nShathah\nShaykh al-Hadid\nal-Shaykh Maskin\nShayukh Tahtani\nShin\nSinjar\nSirghaya\nSlinfah\nSuluk\nal-Surah al-Saghirah\nal-Suwar\nSuran\nal-Susah\nal-Sukhnah\nal-Tabni\nTalbiseh\nTaldou\nal-Tamanah\nTasil\nTell al-Daman\nTell Hamis\nTell Rifaat\nTell Salhab\nTell Tamer\nTedef\nThiban\nUqayribat\nUrum al-Kubra\nWadi al-Oyun\nal-Yaarubiyah\nal-Zirbah\naz-Ziyarahvte Hama GovernorateHama DistrictHamaSubdistrict\nHama\nAbu Dardah\nAbu Mansaf\nAdabas\nal-Alamein\nAmarat Aslan\nArzah\nAwja al-Janah\nAyyo\nBahra\nBayad\nBesirin\nal-Buraq\nBillin\nal-Daminah\nGhawr al-Assi\nal-Hashimiyah\nHawayiz Umm Jurn\nHawir al-Salib\nJahiyah\nJarjara\nJarjisa\nJibrin\nJinan\nJumaqliyah\nJuziyah\nKafraa\nKafr Amim\nKafr Buhum\nKafr al-Tun\nKasun Eljabal\nKhala\nal-Khalidiyah\nKhitab\nMaar Daftein\nMaarin al-Jabal\nMaar Shuhur\nal-Mubattan\nMadbaa\nMaqtaa al-Hajar\nMatnin\nMubarakat\nMuraywid\nAl-Narjis\nal-Nazaza\nQamhana\nQubaybat al-Assi\nal-Rabiaa\nRaabun\nal-Ruqaita\nSafinah\nSamrah\nSawa\nShihat Hama\nShiraaya\nSurayhin\nSuwak al-Shamali\nal-Suwayda al-Gharbiyah\nal-Suwayda al-Sharqiyah\nTaqsis\nTayzin\nTishrin\nTuwaym\nTell al-Nahr\nTell Qartal\nUmm al-Amad\nUmm al-Tuyour\nZabada\nZor Abu Dardah\nZor al-Sarmiyah\nZor Taqsis\nHirbnafsahSubdistrict\nHirbnafsah\nAqrab\nAkrad Ibrahim\nBaja\nBirin\nBisin\nal-Biyah\nBulous\nDeir al-Fardis\nal-Humayri\nJidrin\nal-Jafiah\nKafr Qadah\nKhirbet Aref\nKhirbet al-Jami\nKhirbet al-Qasr\nal-Muah\nMusa al-Houla\nQufaylun\nal-Rawda\nSuma'ah\nTalaf\nal-Tulaysiyah al-Janubiyah\nToumin\nZara'a\nSuranSubdistrict\nSuran\nAtshan\nBuwaydah\nFan Shamali\nal-Junaynah\nKawkab\nKhafsin\nKhirbet al-Hajama\nLahaya\nMaardis\nMaarkaba\nMa'an\nMasasneh\nMurak\nQasr Abu Samrah\nQasr al-Makhram\nQubaybat Abu al-Huda\nShatheh\nTaybat al-Imam\nTaybat al-Ism\nal-Tulaysiyah\nUmm Haratayn\nZor Abu Zayd\nZor al-Haysa al-Sharqiyah\nHamraaSubdistrict\nAl-Hamraa\nAbu Ajwa\nal-Ala\nal-Anz\nArfa\nAziziyah\nBaroudiyah\nBayud\nDali\nDuma\nFayda\nHalabiyah\nHuways Ibn Hadib\nHaymaniyah\nal-Hazim\nJanat al-Sawarnah\nJubb al-Uthman\nJubb al-Safa\nJunaynah\nJadduah Shamaliyah\nKharsan\nMaaloula\nMuwaylah al-Sirwana\nMaar Shamali\nQanater\nQasr Ali\nQasr Ibn Wardan\nRabda\nRasm Anz\nRasm al-Daheriyah\nRasm al-Ward\nRuhayyah\nShihat al-Hamraa\nal-Samaqiyah al-Qibliyah\nSuruj\nTarfawi\nTharwat\nTulayhat\nTuwal Dabaghin\nUmm Habes\nUmm Turaykat al-Qibliyah\nUmm Zahmak\nal-Zughbah\nAl-Suqaylabiyah DistrictAl-SuqaylabiyahSubdistrict\nAl-Suqaylabiyah\nAbr Bayt Sayf\nAbu Klifun\nAmmurin\nAnab\nAyn al-Kurum\nAyn Waridah\nBallunah\nBreij\nal-Hurra\nHawrat Ammurin\nHayalin\nJurniyat al-Tar\nKaramah\nal-Khandaq al-Gharbi\nal-Khandaq al-Sharqiyah\nKhansaa\nMaksar\nMashta' al-Shalahmah\nNabi al-Tib\nQalaat Jaras\nRawdat al-Tar\nal-Rihana\nSaidiyah\nSalba\nSaqiyat Najm\nShahta\nal-Shajar\nTahunat al-Halawa\nTell Kumbatri\nTell al-Titeen\nUwaynah\nShathahSubdistrict\nShathah\nAyn Jurjin\nFarikah\nHaydariyah\nJubb al-Ghar\nJurin\nMashta Mahfuz\nMaradash\nNa'ur Jurin\nNubl al-Khatib\nQatrat al-Rihan\nRihana\nTell SalhabSubdistrict\nTell Salhab\nAbu Qubays\nAbu Faraj\nAl-Asharinah\nBirat al-Jabal\nAyn al-Jurn\nHawayeq\nHawr al-Mawsil\nKanayes\nal-Kashati\nKhareb\nal-Latma\nMazhal\nNahr al-Bared\nRas al-Jurn\nTamaza\nTubah\nZiyarahSubdistrict\nAl-Ziyarah\nal-Amara\nal-Amqiyah Tahta\nal-Ankawi\nAwja al-Tuba\nal-Bahsa\nBarakah\nDuqmaq\nDuwayr al-Akrad\nAyn al-Hamaam\nFawru\nKhirbet al-Naqus\nMansura\nMaarana\nMashik\nal-Qahira\nQarqur\nQastal al-Burayj\nQastun\nQulaydin\nal-Safsafa\nSirmaniyah\nal-Sindiyana\nTell Wasit\nZayzun\nal-Zaqum\nQalaat al-MadiqSubdistrict\nQalaat al-Madiq\nAshrafiyah\nal-Bani\nal-Aziziyah\nBab al-Taqa\nal-Barid\nDeir Sunbul\nal-Huwayz\nal-Huwayz al-Shamali\nal-Hamra\nal-Hawash\nal-Humayrat\nal-Hurriyah\nHawijah Fauqa\nHawijah Sayyad\nHawijat al-Sallah\nJamasat Udayat\nal-Jayyid\nKafr Nabudah\nal-Karim\nKawri\nal-Kurkat\nMastarihat Afamiyah\nMidan Ghazal\nQabr Fidda\nal-Qahirah\nQiratah\nal-Ramlah\nal-Rasif\nSalihiyah\nSahariyah\nShahranaz\nal-Sha'irah\nTell Huwash\nTamana al-Ghab\nal-Thuwarah\nal-Tuwayni\nal-Zitiyah\nMasyaf DistrictMasyafSubdistrict\nMasyaf\nAnbura\nal-Bayda\nal-Bayyadiyah\nBiqraqa\nal-Bustan\nBiqasqas\nDeir Huwayt\nDeir Mama\nDeir al-Salib\nal-Findara\nHayalin\nal-Haylunah\nal-Hurayf\nJobet Kalakh\nKafr Aqid\nal-Laqbah\nMashta Deir Mama\nMatna\nal-Nahda\nQabu Shamsiyah\nQayrun\nQurtuman\nRabu\nal-Rusafa\nal-Shamsiyah\nal-Shiha\nSighata\nal-Suwaydah\nTayr Jamlah\nTayr Jubbah\nTell Afar\nal-Zamaliyah\nal-Zaynah\nAwjSubdistrict\nAwj\nAkakir\nBaarin\nBishanin\nHuwayr al-Turukman\nKafr Kamra\nKhirbet Nisaf\nKhanazir\nNisaf\nQarmas\nQasraya\nTa'unah\nZor Baarin\nAyn HalaqimSubdistrict\nAin Halaqim\nAyn al-Shams\nAq Duqar\nAsheq Omar\nBa'amrah\nBarshin\nBayt Atiq\nBayt Natar\nal-Dulaybah\nHermel\nHikr Bayt Atiq\nKahf al-Habash\nKhirbet Hazur\nal-Majawi\nal-Mashrafah\nQasr al-Ayan\nTin al-Sabil\nJubb RamlahSubdistrict\nJubb Ramlah\nAlamiyah\nAsilah\nDeir Shamil\nDimu\nHanjur\nHizanu\nJulaymadun\nJarajis\nKanafu\nKhan Jalaymadun\nMaarin\nMahrusah\nMushashin\nQurayyat\nQurin\nSarmiyah\nSulukiyah\nUqayrabah\nZahraa\nZawi\nWadi al-UyunSubdistrict\nWadi al-Uyun\nAmmuriyah\nAyn al-Bayda\nAyn Farraj\nAyn al-Karam\nBashawi\nBayt Raqata\nBarayzah\nBir al-Wadi\nBirat al-Jurd\nDuwayr al-Mashayekh\nJabita\nKafr Laha\nKamaliyah\nMarha\nMaysara\nNaqir\nQussiyah\nal-Sindiyana\nTamarqiyah\nZaytuna\nMahardah DistrictMahardahSubdistrict\nMahardah\nAbu Ubaydah\nAbu Rubays\nal-Arid\nHalfaya\nHuwat\nal-Judaydah\nKafr Hud\nKhirbet Subin\nKhunayzir\nMaarzaf (al-Qubeir)\nal-Majdal\nShaizar\nShir\nSafsafiyah\nTell Malah\nTell Sikkin\nTremseh\nZilaqiat\nZawr al-Qaadah\nKafr ZitaSubdistrict\nKafr Zita\nArba'in\nHamamiyat\nLatmin\nal-Sayyad\nal-Zakah\nKarnazSubdistrict\nKarnaz\nal-Asman\nal-Jalamah\nJubbayn\nal-Lataminah\nal-Mughayr\nShaykh Hadid\nSalamiyah DistrictSalamiyahSubdistrict\nSalamiyah\nAli Kasun\nBardunah\nBuwaydah\nDunaybah\nDanin\nDuwaybah\nFan Qibli\nFan Wastani\nal-Ghawi\nHalban\nJamala\nal-Kafat\nKarim\nKhafiyah\nKhunayfis\nKaytalun\nal-Malih\nMarj Mattar\nNawa\nQablahat\nQubbat al-Kurdi\nal-Rubbah\nal-Sabil\nSafawi\nSamnah\nShakara\nShaykh Ali\nSibaa\nShaykh Rih\nSmakh\nSunaydah\nTell Ada\nTell Dahab\nTell Hasan Basha\nTell Khaznah\nTell Sinan\nTaldara\nTirad\nThawra\nThayl al-Jal\nTiba al-Turki\nTuba\nTulul al-Humur\nUmm al-Amad\nUmm Tuwaynah\nal-Uwayr\nZighrin\nBarriSubdistrict\nBarri Sharqi\nAbu Hanaya\nAbu Habilat\nAkash\nArshunah\nBarri al-Gharbi\nFuraytan\nal-Hardanah\nal-Khurayjah\nMafkar al-Gharbi\nMafkar Sharqi\nSalam Gharbi\nTell al-Tut\nTell Jadid\nUmm Mil\nSabburahSubdistrict\nSabburah\nAbu Khanadiq\nAqarib\nFawrah\nal-Judaydah\nJadduah\nJubb Zurayq\nJissin\nKhunayfis al-Dawsa\nMabujah\nQanafath\nQubaybat\nSalba\nSamiriyah\nShahba\nShuhayb\nTell Abd al-Aziz\nTell al-Ghir\nTell al-Shih\nUmm Khurayzah\nUqayribatSubdistrict\nUqayribat\nAbu Dali\nAbu Hakfa\nAbu al-Fashafish\nBustan al-Subeih\nDakhilah\nHamada al-Omar\nHanutah\nHaddaj\nJani al-Albawi\nJubb Abyad\nJubb Dakhilah\nJayruh\nMakhbuta\nMasud\nMashrafah\nNa'imiyah\nMakaymin Shamali\nQastal\nRasm al-Abid\nRasm Elahmar\nRasm al-Bardakana\nRuwaydah\nSuha\nTabara al-Hamra\nTahmaz\nSaanSubdistrict\nAl-Saan\nAbu Hurayk\nAbu al-Ghor\nAbu al-Qusur\nAmya\nAniq Bajra\nal-Ayah\nBaghadid\nHarat al-Sharqiyah\nHasu al-Qiblawi\nIthriya\nJakuziyah\nJubb Khasara\nMakharib\nMawilah\nQabasin al-Arab\nRahjan\nRasm al-Ahmar\nRasm Amun\nSarha\nShaykh Hilal\nal-Suwayah\nUmm Mayal","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack"}]
[{"reference":"\"Kfar Zita - Wikimapia\". Wikimapia.","urls":[{"url":"http://wikimapia.org/12026070/Kfar-Zita","url_text":"\"Kfar Zita - Wikimapia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fearing to fall in a complete siege, the factions and jihadi groups withdraw from Khan Shaykhun city and towns and villages south of it in the northern countryside of Hama\". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (in Arabic). 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=138138","url_text":"\"Fearing to fall in a complete siege, the factions and jihadi groups withdraw from Khan Shaykhun city and towns and villages south of it in the northern countryside of Hama\""}]},{"reference":"Comité de l'Asie française (1933). L'Asie française (in French). Vol. 33–34. Comité de l'Asie française.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV09AAAAMAAJ&q=Kafr+Zita","url_text":"L'Asie française"}]},{"reference":"Nelles Guide (1999). Syria and Lebanon. Hunter Publishing, Inc. ISBN 3886181057.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MCTszTdofMkC","url_text":"Syria and Lebanon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3886181057","url_text":"3886181057"}]},{"reference":"Phillip, Thomas (1992). The Syrian Land in the 18th and 19th Century: The Common and the Specific in the Historical Experience. F. Steiner. ISBN 3515056858.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8n1tAAAAMAAJ&q=Kafr+Zayta","url_text":"The Syrian Land in the 18th and 19th Century: The Common and the Specific in the Historical Experience"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3515056858","url_text":"3515056858"}]},{"reference":"Centre d'études et de recherches URBAMA (France) (1986). Petites villes et villes moyennes dans le monde arabe (in French). Vol. 2. Université de Tours. ISBN 9782869060128.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=62baAAAAMAAJ&q=Kafr+Zeita+Hama","url_text":"Petites villes et villes moyennes dans le monde arabe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782869060128","url_text":"9782869060128"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kafr_Zita&params=35_22_25_N_36_36_6_E_region:SY_type:city(17052)","external_links_name":"35°22′25″N 36°36′6″E / 35.37361°N 36.60167°E / 35.37361; 36.60167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kafr_Zita&params=35_22_25_N_36_36_6_E_region:SY_type:city(17052)","external_links_name":"35°22′25″N 36°36′6″E / 35.37361°N 36.60167°E / 35.37361; 36.60167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kafr_Zita&params=35.375_N_36.652_E_","external_links_name":"35°22′30″N 36°39′07″E / 35.375°N 36.652°E / 35.375; 36.652"},{"Link":"http://wikimapia.org/12026070/Kfar-Zita","external_links_name":"\"Kfar Zita - Wikimapia\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130112133023/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB05-21-2004.htm","external_links_name":"General Census of Population and Housing 2004"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0DnOAAAAMAAJ&q=Kafr+Zita+Hama","external_links_name":"Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique de l'Orne"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130124225548/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i-woIKtyo7aVReszj0TspTyEqoNg?docId=CNG.c7a8eecead47605275b28d109ce8c79f.d1","external_links_name":"Camp residents flee Syria warplanes: NGO"},{"Link":"http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/12/201212206541800325.html","external_links_name":"UN sees no prospect of end to Syria violence"},{"Link":"http://aljazeera.net/home/print/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/37990f73-cf08-42ac-81db-e66908130e72","external_links_name":"قتيلا للنظام وإعدامات ميدانية بحماة"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldPtK-0Hzuc","external_links_name":"فيق ريف حماه الشمالي"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/586430351465307","external_links_name":"Syrian Observatory for Human Rights"},{"Link":"http://www.sacbee.com/2014/01/05/6048121/al-qaida-fighters-pushed-from.html","external_links_name":"Al Qaida fighters pushed from much of northern Syria, but fighting still rages"},{"Link":"http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=138138","external_links_name":"\"Fearing to fall in a complete siege, the factions and jihadi groups withdraw from Khan Shaykhun city and towns and villages south of it in the northern countryside of Hama\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV09AAAAMAAJ&q=Kafr+Zita","external_links_name":"L'Asie française"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MCTszTdofMkC","external_links_name":"Syria and Lebanon"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8n1tAAAAMAAJ&q=Kafr+Zayta","external_links_name":"The Syrian Land in the 18th and 19th Century: The Common and the Specific in the Historical Experience"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=62baAAAAMAAJ&q=Kafr+Zeita+Hama","external_links_name":"Petites villes et villes moyennes dans le monde arabe"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Pedersen
Poul Pedersen
["1 References","2 External links"]
Danish footballer For the cinematographer, see Poul Pedersen (cinematographer). For other people, see Poul Petersen (disambiguation). Poul PedersenPersonal informationFull name Poul Ebbesen PedersenDate of birth (1932-10-31)31 October 1932Place of birth Århus, DenmarkDate of death 23 December 2016(2016-12-23) (aged 84)Position(s) ForwardSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1950–1965 AIA 389 (?)International career1953–1964 Denmark 50 (17) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Olympic medal record Representing  Denmark Men's Football 1960 Rome Team competition Poul Ebbesen Pedersen (31 October 1932 – 23 December 2016), simply known as Poul Pedersen, was a Danish amateur football (soccer) player, who won a silver medal with the Denmark national football team at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was the first player to reach 50 caps for the Danish national team, scoring 17 national team goals in the process. On the club level, Pedersen played his entire career for Aarhus club AIA. Pedersen played the position of inside forward for AIA but was moved out as an outside winger when representing the Danish national team. He was a box-to-box midfielder, often making last-ditch saves as a defender before sprinting the length of the field to participate in attacking moves. He was a quick player with great sportsmanship. Pedersen made his debut for the senior Danish national team in a 1952-55 Nordic Football Championship game against the Sweden national football team on 21 June 1953. In his sixth national team game on 3 July 1955, Pedersen scored his first two international goals, as Denmark beat the Iceland national football team 4-0 in a friendly match. By 1958 he had become national team captain, a position he governed in 16 games before Poul Jensen was made captain in 1960. At the 1960 Olympics, Pedersen played in the position of right winger on the Danish team, often linking up with right halfback Bent Hansen. Pedersen played all five games as Denmark won the silver medals. During the tournament, he scored the winning goal in the 2-1 group stage win against the Poland national football team. After the Olympic tournament, Pedersen only played five additional games for Denmark. On 17 September 1961, he broke Pauli Jørgensen's record from 1939, as Pedersen became the first Dane to play 48 games for the national team, when Denmark beat the Norway national football team 4-0 in a 1960-63 Nordic Football Championship game. Later that month, Denmark lost 1-5 to the West Germany national football team and Pedersen's international career underwent a three-year hiatus. On 6 September 1964, Poul Pedersen made a one-game international comeback, thereby becoming the first Dane to play 50 international games; a record that was broken a few months later by Bent Hansen in November 1964. Pedersen's grandson, Viktor Fischer, is one of the biggest Danish talents. Currently playing with Danish club Copenhagen. Pedersen died on 23 December 2016, aged 84. References ^ "Poul Pedersen". Olympedia. Retrieved 10 December 2021. ^ Knud Lundberg, "Dansk Fodbold 2", Rhodos (Copenhagen), 1987, pp.108 ^ "Poul Pedersen – en rigtig wing!". www.landsholdet100.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-01-03. ^ Knud Lundberg, "Dansk Fodbold 2", Rhodos (Copenhagen), 1987, p.94 ^ "Oldboys-vennernes mindeord om fodboldlegenden Poul Pedersen". Århus Stiftstidende (in Danish). 5 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-05. ^ Mattsson, Sebastian (3 January 2017). "Dansk fotbollsikon Poul Pedersen är död". Expressen (in Swedish). Retrieved 2017-01-03. External links Poul Pedersen national team profile at the Danish Football Association (in Danish) DBU Hall of Fame entry Haslund.info profile vteDenmark football squad – 1960 Summer Olympic – Silver medalists GK From GK Gaardhøje GK Sterobo DF Andersen DF B. Hansen DF Helbrandt DF Jensen DF Larsen MF Krog MF F. Nielsen MF H. C. Nielsen FW Danielsen FW Enoksen FW J. Hansen FW Mejer FW H. I. Nielsen FW Pedersen FW J. Sørensen FW Troelsen Coach: A. Sørensen vteDanish Football Hall of Fame Teams 1948 Summer Olympics team (July - August 1948) 1960 Summer Olympics team (August - September 1960) 1971 Women's World Cup Team (August - September 1971) Danish Dynamite team (1980–89) Euro 1992 team (June 1992) Coaches Sepp Piontek (1979–1990) Richard Møller Nielsen (1990–1996) Players Middelboe (1908–1920) S. Nielsen (1908–1919) P. Nielsen (1910–1925) S. Hansen (1911–1920) C. Hansen (1918–1921) Jørgensen (1925–1939) E. Nielsen (1940–1951) K. Hansen (1943–48) Lundberg (1943–1956) A. Jensen (1945–57) Præst (1945–49) J. Sørensen (1946–49) J. Hansen (1948) J. P. Hansen (1949–61) Pedersen (1953–64) From (1957–61) Enoksen (1958–67) O. Madsen (1958–69) H. Nielsen (1959–60) J. Hansen (1965–78) M. Olsen (1970–89) Røntved (1970–82) Augustesen (1971) H. Jensen (1972–80) Simonsen (1972–86) Arnesen (1977–87) Elkjær (1977–88) L. Nielsen (1977–88) Lerby (1978–89) M. Laudrup (1982–98) Høgh (1983–95) B. Laudrup (1987–98) Schmeichel (1987–2001)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poul Pedersen (cinematographer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Pedersen_(cinematographer)"},{"link_name":"Poul Petersen (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Petersen_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"football (soccer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"silver medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_medal"},{"link_name":"Denmark national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1960 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Aarhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus"},{"link_name":"AIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arbejdernes_Idr%C3%A6tsklub_Aarhus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"inside forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_forward"},{"link_name":"outside winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Winger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1952-55 Nordic Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952-55_Nordic_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"Sweden national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Iceland national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Poul Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Jensen_(footballer_born_1934)"},{"link_name":"Bent Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_Hansen_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Poland national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Pauli Jørgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_J%C3%B8rgensen"},{"link_name":"Norway national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1960-63 Nordic Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960-63_Nordic_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"West Germany national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Viktor Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For the cinematographer, see Poul Pedersen (cinematographer). For other people, see Poul Petersen (disambiguation).Poul Ebbesen Pedersen (31 October 1932 – 23 December 2016), simply known as Poul Pedersen, was a Danish amateur football (soccer) player, who won a silver medal with the Denmark national football team at the 1960 Summer Olympics.[1] He was the first player to reach 50 caps for the Danish national team, scoring 17 national team goals in the process. On the club level, Pedersen played his entire career for Aarhus club AIA.Pedersen played the position of inside forward for AIA but was moved out as an outside winger when representing the Danish national team. He was a box-to-box midfielder, often making last-ditch saves as a defender before sprinting the length of the field to participate in attacking moves.[2] He was a quick player with great sportsmanship.[3] Pedersen made his debut for the senior Danish national team in a 1952-55 Nordic Football Championship game against the Sweden national football team on 21 June 1953. In his sixth national team game on 3 July 1955, Pedersen scored his first two international goals, as Denmark beat the Iceland national football team 4-0 in a friendly match. By 1958 he had become national team captain, a position he governed in 16 games before Poul Jensen was made captain in 1960.At the 1960 Olympics, Pedersen played in the position of right winger on the Danish team, often linking up with right halfback Bent Hansen.[4] Pedersen played all five games as Denmark won the silver medals. During the tournament, he scored the winning goal in the 2-1 group stage win against the Poland national football team. After the Olympic tournament, Pedersen only played five additional games for Denmark. On 17 September 1961, he broke Pauli Jørgensen's record from 1939, as Pedersen became the first Dane to play 48 games for the national team, when Denmark beat the Norway national football team 4-0 in a 1960-63 Nordic Football Championship game. Later that month, Denmark lost 1-5 to the West Germany national football team and Pedersen's international career underwent a three-year hiatus. On 6 September 1964, Poul Pedersen made a one-game international comeback, thereby becoming the first Dane to play 50 international games; a record that was broken a few months later by Bent Hansen in November 1964.Pedersen's grandson, Viktor Fischer, is one of the biggest Danish talents. Currently playing with Danish club Copenhagen.Pedersen died on 23 December 2016, aged 84.[5][6]","title":"Poul Pedersen"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Poul Pedersen\". Olympedia. Retrieved 10 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/24682","url_text":"\"Poul Pedersen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poul Pedersen – en rigtig wing!\". www.landsholdet100.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134805/http://www.landsholdet100.dk/artikler/poul_pedersen.html","url_text":"\"Poul Pedersen – en rigtig wing!\""},{"url":"http://www.landsholdet100.dk/artikler/poul_pedersen.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oldboys-vennernes mindeord om fodboldlegenden Poul Pedersen\". Århus Stiftstidende (in Danish). 5 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://stiften.dk/mindeord/Oldboys-vennernes-mindeord-om-fodboldlegenden-Poul-Pedersen/artikel/430216","url_text":"\"Oldboys-vennernes mindeord om fodboldlegenden Poul Pedersen\""}]},{"reference":"Mattsson, Sebastian (3 January 2017). \"Dansk fotbollsikon Poul Pedersen är död\". Expressen (in Swedish). Retrieved 2017-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.expressen.se/sport/fotboll/dansk-fotbollsikon-poul-pedersen-ar-dod/","url_text":"\"Dansk fotbollsikon Poul Pedersen är död\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/24682","external_links_name":"\"Poul Pedersen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134805/http://www.landsholdet100.dk/artikler/poul_pedersen.html","external_links_name":"\"Poul Pedersen – en rigtig wing!\""},{"Link":"http://www.landsholdet100.dk/artikler/poul_pedersen.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://stiften.dk/mindeord/Oldboys-vennernes-mindeord-om-fodboldlegenden-Poul-Pedersen/artikel/430216","external_links_name":"\"Oldboys-vennernes mindeord om fodboldlegenden Poul Pedersen\""},{"Link":"http://www.expressen.se/sport/fotboll/dansk-fotbollsikon-poul-pedersen-ar-dod/","external_links_name":"\"Dansk fotbollsikon Poul Pedersen är död\""},{"Link":"https://www.dbu.dk/landshold/landsholdsdatabasen/PlayerInfo/2915/","external_links_name":"Poul Pedersen"},{"Link":"https://www.dbu.dk/landshold/hall_of_fame/medlemmerne/poul_pedersen","external_links_name":"DBU Hall of Fame entry"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120921022542/http://www.haslund.info/danmark/as/pedpou.asp","external_links_name":"Haslund.info profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Air_Force_Falcons_football_team
2007 Air Force Falcons football team
["1 Schedule","2 Roster","3 Coaching staff","4 Game summaries","4.1 South Carolina State","4.2 Utah","4.3 TCU","4.4 BYU","4.5 Navy","4.6 UNLV","4.7 Colorado State","4.8 Wyoming","4.9 New Mexico","4.10 Army","4.11 Notre Dame","4.12 San Diego State","4.13 Armed Forces Bowl","5 References"]
American college football season 2007 Air Force Falcons footballArmed Forces Bowl, L 36–42 vs. CaliforniaConferenceMountain West ConferenceRecord9–4 (6–2 MW)Head coachTroy Calhoun (1st season)Offensive coordinatorTim Horton (1st season)Offensive schemeTriple optionDefensive coordinatorTim DeRuyter (1st season)Base defense3–4Home stadiumFalcon StadiumSeasons← 20062008 → 2007 Mountain West Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team   W   L     W   L   No. 14 BYU $   8 – 0     11 – 2   Air Force   6 – 2     9 – 4   New Mexico   5 – 3     9 – 4   Utah   5 – 3     9 – 4   TCU   4 – 4     8 – 5   San Diego State   3 – 5     4 – 8   Wyoming   2 – 6     5 – 7   Colorado State   2 – 6     3 – 9   UNLV   1 – 7     2 – 10   $ – Conference championRankings from AP Poll The 2007 Air Force Falcons football team represented the United States Air Force Academy in the 2007 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by first year head coach Troy Calhoun, they played their home games at Falcon Stadium as a member of the Mountain West Conference. They finished the season 9–4, 6–2 in Mountain West play to finish in second place. They were invited to the Armed Forces Bowl where they lost to California. Schedule DateTimeOpponentSiteTVResultAttendanceSeptember 112:00 p.m.South Carolina State*Falcon StadiumColorado Springs, COmtn.W 34–339,364 September 84:00 p.m.at UtahRice-Eccles StadiumSalt Lake City, UTmtn.W 20–1243,454 September 136:00 p.m.TCUFalcon StadiumColorado Springs, COCSTVW 20–17 OT31,556 September 221:00 p.m.at BYULaVell Edwards StadiumProvo, UTmtn.L 6–3164,502 September 2911:00 a.m.at Navy*Navy–Marine Corps Memorial StadiumAnnapolis, MDCSTVL 20–3137,615 October 67:00 p.m.UNLVFalcon StadiumColorado Springs, COmtn.W 31–1435,583 October 133:30 p.m.at Colorado StateHughes StadiumFort Collins, CO (Ram–Falcon Trophy)mtn.W 45–2125,150 October 2012:00 p.m.WyomingFalcon StadiumColorado Springs, COmtn.W 20–1241,531 October 257:00 p.m.at New MexicoUniversity StadiumAlbuquerque, NMVersusL 31–3426,087 November 31:30 p.m.Army*Falcon StadiumColorado Springs, COCSTVW 30–1046,144 November 1012:30 p.m.at Notre Dame*Notre Dame StadiumNotre Dame, IN (rivalry)NBCW 41–2480,795 November 1712:00 p.m.San Diego StateFalcon StadiumColorado Springs, COW 55–2334,227 December 3110:30 a.m.vs. California*Amon G. Carter StadiumFort Worth, TX (Armed Forces Bowl)ESPNL 36–4240,905 *Non-conference gameAll times are in Mountain time Roster Quarterbacks  5 Shaun Carney – Senior 8 Eric Herbort – Sophomore 14 Shea Smith – Junior 13 Will McAngus – Freshman Tailbacks  15 Jim Ollis – Senior 17 Kip McCarthy – Senior 18 Devon Ford – Sophomore 22 Brenton Byrd – Sophomore 24 Chad Smith – Senior 38 Kevin Van Hook – Sophomore Fullbacks  21 Ryan Williams – Senior 25 Todd Newell – Junior 40 Scott Peeples – Senior 43 Justin Moore – Sophomore Wide receivers  1 Chad Hall – Senior 7 Mark Root -Senior 10 Devin Hart -Junior 12 Mike Moffett -Senior 16 Matt Davis -Junior 19 Ty Paffett -Junior 26 Spencer Armstrong -Junior 27 Trey Eaton -Junior 28 Dal Shealy -Sophomore 80 Anthony Hemphill -Sophomore 81 Sean Quintana -Sophomore 83 Kyle Halderman -Freshman 87 Josh Cousins -Sophomore Tight ends  82 Michael Krogh -Senior 84 Steve Shaffer -Freshman 85 Keith Madsen -Junior 86 Chris Evans -Senior 88 Travis Dekker -Junior   Offensive guards  57 Nick Charles -Sophomore 62 Peter Lusk -Sophomore 66 Ben Leung -Freshman 67 Tyler Weeks -Junior 68 Kyle Knight -Sophomore 69 Caleb Morris -Senior 71 Austin Fallin -Sophomore Offensive tackles  60 Chris Campbell -Sophomore 64 Blaine Guenther -Senior 70 Matt Markling -Freshman 72 Richard Meldrum -Sophomore 73 Dan Holder -Senior 74 Chris Monson -Senior 75 Anthony Schelstrate -Sophomore 77 Bryce Waller -Sophomore 78 Duncan Thompson -Sophomore   Defensive ends  78 Rick Ricketts -Freshman 79 Keith Williams -Junior 91 Ryan Kemp -Junior 92 Myles Morales -Sophomore 95 Jake Paulson -Junior 96 Adam Page -Sophomore 97 Josh Clayton -Senior 99 Garrett Gilbertson -Junior Defensive tackles  49 Ryan Gonzalez -Sophomore 56 Jared Marvin -Junior 76 Stephen Larson -Junior 93 Ben Garland -Sophomore Linebackers  4 Julian Madrid -Senior 9 John Rabold -Senior 20 Dan Hill -Sophomore 31 Patrick Hennessey -Freshman 32 Hunter Altman -Junior 33 Drew Fowler -Senior 35 Chamberlain Herndon -Sophomore 36 Andre Morris Jr. -Freshman 41 William Keuchler -Freshman 45 John Falgout -Sophomore 47 Reinhold Leicht -Sophomore 48 Brandon Reeves -Junior 51 Aaron Shanor -Senior 52 Austin Randle -Senior 53 Ken Lamendola -Freshman 54 Blaine Hainbach -Sophomore 55 Clayton Bryant -Sophomore   Cornerbacks  2 Carson Bird -Senior 3 Nathan Smith -Senior 6 Kevin Rivers -Junior 8 Reggie Rembert -Freshman 38 Stephan Atrice -Freshman 39 Garrett Rybak -Senior 46 Eric Collins -Freshman Safeties  11 Bobby Giannini -Senior 23 Aaron Kirchoff -Junior 29 Luke Hyder -Sophomore 30 Luke Yeager -Junior 34 Chris Thomas -Sophomore 44 Boston McClain -Junior Punters  13 Ryan Harrison -Junior 98 Brandon Geyer -Sophomore Placekickers  13 Ryan Harrison -Junior 27 Trey Eaton -Junior 92 Chad Gross -Freshman 94 Zack Bell -Freshman Deep snappers  37 Tony Norman -Senior 50 Scott Howley -Junior 59 John Dolan -Sophomore Coaching staff Name Position Yearat Air Force Alma mater (Year) Troy Calhoun Head coach 1st Air Force (1989) Brian Knorr Assistant head coachInner Linebackers 6th1992–19942005–Present Air Force (1986) Tim Horton Offensive coordinatorWide receivers 8th1999–20052007–Present Arkansas (1990) Tim DeRuyter Defensive coordinatorSafeties 5th1991–19942007–Present Air Force (1985) Clay Hendrix Offensive line 1st Furman (1986) Ron Burton Defensive line 5th North Carolina (1987) Charlton Warren CornerbacksRecruiting coordinator 3rd Air Force (1999) Jemal Singleton Running backs 5th Air Force (1999) Blane Morgan Quarterbacks 6th Air Force (1999) Ben Miller Tight ends 2nd20022007–Present Air Force (2002) Matt Weikert Outside linebackers 1st Ohio (2002) Patrick Covington Offensive assistant 1st Furman, (2006) Matt McGettigan Strength and conditioning 1st Luther College (1987) Game summaries South Carolina State 1 2 3 4 Total Bulldogs 0 3 0 0 3 Falcons 7 17 7 3 34 Utah 1 2 3 4 Total Falcons 0 3 7 10 20 Utes 3 0 3 6 12 TCU 1 2 3 4OT Total Horned Frogs 3 7 0 70 17 Falcons 0 3 0 143 20 BYU 1 2 3 4 Total Falcons 0 0 6 0 6 Cougars 7 10 7 7 31 Navy 1 2 3 4 Total Falcons 3 7 10 0 20 Midshipmen 0 14 3 14 31 UNLV 1 2 3 4 Total Rebels 0 7 0 7 14 Falcons 7 0 14 10 31 Colorado State 1 2 3 4 Total Falcons 14 14 10 7 45 Rams 7 0 7 7 21 Wyoming 1 2 3 4 Total Cowboys 6 3 0 3 12 Falcons 0 7 0 13 20 New Mexico 1 2 3 4 Total Falcons 7 14 10 0 31 Lobos 10 11 7 6 34 Army 1 2 3 4 Total Black Knights 3 7 0 0 10 Falcons 3 14 7 6 30 Notre Dame 1 2 3 4 Total Falcons 10 7 14 10 41 Fighting Irish 0 10 0 14 24 San Diego State 1 2 3 4 Total Aztecs 7 10 6 0 23 Falcons 14 14 21 6 55 Armed Forces Bowl Main article: 2007 Armed Forces Bowl See also: 2007 California Golden Bears football team 1 2 3 4 Total Golden Bears 0 14 14 14 42 Falcons 7 14 6 9 36 Falcons quarterback Shaun Carney falls into the end zone for a first-quarter touchdown. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2007 Air Force Falcons football team. vteAir Force Falcons footballVenues DU Stadium (1955–1961) Falcon Stadium (1962–present) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Army (Commander-in-Chief's Trophy) Colorado State (Ram–Falcon Trophy) Hawaii (Kuter Trophy) Navy (Commander-in-Chief's Trophy) Culture & lore History The Bird "Falcon Fight Song" "The U.S. Air Force" United States Air Force Academy Band People Head coaches Statistical leaders NFL draftees Seasons 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Air Force Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy"},{"link_name":"2007 NCAA Division I-A football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season"},{"link_name":"Troy Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Calhoun"},{"link_name":"Falcon Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Armed_Forces_Bowl"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_California_Golden_Bears_football_team"}],"text":"The 2007 Air Force Falcons football team represented the United States Air Force Academy in the 2007 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by first year head coach Troy Calhoun, they played their home games at Falcon Stadium as a member of the Mountain West Conference. They finished the season 9–4, 6–2 in Mountain West play to finish in second place. They were invited to the Armed Forces Bowl where they lost to California.","title":"2007 Air Force Falcons football team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"South Carolina State","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Utah","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TCU","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"BYU","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Navy","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"UNLV","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Colorado State","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wyoming","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New Mexico","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Army","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Notre Dame","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"San Diego State","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2007 California Golden Bears football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_California_Golden_Bears_football_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shaun_Carney_scores_TD_AFB_071231-f-7061j-903.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Armed Forces Bowl","text":"See also: 2007 California Golden Bears football teamFalcons quarterback Shaun Carney falls into the end zone for a first-quarter touchdown.","title":"Game summaries"}]
[{"image_text":"Falcons quarterback Shaun Carney falls into the end zone for a first-quarter touchdown.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Shaun_Carney_scores_TD_AFB_071231-f-7061j-903.jpg/220px-Shaun_Carney_scores_TD_AFB_071231-f-7061j-903.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaohuizhang
Empress Xiaohuizhang
["1 Life","1.1 Family background","1.2 Chongde era","1.3 Shunzhi era","1.4 Kangxi era","2 Titles","3 In fiction and popular culture","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]
Qing Dynasty empress Empress XiaohuizhangEmpress Dowager RenxianEmpress consort of the Qing dynastyTenureJuly/August 1654 – 5 February 1661PredecessorDeposed Empress JingSuccessorEmpress XiaochengrenEmpress dowager of the Qing dynastyTenure5 February 1661 – 7 January 1718PredecessorEmpress Dowager ZhaoshengSuccessorEmpress Dowager RenshouBornBorjigit Alatan Qiqige(博爾濟吉特 阿拉坦琪琪格)(1641-11-05)5 November 1641(崇德六年 十月 三日)Died7 January 1718(1718-01-07) (aged 76)(康熙五十六年 十二月 六日)Ningshou Palace, Forbidden CityBurialXiao Mausoleum, Eastern Qing tombsSpouse Shunzhi Emperor ​ ​(m. 1654; died 1661)​NamesBorjigit Alatan Qiqige (博爾濟吉特 阿拉坦琪琪格)Posthumous nameEmpress Xiaohui Renxian Duanyi Cishu Gong'an Chunde Shuntian Yisheng Zhang (孝惠仁憲端懿慈淑恭安純德順天翼聖章皇后)HouseBorjigit (博爾濟吉特)FatherChuo'erjiMotherLady Aisin Gioro Empress XiaohuizhangChinese nameTraditional Chinese孝惠章皇后Simplified Chinese孝惠章皇后TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinXiàohuìzhāng HuánghòuManchu nameManchu scriptᡥᡳᠶᠣᠣᡧᡠᠩᡤᠠ ᡶᡠᠯᡝᡥᡠᠨ ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠮᠪᡠᡥᡝ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡥᡝᠣRomanizationhiyoošungga fulehun eldembuhe hūwangheo Empress Xiaohuizhang (5 November 1641 – 7 January 1718), of the Khorchin Mongol Borjigit clan, was the wife and second empress consort of Fulin, the Shunzhi Emperor. She was empress consort of Qing from 1654 until her husband's death in 1661, after which she was honoured as Empress Dowager Renxian during the reign of her step-son, Xuanye, the Kangxi Emperor. She was posthumously honoured with the title Empress Xiaohuizhang. Life Family background Father: Chuo'erji (绰尔济; d. 1670), held the title of a third rank prince (貝勒) Paternal grandfather: Chahan (查罕), held the title of a third rank prince (貝勒) Paternal great aunt: Primary consort Minhui (1609–1641) Paternal great aunt: Empress Xiaozhuangwen (1613–1688), the mother of the Shunzhi Emperor (1638–1661) Mother: Lady Aisin Gioro Maternal grandfather: Abatai (1589–1646) Seven brothers Two elder sisters and two younger sisters Fourth younger sister: Consort Shuhui (1642–1713) Chongde era Lady Borjigit was born on the third day of the tenth lunar month in the 16th year of the reign of Hong Taiji, which translates to 5 November 1641 in the Gregorian calendar. Shunzhi era On 25 October 1653, the Shunzhi Emperor deposed his first empress consort, Erdeni Bumba, who was also from the Borjigit clan. In June or July 1654, Alatan Qiqige entered the Forbidden City and became a concubine of the Shunzhi Emperor. In July or August 1654, she was officially designated as the empress to replace the deposed Erdeni Bumba. However, the Shunzhi Emperor showed little interest in his new empress consort because he favoured Consort Donggo more than any other consort of his. Some historians believe that the Shunzhi Emperor made Alatan Qiqige his new empress consort because he wanted to reduce tensions between the Aisin Gioro and Borjigit clans after demoting his first empress consort. The Aisin Gioro and Borjigit clans had a long history of political marriages, so the emperor had to choose a Borjigit woman to be his empress consort in order to keep up with tradition. Kangxi era The Shunzhi Emperor died on 5 February 1661 and was succeeded by his third son, Xuanye, who was born to Lady Tunggiya. Xuanye was enthroned as the Kangxi Emperor, while Alatan Qiqige, as the empress consort of the previous emperor, was granted the title "Empress Dowager Renxian". She died on 7 January 1718 and was interred in a separate tomb in the Xiao Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing tombs. Titles During the reign of Hong Taiji (r. 1626–1643): Lady Borjigit (from 5 November 1641) During the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1643–1661): Empress (皇后; from July/August 1654) During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722): Empress Dowager Renxian (仁憲皇太后; from 5 February 1661) Empress Xiaohuizhang (孝惠章皇后; from 1718) In fiction and popular culture Portrayed by Wang Ge in Xiaozhuang Mishi (2003) Portrayed by Yang Mingna in Chronicle of Life (2016) Portrayed by Wang Xiu Zhu in The Deer and the Cauldron (2020) See also Ranks of imperial consorts in China § Qing Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty Notes ^ 順治十一年 六月 ^ 順治十八年 正月 七日 References Wan, Yi; Shuqing, Wang; Yanzhen, Lu; Scott, Rosemary E. (1988). Daily Life in the Forbidden City: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912 (Illustrated ed.). Viking. ISBN 0670811645. Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese). Empress Xiaohuizhang House of Borjigin Chinese royalty Preceded byErdeni Bumba, Empressof the Borjigit clan Empress consort of China July/August 1654 – 5 February 1661 Succeeded byEmpress Xiaochengrenof the Hešeri clan Preceded byBumbutai, Empress Dowager Zhaosheng (Xiaozhuangwen)of the Borjigit clan Empress dowager of China 5 February 1661 – 7 January 1718with Empress Dowager Cihe (Xiaokangzhang) (1661–1663) Succeeded byEmpress Dowager Renshou (Xiaogongren)of the Uya clan vteEmpresses of the Qing dynastyEmpresses consort Empress Xiaoduanwen Erdeni Bumba Empress Xiaohuizhang Empress Xiaochengren Empress Xiaozhaoren Empress Xiaoyiren Empress Xiaojingxian Empress Xiaoxianchun Empress Nara Empress Xiaoshurui Empress Xiaoherui Empress Xiaoshencheng Empress Xiaoquancheng Empress Xiaozhenxian Empress Xiaozheyi Empress Xiaodingjing Empress Xiaokemin (Manchukuo) Empresses dowager Empress Xiaoduanwen Empress Dowager Zhaosheng Empress Dowager Renxian Empress Dowager Cihe Empress Dowager Renshou Empress Dowager Chongqing Empress Dowager Gongci Empress Dowager Kangci Empress Dowager Ci'an Empress Dowager Cixi Empress Dowager Longyu Grand empresses dowager Grand Empress Dowager Zhaosheng Grand Empress Dowager Cixi Posthumous empresses Empress Xiaoliewu Empress Xiaocigao Empress Xiaoxianzhang Empress Xiaoyichun Empress Xiaomucheng Empress Xiaodexian Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khorchin Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorchin_Mongols"},{"link_name":"Fulin, the Shunzhi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Xuanye, the Kangxi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor"}],"text":"Empress Xiaohuizhang (5 November 1641 – 7 January 1718), of the Khorchin Mongol Borjigit clan, was the wife and second empress consort of Fulin, the Shunzhi Emperor. She was empress consort of Qing from 1654 until her husband's death in 1661, after which she was honoured as Empress Dowager Renxian during the reign of her step-son, Xuanye, the Kangxi Emperor. She was posthumously honoured with the title Empress Xiaohuizhang.","title":"Empress Xiaohuizhang"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primary consort Minhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harjol"},{"link_name":"Empress Xiaozhuangwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaozhuangwen"},{"link_name":"Shunzhi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Aisin Gioro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisin_Gioro"},{"link_name":"Abatai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatai"}],"sub_title":"Family background","text":"Father: Chuo'erji (绰尔济; d. 1670), held the title of a third rank prince (貝勒)\nPaternal grandfather: Chahan (查罕), held the title of a third rank prince (貝勒)\nPaternal great aunt: Primary consort Minhui (1609–1641)\nPaternal great aunt: Empress Xiaozhuangwen (1613–1688), the mother of the Shunzhi Emperor (1638–1661)\nMother: Lady Aisin Gioro\nMaternal grandfather: Abatai (1589–1646)\nSeven brothers\nTwo elder sisters and two younger sisters\nFourth younger sister: Consort Shuhui (1642–1713)","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lunar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar"},{"link_name":"Hong Taiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Taiji"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"}],"sub_title":"Chongde era","text":"Lady Borjigit was born on the third day of the tenth lunar month in the 16th year of the reign of Hong Taiji, which translates to 5 November 1641 in the Gregorian calendar.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shunzhi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Erdeni Bumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdeni_Bumba"},{"link_name":"Consort Donggo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consort_Donggo"}],"sub_title":"Shunzhi era","text":"On 25 October 1653, the Shunzhi Emperor deposed his first empress consort, Erdeni Bumba, who was also from the Borjigit clan. In June or July 1654, Alatan Qiqige entered the Forbidden City and became a concubine of the Shunzhi Emperor. In July or August 1654, she was officially designated as the empress to replace the deposed Erdeni Bumba.However, the Shunzhi Emperor showed little interest in his new empress consort because he favoured Consort Donggo more than any other consort of his. Some historians believe that the Shunzhi Emperor made Alatan Qiqige his new empress consort because he wanted to reduce tensions between the Aisin Gioro and Borjigit clans after demoting his first empress consort. The Aisin Gioro and Borjigit clans had a long history of political marriages, so the emperor had to choose a Borjigit woman to be his empress consort in order to keep up with tradition.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xuanye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Lady Tunggiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiaokangzhang"},{"link_name":"Eastern Qing tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs"}],"sub_title":"Kangxi era","text":"The Shunzhi Emperor died on 5 February 1661 and was succeeded by his third son, Xuanye, who was born to Lady Tunggiya. Xuanye was enthroned as the Kangxi Emperor, while Alatan Qiqige, as the empress consort of the previous emperor, was granted the title \"Empress Dowager Renxian\". She died on 7 January 1718 and was interred in a separate tomb in the Xiao Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing tombs.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Taiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Taiji"},{"link_name":"Shunzhi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kangxi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"During the reign of Hong Taiji (r. 1626–1643):\nLady Borjigit (from 5 November 1641)\nDuring the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1643–1661):\nEmpress (皇后; from July/August 1654[1])\nDuring the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722):\nEmpress Dowager Renxian (仁憲皇太后; from 5 February 1661[2])\nEmpress Xiaohuizhang (孝惠章皇后; from 1718)","title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xiaozhuang Mishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaozhuang_Mishi"},{"link_name":"Chronicle of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_Life"}],"text":"Portrayed by Wang Ge in Xiaozhuang Mishi (2003)\nPortrayed by Yang Mingna in Chronicle of Life (2016)\nPortrayed by Wang Xiu Zhu in The Deer and the Cauldron (2020)","title":"In fiction and popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ 順治十一年 六月\n\n^ 順治十八年 正月 七日","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Ranks of imperial consorts in China § Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_of_imperial_consorts_in_China#Qing"},{"title":"Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty"}]
[{"reference":"Wan, Yi; Shuqing, Wang; Yanzhen, Lu; Scott, Rosemary E. (1988). Daily Life in the Forbidden City: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912 (Illustrated ed.). Viking. ISBN 0670811645.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0670811645","url_text":"0670811645"}]},{"reference":"Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Erxun","url_text":"Zhao, Erxun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing","url_text":"Draft History of Qing"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Page_(cricketer)
Henry Page (cricketer)
["1 References","2 External links","3 Bibliography"]
English cricketer Henry Page (born 16 November 1788 at Cambridge; date of death unknown) was an English professional cricketer who played first-class cricket from 1819 to 1826. He was mainly associated with Cambridge Town Club and made 7 known appearances in first-class matches. References ^ CricketArchive. Retrieved on 25 July 2009. External links Henry Page at CricketArchive (subscription required) Bibliography Arthur Haygarth, Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744–1826), Lillywhite, 1862 This biographical article related to an English cricket person born in the 1780s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Town Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Town_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Henry Page (born 16 November 1788 at Cambridge; date of death unknown) was an English professional cricketer who played first-class cricket from 1819 to 1826. He was mainly associated with Cambridge Town Club and made 7 known appearances in first-class matches.[1]","title":"Henry Page (cricketer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Haygarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Haygarth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_England.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Page_(cricketer)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:England-cricket-bio-1780s-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:England-cricket-bio-1780s-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England-cricket-bio-1780s-stub"}],"text":"Arthur Haygarth, Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744–1826), Lillywhite, 1862This biographical article related to an English cricket person born in the 1780s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%27s_Cave
Martin's Cave
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Bats","4 References"]
Coordinates: 36°07′23.7″N 5°20′29.2″W / 36.123250°N 5.341444°W / 36.123250; -5.341444 Martin's CaveInside Martin's CaveLocationEastern face of the Rock of Gibraltar, GibraltarCoordinates36°07′23.7″N 5°20′29.2″W / 36.123250°N 5.341444°W / 36.123250; -5.341444GeologyLimestoneEntrances1AccessMediterranean Steps Martin's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It opens on the eastern cliffs of the Rock of Gibraltar, below its summit at O'Hara's Battery. It is an ancient sea cave, though it is now located over 700 feet (210 m) above the shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is only accessible because Martin's Path was constructed. Geography Gibraltar is sometimes referred to as the "Hill of Caves" and the geological formation of all the caves is limestone. Formed before the arrival of humans, its creation, and that of other caves in its vicinity, is attributed to the cracks and fissures within formations of the rock along which erosion occurred. Its extreme length from the entrance is 114 feet (35 m), while its greatest breadth is 73.16 feet (22.30 m). There is only one outlet from within the cave. History Martin's Cave entrance today South east section of a 1961 military map of Gibraltar showing Martin's Path and Cave The cave was said to have been discovered in 1821 by a soldier named Martin, after whom it was named. According to an 1829 account, the soldier had been "wandering about the summit of the Rock somewhat inebriated" and was absent from that evening's muster. He was feared to have fallen over the precipice and to have been dashed to pieces on the rocks below. Three days after disappearing, however, he reappeared with torn and dirty clothes and a haggard appearance. He had indeed fallen but had landed on a narrow ledge in front of the entrance to the cave, before being rescued. At the time, reaching the cave was very difficult. The Royal Engineers made, Martin's Path, a small approach path above the precipice to facilitate access. A visitor described the perilous journey to get there a few years after it was discovered: Speleothem inside Martin's cave The path which we are obliged to traverse in order to get to it, is one of considerable difficulty and danger. We left our horses in charge of a servant half a mile from the cave, and proceeded along a narrow ledge, formed by art and with much labor, about three feet wide, until we reached the desired spot ... The south end and all the eastern side of Gibraltar is – or rather had been deemed, inaccessible, as it rises perpendicularly from the sea, and presents to the eye no ledges or asperities to encourage one to ascend or descent it, no matter what might be his inducement. In the 1860s, Captain Frederick Brome, the governor of Gibraltar's military prison, sought permission from the Governor of Gibraltar to explore Martin's Cave, as well as St. Michael's Cave, Fig Tree Cave and Poca Roca Cave, with the objective of finding archaeological evidence of the past use of the caves. The Governor readily agreed to the proposal. A ten-member team of prisoners began the explorations, with Martin's Cave being the first to be explored. Excavations commenced on 23 June 1868, and continued until 22 July. There were no discernible traces of any previous attempts at detailed exploration, and no inscription earlier than 1822 could be discovered in the cave. Parts of a human lower jaw, and two bushels of bones belonging to ox, goat, sheep, and rabbit were found; there were also several bird and fish bones. Other finds included two bushels of broken pottery, of which 57 pieces were ornamented; 61 handles and pots; 6 stone axes and 70 flint knives; a portion of an armlet and anklet; and 10 pounds of sea shells. A small, brightly coloured, enamelled copper plate was also found, which appears to have had a design upon it of a bird with an open bill in the coils of a serpent. Similar works of art, consisting of fragments of pottery, flint and stone implements were unearthed. The two swords both just over a metre long dating to the 12th or 13th century were also unearthed. The British Museum has seven items in its collection donated by Captain Brome. Six of these are the two swords, a scabbard, two buckles and a plaque which were all originally found in Martin's Cave. Martin's Cave is behind a padlocked gate During World War II Gibraltar's caves were extended and exploited by the military, and Martin's Cave was used to house electric generators. The generators were removed but the holes that were drilled in the roof of the cave still have cables as evidence of the caves industrial use. A nearby battery also became known as Martin's Battery. The cave is briefly lit by natural light just after sunrise. Due to past vandalism, the entrance to the cave is kept behind a padlocked gate which is a branch off the nature trail called Mediterranean Steps. Bats The cave has been home to large groups of bats in the past. In November 1966, the cave was surveyed by the Gibraltar Cave Research Group; a painted sign on the cave's wall mentions this. An estimated 5000 Schreibers' bats Miniopterus schreibersii and 1000 large mouse-eared bats Myotis myotis were there in the 60s. There were no bats found in a 2002 survey of the cave, with incidents of fireworks usage within the cave reported as contributing to the matter. References This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: British Association for the Advancement of Science report (1868) ^ a b c d e International Congress of Prehistoric Archaeology (1869). Transactions of the third session which opened at Norwich on the 20th August and closed in London on the 28th August 1868. London: Longmans, Green, and co. pp. 113, 134–136. Retrieved 3 January 2013. ^ a b "Sketch: St Martin's Cave". The Critic: A Weekly Review of Literature, Fine Arts, and the Drama, Volume 1. New York: Critic Press. 21 February 1829. p. 272. ^ a b "Report on recent explorations in the Gibraltar caves, by Capt. Fred. Brome". Report of the Thirty-Seventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1868. p. 56. Retrieved 1 January 2013. ^ a b "Exciting Caves". Gibraltar Information. Retrieved 6 January 2013. ^ Nicolle, David (25 January 2001). The Moors: The Islamic West 7th-15th Centuries AD. Osprey Publishing. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-85532-964-5. Retrieved 6 January 2013. ^ "Collection database search". British Museum. Retrieved 11 May 2013. ^ a b Crone, Jim. "Martin's Cave". DiscoverGibraltar.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013. ^ Perez, Charles E. Upper Rock Nature Reserve Management Action Plan (PDF). Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society. vte Caves of Gibraltar Alameda Grotto Beefsteak Cave Bell's Backyard Cave Bellman's Cave Bennett's Cave Boathoist Cave Bray's Cave Brown's Cave Buena Vista Cave Catalan Bay Cave Cave S Collin's Cave Coptic Cave Cormorant Cave Devil's Dustbin Devil's Fall Cave Devil's Gap Cave Devil's Tower Cave Diesel's Delight Douglas Cave Dudley Ward's Cave East Queen's Line Cave Europa Pass Cave Fig Tree Cave Forbes' Quarry Genista Caves George's Bottom Cave Gibbon's Cave Glen Rocky Cave Goat's Hair Twin Caves Gorham's Cave Harley Street Fissure Hayne's Cave Holy Boy's Cave Hyaena Cave Ibex Cave John's Giant Cave Judge's Cave Leonora's Caves Levant Cave Lower St. Michael's Cave Mammoth Cave Marble Arch Cave Martin's Cave Martin's Guard Cave 1 & 2 McNeil's Cave Mediterranean Cave Middle Hill Cave Monkey's Cave Nameless Cave New St. Michael's Cave O'Hara's Cave Old St. Michael's Cave Painter's Cave Pete's Paradise Cave Poca Roca Cave Queen's Cave Ragged Staff Cave Reservoir Fissure Sandy Cave Lower Sandy Cave Upper Sapper's Bog Scorpion Cave Sea Caves Shed Cave Spider Cave St. Michael's Cave Star Chamber Cave Swallow's Nest Cave Tina's Fissure Transmitter Fissure Treasure Cave Upper All's Well Cave Vanguard Cave Viney Quarry Cave Wilson's Cave Winkies Cave Gibraltar Neanderthal Caves and Environments
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Overseas Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Rock of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"O'Hara's Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Hara%27s_Battery"},{"link_name":"sea cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_cave"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"}],"text":"Martin's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It opens on the eastern cliffs of the Rock of Gibraltar, below its summit at O'Hara's Battery. It is an ancient sea cave, though it is now located over 700 feet (210 m) above the shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is only accessible because Martin's Path was constructed.","title":"Martin's Cave"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transactions1869-1"}],"text":"Gibraltar is sometimes referred to as the \"Hill of Caves\" and the geological formation of all the caves is limestone. Formed before the arrival of humans, its creation, and that of other caves in its vicinity, is attributed to the cracks and fissures within formations of the rock along which erosion occurred. Its extreme length from the entrance is 114 feet (35 m), while its greatest breadth is 73.16 feet (22.30 m). There is only one outlet from within the cave.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin%27s_Cave_entrance.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1961_Military_Map_of_Gibraltar_(south_east).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transactions1869-1"},{"link_name":"muster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muster_(military)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Critic-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transactions1869-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin%27s_Cave_is_a_show_cave.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Critic-2"},{"link_name":"Frederick Brome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Brome&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Governor of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"St. Michael's Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cave"},{"link_name":"Fig Tree Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig_Tree_Cave"},{"link_name":"Poca Roca Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poca_Roca_Cave"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transactions1869-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transactions1869-1"},{"link_name":"lower jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_jaw"},{"link_name":"bushels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushel"},{"link_name":"ox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox"},{"link_name":"goat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit"},{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"stone axes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_axe"},{"link_name":"flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint"},{"link_name":"armlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armlet"},{"link_name":"anklet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anklet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Science1868-3"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Science1868-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicolle2001-5"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brome-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin%27s_Cave_padlock_gate.jpg"},{"link_name":"During World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar's caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-steps-7"},{"link_name":"Martin's Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%27s_Battery"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Steps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Steps"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-steps-7"}],"text":"Martin's Cave entrance todaySouth east section of a 1961 military map of Gibraltar showing Martin's Path and CaveThe cave was said to have been discovered in 1821 by a soldier named Martin, after whom it was named.[1] According to an 1829 account, the soldier had been \"wandering about the summit of the Rock somewhat inebriated\" and was absent from that evening's muster. He was feared to have fallen over the precipice and to have been dashed to pieces on the rocks below. Three days after disappearing, however, he reappeared with torn and dirty clothes and a haggard appearance. He had indeed fallen but had landed on a narrow ledge in front of the entrance to the cave, before being rescued.[2] At the time, reaching the cave was very difficult. The Royal Engineers made, Martin's Path, a small approach path above the precipice to facilitate access.[1] A visitor described the perilous journey to get there a few years after it was discovered:Speleothem inside Martin's caveThe path which we are obliged to traverse in order to get to it, is one of considerable difficulty and danger. We left our horses in charge of a servant half a mile from the cave, and proceeded along a narrow ledge, formed by art and with much labor, about three feet wide, until we reached the desired spot ... The south end and all the eastern side of Gibraltar is – or rather had been deemed, inaccessible, as it rises perpendicularly from the sea, and presents to the eye no ledges or asperities to encourage one to ascend or descent it, no matter what might be his inducement.[2]In the 1860s, Captain Frederick Brome, the governor of Gibraltar's military prison, sought permission from the Governor of Gibraltar to explore Martin's Cave, as well as St. Michael's Cave, Fig Tree Cave and Poca Roca Cave, with the objective of finding archaeological evidence of the past use of the caves. The Governor readily agreed to the proposal. A ten-member team of prisoners began the explorations, with Martin's Cave being the first to be explored.[1] Excavations commenced on 23 June 1868, and continued until 22 July. There were no discernible traces of any previous attempts at detailed exploration, and no inscription earlier than 1822 could be discovered in the cave.[1] Parts of a human lower jaw, and two bushels of bones belonging to ox, goat, sheep, and rabbit were found; there were also several bird and fish bones. Other finds included two bushels of broken pottery, of which 57 pieces were ornamented; 61 handles and pots; 6 stone axes and 70 flint knives; a portion of an armlet and anklet; and 10 pounds of sea shells.[3] A small, brightly coloured, enamelled copper plate was also found, which appears to have had a design upon it of a bird with an open bill in the coils of a serpent. Similar works of art, consisting of fragments of pottery, flint and stone implements were unearthed.[3] The two swords both just over a metre long dating to the 12th or 13th century were also unearthed.[4][5]\nThe British Museum has seven items in its collection donated by Captain Brome. Six of these are the two swords, a scabbard, two buckles and a plaque which were all originally found in Martin's Cave.[6]Martin's Cave is behind a padlocked gateDuring World War II Gibraltar's caves were extended and exploited by the military, and Martin's Cave was used to house electric generators. The generators were removed but the holes that were drilled in the roof of the cave still have cables as evidence of the caves industrial use.[7] A nearby battery also became known as Martin's Battery.The cave is briefly lit by natural light just after sunrise. Due to past vandalism, the entrance to the cave is kept behind a padlocked gate which is a branch off the nature trail called Mediterranean Steps.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gibraltar Cave Research Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gibraltar_Cave_Research_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI-4"},{"link_name":"Miniopterus schreibersii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniopterus_schreibersii"},{"link_name":"Myotis myotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotis_myotis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perez-8"}],"text":"The cave has been home to large groups of bats in the past. In November 1966, the cave was surveyed by the Gibraltar Cave Research Group; a painted sign on the cave's wall mentions this.[4] An estimated 5000 Schreibers' bats Miniopterus schreibersii and 1000 large mouse-eared bats Myotis myotis were there in the 60s. There were no bats found in a 2002 survey of the cave, with incidents of fireworks usage within the cave reported as contributing to the matter.[8]","title":"Bats"}]
[{"image_text":"Martin's Cave entrance today","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Martin%27s_Cave_entrance.jpg/220px-Martin%27s_Cave_entrance.jpg"},{"image_text":"South east section of a 1961 military map of Gibraltar showing Martin's Path and Cave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/1961_Military_Map_of_Gibraltar_%28south_east%29.jpg/220px-1961_Military_Map_of_Gibraltar_%28south_east%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Speleothem inside Martin's cave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Martin%27s_Cave_is_a_show_cave.jpg"},{"image_text":"Martin's Cave is behind a padlocked gate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Martin%27s_Cave_padlock_gate.jpg/220px-Martin%27s_Cave_padlock_gate.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"International Congress of Prehistoric Archaeology (1869). Transactions of the third session which opened at Norwich on the 20th August and closed in London on the 28th August 1868. London: Longmans, Green, and co. pp. 113, 134–136. Retrieved 3 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s-RoAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA113","url_text":"Transactions of the third session which opened at Norwich on the 20th August and closed in London on the 28th August 1868"}]},{"reference":"\"Sketch: St Martin's Cave\". The Critic: A Weekly Review of Literature, Fine Arts, and the Drama, Volume 1. New York: Critic Press. 21 February 1829. p. 272.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Report on recent explorations in the Gibraltar caves, by Capt. Fred. Brome\". Report of the Thirty-Seventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1868. p. 56. Retrieved 1 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ou9JAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA56","url_text":"\"Report on recent explorations in the Gibraltar caves, by Capt. Fred. Brome\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exciting Caves\". Gibraltar Information. Retrieved 6 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gibraltarinformation.com/gibraltar-caves.html","url_text":"\"Exciting Caves\""}]},{"reference":"Nicolle, David (25 January 2001). The Moors: The Islamic West 7th-15th Centuries AD. Osprey Publishing. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-85532-964-5. Retrieved 6 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bRh058YPYSkC&pg=PA37","url_text":"The Moors: The Islamic West 7th-15th Centuries AD"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-964-5","url_text":"978-1-85532-964-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Collection database search\". British Museum. Retrieved 11 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_results.aspx?searchTerm=frederick&orig=%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fsearch_results_provenance.aspx&personId=90386&personAssociation=90386-3-9&termDisplay=Brome%2C+Frederick+%28Donated+by%29&sortby=","url_text":"\"Collection database search\""}]},{"reference":"Crone, Jim. \"Martin's Cave\". DiscoverGibraltar.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130905140025/http://discovergibraltar.com/pages/mainlogo/mainfrm.htm","url_text":"\"Martin's Cave\""},{"url":"http://www.discovergibraltar.com/pages/mainlogo/mainfrm.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Perez, Charles E. Upper Rock Nature Reserve Management Action Plan (PDF). Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/new/sites/default/files/1/15/Upper_Rock_Nature_Reserve_Management_Action_Plan.pdf","url_text":"Upper Rock Nature Reserve Management Action Plan"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Martin%27s_Cave&params=36_07_23.7_N_5_20_29.2_W_region:GI_type:landmark","external_links_name":"36°07′23.7″N 5°20′29.2″W / 36.123250°N 5.341444°W / 36.123250; -5.341444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Martin%27s_Cave&params=36_07_23.7_N_5_20_29.2_W_region:GI_type:landmark","external_links_name":"36°07′23.7″N 5°20′29.2″W / 36.123250°N 5.341444°W / 36.123250; -5.341444"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s-RoAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA113","external_links_name":"Transactions of the third session which opened at Norwich on the 20th August and closed in London on the 28th August 1868"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ou9JAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA56","external_links_name":"\"Report on recent explorations in the Gibraltar caves, by Capt. Fred. Brome\""},{"Link":"http://www.gibraltarinformation.com/gibraltar-caves.html","external_links_name":"\"Exciting Caves\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bRh058YPYSkC&pg=PA37","external_links_name":"The Moors: The Islamic West 7th-15th Centuries AD"},{"Link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_results.aspx?searchTerm=frederick&orig=%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fsearch_results_provenance.aspx&personId=90386&personAssociation=90386-3-9&termDisplay=Brome%2C+Frederick+%28Donated+by%29&sortby=","external_links_name":"\"Collection database search\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130905140025/http://discovergibraltar.com/pages/mainlogo/mainfrm.htm","external_links_name":"\"Martin's Cave\""},{"Link":"http://www.discovergibraltar.com/pages/mainlogo/mainfrm.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/new/sites/default/files/1/15/Upper_Rock_Nature_Reserve_Management_Action_Plan.pdf","external_links_name":"Upper Rock Nature Reserve Management Action Plan"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016-17_Gambian_constitutional_crisis
2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
["1 Initial reactions","2 Jammeh rejects results","2.1 Domestic reactions","2.2 International reactions","3 Supreme Court consideration","4 Media crackdown and state of emergency","5 Inauguration of Adama Barrow and ECOWAS intervention","6 See also","7 References"]
Gambian crisis 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisisYahya JammehAdama BarrowDate9 December 2016  – 21 January 2017 (1 month, 1 week and 5 days)LocationThe GambiaResulted inPro-Barrow and ECOWAS victory Adama Barrow is sworn-in as President of The Gambia in The Gambian embassy in Dakar, Senegal, and requests military support from ECOWAS. ECOWAS assembles a coalition of forces from Senegal, Nigeria, and Ghana, and militarily intervenes without resistance from pro-Jammeh forces. Jammeh leaves the country as forces approach Banjul, and Barrow arrives as President days later. Continued ECOWAS military presence in the country Parties Pro-Yahya Jammeh forces Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction MFDCForeign mercenaries Pro-Barrow forces Coalition 2016 Gambian Navy (from 19 January 2017) ECOWAS military intervention (from 19 January 2017)  Senegal  Nigeria  Ghana  Mali  Togo Lead figures Yahya Jammeh Adama Barrow Macky Sall Muhammadu Buhari Nana Akufo-Addo Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta Faure Gnassingbé 26,000–45,000 people displaced Part of a series on the History of theGambia Chronological Senegambian stone circles Senegambia Takrur Mali Empire Songhai Empire Curonian colonisation Albreda Gambia Colony and Protectorate Gambia Independence Act 1964 Coups d'état (1981 (unsuccessful) · 1994 · 2014 (unsuccessful) · 2022 (unsuccessful)) Senegambia Confederation 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia Gambia portalvte A constitutional crisis occurred in Gambia following presidential elections in December 2016, in which challenger Adama Barrow achieved an upset victory over longtime incumbent Yahya Jammeh. It eventually concluded after a military intervention by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) led to Jammeh’s departure from the country. Although Jammeh first accepted the victory of Adama Barrow on 1 December, he rejected the election results days later. Jammeh called for the election to be annulled, and appealed to the Supreme Court, which refused to rule on the matter. He then deployed troops to the capital of Banjul and the city of Serekunda. The National Assembly, where Jammeh’s Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction held an absolute majority, used emergency measures to extend Jammeh’s rule. The United Nations and ECOWAS, an organisation The Gambia joined under Jammeh’s rule, called on him to step down. After he refused, ECOWAS assembled a coalition of military forces from Senegal, Nigeria, and Ghana to intervene in The Gambia using special provisions in the organisation’s charter. Jammeh’s term was initially scheduled to end on 19 January, and Barrow was sworn in as President of The Gambia in his country’s embassy in Senegal. At his request, ECOWAS troops entered the country that day without resistance of the National Army or the National Guard. The Navy explicitly recognised Barrow as President. ECOWAS troops reached Banjul on 21 January, and Jammeh left the country to exile in Equatorial Guinea. Barrow arrived to The Gambia as President on 26 January. Initial reactions Following the announcement of the results of the elections, opposition supporters widely celebrated the surprise victory and were stunned by Jammeh's concession of defeat. Thousands of people celebrated in the streets of Banjul. However, some expressed caution about what Jammeh might do next – suggesting that he could still try to retain power despite what had happened. A businessman said "I will only believe it when I see him leaving state house. He still controls the army, and his family are the top brass." A few days after the election, 19 opposition prisoners were released, including Ousainou Darboe, the leader of Barrow's United Democratic Party. Darboe had been arrested in April 2016 and sentenced to three years in prison, and his arrest had led to Barrow's candidacy. Interviewed shortly after the election, Barrow thanked the Gambian people, including those in the diaspora outside of the country, and appealed to them to put aside their differences and work together for the development of their country. He said, "I know Gambians are in hurry but not everything is going to be achieved in one day. I would therefore appeal to all Gambians and friends of the Gambia to join us and help move this great country forward. I don't want this change of regime to be a mere change. I want it to be felt and seen in the wellbeing of the country and all Gambians. So we are calling on all Gambians and friends of the Gambia to help us make the Gambia great again." Barrow said his early priorities include helping the agriculture sector. He said "We don't have minerals here. The backbone of this country is agriculture. ... Under President Yahya's government, all those farming centres collapsed completely, and they no longer exist." Asked about his plans for judicial reform, he said "We want a free and independent judiciary whereby nobody can influence the judiciary. We will put laws in place to protect those people running the judiciary. They will have that job security, they will have that independence. We will reduce the powers of the president." Jammeh rejects results On 9 December 2016, Jammeh appeared on Gambian state television to announce that he had "decided to reject the outcome of the recent election" due to "serious and unacceptable abnormalities ... during the electoral process". He said that a new election should be held under "a god-fearing and independent electoral commission". The announcement came after Fatoumata Jallow-Tambajang, the chair of the opposition coalition, called for Jammeh's prosecution within a year of the handing over of power in January 2017 and said "We are going to have a national commission for asset recovery" to obtain the return of money and property from Jammeh and his family. By 10 December, the military of the Gambia was deployed in key locations in Banjul, the capital, and set up sandbagged positions with machine guns, although they were just waving the citizenry through the checkpoints. Troops were also deployed in Serekunda, the Gambia's largest city. The Guardian's African correspondent speculated that the prospect of prosecution under a new government might have led security and military leaders to back Jammeh. An attempt by Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) chair and President of Liberia Ellen Johnson Sirleaf to negotiate a resolution to the dispute failed when Sirleaf's plane was not allowed to enter the country. Jammeh's party, the Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC), said it would follow up Jammeh's statement by petitioning the Supreme Court to invalidate the election results, meeting a 10-day deadline established by law for contesting an election. There is currently a Chief Justice of the Gambia, but there has not been an active Supreme Court in the country for a year and a half (since May 2015), and it was thought that at least four additional judges would have to be appointed in order for the Supreme Court to convene to hear the case. According to human rights groups interviewed by Reuters, Jammeh wields considerable influence over the courts. Of the three Chief Justices between 2013 and 2015, one was jailed, another was dismissed, while the third fled the country after acquitting someone whom Jammeh had wanted to be convicted. Alieu Momarr Njai, the head of the elections commission, said that if it went to court, they would be able to show that the final tally was correct. On 13 December, security forces took over the offices of the election commission and prevented the chief of the commission and its staff entering the building. The APRC submitted its appeal seeking the invalidation of the results. Meanwhile, the four regional leaders sent by ECOWAS met with Jammeh but left without an agreement. The military ceased its occupation of the electoral commission's offices in late December and the government said that its staff was free to return to work. It said that the occupation was intended to prevent an attack on the building. It also called for calm and said that daily life should continue as usual. In his 2017 New Year address, Jammeh furiously criticized the position taken by ECOWAS, saying that "it is totally illegal as it violates the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of member states" and "is in effect a declaration of war and an insult to our constitution". He vowed that he was "ready to defend this country against any aggression and there will be no compromise for that". Domestic reactions Some of the more than 26,000 refugees who have fled across the border into Senegal since Jammeh's refusal to step down, 18 January. On the same day as Jammeh's rejection of the results, Barrow said that Jammeh did not have the constitutional authority to nullify the vote and call for new elections, arguing that only the Independent Electoral Commission could do that. Barrow said he had moved to a safe house for protection. According to supporters protecting Barrow's residence, the police and military of the Gambia had declined to protect the president-elect. The third candidate in the election, Mamma Kandeh, also called on Jammeh to step down, saying "Your swift decision earlier to concede defeat and your subsequent move to call Adama Barrow to congratulate him was lauded throughout the world. We therefore prevail on you to reconsider your decision." On 12 December, the Gambia bar association held an emergency meeting. They called Jammeh's rejection of the election results "tantamount to treason" and passed a unanimous resolution calling for the resignation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Nigerian judge Emmanuel Oluwasegun Fagbenle, for gross misconduct, saying he had shown a lack of independence and impartiality by campaigning for Jammeh and inappropriately interfering with decisions made by judicial officials. The Gambia teachers' union called Jammeh's action "a recipe for chaos and disorder which undoubtedly endangers the lives of all Gambians particularly our children". The Gambia Press Union, the University of the Gambia, and the country's medical association and Supreme Islamic Council also supported the view that Jammeh should step aside and allow Barrow to assume the presidency. On 20 December, twelve serving Gambian ambassadors sent a congratulatory letter to Barrow and called on Jammeh to step down. In response, Jammeh's new Information Minister, Seedy Njie said on 10 January 2017 that the twelve ambassadors had been fired. On 13 January, Barrow said that Jammeh should not seek asylum in Nigeria, which had been suggested by some MPs in the Nigerian Parliament. President Buhari of Nigeria continued trying to negotiate a peaceful end to the impasse. Barrow also stated that he would still be inaugurated on 19 January, despite the dispute. Talks aimed at ending the crisis ended without agreement on 14 January, prompting the African Union (AU) to state that it would no longer recognise Jammeh as president of The Gambia after 19 January. Barrow was instead invited to a regional summit in Mali to further discuss the transition of power. Barrow himself went to Senegal in the days before his inauguration, due to concerns for his safety. He also suffered a personal tragedy during this period when his 8-year-old son died after being bitten by dogs. Barrow missed the boy's funeral on 16 January 2017, as he did not feel safe to return to The Gambia to attend. International reactions Jammeh's action was condemned by the governments of the US and Senegal. The AU also declared that Jammeh's actions were "null and void". After Senegal called for an emergency United Nations Security Council (UNSC) meeting, the UNSC declared in a unanimous statement that Jammeh must peacefully hand over power. It was announced that a delegation of four West African heads of state planned to go to The Gambia on 13 December to try to persuade Jammeh to accept the results of the election and step down. These included the President of Liberia and chair of ECOWAS Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the President of Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari, the (outgoing) President of Ghana John Mahama, and the President of Sierra Leone Ernest Bai Koroma. The African Union said it also planned to send a negotiating delegation to The Gambia, led by President of Chad and chair of the AU Idriss Déby. Federica Mogherini, the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, issued a statement saying that the European Union requested Jammeh to respect the outcome of the election and step down, and that "Any attempt to reverse carries the risk of serious consequences." Samantha Power, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, said "It is a very dangerous moment." On 14 December, United Nations officials said that Jammeh would not be allowed to remain head of state and would face strong sanctions if he continues to try to do so after his current term expires. Mohamed Ibn Chambas, the United Nations Special Representative for West Africa and the Sahel said "For Mr. Jammeh, the end is here and under no circumstances can he continue to be president. By that time (18 Jan.), his mandate is up and he will be required to hand over to Mr. Barrow." Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, said the refusal to accept the election result was an "outrageous act of disrespect of the will of the Gambian people". When asked whether the U.N. would consider military action to force Jammeh's departure, Chambas did not rule out the possibility – saying only "It may not be necessary. Let's cross that bridge when we get there." On 16 December, ECOWAS issued a statement saying that Barrow "must be sworn in" in order to "respect the will of the Gambian people", and that "The authority shall undertake all necessary actions to enforce the result of the election." ECOWAS appointed Muhammadu Buhari as its chief mediator for the dispute, and appointed John Mahama as co-mediator. On 19 December, the AU expressed its full support of the position taken by ECOWAS. Idriss Déby, chair of the AU, called ECOWAS's position a "principled stand with regards to the situation in The Gambia". Despite pressure from regional leaders, Jammeh, speaking on television on the evening of 20 December, said that he would not leave office at the end of his term in January unless the Supreme Court of the Gambia upheld the results. He again insisted that a new election was necessary: "I will not cheat but I will not be cheated. Justice must be done and the only way justice can be done is to reorganise the election so that every Gambian votes. That's the only way we can resolve the matter peacefully and fairly." Striking a defiant tone, he rejected any foreign interference and declared that he was prepared to fight. On 23 December, ECOWAS announced that they would send in troops if Jammeh failed to step down. The president of the ECOWAS Commission, Marcel Alain de Souza, said "The deadline is January 19 when the mandate of Jammeh ends." The military intervention would be led by Senegal. De Souza said "If he doesn't go, we have a force that is already on alert, and this force will intervene to restore the will of the people." Speaking on 7 January, Johnson Sirleaf emphasized the importance of peaceful resolution, saying that ECOWAS was "committed to a peaceful mediation and a peaceful transfer of power in The Gambia. We will continue to pursue that for now". Supreme Court consideration Six additional appointments to the Supreme Court (five—Habeeb A. O. Abiru, Abubakar Datti Yahaya, Abubakar Tijani, Obande Festus and Akomaye Angim—from Nigeria, and one—Nicholas Colin Brown—from Sierra Leone) were reported to have been made in secret, starting in October 2016, with the cooperation of Chief Justice Fagbenle. One of the newly appointed justices, Akomaye Angim, is a former Chief Justice of The Gambia. However, it was not clear whether the new justices had all accepted their appointments – especially in the case of Abiru, who was reported to be planning to reject his appointment and to meet with other appointees who may do the same. Fagbenle said on 21 December that a Supreme Court hearing to consider the APRC's appeal would be held on 10 January 2017, with the newly appointed judges. On 10 January, the date on which the Supreme Court was scheduled to hear the APRC's appeal of the election results, Chief Justice Emmanuel Fagbenle said the foreign judges that had been appointed to hear the case would only be available in May or November, so the hearing of the case needed to be delayed for several months. Fagbenle said "We can only hear this matter when we have a full bench of the Supreme Court", and officially adjourned the session until 16 January. Onogeme Uduma, a Nigerian who was intended to act as the president of the court, was reported to be unavailable until May. It was also reported that one of Jammeh's top ministers, Sherriff Bojang, had resigned in protest over Jammeh's refusal to accept defeat, although state television reported that Bojang had been sacked. Fagbenle suggested that mediation would be the best way forward to resolve the impasse. However, Jammeh appeared on state television and declared that he will stay in office "to ensure the rule of law is upheld" until the Supreme Court makes a decision on his appeal, which is not expected until at least May 2017. He slammed the stances of the United Nations, the African Union, and ECOWAS as "foreign interference" in The Gambia's affairs. Jammeh filed a new request for an injunction to try to prevent Chief Justice Fagbenle from swearing in Barrow as president. However, Fagbenle said he would not consider the new case, saying "Given that the injunction affects me in my capacity as the chief justice, I will recuse myself from hearing it." A lawyer for Jammeh's party conceded that obtaining an injunction to prevent Barrow from being sworn in was not possible at this stage. Media crackdown and state of emergency On 1 and 2 January 2017, three private radio stations, Taranga FM, Hilltop Radio, and Afri Radio, were shut down under orders from the National Intelligence Agency. On 3 January, it was reported that Alieu Momar Njai, the head of the electoral commission, had left the country or gone into hiding due to concerns about his safety. In a New Year message, Chief of Defence Staff Ousman Bargie affirmed that Jammeh had "the unflinching loyalty and support of The Gambia Armed Forces". On 17 January, a day before the end of his presidential mandate, Jammeh announced a 90-day state of emergency. In a televised declaration, Jammeh justified the move by citing "the unprecedented and extraordinary amount of foreign interference" during and preceding the December 2016 vote. Opposition parties accused Jammeh of using the measure to retain the presidency and feared that it could be used to void the election result. The National Assembly approved the state of emergency along with a resolution denouncing foreign interference and an extension of its own term, due to end in April, by three months (to 11 July 2017). It then approved an extension of Jammeh's term for three months. Inauguration of Adama Barrow and ECOWAS intervention Main article: ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia Following the announcement of the state of emergency, Senegalese troops were deployed to the Gambian border on 18 January as the spearhead of the ECOWAS military response. These were supported by aircraft and personnel from the Nigerian Air Force, together with a ship from the Nigerian Navy. The same day, Gambian Army Chief Ousman Badjie reportedly said that his forces would not fight in the event of foreign intervention against Jammeh. Vice President Isatou Njie-Saidy resigned on 18 January. By that point, eight cabinet members had resigned due to the crisis. The opposition vowed to go ahead with the inauguration at Banjul Mini-Stadium, but this was later cancelled, with Barrow's spokesman Halifa Sallah stating that he would be sworn in at an undisclosed location. It was revealed that he would be sworn in at the Gambia's embassy in Dakar. President of Mauritania Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz met with Jammeh in an unsuccessful attempt to persuade him to leave office. On 19 January, ECOWAS gave Jammeh a deadline that ended at midnight to step down. Troops from Senegal, Nigeria and other neighboring countries gathered at Gambia's border with Senegal, waiting for an ECOWAS order to enter Gambia. Planes of the Nigerian Air Force were seen flying over the Gambia. Botswana became the first country to cease recognition of Jammeh on 19 January. On 19 January 2017, Senegalese forces crossed the border and invaded the Gambia. Adama Barrow was sworn in as President of The Gambia at a ceremony in an embassy of The Gambia in Dakar, Senegal, on 19 January 2017. Hours later, Senegalese Armed Forces entered The Gambia to enforce Barrow's presidency. The United Nations Security Council approved a resolution backing Barrow while calling on Jammeh to step down. It backed ECOWAS' efforts to ensure the results of the 2016 presidential election are respected, but endorsed "political means first", without expressing support for military action. Senegal later halted its offensive in order to mediate the crisis one final time, with the invasion to proceed at noon on 20 January if Jammeh still refused to relinquish power. That night, Jammeh sacked the remainder of his cabinet, according to reports from the Gambia Radio & Television Service, and announced he would replace it with new members. Jammeh, however, refused to step down even after the noon deadline passed, and while it was subsequently extended to 16:00 GMT, he again refused to resign. Mauritania's President Mohamed Abdul Aziz, President of Guinea Alpha Condé and United Nations' regional chief Mohammed Ibn Chambas tried to persuade him to step down. Gambia's army chief Lieutenant-General Ousman Badjie pledged his allegiance to Barrow and stated that the Gambian Army would not fight ECOWAS. Barrow and a Senegalese official later stated that Jammeh had agreed to step down and would leave the country. Mauritania's President Aziz later announced that a deal had been reached for him to step down and leave the country. During the early hours on 21 January, Jammeh announced on state television that he was stepping down from the post of President, and he left the country later the same day. The National Assembly revoked the state of emergency imposed by Jammeh on 24 January. Following, 4,000 ECOWAS troops remained in the Gambia to maintain order in preparation for Barrow to return and consolidate his presidency. Five days later, Barrow returned to the Gambia while requesting the ECOWAS troops (now numbering about 2,500) to stay for at least six months to help him firmly establish order. See also 1981 Gambian coup d'état attempt References ^ "Gambia's new president has been sworn in at an embassy in Senegal because the old one won't leave". Quartz. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ a b "Gambia crisis: Senegal troops 'enter' to back new president". BBC. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ "Jammeh's party petitions Supreme Court to halt Barrow's investiture". AfricaNews. 20 January 2017. ^ a b Kwanue, C. Y. (18 January 2017). "Gambia: Jammeh 'Imports Rebels'" – via AllAfrica. ^ Ewubare, Kess (19 January 2017). "Breaking: Gambian Navy desert Jammeh, declare allegiance to Barrow". ^ Ewubare, Kess (19 January 2017). "Breaking: Gambian Navy desert Jammeh, declare allegiance to Barrow". Naij. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ Jones, Bryony; Westcott, Ben; Masters, James (20 January 2017). "Gambia: Defeated leader Yahya Jammeh faces military showdown". CNN. ^ Haddad, Tareq (20 January 2017). "Army operation to enter The Gambia suspended for last-ditch talks". International Business Times. ^ Alike, Ejiofor (15 January 2017). "Gambia: Use of Force Imminent As Ecowas Plans to Oust Jammeh". allAfrica. ^ "At least 26,000 people flee Gambia to Senegal as refugees -UN". Thomson Reuters Foundation. ^ Baloch, Babar (20 January 2017). "Senegal: Around 45,000 have fled political uncertainty in The Gambia". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved 20 January 2017. ^ a b Farge, Emma (3 December 2016). "Surprise winner of Gambia poll eyes new cabinet, reforms". Reuters. Retrieved 6 December 2016. ^ a b c Chantzaras, Dimitras (6 December 2016). "Gambia president-elect Adama Barrow talks to Al Jazeera". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 December 2016. ^ Akwei, Ismail (5 December 2016). "Gambia's main opposition party leader, 18 others freed from jail". Africanews. Retrieved 5 December 2016. ^ Maclean, Ruth; Graham-Harrison, Emma (2 December 2016). "The Gambia's President Jammeh concedes defeat in election". The Guardian. 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Retrieved 10 December 2016. ^ a b c d e Ademola, Adeeko (22 December 2016). "Sahara Reporters: How Nigerian Serving As Gambia's Chief Judge Is Working To Keep Jammeh in Office". Omojuwa. Retrieved 22 December 2016. ^ a b c "Defiant Gambia president lets the clock run". Agence France-Presse. 21 December 2016. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016. ^ a b McAllister, Edward (14 December 2016). "Gambia's Jammeh digs in as regional leaders fail to reach deal". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ "African leaders head to Gambia for mediation talks". Al Jazeera. 13 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016. ^ Fatty, Mai (12 December 2016). "Gambia: Jammeh's Constitutional Coup Fails; As President Elect Barrow's Transition Team Member Says There Is No Functional Supreme Court!". Freedom Newspaper. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016. ^ a b c McAllister, Edward (11 December 2016). "Gambia's President Jammeh to challenge election loss at top court". Reuters. Retrieved 11 December 2016. ^ "Gambia security forces 'seize election commission HQ'". BBC News. 13 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016. ^ O'Mahony, Jennifer (13 December 2016). "African Leaders Set for Showdown with Gambia's Jammeh". Yahoo News. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016. ^ Alfa Shaban, Abdur Rahman (30 December 2016). "Gambian soldiers vacate election HQ, Banjul mayor backs Barrow". Africanews. Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ Alfa Shaban, Abdur Rahman (1 January 2017). "Jammeh says he's ready for ECOWAS 'war' in New Year address". Africanews. Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ "Gambia's President-Elect Says Longtime Leader Jammeh Can't Demand New Vote". The Wall Street Journal. Associated Press. 10 December 2016. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 10 December 2016. ^ "Adama Barrow: Jammeh cannot reject Gambian election result now". The News. 11 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016. ^ a b "Gambia's 'politicised' Chief Justice under pressure to resign". Agence de Presse Africaine. 19 December 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ a b c Maclean, Ruth (18 December 2016). "African leaders back Adama Barrow as new president of the Gambia". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 December 2016. ^ Phatey, Sam (20 December 2016). "Gambian diplomats abandon Jammeh". SMBC News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ Jobe, Alhagie (20 December 2016). "11 serving Gambian ambassadors tell Jammeh to hand over power, congratulate Barrow". The Fatu Network. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ "Gambian Diplomats Break Ranks with Yahya Jammeh; Congratulate President-Elect Barrow". Gainako. 20 December 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ Phatey, Sam (10 January 2017). "Gambia's President Jammeh fires nine more ambassadors". SMBC News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ "Gambia poll winner Adama Barrow says Jammeh should not seek asylum". BBC. 13 January 2017. ^ "Gambia talks fail as president refuses to step down". BBC. 14 January 2017. ^ a b c d "Gambia top judge pulls out of inauguration challenge". Agence France-Presse. 16 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017. ^ a b "Gambia crisis: Barrow sworn in in Senegal as Jammeh stays put". BBC News. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ "Gambia leader Yahya Jammeh rejects election result". BBC. 10 December 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016. ^ "Gambia President Yahya Jammeh must step down – UN". BBC News. 10 December 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016. ^ a b McAllister, Edward; Nichols, Michelle (12 December 2016). "U.S. calls Gambia crisis 'very dangerous' ahead of presidents' visit". Reuters. Retrieved 13 December 2016. ^ McAllister, Edward (13 December 2016). "West African leaders press Gambia's Jammeh to quit". Reuters. Retrieved 13 December 2016. ^ Mogherini, Federica (10 December 2016). "Statement by HRVP Mogherini and Commissioner Mimica on The Gambia". Retrieved 22 December 2016. ^ a b c d Farge, Emma; McAllister, Edward (14 December 2016). "Gambia's Jammeh must leave power when term ends: United Nations". Reuters. Retrieved 15 December 2016. ^ a b Laessing, Ulf; Carsten, Paul (17 December 2016). "West African bloc to take 'necessary actions' to uphold Gambia vote result". Reuters. Retrieved 19 December 2016. ^ "ECOWAS Appoints Mahama Co-Mediator For Gambia Election". Ghana Star. 19 December 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ a b "AU backs ECOWAS' decision on The Gambia". Today. 19 December 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016. ^ "Jammeh defies ECOWAS: 'Who are they to tell me to leave my country?'". Africa Times. 21 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016. ^ a b c d Faul, Michelle (23 December 2016). "Region to send in troops if Gambia president won't step down". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016. ^ "Gambia crisis: Senegal troops 'on alert' if Jammeh stays on". BBC News. 23 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016. ^ Ismail Akwei, "ECOWAS pursues peaceful mediation over military intervention in Gambia", Africanews, 8 January 2017. ^ Jahateh, Lamin; Farge, Emma; Evans, Catherine (21 December 2016). "Gambian court to hear Jammeh legal challenge on January 10". Reuters. Retrieved 22 December 2016. ^ a b "Gambia Election Ruling Delayed for Several Months". Agence France-Presse. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2017. ^ a b c d "Jammeh's Gambia election challenge postponed until May". BBC News. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2017. ^ a b Jahateh, Lamin; Farge, Emma; Heneghan, Tom (10 January 2017). "Gambia's top court adjourns Jammeh's poll challenge". Reuters. Retrieved 11 January 2017. ^ "Gambian minister 'quits in protest' amid political impasse". BBC News. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2017. ^ a b c "Gambia's President Jammeh vows 'to stay till election ruling'". BBC News. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017. ^ Alfa Shaban, Abdur Rahman (2 January 2017). "Gambia's intelligence chief orders closure of 'anti-Jammeh' radio station". Africanews. Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ "Gambia: Two More Radio Stations Shut Down By National Forces". AllAfrica. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ a b "Gambia's electoral commission chief 'goes into hiding'". BBC News. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ Alfa Shaban, Abdur Rahman (3 January 2017). "Gambia's election chief slips into exile following death threats". Africanews. Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ "Army chief renews forces' loyalty, support to President Jammeh" Archived 5 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Daily Observer, 4 January 2017. ^ "State of emergency declared in The Gambia". BBC News. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017. ^ "Gambia's Yahya Jammeh declares state of emergency". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 January 2017. ^ "Gambia's President Jammeh declares state of emergency". Reuters. Retrieved 17 January 2017. ^ "Yahya Jammeh declares three-month state of emergency in Gambia", Africanews, 17 January 2017. ^ "Gambia's parliament extends defeated president's office by 3 months", Reuters, 18 January 2017. ^ "Senegal troops move to Gambia border as Jammeh crisis grows". BBC News. 18 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017. ^ AfricaNews (19 January 2017). "We are not going to involve ourselves in any fight – Gambian army chief". Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ AfricaNews (19 January 2017). "Gambia's Vice President resigns hours before Jammeh's mandate ends". Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ Babacar Dione and Krista Larson. "No word from Jammeh as midnight deadline arrives in Gambia". Associated Press. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ Babacar Dione and Krista Larson (19 January 2017). "W.African leaders in crisis talks as Gambia leader's mandate ends". Reuters. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ "Gambia: Adama Barrow to take oath in Senegal". Al Jazeera. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ "Gambia's President Jammeh refuses to leave office as deadline passes". BBC News. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ "No word from Jammeh as midnight deadline arrives in Gambia". mystatesman. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ "Africa highlights: Thursday 19 January 2017". 19 January 2017 – via bbc.com. ^ AfricaNews (19 January 2017). "Botswana officially cuts ties with Mr Jammeh, first African country to do so". Africanews. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ Sieff, Kevin (19 January 2017). "Senegalese troops enter Gambia to force longtime leader to step down, reports say". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ "UN adopts resolution backing Gambia's new President Barrow". The Washington Post. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ "West African military halt Gambia operation, issue Jammeh deadline". Swissinfo. Reuters. 19 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ "Gambia's Jammeh sacks remainder of his cabinet, to announce new ones". 20 January 2017. ^ "Gambia crisis: Jammeh misses second deadline to step down". BBC. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017. ^ "The Gambia: Jammeh ignores two more deadlines to quit". The Guardian. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017. ^ "Gambia army chief recognizes President Barrow as commander-in-chief". Reuters. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017. ^ "Gambia's Yahya Jammeh 'agrees to step down'". Al Jazeera. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017. ^ "Gambia's defeated leader agrees to cede power: Official". The New York Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 20 January 2017. ^ Ruth Maclean. "The Gambia: deal announced for defeated president to leave country". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 January 2017. ^ "Gambia's Yahya Jammeh confirms he will step down". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 January 2017. ^ "Gambia's Jammeh, facing military pressure, says steps down". Reuters. 21 January 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017. ^ "Ex-President Yahya Jammeh leaves The Gambia after losing election". BBC News. Retrieved 21 January 2017. ^ "Gambian lawmakers revoke Jammeh's state of emergency", Africanews, 24 January 2017. ^ Petesch, Carley (26 January 2017). "Gambia's new president returning to nation as new era begins". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ Farge, Emma; Bavier, Joe (26 January 2017). "Gambia's Barrow asks regional force to stay for six months". Yahoo News. Reuters. Retrieved 26 January 2017. vteThe Gambia articlesHistory Regional history Mali Empire Songhai Empire Jolof Empire British West Africa Independence 1965–1970 1981 coup d'état attempt Senegambia Senegambia Confederation 1994 coup d'état Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council 2016–2017 constitutional crisis ECOWAS military intervention 2022 coup d'état attempt Geography Administrative divisions Border Cities and towns Districts Gambia River Protected areas Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Cabinet Chief Justice Constitution Elections Foreign relations The Gambia and the Commonwealth of Nations Military Parliament Political parties Politicians President list Vice-President Economy Dalasi (currency) Mining Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Society Capital punishment in the Gambia LGBT rights Orders, decorations, and medals of the Gambia Culture Anthem Coat of arms Cuisine Demographics Education Flag Ethnic groups Football Literature Music Public holidays Religion OutlineIndex Category Portal vtePost–Cold War conflicts in AfricaNorth AfricaEgypt Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) 2011 revolution Sinai insurgency (2011–present) Post-coup unrest (2013–2014) Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) Libya 2008 Kufra conflict Libyan Crisis 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict (1970–present) War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present Others Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Tunisian revolution (2010–2011) West AfricaNigeria Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present) Herder–farmer conflicts Religious violence Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Niger Delta conflict (2003–present) 2016 conflict Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present) Mali Tuareg rebellions 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 Mali War (2012–present) Sierra Leone Ndogboyosoi War Sierra Leone Civil War Liberia Liberian Civil Wars 1989–1996 1999–2003 Côte d'Ivoire Ivorian Civil Wars 2002–2007 2010–2011 Others Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999) Guinea clashes (2013) Casamance conflict (1982–present) 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis ECOWAS military intervention Western Togoland Rebellion (2020–present) Central AfricaAngola Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) Cabinda War (1975–present) DR Congo First Congo War (1996–1997) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Second Congo War (1998–2003) Ituri conflict (1999–2007) Kivu conflict (2004–present) Dongo conflict (2009) Ituri conflict (2009–present) March 23 Movement conflict 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–2023 offensive Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018) Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019) Republicof the Congo Civil wars 1993–1994 1997–1999 Pool Department conflict (2002–2003) Pool War (2016–2017) Central AfricanRepublic Bush War (2004–2007) Civil War (2012–present) Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Chad Civil War (2005–2010) Insurgency in Northern Chad (2016–present) 2021 offensive Others Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) East AfricaEthiopia Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromia–Somali clashes Tigray War War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei conflict (2022–2023) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Southern AfricaMozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Related topics War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constitutional crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_crisis"},{"link_name":"presidential elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambian_presidential_election,_2016"},{"link_name":"Adama Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adama_Barrow"},{"link_name":"Yahya Jammeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Jammeh"},{"link_name":"Economic Community of West African States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"Banjul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjul"},{"link_name":"Serekunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serekunda"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Patriotic_Reorientation_and_Construction"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"ECOWAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"President of The Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_The_Gambia"},{"link_name":"National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea"}],"text":"A constitutional crisis occurred in Gambia following presidential elections in December 2016, in which challenger Adama Barrow achieved an upset victory over longtime incumbent Yahya Jammeh. It eventually concluded after a military intervention by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) led to Jammeh’s departure from the country.Although Jammeh first accepted the victory of Adama Barrow on 1 December, he rejected the election results days later. Jammeh called for the election to be annulled, and appealed to the Supreme Court, which refused to rule on the matter. He then deployed troops to the capital of Banjul and the city of Serekunda. The National Assembly, where Jammeh’s Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction held an absolute majority, used emergency measures to extend Jammeh’s rule.The United Nations and ECOWAS, an organisation The Gambia joined under Jammeh’s rule, called on him to step down. After he refused, ECOWAS assembled a coalition of military forces from Senegal, Nigeria, and Ghana to intervene in The Gambia using special provisions in the organisation’s charter. Jammeh’s term was initially scheduled to end on 19 January, and Barrow was sworn in as President of The Gambia in his country’s embassy in Senegal. At his request, ECOWAS troops entered the country that day without resistance of the National Army or the National Guard. The Navy explicitly recognised Barrow as President. ECOWAS troops reached Banjul on 21 January, and Jammeh left the country to exile in Equatorial Guinea. Barrow arrived to The Gambia as President on 26 January.","title":"2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReutersSurprise-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JazeeraTalks-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReutersSurprise-12"},{"link_name":"Ousainou Darboe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ousainou_Darboe"},{"link_name":"United Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Democratic_Party_(Gambia)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JazeeraTalks-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JazeeraTalks-13"}],"text":"Following the announcement of the results of the elections, opposition supporters widely celebrated the surprise victory and were stunned by Jammeh's concession of defeat.[12] Thousands of people celebrated in the streets of Banjul.[13]\nHowever, some expressed caution about what Jammeh might do next – suggesting that he could still try to retain power despite what had happened. A businessman said \"I will only believe it when I see him leaving state house. He still controls the army, and his family are the top brass.\"[12]A few days after the election, 19 opposition prisoners were released, including Ousainou Darboe, the leader of Barrow's United Democratic Party.[14] Darboe had been arrested in April 2016 and sentenced to three years in prison, and his arrest had led to Barrow's candidacy.[15]Interviewed shortly after the election, Barrow thanked the Gambian people, including those in the diaspora outside of the country, and appealed to them to put aside their differences and work together for the development of their country. He said, \"I know Gambians are in hurry but not everything is going to be achieved in one day. I would therefore appeal to all Gambians and friends of the Gambia to join us and help move this great country forward. I don't want this change of regime to be a mere change. I want it to be felt and seen in the wellbeing of the country and all Gambians. So we are calling on all Gambians and friends of the Gambia to help us make the Gambia great again.\"[16]Barrow said his early priorities include helping the agriculture sector. He said \"We don't have minerals here. The backbone of this country is agriculture. ... Under President Yahya's government, all those farming centres collapsed completely, and they no longer exist.\"[13] Asked about his plans for judicial reform, he said \"We want a free and independent judiciary whereby nobody can influence the judiciary. We will put laws in place to protect those people running the judiciary. They will have that job security, they will have that independence. We will reduce the powers of the president.\"[13]","title":"Initial reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gambian state television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_Radio_%26_Television_Service"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"Fatoumata Jallow-Tambajang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatoumata_Tambajang"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"military of the Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"Banjul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjul"},{"link_name":"sandbagged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbag"},{"link_name":"machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"checkpoints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_checkpoint"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardianLife-19"},{"link_name":"Serekunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serekunda"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardianLife-19"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Economic Community of West African States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States"},{"link_name":"President of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Ellen Johnson Sirleaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-21"},{"link_name":"Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Patriotic_Reorientation_and_Construction"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardianLife-19"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of the Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JudgeWorking-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clock-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DigsIn-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DigsIn-24"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"On 9 December 2016, Jammeh appeared on Gambian state television to announce that he had \"decided to reject the outcome of the recent election\" due to \"serious and unacceptable abnormalities ... during the electoral process\". He said that a new election should be held under \"a god-fearing and independent electoral commission\".[17] The announcement came after Fatoumata Jallow-Tambajang, the chair of the opposition coalition, called for Jammeh's prosecution within a year of the handing over of power in January 2017 and said \"We are going to have a national commission for asset recovery\" to obtain the return of money and property from Jammeh and his family.[17][18]By 10 December, the military of the Gambia was deployed in key locations in Banjul, the capital, and set up sandbagged positions with machine guns, although they were just waving the citizenry through the checkpoints.[19] Troops were also deployed in Serekunda, the Gambia's largest city.[19] The Guardian's African correspondent speculated that the prospect of prosecution under a new government might have led security and military leaders to back Jammeh.[20] An attempt by Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) chair and President of Liberia Ellen Johnson Sirleaf to negotiate a resolution to the dispute failed when Sirleaf's plane was not allowed to enter the country.[21]Jammeh's party, the Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC), said it would follow up Jammeh's statement by petitioning the Supreme Court to invalidate the election results, meeting a 10-day deadline established by law for contesting an election.[19] There is currently a Chief Justice of the Gambia, but there has not been an active Supreme Court in the country for a year and a half (since May 2015),[22][23] and it was thought that at least four additional judges would have to be appointed in order for the Supreme Court to convene to hear the case.[24][25][26] According to human rights groups interviewed by Reuters, Jammeh wields considerable influence over the courts. Of the three Chief Justices between 2013 and 2015, one was jailed, another was dismissed, while the third fled the country after acquitting someone whom Jammeh had wanted to be convicted.[27] Alieu Momarr Njai, the head of the elections commission, said that if it went to court, they would be able to show that the final tally was correct.[27]On 13 December, security forces took over the offices of the election commission and prevented the chief of the commission and its staff entering the building.[28][29] The APRC submitted its appeal seeking the invalidation of the results. Meanwhile, the four regional leaders sent by ECOWAS met with Jammeh but left without an agreement.[24] The military ceased its occupation of the electoral commission's offices in late December and the government said that its staff was free to return to work. It said that the occupation was intended to prevent an attack on the building. It also called for calm and said that daily life should continue as usual.[30] In his 2017 New Year address, Jammeh furiously criticized the position taken by ECOWAS, saying that \"it is totally illegal as it violates the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of member states\" and \"is in effect a declaration of war and an insult to our constitution\". He vowed that he was \"ready to defend this country against any aggression and there will be no compromise for that\".[31]","title":"Jammeh rejects results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Refuees_at_the_Senegal_border.png"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"safe house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_house"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardianLife-19"},{"link_name":"military of the Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-27"},{"link_name":"Mamma Kandeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammah_Kandeh"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"bar association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_association"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politicised-34"},{"link_name":"Nigerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Oluwasegun Fagbenle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Oluwasegun_Fagbenle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leaders-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politicised-34"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JudgeWorking-22"},{"link_name":"teachers' union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leaders-35"},{"link_name":"Gambia Press Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_Press_Union"},{"link_name":"University of the Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"medical association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_association"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leaders-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Information Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Minister"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"African Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Challenge-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Challenge-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCsworn-43"}],"sub_title":"Domestic reactions","text":"Some of the more than 26,000 refugees who have fled across the border into Senegal since Jammeh's refusal to step down, 18 January.On the same day as Jammeh's rejection of the results, Barrow said that Jammeh did not have the constitutional authority to nullify the vote and call for new elections, arguing that only the Independent Electoral Commission could do that.[32] Barrow said he had moved to a safe house for protection.[19] According to supporters protecting Barrow's residence, the police and military of the Gambia had declined to protect the president-elect.[27] The third candidate in the election, Mamma Kandeh, also called on Jammeh to step down, saying\n\"Your swift decision earlier to concede defeat and your subsequent move to call Adama Barrow to congratulate him was lauded throughout the world. We therefore prevail on you to reconsider your decision.\"[33]On 12 December, the Gambia bar association held an emergency meeting.[34] They called Jammeh's rejection of the election results \"tantamount to treason\" and passed a unanimous resolution calling for the resignation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Nigerian judge Emmanuel Oluwasegun Fagbenle, for gross misconduct, saying he had shown a lack of independence and impartiality by campaigning for Jammeh and inappropriately interfering with decisions made by judicial officials.[35][34][22] The Gambia teachers' union called Jammeh's action \"a recipe for chaos and disorder which undoubtedly endangers the lives of all Gambians particularly our children\".[35] The Gambia Press Union, the University of the Gambia, and the country's medical association and Supreme Islamic Council also supported the view that Jammeh should step aside and allow Barrow to assume the presidency.[35] On 20 December, twelve serving Gambian ambassadors sent a congratulatory letter to Barrow and called on Jammeh to step down.[36][37][38] In response, Jammeh's new Information Minister, Seedy Njie said on 10 January 2017 that the twelve ambassadors had been fired.[39]On 13 January, Barrow said that Jammeh should not seek asylum in Nigeria, which had been suggested by some MPs in the Nigerian Parliament. President Buhari of Nigeria continued trying to negotiate a peaceful end to the impasse. Barrow also stated that he would still be inaugurated on 19 January, despite the dispute.[40] Talks aimed at ending the crisis ended without agreement on 14 January, prompting the African Union (AU) to state that it would no longer recognise Jammeh as president of The Gambia after 19 January. Barrow was instead invited to a regional summit in Mali to further discuss the transition of power.[41] Barrow himself went to Senegal in the days before his inauguration, due to concerns for his safety.[42] He also suffered a personal tragedy during this period when his 8-year-old son died after being bitten by dogs.[42] Barrow missed the boy's funeral on 16 January 2017, as he did not feel safe to return to The Gambia to attend.[43]","title":"Jammeh rejects results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-21"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-21"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"heads of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"President of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Muhammadu Buhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari"},{"link_name":"President of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"John Mahama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mahama"},{"link_name":"President of Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Ernest Bai Koroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Bai_Koroma"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReutersDangerous-46"},{"link_name":"President of Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Chad"},{"link_name":"Idriss Déby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Federica Mogherini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federica_Mogherini"},{"link_name":"High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_European_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Samantha Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Power"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReutersDangerous-46"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UN14Dec-49"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Ibn Chambas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Ibn_Chambas"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Sahel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UN14Dec-49"},{"link_name":"Ban Ki-moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon"},{"link_name":"Secretary-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UN14Dec-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UN14Dec-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NecessaryActions-50"},{"link_name":"Muhammadu Buhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NecessaryActions-50"},{"link_name":"John Mahama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dramani_Mahama"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUbacks-52"},{"link_name":"Idriss Déby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUbacks-52"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clock-23"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SendingTroops-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Marcel Alain de Souza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Alain_de_Souza"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SendingTroops-54"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SendingTroops-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SendingTroops-54"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"International reactions","text":"Jammeh's action was condemned by the governments of the US and Senegal.[44] The AU also declared that Jammeh's actions were \"null and void\".[21] After Senegal called for an emergency United Nations Security Council (UNSC) meeting,[21] the UNSC declared in a unanimous statement that Jammeh must peacefully hand over power.[45]It was announced that a delegation of four West African heads of state planned to go to The Gambia on 13 December to try to persuade Jammeh to accept the results of the election and step down. These included the President of Liberia and chair of ECOWAS Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the President of Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari, the (outgoing) President of Ghana John Mahama, and the President of Sierra Leone Ernest Bai Koroma.[46]\nThe African Union said it also planned to send a negotiating delegation to The Gambia, led by President of Chad and chair of the AU Idriss Déby.[47]\nFederica Mogherini, the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, issued a statement saying that the European Union requested Jammeh to respect the outcome of the election and step down, and that \"Any attempt to reverse carries the risk of serious consequences.\"[48]\nSamantha Power, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, said \"It is a very dangerous moment.\"[46]On 14 December, United Nations officials said that Jammeh would not be allowed to remain head of state and would face strong sanctions if he continues to try to do so after his current term expires.[49] Mohamed Ibn Chambas, the United Nations Special Representative for West Africa and the Sahel said \"For Mr. Jammeh, the end is here and under no circumstances can he continue to be president. By that time (18 Jan.), his mandate is up and he will be required to hand over to Mr. Barrow.\"[49] Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, said the refusal to accept the election result was an \"outrageous act of disrespect of the will of the Gambian people\".[49] When asked whether the U.N. would consider military action to force Jammeh's departure, Chambas did not rule out the possibility – saying only \"It may not be necessary. Let's cross that bridge when we get there.\"[49]On 16 December, ECOWAS issued a statement saying that Barrow \"must be sworn in\" in order to \"respect the will of the Gambian people\", and that \"The authority [ECOWAS] shall undertake all necessary actions to enforce the result of the election.\"[50] ECOWAS appointed Muhammadu Buhari as its chief mediator for the dispute,[50] and appointed John Mahama as co-mediator.[51] On 19 December, the AU expressed its full support of the position taken by ECOWAS.[52] Idriss Déby, chair of the AU, called ECOWAS's position a \"principled stand with regards to the situation in The Gambia\".[52]Despite pressure from regional leaders, Jammeh, speaking on television on the evening of 20 December, said that he would not leave office at the end of his term in January unless the Supreme Court of the Gambia upheld the results. He again insisted that a new election was necessary: \"I will not cheat but I will not be cheated. Justice must be done and the only way justice can be done is to reorganise the election so that every Gambian votes. That's the only way we can resolve the matter peacefully and fairly.\"[23] Striking a defiant tone, he rejected any foreign interference and declared that he was prepared to fight.[53]On 23 December, ECOWAS announced that they would send in troops if Jammeh failed to step down.[54][55] The president of the ECOWAS Commission, Marcel Alain de Souza, said \"The deadline is January 19 when the mandate of Jammeh ends.\"[54] The military intervention would be led by Senegal.[54] De Souza said \"If he doesn't go, we have a force that is already on alert, and this force will intervene to restore the will of the people.\"[54] Speaking on 7 January, Johnson Sirleaf emphasized the importance of peaceful resolution, saying that ECOWAS was \"committed to a peaceful mediation and a peaceful transfer of power in The Gambia. We will continue to pursue that for now\".[56]","title":"Jammeh rejects results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JudgeWorking-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JudgeWorking-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JudgeWorking-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clock-23"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFPdelayed-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCdelayed-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReutersAdjourns-60"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFPdelayed-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCdelayed-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReutersAdjourns-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCdelayed-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCdelayed-59"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCBojangResigns-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCvows-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCvows-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCvows-62"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Challenge-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Challenge-42"}],"text":"Six additional appointments to the Supreme Court (five—Habeeb A. O. Abiru, Abubakar Datti Yahaya, Abubakar Tijani, Obande Festus and Akomaye Angim—from Nigeria, and one—Nicholas Colin Brown—from Sierra Leone) were reported to have been made in secret, starting in October 2016, with the cooperation of Chief Justice Fagbenle.[22] One of the newly appointed justices, Akomaye Angim, is a former Chief Justice of The Gambia.[22] However, it was not clear whether the new justices had all accepted their appointments – especially in the case of Abiru, who was reported to be planning to reject his appointment and to meet with other appointees who may do the same.[22]\nFagbenle said on 21 December that a Supreme Court hearing to consider the APRC's appeal would be held on 10 January 2017, with the newly appointed judges.[23][57]On 10 January, the date on which the Supreme Court was scheduled to hear the APRC's appeal of the election results, Chief Justice Emmanuel Fagbenle said the foreign judges that had been appointed to hear the case would only be available in May or November, so the hearing of the case needed to be delayed for several months.[58][59][60] Fagbenle said \"We can only hear this matter when we have a full bench of the Supreme Court\", and officially adjourned the session until 16 January.[58][59][60] Onogeme Uduma, a Nigerian who was intended to act as the president of the court, was reported to be unavailable until May.[59] It was also reported that one of Jammeh's top ministers, Sherriff Bojang, had resigned in protest over Jammeh's refusal to accept defeat, although state television reported that Bojang had been sacked.[59][61]Fagbenle suggested that mediation would be the best way forward to resolve the impasse.[62] However, Jammeh appeared on state television and declared that he will stay in office \"to ensure the rule of law is upheld\" until the Supreme Court makes a decision on his appeal, which is not expected until at least May 2017.[62] He slammed the stances of the United Nations, the African Union, and ECOWAS as \"foreign interference\" in The Gambia's affairs.[62]Jammeh filed a new request for an injunction to try to prevent Chief Justice Fagbenle from swearing in Barrow as president. However, Fagbenle said he would not consider the new case, saying \"Given that the injunction affects me in my capacity as the chief justice, I will recuse myself from hearing it.\"[42] A lawyer for Jammeh's party conceded that obtaining an injunction to prevent Barrow from being sworn in was not possible at this stage.[42]","title":"Supreme Court consideration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Gambia)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBChiding-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBChiding-65"},{"link_name":"The Gambia Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"state of emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"On 1 and 2 January 2017, three private radio stations, Taranga FM, Hilltop Radio, and Afri Radio, were shut down under orders from the National Intelligence Agency.[63][64][65] On 3 January, it was reported that Alieu Momar Njai, the head of the electoral commission, had left the country or gone into hiding due to concerns about his safety.[66][65] In a New Year message, Chief of Defence Staff Ousman Bargie affirmed that Jammeh had \"the unflinching loyalty and support of The Gambia Armed Forces\".[67]On 17 January, a day before the end of his presidential mandate, Jammeh announced a 90-day state of emergency.[68] In a televised declaration, Jammeh justified the move by citing \"the unprecedented and extraordinary amount of foreign interference\" during and preceding the December 2016 vote.[69] Opposition parties accused Jammeh of using the measure to retain the presidency and feared that it could be used to void the election result.[70]The National Assembly approved the state of emergency along with a resolution denouncing foreign interference and an extension of its own term, due to end in April, by three months (to 11 July 2017).[71] It then approved an extension of Jammeh's term for three months.[72]","title":"Media crackdown and state of emergency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senegalese troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Senegal"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Ousman Badjie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ousman_Badjie"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Isatou Njie-Saidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isatou_Njie-Saidy"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Halifa Sallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifa_Sallah"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"President of Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AfricaNews-82"},{"link_name":"crossed the border and invaded the Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"President of The Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_The_Gambia"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCsworn-43"},{"link_name":"Senegalese Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Senegal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2"},{"link_name":"resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2337"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Gambia Radio & Television Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_Radio_%26_Television_Service"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"President of Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Alpha Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Ibn Chambas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ibn_Chambas"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Ousman Badjie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ousman_Badjie"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"text":"Following the announcement of the state of emergency, Senegalese troops were deployed to the Gambian border on 18 January as the spearhead of the ECOWAS military response. These were supported by aircraft and personnel from the Nigerian Air Force, together with a ship from the Nigerian Navy.[73] The same day, Gambian Army Chief Ousman Badjie reportedly said that his forces would not fight in the event of foreign intervention against Jammeh.[74]Vice President Isatou Njie-Saidy resigned on 18 January. By that point, eight cabinet members had resigned due to the crisis.[75]The opposition vowed to go ahead with the inauguration at Banjul Mini-Stadium,[76] but this was later cancelled, with Barrow's spokesman Halifa Sallah stating that he would be sworn in at an undisclosed location.[77] It was revealed that he would be sworn in at the Gambia's embassy in Dakar.[78] President of Mauritania Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz met with Jammeh in an unsuccessful attempt to persuade him to leave office.[79] On 19 January, ECOWAS gave Jammeh a deadline that ended at midnight to step down. Troops from Senegal, Nigeria and other neighboring countries gathered at Gambia's border with Senegal, waiting for an ECOWAS order to enter Gambia.[80] Planes of the Nigerian Air Force were seen flying over the Gambia.[81]Botswana became the first country to cease recognition of Jammeh on 19 January.[82] On 19 January 2017, Senegalese forces crossed the border and invaded the Gambia.[83]Adama Barrow was sworn in as President of The Gambia at a ceremony in an embassy of The Gambia in Dakar, Senegal, on 19 January 2017.[43] Hours later, Senegalese Armed Forces entered The Gambia to enforce Barrow's presidency.[2] The United Nations Security Council approved a resolution backing Barrow while calling on Jammeh to step down. It backed ECOWAS' efforts to ensure the results of the 2016 presidential election are respected, but endorsed \"political means first\", without expressing support for military action.[84] Senegal later halted its offensive in order to mediate the crisis one final time, with the invasion to proceed at noon on 20 January if Jammeh still refused to relinquish power.[85] That night, Jammeh sacked the remainder of his cabinet, according to reports from the Gambia Radio & Television Service, and announced he would replace it with new members.[86]Jammeh, however, refused to step down even after the noon deadline passed, and while it was subsequently extended to 16:00 GMT, he again refused to resign.[87] Mauritania's President Mohamed Abdul Aziz, President of Guinea Alpha Condé and United Nations' regional chief Mohammed Ibn Chambas tried to persuade him to step down.[88] Gambia's army chief Lieutenant-General Ousman Badjie pledged his allegiance to Barrow and stated that the Gambian Army would not fight ECOWAS.[89] Barrow and a Senegalese official later stated that Jammeh had agreed to step down and would leave the country.[90][91] Mauritania's President Aziz later announced that a deal had been reached for him to step down and leave the country.[92]During the early hours on 21 January, Jammeh announced on state television that he was stepping down from the post of President,[93][94] and he left the country later the same day.[95] The National Assembly revoked the state of emergency imposed by Jammeh on 24 January.[96] \nFollowing, 4,000 ECOWAS troops remained in the Gambia to maintain order in preparation for Barrow to return and consolidate his presidency. Five days later, Barrow returned to the Gambia while requesting the ECOWAS troops (now numbering about 2,500) to stay for at least six months to help him firmly establish order.[97][98]","title":"Inauguration of Adama Barrow and ECOWAS intervention"}]
[{"image_text":"Some of the more than 26,000 refugees who have fled across the border into Senegal since Jammeh's refusal to step down, 18 January.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Refuees_at_the_Senegal_border.png/220px-Refuees_at_the_Senegal_border.png"}]
[{"title":"1981 Gambian coup d'état attempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Gambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"}]
[{"reference":"\"Gambia's new president has been sworn in at an embassy in Senegal because the old one won't leave\". Quartz. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://qz.com/889272/gambias-new-president-adama-barrow-is-being-sworn-in-at-an-embassy-in-neighboring-senegal/","url_text":"\"Gambia's new president has been sworn in at an embassy in Senegal because the old one won't leave\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gambia crisis: Senegal troops 'enter' to back new president\". BBC. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38682184","url_text":"\"Gambia crisis: Senegal troops 'enter' to back new president\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jammeh's party petitions Supreme Court to halt Barrow's investiture\". AfricaNews. 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.africanews.com/2017/01/13/jammeh-s-party-petitions-supreme-court-to-halt-barrow-s-investiture/","url_text":"\"Jammeh's party petitions Supreme Court to halt Barrow's investiture\""}]},{"reference":"Kwanue, C. Y. (18 January 2017). \"Gambia: Jammeh 'Imports Rebels'\" – via AllAfrica.","urls":[{"url":"http://allafrica.com/stories/201701180043.html","url_text":"\"Gambia: Jammeh 'Imports Rebels'\""}]},{"reference":"Ewubare, Kess (19 January 2017). \"Breaking: Gambian Navy desert Jammeh, declare allegiance to Barrow\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naij.com/1083603-gambian-navy-desert-jammeh-declare-allegiance-barrow.html","url_text":"\"Breaking: Gambian Navy desert Jammeh, declare allegiance to Barrow\""}]},{"reference":"Ewubare, Kess (19 January 2017). \"Breaking: Gambian Navy desert Jammeh, declare allegiance to Barrow\". Naij. 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International Business Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/army-operation-enter-gambia-suspended-last-ditch-talks-1602095","url_text":"\"Army operation to enter The Gambia suspended for last-ditch talks\""}]},{"reference":"Alike, Ejiofor (15 January 2017). \"Gambia: Use of Force Imminent As Ecowas Plans to Oust Jammeh\". allAfrica.","urls":[{"url":"http://allafrica.com/stories/201701160131.html","url_text":"\"Gambia: Use of Force Imminent As Ecowas Plans to Oust Jammeh\""}]},{"reference":"\"At least 26,000 people flee Gambia to Senegal as refugees -UN\". Thomson Reuters Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.trust.org/item/20170118145205-bf822/?source=reTheWire","url_text":"\"At least 26,000 people flee Gambia to Senegal as refugees -UN\""}]},{"reference":"Baloch, Babar (20 January 2017). \"Senegal: Around 45,000 have fled political uncertainty in The Gambia\". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 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Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170126120636/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/gambias-new-president-adama-barrow-returning-to-nation/2017/01/26/58372f50-e3b6-11e6-a419-eefe8eff0835_story.html","url_text":"\"Gambia's new president returning to nation as new era begins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/gambias-new-president-adama-barrow-returning-to-nation/2017/01/26/58372f50-e3b6-11e6-a419-eefe8eff0835_story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Farge, Emma; Bavier, Joe (26 January 2017). \"Gambia's Barrow asks regional force to stay for six months\". Yahoo News. Reuters. Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/gambias-barrow-asks-regional-force-stay-six-months-113647010.html","url_text":"\"Gambia's Barrow asks regional force to stay for six months\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo_News","url_text":"Yahoo News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]}]
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emergency\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170126120636/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/gambias-new-president-adama-barrow-returning-to-nation/2017/01/26/58372f50-e3b6-11e6-a419-eefe8eff0835_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Gambia's new president returning to nation as new era begins\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/gambias-new-president-adama-barrow-returning-to-nation/2017/01/26/58372f50-e3b6-11e6-a419-eefe8eff0835_story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/gambias-barrow-asks-regional-force-stay-six-months-113647010.html","external_links_name":"\"Gambia's Barrow asks regional force to stay for six months\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fides_quaerens_intellectum
Fides quaerens intellectum
["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading"]
Philosophical phrase Fides quaerens intellectum, means "faith seeking understanding" or "faith seeking intelligence", is a Latin sentence by Anselm of Canterbury. Anselm uses this expression for the first time in his Proslogion (I). It articulates the close relationship between faith and human reason. Anselm of Canterbury states: "Neque enim quaero intelligere ut credam, sed credo ut intelligam" ("I do not seek to understand in order that I may believe, but rather, I believe in order that I may understand"). The sentence represents the theological method stressed by Augustine (354–430) and Anselm of Canterbury (c. 1033 – 1109) in which one begins with faith in God and on the basis of that faith moves on to further understanding of Christian truth. See also Christianity portal Credo ut intelligam References ^ "ANSELMUS CANTUARIENSIS | PROSLOGION". www.thelatinlibrary.com (in Latin). Retrieved 2023-05-16. ^ Donald K. McKim, Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996), 104. Further reading Karl Barth : « Fides quaerens intellectum » ; La preuve de l'existence de Dieu d'après Anselme de Cantorbéry, Delachaux et Niestlé (Bibliothèque de Théologie), Neuchâtel et Paris, 1958, 160 p. (cours donné à Bâle, en allemand en 1930). Marilyn McCord Adams : « Fides Quaerens Intellectum »; St. Anselm’s Method In Philosophical Theology, dans Faith and Philosophy, vol. 9 (1992), No. 4. Julien Bayart : The Concept of Mystery According to St. Anselm of Canterbury, dans Recherches de Théologie ancienne et médiévale, vol. 9 (1937). Michel Corbin : La significations de l’unum argumentum du Proslogion, dans Anselm Studies, vol. 2 (1988). Étienne Gilson : Sens et nature de l’argument de saint Anselme, dans Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du Moyen Age, vol. 9 (1934). Alvin Plantinga : The Ontological Argument, from St. Anselm to Contemporary Philosophers, Garden City, New York, Anchor Books, 1965. Katherine Rogers : Can Christianity be Proven? Saint Anselm on Faith and Reason, dans Anselm Studies, vol. 2 (1998). This Christian theology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to Latin words and phrases is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Union_budget_of_India
2018 Union budget of India
["1 Premise","2 Significant announcements","3 Reactions","3.1 Political","3.2 Stock market","3.3 Others","4 References","5 External links"]
Annual financial statement of the federal government of India for 2018 2018 (2018) Union Budget of India2018 kē liē Bhārat kā Kēndrīya BajaṭAnnual Financial Statement of the Central Government for the year 2018–19The Appropriation Bill, 2018The Finance Bill, 2018Emblem of IndiaSubmitted byArun JaitleySubmitted toParliament of IndiaPresented1 February 2018Passed1 February 2018Parliament16th (Lok Sabha)PartyBharatiya Janata Party (BJP)Finance ministerArun JaitleyTotal revenue₹2,399,147 crore (equivalent to ₹34 trillion or US$400 billion in 2023)Total expenditures₹2,920,484 crore (equivalent to ₹41 trillion or US$490 billion in 2023) (grand total)Program Spending₹2,442,213 crore (equivalent to ₹34 trillion or US$410 billion in 2023) (through budget)Tax cuts5% (in corporate tax for companies with turnover up to ₹250 crore (equivalent to ₹334 crore or US$40 million in 2023))Debt payment₹575,795 crore (equivalent to ₹8.1 trillion or US$97 billion in 2023)Deficit₹624,276 crore (equivalent to ₹8.8 trillion or US$100 billion in 2023) (3.3%) (Fiscal deficit) ₹416,034 crore (equivalent to ₹5.8 trillion or US$70 billion in 2023) (2.2%) (Revenue deficit)WebsiteOfficial website ‹ 20172019› The 2018 Union Budget of India (ISO: 2018 kē liē Bhārat kā Kēndrīya Bajaṭ) was the annual financial statement (AFS), demand for grants, appropriation bill and finance bill of India for the financial year 2018–19. It was presented to Parliament on 1 February 2018 by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley. Premise The 2018 budget was considered to be a crucial one, as it would be the first since the rollout of the Goods and Service Tax (GST) regime in India. It was widely expected that the budget would either increase the exemption limit, or introduce a standard deduction for salaried people to reduce the tax burden, in addition to a reduction of the tax rate for the ₹5 lakh (equivalent to ₹6.7 lakh or US$8,000 in 2023)–₹10 lakh (equivalent to ₹13 lakh or US$16,000 in 2023) slab from 20% to 10%, and an increase in the 30% band above ₹10 lakh (equivalent to ₹13 lakh or US$16,000 in 2023). The budget also came on the heels of a cut in the corporate tax rate in the United States. Printing of the budget began on 20 January 2018 with the traditional Halwa ceremony. Significant announcements The budget contained a number of significant announcements. It included a healthcare programme called the National Health Protection Scheme (Ayushman Bharat) to cover 10 crore (100 million) poor families. The Government proposed to contribute 12% to the Employees' Provident Fund for new employees for three years. It was proposed that the medical allowance and transportation allowance be replaced by a standard deduction of ₹40,000 (US$480) for salaried employees. The allocation to the Ministry of Defence was ₹404,365 crore (equivalent to ₹5.4 trillion or US$65 billion in 2023), with ₹195,947.55 crore (equivalent to ₹2.6 trillion or US$31 billion in 2023) to be spent on the day-to-day running of the armed forces, and ₹99,563.86 crore (equivalent to ₹1.3 trillion or US$16 billion in 2023) on modernisation, with the rest being allocated for pensions. There was no reduction in personal income tax rates, and the Cess on income tax was to be increased from 3% to 4%. A 10% tax on long-term capital gains (LTCG) was reintroduced after a 14-year absence. The Corporate tax was reduced from 30% to 25% for companies with turnover up to ₹250 crore (equivalent to ₹334 crore or US$40 million in 2023). Customs duties were increased for various products. A special scheme to tackle air pollution in Delhi was also introduced. The salaries of Members of Parliament were doubled and their total emoluments are likely to go up from Rs 1.4 lakh to Rs 2.3 lakh per month. Further, the salaries will be increased every five years. Reactions Reaction to the budget was mixed-to-positive. Political Political reaction to the budget was mixed. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader and Prime Minister, Narendra Modi said that the budget is "development-friendly," focused on the needs of the rural areas and will strengthen the vision of a "new-India". The Congress leader, former prime minister and noted economist Manmohan Singh suggested that the arithmetic behind the budget was "faulty". The general secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI (M)), Sitaram Yechury said the budget was "unconnected to ground realities". Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Sri.N.Chandra Babu Naidu is not satisfied with the budget planning as it completely ignored the special status and special package for the state. Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) leader and chief minister of Delhi, Arvind Kejriwal said on Twitter that the budget contained nothing for the middle class and traders. Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar, Janta Dal (United) (JDU) leader, praised the budget for the proposals on minimum support price for farmers and the healthcare scheme. Congress leader and former finance minister P. Chidambaram said that Finance Minister Arun Jaitley had failed the fiscal consolidation test, and that there was no relief for the average taxpayer. Stock market Both of India's national indices, the BSE SENSEX and NIFTY 50, fell sharply in the aftermath of the budget. The government, however, said that the fall in the stock market was not solely due to the budget. Finance and Revenue Secretary, Dr. Hasmukh Adhia said that fall in stock indices was due to global market meltdown, and not because of the reintroduction of LTCG tax, he added the government will look into the slump. Others Credit rating agency, Fitch, said that the budget, whilst supporting growth, does not address the problem of fiscal consolidation, and leaves the problem of India's relatively weak finances, to the next government. Economic Affairs Secretary, Subhash Chandra Garg, said, that the government would try to convince credit rating agencies, like Standard and Poor's and Fitch, on its commitments to fiscal consolidation. References ^ "Receipts" (PDF). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Retrieved 29 January 2018. ^ "SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURE" (PDF). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Retrieved 29 January 2018. ^ a b "Expenditure of Government of India" (PDF). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Retrieved 29 January 2018. ^ a b c d "Debt and Deficit Statistics" (PDF). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Retrieved 29 January 2018. ^ "Part V of the Constitution of India- The Union – Articles 110(a), 112, 113 and 114(3)" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. pp. 44–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ Khanna, Pretika; Varma, Gyan; Nair, Remya (5 January 2018). "Union Budget 2018 to be presented on 1 February". Live Mint. New Delhi: HT Media Ltd. Retrieved 16 February 2018. ^ Taneja, Richa, ed. (29 January 2018). "Budget 2018 To Be Presented By Finance Minister Arun Jaitley: Time, Date, All Details Here". NDTV. New Delhi. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ "Union Budget 2018 to be presented on February 1". The Times of India. New Delhi. TIMESOFINDIA.COM. 5 January 2018. OCLC 23379369. Retrieved 16 February 2018. ^ Seetharaman, G. (28 January 2018). "Budget 2018: Here are the basics of this key annual event". The Economic Times. OCLC 61311680. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ Sultana, Nasrin (29 January 2018). "Economic Survey, Budget 2018 to be keenly watched in crucial week for markets". Live Mint. Mumbai: HT Media Ltd. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ "Union Budget 2018: How Modi government can create more jobs? here is the answer". The Financial Express. New Delhi. FE Online. 23 January 2018. OCLC 30000665. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ Khare, Anurag (25 January 2018). "Impact of Goods and Services Tax (GST) on Budget 2018–19". Business Standard. OCLC 496280002. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ "Budget 2018: Post-GST rollout, Arun Jaitley's power to tax is limited to only these items". India Today. New Delhi. IndiaToday.in. 28 January 2018. ISSN 0254-8399. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ "First post-GST budget likely on February 1". The Times of India. New Delhi. Press Trust of India. 3 December 2017. OCLC 23379369. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ Dutta, Prabhash K (15 January 2018). "Union Budget 2018: What you may expect on income tax front from Arun Jaitley". India Today. New Delhi. ISSN 0254-8399. Retrieved 4 February 2018. ^ "Income Tax Sops For Middle Class, Rural Focus Likely In Budget 2018: 10 Points". NDTV. NDTV Profit Team. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018. ^ "Budget 2018: Middle class can hope for tax relief". The Hindu. Business Line. New Delhi. Press Trust of India. 9 January 2018. ISSN 0971-7528. OCLC 456162874. Retrieved 4 February 2018. ^ Beniwal, Vrishti; Chaudhary, Archana; Zhao, Yinan; Cislo, Connor; Li, Cynthia (29 January 2018). "India's Budget Squeeze May Put Corporate Tax Cuts on Hold". Bloomberg Politics. Bloomberg. Retrieved 16 February 2018. ^ Roychoudhury, Arup (22 December 2017). "US tax cut may find echo in Budget". Business Standard. New Delhi. OCLC 496280002. Retrieved 16 February 2018. ^ "Budget 2018: Arun Jaitley may not follow US corporate tax cut, but Arvind Subramanian thinks India can't ignore it either". Business Today. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018. ^ "Printing of Budget documents begins with 'Halwa' ceremony". Business Line. Press Trust of India. 20 January 2018. ISSN 0971-7528. OCLC 456162874. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ "Printing of Budget documents begins with 'Halwa' ceremony". Business Standard. New Delhi. Press Trust of India. 20 January 2018. OCLC 496280002. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ "Budget 2018: FM Arun Jaitley attends Halwa ceremony, check the ritual of extreme significance". The Financial Express. New Delhi. FE Online. 20 January 2018. OCLC 30000665. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ Kumar, N. Ravi (1 February 2018). "Ayushman Bharat: the big budget scheme". The Hindu. Hyderabad. ISSN 0971-751X. OCLC 13119119. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ Ghosh, Abantika; Mathew, George (2 February 2018). "Union Budget 2018: Rs 5 lakh health cover for 10 crore poor, prescription awaited". The Indian Express. New Delhi/Mumbai. OCLC 70274541. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ Surabhi (1 February 2018). "Budget 2018: Centre to foot 12% PF contribution for new job entrants". The Hindu. Business Line. New Delhi. ISSN 0971-7528. OCLC 456162874. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ Saleem, Shaikh Zoaib (1 February 2018). "Budget 2018: Govt to bear 12% employer contribution in EPF for new workforce for 3 years". Live Mint. New Delhi: HT Media Ltd. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ Kapoor, Pragati (5 February 2018). "Budget 2018 gives Rs 40,000 standard deduction, removes other allowances: Salaried may be left poorer". The Economic Times. OCLC 61311680. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ "Budget 2018: No I-T relief but Rs 40,000 standard deduction on transport, medical expenses". Hindustan Times. New Delhi. Press Trust of India. 1 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ Behera, Laxman K. (2 February 2018). "Defence Budget 2018–19: The Imperative of Controlling Manpower Cost". Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. Retrieved 19 February 2018. ^ Peri, Dinakar (1 February 2018). "Modest hike in defence budget, pensions see sharp rise". The Hindu. New Delhi. ISSN 0971-751X. OCLC 13119119. Retrieved 19 February 2018. ^ Pandit, Rajat (1 February 2018). "Budget 2018: Govt hikes defence budget by 7.81%, but it's just 1.58% of GDP & lowest since 1962". The Times of India. New Delhi. OCLC 23379369. Retrieved 18 February 2018. ^ Gunjan, Rounak Kumar (1 February 2018). Yechury, Ashish (ed.). "No Personal Income Tax Relief in Union Budget 2018". News18. New Delhi. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ "Budget 2018: No change in the income tax exemption limit, cess hiked to 4% for taxpayers". The Economic Times. ET Online. 6 February 2018. OCLC 61311680. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ Motiani, Preeti (1 February 2018). "Budget 2018 hikes cess on income tax to 4 per cent from 3 per cent: Here's how much more you will pay". The Economic Times. OCLC 61311680. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ "Budget 2018: No Change In Income Tax Rates But Cess Hiked By 1%". NDTV. New Delhi. Indo-Asian News Service. 1 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ Dhawan, Sunil (2 February 2018). "Budget 2018: FM proposes to re-introduce LTCG tax on gains above Rs 1 lakh". The Economic Times. OCLC 61311680. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ Chowdhury, Abhijit Roy (1 February 2018). "India to Propose Long-Term Capital Gains Tax on Equities". Bloomberg Markets. Bloomberg. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ Tyagi, Chhavi (1 February 2018). "Budget 2018: Corporate tax rate reduced to 25% for companies with turnover of up to Rs 250 crore". The Economic Times. New Delhi. OCLC 61311680. Retrieved 4 February 2018. ^ Nair, Remya (1 February 2018). "Budget 2018: Corporate tax cut to 25% to benefit MSMEs, not big corporates". Live Mint. New Delhi: HT Media Ltd. Retrieved 4 February 2018. ^ Mishra, Lalatendu (2 February 2018). "Customs duty hike to lift mobile prices". The Hindu. Mumbai. ISSN 0971-751X. OCLC 13119119. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ "Budget 2018: Indian mobile manufacturers welcome customs duty hike; here's why Chinese companies are unhappy". The Financial Express. New Delhi. FE Online. 1 February 2018. OCLC 30000665. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ Aggarwal, Mayank (1 February 2018). "Arun Jaitley announces special scheme to tackle Delhi air pollution in Budget 2018". Live Mint. New Delhi: HT Media Ltd. Retrieved 4 February 2018. ^ "Air pollution rings a bell in Budget, FM vows special scheme". The Economic Times. New Delhi. Press Trust of India. 1 February 2018. OCLC 61311680. Retrieved 4 February 2018. ^ "Union Budget 2018: Big salary hikes for President, VP, governors and MPs". Hindustan Times. 1 February 2018. ^ "Budget 2018 doubles MPs' salaries, but they'll no longer decide on their own raises". February 2018. ^ "Emoluments of MPs to be revised every 5 years automatically: Arun Jaitley". The Economic Times. Indo-Asian News Service. 1 February 2018. OCLC 61311680. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ "Budget 2018: Law to revise salaries for MPs every five years proposed". The Hindu. The Hindu Net Desk. 1 February 2018. ISSN 0971-751X. OCLC 13119119. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ Nayak, Mahesh (1 February 2018). "Budget strikes a fine balance, LTCG was not a shock, say experts". Business Today. New Delhi. Retrieved 19 February 2018. ^ "Industry experts react to Budget 2018: cheers for agri push, mixed response to corporate taxation". The Hindu. 1 February 2018. ISSN 0971-751X. OCLC 13119119. Retrieved 18 February 2018. ^ "Political leaders', parties' reactions to Budget". The Hindu. The Hindu Net Desk. 1 February 2018. ISSN 0971-751X. OCLC 13119119. Retrieved 18 February 2018. ^ De, Abhishek (1 February 2018). "Budget 2018: PM Narendra Modi calls Union Budget progressive, says will help strengthen 'New India' vision". The Indian Express. New Delhi. OCLC 70274541. Retrieved 1 February 2018. ^ "Union Budget 2018: What worries me is that fiscal arithmetic may be faulty, says Manmohan Singh". The Indian Express. New Delhi. Express Web Desk. 1 February 2018. OCLC 70274541. Retrieved 1 February 2018. ^ "Budget unconnected to ground realities: Sitaram Yechury". The Economic Times. Indo-Asian News Service. 1 February 2018. OCLC 61311680. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018. ^ Shukla, Shuchi, ed. (1 February 2018). ""Step-motherly Treatment": Arvind Kejriwal Slams Budget 2018". NDTV. New Delhi. Retrieved 1 February 2018. ^ "Nitish Kumar Praises "Best Budget", Congratulates PM Modi, Arun Jaitley". NDTV. Patna. Indo-Asian News Service. 1 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018. ^ "Jaitley failed fiscal deficit test, thank God this was last budget of this govt: P Chidambaram". The Indian Express. New Delhi. Express Web Desk. 1 February 2018. OCLC 70274541. Retrieved 1 February 2018. ^ "Budget 2018: Chidambaram calls it a Jumla, Shah says it will give wings to the aspirations of the poor". The Economic Times. New Delhi. ET Online. 1 February 2018. OCLC 61311680. Retrieved 1 February 2018. ^ Arun, M. G. (7 February 2018). "Why markets are on a free fall after Budget presentation: Explained". India Today. Mumbai. ISSN 0254-8399. Retrieved 18 February 2018. ^ Mudgill, Amit (6 February 2018). "Rs 5 LAKH CR GONE IN SECONDS: What's driving this mad selloff in equities". The Economic Times. New Delhi. OCLC 61311680. Retrieved 18 February 2018. ^ Shah, Ami; Sonavane, Ravindra N. (2 February 2018). "Day after 'populist' budget, Sensex crashes 840 points". Live Mint. HT Media Ltd. Retrieved 19 February 2018. ^ "Budget not cause of market crash, says govt". The Economic Times. New Delhi. Press Trust of India. 2 February 2018. OCLC 61311680. Retrieved 18 February 2018. ^ Gupta, Vishav; Gupta, Manish (2 February 2018). "Budget not cause of market crash: Government". The Quint. Indo-Asian News Service. Retrieved 19 February 2018. ^ "Decline in stock indices due to global market meltdown, not LTCG tax: Adhia". Business Standard. New Delhi. Press Trust of India. 6 February 2018. OCLC 496280002. Retrieved 18 February 2018. ^ Kumar, Manoj (6 February 2018). Menon, Malini (ed.). "CORRECTED-Indian govt will look into local market slump -finmin official". Reuters. New Delhi. Retrieved 18 February 2018. ^ "Budget Lends Helping Hand To Vulnerable Sections, But Slips on Fiscal Roadmap". BloombergQuint. India Ratings. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018. ^ "Fitch: India Budget Supports Growth, Delays Fiscal Consolidation". Business Standard. Market Capital. 12 February 2018. OCLC 496280002. Retrieved 19 February 2018. ^ Sen, Sesa (3 February 2018). "Will try to convince rating agencies on fiscal path: DEA Secy". The New Indian Express. Chennai. OCLC 243883379. Retrieved 19 February 2018. ^ "Budget 2018: DEA secretary says govt will try to convince Fitch, S&P, other rating agencies on fiscal path". Firstpost. New Delhi. Press Trust of India. 8 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018. External links vteBudgets of IndiaUnion 1997 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (Interim) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 (Interim) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 (Interim) Railway 2014 2015 2016
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_15919"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India"},{"link_name":"Finance Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)"},{"link_name":"Arun Jaitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Jaitley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The 2018 Union Budget of India (ISO: 2018 kē liē Bhārat kā Kēndrīya Bajaṭ) was the annual financial statement (AFS), demand for grants, appropriation bill and finance bill of India for the financial year 2018–19.[5]It was presented to Parliament on 1 February 2018 by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley.[6][7][8]","title":"2018 Union budget of India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Goods and Service Tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(India)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"cut in the corporate tax rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The 2018 budget was considered to be a crucial one,[9][10][11] as it would be the first since the rollout of the Goods and Service Tax (GST) regime in India.[12][13][14] It was widely expected that the budget would either increase the exemption limit, or introduce a standard deduction for salaried people to reduce the tax burden, in addition to a reduction of the tax rate for the ₹5 lakh (equivalent to ₹6.7 lakh or US$8,000 in 2023)–₹10 lakh (equivalent to ₹13 lakh or US$16,000 in 2023) slab from 20% to 10%, and an increase in the 30% band above ₹10 lakh (equivalent to ₹13 lakh or US$16,000 in 2023).[15][16][17] The budget also came on the heels of a cut in the corporate tax rate in the United States.[18][19][20] Printing of the budget began on 20 January 2018 with the traditional Halwa ceremony.[21][22][23]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayushman Bharat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayushman_Bharat"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Employees' Provident Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"₹","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)"},{"link_name":"₹","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee"},{"link_name":"crore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crore"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"₹","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee"},{"link_name":"crore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crore"},{"link_name":"armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"₹","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee"},{"link_name":"crore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crore"},{"link_name":"pensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"income tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax_in_India"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"long-term capital gains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_gains_tax"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"₹","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee"},{"link_name":"crore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crore"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"air pollution in Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_in_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"The budget contained a number of significant announcements. It included a healthcare programme called the National Health Protection Scheme (Ayushman Bharat) to cover 10 crore (100 million) poor families.[24][25] The Government proposed to contribute 12% to the Employees' Provident Fund for new employees for three years.[26][27] It was proposed that the medical allowance and transportation allowance be replaced by a standard deduction of ₹40,000 (US$480) for salaried employees.[28][29]\nThe allocation to the Ministry of Defence was ₹404,365 crore (equivalent to ₹5.4 trillion or US$65 billion in 2023),[30] with ₹195,947.55 crore (equivalent to ₹2.6 trillion or US$31 billion in 2023) to be spent on the day-to-day running of the armed forces, and ₹99,563.86 crore (equivalent to ₹1.3 trillion or US$16 billion in 2023) on modernisation, with the rest being allocated for pensions.[31][32]There was no reduction in personal income tax rates,[33][34]\nand the Cess on income tax was to be increased from 3% to 4%.[35][36] A 10% tax on long-term capital gains (LTCG) was reintroduced after a 14-year absence.[37][38] The Corporate tax was reduced from 30% to 25% for companies with turnover up to ₹250 crore (equivalent to ₹334 crore or US$40 million in 2023).[39][40] Customs duties were increased for various products.[41][42] A special scheme to tackle air pollution in Delhi was also introduced.[43][44] The salaries of Members of Parliament were doubled and their total emoluments are likely to go up from Rs 1.4 lakh to Rs 2.3 lakh per month.[45][46] Further, the salaries will be increased every five years.[47][48]","title":"Significant announcements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Reaction to the budget was mixed-to-positive.[49][50]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India"},{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India"},{"link_name":"Manmohan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singh"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of India (Marxist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"Sitaram Yechury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitaram_Yechury"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Aam Aadmi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party"},{"link_name":"chief minister of Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Arvind Kejriwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Kejriwal"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Bihar"},{"link_name":"Nitish Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitish_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Janta Dal (United)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"finance minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)"},{"link_name":"P. Chidambaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Chidambaram"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Political","text":"Political reaction to the budget was mixed.[51]\nBharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader and Prime Minister, Narendra Modi said that the budget is \"development-friendly,\" focused on the needs of the rural areas and will strengthen the vision of a \"new-India\".[52] The Congress leader, former prime minister and noted economist Manmohan Singh suggested that the arithmetic behind the budget was \"faulty\".[53] The general secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI (M)), Sitaram Yechury said the budget was \"unconnected to ground realities\".[54] Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Sri.N.Chandra Babu Naidu is not satisfied with the budget planning as it completely ignored the special status and special package for the state.[citation needed]Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) leader and chief minister of Delhi, Arvind Kejriwal said on Twitter that the budget contained nothing for the middle class and traders.[55] Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar, Janta Dal (United) (JDU) leader, praised the budget for the proposals on minimum support price for farmers and the healthcare scheme.[56] Congress leader and former finance minister P. Chidambaram said that Finance Minister Arun Jaitley had failed the fiscal consolidation test,[57] and that there was no relief for the average taxpayer.[58]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national indices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_exchange"},{"link_name":"BSE SENSEX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSE_SENSEX"},{"link_name":"NIFTY 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIFTY_50"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_Secretary_(India)"},{"link_name":"Revenue Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_to_Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Hasmukh Adhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmukh_Adhia"},{"link_name":"LTCG tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_gains_tax"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Stock market","text":"Both of India's national indices, the BSE SENSEX and NIFTY 50, fell sharply in the aftermath of the budget.[59][60][61] The government, however, said that the fall in the stock market was not solely due to the budget.[62][63] Finance and Revenue Secretary, Dr. Hasmukh Adhia said that fall in stock indices was due to global market meltdown, and not because of the reintroduction of LTCG tax,[64] he added the government will look into the slump.[65]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Credit rating agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_rating_agency"},{"link_name":"Fitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitch_Ratings"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Economic Affairs Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_to_Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Subhash Chandra Garg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Garg"},{"link_name":"credit rating agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_rating_agency"},{"link_name":"Standard and Poor's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s"},{"link_name":"Fitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitch_Ratings"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"Credit rating agency, Fitch, said that the budget, whilst supporting growth, does not address the problem of fiscal consolidation, and leaves the problem of India's relatively weak finances, to the next government.[66][67] Economic Affairs Secretary, Subhash Chandra Garg, said, that the government would try to convince credit rating agencies, like Standard and Poor's and Fitch, on its commitments to fiscal consolidation.[68][69]","title":"Reactions"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Receipts\" (PDF). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Retrieved 29 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/bag/bag5.pdf","url_text":"\"Receipts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)","url_text":"Ministry of Finance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India","url_text":"Government of India"}]},{"reference":"\"SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURE\" (PDF). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Retrieved 29 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/eb/stat1.pdf","url_text":"\"SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)","url_text":"Ministry of Finance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India","url_text":"Government of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Expenditure of Government of India\" (PDF). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Retrieved 29 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/bag/bag6.pdf","url_text":"\"Expenditure of Government of India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)","url_text":"Ministry of Finance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India","url_text":"Government of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Debt and Deficit Statistics\" (PDF). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Retrieved 29 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/bag/bag2.pdf","url_text":"\"Debt and Deficit Statistics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)","url_text":"Ministry of Finance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India","url_text":"Government of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Part V of the Constitution of India- The Union – Articles 110(a), 112, 113 and 114(3)\" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. pp. 44–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150824000303/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(9).pdf","url_text":"\"Part V of the Constitution of India- The Union – Articles 110(a), 112, 113 and 114(3)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_and_Justice_(India)","url_text":"Ministry of Law and Justice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India","url_text":"Government of India"},{"url":"http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss%289%29.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Khanna, Pretika; Varma, Gyan; Nair, Remya (5 January 2018). \"Union Budget 2018 to be presented on 1 February\". Live Mint. New Delhi: HT Media Ltd. Retrieved 16 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livemint.com/Politics/uK6p1oXu6XGBoup8Twke0I/Budget-session-starts-29-January-Union-Budget-2018-on-1-Feb.html","url_text":"\"Union Budget 2018 to be presented on 1 February\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Mint","url_text":"Live Mint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi","url_text":"New Delhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HT_Media_Ltd","url_text":"HT Media Ltd"}]},{"reference":"Taneja, Richa, ed. (29 January 2018). \"Budget 2018 To Be Presented By Finance Minister Arun Jaitley: Time, Date, All Details Here\". NDTV. New Delhi. Retrieved 30 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/budget-2018-date-time-and-what-to-expect-1800602","url_text":"\"Budget 2018 To Be Presented By Finance Minister Arun Jaitley: Time, Date, All Details Here\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV","url_text":"NDTV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi","url_text":"New Delhi"}]},{"reference":"\"Union Budget 2018 to be presented on February 1\". The Times of India. New Delhi. TIMESOFINDIA.COM. 5 January 2018. OCLC 23379369. Retrieved 16 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/union-budget-2018-to-be-presented-on-february-1/articleshow/62379626.cms","url_text":"\"Union Budget 2018 to be presented on February 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi","url_text":"New Delhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23379369","url_text":"23379369"}]},{"reference":"Seetharaman, G. (28 January 2018). \"Budget 2018: Here are the basics of this key annual event\". The Economic Times. OCLC 61311680. Retrieved 30 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/budget-2018-here-are-the-basics-of-this-key-annual-event/articleshow/62674288.cms","url_text":"\"Budget 2018: Here are the basics of this key annual event\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Times","url_text":"The Economic Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61311680","url_text":"61311680"}]},{"reference":"Sultana, Nasrin (29 January 2018). \"Economic Survey, Budget 2018 to be keenly watched in crucial week for markets\". Live Mint. Mumbai: HT Media Ltd. Retrieved 30 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livemint.com/Money/4qKFhXTr89Ckd5x9XEvWlL/Economic-Survey-Budget-2018-to-be-keenly-watched-in-crucial.html","url_text":"\"Economic Survey, Budget 2018 to be keenly watched in crucial week for markets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Mint","url_text":"Live Mint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai","url_text":"Mumbai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HT_Media_Ltd","url_text":"HT Media Ltd"}]},{"reference":"\"Union Budget 2018: How Modi government can create more jobs? here is the answer\". The Financial Express. New Delhi. FE Online. 23 January 2018. OCLC 30000665. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_Tour
Smooth Tour
["1 Background","2 Opening acts","3 Setlists","4 Shows","5 References"]
2017 concert tour by Florida Georgia Line Smooth TourTour by Florida Georgia LineAssociated albumDig Your RootsStart dateJune 3, 2017End dateOctober 21, 2017Legs1No. of shows47Florida Georgia Line concert chronology Dig Your Roots Tour(2016–17) Smooth Tour(2017) Can't Say I Ain't Country Tour(2019) The Smooth Tour was the fourth headlining concert tour by the American country music duo Florida Georgia Line. The tour of the United States was in support of their third studio album, Dig Your Roots (2016). It began on June 3, 2017, in Austin, Texas, and concluded on October 21, 2017, in Alpharetta, Georgia. Background In February 2017, Florida Georgia Line announced the tour. Opening acts Backstreet Boys (Boston, Minneapolis & Chicago) Russell Dickerson (selected dates) Ryan Hurd (selected dates) Chris Lane Nelly Morgan Wallen (selected dates) Setlists Smooth Tour Setlist Florida Georgia Line "Anything Goes" "Smile" "Round Here" "Confession" "Dig Your Roots" "May We All" "Dirt" "Sippin' on Fire" "H.O.L.Y." "God, Your Mama, and Me" "Sun Daze" (With Chris Lane) "Get Your Shine On" "This Is How We Roll" Encore "Hot in Herre (Nelly cover) (With Nelly) "Cruise (Remix)" (With Nelly) Nelly "Party People" "E.I" "Where the Party At" (Jagged Edge cover) "Where the Party At" "Batter Up" "Air Force Ones" "Country Grammar (Hot Shit)" "Ride Wit Me" "The Fix" "Die a Happy Man" (Thomas Rhett cover "Sounds Good to Me" "Get Like Me" "Grillz" "Move that Body" "All I Do Is Win/Fake Love/That's What I Like" "Body On Me" "Over and Over" "Dilemma" "Just a Dream" Chris Lane "Who's It Gonna Be" "Her Own Kind of Beautiful" "Let Me Love You" "For Her" "I Want It That Way/Can't Feel My Face/SexyBack/Want to Want Me/Bye Bye Bye/Whip (Nae Nae)/It's Going Down for Real" "Fix" Boston, Minneapolis & Chicago Setlists Florida Georgia Line "Anything Goes" "Smile" "Round Here" "Confession" "Dig Your Roots" "May We All" "Dirt" "Sippin' on Fire" "H.O.L.Y." "God, Your Mama, and Me" (With Backstreet Boys) "Sun Daze" (With Chris Lane) "Get Your Shine On" "This Is How We Roll" Encore "Hot in Herre (Nelly cover) (With Nelly) "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (Backstreet Boys cover) (With Backstreet Boys) "Cruise (Remix)" (With Backstreet Boys & Nelly) Backstreet Boys "Larger Than Life" "The One" "Get Down (You're the One for Me)" "Drowning "Quit Playing Games (With My Heart)" "As Long as You Love Me "The Call" "We've Got It Goin' On" "I Want It That Way Nelly "Party People" "E.I" "Where the Party At" (Jagged Edge cover) "Where the Party At" "Batter Up" "Air Force Ones" "Country Grammar (Hot Shit)" "Ride Wit Me" "The Fix" "Die a Happy Man" (Thomas Rhett cover "Sounds Good to Me" "Get Like Me" "Grillz" "Move that Body" "All I Do Is Win/Fake Love/That's What I Like" "Body On Me" "Over and Over" "Dilemma" "Just a Dream" Chris Lane "Who's It Gonna Be" "Her Own Kind of Beautiful" "Let Me Love You" "For Her" "Can't Feel My Face/SexyBack/Want to Want Me/Bye Bye Bye/Whip (Nae Nae)/It's Going Down for Real" "Fix" Shows Date City Venue Opening acts Attendance Revenue June 2, 2017 Austin Austin360 Amphitheater NellyChris LaneMorgan Wallen 9,955 / 10,998 $599,547 June 3, 2017 Dallas Starplex Pavilion 14,886 / 18,872 $563,266 June 15, 2017 Wantagh Northwell Health at Jones Beach Theater NellyChris LaneRyan Hurd 13,586 / 13,586 $771,463 June 16, 2017 Darien Center Darien Lake Performing Arts Center 21,662 / 21,662 $842,168 June 17, 2017 Camden BB&T Pavilion 24,785 / 24,785 $891,556 June 24, 2017 Noblesville Klipsch Music Center 25,185 / 25,185 $1,065,584 June 25, 2017 Maryland Heights Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre 18,660 / 18,660 $835,519 July 7, 2017 Boston Fenway Park Backstreet BoysNellyChris Lane 35,699 / 35,699 $3,072,146 July 14, 2017 Orange Beach Amphitheater at The Wharf NellyChris LaneMorgan Wallen 18,182 / 18,182 $938,852 July 15, 2017 July 21, 2017 Raleigh Coastal Credit Union Music Park 18,778 / 18,843 $782,131 July 22, 2017 Hershey Hersheypark Stadium 22,853 / 25,222 $1,005,288 July 23, 2017 Saratoga Springs Saratoga Performing Arts Center 22,793 / 24,331 $895,020 July 27, 2017 Tulsa BOK Center NellyChris LaneRyan Hurd 8,139 / 9,165 $523,408 July 29, 2017 Minneapolis Target Field Backstreet BoysNellyChris Lane 37,592 / 37,592 $3,109,656 August 3, 2017 Charlotte PNC Music Pavilion NellyChris LaneRyan Hurd 17,879 / 17,978 $692,588 August 4, 2017 Virginia Beach Veterans United Home Loans Amphitheater 19,817 / 19,817 $742,558 August 5, 2017 Bristow Jiffy Lube Live 23,055 / 23,055 $994,285 August 10, 2017 Bethel Bethel Woods Center for the Arts 16,039 / 16,782 $630,495 August 11, 2017 Cuyahoga Falls Blossom Music Center 20,830 / 20,917 $918,126 August 12, 2017 Chicago Wrigley Field Backstreet BoysNellyChris Lane 42,387 / 42,387 $3,387,468 August 17, 2017 Holmdel PNC Bank Arts Center NellyChris LaneRyan Hurd 16,948 / 16,948 $820,704 August 18, 2017 Hartford Xfinity Theatre 24,387 / 24,387 $1,002,413 August 19, 2017 Burgettstown First Niagara Pavilion 22,825 / 22,825 $1,069,238 September 1, 2017 Gilford Bank of New Hampshire Pavilion NellyChris LaneMorgan Wallen 13,967 / 15,336 $825,571 September 2, 2017 September 7, 2017 Anaheim Honda Center NellyChris LaneRussell Dickerson 11,509 / 11,509 $738,815 September 8, 2017 San Bernardino Glen Halen Amphitheater 22,528 / 24,201 $910,043 September 9, 2017 Chula Vista Mattress Firm Amphitheatre 18,638 / 18,638 $720,499 September 10, 2017 Phoenix Ak-Chin Pavilion 14,481 / 17,814 $688,325 September 14, 2017 Wheatland Toyota Amphitheatre — — September 15, 2017 Concord Concord Pavilion 8,663 / 12,500 $357,625 September 16, 2017 Mountain View Shoreline Amphitheatre — — September 21, 2017 Kennewick Toyota Center September 22, 2017 Missoula Adams Center September 23, 2017 Bozeman Brick Breeden Fieldhouse September 29, 2017 West Valley City USANA Amphitheatre September 30, 2017 Denver Pepsi Center October 1, 2017 Albquerque Isleta Amphitheater October 6, 2017 Auburn White River Amphitheatre October 7, 2017 Ridgefield Sunlight Supply Amphitheater October 12, 2017 Jacksonville Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena NellyChris LaneMorgan Wallen October 13, 2017 Tampa MidFlorida Credit Union Amphitheatre October 14, 2017 West Palm Beach Perfect Vodka Amphitheatre October 19, 2017 Birmingham Oak Mountain Amphitheater October 20, 2017 Alpharetta Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre October 21, 2017 Total 567,068 / 607,876 $28,594,357 References ^ "Florida Georgia Line Announces Smooth Tour". Florida Georgia Line. February 22, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ "Florida Georgia Line Concert Setlist at The Starplex Pavilion, Dallas on June 3, 2017". Setlist.fm. Retrieved 2017-06-09. ^ "Nelly Concert Setlist at The Starplex Pavilion, Dallas on June 3, 2017". Setlist.fm. Retrieved 2017-06-09. ^ "Chris Lane Concert Setlist at The Centre Vidéotron, Quebec City, QC, Canada on May 6, 2017". Setlist.fm. 2017-05-06. Retrieved 2017-06-09. ^ "Florida Georgia Line Concert Setlist at Fenway Park, Boston on July 7, 2017". Setlist.fm. 2017-07-07. Retrieved 2017-08-18. ^ "Backstreet Boys Concert Setlist at Wrigley Field, Chicago on August 12, 2017". Setlist.fm. Retrieved 2017-08-18. vteFlorida Georgia Line Tyler Hubbard Brian Kelley Discography Studio albums Here's to the Good Times (2012) Anything Goes (2014) Dig Your Roots (2016) Can't Say I Ain't Country (2019) Life Rolls On (2021) EPs It'z Just What We Do (2012) 6-Pack (2020) Singles "Cruise" "Get Your Shine On" "Round Here" "Stay" "This Is How We Roll" "Dirt" "Sun Daze" "Sippin' on Fire" "Anything Goes" "Confession" "H.O.L.Y." "May We All" "God, Your Mama, and Me" "Smooth" "Simple" "Talk You Out of It" "Blessings" "I Love My Country" "Long Live" "Lil Bit" Featured singles "The South" "Let Me Go" "Meant to Be" "Up Down" "Drinkin' Beer. Talkin' God. Amen." "Thank You Lord" Other songs "Second Guessing" Concert tours Anything Goes Tour Dig Your Roots Tour Smooth Tour
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida Georgia Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Georgia_Line"},{"link_name":"Dig Your Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dig_Your_Roots"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Alpharetta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpharetta,_Georgia"}],"text":"The Smooth Tour was the fourth headlining concert tour by the American country music duo Florida Georgia Line. The tour of the United States was in support of their third studio album, Dig Your Roots (2016). It began on June 3, 2017, in Austin, Texas, and concluded on October 21, 2017, in Alpharetta, Georgia.","title":"Smooth Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In February 2017, Florida Georgia Line announced the tour.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Backstreet Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys"},{"link_name":"Russell Dickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Dickerson"},{"link_name":"Ryan Hurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Hurd"},{"link_name":"Chris Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lane"},{"link_name":"Nelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly"},{"link_name":"Morgan Wallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Wallen"}],"text":"Backstreet Boys (Boston, Minneapolis & Chicago)\nRussell Dickerson (selected dates)\nRyan Hurd (selected dates)\nChris Lane\nNelly\nMorgan Wallen (selected dates)","title":"Opening acts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Anything Goes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anything_Goes_(Florida_Georgia_Line_song)"},{"link_name":"Round Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Here_(Florida_Georgia_Line_song)"},{"link_name":"Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession_(Florida_Georgia_Line_song)"},{"link_name":"May We All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_We_All"},{"link_name":"Dirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_(Florida_Georgia_Line_song)"},{"link_name":"Sippin' on Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sippin%27_on_Fire"},{"link_name":"H.O.L.Y.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.O.L.Y."},{"link_name":"God, Your Mama, and Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God,_Your_Mama,_and_Me"},{"link_name":"Sun Daze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Daze"},{"link_name":"Chris Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lane"},{"link_name":"Get Your Shine On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Your_Shine_On_(Florida_Georgia_Line_song)"},{"link_name":"This Is How We Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_How_We_Roll"},{"link_name":"Hot in Herre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_in_Herre"},{"link_name":"Nelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly"},{"link_name":"Cruise (Remix)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_(song)"},{"link_name":"Nelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Party People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_People_(Nelly_song)"},{"link_name":"E.I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.I._(song)"},{"link_name":"Jagged Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_Edge_(American_group)"},{"link_name":"Where the Party At","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_the_Party_At"},{"link_name":"Batter Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batter_Up_(St._Lunatics_song)"},{"link_name":"Air Force Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Ones_(song)"},{"link_name":"Country Grammar (Hot Shit)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Grammar_(Hot_Shit)"},{"link_name":"Ride Wit Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_Wit_Me"},{"link_name":"The Fix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fix_(song)"},{"link_name":"Die a Happy Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_a_Happy_Man"},{"link_name":"Thomas Rhett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rhett"},{"link_name":"Sounds Good to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounds_Good_to_Me"},{"link_name":"Get Like Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Like_Me_(Nelly_song)"},{"link_name":"Grillz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grillz"},{"link_name":"Move that Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move_That_Body_(Nelly_song)"},{"link_name":"Body On Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_on_Me_(Nelly_song)"},{"link_name":"Over and Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_and_Over_(Nelly_song)"},{"link_name":"Dilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilemma_(Nelly_song)"},{"link_name":"Just a Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_a_Dream_(Nelly_song)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Who's It Gonna Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_It_Gonna_Be"},{"link_name":"For Her","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Her"},{"link_name":"Fix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fix_(Chris_Lane_song)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Anything Goes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anything_Goes_(Florida_Georgia_Line_song)"},{"link_name":"Round Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Here_(Florida_Georgia_Line_song)"},{"link_name":"Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession_(Florida_Georgia_Line_song)"},{"link_name":"May We All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_We_All"},{"link_name":"Dirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_(Florida_Georgia_Line_song)"},{"link_name":"Sippin' on Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sippin%27_on_Fire"},{"link_name":"H.O.L.Y.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.O.L.Y."},{"link_name":"God, Your Mama, and Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God,_Your_Mama,_and_Me"},{"link_name":"Backstreet Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys"},{"link_name":"Sun Daze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Daze"},{"link_name":"Chris Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lane"},{"link_name":"Get Your Shine On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Your_Shine_On_(Florida_Georgia_Line_song)"},{"link_name":"This Is How We Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_How_We_Roll"},{"link_name":"Hot in Herre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_in_Herre"},{"link_name":"Nelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly"},{"link_name":"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_(Backstreet%27s_Back)"},{"link_name":"Backstreet Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys"},{"link_name":"Cruise (Remix)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_(song)"},{"link_name":"Backstreet Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys"},{"link_name":"Nelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Larger Than Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larger_Than_Life_(song)"},{"link_name":"The One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"Get Down (You're the One for Me)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Down_(You%27re_the_One_for_Me)"},{"link_name":"Drowning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowning_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"Quit Playing Games (With My Heart)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_Playing_Games_(With_My_Heart)"},{"link_name":"As Long as You Love Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Long_as_You_Love_Me_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"The Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"We've Got It Goin' On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27ve_Got_It_Goin%27_On"},{"link_name":"I Want It That Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Want_It_That_Way"},{"link_name":"Party People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_People_(Nelly_song)"},{"link_name":"E.I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.I._(song)"},{"link_name":"Jagged Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_Edge_(American_group)"},{"link_name":"Where the Party At","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_the_Party_At"},{"link_name":"Batter Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batter_Up_(St._Lunatics_song)"},{"link_name":"Air Force Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Ones_(song)"},{"link_name":"Country Grammar (Hot Shit)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Grammar_(Hot_Shit)"},{"link_name":"Ride Wit Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_Wit_Me"},{"link_name":"The Fix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fix_(song)"},{"link_name":"Die a Happy Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_a_Happy_Man"},{"link_name":"Thomas Rhett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rhett"},{"link_name":"Sounds Good to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounds_Good_to_Me"},{"link_name":"Get Like Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Like_Me_(Nelly_song)"},{"link_name":"Grillz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grillz"},{"link_name":"Move that Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move_That_Body_(Nelly_song)"},{"link_name":"Body On Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_on_Me_(Nelly_song)"},{"link_name":"Over and Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_and_Over_(Nelly_song)"},{"link_name":"Dilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilemma_(Nelly_song)"},{"link_name":"Just a Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_a_Dream_(Nelly_song)"},{"link_name":"Who's It Gonna Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_It_Gonna_Be"},{"link_name":"For Her","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Her"},{"link_name":"Fix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fix_(Chris_Lane_song)"}],"text":"Smooth Tour Setlist\n[2]\nFlorida Georgia Line\n\n\"Anything Goes\"\n\"Smile\"\n\"Round Here\"\n\"Confession\"\n\"Dig Your Roots\"\n\"May We All\"\n\"Dirt\"\n\"Sippin' on Fire\"\n\"H.O.L.Y.\"\n\"God, Your Mama, and Me\"\n\"Sun Daze\" (With Chris Lane)\n\"Get Your Shine On\"\n\"This Is How We Roll\"\nEncore\n\"Hot in Herre (Nelly cover) (With Nelly)\n\"Cruise (Remix)\" (With Nelly)\n[3]\nNelly\n\n\"Party People\"\n\"E.I\"\n\"Where the Party At\" (Jagged Edge cover)\n\"Where the Party At\"\n\"Batter Up\"\n\"Air Force Ones\"\n\"Country Grammar (Hot Shit)\"\n\"Ride Wit Me\"\n\"The Fix\"\n\"Die a Happy Man\" (Thomas Rhett cover\n\"Sounds Good to Me\"\n\"Get Like Me\"\n\"Grillz\"\n\"Move that Body\"\n\"All I Do Is Win/Fake Love/That's What I Like\"\n\"Body On Me\"\n\"Over and Over\"\n\"Dilemma\"\n\"Just a Dream\"\n[4]\nChris Lane\n\n\"Who's It Gonna Be\"\n\"Her Own Kind of Beautiful\"\n\"Let Me Love You\"\n\"For Her\"\n\"I Want It That Way/Can't Feel My Face/SexyBack/Want to Want Me/Bye Bye Bye/Whip (Nae Nae)/It's Going Down for Real\"\n\"Fix\"Boston, Minneapolis & Chicago Setlists\n[5]\nFlorida Georgia Line\n\n\"Anything Goes\"\n\"Smile\"\n\"Round Here\"\n\"Confession\"\n\"Dig Your Roots\"\n\"May We All\"\n\"Dirt\"\n\"Sippin' on Fire\"\n\"H.O.L.Y.\"\n\"God, Your Mama, and Me\" (With Backstreet Boys)\n\"Sun Daze\" (With Chris Lane)\n\"Get Your Shine On\"\n\"This Is How We Roll\"\nEncore\n\"Hot in Herre (Nelly cover) (With Nelly)\n\"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" (Backstreet Boys cover) (With Backstreet Boys)\n\"Cruise (Remix)\" (With Backstreet Boys & Nelly)\n[6]\nBackstreet Boys\n\n\"Larger Than Life\"\n\"The One\"\n\"Get Down (You're the One for Me)\"\n\"Drowning\n\"Quit Playing Games (With My Heart)\"\n\"As Long as You Love Me\n\"The Call\"\n\"We've Got It Goin' On\"\n\"I Want It That Way\nNelly\n\n\"Party People\"\n\"E.I\"\n\"Where the Party At\" (Jagged Edge cover)\n\"Where the Party At\"\n\"Batter Up\"\n\"Air Force Ones\"\n\"Country Grammar (Hot Shit)\"\n\"Ride Wit Me\"\n\"The Fix\"\n\"Die a Happy Man\" (Thomas Rhett cover\n\"Sounds Good to Me\"\n\"Get Like Me\"\n\"Grillz\"\n\"Move that Body\"\n\"All I Do Is Win/Fake Love/That's What I Like\"\n\"Body On Me\"\n\"Over and Over\"\n\"Dilemma\"\n\"Just a Dream\"\nChris Lane\n\n\"Who's It Gonna Be\"\n\"Her Own Kind of Beautiful\"\n\"Let Me Love You\"\n\"For Her\"\n\"Can't Feel My Face/SexyBack/Want to Want Me/Bye Bye Bye/Whip (Nae Nae)/It's Going Down for Real\"\n\"Fix\"","title":"Setlists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Shows"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Florida Georgia Line Announces Smooth Tour\". Florida Georgia Line. February 22, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://floridageorgialine.com/home/tour-announcement/","url_text":"\"Florida Georgia Line Announces Smooth Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Florida Georgia Line Concert Setlist at The Starplex Pavilion, Dallas on June 3, 2017\". Setlist.fm. Retrieved 2017-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/florida-georgia-line/2017/starplex-pavilion-dallas-tx-43e70fd7.html","url_text":"\"Florida Georgia Line Concert Setlist at The Starplex Pavilion, Dallas on June 3, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nelly Concert Setlist at The Starplex Pavilion, Dallas on June 3, 2017\". Setlist.fm. Retrieved 2017-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/nelly/2017/austin360-amphitheater-austin-tx-6be71666.html","url_text":"\"Nelly Concert Setlist at The Starplex Pavilion, Dallas on June 3, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Lane Concert Setlist at The Centre Vidéotron, Quebec City, QC, Canada on May 6, 2017\". Setlist.fm. 2017-05-06. Retrieved 2017-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/chris-lane/2017/centre-videotron-quebec-city-qc-canada-13e649e1.html","url_text":"\"Chris Lane Concert Setlist at The Centre Vidéotron, Quebec City, QC, Canada on May 6, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Florida Georgia Line Concert Setlist at Fenway Park, Boston on July 7, 2017\". Setlist.fm. 2017-07-07. Retrieved 2017-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/florida-georgia-line/2017/fenway-park-boston-ma-1be47968.html","url_text":"\"Florida Georgia Line Concert Setlist at Fenway Park, Boston on July 7, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Backstreet Boys Concert Setlist at Wrigley Field, Chicago on August 12, 2017\". Setlist.fm. Retrieved 2017-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/backstreet-boys/2017/wrigley-field-chicago-il-5be50740.html","url_text":"\"Backstreet Boys Concert Setlist at Wrigley Field, Chicago on August 12, 2017\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Blease
Cole L. Blease
["1 Early life and political career","2 Bleasism","3 Governor of South Carolina (1911–15)","3.1 Opposition to soft drinks","3.2 1912 re-election","4 Failed campaigns for office (1914–22)","4.1 1914 campaign for United States Senate","4.2 1916 campaign for Governor","4.3 1918 campaign for United States Senate","4.4 1922 campaign for Governor","5 U.S. Senator (1925–31)","5.1 1924 election","5.2 Views and policies","5.3 1930 defeat","6 References","7 External links"]
89th governor of South Carolina Cole L. BleaseBlease c. 1910–17United States Senatorfrom South CarolinaIn officeMarch 4, 1925 – March 3, 1931Preceded byNathaniel B. DialSucceeded byJames F. Byrnes90th Governor of South CarolinaIn officeJanuary 17, 1911 – January 14, 1915LieutenantCharles Aurelius SmithPreceded byMartin Frederick AnselSucceeded byCharles Aurelius SmithPresident Pro Tempore of the South Carolina SenateIn officeJanuary 8, 1907 – January 12, 1909GovernorDuncan Clinch HeywardMartin Frederick AnselPreceded byRichard Irvine Manning IIISucceeded byWilliam Lawrence MauldinMember of the South Carolina Senate from Newberry CountyIn officeJanuary 8, 1907 – January 12, 1909Preceded byGeorge Sewell MowerSucceeded byAlan JohnstoneMember of the South Carolina House of Representatives from Newberry CountyIn officeJanuary 10, 1899 – January 8, 1901In officeNovember 25, 1890 – November 27, 1894 Personal detailsBornOctober 8, 1868Newberry County, South CarolinaDiedJanuary 19, 1942 (aged 73)Columbia, South CarolinaResting placeRosemont Cemetery, Newberry, South CarolinaPolitical partyDemocraticSpouse(s)Lillie B. Summers Carolina FloydParent(s)Henry Horatio Blease Mary Ann Livingston BleaseAlma materGeorgetown UniversityOccupationAttorney Coleman Livingston Blease (October 8, 1868 – January 19, 1942) was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as the 89th governor of South Carolina from 1911 to 1915 and represented the state in the United States Senate from 1925 to 1931. Blease was the political heir of Benjamin Tillman. He led a political revolution in South Carolina by building a political base of white textile mill workers from the state's upcountry region. He was notorious for playing on the prejudices of Poor Whites to gain their votes and was an unrepentant white supremacist. Blease was notorious for his vituperative demeanor. He did not campaign on political promises but on the prejudices of white citizens. Blease advocated lynching ("Sometimes after a lynching," wrote one biographer, "Blease publicly celebrated the savage murder with a bizarre death dance") and was against education for black people. As U.S. senator, he advocated penalties for interracial couples attempting to get married, criticized US First Lady Lou Hoover for inviting a black guest to tea at the White House, and was the architect of Section 1325. Early life and political career Blease was born to Henry Horatio Blease (1832–1892) and Mary Ann Livingston Blease (1830–1874) near the town of Newberry, South Carolina, on October 8, 1868, the year that South Carolina's new Reconstruction constitution was adopted, and Black Americans began participating in political life. He grew up in his father's hotel which led him to be uncommonly social. He was educated at Newberry College, the University of South Carolina, and Georgetown University, where he graduated from the law department in 1889. At the University of South Carolina, Blease was expelled for plagiarism and always carried a grudge against the university. After his schooling was complete, Blease returned to Newberry to practice law and to enter politics. He began his political career in the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1890 as a Democrat and protégé of Benjamin Tillman. In 1895, the state legislature ratified a new constitution that essentially disfranchised Black people, thus crippling the state's Republican Party, which they supported. The state then had a one-party system, run by the Democrats. Blease's rise to power, as he moved from the South Carolina House of Representatives to the South Carolina Senate in 1900, was built on the support of both the sharecroppers and white mill workers, then an increasingly-important segment of the electorate in South Carolina. But it was not a straightforward rise, Blease lost his seat in the legislature in 1894 and his attempt to re-gain it in 1896. And while he ultimately obtained a state senate seat in 1900, he subsequently lost races to become the Democratic nominee for governor in 1904 and 1906. In 1910, Blease was elected mayor of Newberry and held that position until November of that year, when he was elected governor of South Carolina. Bleasism See also: Economy of South Carolina § The beginnings of industrialization Critics and allies of Blease alike used the term Bleasism to "designate the political uprising of first-generation South Carolina millworkers" led by Blease in 1910. The political uprising was different from the one led by Ben Tillman a generation earlier. Whereas Tillman sought agricultural reform and drew his political support from South Carolina's white farmers and planters, Blease was anti-reform and drew his support from white textile mill workers. The movement Blease led was largely characterized by white supremacy and not social policy. But it shared the same enemies as Tillmanism: the newspapers, the railroads, corporations, Charleston aristocrats, and urban businessmen. A child laborer in a textile mill in Newberry, S.C., the home town of Blease. Bleasism was made possible by the sociopolitical change South Carolina underwent at the turn of the twentieth century. For instance, in 1880, the state had close to a dozen textile mills, but in 1900 the number had grown to 115. The work force of the mills also changed, becoming increasingly more male each year. Because South Carolina was one of the few Southern states at the time that did not disenfranchise poor white men, Blease actively courted the workers of these mills and built a devoted political base from the men, who hung his photo in their homes and named their children after him. His appeal to the millworkers and sharecroppers was based on his personality and his view that made the "inarticulate masses feel that Coley was making them an important political force in the state." In fact, little to no policy was tied to Blease but his invectives and shared tongue with the mill workers won him their favor. Because of this, Blease was the only politician in South Carolina who had any independence from Tillman while Tillman was alive. Blease promoted his image as a champion of the common people throughout his career, describing himself as the “poor man’s best friend” while his weekly newspaper during the Twenties encouraged voters to “save South Carolina and Ring Rule and Corporate Control” and elect friends of the “Farmers and Laboring Men.” One newspaper article commented on Blease’s populist style from one of his speeches: “Blease pulls up his sleeves, looks over his audience, and launches into his speech. He denounces his enemies, sticks to his friends, declares he has nothing to explain and nothing to apologize for, hits hard at the hostile press, attacks high taxes and those in office who imposed them, gives his opinion of the creation of new offices to be filled with political ‘pets,’ declares his devotion to the working man’s cause, and so on until the driving, dynamic concluding rhetoric is drowned in cheering. He knows the chords to play upon. He knows the popular mind and the little things that affect it. He can be serious or can laugh, can be sentimental or vitriolic, according to the subject in hand. He can express the grouches, the hopes, the irritations, the ambitions of those who believe in him.”— L. S. Cassel, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, September 20, 1925 Governor of South Carolina (1911–15) Blease in 1912 Blease was elected governor in 1910 because he "knew how to play on race, religious, and class prejudices to obtain votes." His legislative program was erratic and without consistency. He favored more aid to white schools but opposed compulsory attendance. He abolished the textile mill at the state penitentiary for health reasons but opposed inspections of private factories to ensure safe and healthful working conditions. Blease vetoed legislation to inspect factories for safety and health considerations, “stating that a man ought to be able to work under any conditions he chose.” He also opposed the medical examination of schoolchildren, “asserting that he would pardon any man who killed a doctor who violated his daughter’s modesty.” Blease acquired such a bad reputation that he was said to represent the worst aspects of Jim Crow and Benjamin Tillman, who branded Blease's style as "Jim Tillmanism" (Jim Tillman was Benjamin Tillman's nephew, who, as lieutenant governor, had killed a newspaper editor and been acquitted in the case). Blease favored complete white supremacy in all matters. He encouraged the practice of lynching, strongly opposed the education of Black people, and derided an opponent for being a trustee of a black school. He fired administrators without the authority to do so, ignored patronage requests from state legislators, and sparred with the state Supreme Court. As governor, Blease failed to enforce laws and was a scofflaw. On two occasions, he pardoned his black chauffeur when he was cited for speeding. Enjoying the power to pardon, Blease said that he wanted to pardon at least 1,000 men before he exited office because he wanted "to give the poor devils a chance." He is estimated to have pardoned between 1,500 and 1,700 prisoners, some of whom were guilty of murder and other serious crimes. His political enemies suggested that Blease received payments to pardon criminals. Among those he pardoned was former US Representative George W. Murray in 1912. The black Republican had lost an appeal for his conviction of forgery in 1905 by an all-white jury and was sentenced to hard labor. Refusing to serve for a conviction that he claimed resulted from racial discrimination, Murray had left the state permanently for Chicago. Segregation was also encouraged under Blease. A proposal put forward by Blease (and passed into law) segregated the black and white convicts of county chain gangs. Despite his racist politics and contradictory approach to reform, a number of positive measures were nevertheless enacted during Blease’s time as governor. Better provision for common schools was introduced, along with a special tax on hydroelectric companies, and a state tuberculosis sanitarium. In 1914 a State Warehouse System was established under which, as noted by one study, “low insurance rates were provided and storage receipts were guaranteed by the State – consequently they immediately became acceptable collateral for the local banks. Thus cotton farmers could get at least some cash on which to live and operate.” A law of February 1911 established maximum working hours for women in mercantile establishments “provided also that they should not be required to work after 10 o’clock at night.” An Act of February 1912, concerning notice of suspension of work, required employers to give notice to their employees give notice to their employees, while another Act from that same month provided for the provision of headlights on locomotives. A 1914 law required railroad companies to maintain shelters at division points “if repair work is regularly done at such points.” A statute related to the working hours of women in mercantile establishments was amended (No. 262) “by authorizing its enforcement by duly authorized agents of the commissioner of labor as well as by himself and the inspectors connected with the department.” A law of February 1914 allowed for labor organizations with a national or international charter to “form mutual associations, incorporated or unincorporated, for the purpose of aiding their members or their beneficiaries in times of sickness and death by levying equitable assessments for the payment of sick relief or death benefits, upon compliance with the terms of this act.” Another Act from that same month provided for railroad warning boards to be erected. The factory law was changed in 1912 “so as to absolutely prohibit the employment of children under 12.” A measure dated February the 20th 1912 provided that in cities with a population of 5,000 or over “no child under 14 years of age shall be employed as messenger and no minor under 18 shall be so employed between 10pm and 5pm.” A law related to public health was also introduced, a law to provide for the custody of destitute, abandoned and unprotected children. An Act of February the 18th 1911 provided for the payment of one annual pension for the benefit of deceased pensioners, either a soldier or soldier’s widow. An Act of March the 1st 1913 sought to require Clemson College to furnish, at cost, serum to state citizens for treating hog cholera, with the serum provided free to poor persons unable to pay for it. Another law authorized the awarding of 51 beneficiary scholarships “by holding competitive examinations; said scholarships to be of the value of $100 per annum and free tuition.” This measure became law without Blease’s approval. Blease’s lack of support for this measure was arguably due to the fact that, while he believed in free scholarships, he felt that “they should be divided among the people, and not all poured into the laps of a few families.” Opposition to soft drinks Blease disliked the newly developed carbonated soft drinks. In his gubernatorial inaugural address in 1911, he said: I also, in this connection, beg leave to call your attention to the evil of the habitual drinking of Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, and such like mixtures, as I fully believe they are injurious. It would be better for our people if they had nice, respectable places where they could go and buy a good, pure glass of cold beer, than to drink such concoctions. 1912 re-election Main article: 1912 South Carolina gubernatorial election In 1912, Blease faced Ira B. Jones in the Democratic gubernatorial primary and narrowly won the contest, and subsequently another term as governor. Jones, a Tillmanite and Chief Justice on the state Supreme Court, was no match for Blease on the stump. Jones claimed that Bleasism "led to anarchy" and campaigned on "law and order." He had Charleston Mayor John P. Grace campaign against Blease in the upcountry. Further, he argued that Blease rewarded his friends with positions in government. But Blease ultimately prevailed in the contest. Blease had made an agreement with Ben Tillman, who was running for re-election to the Senate, that the two would endorse each other. However, Tillman betrayed this promise several days before the election by releasing a letter denigrating Bleasism. Failed campaigns for office (1914–22) 1914 campaign for United States Senate Main article: 1914 United States Senate election in South Carolina In 1914, before Blease's tenure as governor was over, Blease was so confident that he would be elected to the U.S. Senate if he ran that he visited the Senate chambers in Washington to choose his desk. However, after numerous blunders including his speech at the 1912 National Governors' Conference in Richmond, Virginia, Blease's popularity had waned and the incumbent, Senator Ellison D. Smith was able to secure re-election by 15,000 votes. In a show of spite for progressive governor-elect Richard Irvine Manning III, Blease resigned five days before the end of his second term on January 14, 1915, so that he did not have to attend Manning's inauguration. Lieutenant Governor Charles Aurelius Smith succeeded to the governorship and performed ceremonial functions during his five days in office. After leaving office, Blease moved his criminal law practice from Newberry to Columbia and continued railing against his political enemies. He occupied his time giving speeches in rural towns and discussing his use of the governor's parole power in national forums. Further, he spoke out against Governor Manning's policies regarding prohibition (Blease popularly said he would not enforce the dispensary laws in the wet cities, Charleston and Columbia) and Manning's newly created administrative agencies which he called useless. 1916 campaign for Governor This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Main article: 1916 South Carolina gubernatorial election In 1916, Blease challenged Governor Manning for re-election. A third candidate, Robert Archer Cooper, won the support of many textile mill owners alarmed by Bleasism and Manning's progressive reforms. Blease revived his political coalition of mill workers and sharecroppers, and he made political capital out of Manning's use of troops to evict striking workers from a mill in Anderson. Tillman openly supported the Manning in the election. Blease placed first in the August 29 Democratic primary, but fell a few thousand votes short of the majority necessary to avoid a runoff election. With Cooper out of the race, mill owners and most other conservatives threw their support to Manning. Manning narrowly won the September 12 runoff, which was tantamount to election. 1918 campaign for United States Senate Main article: 1918 United States Senate election in South Carolina In 1917, Blease denounced America's entry into World War I. However, he recanted this position the following year. Nonetheless, his statements came back to haunt him when he ran for the 1918 Democratic nomination for the Senate after Tillman died. President Wilson declared that Blease was no friend of the administration, and former allies of Blease failed to endorse him, both occurrences led to Blease losing the race. 1922 campaign for Governor Main article: 1922 South Carolina gubernatorial election Following his loss in 1918, Blease was inactive politically for the next three years. But as the political climate turned more reactionary after 1919, when the state and nation suffered with postwar economic adjustments, Blease's popularity rebounded. Blease did not run for any public office in 1920. However, Blease threw his hat in the ring once again in 1922 when he ran for governor. Blease failed to capture a majority of the votes and lost to Thomas Gordon McLeod in the run-off by over 15,000 votes. In virtually all of his campaigns, Blease used a catchy, nonsensical, nonspecific campaign jingle that became well known to virtually every voter in South Carolina in the era. For instance, he used, "Roll up your sleeves, say what you please... the man for the job is Coley Blease!" U.S. Senator (1925–31) A photograph of Blease when he was in the U.S. Senate. 1924 election Main article: 1924 United States Senate election in South Carolina In 1924, Blease defeated James F. Byrnes in the Democratic primary and was elected to the US Senate. His campaign foreshadowed his style as senator. Blease's defeat of Byrnes was widely credited to a rumor campaign that Byrnes, who was raised as a Roman Catholic in Charleston, had not really left that faith. Such an assertion in an overwhelmingly-Protestant state, while the Ku Klux Klan was at the height of its power, ruined Byrnes's political hopes that year. As Senator, Blease continued to voice his staunch opposition to the education of African Americans in the most racist of terms. In 1925, he told a Charlotte, North Carolina newspaper: "I think the greatest mistake a white man ever made was to put his hand in his pocket to educate a nigger. You can’t educate a horse or a mule or a cow, and you can't educate a nigger. They weren't made to be educated. We don't need them for lawyers or pharmacists and all that. They were made to cut wood, draw water, and work in the fields." Nonetheless, some have argued that Blease was considerably more moderate in the election than in his previous political campaigns. Views and policies In 1926, Blease proposed an anti-miscegenation amendment to the US Constitution to require Congress to set a punishment for interracial couples attempting to get married and for people officiating an interracial marriage, but Congress never submitted it to the states. In 1929, in protest of First Lady Lou Hoover's invitation of Jessie De Priest, the African-American wife of Illinois Representative Oscar De Priest, to tea at the White House, Blease proposed a resolution, "o request the Chief Executive to respect the White House," demanding for the Hoovers to "remember that the house in which they are temporarily residing is the 'White House'." In support of the resolution, Blease read the 1901 poem "Niggers in the White House" on the floor of the Senate. After immediate protests from Northern Republican Senators Walter Edge and Hiram Bingham, the poem was excluded from the Congressional Record. Bingham described the poem as "indecent, obscene doggerel" which gave "offense to hundreds of thousands of our fellow citizens and... to the Declaration of Independence and our Constitution." Blease withdrew the resolution but said that he did so "because it gave offense to his friend, Senator Bingham, and not because it might give any offense to the Negro race." That year, Blease made a significant contribution to American immigration law. He brokered a compromise between dueling factions and shepherded a bill through congress which criminalized unlawful entry into the United States, thus paving the way for Section 1325. 1930 defeat Main article: 1930 United States Senate election in South Carolina Byrnes defeated Blease in his 1930 run for re-election to the Senate. Blease died in Columbia, South Carolina on the night of January 19, 1942, a day after he underwent surgery. References Notes ^ Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy By Stephen Kantrowitz, 2015, P.296 ^ Simkins 1944, p. 486. ^ "Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress - Cole Blease". bioguideretro.congress.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2020. ^ Lander 1970, p. 141. ^ Simon 1996, pp. 57–59. ^ Simkins 1944, p. 224. ^ Lander, Ernest: A History of South Carolina 1865-1960, p. 49. University of South Carolina Press, 1970. ^ a b Simkins 1944, p. 487. ^ a b c Simon 1996, pp. 60, 66. ^ Stone 1963, pp. 54–74. ^ Simon 1996, p. 61. ^ Simon 1996, p. 62. ^ Simon 1996, p. 63. ^ a b c Lander 1970, p. 50. ^ Simkins 1944, p. 488. ^ Simkins 1944, p. 489. ^ From Yeoman to Redneck in the South Carolina Upcountry, 1850-1915 by Stephen A. West, 2008 ^ Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy By Stephen Kantrowitz, 2015, p. 296 ^ Antic Governor Cole Blease Sent to Senate; Capital Keeps Eye on Constitution Smasher ^ Miller 1971. ^ a b Coleman Blease (South Carolina Encyclopedia biography) ^ Simkins 1944, p. 389. ^ Miller 1971, p. 27. ^ a b Stone 1963, p. 63. ^ Miller 1971, p. 56. ^ Simkins 1944, p. 501. ^ "Pardoning power in S.C." Post and Courier. July 25, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2020. ^ History of South Carolina, ed. by Yates Snowden, in collaboration with H. G. Cutler and an editorial advisory board, including special contributors. v. 2, P.1064-65 ^ Year Book of the Department of Agriculture of the State of South Carolina Volumes 43–47By South Carolina, Department of Agriculture, 1945, P.151 ^ Chronological Development of Labor Legislation for Women in the United States By Florence Patteson Smith, P.136 ^ Labor Legislation of 1912, P.196 ^ Labour Legislation of 1914, P.16 ^ Labour Legislation of 1914, P.17-18 ^ Labour Legislation of 1914, P.204 ^ Monthly Labor Review, September 1915, Volume I, Number 3 P.65 ^ Bulletin Issues 46–55 By United States. Office of Education, 1913, P.183 ^ Acts and joint resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, 1911, P.92 ^ Acts and joint resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, 1911, P.135 ^ Acts and joint resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, 1911, P.157 ^ Acts and joint resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina 1913, P.194-195 ^ Report of the Federal Security Agency, Office of Education, Volume 2 By United States. Office of Education, 1914, P.285 ^ ANNUAL MESSAGE OF GOVERNOR COLE. L. BLEASE TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF SOUTH CAROLINA JANUARY 12 1915, P.11 ^ "Blease 1911 inaugural address, page 85" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2009. ^ Stone 1963, p. 57. ^ Stone 1963, p. 59. ^ Stone 1963, p. 60. ^ Stone 1963, p. 67. ^ a b c Hollis 1979. ^ Hollis 1979, p. 4. ^ Hollis 1979, p. 5. ^ Hollis 1979, p. 8–9. ^ Hollis 1979, p. 17. ^ a b c d e Hollis 1979, p. 16. ^ "South Carolina Governor - Thomas Gordon McLeod - 1923-1927". www.sciway.net. Retrieved December 14, 2020. ^ "Byrnes, James Francis". South Carolina Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 14, 2020. ^ The Crisis, April 1925, 275. ^ Hollis 1979, p. 18. ^ a b "Offers 'Nigger' Poem". Providence Evening Tribune. June 18, 1929. p. 7. Retrieved September 16, 2013. ^ a b c "Blease Poetry is Expunged from Record". The Afro-American. June 22, 1929. Retrieved September 16, 2013. ^ Stanley-Becker, Isaac (June 25, 2019). "Who's behind the law making undocumented immigrants criminals? An 'unrepentant white supremacist.'". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 15, 2020. ^ Indianapolis Times, Volume 42, Number 105, Indianapolis, 10 September 1930. Retrieved from https://newspapers.library.in.gov/?a=d&d=IPT19300910.1.5&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------. ^ Wire service, “Ex-Senator Dies”, The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Tuesday 20 January 1942, Volume 48, page 1. Bibliography Adams, James Truslow (1940). Dictionary of American History. Charles Scribner's Sons. Burnside, Ronald Dantan (1963). The Governorship of Coleman Livingston Blease of South Carolina, 1911-1915. Indiana University. Hollis, Daniel W. (1978). "Cole L. Blease and the Senatorial Campaign of 1924" (PDF). Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association: 53–68. Retrieved March 23, 2017. Hollis, Daniel W. (1979). "Cole Blease: The Years Between the Governorship and the Senate, 1915-1924". South Carolina Historical Magazine. 80: 1–17. Lander, Ernest McPherson Jr. (1970). A History of South Carolina, 1865-1960. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 49–53, 141. ISBN 0-87249-169-2. Miller, Anthony Barry (1971). Coleman Livingston Blease (PDF). University of North Carolina, Greensboro. Simkins, Francis Butler (1944). Pitchfork Ben Tillman, South Carolinian (first paperback ed.). Louisiana State University Press. OCLC 1877696. Simon, Bryant (1996). "The Appeal of Cole Blease of South Carolina: Race, Class, and Sex in the New South". Journal of Southern History. 62 (1): 57–86. doi:10.2307/2211206. JSTOR 2211206. Simon, Bryant (1998). A Fabric of Defeat: The Politics of South Carolina Millhands, 1910-1948. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4704-6. Stone, Clarence N. (1963). "Bleaseism and the 1912 Election in South Carolina". North Carolina Historical Review. 40: 54–74. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coleman Livingston Blease. SCIway Biography of Coleman Livingston Blease United States Congress. "BLEASE, Coleman Livingston (id: B000553)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. NGA Biography of Coleman Livingston Blease Moore, William V. "Blease, Coleman Livingston." South Carolina Encyclopedia. Party political offices Preceded byMartin Frederick Ansel Democratic nominee for Governor of South Carolina 1910, 1912 Succeeded byRichard Irvine Manning III Preceded byNathaniel B. Dial Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from South Carolina(Class 2) 1924 Succeeded byJames F. Byrnes Political offices Preceded byMartin Frederick Ansel Governor of South Carolina 1911–1915 Succeeded byCharles Aurelius Smith U.S. Senate Preceded byNathaniel B. Dial United States Senator from South Carolina 1925–1931 Succeeded byJames F. Byrnes vteGovernors of South Carolina J. Rutledge Lowndes J. Rutledge Mathews Guerard Moultrie T. Pinckney C. Pinckney Moultrie Vanderhorst C. Pinckney E. Rutledge Drayton J. Richardson P. Hamilton C. Pinckney Drayton Middleton Alston D. Williams A. Pickens Geddes Bennett Wilson Manning I Taylor Miller J. Hamilton Hayne McDuffie Butler Noble Henagan Richardson II Hammond Aiken Johnson Seabrook Means J. Manning Adams Allston Gist F. Pickens Bonham Magrath Perry Orr Scott Moses Chamberlain Hampton Simpson Jeter Hagood Thompson Sheppard Richardson III Tillman Evans Ellerbe McSweeney Heyward Ansel Blease Smith Manning III Cooper Harvey McLeod Richards Blackwood Johnston Maybank Harley Jefferies Johnston R. Williams Thurmond Byrnes Timmerman Hollings Russell McNair West Edwards Riley Campbell Beasley Hodges Sanford Haley McMaster vteUnited States senators from South CarolinaClass 2 P. Butler Hunter Pinckney Sumter Taylor W. Smith R. Hayne Calhoun Huger Calhoun Elmore Barnwell Rhett De Saussure Evans A. Hayne Chesnut Robertson M. Butler Tillman Benet Pollock Dial Blease Byrnes Lumpkin Peace Maybank Daniel Thurmond Wofford Thurmond Graham Class 3 Izard Read Colhoun P. Butler Gaillard Harper W. Smith Miller Preston McDuffie A. Butler Hammond Sawyer Patterson Hampton Irby Earle McLaurin Latimer Gary E. Smith Hall Johnston Russell Hollings DeMint Scott vteSouth Carolina's delegation(s) to the 69th–71st United States Congresses (ordered by seniority) 69th Senate: ▌E. Smith (D) ▌C. Blease (D) House: ▌F. Dominick (D) ▌W. Stevenson (D) ▌H. Fulmer (D) ▌J. McSwain (D) ▌A. Gasque (D) ▌B. Hare (D) ▌T. McMillan (D) 70th Senate: ▌E. Smith (D) ▌C. Blease (D) House: ▌F. Dominick (D) ▌W. Stevenson (D) ▌H. Fulmer (D) ▌J. McSwain (D) ▌A. Gasque (D) ▌B. Hare (D) ▌T. McMillan (D) 70th Senate: ▌E. Smith (D) ▌C. Blease (D) House: ▌F. Dominick (D) ▌W. Stevenson (D) ▌H. Fulmer (D) ▌J. McSwain (D) ▌A. Gasque (D) ▌B. Hare (D) ▌T. McMillan (D) vteLynching in the United StatesList of lynching victims in the United StatesBefore 1900 Francis McIntosh (1836) Elijah Parish Lovejoy (1837) Josefa Segovia (1851) Pancho Daniel (1858) Joshua Boyd (1863) Henry Plummer (1864) Bill Sketoe (1864) Clubfoot George (1864) Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer (1868) Wyatt Outlaw (1870) John W. Stephens (1870) Alexander Boyd (1870) Jim Williams (1871) David Jones (1872) Jo Reed (1875) Arthur St. Clair (1877) Michael Green (1878) Joseph Standing (1879) Big Nose George Parrott (1881) Charles Thurber (1882) John Wesley Heath (1884) Eliza Woods (1886) Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson (1886) Amos Miller (1888) Joseph Vermillion (1889) George Meadows (1889) Ellen Watson (1889) Brown Washington (1890) Jim Taylor (1891) Dick Lundy (1891) Joe Coe (1891) Robert Lewis (1892) Ephraim Grizzard (1892) Samuel J. Bush (1893) John Peterson (1893) Alfred Blount (1893) Henry Smith (1893) Richard Puryear (1894) Stephen Williams (1894) Amos Hicks (1894) Jacob Henson (1896) William Andrews (1897) Joseph H. McCoy (1897) John Anderson (1898) John Henry James (1898) F. W. Stewart (1898) Sam Hose (1899) Benjamin Thomas (1899) 1900–1940 Fred Rochelle (1901) Ballie Crutchfield (1901) George Ward (1901) Walker Davis (1903) J. D. Mayfield (1903) George White (1903) David Wyatt (1903) Marie Thompson (1904) Paul Reed and Will Cato (1904) Bunk Richardson (1906) Ed Johnson (1906) Slab Pitts (1906) William Burns (1907) Earnest Williams (1907) Jim Miller (1909) James Hodges (1909) Matthew Chase (1909) "Mose" Creole (1909) "Pie" Hill (1909) William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner (1909) Grant Richardson (1910) King Johnson (1911) Name unknown (TX) (1911) Laura and L. D. Nelson (1911) Will Porter (1911) Zachariah Walker (1911) Mary Jackson (1912) Rob Edwards (1912) George Saunders (1912) Robert Perry (1913) ? Anderson (1913) Charles Fisher (1914) John Evans (1914) Leo Frank (1915) Name unknown (MS) (1915) Jesse Washington (1916) Anthony Crawford (1916) Jeff Brown (1916) Paulo Boleta (1916) Frank Little (1917) Charles Jones (1917) Ell Persons (1917) Robert Prager (1918) Mary Turner and her unborn baby (1918) Hazel "Hayes" Turner (1918) George Taylor (1918) Jim McIlherron (1918) Olli Kinkkonen (1918) Wallace Baynes (1919) Will Brown (1919) Wesley Everest (1919) John Hartfield (1919) Jay Lynch (1919) Berry Washington (1919) Willie Baird (1920) Roy Belton (1920) Dick Rowland (attempted) (1921) Henry Lowry (1921) James Harvey and Joe Jordan (1922) Joe Pullen (1923) Samuel Smith (1924) L. Q. Ivy (1925) Raymond Byrd (1926) James Clark (1926) Fred N. Selak (1926) Tom Payne (1927) John Carter (1927) Dan Anderson (1927) Will Sherod (1927) Bernice Raspberry (1927) Owen Flemming (1927) Joseph Upchurch (1927) Joe Smith (1927) Albert Williams (1927) Thomas Bradshaw (1927) Winston Pounds (1927) Thomas Williams (1927) Leonard Woods (1927) J. C. Collins (1928) George Hughes (1930) James Cameron (1930) Lynching of Raymond Gunn (1931) Matthew Williams (1931) Shedrick Thompson (1932) George Armwood (1933) Cordie Cheek (1933) Claude Neal (1934) Austin Callaway (1940) Elbert Williams (1940) After 1940 Felix Hall (1941) Johannes Kunze (1943) Robert "Bobbie" Hall (1943) Willie James Howard (1944) Recy Taylor (1944) John Cecil Jones (1946) Willie Earle (1947) Lamar Smith (1955) George W. Lee (1955) Emmett Till (1955) Judge Edward Aaron (1957) Willie Edwards (1957) Mack Charles Parker (1959) Louis Allen (1964) Lemuel Penn (1964) Frank Morris (1964) James Reeb (1965) Vernon Dahmer (1966) Wharlest Jackson (1967) Carol Jenkins (1968) Henry Marrow (1970) Marian Pyszko (1975) Betty Gardner (1978) Arthur McDuffie (1979) Michael Donald (1981) Yusef Hawkins (1989) James Byrd Jr. (1998) James Craig Anderson (2011) Ahmaud Arbery (2020) Multiple victims Death of Joseph Smith (Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith) (1844) Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre (1858) Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX (1862) New York City draft riots (1863) Detroit race riot (1863) ? Lachenais and four others (1863) Fort Pillow, TN, massacre (1864) Plummer Gang (1864) Memphis massacre (1866) Gallatin County, KY, race riot (1866) New Orleans massacre of 1866 Reno Brothers Gang (1868) Camilla, GA, massacre (1868) Steve Long and two half-brothers (1868) Pulaski, TN, riot (1868) Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman (1868) Opelousas, LA, massacre (1868) Bear River City riot (1868) Chinese massacre of 1871 Meridian, MS, race riot (1871) Colfax, LA, massacre (1873) Election riot of 1874 (AL) Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya (1874) Benjamin and Mollie French (1876) Ellenton, SC, riot (1876) Hamburg, SC, massacre (1876) Thibodeax, LA, massacre (1878) Mart and Tom Horrell (1878) Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer (1879) Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken (1879) T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey (1880) New Orleans 1891 lynchings (1891) Ruggles Brothers (CA) (1892) Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN) (1892) Porter and Spencer (MS) (1897) Phoenix, SC, election riot (1898) Wilmington, NC, insurrection (1898) Julia and Frazier Baker (1898) Pana, IL, riot (1899) Watkinsville lynching (1905) 1906 Atlanta race massacre Kemper County, MS (1906) Walker family (1908) Springfield race riot of 1908 Slocum, TX, massacre (1910) Laura and L.D. Nelson (1911) Harris County, GA, lynchings (1912) Newberry, FL, lynchings (1916) East St. Louis, IL, riots (1917) Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA (1918) Jenkins County, GA, riot (1919) Longview, TX, race riot (1919) Elaine, AR, race riot (1919) Omaha race riot of 1919 Knoxville riot of 1919 Red Summer (1919) Duluth, MN, lynchings (1920) Ocoee, FL, massacre (1920) Tulsa race massacre (1921) Perry, FL, race riot (1922) Rosewood, FL, massacre (1923) Jim and Mark Fox (1927) Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith (1930) Tate County, MS (1932) Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes (1933) Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels (1937) Beaumont, TX, Race Riot (1943) O'Day Short, wife, and two children (1945) Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings (1946) Harry and Harriette Moore (1952) Anniston, AL (1961) Freedom Summer Murders (James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner) (1964) Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore (1964) General Lynching Indiana White Caps Jim Crow laws Ku Klux Klan Nadir of American race relations Red Shirts Jews Anti-lynching movement American anti-lynching activists American Crusade Against Lynching Jessie Daniel Ames Martin C. Ansorge Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching Flossie Bailey William O'Connell Bradley Ella Barksdale Brown Father Divine "Flag Salute" N.A.A.C.P. National Conference on Lynching Paul Robeson "Strange Fruit" Ida B. Wells Legislation Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill Costigan-Wagner Bill Justice for Victims of Lynching Act Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act Emmett Till Antilynching Act Defenders of lynching Theodore G. Bilbo Cole L. Blease Julian S. Carr Sidney Johnston Catts Thomas Dixon Jr. Rebecca Latimer Felton John Temple Graves John Trotwood Moore John T. Morgan James Rolph Goodloe Sutton Benjamin Tillman James K. Vardaman Thomas E. Watson Memory America's Black Holocaust Museum Civil Rights Memorial The Legacy Museum National Memorial for Peace and Justice National Museum of African American History and Culture Southern Poverty Law Center Related articles James Allen (collector) "And you are lynching Negroes" Attack on John Shillady Battle of Liberty Place The Birth of a Nation The Clansman Deaths in police custody Fury (1936 film) Hang 'Em High Lynching postcard Mississippi Burning Mississippi Cold Case Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson (1965) The Ox-Bow Incident Parade (musical) Reconstruction era Red Summer Scottsboro Boys Silent Parade Stone Mountain Summer in Mississippi Sundown town They Won't Forget "The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain) United States v. Shipp Vendetta (1999 film) Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Categories Lynching in the United States Lynching deaths in the United States Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States People US Congress Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"89th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"governor of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Tillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman"},{"link_name":"textile mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_mill"},{"link_name":"Poor Whites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_White"},{"link_name":"white supremacist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacist"},{"link_name":"lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"interracial couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial_couples"},{"link_name":"US First Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_First_Lady"},{"link_name":"Lou Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Hoover"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Section 1325","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States#Improper_entry"}],"text":"Coleman Livingston Blease (October 8, 1868 – January 19, 1942) was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as the 89th governor of South Carolina from 1911 to 1915 and represented the state in the United States Senate from 1925 to 1931. Blease was the political heir of Benjamin Tillman. He led a political revolution in South Carolina by building a political base of white textile mill workers from the state's upcountry region. He was notorious for playing on the prejudices of Poor Whites to gain their votes and was an unrepentant white supremacist.Blease was notorious for his vituperative demeanor. He did not campaign on political promises but on the prejudices of white citizens. Blease advocated lynching (\"Sometimes after a lynching,\" wrote one biographer, \"Blease publicly celebrated the savage murder with a bizarre death dance\")[1] and was against education for black people. As U.S. senator, he advocated penalties for interracial couples attempting to get married, criticized US First Lady Lou Hoover for inviting a black guest to tea at the White House, and was the architect of Section 1325.","title":"Cole L. Blease"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newberry, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newberry,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"Black Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Americans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimkins1944486-2"},{"link_name":"Newberry College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newberry_College"},{"link_name":"University of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"plagiarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander1970141-4"},{"link_name":"South Carolina House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Tillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon199657%E2%80%9359-5"},{"link_name":"disfranchised Black people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimkins1944224-6"},{"link_name":"South Carolina Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Senate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimkins1944487-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimkins1944487-8"}],"text":"Blease was born to Henry Horatio Blease (1832–1892) and Mary Ann Livingston Blease (1830–1874) near the town of Newberry, South Carolina, on October 8, 1868, the year that South Carolina's new Reconstruction constitution was adopted, and Black Americans began participating in political life. He grew up in his father's hotel which led him to be uncommonly social.[2] He was educated at Newberry College, the University of South Carolina, and Georgetown University, where he graduated from the law department in 1889.[3] At the University of South Carolina, Blease was expelled for plagiarism and always carried a grudge against the university.[4]After his schooling was complete, Blease returned to Newberry to practice law and to enter politics. He began his political career in the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1890 as a Democrat and protégé of Benjamin Tillman.[5] In 1895, the state legislature ratified a new constitution that essentially disfranchised Black people, thus crippling the state's Republican Party, which they supported. [6] The state then had a one-party system, run by the Democrats.Blease's rise to power, as he moved from the South Carolina House of Representatives to the South Carolina Senate in 1900, was built on the support of both the sharecroppers and white mill workers, then an increasingly-important segment of the electorate in South Carolina.[7] But it was not a straightforward rise, Blease lost his seat in the legislature in 1894 and his attempt to re-gain it in 1896.[8] And while he ultimately obtained a state senate seat in 1900, he subsequently lost races to become the Democratic nominee for governor in 1904 and 1906.[8]In 1910, Blease was elected mayor of Newberry and held that position until November of that year, when he was elected governor of South Carolina.","title":"Early life and political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Economy of South Carolina § The beginnings of industrialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Carolina#The_beginnings_of_industrialization"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon199660,_66-9"},{"link_name":"textile mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_mill"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon199660,_66-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon199660,_66-9"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone196354%E2%80%9374-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Child_laborer.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon199661-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon199662-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon199663-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander197050-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimkins1944488-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimkins1944489-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Daily Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"See also: Economy of South Carolina § The beginnings of industrializationCritics and allies of Blease alike used the term Bleasism to \"designate the political uprising of first-generation South Carolina millworkers\" led by Blease in 1910.[9] The political uprising was different from the one led by Ben Tillman a generation earlier. Whereas Tillman sought agricultural reform and drew his political support from South Carolina's white farmers and planters, Blease was anti-reform and drew his support from white textile mill workers.[9] The movement Blease led was largely characterized by white supremacy and not social policy.[9] But it shared the same enemies as Tillmanism: the newspapers, the railroads, corporations, Charleston aristocrats, and urban businessmen.[10]A child laborer in a textile mill in Newberry, S.C., the home town of Blease.Bleasism was made possible by the sociopolitical change South Carolina underwent at the turn of the twentieth century. For instance, in 1880, the state had close to a dozen textile mills, but in 1900 the number had grown to 115.[11] The work force of the mills also changed, becoming increasingly more male each year.[12] Because South Carolina was one of the few Southern states at the time that did not disenfranchise poor white men, Blease actively courted the workers of these mills and built a devoted political base from the men, who hung his photo in their homes and named their children after him.[13]His appeal to the millworkers and sharecroppers was based on his personality and his view that made the \"inarticulate masses feel that Coley was making them an important political force in the state.\"[14] In fact, little to no policy was tied to Blease but his invectives and shared tongue with the mill workers won him their favor.[15] Because of this, Blease was the only politician in South Carolina who had any independence from Tillman while Tillman was alive.[16] Blease promoted his image as a champion of the common people throughout his career, describing himself as the “poor man’s best friend”[17] while his weekly newspaper during the Twenties encouraged voters to “save South Carolina and Ring Rule and Corporate Control” and elect friends of the “Farmers and Laboring Men.”[18]One newspaper article commented on Blease’s populist style from one of his speeches:“Blease pulls up his sleeves, looks over his audience, and launches into his speech. He denounces his enemies, sticks to his friends, declares he has nothing to explain and nothing to apologize for, hits hard at the hostile press, attacks high taxes and those in office who imposed them, gives his opinion of the creation of new offices to be filled with political ‘pets,’ declares his devotion to the working man’s cause, and so on until the driving, dynamic concluding rhetoric is drowned in cheering. He knows the chords to play upon. He knows the popular mind and the little things that affect it. He can be serious or can laugh, can be sentimental or vitriolic, according to the subject in hand. He can express the grouches, the hopes, the irritations, the ambitions of those who believe in him.”— L. S. Cassel, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, September 20, 1925[19]","title":"Bleasism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ColemanBlease.jpg"},{"link_name":"elected governor in 1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election,_1910"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander197050-14"},{"link_name":"compulsory attendance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_schooling"},{"link_name":"textile mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_mill"},{"link_name":"state penitentiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Penitentiary"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1971-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scencyclopedia.org-21"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Tillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman"},{"link_name":"Jim Tillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Tillman"},{"link_name":"killed a newspaper editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narciso_Gener_Gonzales"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimkins1944389-22"},{"link_name":"white supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy"},{"link_name":"lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller197127-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone196363-24"},{"link_name":"scofflaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scofflaw"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller197156-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimkins1944501-26"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander197050-14"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"George W. Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Murray"},{"link_name":"all-white jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-white_jury"},{"link_name":"hard labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_labor"},{"link_name":"racial discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discrimination"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scencyclopedia.org-21"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Blease in 1912Blease was elected governor in 1910 because he \"knew how to play on race, religious, and class prejudices to obtain votes.\"[14] His legislative program was erratic and without consistency. He favored more aid to white schools but opposed compulsory attendance. He abolished the textile mill at the state penitentiary for health reasons but opposed inspections of private factories to ensure safe and healthful working conditions.[20] Blease vetoed legislation to inspect factories for safety and health considerations, “stating that a man ought to be able to work under any conditions he chose.” He also opposed the medical examination of schoolchildren, “asserting that he would pardon any man who killed a doctor who violated his daughter’s modesty.” [21]Blease acquired such a bad reputation that he was said to represent the worst aspects of Jim Crow and Benjamin Tillman, who branded Blease's style as \"Jim Tillmanism\" (Jim Tillman was Benjamin Tillman's nephew, who, as lieutenant governor, had killed a newspaper editor and been acquitted in the case).[22] Blease favored complete white supremacy in all matters. He encouraged the practice of lynching, strongly opposed the education of Black people, and derided an opponent for being a trustee of a black school.[23] He fired administrators without the authority to do so, ignored patronage requests from state legislators, and sparred with the state Supreme Court.[24]As governor, Blease failed to enforce laws and was a scofflaw.[25] On two occasions, he pardoned his black chauffeur when he was cited for speeding.[26] Enjoying the power to pardon, Blease said that he wanted to pardon at least 1,000 men before he exited office because he wanted \"to give the poor devils a chance.\"[14] He is estimated to have pardoned between 1,500 and 1,700 prisoners, some of whom were guilty of murder and other serious crimes.[27] His political enemies suggested that Blease received payments to pardon criminals. Among those he pardoned was former US Representative George W. Murray in 1912. The black Republican had lost an appeal for his conviction of forgery in 1905 by an all-white jury and was sentenced to hard labor. Refusing to serve for a conviction that he claimed resulted from racial discrimination, Murray had left the state permanently for Chicago.Segregation was also encouraged under Blease. A proposal put forward by Blease (and passed into law) segregated the black and white convicts of county chain gangs.[28]Despite his racist politics and contradictory approach to reform, a number of positive measures were nevertheless enacted during Blease’s time as governor. Better provision for common schools was introduced, along with a special tax on hydroelectric companies, and a state tuberculosis sanitarium.[21] In 1914 a State Warehouse System was established under which, as noted by one study, “low insurance rates were provided and storage receipts were guaranteed by the State – consequently they immediately became acceptable collateral for the local banks. Thus cotton farmers could get at least some cash on which to live and operate.”[29] A law of February 1911 established maximum working hours for women in mercantile establishments “provided also that they should not be required to work after 10 o’clock at night.”\n[30] An Act of February 1912, concerning notice of suspension of work, required employers to give notice to their employees give notice to their employees, while another Act from that same month provided for the provision of headlights on locomotives.[31] A 1914 law required railroad companies to maintain shelters at division points “if repair work is regularly done at such points.”[32] A statute related to the working hours of women in mercantile establishments was amended (No. 262) “by authorizing its enforcement by duly authorized agents of the commissioner of labor as well as by himself and the inspectors connected with the department.”[33] A law of February 1914 allowed for labor organizations with a national or international charter to “form mutual associations, incorporated or unincorporated, for the purpose of aiding their members or their beneficiaries in times of sickness and death by levying equitable assessments for the payment of sick relief or death benefits, upon compliance with the terms of this act.” Another Act from that same month provided for railroad warning boards to be erected.[34]The factory law was changed in 1912 “so as to absolutely prohibit the employment of children under 12.”[35] A measure dated February the 20th 1912 provided that in cities with a population of 5,000 or over “no child under 14 years of age shall be employed as messenger and no minor under 18 shall be so employed between 10pm and 5pm.”[36] A law related to public health was also introduced,[37] a law to provide for the custody of destitute, abandoned and unprotected children.[38] An Act of February the 18th 1911 provided for the payment of one annual pension for the benefit of deceased pensioners, either a soldier or soldier’s widow.[39] An Act of March the 1st 1913 sought to require Clemson College to furnish, at cost, serum to state citizens for treating hog cholera, with the serum provided free to poor persons unable to pay for it.[40] Another law authorized the awarding of 51 beneficiary scholarships “by holding competitive examinations; said scholarships to be of the value of $100 per annum and free tuition.” This measure became law without Blease’s approval.[41] Blease’s lack of support for this measure was arguably due to the fact that, while he believed in free scholarships, he felt that “they should be divided among the people, and not all poured into the laps of a few families.”[42]","title":"Governor of South Carolina (1911–15)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soft drinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_drinks"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"Pepsi-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsi-Cola"},{"link_name":"beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Opposition to soft drinks","text":"Blease disliked the newly developed carbonated soft drinks. In his gubernatorial inaugural address in 1911, he said:I also, in this connection, beg leave to call your attention to the evil of the habitual drinking of Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, and such like mixtures, as I fully believe they are injurious. It would be better for our people if they had nice, respectable places where they could go and buy a good, pure glass of cold beer, than to drink such concoctions.[43]","title":"Governor of South Carolina (1911–15)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ira B. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_B._Jones"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone196357-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone196359-45"},{"link_name":"John P. Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Grace"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone196360-46"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone196363-24"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone196367-47"}],"sub_title":"1912 re-election","text":"In 1912, Blease faced Ira B. Jones in the Democratic gubernatorial primary and narrowly won the contest, and subsequently another term as governor. Jones, a Tillmanite and Chief Justice on the state Supreme Court, was no match for Blease on the stump.[44] Jones claimed that Bleasism \"led to anarchy\" and campaigned on \"law and order.\"[45] He had Charleston Mayor John P. Grace campaign against Blease in the upcountry.[46] Further, he argued that Blease rewarded his friends with positions in government.[24] But Blease ultimately prevailed in the contest.Blease had made an agreement with Ben Tillman, who was running for re-election to the Senate, that the two would endorse each other. However, Tillman betrayed this promise several days before the election by releasing a letter denigrating Bleasism.[47]","title":"Governor of South Carolina (1911–15)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Failed campaigns for office (1914–22)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis1979-48"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Ellison D. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis1979-48"},{"link_name":"Richard Irvine Manning III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Irvine_Manning_III"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis1979-48"},{"link_name":"Charles Aurelius Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Aurelius_Smith"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis19794-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis19795-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis19798%E2%80%939-51"}],"sub_title":"1914 campaign for United States Senate","text":"In 1914, before Blease's tenure as governor was over, Blease was so confident that he would be elected to the U.S. Senate if he ran that he visited the Senate chambers in Washington to choose his desk.[48] However, after numerous blunders including his speech at the 1912 National Governors' Conference in Richmond, Virginia, Blease's popularity had waned and the incumbent, Senator Ellison D. Smith was able to secure re-election by 15,000 votes.[48]In a show of spite for progressive governor-elect Richard Irvine Manning III, Blease resigned five days before the end of his second term on January 14, 1915, so that he did not have to attend Manning's inauguration.[48] Lieutenant Governor Charles Aurelius Smith succeeded to the governorship and performed ceremonial functions during his five days in office.After leaving office, Blease moved his criminal law practice from Newberry to Columbia and continued railing against his political enemies.[49] He occupied his time giving speeches in rural towns and discussing his use of the governor's parole power in national forums.[50] Further, he spoke out against Governor Manning's policies regarding prohibition (Blease popularly said he would not enforce the dispensary laws in the wet cities, Charleston and Columbia) and Manning's newly created administrative agencies which he called useless.[51]","title":"Failed campaigns for office (1914–22)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Archer Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Archer_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"runoff election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-round_system"},{"link_name":"tantamount to election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantamount_to_election"}],"sub_title":"1916 campaign for Governor","text":"In 1916, Blease challenged Governor Manning for re-election. A third candidate, Robert Archer Cooper, won the support of many textile mill owners alarmed by Bleasism and Manning's progressive reforms. Blease revived his political coalition of mill workers and sharecroppers, and he made political capital out of Manning's use of troops to evict striking workers from a mill in Anderson. Tillman openly supported the Manning in the election.Blease placed first in the August 29 Democratic primary, but fell a few thousand votes short of the majority necessary to avoid a runoff election. With Cooper out of the race, mill owners and most other conservatives threw their support to Manning. Manning narrowly won the September 12 runoff, which was tantamount to election.","title":"Failed campaigns for office (1914–22)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis197917-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis197916-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis197916-53"}],"sub_title":"1918 campaign for United States Senate","text":"In 1917, Blease denounced America's entry into World War I.[52] However, he recanted this position the following year.[53] Nonetheless, his statements came back to haunt him when he ran for the 1918 Democratic nomination for the Senate after Tillman died. President Wilson declared that Blease was no friend of the administration, and former allies of Blease failed to endorse him, both occurrences led to Blease losing the race.[53]","title":"Failed campaigns for office (1914–22)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis197916-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis197916-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis197916-53"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gordon McLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_McLeod"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"1922 campaign for Governor","text":"Following his loss in 1918, Blease was inactive politically for the next three years.[53] But as the political climate turned more reactionary after 1919, when the state and nation suffered with postwar economic adjustments, Blease's popularity rebounded. Blease did not run for any public office in 1920.[53] However, Blease threw his hat in the ring once again in 1922 when he ran for governor.[53] Blease failed to capture a majority of the votes and lost to Thomas Gordon McLeod in the run-off by over 15,000 votes.[54]In virtually all of his campaigns, Blease used a catchy, nonsensical, nonspecific campaign jingle that became well known to virtually every voter in South Carolina in the era. For instance, he used, \"Roll up your sleeves, say what you please... the man for the job is Coley Blease!\"","title":"Failed campaigns for office (1914–22)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BLEASE,_COLE._SENATOR_LCCN2016862187.jpg"}],"text":"A photograph of Blease when he was in the U.S. Senate.","title":"U.S. Senator (1925–31)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James F. Byrnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._Byrnes"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis197918-57"}],"sub_title":"1924 election","text":"In 1924, Blease defeated James F. Byrnes in the Democratic primary and was elected to the US Senate. His campaign foreshadowed his style as senator. Blease's defeat of Byrnes was widely credited to a rumor campaign that Byrnes, who was raised as a Roman Catholic in Charleston, had not really left that faith.[55] Such an assertion in an overwhelmingly-Protestant state, while the Ku Klux Klan was at the height of its power, ruined Byrnes's political hopes that year. As Senator, Blease continued to voice his staunch opposition to the education of African Americans in the most racist of terms. In 1925, he told a Charlotte, North Carolina newspaper: \"I think the greatest mistake a white man ever made was to put his hand in his pocket to educate a nigger. You can’t educate a horse or a mule or a cow, and you can't educate a nigger. They weren't made to be educated. We don't need them for lawyers or pharmacists and all that. They were made to cut wood, draw water, and work in the fields.\"[56] Nonetheless, some have argued that Blease was considerably more moderate in the election than in his previous political campaigns.[57]","title":"U.S. Senator (1925–31)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-miscegenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"US Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Constitution"},{"link_name":"interracial marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial_marriage"},{"link_name":"Lou Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Hoover"},{"link_name":"Jessie De Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_De_Priest"},{"link_name":"Oscar De Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_De_Priest"},{"link_name":"tea at the White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_De_Priest_tea_at_the_White_House"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racistpoem-58"},{"link_name":"Niggers in the White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggers_in_the_White_House"},{"link_name":"Walter Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Evans_Edge"},{"link_name":"Hiram Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Bingham_III"},{"link_name":"Congressional Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racistpoem-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Afro-American-59"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Afro-American-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Afro-American-59"},{"link_name":"Section 1325","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States#Improper_entry"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Views and policies","text":"In 1926, Blease proposed an anti-miscegenation amendment to the US Constitution to require Congress to set a punishment for interracial couples attempting to get married and for people officiating an interracial marriage, but Congress never submitted it to the states.In 1929, in protest of First Lady Lou Hoover's invitation of Jessie De Priest, the African-American wife of Illinois Representative Oscar De Priest, to tea at the White House, Blease proposed a resolution, \"[t]o request the Chief Executive to respect the White House,\" demanding for the Hoovers to \"remember that the house in which they are temporarily residing is the 'White House'.\"[58] In support of the resolution, Blease read the 1901 poem \"Niggers in the White House\" on the floor of the Senate. After immediate protests from Northern Republican Senators Walter Edge and Hiram Bingham, the poem was excluded from the Congressional Record.[58][59] Bingham described the poem as \"indecent, obscene doggerel\" which gave \"offense to hundreds of thousands of our fellow citizens and... to the Declaration of Independence and our Constitution.\"[59] Blease withdrew the resolution but said that he did so \"because it gave offense to his friend, Senator Bingham, and not because it might give any offense to the Negro race.\"[59]That year, Blease made a significant contribution to American immigration law. He brokered a compromise between dueling factions and shepherded a bill through congress which criminalized unlawful entry into the United States, thus paving the way for Section 1325.[60]","title":"U.S. Senator (1925–31)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"1930 defeat","text":"Byrnes defeated Blease in his 1930 run for re-election to the Senate.[61] Blease died in Columbia, South Carolina on the night of January 19, 1942, a day after he underwent surgery.[62]","title":"U.S. Senator (1925–31)"}]
[{"image_text":"A child laborer in a textile mill in Newberry, S.C., the home town of Blease.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Child_laborer.jpg/220px-Child_laborer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Blease in 1912","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ColemanBlease.jpg/220px-ColemanBlease.jpg"},{"image_text":"A photograph of Blease when he was in the U.S. Senate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BLEASE%2C_COLE._SENATOR_LCCN2016862187.jpg/197px-BLEASE%2C_COLE._SENATOR_LCCN2016862187.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress - Cole Blease\". bioguideretro.congress.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguideretro.congress.gov/Home/MemberDetails?memIndex=b000553","url_text":"\"Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress - Cole Blease\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pardoning power in S.C.\" Post and Courier. July 25, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.postandcourier.com/opinion/editorials/pardoning-power-in-s-c/article_d7cf2142-70b4-11e7-bc5e-c75d2bac92cb.html","url_text":"\"Pardoning power in S.C.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blease 1911 inaugural address, page 85\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725184408/http://www.coleyblease.org/docs/messages/1911/1911_inaugural.pdf","url_text":"\"Blease 1911 inaugural address, page 85\""},{"url":"http://www.coleyblease.org/docs/messages/1911/1911_inaugural.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"South Carolina Governor - Thomas Gordon McLeod - 1923-1927\". www.sciway.net. Retrieved December 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciway.net/hist/governors/mcleod.html","url_text":"\"South Carolina Governor - Thomas Gordon McLeod - 1923-1927\""}]},{"reference":"\"Byrnes, James Francis\". South Carolina Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://scdev.com/sce/entries/byrnes-james-francis/","url_text":"\"Byrnes, James Francis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Offers 'Nigger' Poem\". Providence Evening Tribune. June 18, 1929. p. 7. Retrieved September 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hO1gAAAAIBAJ&pg=3029,5898411","url_text":"\"Offers 'Nigger' Poem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Providence_Evening_Tribune&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Providence Evening Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Blease Poetry is Expunged from Record\". The Afro-American. June 22, 1929. Retrieved September 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2211&dat=19290622&id=4mNGAAAAIBAJ&pg=1235,7688059","url_text":"\"Blease Poetry is Expunged from Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Afro-American","url_text":"The Afro-American"}]},{"reference":"Stanley-Becker, Isaac (June 25, 2019). \"Who's behind the law making undocumented immigrants criminals? An 'unrepentant white supremacist.'\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/06/27/julian-castro-beto-orourke-section-immigration-illegal-coleman-livingstone-blease/","url_text":"\"Who's behind the law making undocumented immigrants criminals? An 'unrepentant white supremacist.'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"Adams, James Truslow (1940). Dictionary of American History. Charles Scribner's Sons.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Burnside, Ronald Dantan (1963). The Governorship of Coleman Livingston Blease of South Carolina, 1911-1915. Indiana University.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hollis, Daniel W. (1978). \"Cole L. Blease and the Senatorial Campaign of 1924\" (PDF). Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association: 53–68. Retrieved March 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://dc.statelibrary.sc.gov/bitstream/handle/10827/23297/SCHA_Proceedings_1978.pdf","url_text":"\"Cole L. Blease and the Senatorial Campaign of 1924\""}]},{"reference":"Hollis, Daniel W. (1979). \"Cole Blease: The Years Between the Governorship and the Senate, 1915-1924\". South Carolina Historical Magazine. 80: 1–17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lander, Ernest McPherson Jr. (1970). A History of South Carolina, 1865-1960. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 49–53, 141. ISBN 0-87249-169-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofsouthca0000land/page/49","url_text":"A History of South Carolina, 1865-1960"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofsouthca0000land/page/49","url_text":"49–53, 141"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87249-169-2","url_text":"0-87249-169-2"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Anthony Barry (1971). Coleman Livingston Blease (PDF). University of North Carolina, Greensboro.","urls":[{"url":"http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/miller_anthony_1971.pdf","url_text":"Coleman Livingston Blease"}]},{"reference":"Simkins, Francis Butler (1944). Pitchfork Ben Tillman, South Carolinian (first paperback ed.). Louisiana State University Press. OCLC 1877696.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1877696","url_text":"1877696"}]},{"reference":"Simon, Bryant (1996). \"The Appeal of Cole Blease of South Carolina: Race, Class, and Sex in the New South\". Journal of Southern History. 62 (1): 57–86. doi:10.2307/2211206. JSTOR 2211206.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2211206","url_text":"10.2307/2211206"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2211206","url_text":"2211206"}]},{"reference":"Simon, Bryant (1998). A Fabric of Defeat: The Politics of South Carolina Millhands, 1910-1948. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4704-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-4704-6","url_text":"0-8078-4704-6"}]},{"reference":"Stone, Clarence N. (1963). \"Bleaseism and the 1912 Election in South Carolina\". North Carolina Historical Review. 40: 54–74.","urls":[]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"BLEASE, Coleman Livingston (id: B000553)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000553","url_text":"\"BLEASE, Coleman Livingston (id: B000553)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]
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Cutler and an editorial advisory board, including special contributors. v. 2, P.1064-65"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BIIWG-j3DLIC&dq=south+carolina+state+warehouse+system+1914&pg=RA1-PA151","external_links_name":"Year Book of the Department of Agriculture of the State of South Carolina Volumes 43–47By South Carolina, Department of Agriculture, 1945, P.151"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6qhyxa1UQOcC&q=South+Carolina&pg=PA4","external_links_name":"Chronological Development of Labor Legislation for Women in the United States By Florence Patteson Smith, P.136"},{"Link":"https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/labor-legislation-1912-32-3905/labor-legislation-1912-476850","external_links_name":"Labor Legislation of 1912, P.196"},{"Link":"https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/labor-legislation-1912-32-3905/labor-legislation-1914-476851","external_links_name":"Labour Legislation of 1914, P.16"},{"Link":"https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/labor-legislation-1912-32-3905/labor-legislation-1914-476851","external_links_name":"Labour Legislation of 1914, P.17-18"},{"Link":"https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/labor-legislation-1912-32-3905/labor-legislation-1914-476851","external_links_name":"Labour Legislation of 1914, P.204"},{"Link":"https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/monthly-labor-review-6130/september-1915-604820","external_links_name":"Monthly Labor Review, September 1915, Volume I, Number 3 P.65"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f4U-AQAAMAAJ&dq=In+cities+having+a+population+of+5,000+or+over+no+child+under+14+years+of+age+shall+be+employed+as+messenger&pg=RA9-PA183","external_links_name":"Bulletin Issues 46–55 By United States. Office of Education, 1913, P.183"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858020992966&seq=7","external_links_name":"Acts and joint resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, 1911, P.92"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858020992966&seq=7","external_links_name":"Acts and joint resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, 1911, P.135"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858020992966&seq=7","external_links_name":"Acts and joint resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, 1911, P.157"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858020992982&seq=7","external_links_name":"Acts and joint resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina 1913, P.194-195"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KsgtAQAAIAAJ&dq=Authorizes+that+51+beneficiary+school+children+be+awarded+by+holding+competitive+examinations%3B&pg=PA285","external_links_name":"Report of the Federal Security Agency, Office of Education, Volume 2 By United States. Office of Education, 1914, P.285"},{"Link":"https://dc.statelibrary.sc.gov/bitstream/handle/10827/615/State_of_the_State_Address_1915-1-12.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"ANNUAL MESSAGE OF GOVERNOR COLE. L. BLEASE TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF SOUTH CAROLINA JANUARY 12 1915, P.11"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725184408/http://www.coleyblease.org/docs/messages/1911/1911_inaugural.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Blease 1911 inaugural address, page 85\""},{"Link":"http://www.coleyblease.org/docs/messages/1911/1911_inaugural.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sciway.net/hist/governors/mcleod.html","external_links_name":"\"South Carolina Governor - Thomas Gordon McLeod - 1923-1927\""},{"Link":"http://scdev.com/sce/entries/byrnes-james-francis/","external_links_name":"\"Byrnes, James Francis\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hO1gAAAAIBAJ&pg=3029,5898411","external_links_name":"\"Offers 'Nigger' Poem\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2211&dat=19290622&id=4mNGAAAAIBAJ&pg=1235,7688059","external_links_name":"\"Blease Poetry is Expunged from Record\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/06/27/julian-castro-beto-orourke-section-immigration-illegal-coleman-livingstone-blease/","external_links_name":"\"Who's behind the law making undocumented immigrants criminals? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_(brand)
Nash (brand)
["1 List of Nash FM-branded stations","1.1 Former \"Nash FM\" stations","2 Nash Icon","2.1 List of Cumulus-owned Nash Icon stations","2.2 List of non-Cumulus-owned Nash Icon stations","2.3 Former \"Nash Icon\" stations","3 Critical reception","4 References"]
Media brand and network owned by Cumulus Media in the United States Nash logo Nash is a media brand owned by Cumulus Media. It covers country music-related properties owned by Cumulus, including radio stations, digital properties and publications (Nash Country Daily), Nash TV (a video on-demand service operated in partnership with Music Choice), concerts promoted by Nash FM stations (Nash Bash), and associated programming syndicated by Westwood One—including The Ty Bentli Show (formerly Ty, Kelly & Chuck and America's Morning Show), Nash Nights Live with Shawn Parr (heard evenings) and The Blair Garner Show (heard overnight). The Lia Show, which has been separately syndicated by Westwood One in the evening hours, will replace Garner in August 2020. Its name comes from Nashville, Tennessee, the center of the commercial country music industry in the United States, which in turn was named for colonial-era politician and Continental Army General Francis Nash. The Nash FM branding is similar to the Hank FM branding in that these stations play over 1000 songs as opposed to other stations which play 300 to 600 songs. The brand launched in 2013 with the launch of WNSH (now Classic Hip-Hop formatted WXBK) in New York City, and has since been adopted by other Cumulus-owned stations carrying country music (typically hot country formats with a focus on current hits and acoustic-leaning pop crossovers), although those with heritage brands have not always switched to the Nash FM branding (but may still carry programming associated with it). A sub-brand, Nash Icon, covers radio stations and a record label oriented towards acts associated with the 1990s and early 2000s. List of Nash FM-branded stations Callsign MHz City Market Start date Former name Notes KHKI 97.3 Des Moines, Iowa Des Moines, Iowa May 24, 2013 "97.3 The Hawk" WSJR 93.7 Dallas, Pennsylvania Scranton, Pennsylvania July 3, 2013 "Great Country 93.7" ("JR 93.7" before that) WMDH-FM 102.5 New Castle, Indiana Muncie, Indiana September 6, 2013 "Hit Country 102.5 WMDH" KBBM 100.1 Jefferson City, Missouri Columbia, Missouri October 7, 2013 "Sports Radio 100.1 The Fan" Formerly sports talk WKOR-FM 94.9 Columbus, Mississippi Columbus, Mississippi February 3, 2014 "K-94.9" KNSH 100.7 Fort Smith, Arkansas Fort Smith, Arkansas October 31, 2016 "100.7 Nash Icon" Former "Nash FM" stations WNSH — Newark, New Jersey — Original and flagship Nash FM station under Cumulus ownership. Operated by Entercom since March 1, 2019, then owned outright after May 13, 2019. Rebranded as "New York's Country 94-7" on March 25, 2019. Switched to classic hip-hop on October 22, 2021 and new calls WXBK. WJCL-FM - Savannah, Georgia - Station dropped the Nash FM branding and reverted to its previous "Kix 96" branding on December 4, 2015. KSJO - San Jose, California - Cumulus operated the station under a leasing agreement with Universal Media Access from May 25, 2014 to March 1, 2016, when Universal ended the arrangement, as it dropped the format for Bollywood music as "Bolly 92.3". The Nash FM format moved to KSAN's HD2 subchannel the same day as the flip. KAMO-FM - Rogers, Arkansas - Dropped Nash FM and switched over to Nash Icon on July 3, 2016. KRMD-FM - Oil City, Louisiana - Dropped Nash FM branding and reverted to its previous 101.1 KRMD branding on July 5, 2016. KQFC - Boise, Idaho - Dropped Nash FM branding and switched to classic country on April 3, 2017. KQFC flipped to Soft AC in October 2019 and adopted the moniker Magic 97.9. WHLZ - Marion, South Carolina - Dropped Nash FM branding to Hot AC as Q100.5 and changed call letters to WQPD on April 17, 2017. KBUL-FM - Reno, Nevada - Dropped Nash FM branding and returned as K-Bull 98.1 FM. WRKN - New Orleans, Louisiana - Moved over to 106.1 FM on June 19, 2017. WZCY-FM - Hershey, Pennsylvania - Swapped call signs, frequencies, and formats with WWKL on March 15, 2018 KSAN (FM) - San Francisco, California - Flipped from Nash FM to a simulcast of KNBR on 107.7 HD2 in June 2018. WRKN-FM - Picayune, Mississippi - Flipped from Nash FM branding to Nash Icon on November 8, 2018. WIWF - Charleston, South Carolina - Dropped Nash FM branding and reverted to its previous Wolf branding on November 19, 2018. WTNR - Holland, Michigan - Dropped Nash FM branding and reverted as Thunder Country on January 4, 2019. WPSK-FM - Pulaski, Virginia - Dropped Nash FM and reverted to its original branding, "107.1 PSK" during early 2019. KRST - Albuquerque, New Mexico - Launched Nash FM on May 30, 2014. It was later dropped and reverted to its original branding, "92.3 KRST" in June 2019. WNNF - Cincinnati, Ohio - Dropped Nash FM and rebranded as "Cat Country 94.1" on October 1, 2019. WPCK - Denmark, Wisconsin - On November 1, 2019, Nash FM was dropped and flipped to Christmas music ahead of sale to EMF. Eventually, it has flipped to KLove on January 8, 2020. WFYR - Peoria, Illinois - Dropped Nash FM and reverted to its previous "River Country" branding on February 3, 2020. WDRQ - Detroit, Michigan - Launched Nash FM on December 13, 2013. It was dropped and relaunched as New Country 93.1 on February 18, 2020. As of August 2, 2023, it switched to Family Life Radio after being sold to Family Life Broadcasting. WXBM-FM - Pensacola, Florida - Launched Nash FM on February 3, 2014 but was dropped and reverted as 102.7 WXBM on March 9, 2020. KAYD-FM - Silsbee, Texas - Launched Nash FM on July 3, 2013 Dropped Nash FM and reverted as KAYD 101.7 on April 1, 2020. KATC-FM - Colorado Springs, Colorado - Launched Nash FM on October 31, 2014. It was later dropped and reverted as "Cat Country 95.1" on April 8, 2020. WKDF - Nashville, Tennessee - Launched Nash FM on February 3, 2014 but was dropped and rebranded as "103.3 Country" on May 14, 2020. WVLK-FM - Lexington, Kentucky - Launched Nash FM on May 24, 2013 but was dropped and rebranded as "K 92.9" on September 4, 2020. KXKC - New Iberia, Louisiana - Launched Nash FM on September 6, 2013 but was rebranded back to "99.1 KXKC" on September 4, 2020. WHKR - Rockledge, Florida - Launched Nash FM on July 3, 2013 but was rebranded back as "102.7 The Hitkicker" on October 5, 2020. WKAK - Albany, Georgia - Launched Nash FM on July 3, 2013 but was rebranded as "FM 104.5" shortly after the sale to First Media Services closed on December 18, 2020. It was later changed to Georgia 104.5 on April 7, 2021. WFBE - Flint, Michigan - Launched Nash FM on February 3, 2014 but was rebranded back to "B95" after 7 years on April 1, 2021. WPKR - Omro, Wisconsin - Launched Nash FM on May 24, 2013 but was rebranded as "99.5 PKR" on April 5, 2021. WZCY-FM - Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania - Launched Nash FM on March 15, 2018 but it was dropped for classic rock as "93.5 WTPA" on December 20, 2021. WYZB - Mary Esther, Florida - Launched Nash FM on February 3, 2014 but was rebranded as "Y105.5" on March 30, 2023. WLFF - Georgetown, South Carolina - Launched Nash FM September 6, 2013 but switched to the Nash Icon brand on February 26, 2024 WXTA - Edinboro, Pennsylvania - Launched Nash FM on February 3, 2014 but rebranded as "Erie Country 97.9" on March 28, 2024 Nash Icon In May 2014, Westwood One announced a spin-off of the Nash brand known as Nash Icon (previously announced as Nash Icons). The Nash Icon brand encompasses radio stations, content, and events oriented towards the "biggest country artists of the last two decades, who are still recording and touring but not getting enough exposure today"; Westwood One CEO Lew Dickey felt that there was not yet a "middle ground" between modern and classic country similarly to that of the Adult contemporary format (which lies between Contemporary hit radio and classic hits). The first Nash Icon stations were launched at 12:00 p.m. ET on August 15, 2014, with the flips of W255CJ in Atlanta and WZAT in Savannah, Georgia, followed by a number of other Westwood One stations throughout the day. In January 2015, Westwood One began to syndicate Nash Icon to non-Westwood One stations. The Nash Icon brand also includes a vanity label for veteran country artists operated in partnership with Big Machine Records. On October 21, 2014, it was announced that Reba McEntire would be the first artist to be part of the label. Shortly after McEntire's announcement, Ronnie Dunn began to tease that he would be the next artist to sign. Dunn officially confirmed on December 1, 2014, that he was indeed the second artist to sign with the label. Martina McBride announced that she had signed with the label on December 29, 2014. On April 29, 2015, Hank Williams Jr. announced that he had signed with the label. The airstaff of Nashville's WSM-FM serves as the network's 24/7 airstaff, although individual stations reserve the right to use local personalities. Some Nash Icon stations also carry Westwood One's Ty, Kelly, and Chuck morning show, which primarily serves Nash FM stations. List of Cumulus-owned Nash Icon stations Callsign MHz City Market Start date Former name Notes WSM-FM 95.5 Nashville, Tennessee Nashville, Tennessee August 15, 2014 "95.5 WSM-FM" Serves as the nominal flagship station, although its programming is locally focused and differs slightly from all other stations on the network; WSM-FM airstaff serves as network airstaff WJBC-FM 93.7 Pontiac, Illinois Bloomington-Normal, Illinois August 15, 2014 1230 AM/93.7 FM, WJBC Was previously a simulcast of News/Talk WJBC. KQLK 97.9 De Ridder, Louisiana Lake Charles, Louisiana August 15, 2014 “Hot 97.9” Was Top 40 (CHR) WMIM 98.3 Luna Pier, Michigan Monroe, Michigan-Toledo, Ohio October 3, 2014 "My 98.3 WMIM" Was Adult Contemporary WORC-FM 98.9 Webster, Massachusetts Worcester, Massachusetts October 31, 2014 "98.9 ORC-FM" Was Classic Hits WWFF-FM 93.3 New Market, Alabama Huntsville, Alabama November 14, 2014 "Journey 93.3" Was 1980s & '90s Hits WKOS 104.9 Kingsport, Tennessee Tri-Cities, Tennessee / Virginia April 24, 2015 104.9 Nash FM Flipped from Nash FM to the Nash Icon format. The station also maintained a country music format known as "Great Country 104.9" before that. KAMO-FM 94.3 Rogers, Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas July 3, 2016 "94.3 Nash FM" Flipped from Nash FM to Nash Icon KARX 107.1 Canyon, Texas Amarillo, Texas January 15, 2018 "95.7 Nash Icon" Switched frequencies with 95.7 as 107.1 Nash Icon WLAW-FM 97.5 Whitehall, Michigan Muskegon, Michigan April 1, 2019 "Sunny FM" Switched frequencies with sister WLAW on 92.5 to 97.5 as 97.5 Nash Icon. As of August 2021, also heard on WLAW (AM) on 1490 AM and W256DM on 99.1 FM in Whitehall, Michigan. WLFF 106.5 Georgetown, South Carolina Myrtle Beach, South Carolina February 26, 2024 "106.5 Nash FM" Dropped Nash FM branding to Nash Icon. List of non-Cumulus-owned Nash Icon stations Callsign MHz City Market Start date Former name Notes WHHT 103.7 Cave City, Kentucky Bowling Green, Kentucky February 20, 2015 "HOWDY 103.7" WYRY 104.9 Hinsdale, New Hampshire Hinsdale, New Hampshire August 3, 2015 "Hot Country 104.9" WXKU-FM 92.7 Austin, Indiana Austin, Indiana September 15, 2015 "Kix 92.7" KGIL 98.5 Ridgecrest, California Ridgecrest, California February 18, 2016 "98.5 Nash Icon" WWKY-FM 104.9 Providence, Kentucky Providence, Kentucky April 2, 2017 "104.9 The Wave" WILE 1270 Cambridge, Ohio Cambridge, Ohio April 13, 2018 "107.9 Nash Icon" WABH 1380 Bath, New York Elmira-Corning/Hornell unknown "1380/100.3 WABH" Former "Nash Icon" stations K273BZ/KCMO-HD2-Kansas City, Missouri. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Flipped to alternative rock on November 2, 2015. W255CJ/WWWQ-HD2-Atlanta, Georgia. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut as the first station to join. Flipped to Christmas music on November 23, 2015. The station then changed to a mainstream adult contemporary format on December 26, 2015, then flipped back to an alternative rock format on January 1, 2016. WRYD-Snow Hill, Maryland/Delmarva Peninsula. Became the first non-Cumulus owned station when it became syndicated by Westwood One. Flipped to a current-based country format a few months later, then gospel music on October 5, 2015. WZRR-Birmingham, Alabama. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Flipped to Southern Rock/Country on May 20, 2016, then flipped to News/Talk on May 24, 2016. KRRF-Ventura, California. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Flipped to classic hip hop on May 27, 2016. WOMG-Columbia, South Carolina. Flipped to classic hits on July 1, 2016. KRMW-Fayetteville, Arkansas. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Flipped to Adult Alternative on July 15, 2016. Nash Icon was moved to sister station KAMO. KLSZ-FM-Fort Smith, Arkansas. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Flipped to Nash FM brand on October 31, 2016. WELJ-New London, Connecticut. Bought by Bold Broadcasting and flipped to Christmas music on November 1, 2016. WUVA-Charlottesville, Virginia. Joined the network on September 18, 2015. Rebranded as C-Ville Country 92.7 on March 1, 2017 after WUVA is currently being sold to Saga Communications on Jan 2017. WZAT-Savannah, Georgia. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Flipped to Hot AC on March 24, 2017. WCKR-Hornell, New York. Flipped to Hot AC on May 1, 2017 as "Fun 92.1." W237DE-Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Flipped back to sports as "CBS Sports Harrisburg" during Spring 2017. KARX-Claude, Texas. Joined on February 9, 2016. Flipped to Texas Red Dirt Country as "Texas Country 95.7, The Armadillo" on January 15, 2018. WVLK-FM-Lexington, Kentucky. Flipped to Adult Hits as 101.5 Jack FM on February 20, 2018. WKCM-Hawesville, Kentucky. Dropped the National Nash Icon Format and switched to localized music on August 1, 2018. KJJY-Des Moines, Iowa. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Quietly flipped back to its former branding "92.5 KJJY" on May 28, 2019. WNUQ-Albany, Georgia. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Dropped Nash Icon on November 27, 2019 due to the sale closing to Pretoria Fields Collective Media from The Mainstay Station Trust. The station was rebranded as "Q102, The Queen Bee" and a new format was launched on January 27, 2020. The call letters were also changed to WPFQ. KBZU-Albuquerque, New Mexico. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Flipped to a simulcast to sister station KKOB (AM) on January 6, 2020. WLAW-Newaygo, Michigan. Switched frequencies with sister WWSN to 92.5 as "Sunny 92.5" on April 1, 2019. WOGT-Chattanooga, Tennessee. Dropped Nash Icon for Christmas music on November 5, 2020. Shortly after stunting Christmas, the station rebranded as "New Country 107.9" on December 28, 2020. KORL-FM-Honolulu, Hawaii. K298BA (KORL-HD3) flipped Nash Icon to Smooth Jazz as "Jazzy 107.5" on March 12, 2021. WHLL-Springfield, Massachusetts. Launched as Nash Icon in December 2018 before swapping to Entercom in February 2019. On March 22, 2021, WHLL rebranded as "Hall Of Fame Country 98.1" KTOP-FM-Topeka, Kansas. Dropped Nash Icon after 6 years and rebranded as "102.9 Cat Country" on September 13, 2021. WKMO-Lebanon Junction, Kentucky WDRQ-HD2-Detroit, Michigan Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut but was quietly dropped as of 2023. WRKN-New Orleans, Louisiana Launched on November 8, 2018 but flipped back to sports on March 1, 2024. Critical reception While there has been some good feedback on the launching of the Nash FM brand, it was a different story involving the Nash Icons' launching. In a commentary from Radio Insight, Lance Venta notes that Nash Icon's soft launch did not generate the attention that Nash FM got, adding that the stations that flipped to the format are in markets with more than 2 Country outlets (or in the case of Kansas City, 3 and Toledo, Ohio, 4) that have better ratings and more established, while others (like KQLK at Lake Charles, Louisiana) flipped from a format that had good ratings in order to cut into the ratings of a competitor (KNGT) and to protect a sister Country station (KYKZ). Venta later stated "Does this mean Nash Icon is destined for failure? Not at all. Cumulus is putting resources behind the Nash and Nash Icon brands that puts other formats to shame. This launch though has felt disjointed, rushed, and not what Cumulus and Big Machine first hyped it to be. Once the brand is fleshed out and additional features/shows are added, there could easily be additional demand for a brand to acts as the Adult Contemporary equivalent for Country listeners in a world where many of the format's stations are evolving towards a CHR styling." References ^ "NashTV To Debut January 26". RadioInsight. 2015-01-20. Retrieved 2019-02-27. ^ Ross, Sean (March 23, 2015). "Country Radio Goes Pop: How Formats Shift When Genres Cross". Billboard. Retrieved March 24, 2015. ^ a b Venta, Lance (May 24, 2013). "Cumulus Launches Five Additional NashFM's". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved March 17, 2014. Source claims that change "already" happened at noon, but with a last update time of "5:00 am", it is unclear whether the article originally referred to May 23 or some other date. ^ a b c Venta, Lance (July 3, 2013). "Cumulus' NashFM Expansion Continues". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved March 17, 2014. ^ a b c Venta, Lance (September 6, 2013). "Cumulus Launches Six More Nash-FM's". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved March 17, 2014. ^ a b "Cumulus Adds 11 More NashFM's". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. February 3, 2014. Retrieved March 15, 2014. ^ Venta, Lance (October 31, 2016). "KLSZ Segues From Nash Icon To Nash". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. ^ Venta, Lance (January 21, 2013). "Cumulus Planning A National Country Brand". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved March 15, 2014. ^ "Cumulus, Entercom Close Six-Station Swap". insideradio.com. May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019. ^ Venta, Lance (February 13, 2019). "Cumulus Sells Six To EMF & Swaps With Entercom In New York & Indianapolis". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved February 21, 2019. ^ Venta, Lance (March 25, 2019). "WNSH Relaunches as "New York's Country 94.7"". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved March 25, 2019. ^ Venta, Lance (October 22, 2021). "Audacy Launches 94.7 The Block New York". radioinsight.com. Retrieved October 22, 2021. ^ WJCL Savannah drops Nash branding to return to kix ^ "92.3 KSJO Drops Nash For Bolly" from Radio Insight (March 1, 2016) ^ Cumulus Snags Fayetteville AR Morning Team To Launch Radio Jon/Deek ^ KRMD Drops Nash Branding ^ KQFC Boise Drops Nash And Goes Classic Country ^ WHLZ Florence SC Flips To Hot AC Q100.5 ^ Cumulus Moves Alternative & Country In New Orleans ^ @radsiu (June 21, 2018). "FINALLY!! #KNBR on FM. 107.7 HD2 @KNBR @KRON4GRadnich @sportslarryknbr @byronjr23" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Another Cumulus New Orleans Change ^ 96.9 Nash-FM Charleston Returns To Wolf Identity; Flips To Christmas Music ^ WBBL Flips To Country As Thunder Returns To Grand Rapids ^ Nash Takes Left Turn Into Albuquerque ^ WNNF Cincinnati Drops Nash For Cat Country ^ WPCK Becomes Christmas 104.9 Ahead Of EMF Sale ^ WFYR Returns To River Country Identity ^ Nash Comes To Detroit ^ WDRQ Detroit Revamps As New Country 93.1 ^ WXBM Pensacola Drops Nash FM Branding ^ Cumulus Nash FM Expansion Continues ^ KAYD Drops Nash-FM Identity ^ Nash Icon Launches In Chattanooga; Three More Stations Rebrand As Nash-FM ^ Cat Country Returns To Colorado Spring ^ WKDF Rebrands As 103.3 Country ^ 92.9 Lexington Drops Nash Branding To Return To Its Heritage ^ KXKC Drops Nash FM Branding ^ WHKR Returns To The Hitkicker ^ WKAK Revamps As Georgia 104.5; Adds Bud & Broadway for Mornings ^ WFBE Drops Nash To Return To B95 Identity ^ WPKR Drops Nash FM Identity ^ Cumulus Completes Harrisburg Format Swap; Revamps Nash Lineup ^ WTPA Returns To Harrisburg ^ WYZB Drops Nash For Y105.5 Branding ^ WLFF Myrtle Beach Moves From Nash To Nash Icon ^ WXTA Drops Nash For Erie Country ^ a b "Wanted for Radio: More Country Greats". Billboard. Retrieved August 16, 2014. ^ "Oldies 98.9 becomes older-skewing country NASH Icon 98.9". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Cox Media Group. August 15, 2014. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014. ^ "Nash Icons launches across the country". Radio Insight. Retrieved August 16, 2014. ^ "Nash Icon Gets Syndicated; Debuts In Ocean City". Radio Insight. Retrieved 7 March 2015. ^ "Reba McEntire Becomes Nash Icon Music Label's Inaugural Signing". Billboard.com. October 21, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2014. ^ WWFF Huntsville ends its journey & shifts to icon status ^ WKOS shifts from Nash to Nash Icon ^ Great Country Comes To Kingsport ^ Cumulus Snagged Fayetteville AR Morning Team To Launch Radio Jon/Deek ^ Cumulus Amarillo Country Pair To Swap Frequencies ^ a b WLAW & WWSN To Trade Places ^ WLFF Myrtle Beach Moves From Nash To Nash Icon ^ Nash Icon Brand spreads through Kentucky ^ Alternative Underground Comes To Kansas City ^ 99X Atlanta Returns ^ South Stunt To Lead To Talk 99.5 Birmingham ^ KRRF Spins The Wheel To Classic Hip-Hop "Spin-FM" ^ WOMG Columbia Returns To Classic Hits ^ Cumulus Snags Fayetteville AR Morning Team To Launch Radio Jon/Deek ^ KLSZ Segues From Nash Icon To Nash ^ WELJ Goes Christmas Under New Owners ^ Saga Launches "92.7 C-Ville Country" Charlottesville ^ 102.1 The Sound Launches In Savannah ^ Jack-FM Debuts In Lexington ^ KKOB Adds Full Powered FM Simulcast ^ WOGT Drops Country For Christmas ^ Cumulus Debuts 107.9 Country In Chattanooga ^ Smooth Jazz Returns To Honolulu ^ WHLL Brings Nash Icon To Springfield MA ^ Cumulus Sells Six To EMF & Swaps With Entercom In New York & Indianapolis ^ WHLL Enters The Hall Of Fame ^ KTOP-FM Shifts From Nash To Nash Icon ^ Cat Country Is On The Prowl In Topeka ^ "Looking At The Nash Icons Launch" by Lance Venta from Radio Insight (August 17, 2014) vteWestwood OneProgrammingNews and talk America in The Morning America's Most Wanted The Ben Shapiro Show The Chris Plante Show The Clark Howard Show First Light The Jim Bohannon Show The Jonathon Brandmeier Show The John Batchelor Show The Larry Kudlow Show The Mark Levin Show Real Estate Today The Phil Valentine Show Real Estate Today Red Eye Radio The Savage Nation The Todd and Tyler Radio Empire Music andentertainment American Country Countdown Backtrax USA The Blair Garner Show Bob & Sheri The Bob & Tom Show Country Gold with Terri Clark Elwood Blues's BluesMobile Cafe Mocha1 Flashback/Flashback Pop Quiz The John Tesh Radio Show The Kidd Kraddick Morning Show The Lia Show Loveline The Countdown/The Urban AC Countdown/Gospel Traxx Zach Sang Show Radio networks Adult Contemporary Adult Standards CBS Sports Radio1 Classic Country Classic Hip-Hop Classic Hits - Rock Classic Rock Classic Rock X CNBC Business Radio1 CNN News Wire1 Good Time Oldies Hits Now! Hot AC Hot Country Jack FM Lite AC Mainstream Country Nash Icon Real Country Rock 2.0 The Touch Defunct NBC Sports Radio1 Westwood One News See also Cumulus Media Networks Satellite Music Network Westwood One (1976–2011) 1 = Distribution only; produced by another company. vteNash FM and Nash Icon radio stationsNash FM KNSH (Fort Smith, Arkansas) WYZB (Fort Walton Beach, Florida) WMDH-FM (Muncie, Indiana) KHKI (Des Moines, Iowa) WKOR-FM (Columbus, Mississippi) KBBM (Columbia, Missouri) WNNF (Cincinnati, Ohio) WSJR (Scranton, Pennsylvania) WXTA (Erie, Pennsylvania) WLFF (Grand Strand / Myrtle Beach, South Carolina) WPSK-FM (Blacksburg, Virginia) KRST (Albuquerque, New Mexico) Former Nash FM KSJO (San Francisco Bay Area) KATC-FM (Colorado Springs, Colorado) WHKR (Melbourne, Florida) WXBM-FM (Pensacola, Florida) WKAK (Albany, Georgia) WJCL-FM (Savannah, Georgia) KQFC (Boise, Idaho) WFYR (Peoria, Illinois) WLXX (Lexington, Kentucky) KXKC (Lafayette, Louisiana) WRKN (New Orleans, Louisiana) KRMD-FM (Shreveport, Louisiana) WDRQ (Detroit, Michigan) WFBE (Flint, Michigan) WTNR (Grand Rapids, Michigan) WNSH (New York, New York) WIWF (Charleston, South Carolina) WHLZ (Florence, South Carolina) KBUL-FM (Reno, Nevada) WKDF (Nashville, Tennessee) KAYD-FM (Beaumont, Texas) WPCK (Green Bay, Wisconsin) WPKR (Green Bay, Wisconsin) WZCY-FM (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania) Nash Icon KRMW (Fayetteville, Arkansas) Fort Smith, Arkansas WJBC-FM (Bloomington-Normal, Illinois) KJJY Des Moines, Iowa KQLK Lake Charles, Louisiana WDRQ-HD2 (Detroit, Michigan) WLAW Muskegon, Michigan WLAW-FM Muskegon, Michigan KBZU Albuquerque, New Mexico WSM-FM Nashville, Tennessee WMIM Monroe, Michigan WORC-FM Worcester, Massachusetts WWFF-FM (Huntsville, Alabama) WCKR (Elmira-Corning, New York) WHHT (Bowling Green, Kentucky) WRKN (New Orleans, Louisiana) W237DE (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania) WKOS (Tri-Cities, Tennessee / Virginia) WYRY (Hinsdale, New Hampshire) KARX (Amarillo, Texas) KAMO (Fayetteville, Arkansas) KHNK (Kalispell, Montana) Former Nash Icon KLSZ-FM (Fort Smith, Arkansas) K273BZ/KCMO-HD2 (Kansas City, Missouri) KRRF (Ventura, California) WPFQ (Albany, Georgia) W255CJ/WWWQ-HD2 (Atlanta, Georgia) WZAT (Savannah, Georgia) KTOP-FM (Topeka, Kansas) WKMO (Lebanon Junction, Kentucky) WRYD (Snow Hill, Maryland/Delmarva Peninsula) WLAW (Muskegon, Michigan) WUVA (Charlottesville, Virginia) WZRR (Birmingham, Alabama) WOMG (Columbia / Midlands of South Carolina) WELJ (New London, Connecticut) WOGT (Chattanooga, Tennessee) KARX (Amarillo, Texas) WVLK-FM (Lexington, Kentucky) WZCY-FM (Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania) News/talk/sports networks Bloomberg Radio ESPN Radio Fox Sports Radio NPR SportsMap Music brands Bob FM Froggy (country only) Hank FM Jack FM KISS-FM MOViN Nash FM (country only) Religious networks AFR Air 1 K-LOVE
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nash_FM_Orange_Logo.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Cumulus Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_Media"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"radio stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Nash Country Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Country_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Nash TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_TV"},{"link_name":"Music Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Choice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"Westwood One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_One"},{"link_name":"Chuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Wicks"},{"link_name":"Blair Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_Garner"},{"link_name":"The Lia Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lia_Show"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"center of the commercial country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Row"},{"link_name":"music industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industry"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"Francis Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Nash"},{"link_name":"Hank FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_FM"},{"link_name":"Classic Hip-Hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_hip_hop"},{"link_name":"WXBK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXBK"},{"link_name":"pop crossovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Nash logoNash is a media brand owned by Cumulus Media. It covers country music-related properties owned by Cumulus, including radio stations, digital properties and publications (Nash Country Daily), Nash TV (a video on-demand service operated in partnership with Music Choice),[1] concerts promoted by Nash FM stations (Nash Bash), and associated programming syndicated by Westwood One—including The Ty Bentli Show (formerly Ty, Kelly & Chuck and America's Morning Show), Nash Nights Live with Shawn Parr (heard evenings) and The Blair Garner Show (heard overnight). The Lia Show, which has been separately syndicated by Westwood One in the evening hours, will replace Garner in August 2020. Its name comes from Nashville, Tennessee, the center of the commercial country music industry in the United States, which in turn was named for colonial-era politician and Continental Army General Francis Nash. The Nash FM branding is similar to the Hank FM branding in that these stations play over 1000 songs as opposed to other stations which play 300 to 600 songs.The brand launched in 2013 with the launch of WNSH (now Classic Hip-Hop formatted WXBK) in New York City, and has since been adopted by other Cumulus-owned stations carrying country music (typically hot country formats with a focus on current hits and acoustic-leaning pop crossovers),[2] although those with heritage brands have not always switched to the Nash FM branding (but may still carry programming associated with it).A sub-brand, Nash Icon, covers radio stations and a record label oriented towards acts associated with the 1990s and early 2000s.","title":"Nash (brand)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Nash FM-branded stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WNSH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXBK"},{"link_name":"Newark, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ri-isplanning-8"},{"link_name":"Entercom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entercom"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ri-entercomwnshwhll-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RI-NYC947-11"},{"link_name":"classic hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_hip-hop"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"WJCL-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJCL-FM"},{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"KSJO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSJO"},{"link_name":"San Jose, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"Bollywood music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_music"},{"link_name":"KSAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSAN_(FM)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"KAMO-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAMO-FM"},{"link_name":"Rogers, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radioinsight.com-15"},{"link_name":"KRMD-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRMD-FM"},{"link_name":"Oil City, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_City,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"KQFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQFC"},{"link_name":"Boise, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"WHLZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWFN-FM"},{"link_name":"Marion, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"KBUL-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBUL-FM"},{"link_name":"Reno, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"WRKN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZRH"},{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"WZCY-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWKL_(FM)"},{"link_name":"Hershey, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershey,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"WWKL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTPA-FM"},{"link_name":"KSAN (FM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSAN_(FM)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"KNBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNBR_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"WRKN-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRKN_(FM)"},{"link_name":"Picayune, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picayune,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Another_Cumulus_New_Orleans_Change-21"},{"link_name":"WIWF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIWF"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"WTNR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKLQ_(FM)"},{"link_name":"Holland, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"WPSK-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPSK-FM"},{"link_name":"Pulaski, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaski,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"KRST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRST"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"WNNF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNNF"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"WPCK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPCK"},{"link_name":"Denmark, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"WFYR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFYR"},{"link_name":"Peoria, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"WDRQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUFL_(FM)"},{"link_name":"Detroit, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Family Life Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Life_Radio"},{"link_name":"WXBM-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXBM-FM"},{"link_name":"Pensacola, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"KAYD-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAYD-FM"},{"link_name":"Silsbee, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silsbee,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"KATC-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KATC-FM"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"WKDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKDF"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"WVLK-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVLK-FM"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"KXKC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXKC"},{"link_name":"New Iberia, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Iberia,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"WHKR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHKR"},{"link_name":"Rockledge, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockledge,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"WKAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKAK"},{"link_name":"Albany, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"WFBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFBE"},{"link_name":"Flint, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"WPKR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPKR"},{"link_name":"Omro, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omro,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"WZCY-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTPA-FM"},{"link_name":"Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicsburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"WYZB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYZB"},{"link_name":"Mary Esther, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Esther,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"WLFF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLFF"},{"link_name":"Georgetown, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"WXTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXTA"},{"link_name":"Edinboro, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinboro,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Former \"Nash FM\" stations","text":"WNSH — Newark, New Jersey — Original and flagship Nash FM station under Cumulus ownership.[8] Operated by Entercom since March 1, 2019, then owned outright after May 13, 2019.[9][10] Rebranded as \"New York's Country 94-7\" on March 25, 2019.[11] Switched to classic hip-hop on October 22, 2021 and new calls WXBK.[12]\nWJCL-FM - Savannah, Georgia - Station dropped the Nash FM branding and reverted to its previous \"Kix 96\" branding on December 4, 2015.[13]\nKSJO - San Jose, California - Cumulus operated the station under a leasing agreement with Universal Media Access from May 25, 2014 to March 1, 2016, when Universal ended the arrangement, as it dropped the format for Bollywood music as \"Bolly 92.3\". The Nash FM format moved to KSAN's HD2 subchannel the same day as the flip.[14]\nKAMO-FM - Rogers, Arkansas - Dropped Nash FM and switched over to Nash Icon on July 3, 2016.[15]\nKRMD-FM - Oil City, Louisiana - Dropped Nash FM branding and reverted to its previous 101.1 KRMD branding on July 5, 2016.[16]\nKQFC - Boise, Idaho - Dropped Nash FM branding and switched to classic country on April 3, 2017.[17] KQFC flipped to Soft AC in October 2019 and adopted the moniker Magic 97.9.\nWHLZ - Marion, South Carolina - Dropped Nash FM branding to Hot AC as Q100.5 and changed call letters to WQPD on April 17, 2017.[18]\nKBUL-FM - Reno, Nevada - Dropped Nash FM branding and returned as K-Bull 98.1 FM.\nWRKN - New Orleans, Louisiana - Moved over to 106.1 FM on June 19, 2017.[19]\nWZCY-FM - Hershey, Pennsylvania - Swapped call signs, frequencies, and formats with WWKL on March 15, 2018\nKSAN (FM) - San Francisco, California - Flipped from Nash FM to a simulcast of KNBR on 107.7 HD2 in June 2018.[20]\nWRKN-FM - Picayune, Mississippi - Flipped from Nash FM branding to Nash Icon on November 8, 2018.[21]\nWIWF - Charleston, South Carolina - Dropped Nash FM branding and reverted to its previous Wolf branding on November 19, 2018.[22]\nWTNR - Holland, Michigan - Dropped Nash FM branding and reverted as Thunder Country on January 4, 2019.[23]\nWPSK-FM - Pulaski, Virginia - Dropped Nash FM and reverted to its original branding, \"107.1 PSK\" during early 2019.\nKRST - Albuquerque, New Mexico - Launched Nash FM on May 30, 2014.[24] It was later dropped and reverted to its original branding, \"92.3 KRST\" in June 2019.\nWNNF - Cincinnati, Ohio - Dropped Nash FM and rebranded as \"Cat Country 94.1\" on October 1, 2019.[25]\nWPCK - Denmark, Wisconsin - On November 1, 2019, Nash FM was dropped and flipped to Christmas music ahead of sale to EMF. Eventually, it has flipped to KLove on January 8, 2020.[26]\nWFYR - Peoria, Illinois - Dropped Nash FM and reverted to its previous \"River Country\" branding on February 3, 2020.[27]\nWDRQ - Detroit, Michigan - Launched Nash FM on December 13, 2013.[28] It was dropped and relaunched as New Country 93.1 on February 18, 2020.[29] As of August 2, 2023, it switched to Family Life Radio after being sold to Family Life Broadcasting.\nWXBM-FM - Pensacola, Florida - Launched Nash FM on February 3, 2014 but was dropped and reverted as 102.7 WXBM on March 9, 2020.[30]\nKAYD-FM - Silsbee, Texas - Launched Nash FM on July 3, 2013[31] Dropped Nash FM and reverted as KAYD 101.7 on April 1, 2020.[32]\nKATC-FM - Colorado Springs, Colorado - Launched Nash FM on October 31, 2014.[33] It was later dropped and reverted as \"Cat Country 95.1\" on April 8, 2020.[34]\nWKDF - Nashville, Tennessee - Launched Nash FM on February 3, 2014 but was dropped and rebranded as \"103.3 Country\" on May 14, 2020.[35]\nWVLK-FM - Lexington, Kentucky - Launched Nash FM on May 24, 2013 but was dropped and rebranded as \"K 92.9\" on September 4, 2020.[36]\nKXKC - New Iberia, Louisiana - Launched Nash FM on September 6, 2013 but was rebranded back to \"99.1 KXKC\" on September 4, 2020.[37]\nWHKR - Rockledge, Florida - Launched Nash FM on July 3, 2013 but was rebranded back as \"102.7 The Hitkicker\" on October 5, 2020.[38]\nWKAK - Albany, Georgia - Launched Nash FM on July 3, 2013 but was rebranded as \"FM 104.5\" shortly after the sale to First Media Services closed on December 18, 2020. It was later changed to Georgia 104.5 on April 7, 2021.[39]\nWFBE - Flint, Michigan - Launched Nash FM on February 3, 2014 but was rebranded back to \"B95\" after 7 years on April 1, 2021.[40]\nWPKR - Omro, Wisconsin - Launched Nash FM on May 24, 2013 but was rebranded as \"99.5 PKR\" on April 5, 2021.[41]\nWZCY-FM - Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania - Launched Nash FM on March 15, 2018[42] but it was dropped for classic rock as \"93.5 WTPA\" on December 20, 2021.[43]\nWYZB - Mary Esther, Florida - Launched Nash FM on February 3, 2014 but was rebranded as \"Y105.5\" on March 30, 2023.[44]\nWLFF - Georgetown, South Carolina - Launched Nash FM September 6, 2013 but switched to the Nash Icon brand on February 26, 2024[45]\nWXTA - Edinboro, Pennsylvania - Launched Nash FM on February 3, 2014 but rebranded as \"Erie Country 97.9\" on March 28, 2024[46]","title":"List of Nash FM-branded stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westwood One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_One"},{"link_name":"Adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"Contemporary hit radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"classic hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_hits"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-nashicons-47"},{"link_name":"W255CJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W255CJ"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"WZAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKZV_(FM)"},{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajc-nash989-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ri-nashicons-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ri-nashnetwork-50"},{"link_name":"vanity label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_label"},{"link_name":"Big Machine Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Machine_Records"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-nashicons-47"},{"link_name":"Reba McEntire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reba_McEntire"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Dunn"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-rebanash-51"},{"link_name":"Martina McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_McBride"},{"link_name":"Hank Williams Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Williams_Jr."},{"link_name":"WSM-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSM-FM"}],"text":"In May 2014, Westwood One announced a spin-off of the Nash brand known as Nash Icon (previously announced as Nash Icons). The Nash Icon brand encompasses radio stations, content, and events oriented towards the \"biggest country artists of the last two decades, who are still recording and touring but not getting enough exposure today\"; Westwood One CEO Lew Dickey felt that there was not yet a \"middle ground\" between modern and classic country similarly to that of the Adult contemporary format (which lies between Contemporary hit radio and classic hits).[47] The first Nash Icon stations were launched at 12:00 p.m. ET on August 15, 2014, with the flips of W255CJ in Atlanta and WZAT in Savannah, Georgia, followed by a number of other Westwood One stations throughout the day.[48][49] In January 2015, Westwood One began to syndicate Nash Icon to non-Westwood One stations.[50]The Nash Icon brand also includes a vanity label for veteran country artists operated in partnership with Big Machine Records.[47] On October 21, 2014, it was announced that Reba McEntire would be the first artist to be part of the label. Shortly after McEntire's announcement, Ronnie Dunn began to tease that he would be the next artist to sign. Dunn officially confirmed on December 1, 2014, that he was indeed the second artist to sign with the label.[51] Martina McBride announced that she had signed with the label on December 29, 2014. On April 29, 2015, Hank Williams Jr. announced that he had signed with the label.The airstaff of Nashville's WSM-FM serves as the network's 24/7 airstaff, although individual stations reserve the right to use local personalities. Some Nash Icon stations also carry Westwood One's Ty, Kelly, and Chuck morning show, which primarily serves Nash FM stations.","title":"Nash Icon"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of Cumulus-owned Nash Icon stations","title":"Nash Icon"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of non-Cumulus-owned Nash Icon stations","title":"Nash Icon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K273BZ/KCMO-HD2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCMO-FM"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"W255CJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W255CJ"},{"link_name":"WWWQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWWQ"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Christmas music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_music"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"WRYD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WICO-FM"},{"link_name":"Snow Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Hill,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Delmarva Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmarva_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Cumulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_Media"},{"link_name":"Westwood One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_One_(current)"},{"link_name":"WZRR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZRR"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"KRRF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVYB"},{"link_name":"Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"WOMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOMG"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"KRMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRMW"},{"link_name":"Fayetteville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Adult Alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Alternative"},{"link_name":"KAMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAMO"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"KLSZ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNSH"},{"link_name":"Fort Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"WELJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WELJ"},{"link_name":"New London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"WUVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCVL-FM"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"WZAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKZV_(FM)"},{"link_name":"Savannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"WCKR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCKR"},{"link_name":"Hornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornell,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"W237DE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHGB"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"KARX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPUR-FM"},{"link_name":"Claude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"WVLK-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLXX"},{"link_name":"Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"WKCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKCM"},{"link_name":"Hawesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawesville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"KJJY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJJY"},{"link_name":"Des Moines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"WNUQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJST"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"KBZU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KKOB-FM"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"KKOB (AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KKOB_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"WLAW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWSN_(FM)"},{"link_name":"Newaygo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newaygo,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"WWSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLAW-FM"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLAW_&_WWSN_To_Trade_Places-57"},{"link_name":"WOGT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOGT"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"KORL-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KORL-FM"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"WHLL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHLL"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"KTOP-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTOP-FM"},{"link_name":"Topeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"WKMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLEZ_(FM)"},{"link_name":"Lebanon Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_Junction,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"WDRQ-HD2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUFL_(FM)"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"WRKN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRKN_(FM)"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"}],"sub_title":"Former \"Nash Icon\" stations","text":"K273BZ/KCMO-HD2-Kansas City, Missouri. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Flipped to alternative rock on November 2, 2015.[60]\nW255CJ/WWWQ-HD2-Atlanta, Georgia. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut as the first station to join. Flipped to Christmas music on November 23, 2015. The station then changed to a mainstream adult contemporary format on December 26, 2015, then flipped back to an alternative rock format on January 1, 2016.[61]\nWRYD-Snow Hill, Maryland/Delmarva Peninsula. Became the first non-Cumulus owned station when it became syndicated by Westwood One. Flipped to a current-based country format a few months later, then gospel music on October 5, 2015.\nWZRR-Birmingham, Alabama. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Flipped to Southern Rock/Country on May 20, 2016, then flipped to News/Talk on May 24, 2016.[62]\nKRRF-Ventura, California. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Flipped to classic hip hop on May 27, 2016.[63]\nWOMG-Columbia, South Carolina. Flipped to classic hits on July 1, 2016.[64]\nKRMW-Fayetteville, Arkansas. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Flipped to Adult Alternative on July 15, 2016. Nash Icon was moved to sister station KAMO.[65]\nKLSZ-FM-Fort Smith, Arkansas. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Flipped to Nash FM brand on October 31, 2016.[66]\nWELJ-New London, Connecticut. Bought by Bold Broadcasting and flipped to Christmas music on November 1, 2016.[67]\nWUVA-Charlottesville, Virginia. Joined the network on September 18, 2015. Rebranded as C-Ville Country 92.7 on March 1, 2017 after WUVA is currently being sold to Saga Communications on Jan 2017.[68]\nWZAT-Savannah, Georgia. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Flipped to Hot AC on March 24, 2017.[69]\nWCKR-Hornell, New York. Flipped to Hot AC on May 1, 2017 as \"Fun 92.1.\"\nW237DE-Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Flipped back to sports as \"CBS Sports Harrisburg\" during Spring 2017.\nKARX-Claude, Texas. Joined on February 9, 2016. Flipped to Texas Red Dirt Country as \"Texas Country 95.7, The Armadillo\" on January 15, 2018.\nWVLK-FM-Lexington, Kentucky. Flipped to Adult Hits as 101.5 Jack FM on February 20, 2018.[70]\nWKCM-Hawesville, Kentucky. Dropped the National Nash Icon Format and switched to localized music on August 1, 2018.\nKJJY-Des Moines, Iowa. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Quietly flipped back to its former branding \"92.5 KJJY\" on May 28, 2019.\nWNUQ-Albany, Georgia. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Dropped Nash Icon on November 27, 2019 due to the sale closing to Pretoria Fields Collective Media from The Mainstay Station Trust. The station was rebranded as \"Q102, The Queen Bee\" and a new format was launched on January 27, 2020. The call letters were also changed to WPFQ.\nKBZU-Albuquerque, New Mexico. Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut. Flipped to a simulcast to sister station KKOB (AM) on January 6, 2020.[71]\nWLAW-Newaygo, Michigan. Switched frequencies with sister WWSN to 92.5 as \"Sunny 92.5\" on April 1, 2019.[57]\nWOGT-Chattanooga, Tennessee. Dropped Nash Icon for Christmas music on November 5, 2020.[72] Shortly after stunting Christmas, the station rebranded as \"New Country 107.9\" on December 28, 2020.[73]\nKORL-FM-Honolulu, Hawaii. K298BA (KORL-HD3) flipped Nash Icon to Smooth Jazz as \"Jazzy 107.5\" on March 12, 2021.[74]\nWHLL-Springfield, Massachusetts. Launched as Nash Icon in December 2018 before swapping to Entercom in February 2019.[75][76] On March 22, 2021, WHLL rebranded as \"Hall Of Fame Country 98.1\"[77]\nKTOP-FM-Topeka, Kansas. Dropped Nash Icon after 6 years[78] and rebranded as \"102.9 Cat Country\" on September 13, 2021.[79]\nWKMO-Lebanon Junction, Kentucky\nWDRQ-HD2-Detroit, Michigan Joined the network on its August 15, 2014 debut but was quietly dropped as of 2023.\nWRKN-New Orleans, Louisiana Launched on November 8, 2018 but flipped back to sports on March 1, 2024.","title":"Nash Icon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City"},{"link_name":"Toledo, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"KQLK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQLK"},{"link_name":"Lake Charles, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"KNGT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNGT"},{"link_name":"KYKZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYKZ"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"text":"While there has been some good feedback on the launching of the Nash FM brand, it was a different story involving the Nash Icons' launching. In a commentary from Radio Insight, Lance Venta notes that Nash Icon's soft launch did not generate the attention that Nash FM got, adding that the stations that flipped to the format are in markets with more than 2 Country outlets (or in the case of Kansas City, 3 and Toledo, Ohio, 4) that have better ratings and more established, while others (like KQLK at Lake Charles, Louisiana) flipped from a format that had good ratings in order to cut into the ratings of a competitor (KNGT) and to protect a sister Country station (KYKZ). Venta later stated \"Does this mean Nash Icon is destined for failure? Not at all. Cumulus is putting resources behind the Nash and Nash Icon brands that puts other formats to shame. This launch though has felt disjointed, rushed, and not what Cumulus and Big Machine first hyped it to be. Once the brand is fleshed out and additional features/shows are added, there could easily be additional demand for a brand to acts as the Adult Contemporary equivalent for Country listeners in a world where many of the format's stations are evolving towards a CHR styling.\"[80]","title":"Critical reception"}]
[{"image_text":"Nash logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Nash_FM_Orange_Logo.jpeg/220px-Nash_FM_Orange_Logo.jpeg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"NashTV To Debut January 26\". RadioInsight. 2015-01-20. Retrieved 2019-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/91667/nashtv-to-debut-january-26/","url_text":"\"NashTV To Debut January 26\""}]},{"reference":"Ross, Sean (March 23, 2015). \"Country Radio Goes Pop: How Formats Shift When Genres Cross\". Billboard. Retrieved March 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6509505/country-radio-goes-pop-how-formats-shift-when-genres-cross","url_text":"\"Country Radio Goes Pop: How Formats Shift When Genres Cross\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (May 24, 2013). \"Cumulus Launches Five Additional NashFM's\". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved March 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/82158/cumulus-launches-five-additional-nashfms/","url_text":"\"Cumulus Launches Five Additional NashFM's\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (July 3, 2013). \"Cumulus' NashFM Expansion Continues\". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved March 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/84100/cumulus-nashfm-expansion-continues/","url_text":"\"Cumulus' NashFM Expansion Continues\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (September 6, 2013). \"Cumulus Launches Six More Nash-FM's\". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved March 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/84943/cumulus-launches-six-more-nash-fms/","url_text":"\"Cumulus Launches Six More Nash-FM's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cumulus Adds 11 More NashFM's\". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. February 3, 2014. Retrieved March 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/87537/cumulus-adds-11-more-nashfms/","url_text":"\"Cumulus Adds 11 More NashFM's\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (October 31, 2016). \"KLSZ Segues From Nash Icon To Nash\". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/108942/klsz-segues-from-nash-icon-to-nash/","url_text":"\"KLSZ Segues From Nash Icon To Nash\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (January 21, 2013). \"Cumulus Planning A National Country Brand\". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved March 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/netgnomes/79538/is-cumulus-planning-a-national-country-brand/","url_text":"\"Cumulus Planning A National Country Brand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cumulus, Entercom Close Six-Station Swap\". insideradio.com. May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insideradio.com/free/cumulus-entercom-close-six-station-swap/article_15ba7c62-75c3-11e9-b6ac-6b5d9421f738.html","url_text":"\"Cumulus, Entercom Close Six-Station Swap\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (February 13, 2019). \"Cumulus Sells Six To EMF & Swaps With Entercom In New York & Indianapolis\". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved February 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/174511/cumulus-sells-six-to-emf-swaps-with-entercom-in-new-york-indianapolis/","url_text":"\"Cumulus Sells Six To EMF & Swaps With Entercom In New York & Indianapolis\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (March 25, 2019). \"WNSH Relaunches as \"New York's Country 94.7\"\". RadioInsight. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved March 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/175649/wnsh-relaunches-as-new-yorks-country-94-7/","url_text":"\"WNSH Relaunches as \"New York's Country 94.7\"\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (October 22, 2021). \"Audacy Launches 94.7 The Block New York\". radioinsight.com. Retrieved October 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/214368/format-change-imminent-at-new-yorks-country-94-7/","url_text":"\"Audacy Launches 94.7 The Block New York\""}]},{"reference":"@radsiu (June 21, 2018). \"FINALLY!! #KNBR on FM. 107.7 HD2 @KNBR @KRON4GRadnich @sportslarryknbr @byronjr23\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/radsiu/status/1009865698221309952","url_text":"\"FINALLY!! #KNBR on FM. 107.7 HD2 @KNBR @KRON4GRadnich @sportslarryknbr @byronjr23\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Wanted for Radio: More Country Greats\". Billboard. Retrieved August 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-615/6099350/nash-icons-country-music-label-big-machine-cumulus","url_text":"\"Wanted for Radio: More Country Greats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oldies 98.9 becomes older-skewing country NASH Icon 98.9\". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Cox Media Group. August 15, 2014. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085246/http://radiotvtalk.blog.ajc.com/2014/08/15/oldies-98-9-becomes-older-skewing-country-nash-icons-98-9/","url_text":"\"Oldies 98.9 becomes older-skewing country NASH Icon 98.9\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Media_Group","url_text":"Cox Media Group"},{"url":"http://radiotvtalk.blog.ajc.com/2014/08/15/oldies-98-9-becomes-older-skewing-country-nash-icons-98-9/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nash Icons launches across the country\". Radio Insight. Retrieved August 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/netgnomes/89681/cumulus-prepping-nash-icons-format-launch/","url_text":"\"Nash Icons launches across the country\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nash Icon Gets Syndicated; Debuts In Ocean City\". Radio Insight. Retrieved 7 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/91578/nash-icon-gets-syndicated-debuts-in-ocean-city/","url_text":"\"Nash Icon Gets Syndicated; Debuts In Ocean City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reba McEntire Becomes Nash Icon Music Label's Inaugural Signing\". Billboard.com. October 21, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-615/6289326/reba-mcentire-nash-icon-music-label-big-machine-cumulus","url_text":"\"Reba McEntire Becomes Nash Icon Music Label's Inaugural Signing\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Planets_(2019_TV_series)
The Planets (2019 TV series)
["1 Episodes","2 Merchandise","3 References","4 External links"]
British TV series or programme The PlanetsGenreDocumentaryDirected byStephen CooterMartin JohnsonPresented byBrian Cox (UK version)Narrated byZachary Quinto (U.S. version)Opening theme"The Void" by MuseCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes5ProductionExecutive producerAndrew CohenProducerGideon BradshawEditorLouise SalkowProduction companiesBBC Studioswith Nova and WGBH Bostonco-produced by PBS and Tencent Penguin PicturesOriginal releaseNetworkBBC TwoRelease29 May (2019-05-29) –25 June 2019 (2019-06-25)RelatedThe Planets (1999 BBC series)Nova The Planets is a 2019 BBC/PBS/Tencent/Open University television documentary series about the Solar System presented by Professor Brian Cox in the UK version and Zachary Quinto in the US version. First broadcast on BBC Two beginning Tuesday 28 May 2019, the five-episode series looks at each planet in detail, examining scientific theories and hypotheses about the formation and evolution of the Solar System gained by uncrewed missions to the planets. Originally released in the UK, it was changed to cater more to the American audience watching on PBS's series Nova. Cox presents segments to camera from various locations around the world alongside extensive computer-generated imagery and footage from space missions. The series was created as a partnership between BBC Studios and the Open University. Episodes No.Title US title Directed by Original air date UK viewers(millions) 1"A Moment in the Sun – The Terrestrial Planets"Inner WorldsMartin Johnson28 May 2019 (2019-05-28)3.24 Examining the rocky planets at the centre of the Solar System, Professor Cox examines new evidence about the violent creation of Mercury and the hostile atmosphere of Venus, contrasting them with the life-giving planet Earth and the barren Mars. 2"The Two Sisters – Earth & Mars"MarsStephen Cooter4 June 2019 (2019-06-04)3.25 Professor Cox contrasts the two rocky planets in the habitable zone, looking at how Mars lost its water and atmosphere, in stark contrast to the life-giving oasis of Earth. 3"The Godfather – Jupiter"JupiterStephen Cooter11 June 2019 (2019-06-11)3.03 Looking at the gas giant Jupiter, the largest and oldest planet in the solar system, Professor Cox discusses how it shaped its part of the solar system, including its huge gravitational influence and its effect on the Asteroid Belt and its largest object Ceres. 4"Life Beyond the Sun – Saturn"SaturnNic Stacey18 June 2019 (2019-06-18)2.39 Cox looks at the gas giant Saturn, with its distinctive rings and a plethora of moons, examining the new evidence discovered by the NASA Cassini–Huygens mission. 5"Into the Darkness – Ice Worlds"Ice WorldsMartin Johnson25 June 2019 (2019-06-25)2.30 Uranus, Neptune and the new discoveries being made by the NASA New Horizons probe to reveal more about the mysterious dwarf planet Pluto and the Kuiper belt. Merchandise A 288-page hardback book written by Brian Cox and Andrew Cohen was released on 23 May 2019. by HarperCollins (ISBN 978-0007488841). The book was also released for ebook readers as well as an audiobook on the same day. References ^ "Watch "The Planets" on NOVA 24 July − 14 August". American Astronomical Society. 21 July 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2020. ^ a b "The Planets". BBC Programmes. 28 May 2019. ^ "Tour the Solar System with Zachary Quinto on PBS' Nova Series". Space.com. 24 July 2019. ^ "The Planets". Open University OpenLearn. Retrieved 2 June 2019. ^ a b "BBC Two - The Planets - Episode guide". BBC. Retrieved 18 June 2019. ^ "The Planets". PBS page. Retrieved 2 July 2019. ^ "The Planets - Next on - BBC Two". BBC. Retrieved 18 June 2019. ^ "Four Screen Dashboard". BARB. See relevant channel and week(s). Retrieved 14 May 2019. ^ "A Moment in the Sun - The Terrestrial Planets". BBC Programme page. 28 May 2019. ^ a b c d e "The Planets - Episode guide". Open University OpenLearn. Retrieved 2 June 2019. ^ "The Two Sisters - Earth & Mars". BBC Programme page. 4 June 2019. ^ "The Godfather: Jupiter". BBC Programme page. 11 June 2019. ^ "The Planets Audible Audiobook". Amazon. Retrieved 13 June 2019. External links The Planets at BBC Online This article relating to a non-fiction television series in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a BBC television programme is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a scientific documentary work for radio, television or the internet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"Brian Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cox_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcprogrammes-2"},{"link_name":"Zachary Quinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Quinto"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"scientific theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_theory"},{"link_name":"hypotheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotheses"},{"link_name":"formation and evolution of the Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System"},{"link_name":"uncrewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncrewed_spacecraft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcprogrammes-2"},{"link_name":"Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"computer-generated imagery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery"},{"link_name":"BBC Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Studios"},{"link_name":"Open University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"British TV series or programmeThe Planets is a 2019 BBC/PBS/Tencent/Open University television documentary series about the Solar System presented by Professor Brian Cox[2] in the UK version and Zachary Quinto in the US version.[3]First broadcast on BBC Two beginning Tuesday 28 May 2019, the five-episode series looks at each planet in detail, examining scientific theories and hypotheses about the formation and evolution of the Solar System gained by uncrewed missions to the planets.[2] Originally released in the UK, it was changed to cater more to the American audience watching on PBS's series Nova.Cox presents segments to camera from various locations around the world alongside extensive computer-generated imagery and footage from space missions. The series was created as a partnership between BBC Studios and the Open University.[4]","title":"The Planets (2019 TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0007488841","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007488841"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"A 288-page hardback book written by Brian Cox and Andrew Cohen was released on 23 May 2019. by HarperCollins (ISBN 978-0007488841). The book was also released for ebook readers as well as an audiobook[13] on the same day.","title":"Merchandise"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Watch \"The Planets\" on NOVA 24 July − 14 August\". American Astronomical Society. 21 July 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://aas.org/posts/news/2019/07/watch-planets-nova-24-july-24-%E2%88%92-14-august","url_text":"\"Watch \"The Planets\" on NOVA 24 July − 14 August\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Astronomical_Society","url_text":"American Astronomical Society"}]},{"reference":"\"The Planets\". BBC Programmes. 28 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07922lr","url_text":"\"The Planets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tour the Solar System with Zachary Quinto on PBS' Nova Series\". Space.com. 24 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.space.com/pbs-nova-planets-television-show.html","url_text":"\"Tour the Solar System with Zachary Quinto on PBS' Nova Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space.com","url_text":"Space.com"}]},{"reference":"\"The Planets\". Open University OpenLearn. Retrieved 2 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.open.edu/openlearn/planets/","url_text":"\"The Planets\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Two - The Planets - Episode guide\". BBC. Retrieved 18 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07922lr/episodes/guide","url_text":"\"BBC Two - The Planets - Episode guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Planets\". PBS page. Retrieved 2 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/series/planets/episodes/","url_text":"\"The Planets\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Planets - Next on - BBC Two\". BBC. Retrieved 18 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07922lr/broadcasts/2019/06","url_text":"\"The Planets - Next on - BBC Two\""}]},{"reference":"\"Four Screen Dashboard\". BARB. See relevant channel and week(s). Retrieved 14 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/four-screen-dashboard/","url_text":"\"Four Screen Dashboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BARB","url_text":"BARB"}]},{"reference":"\"A Moment in the Sun - The Terrestrial Planets\". BBC Programme page. 28 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06qj2l5","url_text":"\"A Moment in the Sun - The Terrestrial Planets\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Planets - Episode guide\". Open University OpenLearn. Retrieved 2 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.open.edu/openlearn/planets/#episode-details","url_text":"\"The Planets - Episode guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Two Sisters - Earth & Mars\". BBC Programme page. 4 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06qj2qg","url_text":"\"The Two Sisters - Earth & Mars\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Godfather: Jupiter\". BBC Programme page. 11 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06qj30b","url_text":"\"The Godfather: Jupiter\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Planets Audible Audiobook\". Amazon. Retrieved 13 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Planets/dp/B07G4H9DGV/ref=tmm_aud_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=","url_text":"\"The Planets Audible Audiobook\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawa_no_nagare_no_y%C5%8D_ni
Kawa no Nagare no Yō ni
["1 Charts","2 Legacy","3 References"]
1989 Song by Hibari Misora This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kawa no Nagare no Yō ni" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) "Kawa no Nagare no yō ni (川の流れのように)"Single by Hibari MisoraLanguageJapaneseReleased1989 (1989)GenrePopLength4:54LabelNippon ColumbiaSongwriter(s)Yasushi AkimotoComposer(s)Akira MitakeAudioKawa no Nagare no yō ni "川の流れのように" on YouTube "Kawa no nagare no yō ni" (川の流れのように, "Like the Flow of the River") is the last single recorded by Japanese enka singer Hibari Misora, as she died soon after its release in 1989. It was composed by Akira Mitake, with lyrics by Yasushi Akimoto. The single charted at 8th place for more than a year and sold 225,000 copies in Japan. It was voted the greatest Japanese song of all time during a national poll in 1997 by NHK, with more than 10 million votes. It is often the song of choice for artists performing live tributes to Misora. It is also covered by various singers, including Teresa Teng, The Three Tenors and Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán. Charts Weekly Chart (1989) Peakposition Appearances(Weeks) Japanese Singles Chart 8 63 Year-End Chart (1989) Peakposition Japanese Singles Chart 35 Chart (1990) Peakposition Japanese Singles Chart 78 Legacy The song inspired the Kawa model used in occupational therapy. References ^ "川の流れのように - 美空ひばり". Oricon. Retrieved 2023-11-23. 川の流れのように - 美空ひばり - 最高順位 - 8位 - 登場回数 - 63週 - 発売日 - 1989年01月01日 ^ "川の流れのようにの歌詞 - 美空ひばり". Oricon. Retrieved 2023-11-23. 作詞 - 秋元康 - 作曲 - 見岳章 ^ a b c "美空ひばりのシングル売上TOP12作品" (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on 2023-11-23. Retrieved 2023-11-23. 川の流れのように - 発売日 - 1989年01月11日 - 最高順位 - 8位 - 登場回数 - 63週 ^ a b "1989年の年間シングル売上ランキング(日本国内)". Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. 35位 - 川の流れのように - 美空ひばり - 22.5万 ^ a b Matthew Hernon (2022-02-07). "Spotlight: Hibari Misora — The Queen of Enka". Tokyo Weekender. Archived from the original on 2023-11-24. ...Eight years after her death, it was voted the greatest Japanese song of all time in a national poll by NHK. In 1996, The Three Tenors delighted fans when they performed the track at their concert in Tokyo. The song has been covered by several other well-known artists, including "Asia's eternal queen of pop" Teresa Teng. ^ "スーパーセレクション - テレサ・テン". Oricon. Retrieved 2023-11-23. 12. 川の流れのように - 最高順位 - 13位 - 登場回数 - 15週 - 発売日 - 1995年06月07日 ^ "May 9 – 29: Music and Movies - Santa Clara County Library District". Santa Clara County Library District. 2022-05-09. Archived from the original on 2023-04-02. ...Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlan performed Kawa no nagare no yō ni in Japan in the song's original language. They also recorded a version of it in Spanish and Japanese... ^ "1989年間シングルヒット曲". Archived from the original on 2023-03-14. 35 - 川の流れのように - 美空ひばり - 1989/01/11 ^ "1990年間シングルヒット曲". Archived from the original on 2023-03-14. 78 - 川の流れのように - 美空ひばり - 1989/01/11 ^ Iwama, Michael (2014-01-27). Dr Michael Iwama shares insights into the Kawa Model for ETOS (Osnabruck, Germany) (Television production). YouTube. Retrieved 2023-05-30. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work This 1980s single–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willows-Glenn_County_Airport
Willows-Glenn County Airport
["1 History","2 National Register of Historic Places","3 Facilities and aircraft","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°30′57″N 122°13′02″W / 39.51583°N 122.21722°W / 39.51583; -122.21722For the former KWLW radio station, see KALL. AirportWillows-Glenn County AirportUSGS 2006 orthophotoIATA: WLWICAO: KWLWFAA LID: WLWSummaryAirport typePublicOwnerGlenn CountyServesWillows, CaliforniaElevation AMSL141 ft / 43 mCoordinates39°30′57″N 122°13′02″W / 39.51583°N 122.21722°W / 39.51583; -122.21722MapWLWLocation of airport in CaliforniaRunways Direction Length Surface ft m 13/31 3,788 1,155 Asphalt 16/34 4,125 1,257 Asphalt Helipads Number Length Surface ft m H1 60 18 Concrete Statistics (2011)Aircraft operations29,500Based aircraft34Source: Federal Aviation Administration Willows-Glenn County Airport (IATA: WLW, ICAO: KWLW, FAA LID: WLW) is a county-owned, public-use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) west of the central business district of Willows, a city in Glenn County, California, United States. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility. It is also known as Willows-Glenn Airport. History Willows-Glenn County Airport dates to October 1928 when the Airways Division of the U.S. Department of Commerce selected a location west of Willows as an Intermediate Landing Field. The County of Glenn purchased an 80-acre tract of land for approximately $2000 and the City of Willows purchased the adjoining 80-acre tract of land for $2092.80. The land was leased to the Commerce Department Airways Division, which put up an additional $8000 for construction and equipment. Willows-Glenn County Airport was part of the San Francisco to Redding section of the Los Angeles-Seattle Contract Air Mail Route 8 (CAM-8). As the twelfth beacon north of San Francisco/Oakland it was designated as Beacon #12, “12 SF-S Willows DOCILF.” As an Intermediate Landing Field, the airport originally consisted only of this 51-foot steel tower, with an adjacent shed and concrete directional arrow, a primitive north–south grass runway, and field lighting. The airport lighting was completed by January 10, 1929. There is no known record of when the concrete arrow and shed were removed. The beacon tower remains in its original location and is still used to the airport's rotating beacon. It is the only 51-foot Contracted Air Mail Route tower still in use in California at its original airport.   Illumination at the Willows Airport was provided by a 1000-watt lightbulb and a two-foot in diameter mirror producing 1,000,000 candlepower of light, capable of being seen for fifteen to forty miles. The Willows Airport beacon and field lights were powered by electricity from Pacific Gas & Electric Company. The original rotating beacon at the Willows Airport was 24 inches in diameter and flashed a single clear light every six seconds. In addition to the beacon, the tower was also equipped with green course lights. Willows is located about 120 miles north of San Francisco, putting it in the second 100-mile section between San Francisco and Redding so it was assigned the designation “2.” Accordingly, the course lights at Willows flashed “U” (dot, dot, dash) representing “2.” As an Intermediate Landing Field, the Willows Airport was also equipped with 15-watt clear bulbs fixtures placed every 300 feet along the edge of the runway and green lights at opposite ends of the runway to aid pilots in a nighttime landing.   Willows Airport was described in the 1931 DOC Airways Guide:   "Willows—Department of Commerce Intermediate Landing Field site 12 San Francisco to Seattle Airway. One and one-half miles W. Altitude. 140 feet. Irregular shape, 85 acres, 2,781 by 2500 feet, sod, level, natural drainage. Directional arrow marked “12 SF-S.” Pole line to N. Beacon, boundary, approach and obstruction lights. Beacon 24-inch rotating, with green course lights flashing characteristic “2” (. . -). No servicing facilities." The Willows Airport tower, completed in late 1928, was manufactured by the International Derrick and Equipment Company (IDECO) of Columbus, Ohio. The growing interest in aviation in the late 1920s prompted Glenn County citizens to embrace the idea of the U.S. Department of Commerce funding an airport in Willows. It was with a great deal of pride that they dedicated their airport with a two-day celebration in June 1929.   From the outset, the Aeronautics Branch was unhappy with the Willows Airport runway because it was subject to flooding during the winter, prompting the DOC to threaten to move the airport elsewhere. Not wanting to lose their airport, Glenn County citizens held fundraisers, including a local production of Gilbert & Sullivan's The Mikado, to improve the runway. Concern also prompted the Achaean Club of Willows and the local American Legion post to raise enough funds to purchase the airport from the federal government. Later in that decade the ownership of the airport was turned over to Glenn County. As an Intermediate Landing Field, use of the airport was limited to emergency landings. After the service clubs took over in 1932, the airport was open to all aviation uses. The airport was officially dedicated on September 9, 1933. The first decade of the Willows Airport was closely connected to Floyd H. Nolta, a local civic leader, businessman, and pilot. He was selected by the Aeronautics Bureau as the manager of the airport. He served as the President of the Achaean Association and was Glenn County's first Flying Officer.   In 1928, Nolta perfected a method to drop rice seed and fertilizer from an airplane. The cultivation of rice in the Sacramento Valley began in 1908 near Biggs (Butte County) when it was determined that a Japanese variety of medium-grain rice would do well in the region. Cultivating rice was very labor-intensive, requiring the field to be prepared and then rice seed and dry fertilizer spread by tractor or animal-drawn farm implements. The field was flooded, hopefully before migratory birds ate the rice seed.   Nolta mounted a hopper in the cockpit of his Jenny JN-4 biplane. A sliding valve with a threaded knob allowed him to measure precise amounts of fertilizer and seed that dropped from the hopper into a box. The wash from the propeller spread the product over a 50-foot swath. Nolta's method vastly improved rice propagation, leading to an entire industry of ag (agriculture) pilots seeding and fertilizing rice and other crops throughout the North Sacramento Valley. Nolta's method allowed the field to be flooded before the seed was dropped, preventing any loss to birds. It also allowed a field to be planted much more quickly and economically than the previous labor-intensive method. By 1937, there were 130,000 acres of rice under cultivation. Modern ag pilots still use the same device perfected by Nolta in 1928. In addition to remaining as the airport manager, Nolta, along with his brothers, Vance Nolta and Dale Nolta, established the Willows Flying Service, which operated from the first hangar built at the airport. They were soon joined by other agricultural flying services. With extensive use by agricultural and other types of aviation, Willows Airport was able to thrive, even during the depths of the Great Depression. It became the busiest airport in northern California, other than those with passenger service. Air shows became annual events and were some of the largest held in northern California.   Willows Airport was a beneficiary of the Roosevelt Administration's investments in public works. In 1934, the airport received $5,000 in funds from the short-lived Civil Works Administration (CWA) to build a hangar.  In 1935, Willows Airport was among 250 airports to receive funds from the Public Works Administration (PWA) with the $10,819 going towards hangar and runway improvements.   An additional 125 acres were added in 1940, and a second runway was built by the Army Air Forces in 1941 in preparation for taking over the airport as an auxiliary airfield during World War II.  In October 1941, the Sacramento construction firm, A. Tiechert & Sons Inc., was awarded a $140,000 contract by the Army to build the new runway. WORLD WAR II During the final days of March 1942, the North American B-25 Mitchell bombers assigned to a squadron under the command of Lt. Col. James Doolittle were undergoing final preparations at the Sacramento Air Depot (SAD) located at McClellan Field in Sacramento. Alterations to the bomber's carburetors had been made to enable the planes to fly the long distance required for the mission. Due to the highly secretive nature of this mission, the mechanics at SAD were not aware of that and changed the carburetor settings back to the factory recommendations.  Lt. Col. Doolittle ordered the settings to be redone and wanted an additional test of the planes.  It was impossible to conduct the short-field takeoff maneuvers at McClellan Field in front of hundreds of workers, so arrangements were made to use the Willows Airport. During World War I, Jimmy Doolittle was an Army flying instructor at Rockwell Field in Coronado . Floyd Nolta was a mechanic in the same unit, and he and Doolittle became lifelong friends and bird hunting companions in the Willows area. Lt. Henry L. Miller USN was the naval officer assigned to teach the Army Air Forces pilots how to conduct short take-off procedures. In 1971, Rear Admiral Miller USN (Retired) gave an oral history about his long career in the Navy. In his recollection of his time assigned to the Doolittle Raid, he said, "We put the planes in the depot there at Sacramento to get a recheck, get them all set to go aboard the carrier, and as one plane would come out of that sort of interim overhaul period there, I’d take it up with the crew to Willows, California, to a field there and give them take-offs at Willows. Then, the last day, Jimmy Doolittle said, “Well we’ll finish up at Willows then we’re going to fly down to Alameda and go aboard.” Main article: Willows Auxiliary Field history The War Department acquired 318.2 acres (128.8 ha) by a lease (numbers W 868-ENG-2344 and W2972-ENG-1045) with Glenn County, California, in 1942. The site was used as an auxiliary airfield for Chico Army Airfield. The only improvement to the site was the asphalt runway. The Fourth Air Force declared the field excess to its needs on July 24, 1944. The lease was terminated June 11, 1945. MENDOCINO AIR TANKER SQUAD In 1956, through the efforts of Forest Service Officer Joseph Bolles Ely, the Willows Airport became the base of operations for the Mendocino Air Tanker Squad (MATS), the first squadron of air tankers in the U.S. Local agricultural pilots made up the initial squadron which assisted on fires throughout California during 1956.   Willows Airport became the de facto center of aerial firefighting. In 1980, Carl Wilson, assistant director of the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experimentation Station in Riverside, wrote, "In October 1956, after the spectacular success on 25 wildfires, a series of drop tests were conducted at the Willows Airport. The primary objective was to determine the best height and air speed for the Stearmans and N3Ns (Air Force and Navy planes, respectively) to fly to obtain optimum patterns of water and sodium calcium borate on a geometric grid on the surface of the airport. Also, it was necessary to determine the effect of wind and other meteorological variables on drop patterns. As was the case in most other air attack studies, this was an interagency operation involving the California Division of Forestry (CalFire), Los Angeles County Fire Department, U. S. Forest Service (R-5), Equipment Development Center at Arcadia, Forest Service Experiment Station, and private industry." The success of the squad in 1956 led to adding additional pilots in 1957 and then the California Division of Forestry (CalFire) to contract their own squad although many pilots flew for both agencies. Larger aircraft, mostly World War 2 surplus bombers, were added to the fleet. The U.S. Forest Service continued to base their regional operations at Willows Airport until 1982. Larger aircraft required a longer runway, so operations were moved to Chico Municipal Airport (Butte County). National Register of Historic Places On October 6, 2023 the airport was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Facilities and aircraft Willows-Glenn County Airport covers an area of 320 acres (129 ha) at an elevation of 141 feet (43 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 16/34 is 4,125 by 100 feet (1,257 x 30 m) and 13/31 is 3,788 by 60 feet (1,155 x 18 m). It also has one helipad designated H1 with a concrete surface measuring is 60 by 60 feet (18 x 18 m). For the 12-month period ending March 31, 2011, the airport had 29,500 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 80 per day. At that time there were 34 aircraft based at this airport: 88% single-engine, 3% jet, and 9% helicopter. See also California World War II Army Airfields References  This article incorporates public domain material from National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (PDF). United States Department of the Interior. ^ a b c d FAA Airport Form 5010 for WLW PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. Effective May 31, 2012. ^ "2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A" (PDF, 2.03 MB). National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems. Federal Aviation Administration. October 4, 2010. ^ "Willows-Glenn Airport". Glenn County. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. ^ ""Willows Selects Airport Site"". Chico Enterprise. May 22, 1928. ^ ""Willows Selects Airport Site"". Chico Record. October 4, 1928. ^ "Willows". “ARROWS ACROSS AMERICA: Transcontinental Air Mail Routes.”. Retrieved July 13, 2023. ^ ""Willows Airport Now Completely Lighted,"". Sacramento Bee. January 11, 1929. ^ ""Huge Beacon For Airport is Complete For Aviators."". Morning Times and Red Bluff Sentinel. July 20, 1928. ^ "Willows". U.S. Department of Commerce Aeronautics Branch Airways Bulletin #1: 24. 1931. ^ ""Willows Airport Dedicated with Parade, Programs,"". Appeal-Democrat (Marysville). June 3, 1929. ^ ""Opera Given to Raise Funds For Willows Airport,"". Sacramento Bee. April 20, 1929. ^ "Contact". Oakland Tribune. June 28, 1932. ^ ""Willows Airport to be Improved."". Sacramento Bee. September 10, 1932. ^ ""Willows Holds Airport Fiesta."". Sacramento Bee. September 11, 1933. ^ ""Floyd Nolta Appointed Manager of Willows Field,"". Sacramento Bee. April 13, 1929. ^ ""Glenn Co. Appoints Flying Officer,"". Appeal-Democrat (Marysville). April 17, 1930. ^ Curran, Anne. ""Machinery Comes to Rice Fields,"". Christian Science Monitor: May 13, 1936. ^ ""Willows to Open Aviation Fete Saturday,"". San Francisco Examiner. September 25, 1937. ^ ""Eighth Annual Airshow is Underway in Glenn County,"". Sacramento Bee. September 24, 1938. ^ ""Willows Airport to be Improved,"". Oroville Mercury Record. March 2, 1934. ^ ""Big Airport Program Seen,"". Oroville Mercury Record. October 30, 1935. ^ ""To Extend Airport,"". Appeal-Democrat (Marysville). September 25, 1940. ^ ""Contract Let for Willows Airport,"". Red Bluff Tehama County News. October 31, 1941. ^ Scott, James (2015). TARGET TOKYO Jimmy Doolittle and the Raid That Avenged Pearl Harbor. W. W. Norton & Co. p. 114. ^ "Oral History of Rear Admiral Henry L. Miller USN (Retired)". United States Naval Institute. ^  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency ^ Wilson, Carl (1980). "A Brief History of the Use of Aircraft on Forest Fires in California". Unpublished Document in the USFS Mendocino National Forest Archives. ^ "Willows-Glenn County Airport National Historic District". 4 April 2024. External links Airport page at Glenn County website Aerial image as of August 1998 from USGS The National Map FAA Terminal Procedures for WLW, effective June 13, 2024 Resources for this airport: FAA airport information for WLW AirNav airport information for KWLW ASN accident history for WLW FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker SkyVector aeronautical chart for KWLW vte USAAF Fourth Air Force in World War IIUnitsCommands IV Bomber Command IV Fighter Command IV Air Support Command Wings 21st Bombardment Los Angeles Fighter San Diego Fighter San Francisco Fighter Seattle Fighter GroupsBombardment 12th Bombardment 30th Bombardment 41st Bombardment 42nd Bombardment 47th Bombardment 380th Bombardment 385th Bombardment 389th Bombardment 392nd Bombardment 399th Bombardment 449th Bombardment 450th Bombardment 451st Bombardment 453rd Bombardment 454th Bombardment 455th Bombardment 456th Bombardment 461st Bombardment 463rd Bombardment 465th Bombardment 466th Bombardment 470th Bombardment 483rd Bombardment 486th Bombardment 491st Bombardment 492nd Bombardment Fighter 1st Fighter 14th Fighter 20th Fighter 35th Fighter 51st Fighter 55th Fighter 78th Fighter 81st Fighter 82nd Fighter 328th Fighter 329th Fighter 339th Fighter 354th Fighter 360th Fighter 363rd Fighter 364th Fighter 369th Fighter 367th Fighter 372nd Fighter 412th Fighter 473rd Fighter 474th Fighter 478th Fighter 479th Fighter Reconnaissance 68th Reconnaissance 69th Reconnaissance Troop Carrier 64th Troop Carrier United States Army Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Twentieth
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KALL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KALL"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport"},{"link_name":"nautical mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Willows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willows,_California"},{"link_name":"Glenn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_County,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Plan_of_Integrated_Airport_Systems"},{"link_name":"categorized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA_airport_categories"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For the former KWLW radio station, see KALL.AirportWillows-Glenn County Airport (IATA: WLW, ICAO: KWLW, FAA LID: WLW) is a county-owned, public-use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) west of the central business district of Willows, a city in Glenn County, California, United States.[1] This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.[2] It is also known as Willows-Glenn Airport.[3]","title":"Willows-Glenn County Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Contract Air Mail Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_Air_Mail_Route"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pacific Gas & Electric Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric_Company"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Mikado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mikado"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Achaean Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Achaean_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legion"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Floyd H. Nolta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_H._Nolta"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Butte County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Valley"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Civil Works Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Public Works Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Works_Administration"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"North American B-25 Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"James Doolittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Air Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Air_Depot"},{"link_name":"McClellan Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClellan_Field"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Rockwell Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_Field"},{"link_name":"Coronado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronado,_California"},{"link_name":"Doolittle Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doolittle_Raid"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"Chico Army Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Army_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Fourth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bolles Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bolles_Ely"},{"link_name":"Mendocino Air Tanker Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendocino_Air_Tanker_Squad"},{"link_name":"CalFire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CalFire"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Fire Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Fire_Department"},{"link_name":"U. S. Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U._S._Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"CalFire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CalFire"},{"link_name":"Chico Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"Butte County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte_County,_California"}],"text":"Willows-Glenn County Airport dates to October 1928 when the Airways Division of the U.S. Department of Commerce selected a location west of Willows as an Intermediate Landing Field.[4] The County of Glenn purchased an 80-acre tract of land for approximately $2000 and the City of Willows purchased the adjoining 80-acre tract of land for $2092.80.[5] The land was leased to the Commerce Department Airways Division, which put up an additional $8000 for construction and equipment. Willows-Glenn County Airport was part of the San Francisco to Redding section of the Los Angeles-Seattle Contract Air Mail Route 8 (CAM-8). As the twelfth beacon north of San Francisco/Oakland it was designated as Beacon #12, “12 SF-S Willows DOCILF.”[6]As an Intermediate Landing Field, the airport originally consisted only of this 51-foot steel tower, with an adjacent shed and concrete directional arrow, a primitive north–south grass runway, and field lighting. The airport lighting was completed by January 10, 1929.[7] There is no known record of when the concrete arrow and shed were removed. The beacon tower remains in its original location and is still used to the airport's rotating beacon. It is the only 51-foot Contracted Air Mail Route tower still in use in California at its original airport.\n \nIllumination at the Willows Airport was provided by a 1000-watt lightbulb and a two-foot in diameter mirror producing 1,000,000 candlepower of light, capable of being seen for fifteen to forty miles. The Willows Airport beacon and field lights were powered by electricity from Pacific Gas & Electric Company.[8]The original rotating beacon at the Willows Airport was 24 inches in diameter and flashed a single clear light every six seconds. In addition to the beacon, the tower was also equipped with green course lights. Willows is located about 120 miles north of San Francisco, putting it in the second 100-mile section between San Francisco and Redding so it was assigned the designation “2.” Accordingly, the course lights at Willows flashed “U” (dot, dot, dash) representing “2.”As an Intermediate Landing Field, the Willows Airport was also equipped with 15-watt clear bulbs fixtures placed every 300 feet along the edge of the runway and green lights at opposite ends of the runway to aid pilots in a nighttime landing. \n \nWillows Airport was described in the 1931 DOC Airways Guide:\n \n\"Willows—Department of Commerce Intermediate Landing Field site 12 San Francisco to Seattle Airway. One and one-half miles W. Altitude. 140 feet. Irregular shape, 85 acres, 2,781 by 2500 feet, sod, level, natural drainage. Directional arrow marked “12 SF-S.” Pole line to N. Beacon, boundary, approach and obstruction lights. Beacon 24-inch rotating, with green course lights flashing characteristic “2” (. . -). No servicing facilities.\"[9]The Willows Airport tower, completed in late 1928, was manufactured by the International Derrick and Equipment Company (IDECO) of Columbus, Ohio.The growing interest in aviation in the late 1920s prompted Glenn County citizens to embrace the idea of the U.S. Department of Commerce funding an airport in Willows. It was with a great deal of pride that they dedicated their airport with a two-day celebration in June 1929.[10]\n \nFrom the outset, the Aeronautics Branch was unhappy with the Willows Airport runway because it was subject to flooding during the winter, prompting the DOC to threaten to move the airport elsewhere. Not wanting to lose their airport, Glenn County citizens held fundraisers, including a local production of Gilbert & Sullivan's The Mikado, to improve the runway.[11] Concern also prompted the Achaean Club of Willows and the local American Legion post to raise enough funds to purchase the airport from the federal government.[12] Later in that decade the ownership of the airport was turned over to Glenn County.As an Intermediate Landing Field, use of the airport was limited to emergency landings. After the service clubs took over in 1932, the airport was open to all aviation uses.[13] The airport was officially dedicated on September 9, 1933.[14]The first decade of the Willows Airport was closely connected to Floyd H. Nolta, a local civic leader, businessman, and pilot. He was selected by the Aeronautics Bureau as the manager of the airport. He served as the President of the Achaean Association and was Glenn County's first Flying Officer.[15] \n \nIn 1928, Nolta perfected a method to drop rice seed and fertilizer from an airplane.[16] The cultivation of rice in the Sacramento Valley began in 1908 near Biggs (Butte County) when it was determined that a Japanese variety of medium-grain rice would do well in the region. Cultivating rice was very labor-intensive, requiring the field to be prepared and then rice seed and dry fertilizer spread by tractor or animal-drawn farm implements. The field was flooded, hopefully before migratory birds ate the rice seed. \n \nNolta mounted a hopper in the cockpit of his Jenny JN-4 biplane. A sliding valve with a threaded knob allowed him to measure precise amounts of fertilizer and seed that dropped from the hopper into a box. The wash from the propeller spread the product over a 50-foot swath. Nolta's method vastly improved rice propagation, leading to an entire industry of ag (agriculture) pilots seeding and fertilizing rice and other crops throughout the North Sacramento Valley. Nolta's method allowed the field to be flooded before the seed was dropped, preventing any loss to birds. It also allowed a field to be planted much more quickly and economically than the previous labor-intensive method. By 1937, there were 130,000 acres of rice under cultivation.[17] Modern ag pilots still use the same device perfected by Nolta in 1928. In addition to remaining as the airport manager, Nolta, along with his brothers, Vance Nolta and Dale Nolta, established the Willows Flying Service, which operated from the first hangar built at the airport. They were soon joined by other agricultural flying services.With extensive use by agricultural and other types of aviation, Willows Airport was able to thrive, even during the depths of the Great Depression. It became the busiest airport in northern California, other than those with passenger service.[18] Air shows became annual events and were some of the largest held in northern California.[19]\n \nWillows Airport was a beneficiary of the Roosevelt Administration's investments in public works. In 1934, the airport received $5,000 in funds from the short-lived Civil Works Administration (CWA) to build a hangar.[20]  In 1935, Willows Airport was among 250 airports to receive funds from the Public Works Administration (PWA) with the $10,819 going towards hangar and runway improvements.[21]\n \nAn additional 125 acres were added in 1940, and a second runway was built by the Army Air Forces in 1941 in preparation for taking over the airport as an auxiliary airfield during World War II.[22]  In October 1941, the Sacramento construction firm, A. Tiechert & Sons Inc., was awarded a $140,000 contract by the Army to build the new runway.[23]WORLD WAR IIDuring the final days of March 1942, the North American B-25 Mitchell bombers assigned to a squadron under the command of Lt. Col. James Doolittle were undergoing final preparations at the Sacramento Air Depot (SAD) located at McClellan Field in Sacramento. Alterations to the bomber's carburetors had been made to enable the planes to fly the long distance required for the mission. Due to the highly secretive nature of this mission, the mechanics at SAD were not aware of that and changed the carburetor settings back to the factory recommendations.[1][24]  Lt. Col. Doolittle ordered the settings to be redone and wanted an additional test of the planes.  It was impossible to conduct the short-field takeoff maneuvers at McClellan Field in front of hundreds of workers, so arrangements were made to use the Willows Airport.During World War I, Jimmy Doolittle was an Army flying instructor at Rockwell Field in Coronado . Floyd Nolta was a mechanic in the same unit, and he and Doolittle became lifelong friends and bird hunting companions in the Willows area.Lt. Henry L. Miller USN was the naval officer assigned to teach the Army Air Forces pilots how to conduct short take-off procedures. In 1971, Rear Admiral Miller USN (Retired) gave an oral history about his long career in the Navy. In his recollection of his time assigned to the Doolittle Raid, he said, \"We put the planes in the depot there at Sacramento to get a recheck, get them all set to go aboard the carrier, and as one plane would come out of that sort of interim overhaul period there, I’d take it up with the crew to Willows, California, to a field there and give them take-offs at Willows. Then, the last day, Jimmy Doolittle said, “Well we’ll finish up at Willows then we’re going to fly down to Alameda and go aboard.”[25]The War Department acquired 318.2 acres (128.8 ha) by a lease (numbers W 868-ENG-2344 and W2972-ENG-1045) with Glenn County, California, in 1942. The site was used as an auxiliary airfield for Chico Army Airfield. The only improvement to the site was the asphalt runway. The Fourth Air Force declared the field excess to its needs on July 24, 1944. The lease was terminated June 11, 1945.[26]MENDOCINO AIR TANKER SQUADIn 1956, through the efforts of Forest Service Officer Joseph Bolles Ely, the Willows Airport became the base of operations for the Mendocino Air Tanker Squad (MATS), the first squadron of air tankers in the U.S. Local agricultural pilots made up the initial squadron which assisted on fires throughout California during 1956. \n \nWillows Airport became the de facto center of aerial firefighting. In 1980, Carl Wilson, assistant director of the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experimentation Station in Riverside, wrote, \"In October 1956, after the spectacular success on 25 wildfires, a series of drop tests were conducted at the Willows Airport. The primary objective was to determine the best height and air speed for the Stearmans and N3Ns (Air Force and Navy planes, respectively) to fly to obtain optimum patterns of water and sodium calcium borate on a geometric grid on the surface of the airport. Also, it was necessary to determine the effect of wind and other meteorological variables on drop patterns. As was the case in most other air attack studies, this was an interagency operation involving the California Division of Forestry (CalFire), Los Angeles County Fire Department, U. S. Forest Service (R-5), Equipment Development Center at Arcadia, Forest Service Experiment Station, and private industry.\"[27]The success of the squad in 1956 led to adding additional pilots in 1957 and then the California Division of Forestry (CalFire) to contract their own squad although many pilots flew for both agencies. Larger aircraft, mostly World War 2 surplus bombers, were added to the fleet.The U.S. Forest Service continued to base their regional operations at Willows Airport until 1982. Larger aircraft required a longer runway, so operations were moved to Chico Municipal Airport (Butte County).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"On October 6, 2023 the airport was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. [28]","title":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre"},{"link_name":"ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"asphalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"},{"link_name":"runways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"helipad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helipad"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine"},{"link_name":"jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircraft"},{"link_name":"helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"}],"text":"Willows-Glenn County Airport covers an area of 320 acres (129 ha) at an elevation of 141 feet (43 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 16/34 is 4,125 by 100 feet (1,257 x 30 m) and 13/31 is 3,788 by 60 feet (1,155 x 18 m). It also has one helipad designated H1 with a concrete surface measuring is 60 by 60 feet (18 x 18 m).[1]For the 12-month period ending March 31, 2011, the airport had 29,500 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 80 per day. At that time there were 34 aircraft based at this airport: 88% single-engine, 3% jet, and 9% helicopter.[1]","title":"Facilities and aircraft"}]
[]
[{"title":"California World War II Army Airfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_World_War_II_Army_Airfields"}]
[{"reference":"\"2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A\" (PDF, 2.03 MB). National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems. Federal Aviation Administration. October 4, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/reports/media/2011/npias_2011_appA.pdf","url_text":"\"2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"}]},{"reference":"\"Willows-Glenn Airport\". Glenn County. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080704174639/http://www.countyofglenn.net/Airports/Willows_Glenn_Airport.asp","url_text":"\"Willows-Glenn Airport\""},{"url":"http://www.countyofglenn.net/Airports/Willows_Glenn_Airport.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Willows Selects Airport Site\"\". Chico Enterprise. May 22, 1928.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"Willows Selects Airport Site\"\". Chico Record. October 4, 1928.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Willows\". “ARROWS ACROSS AMERICA: Transcontinental Air Mail Routes.”. Retrieved July 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dreamsmithphotos.com/arrow/States/ca/08_ca_12_willows.html","url_text":"\"Willows\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Willows Airport Now Completely Lighted,\"\". Sacramento Bee. January 11, 1929.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"Huge Beacon For Airport is Complete For Aviators.\"\". Morning Times and Red Bluff Sentinel. July 20, 1928.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Willows\". U.S. Department of Commerce Aeronautics Branch Airways Bulletin #1: 24. 1931.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"Willows Airport Dedicated with Parade, Programs,\"\". Appeal-Democrat (Marysville). June 3, 1929.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"Opera Given to Raise Funds For Willows Airport,\"\". Sacramento Bee. April 20, 1929.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Contact\". Oakland Tribune. June 28, 1932.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"Willows Airport to be Improved.\"\". Sacramento Bee. September 10, 1932.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"Willows Holds Airport Fiesta.\"\". Sacramento Bee. September 11, 1933.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"Floyd Nolta Appointed Manager of Willows Field,\"\". Sacramento Bee. April 13, 1929.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"Glenn Co. Appoints Flying Officer,\"\". Appeal-Democrat (Marysville). April 17, 1930.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Curran, Anne. \"\"Machinery Comes to Rice Fields,\"\". Christian Science Monitor: May 13, 1936.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"Willows to Open Aviation Fete Saturday,\"\". San Francisco Examiner. September 25, 1937.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"Eighth Annual Airshow is Underway in Glenn County,\"\". Sacramento Bee. September 24, 1938.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"Willows Airport to be Improved,\"\". Oroville Mercury Record. March 2, 1934.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"Big Airport Program Seen,\"\". Oroville Mercury Record. October 30, 1935.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"To Extend Airport,\"\". Appeal-Democrat (Marysville). September 25, 1940.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"Contract Let for Willows Airport,\"\". Red Bluff Tehama County News. October 31, 1941.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Scott, James (2015). TARGET TOKYO Jimmy Doolittle and the Raid That Avenged Pearl Harbor. W. W. Norton & Co. p. 114.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Oral History of Rear Admiral Henry L. Miller USN (Retired)\". United States Naval Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usni.org/press/oral-histories/miller-henry","url_text":"\"Oral History of Rear Admiral Henry L. Miller USN (Retired)\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Carl (1980). \"A Brief History of the Use of Aircraft on Forest Fires in California\". Unpublished Document in the USFS Mendocino National Forest Archives.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Willows-Glenn County Airport National Historic District\". 4 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tedtalkshistory.com/willows-glenn-county-airport-national-historic-district/","url_text":"\"Willows-Glenn County Airport National Historic District\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Willows-Glenn_County_Airport&params=39_30_57_N_122_13_02_W_region:US-CA_scale:10000_type:airport","external_links_name":"39°30′57″N 122°13′02″W / 39.51583°N 122.21722°W / 39.51583; -122.21722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Willows-Glenn_County_Airport&params=39_30_57_N_122_13_02_W_region:US-CA_scale:10000_type:airport","external_links_name":"39°30′57″N 122°13′02″W / 39.51583°N 122.21722°W / 39.51583; -122.21722"},{"Link":"https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Glenn%20County_Willows-Glenn%20County%20Airport_DRAFT.pdf","external_links_name":"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form"},{"Link":"https://www.gcr1.com/5010ReportRouter/default.aspx?airportID=WLW","external_links_name":"FAA Airport Form 5010 for WLW"},{"Link":"http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/reports/media/2011/npias_2011_appA.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080704174639/http://www.countyofglenn.net/Airports/Willows_Glenn_Airport.asp","external_links_name":"\"Willows-Glenn Airport\""},{"Link":"http://www.countyofglenn.net/Airports/Willows_Glenn_Airport.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dreamsmithphotos.com/arrow/States/ca/08_ca_12_willows.html","external_links_name":"\"Willows\""},{"Link":"https://www.usni.org/press/oral-histories/miller-henry","external_links_name":"\"Oral History of Rear Admiral Henry L. Miller USN (Retired)\""},{"Link":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/","external_links_name":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"},{"Link":"https://www.tedtalkshistory.com/willows-glenn-county-airport-national-historic-district/","external_links_name":"\"Willows-Glenn County Airport National Historic District\""},{"Link":"http://gcppwa.net/divisions/airports/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Airport page"},{"Link":"http://msrmaps.com/map.aspx?t=1&s=11&lat=39.5168&lon=-122.2153&w=700&h=900&lp=---+None+---","external_links_name":"Aerial image as of August 1998"},{"Link":"https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/digital_products/dtpp/search/results/?cycle=2407&ident=WLW","external_links_name":"FAA Terminal Procedures for WLW"},{"Link":"https://nfdc.faa.gov/nfdcApps/services/ajv5/airportDisplay.jsp?airportId=WLW","external_links_name":"airport information for WLW"},{"Link":"http://www.airnav.com/airport/KWLW","external_links_name":"airport information for KWLW"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=WLW","external_links_name":"accident history for WLW"},{"Link":"https://flightaware.com/resources/airport/WLW","external_links_name":"airport information"},{"Link":"https://flightaware.com/live/airport/WLW","external_links_name":"live flight tracker"},{"Link":"https://skyvector.com/perl/code?id=KWLW&scale=2","external_links_name":"aeronautical chart for KWLW"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_181_(California)
List of unconstructed state highways in California
["1 1–99","2 100–199","3 200–999","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Examples of unconstructed routes in CaliforniaHighway namesInterstatesInterstate XX (I-XX)US HighwaysU.S. Route XX (US XX)StateState Route XX (SR XX)System links State highways in California Interstate US State Scenic History Pre‑1964 Unconstructed Deleted Freeways The following state highways in the U.S. state of California are entirely or partially unconstructed; in other words, their routings have been defined by state law, but no route has been adopted by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). 1–99 For former SR 11 in Los Angeles, California, see California State Route 11 (1964-1981). State Route 11 is a planned 3-mile (4.8 km) tolled route, running southeast from near the junction of SR 905 and SR 125 to a future Mexican border crossing east of Otay Mesa. The first phase of the highway from SR 905 to Enrico Fermi Drive opened on March 19, 2016. The westernmost 9.2 miles (14.8 km) of State Route 12 are unconstructed, from SR 116 in Sebastopol west to SR 1. This would be today's Bodega Highway and Freestone-Valley Ford Road, but Caltrans has no plans to take them over. The south end of State Route 13 is unconstructed, extending 4.5 miles (7.2 km) beyond I-580 to SR 61 near the Oakland International Airport. A very short piece at the north end has also not been built, extending west into the San Francisco Bay to the unconstructed SR 61 freeway. A 21.8-mile (35.1 km) extension of State Route 14 from the Newhall Pass interchange with I-5 south to SR 1 northwest of Santa Monica was once proposed as the Reseda Freeway. The postmiles on the existing alignment reflect the existence of this unconstructed segment, but the new exit numbers on State Route 14 suggest this segment has been abandoned. The section between US 101 and SR 118 would be Reseda Boulevard, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. State Route 18 is unconstructed from its end at SR 210 in San Bernardino south to I-10, a distance of 4.1 miles (6.6 km). This section would be Waterman Avenue, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. A 15.1-mile (24.3 km) eastern extension of State Route 24 from I-680 at Walnut Creek to SR 4 near Pittsburg is unconstructed. It is today's Ygnacio Valley Road, Kirker Pass Road and Railroad Avenue. Originally, the route overlapped I-680 through Walnut Creek and split off and connect to SR 4 in Concord. The route continued along State Route 4 from the current intersection of 242 to the Antioch Bridge, continuing along the river road to Sacramento, currently State Route 160, then continuing north to Woodland, Marysville, Oroville, along the North Fork of the Feather River to a junction with State Route 89 (this segment is currently State Route 70), where it continued dual-numbered with 89 through Quincy. Highway 24 split from 89 near Graeagle, and continued east through Portola east until its terminus at U.S. Route 395. Parts of the same route were also sometimes designated as State Route 84. SR 24 was truncated to I-680 by 1987 and the segment in Concord was renumbered SR 242. The eastern segment of State Route 36, stretching 17.0 miles (27.4 km) from SR 139 north of Susanville east to US 395 near Termo, was unconstructed until it was deleted from the legislative definition in 1998. A locally-maintained route is S. Grasshopper Road, Westside Road, and Fillman Road, but it was not built on a proper alignment for construction as a state highway, and there were no plans for a freeway or expressway. It was still listed in the 2002 report. An unconstructed 11.2-mile (18.0 km) western extension of State Route 37 runs from US 101 near Novato to SR 1 near Nicasio. A locally maintained traversable route is Point Reyes-Petaluma Road and Novato Boulevard, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. 11.4 miles (18.3 km) of State Route 39 are unconstructed, from Harbor Boulevard and Whittier Avenue in La Habra north to I-10 in Azusa. However, Section 339(c) of the California Streets and Highways Code designates Harbor Boulevard and Azusa Avenue to be on the corridor between the two existing segments. As yet, the California Transportation Commission, as empowered in Section 75(a) of the California Streets and Highways Code, has not adopted the Harbor Boulevard-Azusa Avenue link. It is noted that an END Route 39 sign exists at the intersection of Whittier Boulevard and Harbor Boulevard. In addition, the northernmost 4.5 miles of Route 39, in the Angeles National Forest between 1.8 miles north of Crystal Lake Road and Route 2 at Islip Saddle, have been closed since a 1978 landslide. State Route 47 is constructed as a freeway from I-110 in San Pedro east and north to the split with SR 103. The 1.2-mile (1.9 km) segment along Ocean Boulevard is currently being upgraded, and the 7.6-mile (12.2 km) portion along Henry Ford Avenue and Alameda Street north to SR 91 has been upgraded as part of the Alameda Corridor Project, existing as a mostly below-grade surface street. Caltrans has no plans for the remainder of the legislated route, stretching 8.6 miles (13.8 km) north from SR 91 to I-10 near downtown Los Angeles. For the former route signed as Route 48, see U.S. Route 48 in California. State Route 48 is completely unconstructed, stretching 8.5 miles (13.7 km) from the northern junction of SR 14 and SR 138 near Lancaster east to proposed SR 122. SR 48 was originally planned to run from Ridge Route Road (approximately four miles east of Interstate 5) near Quail Lake in Los Angeles County to SR 122 near the Los Angeles / San Bernardino County Line. The segment between Ridge Route Road and SR 14 was signed as SR 138, which was defined on a southeasterly course through or paralleling Oakdale and Pine Canyons to meet SR 14 in Palmdale opposite the easterly continuation of Route 138. The planned rerouting was known as the Metropolitan Bypass Freeway. In 1965, because of constructability issues on the proposed realignment of Route 138 through or near Oakdale and Pine Canyons, the proposed junction, and thus the west end of SR 48, was moved east to 170th Street West. In 1996, the segment of SR 48 between 170th Street West and SR 14 was transferred to SR 138, leaving only the unconstructed portion. A locally maintained traversable route is East Avenue E, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. ← SR 47→ SR 49 State Route 56 is unconstructed from I-15 east through Poway to SR 67. A southerly extension of State Route 57, stretching 13.0 miles (20.9 km) from SR 22 near Santa Ana south to SR 1 near Huntington Beach, is unconstructed. A total of 24.3 miles (39.1 km) of State Route 61 are unconstructed, running south from SR 112 near San Leandro to SR 84 near Newark and north from SR 260 in Alameda to I-580 near Albany. State Route 64 is an unconstructed highway connecting SR 1 near Malibu Beach with I-5 at SR 170 south of San Fernando. It was legislated in 1959 as Route 265, and renumbered Route 64 in 1964. It was proposed as a 30.9-mile freeway. The section from SR 1 to US 101 was deleted from the Freeway and Expressway system on November 23, 1970. The remainder was deleted from the Freeway and Expressway system on January 1, 1976. A locally maintained traversable route is Malibu Canyon Road, Las Virgenes Road, Bell Canyon Fire Road, Saddlebow Road, Bell Canyon Road, Valley Circle Boulevard, Roscoe Boulevard, and Tuxford Street, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. The route concept report recommends deletion of the route from the highway system. ← SR 63→ SR 65 Over two-thirds of State Route 65 is a proposed route through the eastern San Joaquin Valley, splitting the maintained route in two. This unconstructed highway stretches 215.9 miles (347.5 km) from SR 198 near Exeter to I-80 in Roseville. It was signed on Sunrise Boulevard with U.S. 50 until 1976. However, with the projected growth of the Central Valley, interest has reemerged in constructing all or part of the unconstructed portion of SR 65, at least as far north as an unconstructed eastern extension of SR 152. There is also another small unconstructed segment at the north end, extending west from its terminus at SR 70 to SR 99. The eastern end of State Route 74 from SR 111 in Palm Desert north 5.5 miles (8.9 km) to I-10 was unconstructed until it was relinquished and deleted from the legislative definition in 2013. It was planned on Monterey Avenue. State Route 77 presently stretches only 0.4 miles (0.6 km) from I-880 northeast to SR 185 in Oakland. A 13.4-mile (21.6 km) extension is unconstructed, running generally northeast to SR 24 near Lafayette. It is to follow 42nd Avenue, High Street, 35th Avenue, Redwood Road, Pinehurst Road, and Canyon Road, and to be a freeway north of SR 93/Moraga Way. State Route 81 is an entirely-unconstructed 30.9-mile (49.7 km) freeway from I-215 southeast of Riverside west and north around the south and west sides of Riverside to I-15 south of Devore. Although the legislation noted that Sierra Avenue is Route 81, it is not signed as Route 81 and doesn't appear to be formally part of the route. The route was defined in 1959 as Legislative Route 276 and renumbered to Route 81 in 1964. ← I-80→ SR 82 A 13-mile (21 km) piece in the middle of State Route 84 is unconstructed, stretching north from I-580 in Livermore to SR 4 near Brentwood. A traversable route is Vasco Road. The section between SR 4 and SR 12 is concurrent with SR 160. The Mid-State Tollway, if built, will be built from I-680 to SR 4 and will most likely be designated SR 84, and the spur will mostly likely be designated SR 239. An unconstructed northern extension of State Route 87 runs from the present end at US 101 to SR 237 near Alviso. A locally maintained traversable route is Charcot Avenue and North First Street. It once extended to Interstate 480 (which itself became SR 480 in 1968 and was cancelled in 1991) in San Francisco as a proposed highway east of US 101. In 1968, SR 87's north end was truncated to I-280, as the section west of I-280 was transferred to I-80; the old route of I-80 became SR 241, which was cancelled in 1972 due to environmental concerns. In 1970, the section from I-280 to SR 230 was transferred to SR 230. The section from SR 230 to SR 238 was cancelled due to environmental concerns. In 1980, the section from SR 238 to SR 237 was cancelled due to environmental concerns. The central portion of State Route 90 is unsigned or unconstructed, stretching from I-405 east to SR 39. It is Slauson Avenue, Mulberry Drive, La Mirada Boulevard, and Imperial Highway. The route concept report recommends deletion of Route 90 from the state highway system from unsigned or unconstructed Route 258 to the Orange County line (and possibly renumbering one of the sections). State Route 92 had a 2.2-mile (3.5 km) unconstructed segment from its current terminus at SR 238 to I-580 until 2015, when that segment was deleted from the legislative definition. A locally maintained traversable route is A Street and Grove Way, which Caltrans has no plans to take over. All of State Route 93 is unconstructed, on a 17.9-mile (28.8 km) route from the proposed SR 77 near Moraga northwest, west, and southwest to I-580 in Richmond. It is Moraga Way, Camino Pablo, San Pablo Dam Road, and an undetermined routing from there, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over; however, Richmond Parkway is proposed to be designated as SR 93, as callboxes are signed CC-93. 100–199 State Route 100 is a completely unconstructed beachfront loop in Santa Cruz, stretching 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from SR 1 west of downtown to SR 1 near SR 17. It was proposed as a freeway, but in August 1975, the freeway was cancelled due to local opposition. ← SR 99→ US 101 State Route 102 is a 37.5-mile (60.4 km) unconstructed freeway that would generally parallel I-80, beginning at I-5 near SR 99 north of Sacramento and heading east across I-80 and northeast to I-80 near Auburn. It is currently in the design process. ← US 101→ SR 103 8.3 miles (13.4 km) of State Route 104 are unconstructed, stretching east from SR 49 near Amador City to SR 88 near Pine Grove. It is Ridge Road and Climax Road, and Caltrans is planning to take it over. A 21.5-mile (34.6 km) extension of State Route 108 is unconstructed, from its present west end at SR 132 in Modesto southwest to I-5 near Crows Landing. This is Crows Landing Road and Fink Road, which the county wants Caltrans to take over, but Caltrans has no plans to do so. A 10.5-mile (16.9 km) eastern segment of State Route 118 is unconstructed, running from I-210 near Sunland east to proposed SR 249 north of La Cañada Flintridge. A locally maintained traversable route is I-210 and Big Tujunga Canyon Road, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. State Route 122 is a completely unconstructed 61.3-mile (98.7 km) freeway, defined to run from SR 14 south of Palmdale northeast and east past the east end of proposed SR 48 to SR 58 west of Barstow. A locally maintained traversable route is along Pearblossom Highway, SR 138, and 50th Street East, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. ← SR 121→ SR 123 The portion of State Route 125 north of SR 52 in Santee is unconstructed, ending at a proposed eastern extension of SR 56 near Poway. The easternmost 10.4-mile (16.7 km) portion of State Route 128 is unconstructed, connecting I-505 near Winters (the current end) with SR 113 near Davis. The 2002 Traversable Highways Report indicates that this segment will be considered for assumption of maintenance after a two-mile section of Russell Boulevard just east of I-505 is reconstructed. Yolo County will improve the roadway as funds permit. However, it is unclear if this ever happened. A section of State Route 130 is unconstructed, stretching 24.8 miles from the present end at the Stanislaus County Line east to SR 33 near Patterson. A traversable route is along San Antonio Valley Road, Del Puerto Canyon Road, and Sperry Avenue. A proposed freeway path west of San Antonio Valley Road bypassing Mount Hamilton from either to the north toward State Route 237 or to the south toward San Jose's Evergreen district to I-5 was planned but feasibility of the project came into question, however, as constructing a freeway over the Diablo Range near three of its highest peaks (Mount Hamilton included) and across the Calaveras Fault would have been very difficult. The project also faced stiff opposition from taxpayers, environmentalists, residents of the area looking to preserve their area's local charm, and the Lick Observatory. (A freeway through the mountains near the observatory would render it useless due to light pollution.) The freeway plan was quietly abandoned as a result in 2006. For unknown reasons, State Route 133 was erroneously listed as unconstructed until it was corrected as not being a freeway in 1999. It was still listed in the 2002 report. State Route 138 had an unconstructed section along Ridge Route Road and Elizabeth Lake Road to State Route 14; current routing east of Ridge Route Road to SR 14 was SR 48. In 1965, SR 138 was rerouted along a section of SR 48 from Ridge Route Road to 170th Street West because of constructability issues, removing one unconstructed portion. In 1996, SR 138 was rerouted along another section of SR 48 from 170th Street west to SR 14, removing the remainder of the unconstructed portion. The eastern segment of State Route 142, the 9.5-mile (15.3 km) Carbon Canyon Freeway, is unconstructed, running from SR 71 near Chino to SR 210 near Upland. State Route 143 is a 19.7-mile (31.7 km) unconstructed highway of Sacramento, beginning at SR 99 near Elk Grove and ending at the east end of SR 244 near Carmichael. In 1994, it extended north, replacing a section of SR 244, to Auburn Boulevard. It was proposed as a freeway, but that was cancelled in 1975 due to opposition. The existing arterials Grant Line Road and Bradshaw Road approximating the route are currently utilized, and in 2002 Caltrans recommended removing the route definition from the state highway system (but this never appeared to happen). ← SR 142→ SR 144 State Route 148 is an unconstructed highway of Sacramento, stretching 16.3 miles (26.2 km) from I-5 east to proposed SR 65. It was proposed as a freeway, but that was cancelled in 1975 due to opposition. The City of Sacramento proposed Cosumnes River Boulevard and Calvine Road for this highway. In 2002, Caltrans recommended removing the route definition from the state highway system (but this never appeared to happen). In 2010, the freeway option was brought back as the Capital Southeast Connector. It is under construction. ← SR 147→ SR 149 A 15.1-mile (24.3 km) easterly extension of State Route 152 is unconstructed, connecting the current east end at SR 99 near Chowchilla with proposed SR 65. State Route 157, which was proposed from I-805 near Ocean View Boulevard in San Diego to SR 125 near the Sweetwater Reservoir, was unconstructed until it was deleted in 1994. A 62.9-mile (101.2 km) portion in the middle of State Route 162, between Covelo and Elk Creek, is unconstructed. It is Mendocino Pass Road and Alder Springs Road, and Caltrans is taking it over, with signage being put up. The southernmost 1.4 mile (2.3 km) of State Route 164 is unconstructed, connecting SR 19 with I-605 near Pico Rivera. This section is the proposed Rio Hondo Freeway. An 18.2-mile (29.3 km) portion in the middle of State Route 169 along the Klamath River is unconstructed, between Klamath Glen and Johnsons. This is due to the flooding. Caltrans has completed a feasibility study for this section. The section of State Route 170 that was supposed to be the Laurel Canyon Freeway, which would have run from the Los Angeles International Airport to the San Fernando Valley via the Santa Monica Mountains, was unconstructed until it was deleted from the legislative definition in 2015. A locally maintained traversable route is Laurel Canyon Boulevard, Crescent Heights Boulevard and La Cienega Boulevard, which Caltrans has no plans to take over. State Route 171, which was proposed from I-5 near San Diego to I-805, was unconstructed until it was deleted in 1994. 56.0 miles (90.1 km) of State Route 178 is unconstructed, from east of Ridgecrest to Death Valley National Park. The "traversable" route is a winding dirt road through mountain passes in a desolate area. It passes through the gunnery range of the China Lake Naval Weapons Center and through the Wingate Wash area (a National Park Service designated wilderness area). The area is not suitable for a state highway, and District 9 recommends it be rerouted or deleted from the state highway system (and one of the sections possibly renumbered). State Route 179 is a 13.8-mile (22.2 km) routing along Cherry Glen Rd and Pleasants Valley Rd, connecting I-80 near Vacaville with SR 128 near Lake Berryessa. ← SR 178→ SR 180 State Route 180 is unconstructed from its present end at SR 33 in Mendota west to I-5, and from I-5 west to SR 25 near Paicines, a total of 81.2 miles (130.7 km). This would be along Panoche Road, Little Panoche Road, Shields Avenue, Fairfax Avenue, and Belmont Avenue, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. State Route 181 is an entirely unconstructed 9.5-mile (15.3 km) route, from SR 116 near Forestville to US 101 north of Santa Rosa. A locally maintained traversable route has been defined via Mirabel Road and River Road, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. ← SR 180→ SR 182 The central portion of State Route 190 is unconstructed, stretching 43.0 miles (69.2 km) from Quaking Aspen in the Sequoia National Forest to US 395 at Olancha. On June 25, 1982, deleting the unconstructed section was recommended, but nothing ever happened. District 9 recommends deleting the unconstructed portion (and possibly renumbering one of the sections). 200–999 State Route 211, formerly part of SR 1, stretches only 5 miles (8 km) from US 101 near Fernbridge to Ferndale. A locally maintained traversable route, which the state does not plan to take over, continues south from Ferndale for 102.8 miles (165.4 km) along Mattole Road, Wilder Ridge Road, Kings Peak Road, Chemise Mountain Road, and Usal Road to SR 1 near Rockport. Until recently, State Route 213 had an unconstructed section from I-405 to Carson Street. Caltrans took over Western Avenue between these points, and signed and designated it as SR 213, making it completely constructed. A 5.0-mile (8.0 km) western extension of State Route 217 is unconstructed, leading from the present end at the University of California at Santa Barbara northwest to US 101. The southern end of State Route 227 is unconstructed, stretching 1.7 miles (2.7 km) from US 101 in Arroyo Grande to SR 1 east of Oceano. There is no locally maintained traversable route, but there is a proposed routing. State Route 228 was a 2.5-mile unconstructed route between SR 86 2.5 miles southwest of Brawley and SR 86 west of Brawley. Its routing would roughly have been a continuation of Imperial Avenue north to near Kalin Avenue, bypassing downtown Brawley. It was deleted in 1998, but was still listed in the 2002 report. State Route 230 is a 4.1-mile (6.6 km) completely unconstructed route in southeastern San Francisco and San Mateo County, linking US 101 with I-280 along the San Francisco Bay. Except for the southern end, the route was part of SR 87 until 1970, when SR 87 was cancelled north of SR 237. Some of the plans for a Southern Crossing across the bay would have used SR 230. It was proposed as a freeway, but the freeway option was cancelled on October 21, 1976 due to opposition. ← SR 229→ SR 231 State Route 234 and State Route 235 are unconstructed southern and northern bypasses of Stockton, each linking I-5 with SR 99. Caltrans has no plans to build either, but has identified locally-maintained traversable routes: French Camp Road for the 3.4-mile (5.5 km) SR 234, and Eight Mile Road for the 6.4-mile (10.3 km) SR 235. However, one Caltrans map makes the route of SR 234 appear to be Arch-Airport Road. On November 29, 1993, San Joaquin County adopted Eight Mile Road as an arterial highway and dropped interest in it as a state highway. ← SR 233→ SR 236 A northern extension of State Route 238 is unconstructed, stretching west 1.6 miles (2.6 km) from the end of I-238 at I-880 to proposed SR 61 near San Lorenzo. A locally maintained traversable route is along Lewelling Boulevard. The entire route was a proposed freeway and was sent to the Interstate Highway System in October 1968 but was rejected. Then after a series of lawsuits and appeals, the freeway plan was canceled in 2003 and Caltrans sold off the property it had acquired in the name of eminent domain along the proposed route. A bridge over I-680 in Fremont that had already been constructed to serve the route was demolished as a result. State Route 239 is a 17-mile (27.4 km) unconstructed route that would link I-580 at I-205 west of Tracy with SR 4 near Brentwood. Caltrans has identified Mountain House Road and Byron Highway (CR J4) as a traversable route, but has no plans to maintain it. In 2005, the federal legislation known as SAFETEA-LU provided $14 million for the purpose of studying the route's corridor and funding its construction. The spur of the Mid-State Tollway, if built, will most likely be designated as SR 239, while the main tollway will most likely be designated as SR 84. ← SR 238→ SR 241 The south end of State Route 241, from Oso Parkway south to I-5 near San Clemente, is currently in the planning stages. The section from Oso Parkway to Cow Camp Road near SR 74 is currently under construction while the remainder of the extension is still under discussion. Until 1994, State Route 244 included an unconstructed extension from Auburn Boulevard east to Fair Oaks Boulevard in Sacramento County. This was transferred to SR 143. State Route 249 is a 13.5-mile (21.7 km) unconstructed route that would connect SR 2 north of La Cañada Flintridge with SR 14 south of Palmdale. Angeles Forest Highway (CR N3) follows the general alignment, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. However, there are plans to explore the building of this route between Palmdale and Los Angeles tunneling through the mountains. ← SR 247→ SR 251 State Route 251 is a completely unconstructed route, defined to extend from I-580 near San Quentin, California to SR 1 near Point Reyes Station. The 1.6-mile (2.6 km) portion east of US 101 was defined in 1959 to be Legislative Route 251 and it kept its number. This section was proposed by Caltrans to be improved and signed as SR 251, but that never happened. Now Caltrans has no plans to take over that section. The rest was the proposed 22.9-mile (36.9 km) Point Reyes Freeway, and was part of SR 17 until 1984, when SR 17 over the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge became I-580. Sir Francis Drake Boulevard roughly parallels the highway's length. If built, the highway was probably going to be called the "Point Reyes Freeway"; extra flyover ramps at the Sir Francis Drake Boulevard-U.S. 101 interchange suggest this. The freeway was born due to an idea to develop west Marin County, a traditionally rural area, into a sprawling area not usually found in Marin County. With all the new residents, local roads would have been overburdened. Chief among them was Sir Francis Drake Boulevard, a two lane road from Olema to Fairfax before widening to 4 lanes as it passes through the Ross Valley. However, the development and freeway planning were stopped due to concerns about fragile ecosystems that urbanization would have damaged or destroyed. The animals, mostly egrets and the California red-legged frog, ended up being the main reason the freeway and redevelopment was defeated. There was another problem though: the plan put the entire area on the San Andreas Fault. The decision to not redevelop West Marin made the freeway unnecessary, and it was therefore scrapped. Now, this section is Sir Francis Drake Boulevard, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. ← SR 249→ SR 253 State Route 252, which was proposed from I-5 to I-805 (going between SR 54 and SR 94), was unconstructed until it was deleted in 1994. State Route 257 is a proposed 19.6-mile (31.5 km) freeway from a proposed relocation of SR 34 east of Port Hueneme west and northwest around Oxnard to US 101 near Ventura. 5th Street and Harbor Boulevard has been identified as a traversable routing, but Caltrans has no plans to maintain the streets. It is proposed to be upgraded to a freeway. ← SR 255→ SR 258 State Route 258 is an unsigned or unconstructed route which stretches 17 miles (27.4 km) along Western Avenue from the north end of SR 213 at I-405 near Torrance north to US 101 near Hollywood. It is proposed to be upgraded to a freeway, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. The route concept report recommends that the alignment of the route be moved 3.5 mi westerly, and it to be from I-405 near LAX to US 101 near Hollywood. ← SR 257→ SR 259 The easternmost 3.5 miles (5.6 km) of State Route 270 are unconstructed, being maintained by the California Department of Parks and Recreation inside the Bodie State Historical Park. District 9 recommended that this stretch be deleted from the state highway system. State Route 276 is an 8.5-mile (13.7 km) unconstructed route from SR 198 near Three Rivers east to Sequoia National Park. It initially stretched further east through the park (though it was not part of the park at the time) to Mineral King, where the Walt Disney Company planned to build a recreational development. It was truncated to its current terminus in 1972. A route has been adopted. A locally maintained traversable route is Mineral King Road, or county road MTN 375, but it is not recommended for Caltrans to take it over, as this road features narrow, winding, steep grades. ← SR 273→ I-280 State Route 280 is an unsigned surface street and an unconstructed 3.1-mile freeway extension of Interstate 280 from its current north end in San Francisco at 5th Street to Interstate 80. The majority of State Route 281 is unconstructed, stretching 14.0 miles (22.5 km) from the current end at Clear Lake northwest to SR 29 south of Lakeport. A locally-maintained traversable route is Soda Bay Road, and Caltrans is planning to take it over. State Route 285 was an unconstructed 8 mile route along West Street and Lake Davis Road from SR 70 in Portola to Grizzly Road. It was deleted in 1998 (due to problems with right of way and drainage), but was still listed in the 2002 report. State Route 380, a 4.4-mile (7.1 km) western extension of I-380, was to connect the end of I-380 at I-280 in San Bruno with SR 1 near Pacifica. The freeway was cancelled on March 29, 1979. A locally maintained traversable route is along Sneath Lane, Skyline Blvd and Sharp Park Road, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. The middle segment of State Route 480 was unconstructed from Doyle Drive to Van Ness Avenue. It was proposed as the Golden Gate Freeway in the mid 1950s but was ultimately canceled due to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake as well as local opposition. The entire route was demolished and deleted in 1991 due to local opposition, approximately 2 years after the earthquake. State Route 605 is a 3-mile (4.8 km) unconstructed southern extension of I-605 from SR 22 to SR 1 near Seal Beach. It is roughly along Seal Beach Boulevard. The southernmost segment of Interstate 710, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from SR 1 south and west to SR 47 on Terminal Island recently added to the legislative definition, is currently being upgraded. At the northern end, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from Valley Boulevard north to California Boulevard in Pasadena (where a freeway stub leading to an interchange with I-210 and SR 134 already exists) has been unconstructed for several decades due to community opposition, and Caltrans recently cancelled any further study of the route. The westernmost segment of State Route 905, 3.2 miles (5.1 km) from I-5 southwest to the Mexican border is unconstructed, and Caltrans has no plans on pursuing this routing, particularly since there are no plans for a border crossing at this location, and it is an environmentally sensitive area. See also California Roads portal Deleted State Routes in California References California Department of Transportation, State Highway Routes: Selected Information, 1994 with 1995 revisions California Department of Transportation, Traversible Highways Report 2002 ^ "1st Segment of SR-11 Opens Along Border". 10 News. March 19, 2016. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016. ^ "California Highways (www.cahighways.org): Routes 65 through 72". www.cahighways.org. Retrieved April 4, 2019. ^ "What the New Federal Act Means to California – Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century". California Legislative Analyst's Office. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2019. ^ http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tpp/corridor-mobility/D8_docs/TCRs/sr-81.pdf External links 2003 Caltrans District 7 Master System Plan Status Map
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"California Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Transportation"}],"text":"The following state highways in the U.S. state of California are entirely or partially unconstructed; in other words, their routings have been defined by state law, but no route has been adopted by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans).","title":"List of unconstructed state highways in California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California State Route 11 (1964-1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_11_(1964-1981)"},{"link_name":"State Route 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_11_(California)"},{"link_name":"SR 905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_905"},{"link_name":"SR 125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_125"},{"link_name":"Mexican border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_border_(US)"},{"link_name":"Otay Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otay_Mesa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"State Route 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_12"},{"link_name":"SR 116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_116"},{"link_name":"Sebastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastopol,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"State Route 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_13"},{"link_name":"I-580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_580_(California)"},{"link_name":"SR 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_61"},{"link_name":"Oakland International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"},{"link_name":"State Route 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_14"},{"link_name":"Newhall Pass interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newhall_Pass_interchange"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California"},{"link_name":"Reseda Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reseda_Freeway"},{"link_name":"State Route 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_14"},{"link_name":"State Route 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_18"},{"link_name":"SR 210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_210"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_24"},{"link_name":"I-680","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_680_(California)"},{"link_name":"Walnut Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_4"},{"link_name":"Pittsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 242","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_242"},{"link_name":"State Route 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_36"},{"link_name":"SR 139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_139"},{"link_name":"Susanville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanville,_California"},{"link_name":"US 395","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_395_in_California"},{"link_name":"Termo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termo,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_37"},{"link_name":"US 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"Novato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novato,_California"},{"link_name":"Nicasio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicasio,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_39"},{"link_name":"La Habra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Habra,_California"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_California"},{"link_name":"Azusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azusa,_California"},{"link_name":"California Transportation Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Transportation_Commission"},{"link_name":"State Route 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_47"},{"link_name":"I-110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_110_in_California"},{"link_name":"San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_103"},{"link_name":"Alameda Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_Street"},{"link_name":"SR 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_91"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 48 in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_48_in_California"},{"link_name":"SR 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_14"},{"link_name":"SR 138","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_138"},{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 122","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_122"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Bypass Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Bypass_Freeway"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"State Route 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_56"},{"link_name":"I-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_in_California"},{"link_name":"Poway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poway,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_67"},{"link_name":"State Route 57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_57"},{"link_name":"SR 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_22"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Huntington Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_61"},{"link_name":"SR 112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_112"},{"link_name":"San Leandro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Leandro,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_84"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 260","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_260"},{"link_name":"Alameda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda,_California"},{"link_name":"I-580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_580_in_California"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Malibu Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"SR 170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_170"},{"link_name":"San Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando,_California"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"State Route 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_65"},{"link_name":"San Joaquin Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley"},{"link_name":"SR 198","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_198"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter,_California"},{"link_name":"I-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_in_California"},{"link_name":"Roseville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseville,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_152"},{"link_name":"SR 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_70"},{"link_name":"SR 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_99"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"State Route 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_74"},{"link_name":"SR 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_111"},{"link_name":"Palm Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Desert,_California"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_77"},{"link_name":"I-880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_880_in_California"},{"link_name":"SR 185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_185"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_24"},{"link_name":"Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_California"},{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway"},{"link_name":"I-215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_215_in_California"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_California"},{"link_name":"I-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_in_California"},{"link_name":"Devore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devore,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"State Route 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_84"},{"link_name":"I-580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_580_in_California"},{"link_name":"Livermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livermore,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_4"},{"link_name":"Brentwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentwood,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_87"},{"link_name":"US 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"SR 237","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_237"},{"link_name":"Alviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alviso,_California"},{"link_name":"Interstate 480","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_480"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"I-280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_280_(California)"},{"link_name":"SR 241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_241"},{"link_name":"SR 230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_230"},{"link_name":"SR 238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_238"},{"link_name":"State Route 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_90"},{"link_name":"I-405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_405_in_California"},{"link_name":"SR 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_39"},{"link_name":"State Route 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_92"},{"link_name":"SR 238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_238"},{"link_name":"I-580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_580_(California)"},{"link_name":"State Route 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_93"},{"link_name":"SR 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_77"},{"link_name":"Moraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraga,_California"},{"link_name":"I-580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_580_in_California"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_California"}],"text":"For former SR 11 in Los Angeles, California, see California State Route 11 (1964-1981).State Route 11 is a planned 3-mile (4.8 km) tolled route, running southeast from near the junction of SR 905 and SR 125 to a future Mexican border crossing east of Otay Mesa. The first phase of the highway from SR 905 to Enrico Fermi Drive opened on March 19, 2016.[1]The westernmost 9.2 miles (14.8 km) of State Route 12 are unconstructed, from SR 116 in Sebastopol west to SR 1. This would be today's Bodega Highway and Freestone-Valley Ford Road, but Caltrans has no plans to take them over.The south end of State Route 13 is unconstructed, extending 4.5 miles (7.2 km) beyond I-580 to SR 61 near the Oakland International Airport. A very short piece at the north end has also not been built, extending west into the San Francisco Bay to the unconstructed SR 61 freeway.A 21.8-mile (35.1 km) extension of State Route 14 from the Newhall Pass interchange with I-5 south to SR 1 northwest of Santa Monica was once proposed as the Reseda Freeway. The postmiles on the existing alignment reflect the existence of this unconstructed segment, but the new exit numbers on State Route 14 suggest this segment has been abandoned. The section between US 101 and SR 118 would be Reseda Boulevard, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.State Route 18 is unconstructed from its end at SR 210 in San Bernardino south to I-10, a distance of 4.1 miles (6.6 km). This section would be Waterman Avenue, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.A 15.1-mile (24.3 km) eastern extension of State Route 24 from I-680 at Walnut Creek to SR 4 near Pittsburg is unconstructed. It is today's Ygnacio Valley Road, Kirker Pass Road and Railroad Avenue.Originally, the route overlapped I-680 through Walnut Creek and split off and connect to SR 4 in Concord. The route continued along State Route 4 from the current intersection of 242 to the Antioch Bridge, continuing along the river road to Sacramento, currently State Route 160, then continuing north to Woodland, Marysville, Oroville, along the North Fork of the Feather River to a junction with State Route 89 (this segment is currently State Route 70), where it continued dual-numbered with 89 through Quincy. Highway 24 split from 89 near Graeagle, and continued east through Portola east until its terminus at U.S. Route 395. Parts of the same route were also sometimes designated as State Route 84. SR 24 was truncated to I-680 by 1987 and the segment in Concord was renumbered SR 242.The eastern segment of State Route 36, stretching 17.0 miles (27.4 km) from SR 139 north of Susanville east to US 395 near Termo, was unconstructed until it was deleted from the legislative definition in 1998. A locally-maintained route is S. Grasshopper Road, Westside Road, and Fillman Road, but it was not built on a proper alignment for construction as a state highway, and there were no plans for a freeway or expressway. It was still listed in the 2002 report.An unconstructed 11.2-mile (18.0 km) western extension of State Route 37 runs from US 101 near Novato to SR 1 near Nicasio. A locally maintained traversable route is Point Reyes-Petaluma Road and Novato Boulevard, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.11.4 miles (18.3 km) of State Route 39 are unconstructed, from Harbor Boulevard and Whittier Avenue in La Habra north to I-10 in Azusa. However, Section 339(c) of the California Streets and Highways Code designates Harbor Boulevard and Azusa Avenue to be on the corridor between the two existing segments. As yet, the California Transportation Commission, as empowered in Section 75(a) of the California Streets and Highways Code, has not adopted the Harbor Boulevard-Azusa Avenue link. It is noted that an END Route 39 sign exists at the intersection of Whittier Boulevard and Harbor Boulevard. In addition, the northernmost 4.5 miles of Route 39, in the Angeles National Forest between 1.8 miles north of Crystal Lake Road and Route 2 at Islip Saddle, have been closed since a 1978 landslide.State Route 47 is constructed as a freeway from I-110 in San Pedro east and north to the split with SR 103. The 1.2-mile (1.9 km) segment along Ocean Boulevard is currently being upgraded, and the 7.6-mile (12.2 km) portion along Henry Ford Avenue and Alameda Street north to SR 91 has been upgraded as part of the Alameda Corridor Project, existing as a mostly below-grade surface street. Caltrans has no plans for the remainder of the legislated route, stretching 8.6 miles (13.8 km) north from SR 91 to I-10 near downtown Los Angeles.For the former route signed as Route 48, see U.S. Route 48 in California.State Route 48 is completely unconstructed, stretching 8.5 miles (13.7 km) from the northern junction of SR 14 and SR 138 near Lancaster east to proposed SR 122.SR 48 was originally planned to run from Ridge Route Road (approximately four miles east of Interstate 5) near Quail Lake in Los Angeles County to SR 122 near the Los Angeles / San Bernardino County Line. The segment between Ridge Route Road and SR 14 was signed as SR 138, which was defined on a southeasterly course through or paralleling Oakdale and Pine Canyons to meet SR 14 in Palmdale opposite the easterly continuation of Route 138. The planned rerouting was known as the Metropolitan Bypass Freeway. In 1965, because of constructability issues on the proposed realignment of Route 138 through or near Oakdale and Pine Canyons, the proposed junction, and thus the west end of SR 48, was moved east to 170th Street West. In 1996, the segment of SR 48 between 170th Street West and SR 14 was transferred to SR 138, leaving only the unconstructed portion.[citation needed] A locally maintained traversable route is East Avenue E, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.State Route 56 is unconstructed from I-15 east through Poway to SR 67.A southerly extension of State Route 57, stretching 13.0 miles (20.9 km) from SR 22 near Santa Ana south to SR 1 near Huntington Beach, is unconstructed.A total of 24.3 miles (39.1 km) of State Route 61 are unconstructed, running south from SR 112 near San Leandro to SR 84 near Newark and north from SR 260 in Alameda to I-580 near Albany.State Route 64 is an unconstructed highway connecting SR 1 near Malibu Beach with I-5 at SR 170 south of San Fernando. It was legislated in 1959 as Route 265, and renumbered Route 64 in 1964. It was proposed as a 30.9-mile freeway. The section from SR 1 to US 101 was deleted from the Freeway and Expressway system on November 23, 1970. The remainder was deleted from the Freeway and Expressway system on January 1, 1976. A locally maintained traversable route is Malibu Canyon Road, Las Virgenes Road, Bell Canyon Fire Road, Saddlebow Road, Bell Canyon Road, Valley Circle Boulevard, Roscoe Boulevard, and Tuxford Street, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. The route concept report recommends deletion of the route from the highway system.[citation needed]Over two-thirds of State Route 65 is a proposed route through the eastern San Joaquin Valley, splitting the maintained route in two. This unconstructed highway stretches 215.9 miles (347.5 km) from SR 198 near Exeter to I-80 in Roseville. It was signed on Sunrise Boulevard with U.S. 50 until 1976. However, with the projected growth of the Central Valley, interest has reemerged in constructing all or part of the unconstructed portion of SR 65, at least as far north as an unconstructed eastern extension of SR 152. There is also another small unconstructed segment at the north end, extending west from its terminus at SR 70 to SR 99.[2]The eastern end of State Route 74 from SR 111 in Palm Desert north 5.5 miles (8.9 km) to I-10 was unconstructed until it was relinquished and deleted from the legislative definition in 2013. It was planned on Monterey Avenue.State Route 77 presently stretches only 0.4 miles (0.6 km) from I-880 northeast to SR 185 in Oakland. A 13.4-mile (21.6 km) extension is unconstructed, running generally northeast to SR 24 near Lafayette. It is to follow 42nd Avenue, High Street, 35th Avenue, Redwood Road, Pinehurst Road, and Canyon Road, and to be a freeway north of SR 93/Moraga Way.State Route 81 is an entirely-unconstructed 30.9-mile (49.7 km) freeway from I-215 southeast of Riverside west and north around the south and west sides of Riverside to I-15 south of Devore. Although the legislation noted that Sierra Avenue is Route 81, it is not signed as Route 81 and doesn't appear to be formally part of the route.[3] The route was defined in 1959 as Legislative Route 276 and renumbered to Route 81 in 1964.[4]A 13-mile (21 km) piece in the middle of State Route 84 is unconstructed, stretching north from I-580 in Livermore to SR 4 near Brentwood. A traversable route is Vasco Road. The section between SR 4 and SR 12 is concurrent with SR 160. The Mid-State Tollway, if built, will be built from I-680 to SR 4 and will most likely be designated SR 84, and the spur will mostly likely be designated SR 239.An unconstructed northern extension of State Route 87 runs from the present end at US 101 to SR 237 near Alviso. A locally maintained traversable route is Charcot Avenue and North First Street.It once extended to Interstate 480 (which itself became SR 480 in 1968 and was cancelled in 1991) in San Francisco as a proposed highway east of US 101. In 1968, SR 87's north end was truncated to I-280, as the section west of I-280 was transferred to I-80; the old route of I-80 became SR 241, which was cancelled in 1972 due to environmental concerns. In 1970, the section from I-280 to SR 230 was transferred to SR 230. The section from SR 230 to SR 238 was cancelled due to environmental concerns. In 1980, the section from SR 238 to SR 237 was cancelled due to environmental concerns.The central portion of State Route 90 is unsigned or unconstructed, stretching from I-405 east to SR 39. It is Slauson Avenue, Mulberry Drive, La Mirada Boulevard, and Imperial Highway. The route concept report recommends deletion of Route 90 from the state highway system from unsigned or unconstructed Route 258 to the Orange County line (and possibly renumbering one of the sections).State Route 92 had a 2.2-mile (3.5 km) unconstructed segment from its current terminus at SR 238 to I-580 until 2015, when that segment was deleted from the legislative definition. A locally maintained traversable route is A Street and Grove Way, which Caltrans has no plans to take over.All of State Route 93 is unconstructed, on a 17.9-mile (28.8 km) route from the proposed SR 77 near Moraga northwest, west, and southwest to I-580 in Richmond. It is Moraga Way, Camino Pablo, San Pablo Dam Road, and an undetermined routing from there, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over; however, Richmond Parkway is proposed to be designated as SR 93, as callboxes are signed CC-93.","title":"1–99"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"SR 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_17"},{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway"},{"link_name":"I-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_in_California"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"SR 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_99"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_104"},{"link_name":"SR 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_49"},{"link_name":"Amador City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amador_City,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_88"},{"link_name":"Pine Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Grove,_Amador_County,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_108"},{"link_name":"SR 132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_132"},{"link_name":"Modesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesto,_California"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"Crows Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crows_Landing,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_118"},{"link_name":"I-210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_210_in_California"},{"link_name":"Sunland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunland-Tujunga,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"SR 249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_249"},{"link_name":"La Cañada Flintridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ca%C3%B1ada_Flintridge,_California"},{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway"},{"link_name":"SR 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_14"},{"link_name":"Palmdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmdale,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_48"},{"link_name":"SR 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_58"},{"link_name":"Barstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barstow,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_125"},{"link_name":"SR 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_52"},{"link_name":"Santee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santee,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_56"},{"link_name":"Poway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poway,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_128"},{"link_name":"I-505","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_505_in_California"},{"link_name":"Winters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winters,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_113"},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_130"},{"link_name":"SR 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_33"},{"link_name":"Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 237","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_237_(California)"},{"link_name":"Evergreen district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen,_San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"Calaveras Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaveras_Fault"},{"link_name":"light pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pollution"},{"link_name":"State Route 133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_133"},{"link_name":"State Route 138","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_138"},{"link_name":"State Route 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_14"},{"link_name":"SR 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_48"},{"link_name":"State Route 142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_142"},{"link_name":"Carbon Canyon Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_Canyon_Freeway"},{"link_name":"SR 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_71"},{"link_name":"Chino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_210"},{"link_name":"Upland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland,_California"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_99"},{"link_name":"Elk Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_Grove,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_244"},{"link_name":"Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmichael,_California"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"SR 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_65"},{"link_name":"State Route 152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_152"},{"link_name":"SR 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_99"},{"link_name":"Chowchilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowchilla,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_65"},{"link_name":"State Route 157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_157"},{"link_name":"I-805","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_805_(California)"},{"link_name":"SR 125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_125"},{"link_name":"Sweetwater Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetwater_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"State Route 162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_162"},{"link_name":"Covelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covelo,_California"},{"link_name":"Elk Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_Creek,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_164"},{"link_name":"SR 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_19"},{"link_name":"I-605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_605_in_California"},{"link_name":"Pico Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_Rivera,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_169"},{"link_name":"Klamath River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_River"},{"link_name":"Klamath Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_Glen,_California"},{"link_name":"Johnsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnsons,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_170"},{"link_name":"Laurel Canyon Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Canyon_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"San Fernando Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Mountains"},{"link_name":"State Route 171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_171"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"I-805","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_805_in_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 178","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_178"},{"link_name":"Ridgecrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgecrest,_California"},{"link_name":"Death Valley National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park"},{"link_name":"I-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_in_California"},{"link_name":"Vacaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacaville,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_128"},{"link_name":"Lake Berryessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Berryessa"},{"link_name":"State Route 180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_180"},{"link_name":"SR 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_33"},{"link_name":"Mendota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendota,_California"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"SR 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_25"},{"link_name":"Paicines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paicines,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_116"},{"link_name":"Forestville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestville,_California"},{"link_name":"US 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_190"},{"link_name":"Quaking Aspen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quaking_Aspen,_California&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sequoia National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"US 395","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_395_in_California"},{"link_name":"Olancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olancha,_California"}],"text":"State Route 100 is a completely unconstructed beachfront loop in Santa Cruz, stretching 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from SR 1 west of downtown to SR 1 near SR 17. It was proposed as a freeway, but in August 1975, the freeway was cancelled due to local opposition.State Route 102 is a 37.5-mile (60.4 km) unconstructed freeway that would generally parallel I-80, beginning at I-5 near SR 99 north of Sacramento and heading east across I-80 and northeast to I-80 near Auburn. It is currently in the design process.8.3 miles (13.4 km) of State Route 104 are unconstructed, stretching east from SR 49 near Amador City to SR 88 near Pine Grove. It is Ridge Road and Climax Road, and Caltrans is planning to take it over.A 21.5-mile (34.6 km) extension of State Route 108 is unconstructed, from its present west end at SR 132 in Modesto southwest to I-5 near Crows Landing. This is Crows Landing Road and Fink Road, which the county wants Caltrans to take over, but Caltrans has no plans to do so.A 10.5-mile (16.9 km) eastern segment of State Route 118 is unconstructed, running from I-210 near Sunland east to proposed SR 249 north of La Cañada Flintridge. A locally maintained traversable route is I-210 and Big Tujunga Canyon Road, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.State Route 122 is a completely unconstructed 61.3-mile (98.7 km) freeway, defined to run from SR 14 south of Palmdale northeast and east past the east end of proposed SR 48 to SR 58 west of Barstow. A locally maintained traversable route is along Pearblossom Highway, SR 138, and 50th Street East, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.The portion of State Route 125 north of SR 52 in Santee is unconstructed, ending at a proposed eastern extension of SR 56 near Poway.The easternmost 10.4-mile (16.7 km) portion of State Route 128 is unconstructed, connecting I-505 near Winters (the current end) with SR 113 near Davis. The 2002 Traversable Highways Report indicates that this segment will be considered for assumption of maintenance after a two-mile section of Russell Boulevard just east of I-505 is reconstructed. Yolo County will improve the roadway as funds permit. However, it is unclear if this ever happened.A section of State Route 130 is unconstructed, stretching 24.8 miles from the present end at the Stanislaus County Line east to SR 33 near Patterson. A traversable route is along San Antonio Valley Road, Del Puerto Canyon Road, and Sperry Avenue. A proposed freeway path west of San Antonio Valley Road bypassing Mount Hamilton from either to the north toward State Route 237 or to the south toward San Jose's Evergreen district to I-5 was planned but feasibility of the project came into question, however, as constructing a freeway over the Diablo Range near three of its highest peaks (Mount Hamilton included) and across the Calaveras Fault would have been very difficult. The project also faced stiff opposition from taxpayers, environmentalists, residents of the area looking to preserve their area's local charm, and the Lick Observatory. (A freeway through the mountains near the observatory would render it useless due to light pollution.) The freeway plan was quietly abandoned as a result in 2006.For unknown reasons, State Route 133 was erroneously listed as unconstructed until it was corrected as not being a freeway in 1999. It was still listed in the 2002 report.State Route 138 had an unconstructed section along Ridge Route Road and Elizabeth Lake Road to State Route 14; current routing east of Ridge Route Road to SR 14 was SR 48. In 1965, SR 138 was rerouted along a section of SR 48 from Ridge Route Road to 170th Street West because of constructability issues, removing one unconstructed portion. In 1996, SR 138 was rerouted along another section of SR 48 from 170th Street west to SR 14, removing the remainder of the unconstructed portion.The eastern segment of State Route 142, the 9.5-mile (15.3 km) Carbon Canyon Freeway, is unconstructed, running from SR 71 near Chino to SR 210 near Upland.State Route 143 is a 19.7-mile (31.7 km) unconstructed highway of Sacramento, beginning at SR 99 near Elk Grove and ending at the east end of SR 244 near Carmichael. In 1994, it extended north, replacing a section of SR 244, to Auburn Boulevard. It was proposed as a freeway, but that was cancelled in 1975 due to opposition. The existing arterials Grant Line Road and Bradshaw Road approximating the route are currently utilized, and in 2002 Caltrans recommended removing the route definition from the state highway system (but this never appeared to happen).State Route 148 is an unconstructed highway of Sacramento, stretching 16.3 miles (26.2 km) from I-5 east to proposed SR 65. It was proposed as a freeway, but that was cancelled in 1975 due to opposition. The City of Sacramento proposed Cosumnes River Boulevard and Calvine Road for this highway. In 2002, Caltrans recommended removing the route definition from the state highway system (but this never appeared to happen). In 2010, the freeway option was brought back as the Capital Southeast Connector. It is under construction.A 15.1-mile (24.3 km) easterly extension of State Route 152 is unconstructed, connecting the current east end at SR 99 near Chowchilla with proposed SR 65.State Route 157, which was proposed from I-805 near Ocean View Boulevard in San Diego to SR 125 near the Sweetwater Reservoir, was unconstructed until it was deleted in 1994.A 62.9-mile (101.2 km) portion in the middle of State Route 162, between Covelo and Elk Creek, is unconstructed. It is Mendocino Pass Road and Alder Springs Road, and Caltrans is taking it over, with signage being put up.The southernmost 1.4 mile (2.3 km) of State Route 164 is unconstructed, connecting SR 19 with I-605 near Pico Rivera. This section is the proposed Rio Hondo Freeway.An 18.2-mile (29.3 km) portion in the middle of State Route 169 along the Klamath River is unconstructed, between Klamath Glen and Johnsons. This is due to the flooding. Caltrans has completed a feasibility study for this section.The section of State Route 170 that was supposed to be the Laurel Canyon Freeway, which would have run from the Los Angeles International Airport to the San Fernando Valley via the Santa Monica Mountains, was unconstructed until it was deleted from the legislative definition in 2015. A locally maintained traversable route is Laurel Canyon Boulevard, Crescent Heights Boulevard and La Cienega Boulevard, which Caltrans has no plans to take over.State Route 171, which was proposed from I-5 near San Diego to I-805, was unconstructed until it was deleted in 1994.56.0 miles (90.1 km) of State Route 178 is unconstructed, from east of Ridgecrest to Death Valley National Park. The \"traversable\" route is a winding dirt road through mountain passes in a desolate area. It passes through the gunnery range of the China Lake Naval Weapons Center and through the Wingate Wash area (a National Park Service designated wilderness area). The area is not suitable for a state highway, and District 9 recommends it be rerouted or deleted from the state highway system (and one of the sections possibly renumbered).State Route 179 is a 13.8-mile (22.2 km) routing along Cherry Glen Rd and Pleasants Valley Rd, connecting I-80 near Vacaville with SR 128 near Lake Berryessa.State Route 180 is unconstructed from its present end at SR 33 in Mendota west to I-5, and from I-5 west to SR 25 near Paicines, a total of 81.2 miles (130.7 km). This would be along Panoche Road, Little Panoche Road, Shields Avenue, Fairfax Avenue, and Belmont Avenue, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.State Route 181 is an entirely unconstructed 9.5-mile (15.3 km) route, from SR 116 near Forestville to US 101 north of Santa Rosa. A locally maintained traversable route has been defined via Mirabel Road and River Road, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.The central portion of State Route 190 is unconstructed, stretching 43.0 miles (69.2 km) from Quaking Aspen in the Sequoia National Forest to US 395 at Olancha. On June 25, 1982, deleting the unconstructed section was recommended, but nothing ever happened. District 9 recommends deleting the unconstructed portion (and possibly renumbering one of the sections).","title":"100–199"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Route 211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_211"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"US 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"Fernbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernbridge,_California"},{"link_name":"Ferndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferndale,_California"},{"link_name":"Mattole Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattole_Road"},{"link_name":"Rockport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockport,_California"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"State Route 213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_213"},{"link_name":"State Route 217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_217"},{"link_name":"University of California at Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_at_Santa_Barbara"},{"link_name":"US 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 227","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_227"},{"link_name":"US 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"Arroyo Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Grande,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Oceano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_228"},{"link_name":"SR 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_86"},{"link_name":"Brawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawley,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"San Mateo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California"},{"link_name":"US 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"I-280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_280_(California)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"},{"link_name":"SR 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_87"},{"link_name":"SR 237","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_237"},{"link_name":"Southern Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Crossing_(California)"},{"link_name":"Stockton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton,_California"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"SR 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_99"},{"link_name":"State Route 238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_238"},{"link_name":"I-238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_238"},{"link_name":"I-880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_880_(California)"},{"link_name":"SR 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_61"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo,_California"},{"link_name":"I-580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_580_(California)"},{"link_name":"I-205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_205_(California)"},{"link_name":"Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_4"},{"link_name":"Brentwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentwood,_California"},{"link_name":"CR J4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_J4_(California)"},{"link_name":"SAFETEA-LU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe,_Accountable,_Flexible,_Efficient_Transportation_Equity_Act:_A_Legacy_for_Users"},{"link_name":"State Route 241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_241"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"San Clemente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Clemente,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_74"},{"link_name":"State Route 244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_244"},{"link_name":"SR 143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_143"},{"link_name":"SR 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_2"},{"link_name":"La Cañada Flintridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ca%C3%B1ada_Flintridge,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_14"},{"link_name":"Palmdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmdale,_California"},{"link_name":"CR N3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_N3_(California)"},{"link_name":"I-580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_580_(California)"},{"link_name":"San Quentin, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Quentin,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Point Reyes Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Reyes_Station,_California"},{"link_name":"US 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"Point Reyes Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Point_Reyes_Freeway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SR 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_17"},{"link_name":"Richmond-San Rafael Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond-San_Rafael_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Marin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Olema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olema,_California"},{"link_name":"Fairfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax,_California"},{"link_name":"Ross Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Valley"},{"link_name":"ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystems"},{"link_name":"urbanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization"},{"link_name":"egrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egrets"},{"link_name":"California red-legged frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_red-legged_frog"},{"link_name":"San Andreas Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Drake Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Francis_Drake_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"State Route 252","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_252"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_(California)"},{"link_name":"I-805","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_805_(California)"},{"link_name":"SR 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_34"},{"link_name":"Port Hueneme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Hueneme,_California"},{"link_name":"Oxnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnard,_California"},{"link_name":"US 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_258"},{"link_name":"Western Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Avenue_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"SR 213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_213"},{"link_name":"I-405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_405_(California)"},{"link_name":"Torrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrance,_California"},{"link_name":"US 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_270"},{"link_name":"California Department of Parks and Recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation"},{"link_name":"Bodie State Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodie_State_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"SR 198","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_198"},{"link_name":"Three Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Rivers,_California"},{"link_name":"Sequoia National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Mineral King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_King,_California"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"State Route 280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_280"},{"link_name":"Interstate 280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_280_(California)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80"},{"link_name":"State Route 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_281"},{"link_name":"Clear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Lake,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_29"},{"link_name":"Lakeport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeport,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_285"},{"link_name":"SR 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_70"},{"link_name":"Portola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portola,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_380"},{"link_name":"I-380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_380_(California)"},{"link_name":"I-280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_280_(California)"},{"link_name":"San Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bruno,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Pacifica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifica,_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 480","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_480"},{"link_name":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Loma_Prieta_earthquake"},{"link_name":"State Route 605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_605"},{"link_name":"I-605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_605"},{"link_name":"SR 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_22"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Seal Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Interstate 710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_710"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"SR 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_47"},{"link_name":"Terminal Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_Island"},{"link_name":"Valley Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"I-210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_210_and_State_Route_210_(California)"},{"link_name":"SR 134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_134"},{"link_name":"State Route 905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_905"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California"},{"link_name":"Mexican border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico_border"}],"text":"State Route 211, formerly part of SR 1, stretches only 5 miles (8 km) from US 101 near Fernbridge to Ferndale. A locally maintained traversable route, which the state does not plan to take over, continues south from Ferndale for 102.8 miles (165.4 km) along Mattole Road, Wilder Ridge Road, Kings Peak Road, Chemise Mountain Road, and Usal Road to SR 1 near Rockport.Until recently[when?], State Route 213 had an unconstructed section from I-405 to Carson Street. Caltrans took over Western Avenue between these points, and signed and designated it as SR 213, making it completely constructed.A 5.0-mile (8.0 km) western extension of State Route 217 is unconstructed, leading from the present end at the University of California at Santa Barbara northwest to US 101.The southern end of State Route 227 is unconstructed, stretching 1.7 miles (2.7 km) from US 101 in Arroyo Grande to SR 1 east of Oceano. There is no locally maintained traversable route, but there is a proposed routing.State Route 228 was a 2.5-mile unconstructed route between SR 86 2.5 miles southwest of Brawley and SR 86 west of Brawley. Its routing would roughly have been a continuation of Imperial Avenue north to near Kalin Avenue, bypassing downtown Brawley. It was deleted in 1998, but was still listed in the 2002 report.State Route 230 is a 4.1-mile (6.6 km) completely unconstructed route in southeastern San Francisco and San Mateo County, linking US 101 with I-280 along the San Francisco Bay. Except for the southern end, the route was part of SR 87 until 1970, when SR 87 was cancelled north of SR 237. Some of the plans for a Southern Crossing across the bay would have used SR 230. It was proposed as a freeway, but the freeway option was cancelled on October 21, 1976 due to opposition.State Route 234 and State Route 235 are unconstructed southern and northern bypasses of Stockton, each linking I-5 with SR 99. Caltrans has no plans to build either, but has identified locally-maintained traversable routes: French Camp Road for the 3.4-mile (5.5 km) SR 234, and Eight Mile Road for the 6.4-mile (10.3 km) SR 235. However, one Caltrans map makes the route of SR 234 appear to be Arch-Airport Road. On November 29, 1993, San Joaquin County adopted Eight Mile Road as an arterial highway and dropped interest in it as a state highway.A northern extension of State Route 238 is unconstructed, stretching west 1.6 miles (2.6 km) from the end of I-238 at I-880 to proposed SR 61 near San Lorenzo. A locally maintained traversable route is along Lewelling Boulevard. The entire route was a proposed freeway and was sent to the Interstate Highway System in October 1968 but was rejected. Then after a series of lawsuits and appeals, the freeway plan was canceled in 2003 and Caltrans sold off the property it had acquired in the name of eminent domain along the proposed route. A bridge over I-680 in Fremont that had already been constructed to serve the route was demolished as a result.State Route 239 is a 17-mile (27.4 km) unconstructed route that would link I-580 at I-205 west of Tracy with SR 4 near Brentwood. Caltrans has identified Mountain House Road and Byron Highway (CR J4) as a traversable route, but has no plans to maintain it. In 2005, the federal legislation known as SAFETEA-LU provided $14 million for the purpose of studying the route's corridor and funding its construction. The spur of the Mid-State Tollway, if built, will most likely be designated as SR 239, while the main tollway will most likely be designated as SR 84.The south end of State Route 241, from Oso Parkway south to I-5 near San Clemente, is currently in the planning stages. The section from Oso Parkway to Cow Camp Road near SR 74 is currently under construction while the remainder of the extension is still under discussion.Until 1994, State Route 244 included an unconstructed extension from Auburn Boulevard east to Fair Oaks Boulevard in Sacramento County. This was transferred to SR 143.State Route 249 is a 13.5-mile (21.7 km) unconstructed route that would connect SR 2 north of La Cañada Flintridge with SR 14 south of Palmdale. Angeles Forest Highway (CR N3) follows the general alignment, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. However, there are plans to explore the building of this route between Palmdale and Los Angeles tunneling through the mountains.State Route 251 is a completely unconstructed route, defined to extend from I-580 near San Quentin, California to SR 1 near Point Reyes Station. The 1.6-mile (2.6 km) portion east of US 101 was defined in 1959 to be Legislative Route 251 and it kept its number. This section was proposed by Caltrans to be improved and signed as SR 251, but that never happened. Now Caltrans has no plans to take over that section. The rest was the proposed 22.9-mile (36.9 km) Point Reyes Freeway, and was part of SR 17 until 1984, when SR 17 over the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge became I-580.Sir Francis Drake Boulevard roughly parallels the highway's length. If built, the highway was probably going to be called the \"Point Reyes Freeway\"; extra flyover ramps at the Sir Francis Drake Boulevard-U.S. 101 interchange suggest this.The freeway was born due to an idea to develop west Marin County, a traditionally rural area, into a sprawling area not usually found in Marin County. With all the new residents, local roads would have been overburdened. Chief among them was Sir Francis Drake Boulevard, a two lane road from Olema to Fairfax before widening to 4 lanes as it passes through the Ross Valley.However, the development and freeway planning were stopped due to concerns about fragile ecosystems that urbanization would have damaged or destroyed. The animals, mostly egrets and the California red-legged frog, ended up being the main reason the freeway and redevelopment was defeated. There was another problem though: the plan put the entire area on the San Andreas Fault. The decision to not redevelop West Marin made the freeway unnecessary, and it was therefore scrapped. Now, this section is Sir Francis Drake Boulevard, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.State Route 252, which was proposed from I-5 to I-805 (going between SR 54 and SR 94), was unconstructed until it was deleted in 1994.State Route 257 is a proposed 19.6-mile (31.5 km) freeway from a proposed relocation of SR 34 east of Port Hueneme west and northwest around Oxnard to US 101 near Ventura. 5th Street and Harbor Boulevard has been identified as a traversable routing, but Caltrans has no plans to maintain the streets. It is proposed to be upgraded to a freeway.State Route 258 is an unsigned or unconstructed route which stretches 17 miles (27.4 km) along Western Avenue from the north end of SR 213 at I-405 near Torrance north to US 101 near Hollywood. It is proposed to be upgraded to a freeway, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. The route concept report recommends that the alignment of the route be moved 3.5 mi westerly, and it to be from I-405 near LAX to US 101 near Hollywood.The easternmost 3.5 miles (5.6 km) of State Route 270 are unconstructed, being maintained by the California Department of Parks and Recreation inside the Bodie State Historical Park. District 9 recommended that this stretch be deleted from the state highway system.State Route 276 is an 8.5-mile (13.7 km) unconstructed route from SR 198 near Three Rivers east to Sequoia National Park. It initially stretched further east through the park (though it was not part of the park at the time) to Mineral King, where the Walt Disney Company planned to build a recreational development. It was truncated to its current terminus in 1972. A route has been adopted. A locally maintained traversable route is Mineral King Road, or county road MTN 375, but it is not recommended for Caltrans to take it over, as this road features narrow, winding, steep grades.State Route 280 is an unsigned surface street and an unconstructed 3.1-mile freeway extension of Interstate 280 from its current north end in San Francisco at 5th Street to Interstate 80.The majority of State Route 281 is unconstructed, stretching 14.0 miles (22.5 km) from the current end at Clear Lake northwest to SR 29 south of Lakeport. A locally-maintained traversable route is Soda Bay Road, and Caltrans is planning to take it over.State Route 285 was an unconstructed 8 mile route along West Street and Lake Davis Road from SR 70 in Portola to Grizzly Road. It was deleted in 1998 (due to problems with right of way and drainage), but was still listed in the 2002 report.State Route 380, a 4.4-mile (7.1 km) western extension of I-380, was to connect the end of I-380 at I-280 in San Bruno with SR 1 near Pacifica. The freeway was cancelled on March 29, 1979. A locally maintained traversable route is along Sneath Lane, Skyline Blvd and Sharp Park Road, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.The middle segment of State Route 480 was unconstructed from Doyle Drive to Van Ness Avenue. It was proposed as the Golden Gate Freeway in the mid 1950s but was ultimately canceled due to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake as well as local opposition. The entire route was demolished and deleted in 1991 due to local opposition, approximately 2 years after the earthquake.State Route 605 is a 3-mile (4.8 km) unconstructed southern extension of I-605 from SR 22 to SR 1 near Seal Beach. It is roughly along Seal Beach Boulevard.The southernmost segment of Interstate 710, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from SR 1 south and west to SR 47 on Terminal Island recently added to the legislative definition, is currently being upgraded. At the northern end, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from Valley Boulevard north to California Boulevard in Pasadena (where a freeway stub leading to an interchange with I-210 and SR 134 already exists) has been unconstructed for several decades due to community opposition, and Caltrans recently cancelled any further study of the route.The westernmost segment of State Route 905, 3.2 miles (5.1 km) from I-5 southwest to the Mexican border is unconstructed, and Caltrans has no plans on pursuing this routing, particularly since there are no plans for a border crossing at this location, and it is an environmentally sensitive area.","title":"200–999"}]
[]
[{"title":"California Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:California_Roads"},{"title":"Deleted State Routes in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deleted_State_Routes_in_California"}]
[{"reference":"\"1st Segment of SR-11 Opens Along Border\". 10 News. March 19, 2016. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.10news.com/news/1st-segment-of-sr-11-opens-along-border-03192016","url_text":"\"1st Segment of SR-11 Opens Along Border\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322051906/http://www.10news.com/news/1st-segment-of-sr-11-opens-along-border-03192016","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"California Highways (www.cahighways.org): Routes 65 through 72\". www.cahighways.org. Retrieved April 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cahighways.org/065-072.html","url_text":"\"California Highways (www.cahighways.org): Routes 65 through 72\""}]},{"reference":"\"What the New Federal Act Means to California – Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century\". California Legislative Analyst's Office. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lao.ca.gov/1998/082698_tea_21/082698_isteafig11.html","url_text":"\"What the New Federal Act Means to California – Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Legislative_Analyst%27s_Office","url_text":"California Legislative Analyst's Office"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190323055513/https://lao.ca.gov/1998/082698_tea_21/082698_isteafig11.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/hseb/products/state_highway_routes_selected_information_1995_revised.pdf","external_links_name":"State Highway Routes: Selected Information"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/hseb/products/TravHwy02.pdf","external_links_name":"Traversible Highways Report 2002"},{"Link":"https://www.10news.com/news/1st-segment-of-sr-11-opens-along-border-03192016","external_links_name":"\"1st Segment of SR-11 Opens Along Border\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322051906/http://www.10news.com/news/1st-segment-of-sr-11-opens-along-border-03192016","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cahighways.org/065-072.html","external_links_name":"\"California Highways (www.cahighways.org): Routes 65 through 72\""},{"Link":"http://www.lao.ca.gov/1998/082698_tea_21/082698_isteafig11.html","external_links_name":"\"What the New Federal Act Means to California – Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190323055513/https://lao.ca.gov/1998/082698_tea_21/082698_isteafig11.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tpp/corridor-mobility/D8_docs/TCRs/sr-81.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tpp/corridor-mobility/D8_docs/TCRs/sr-81.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.cahighways.org/maps/2003scstatus.pdf","external_links_name":"2003 Caltrans District 7 Master System Plan Status Map"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Cine-Technicians
Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians
["1 History","2 Election results","3 General Secretaries","4 Presidents","5 Act Films Ltd","6 Publications","7 References","8 External links"]
Former trade union of the United Kingdom ACTTAssociation of Cinematograph, Television and Allied TechniciansMerged intoBroadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre UnionFounded1933Dissolved1991Headquarters2 Soho Square, LondonLocationUnited KingdomMembers 20,021 (1982)Key peopleGeorge ElvinAlan SapperPublicationFilm and TV TechnicianAffiliationsLabour Party The Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians (ACTT) was a trade union in the United Kingdom which existed between 1933 and 1991. History The union was founded by technicians at the Gaumont British Studios in 1933 as the Association of Cine-Technicians, later becoming the Association of Cinematograph Technicians (ACT). By the following year, it was struggling; it had just 88 members, with only a quarter of those paid up, and it was in financial difficulties. George Elvin was appointed as its first General Secretary the following year, establishing a journal and an employment exchange. Within a year, membership was over 600 and the finances were in good shape. In 1936, the union affiliated to the Trades Union Congress. ACT began organising film laboratory workers, and in 1943 it affiliated to the Labour Party. At the ACT annual general meeting of 1949 the union made the decision to create ACT Films Limited which with the support of the President of the Board of Trade, Harold Wilson, was established in 1950. In 1955, it extended its coverage to represent technicians working on ITV, and the following year incorporated "Television" into its name. In the late 1950s, ACTT came into dispute with film directors John and Roy Boulting, and this may have partly inspired their film, I'm All Right Jack. ACTT were highly critical of the film's negative portrayal of trade unionists. In 1969, Elvin was replaced as General Secretary by Alan Sapper. The union repeatedly discussed potential mergers with the Association of Broadcasting Staff (ABS), which represented the equivalent workers at the BBC, but these foundered until in 1991 it merged with the Broadcasting and Entertainment Trades Alliance, the successor to the ABS, to form the Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union. Election results The union sponsored its general secretary as a candidate in the 1951 general election. Election Constituency Candidate Votes Percentage Position 1951 general election Oxford George Elvin 25,427 44.0 2 General Secretaries 1934: George Elvin 1969: Alan Sapper Presidents 1937: Anthony Asquith 1969: George Elvin 1974: Robert Bolt Ron Bowie 1983: Bruce Anderson Act Films Ltd Green Grow The Rushes (1950) Night Was Our Friend (1951) Circumstantial Evidence (1952) Private Information (1952) The Final Test (1952) The Blue Parrot (1953) House of Blackmail (1953) Burnt Evidence (1954) Final Appointment (1954) Dangerous Cargo (1954) Room in the House (1955) Stolen Assignment (1955) The Last Man to Hang? (1956) Suspended Alibi (1957) The Diplomatic Corpse (1957) Second Fiddle (1957) The Man Upstairs (1958) Dead Lucky (1959) Don't Panic Chaps! (1959) The Kitchen (1961) The Piper's Tune (1961) Dilemma (1962) We are the Engineers (1969) One in Five (1971) The People's March for Jobs (1981) Publications Action! Fifty Years in the Life of a Union. Published: 1983 (UK). Publisher: ACTT. ISBN 0 9508993 0 5. "Patterns of discrimination", Report into discrimination against women in the work of making and processing materials for films and TV channels. Researched and written by Sarah Benton under the guidance of the union's research director Roy and union's women's committee. Published 1975 by ACTT. References ^ a b c Marsh, Arthur (1984). Trade Union Handbook (3 ed.). Aldershot: Gower. pp. 156–157. ISBN 0566024268. ^ a b Macnab, Geoffrey. J. Arthur Rank and the British Film Industry. Routledge, 2013. ISBN 1135087202, 9781135087203 ^ "Obituary: Mr George Elvin", The Times, 16 February 1984 ^ Action! Fifty Years in the Life of a Union. Published: 1983 (UK). Publisher: ACTT. ISBN 0 9508993 0 5. ACT Films Limited - Ralph Bond p80 "ACT Films Ltd's formation was made possible through the support and influence of Harold Wilson MP, who was then the President of the Board of Trade." ^ "List of Parliamentary Labour candidate and election results, 25th October, 1951". Report of the Fiftieth Annual Conference of the Labour Party: 184–203. 1951. External links BECTU History: ACTT Catalogue of the ACTT publications collection held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick Organized labour portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"text":"The Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians (ACTT) was a trade union in the United Kingdom which existed between 1933 and 1991.","title":"Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"technicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_crew"},{"link_name":"Gaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumont_British"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macnab-2"},{"link_name":"George Elvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Elvin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-3"},{"link_name":"Trades Union Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macnab-2"},{"link_name":"film laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_laboratory"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"annual general meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_general_meeting"},{"link_name":"Harold Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"came into dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulting_v_Association_of_Cinematograph,_Television_and_Allied_Technicians"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boulting"},{"link_name":"Roy Boulting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Boulting"},{"link_name":"I'm All Right Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_All_Right_Jack"},{"link_name":"Alan Sapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Sapper"},{"link_name":"Association of Broadcasting Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Broadcasting_Staff"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Broadcasting and Entertainment Trades Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_and_Entertainment_Trades_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting,_Entertainment,_Cinematograph_and_Theatre_Union"}],"text":"The union was founded by technicians at the Gaumont British Studios in 1933 as the Association of Cine-Technicians, later becoming the Association of Cinematograph Technicians (ACT).[2] By the following year, it was struggling; it had just 88 members, with only a quarter of those paid up, and it was in financial difficulties. George Elvin was appointed as its first General Secretary the following year, establishing a journal and an employment exchange. Within a year, membership was over 600 and the finances were in good shape.[3] In 1936, the union affiliated to the Trades Union Congress.[2]ACT began organising film laboratory workers, and in 1943 it affiliated to the Labour Party. At the ACT annual general meeting of 1949 the union made the decision to create ACT Films Limited which with the support of the President of the Board of Trade, Harold Wilson, was established in 1950.[4] In 1955, it extended its coverage to represent technicians working on ITV, and the following year incorporated \"Television\" into its name.In the late 1950s, ACTT came into dispute with film directors John and Roy Boulting, and this may have partly inspired their film, I'm All Right Jack. ACTT were highly critical of the film's negative portrayal of trade unionists.In 1969, Elvin was replaced as General Secretary by Alan Sapper.The union repeatedly discussed potential mergers with the Association of Broadcasting Staff (ABS), which represented the equivalent workers at the BBC, but these foundered until in 1991 it merged with the Broadcasting and Entertainment Trades Alliance, the successor to the ABS, to form the Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1951 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The union sponsored its general secretary as a candidate in the 1951 general election.[5]","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Elvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Elvin"},{"link_name":"Alan Sapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Sapper"}],"text":"1934: George Elvin\n1969: Alan Sapper","title":"General Secretaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Asquith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Asquith"},{"link_name":"George Elvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Elvin"},{"link_name":"Robert Bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bolt"}],"text":"1937: Anthony Asquith\n1969: George Elvin\n1974: Robert Bolt\nRon Bowie\n1983: Bruce Anderson","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Grow The Rushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Grow_the_Rushes_(film)"},{"link_name":"Night Was Our Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Was_Our_Friend"},{"link_name":"Circumstantial Evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstantial_Evidence_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Private Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Information"},{"link_name":"The Final Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Test"},{"link_name":"The Blue Parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Parrot"},{"link_name":"House of Blackmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Blackmail"},{"link_name":"Burnt Evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnt_Evidence"},{"link_name":"Final Appointment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Appointment"},{"link_name":"Dangerous Cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Cargo"},{"link_name":"Room in the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_in_the_House"},{"link_name":"Stolen Assignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_Assignment"},{"link_name":"The Last Man to Hang?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Man_to_Hang%3F"},{"link_name":"Suspended Alibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_Alibi"},{"link_name":"The Diplomatic Corpse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diplomatic_Corpse"},{"link_name":"Second Fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Fiddle_(1957_film)"},{"link_name":"The Man Upstairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Upstairs_(1958_film)"},{"link_name":"Dead Lucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Lucky"},{"link_name":"Don't Panic Chaps!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Panic_Chaps!"},{"link_name":"The Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kitchen_(1961_film)"},{"link_name":"Dilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilemma_(1962_British_film)"},{"link_name":"People's March for Jobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_March_for_Jobs"}],"text":"Green Grow The Rushes (1950)\nNight Was Our Friend (1951)\nCircumstantial Evidence (1952)\nPrivate Information (1952)\nThe Final Test (1952)\nThe Blue Parrot (1953)\nHouse of Blackmail (1953)\nBurnt Evidence (1954)\nFinal Appointment (1954)\nDangerous Cargo (1954)\nRoom in the House (1955)\nStolen Assignment (1955)\nThe Last Man to Hang? (1956)\nSuspended Alibi (1957)\nThe Diplomatic Corpse (1957)\nSecond Fiddle (1957)\nThe Man Upstairs (1958)\nDead Lucky (1959)\nDon't Panic Chaps! (1959)\nThe Kitchen (1961)\nThe Piper's Tune (1961)\nDilemma (1962)\nWe are the Engineers (1969)\nOne in Five (1971)\nThe People's March for Jobs (1981)","title":"Act Films Ltd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0 9508993 0 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B9508993%2B0%2B5"}],"text":"Action! Fifty Years in the Life of a Union. Published: 1983 (UK). Publisher: ACTT. ISBN 0 9508993 0 5.\"Patterns of discrimination\", Report into discrimination against women in the work of making and processing materials for films and TV channels. Researched and written by Sarah Benton under the guidance of the union's research director Roy and union's women's committee.\nPublished 1975 by ACTT.","title":"Publications"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Stanford
Alan Stanford
["1 Personal life","2 Early career","3 Theatre roles","4 Other theatre work","5 Television and film work","6 References","7 External links"]
English-Irish actor, director and writer For the American financier, see Allen Stanford. Alan Stanford (born 1949) is an English-Irish actor, director and writer. He has worked in the theatre for many years, including a 30 year association with the Gate Theatre as both actor and director. He is well known for playing George Manning in the popular Irish drama series Glenroe. Personal life This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Alan Stanford" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Though originally from Liverpool, Alan Stanford's childhood was spent on the Isle of Wight in the South of England. He was an only child. He trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. Stanford moved to Ireland in 1969 after touring there and eventually became an Irish citizen. As of 2011 became resident in the USA and is based in Pittsburgh. Stanford's parents were John Stanford and Anne Kirkpatrick who raised him for most of his childhood in the Isle of Wight, however in 2010, aged 61, Stanford discovered that he had been adopted and that he shared a biological mother with six younger children. He has been married twice and has two sons from his second marriage. Early career This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Alan Stanford" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) As a director Stanford began his career in Ireland at the Project Arts Centre where his productions included works by Shaw, Graham Greene, Brecht, Dürrenmatt and Shakespeare. He is former Artistic Director of Second Age Theatre Company for whom he has directed many productions, including King Lear, Othello, "Hamlet","Macbeth" and Philadelphia Here I Come. He directed for the Irish Theatre Company and many other independent companies. For Storytellers (a theatre company), he directed both The Mayor of Casterbridge and Oedipus. For over thirty years Stanford was an associate of the Gate Theatre Dublin both as actor and director. At the Gate he has directed Romeo and Juliet, Tartuffe, Present Laughter twice, Pride and Prejudice, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Great Expectations twice, A Tale of Two Cities, The Collection, Lady Windermere's Fan, Cyrano de Bergerac, An Ideal Husband, A Christmas Carol, Arms and the Man, Oliver Twist, Blithe Spirit, Jane Eyre, The Constant Wife, Private Lives, The Importance of Being Earnest, The Deep Blue Sea, The Old Curiosity Shop, The Real Thing, Endgame, God of Carnage, and Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris. Theatre roles This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Alan Stanford" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) His work as an actor includes roles from Shaw to Wilde, from Ibsen to Ayckbourn. He received a Harveys Theatre Award for Best Actor for his performance as Salieri in Amadeus and was nominated for three further performances – Astrov in Uncle Vanya, Higgins in Pygmalion and Valmont in Les Liaisons Dangereuses. During the Gate Theatre Beckett Festival he performed as Pozzo in Waiting for Godot and as Hamm in Endgame, performances he repeated to considerable critical acclaim at the Lincoln Center in New York, in Toronto, in Melbourne, at the Barbican Theatre in London, in Beijing and in Shanghai. Later stage appearances were at the Abbey Theatre as Lady Bracknell in The Importance of Being Earnest and at the Gate Theatre as Herod in Oscar Wilde'sSalome. In the USA he appeared as King Henry in The Lion in Winter Other theatre work Stanford's work as a director and adaptor for the stage includes adaptations of Pride and Prejudice, A Christmas Carol, Romeo and Juliet, The Constant Wife, all presented at the Gate Theatre. He also created a new version of A Doll's House and a stage version of How Many Miles to Babylon?, for Second Age Theatre Company. He created a screenplay of The Picture of Dorian Gray, which he had previously co-adapted for the stage with writer Gavin Kostick. He has also co-written and directed two pantomimes at the Gaiety Theatre, Snow White and Sleeping Beauty. His adaptations of both Pride and Prejudice and Jane Eyre have been presented in many theatres in both the USA and Canada. From 2006 to 2011 Stanford was a member of the Arts Council of Ireland. Stanford's association with PICT Classic Theatre began in 2008 when Andrew S. Paul hired him to direct Salome. Paul later sponsored Stanford's green card and he moved to Pittsburgh. In 2013 he succeeded Paul as executive director and artistic director of PICT. In 2022 he was removed by the board of PICT after the Pittsburgh City Paper published allegations of sexual harassment of actresses, which Stanford described as "libellous". Television and film work Stanford's film and television work includes Educating Rita, The Irish R.M., The Treaty, The Hanging Gale, Moll Flanders, Michael Collins, Kidnapped, Animal Farm etc. For many years he played George Manning in RTÉ's Glenroe. References ^ "Alan Stanford". Alan Stanford. Retrieved 25 May 2015. ^ "Alan Stanford Director of An Ideal Husband". Hot Press Ireland. Hot Press. Retrieved 25 May 2015. ^ "Alan Stanford Director". Irish Theatre Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015. ^ "My cultural life: Alan Stanford". independent. 13 June 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2022. ^ "Alan Stanford: The Constant Life". RTE. 20 July 2016. ^ "'We killed Snow white'". independent. 11 December 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2022. ^ "New Arts Council members appointed". The Irish Times. Retrieved 4 June 2022. ^ "Alan Stanford". www.alanstanford.com. Retrieved 4 June 2022. ^ a b c d Waltz, Amanda (30 June 2022). "Pittsburgh theater company accused of canceling show over alleged "sexual misconduct"". Pittsburgh City Paper. Retrieved 13 July 2022. ^ Waltz, Amanda (5 July 2022). "PICT Classic Theatre removes leader following sexual misconduct allegations". Pittsburgh City Paper. Retrieved 13 July 2022. ^ Falvey, Deirdre; Wall, Martin. "Alan Stanford asked to step aside from post at Pittsburgh theatre". The Irish Times. Retrieved 13 July 2022. ^ "George Manning". Stills Library RTÉ. RTÉ. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2015. External links Second Age website Alan Stanford at IMDb Alan Stanford official website PICT Theatre website Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz
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He is well known for playing George Manning in the popular Irish drama series Glenroe.","title":"Alan Stanford"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Guildhall School of Music and Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"}],"text":"Though originally from Liverpool, Alan Stanford's childhood was spent on the Isle of Wight in the South of England. He was an only child.\nHe trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. Stanford moved to Ireland in 1969 after touring there and eventually became an Irish citizen. As of 2011 became resident in the USA and is based in Pittsburgh.Stanford's parents were John Stanford and Anne Kirkpatrick who raised him for most of his childhood in the Isle of Wight, however in 2010, aged 61, Stanford discovered that he had been adopted and that he shared a biological mother with six younger children. He has been married twice and has two sons from his second marriage.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Project Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Arts_Centre"},{"link_name":"Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Graham Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Greene"},{"link_name":"Brecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecht"},{"link_name":"Dürrenmatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrrenmatt"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Second Age Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Age_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"King Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear"},{"link_name":"Othello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Here I Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Here_I_Come"},{"link_name":"The Mayor of Casterbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge"},{"link_name":"Oedipus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus"},{"link_name":"Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet"},{"link_name":"Tartuffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartuffe"},{"link_name":"Present Laughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_Laughter"},{"link_name":"Pride and Prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice"},{"link_name":"The Picture of Dorian Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray"},{"link_name":"Great Expectations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Expectations"},{"link_name":"A Tale of Two Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities"},{"link_name":"The Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Collection_(play)"},{"link_name":"Lady Windermere's Fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan"},{"link_name":"Cyrano de Bergerac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(play)"},{"link_name":"An Ideal Husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"A Christmas Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol"},{"link_name":"Arms and the Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_and_the_Man"},{"link_name":"Oliver Twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Twist"},{"link_name":"Blithe Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_(play)"},{"link_name":"Jane Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Eyre"},{"link_name":"The Constant Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Constant_Wife"},{"link_name":"Private Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Lives"},{"link_name":"The Importance of Being Earnest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest"},{"link_name":"The Deep Blue Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deep_Blue_Sea_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Old Curiosity Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Curiosity_Shop"},{"link_name":"The Real Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Thing_(play)"},{"link_name":"Endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endgame_(play)"},{"link_name":"God of Carnage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_Carnage"},{"link_name":"Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Brel_is_Alive_and_Well_and_Living_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"As a director Stanford began his career in Ireland at the Project Arts Centre where his productions included works by Shaw, Graham Greene, Brecht, Dürrenmatt and Shakespeare.He is former Artistic Director of Second Age Theatre Company for whom he has directed many productions, including King Lear, Othello, \"Hamlet\",\"Macbeth\" and Philadelphia Here I Come.He directed for the Irish Theatre Company and many other independent companies. For Storytellers (a theatre company), he directed both The Mayor of Casterbridge and Oedipus.For over thirty years Stanford was an associate of the Gate Theatre Dublin both as actor and director. At the Gate he has directed Romeo and Juliet, Tartuffe, Present Laughter twice, Pride and Prejudice, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Great Expectations twice, A Tale of Two Cities, The Collection, Lady Windermere's Fan, Cyrano de Bergerac, An Ideal Husband,[2] A Christmas Carol, Arms and the Man, Oliver Twist, Blithe Spirit, Jane Eyre, The Constant Wife, Private Lives, The Importance of Being Earnest, The Deep Blue Sea, The Old Curiosity Shop, The Real Thing, Endgame, God of Carnage, and Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris.[3]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Ibsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen"},{"link_name":"Ayckbourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ayckbourn"},{"link_name":"Amadeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_(play)"},{"link_name":"Uncle Vanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Vanya"},{"link_name":"Pygmalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)"},{"link_name":"Les Liaisons Dangereuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Liaisons_Dangereuses"},{"link_name":"Gate Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett"},{"link_name":"Waiting for Godot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Center"},{"link_name":"Barbican Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Abbey Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre"},{"link_name":"The Importance of Being Earnest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest"},{"link_name":"Salome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Lion in Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_in_Winter"}],"text":"His work as an actor includes roles from Shaw to Wilde, from Ibsen to Ayckbourn. He received a Harveys Theatre Award for Best Actor for his performance as Salieri in Amadeus and was nominated for three further performances – Astrov in Uncle Vanya, Higgins in Pygmalion and Valmont in Les Liaisons Dangereuses.During the Gate Theatre Beckett Festival he performed as Pozzo in Waiting for Godot and as Hamm in Endgame, performances he repeated to considerable critical acclaim at the Lincoln Center in New York, in Toronto, in Melbourne, at the Barbican Theatre in London, in Beijing and in Shanghai. Later stage appearances were at the Abbey Theatre as Lady Bracknell in The Importance of Being Earnest and at the Gate Theatre as Herod in Oscar Wilde'sSalome. In the USA he appeared as King Henry in The Lion in Winter","title":"Theatre roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pride and Prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice"},{"link_name":"A Christmas Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol"},{"link_name":"Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet"},{"link_name":"The Constant Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Constant_Wife"},{"link_name":"Gate Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"A Doll's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House"},{"link_name":"How Many Miles to Babylon?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Many_Miles_to_Babylon%3F_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Second Age Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Age_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Picture of Dorian Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray"},{"link_name":"Gavin Kostick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Kostick"},{"link_name":"Gaiety Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Snow White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pride and Prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice"},{"link_name":"Jane Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Eyre"},{"link_name":"Arts Council of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"PICT Classic Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PICT_Classic_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waltz20220630-9"},{"link_name":"green card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_card"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waltz20220630-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waltz20220630-9"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh City Paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_City_Paper"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waltz20220630-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Stanford's work as a director and adaptor for the stage includes adaptations of Pride and Prejudice, A Christmas Carol, Romeo and Juliet, The Constant Wife, all presented at the Gate Theatre.[4][5]He also created a new version of A Doll's House and a stage version of How Many Miles to Babylon?, for Second Age Theatre Company.[citation needed] He created a screenplay of The Picture of Dorian Gray, which he had previously co-adapted for the stage with writer Gavin Kostick. He has also co-written and directed two pantomimes at the Gaiety Theatre, Snow White and Sleeping Beauty.[6]His adaptations of both Pride and Prejudice and Jane Eyre have been presented in many theatres in both the USA and Canada.From 2006 to 2011 Stanford was a member of the Arts Council of Ireland.[7][8]Stanford's association with PICT Classic Theatre began in 2008 when Andrew S. Paul hired him to direct Salome.[9] Paul later sponsored Stanford's green card and he moved to Pittsburgh.[9] In 2013 he succeeded Paul as executive director and artistic director of PICT.[9] In 2022 he was removed by the board of PICT after the Pittsburgh City Paper published allegations of sexual harassment of actresses,[9][10] which Stanford described as \"libellous\".[11]","title":"Other theatre work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Educating Rita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educating_Rita_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Irish R.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_R.M."},{"link_name":"The Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Treaty_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Hanging Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hanging_Gale"},{"link_name":"Moll Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moll_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Michael Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kidnapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapped_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Animal Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"RTÉ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89"},{"link_name":"Glenroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenroe"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Stanford's film and television work includes Educating Rita, The Irish R.M., The Treaty, The Hanging Gale, Moll Flanders, Michael Collins, Kidnapped, Animal Farm etc. For many years he played George Manning in RTÉ's Glenroe.[12]","title":"Television and film work"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Alan Stanford\". Alan Stanford. Retrieved 25 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alanstanford.com/actor.html","url_text":"\"Alan Stanford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Stanford Director of An Ideal Husband\". Hot Press Ireland. Hot Press. Retrieved 25 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hotpress.com/archive/416750.html","url_text":"\"Alan Stanford Director of An Ideal Husband\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Stanford Director\". Irish Theatre Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150525162042/http://www.irishtheatremagazine.ie/Reviews/Current/God-of-Carnage","url_text":"\"Alan Stanford Director\""},{"url":"http://www.irishtheatremagazine.ie/Reviews/Current/God-of-Carnage","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"My cultural life: Alan Stanford\". independent. 13 June 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/life/my-cultural-life-alan-stanford-34789782.html","url_text":"\"My cultural life: Alan Stanford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Stanford: The Constant Life\". RTE. 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/theatre/2016/0714/802401-alan-stanford/","url_text":"\"Alan Stanford: The Constant Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"'We killed Snow white'\". independent. 11 December 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/incoming/we-killed-snow-white-26605549.html","url_text":"\"'We killed Snow white'\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Arts Council members appointed\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 4 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/new-arts-council-members-appointed-1.1015986","url_text":"\"New Arts Council members appointed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Stanford\". www.alanstanford.com. Retrieved 4 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alanstanford.com/biog.html","url_text":"\"Alan Stanford\""}]},{"reference":"Waltz, Amanda (30 June 2022). \"Pittsburgh theater company accused of canceling show over alleged \"sexual misconduct\"\". Pittsburgh City Paper. Retrieved 13 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/pittsburgh-theater-company-accused-of-canceling-show-over-alleged-sexual-misconduct/Content?oid=21958631","url_text":"\"Pittsburgh theater company accused of canceling show over alleged \"sexual misconduct\"\""}]},{"reference":"Waltz, Amanda (5 July 2022). \"PICT Classic Theatre removes leader following sexual misconduct allegations\". Pittsburgh City Paper. Retrieved 13 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/pict-classic-theatre-removes-leader-following-sexual-misconduct-allegations/Content?oid=21988673","url_text":"\"PICT Classic Theatre removes leader following sexual misconduct allegations\""}]},{"reference":"Falvey, Deirdre; Wall, Martin. \"Alan Stanford asked to step aside from post at Pittsburgh theatre\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 13 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2022/07/13/alan-stanford-asked-to-step-aside-from-post-at-pittsburgh-theatre/","url_text":"\"Alan Stanford asked to step aside from post at Pittsburgh theatre\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Manning\". Stills Library RTÉ. RTÉ. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://stillslibrary.rte.ie/indexplus/result.html?_IXMAXHITS_=1&_IXACTION_=query&_IXFIRST_=9&_IXSR_=MtwlgLSp6Uf&_IXSS_=_IXMAXHITS_%3d10%26_IXFPFX_%3dtemplates%252ft%26_IXFIRST_%3d1%26%252asform%3d%252fweb%252fsearch_forms%252fadvanced%26%2524%253dsi%3dtext%26_IXACTION_%3dquery%26_IXINITSR_%3dy%26%2524%253dsort%3dsort%2bdescending%2bsortexpr%2bimage_sort%26search%3dsearch%26%252aiexe%2bSECURITY_filter%3d%252e%26%2524%253ds%3dgeorge%2bglenroe%26text_search_context%3dGeorge%2bglenroe%26%253cphoto_taken_date_earliest%3d&_IXSPFX_=templates%2ft&_IXFPFX_=templates%2ft","url_text":"\"George Manning\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Masini_valley
Battle of Al Masini valley
["1 Background","2 Battle","3 Aftermath","4 References"]
Coordinates: 14°39′54″N 48°54′00″E / 14.665°N 48.900°E / 14.665; 48.900Battle of Al Masini valleyPart of the Yemeni Civil War (2014–present), the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, and Hadramaut InsurgencyDate17–18 February 2018LocationMasini valley, Hadramaut Governorate, YemenResult Coalition victory 70% of Al Masini valley cleared of AQAP IslamistsBelligerents al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Hadrami Elite Force United Arab EmiratesCommanders and leaders Unknown Maj. Gen. Faraj al-BahsaniUnits involved Sons of Hadhramaut Hadrami Elite forcesStrength unknown unknownCasualties and losses 19 killed 8 killedvteYemeni crisisRevolution(2011–12) Saada Sana'a Taiz Dammaj Ansar al-Shariah campaign (2011–14) Zinjibar Dofas Abyan 2012 Sana'a Radda Nov 2013 Sanaa Dec 2013 Sana'a Rescue operations Houthi rebellion (2014) 2nd Dammaj Amran Civil war(2014–present) 2nd Battle of Sana'a Rada'a  Houthi takeover 1st Shabwah Saudi-led intervention Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Taiz Marib governorate Marib city Dhale Aden airport 2015 2018 2019 Abyan 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive Lahij 2015 Shabwah 2015 Mukalla Zinjibar and Jaar Nihm Port Midi Hadramaut Al Masini Battle of Mukalla June 2016 Mukalla 2017 Battle of Sana'a Al Hudaydah Al Hudaydah city Masini Takeover of Socotra Victory from God Jabara Al-Jawf offensive Al Bayda offensive 2022 Southern Yemen Operation Prosperity Guardian Bombings and terrorist attacks in Yemen Radda Ibb Jan 2015 Sana'a Mar 2015 Sana'a Sep 2015 Sana'a Oct 2015 Aden Dec 2015 Aden 4 Mar 2016 Aden 25 Mar 2016 Aden May 2016 Mukalla May 2016 Aden Aug 2016 Aden Dec 2016 Aden Mar 2022 Aden Mar 2024 al-Bayda Houthi missile and drone attacks in Yemen 2015 Marib 2015 Taiz 2016 al-Anad 2019 al-Anad Aug 2019 Aden Jan 2020 Marib Aug 2020 Marib Dec 2020 Aden airport US–Saudi arms deal Peace process Saudi-led intervention (2015–present)Saudi Arabian airstrikes on Yemen Mokha Sana'a Hajjah Dahyan Dhamar Saada Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia 2018 Riyadh Abha Airport Abqaiq–Khurais 2020 Riyadh Houthi attacks on the United Arab Emirates 2022 Abu Dhabi U.S. raids on al-Qaeda Yakla Hathla Red Sea crisis(2023–present) Timeline Attacks Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou 2023 attack on the Chem Pluto Marlin Luanda missile strike Sinking of the MV Rubymar Attacks on the MV Tutor Military operations Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Aspides Operation Poseidon Archer Diplomacy United Nations Security Council Resolution 2722 Effects Environmental impactHumanitarian crisis Blockade Disease outbreaks Cholera COVID-19 Famine Locust infestation Refugees on Jeju Island War crimes and human rights violations The battle of Al Masini valley, code named Operation Al Faisal by the coalition, was an operation to clear the Al-Qaeda controlled stronghold of Al Misini valley in Hadramut province. Background Further information: Hadramaut Insurgency and Battle of Mukalla (2016) This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2018) Battle On February 17, 2018 Hadrami Elite Forces, backed by heavy UAE aerial support, launched Operation Al-Faisal, an offensive to retake Al-Masini Valley from AQAP militants. The offensive began when Hadrami Elite Forces launched a preemptive attack from three directions, that laid siege to all AQAP militants in the valley. On February 18 Hadrami Elite Forces had entered the valley and begun to slowly retake all areas in and around the valley. After fierce fighting for 48 hours, AQAP militants retreated from the valley and Hadramai forces gained full control over an operation room that was run by AQAP militants in the valley and confiscated the equipment and ammunition used by the terror group in carrying out its criminal operations. The governor of Hadhramaut, Major General Faraj al-Bahsani declared that the operation was a success and that others like it, will follow until the region was fully rid of AQAP. Furthermore, while combing the area, large caches of ammunition, including mortar guns and missiles were found and the Yemeni forces secured the entire zone by staging military posts and patrol units across the surrounding plateaus to preempt any counter offensives by the AQAP militants. Aftermath After AQAP retreated, Hadrami Elite chased them for several kilometers before ceasing pursuit and establishing positions and checkpoints. References ^ "تطهير 70% من معقل القاعدة في حضرموت اليمنية". 19 February 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ a b c d "Clashes leave 27 dead as Yemen troops target Al-Qaeda". Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ "براقش نت - الإعلان عن تطهير آخر معاقل القاعدة في حضرموت". Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "التحالف العربي يطلق "عملية الفيصل" لتطهير حضرموت". 18 February 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ "Armed forces purge al-Qaeda from Mesinivalley of Hadhramout". وكالة الانباء اليمنية Saba Net :: سبأ نت. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ "gulftoday.ae - Supporter by UAE, Arab Coalition starts 'Al Faisal Operation' against Al Qaeda strongholds". gulftoday.ae. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ "Bahrain News Agency - Coalition begins to sweep Al Qaeda from Hadramaut". www.bna.bh. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ Almasdaronline. "Arab Coalition starts 'Al Faisal Operation' against Al 'Qaeda' strongholds". Almasdaronline.com. Archived from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-04-30. ^ "إحكام السيطرة على أهم أوكار القاعدة في حضرموت". Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ WAM/Hatem Mohamed (2018-02-22). "وكالة أنباء الإمارات - Yemen's Wadi Al Masini liberated from Al Qaeda". Wam.ae. Retrieved 2018-04-30. ^ الإلكترونية, صحيفة سبق. "اليمن.. النخبة الحضرمية تُواصل عملية الفيصل ضد القاعدة في حضرموت". Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ "تطهير 70% من معقل القاعدة في حضرموت". 18 February 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. vteYemeni civil war (2014–present) Timeline Outline Yemeni crisis Background Houthi insurgency in Yemen Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Sanaa (2014) Human rights in Yemen Battlesand attacks Shabwah Governorate offensive (2014–present) Battle of Aden Airport 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings: March and September Marib Campaign Battle of Dhale Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen Battle of Aden (2015) Abyan campaign (March–August 2015) Lahij insurgency Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Shabwah campaign (March–August 2015) Battle of Mukalla (2015) Taiz campaign (2015–present) September 2015 Marib Tochka missile attack Aden unrest (2015–present) October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings Zinjibar and Jaar December 2015 Taiz missile attack Nihm Offensive Battle of Port Midi Hadramaut Insurgency Southern Abyan Offensive (2016) Abyan conflict (2016–2018) Battle of Mukalla (2016) May 2016 Yemen police bombings June 2016 Mukalla attacks 2016 Sanaa funeral airstrike Raid on Yakla Raid on Al Hathla Battle of Sanaa (2017) Battle of Aden (2018) Battle of Al Hudaydah Dahyan air strike Abha International Airport attack Battle of the Jabara Valley 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack January 2020 Marib attack Al-Jawf offensive Al Bayda offensive August 2020 Marib attack 2020 Aden attacks Battle of Marib 2021 Aden bombings 2022 Abu Dhabi attack Saada prison airstrike 2022 Jeddah missile attack 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Red Sea Crisis (2023-) Operation Prosperity Guardian Reactions Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates takeover of Socotra Impacts Humanitarian crisis Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation War crimes and human rights violations BelligerentsAlimi government Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard National Hadhrami Council Houthi government Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee PeopleAlimi government Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Houthi government Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Related United States–Houthi conflict (2023–present) Reactions to the Saudi-led military intervention List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen vteList of modern conflicts in the Middle East1910s Italo-Turkish War World War I Middle Eastern theatre Battle of Robat Karim Arab Revolt Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide Mount Lebanon starvation Unification of Saudi Arabia Simko Shikak revolt 1919 Egyptian revolution Turkish War of Independence Greco-Turkish War Turkish–Armenian War Franco-Turkish War Revolts Mahmud Barzanji revolts 1920s Franco-Syrian War Iraqi Revolt (1920) Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine Adwan Rebellion Arab separatism in Khuzestan Great Syrian Revolt Sheikh Said rebellion 1930s Ararat rebellion Ahmed Barzani revolt Simele massacre Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) Goharshad Mosque rebellion 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 1935 Yazidi revolt 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine Dersim rebellion 1940s World War II Italian bombing of Palestine Allied invasion of Iraq Syria–Lebanon campaign Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 1943 Barzani revolt Alwaziri coup Al-Wathbah uprising Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran crisis of 1946 Arab–Israeli conflict 1948 Arab–Israeli War Suez Crisis 1967 Six-Day War 1973 Yom Kippur War 1982 Lebanon War 1950s 1952 Egyptian revolution 1953 Iranian coup d'état Jebel Akhdar War Cyprus Emergency Suez Crisis Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Iraqi revolution 1959 Mosul uprising 1960s Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict First Iraqi–Kurdish War Second Iraqi–Kurdish War Dhofar Rebellion North Yemen Civil War Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup Mar. 1963 Syrian coup Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup Aden Emergency 1964 Hama riot Israeli–Palestinian conflict 1948 Palestine war First Intifada Second Intifada 1966 Syrian coup d'état 1970s Black September in Jordan Yemenite War of 1972 Turkish invasion of Cyprus Shatt al-Arab clashes Lebanese Civil War Political violence in Turkey Islamist uprising in Syria 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq NDF Rebellion Yemenite War of 1979 Iranian Revolution Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 1979 Qatif Uprising Grand Mosque seizure 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 1980s Iran–Iraq War 1980 Turkish coup d'état Kurdish–Turkish conflict Turkey–PKK conflict South Yemen Civil War 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 1986 Damascus bombings 1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt Mecca massacre Abu Nidal's executions 1990s Gulf War (1990–1991) 1991 Iraqi uprisings Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) Yemeni Civil War (1994) Iraqi Kurdish Civil War Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) Operation Desert Fox al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 2000s Iraq War Balochi insurgency in Iran 2004 Qamishli riots Houthi insurgency in Yemen Iran–Israel proxy conflict 2006 Lebanon War Fatah–Hamas conflict South Yemen insurgency 2010s 2011 Bahraini uprising Egyptian Crisis Sinai insurgency Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) Syrian civil war Turkish involvement in Syria Syrian War spillover in Lebanon Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) Yemeni crisis Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 2020s 2021 Beirut clashes Israel–Hamas war Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) Red Sea crisis This list includes World War I and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities eachProlonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold. vteYemen articlesHistory Timeline Ancient history Minaean Himyar Kingdom of Aksum Sasanian Islamic history Modern Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) Alwaziri coup North Yemen Civil War Yemenite Wars 1972 1979 South Yemen Civil War Unification 1994 Civil War Houthi insurgency Takeover Aftermath of the takeover Crisis (2011–present) Revolution Civil war (2014–present) Saudi–led intervention Saudi–led blockade Famine in Yemen (2016–present) 2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen Taiz campaign Conflict related attacks 1992 Yemen hotel bombings 2007 attack on tourists in Yemen 2008 attack on the United States embassy in Yemen 2008 attack on tourists in Yemen 2008 Bin Salman mosque bombing 2009 Yemeni tourist attacks 2012 Sanaʽa bombing 2013 Iranian diplomat kidnapping 2013 Sana'a attack 2014 Ibb bombing 2014 Rada' bombings 2015 Aden car bombing 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings March September 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Yemen bombings Other various attacks Attacks tied to Al-Qaeda insurgency Geography Borders Cities Districts Governorates Islands National parks Rivers Politics House of Representatives Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Law enforcement Political parties President Vice President Prime Minister Military Republican Guard Navy Air Force Coast Guard Economy Energy Rial (currency) Mining Telecommunications Tourism Transport Khat Society Demographics Tribes Education Health Languages Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Media Museums Music Public holidays Sport OutlineIndex Category 14°39′54″N 48°54′00″E / 14.665°N 48.900°E / 14.665; 48.900
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2722","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2722"},{"link_name":"Environmental impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Red_Sea_crisis"},{"link_name":"Blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%932022_Yemen_cholera_outbreak"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_in_Yemen_(2016%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Locust infestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932022_locust_infestation"},{"link_name":"Refugees on Jeju Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_on_Jeju_Island"},{"link_name":"War crimes and human rights violations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newvision.co.ug-2"}],"text":"Battle of Al Masini valleyPart of the Yemeni Civil War (2014–present), the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, and Hadramaut InsurgencyDate17–18 February 2018LocationMasini valley, Hadramaut Governorate, YemenResult\nCoalition victory\n\n70% of Al Masini valley cleared of AQAP Islamists[1]Belligerents\n al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula\n Hadrami Elite Force United Arab EmiratesCommanders and leaders\nUnknown\nMaj. Gen. Faraj al-BahsaniUnits involved\nSons of Hadhramaut\nHadrami Elite forcesStrength\nunknown\nunknownCasualties and losses\n19 killed[2]\n8 killed[2]vteYemeni crisisRevolution(2011–12)\nSaada\nSana'a\nTaiz\nDammaj\n\nAnsar al-Shariah campaign (2011–14)\n\nZinjibar\nDofas\nAbyan\n2012 Sana'a\nRadda\nNov 2013 Sanaa\nDec 2013 Sana'a\nRescue operations\n\nHouthi rebellion (2014)\n\n2nd Dammaj\nAmran\nCivil war(2014–present)\n2nd Battle of Sana'a\nRada'a [ar]\nHouthi takeover\n1st Shabwah\nSaudi-led intervention\nHouthi–Saudi Arabian conflict\nTaiz\nMarib governorate\nMarib city\nDhale\nAden\nairport\n2015\n2018\n2019\nAbyan\n2015 campaign\n2016 southern offensive\nLahij\n2015 Shabwah\n2015 Mukalla\nZinjibar and Jaar\nNihm\nPort Midi\nHadramaut\nAl Masini\nBattle of Mukalla\nJune 2016 Mukalla\n2017 Battle of Sana'a\nAl Hudaydah\nAl Hudaydah city\nMasini\nTakeover of Socotra\nVictory from God\nJabara\nAl-Jawf offensive\nAl Bayda offensive\n2022 Southern Yemen\nOperation Prosperity Guardian\nBombings and terrorist attacks in Yemen\n\nRadda\nIbb\nJan 2015 Sana'a\nMar 2015 Sana'a\nSep 2015 Sana'a\nOct 2015 Aden\nDec 2015 Aden\n4 Mar 2016 Aden\n25 Mar 2016 Aden\nMay 2016 Mukalla\nMay 2016 Aden\nAug 2016 Aden\nDec 2016 Aden\nMar 2022 Aden\nMar 2024 al-Bayda\nHouthi missile and drone attacks in Yemen\n\n2015 Marib\n2015 Taiz\n2016 al-Anad\n2019 al-Anad\nAug 2019 Aden\nJan 2020 Marib\nAug 2020 Marib\nDec 2020 Aden airport\n\nUS–Saudi arms deal\nPeace process\nSaudi-led intervention (2015–present)Saudi Arabian airstrikes on Yemen\nMokha\nSana'a\nHajjah\nDahyan\nDhamar\nSaada\nHouthi attacks on Saudi Arabia\n\n2018 Riyadh\nAbha Airport\nAbqaiq–Khurais\n2020 Riyadh\nHouthi attacks on the United Arab Emirates\n\n2022 Abu Dhabi\n\nU.S. raids on al-Qaeda\n\nYakla\nHathla\nRed Sea crisis(2023–present)\nTimeline\nAttacks\nAttacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou\n2023 attack on the Chem Pluto\nMarlin Luanda missile strike\nSinking of the MV Rubymar\nAttacks on the MV Tutor\nMilitary operations\n\nOperation Prosperity Guardian\nOperation Aspides\nOperation Poseidon Archer\nDiplomacy\n\nUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 2722\nEffects\n\nEnvironmental impactHumanitarian crisis\nBlockade\nDisease outbreaks\nCholera\nCOVID-19\nFamine\nLocust infestation\nRefugees on Jeju Island\nWar crimes and human rights violationsThe battle of Al Masini valley, code named Operation Al Faisal by the coalition, was an operation to clear the Al-Qaeda controlled stronghold of Al Misini valley in Hadramut province.[2]","title":"Battle of Al Masini valley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hadramaut Insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramaut_Insurgency"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mukalla (2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mukalla_(2016)"}],"text":"Further information: Hadramaut Insurgency and Battle of Mukalla (2016)","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newvision.co.ug-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On February 17, 2018 Hadrami Elite Forces, backed by heavy UAE aerial support, launched Operation Al-Faisal, an offensive to retake Al-Masini Valley from AQAP militants. The offensive began when Hadrami Elite Forces launched a preemptive attack from three directions, that laid siege to all AQAP militants in the valley. On February 18 Hadrami Elite Forces had entered the valley and begun to slowly retake all areas in and around the valley. After fierce fighting for 48 hours, AQAP militants retreated from the valley and Hadramai forces gained full control over an operation room that was run by AQAP militants in the valley and confiscated the equipment and ammunition used by the terror group in carrying out its criminal operations. The governor of Hadhramaut, Major General Faraj al-Bahsani declared that the operation was a success and that others like it, will follow until the region was fully rid of AQAP. Furthermore, while combing the area, large caches of ammunition, including mortar guns and missiles were found and the Yemeni forces secured the entire zone by staging military posts and patrol units across the surrounding plateaus to preempt any counter offensives by the AQAP militants.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][2][10]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"After AQAP retreated, Hadrami Elite chased them for several kilometers before ceasing pursuit and establishing positions and checkpoints.[11][12]","title":"Aftermath"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"تطهير 70% من معقل القاعدة في حضرموت اليمنية\". 19 February 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.albawabhnews.com/2951702","url_text":"\"تطهير 70% من معقل القاعدة في حضرموت اليمنية\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clashes leave 27 dead as Yemen troops target Al-Qaeda\". Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181226/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1471458/clashes-leave-27-dead-yemen-troops-target-al-qaeda","url_text":"\"Clashes leave 27 dead as Yemen troops target Al-Qaeda\""},{"url":"https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1471458/clashes-leave-27-dead-yemen-troops-target-al-qaeda","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"براقش نت - الإعلان عن تطهير آخر معاقل القاعدة في حضرموت\". Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140306171634/http://www.barakish.net/news.aspx?cat=12","url_text":"\"براقش نت - الإعلان عن تطهير آخر معاقل القاعدة في حضرموت\""}]},{"reference":"\"التحالف العربي يطلق \"عملية الفيصل\" لتطهير حضرموت\". 18 February 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://alwatanalarabi.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7-119915/","url_text":"\"التحالف العربي يطلق \"عملية الفيصل\" لتطهير حضرموت\""}]},{"reference":"\"Armed forces purge al-Qaeda from Mesinivalley of Hadhramout\". وكالة الانباء اليمنية Saba Net :: سبأ نت. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sabanew.net/viewstory.php?id=29242","url_text":"\"Armed forces purge al-Qaeda from Mesinivalley of Hadhramout\""}]},{"reference":"\"gulftoday.ae - Supporter by UAE, Arab Coalition starts 'Al Faisal Operation' against Al Qaeda strongholds\". gulftoday.ae. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180408180531/http://gulftoday.ae/portal/2b37a888-761f-4291-886a-26387f67ba95.aspx","url_text":"\"gulftoday.ae - Supporter by UAE, Arab Coalition starts 'Al Faisal Operation' against Al Qaeda strongholds\""},{"url":"http://gulftoday.ae/portal/2b37a888-761f-4291-886a-26387f67ba95.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bahrain News Agency - Coalition begins to sweep Al Qaeda from Hadramaut\". www.bna.bh. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bna.bh/portal/en/news/826387","url_text":"\"Bahrain News Agency - Coalition begins to sweep Al Qaeda from Hadramaut\""}]},{"reference":"Almasdaronline. \"Arab Coalition starts 'Al Faisal Operation' against Al 'Qaeda' strongholds\". Almasdaronline.com. Archived from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090228/http://almasdaronline.com/article/print/97127","url_text":"\"Arab Coalition starts 'Al Faisal Operation' against Al 'Qaeda' strongholds\""},{"url":"http://almasdaronline.com/article/print/97127","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"إحكام السيطرة على أهم أوكار القاعدة في حضرموت\". Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skynewsarabia.com/web/article/1022922/%D8%A7%D9%95%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%94%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%94%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA","url_text":"\"إحكام السيطرة على أهم أوكار القاعدة في حضرموت\""}]},{"reference":"WAM/Hatem Mohamed (2018-02-22). \"وكالة أنباء الإمارات - Yemen's Wadi Al Masini liberated from Al Qaeda\". Wam.ae. Retrieved 2018-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302669558","url_text":"\"وكالة أنباء الإمارات - Yemen's Wadi Al Masini liberated from Al Qaeda\""}]},{"reference":"الإلكترونية, صحيفة سبق. \"اليمن.. النخبة الحضرمية تُواصل عملية الفيصل ضد القاعدة في حضرموت\". Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://sabq.org/HNrZDf","url_text":"\"اليمن.. النخبة الحضرمية تُواصل عملية الفيصل ضد القاعدة في حضرموت\""}]},{"reference":"\"تطهير 70% من معقل القاعدة في حضرموت\". 18 February 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vetogate.com/3074339","url_text":"\"تطهير 70% من معقل القاعدة في حضرموت\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1649_in_England
1649 in England
["1 Incumbents","2 Events","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 References"]
List of events ← 1648 1647 1646 1649 in England → 1650 1651 1652 Centuries: 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th Decades: 1620s 1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s See also:Other events of 1649 Events from the year 1649 in England. The Second English Civil War ends and the Third English Civil War begins. Incumbents Monarch – Charles I (until 30 January) Events 3 January – An explosion of several barrels of gunpowder in Tower Street, London kills 67 people and destroys 60 houses. 4 January – The Rump Parliament passes an ordinance to set up a High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I for high treason in the name of the people of England. 20 to 27 January – Trial and conviction of King Charles I by the High Court of Justice convened in Westminster Hall. 30 January King Charles is beheaded outside the Banqueting House, Whitehall. Prince Charles Stuart declares himself King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland. At this time none of the three Kingdoms have recognised him as ruler. Parliament this day has passed an "Act prohibiting the proclaiming any person to be King of England or Ireland, or the Dominions thereof". HMS Garland (of Topsham), carrying some of the royal possessions into exile, is wrecked in St Ives Bay (Cornwall) with only 2 survivors of about sixty passengers and crew. 9 February – Eikon Basilike: the Pourtrature of His Sacred Majestie in His Solitudes and Sufferings, purporting to be the spiritual autobiography of Charles I, is published. 23 February – Ships of the Parliamentary navy are to fly the flag of England. 17 March – The Rump Parliament formally abolishes the English monarchy by passing an act abolishing the kingship creating the Commonwealth of England, a republican form of government later extended to Scotland and Ireland. 19 March – The House of Commons passes an act abolishing the House of Lords, declaring that it is "useless and dangerous to the people of England". March – Robert Blake is promoted to become a General at Sea of the English fleet. April – Bishopsgate mutiny: Soldiers of the New Model Army refuse to leave London – some are court martialled and one executed. 2 May – Lawyer and regicide Sir Isaac Dorislaus, while in The Hague to negotiate an alliance with the Dutch Republic, is murdered by royalist exiles. 17 May – Banbury mutiny ends – leaders of the Leveller mutineers in the New Model Army are hanged at Burford. 19 May – An act declaring England to be a Commonwealth is passed by the Rump Parliament. 22 May–October – Robert Blake blockades Prince Rupert's fleet in Kinsale, Ireland. August – The Diggers abandon their last major colony, at St. George's Hill, Weybridge. 15 August – Oliver Cromwell lands in Dublin to begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. 3–11 September – Siege of Drogheda in Ireland: Cromwell's New Model Army massacres the Irish Catholic Confederation garrison. 2–11 October – Sack of Wexford in Ireland: New Model Army massacres the Irish Catholic Confederation garrison. October – John Milton's Eikonoklastes: in Answer to a Book Intitl'd Eikon Basilike, a defence of the execution of Charles I, is published. Births 23 February (bapt.) – John Blow, composer and organist (died 1708) 9 April – James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland (died 1685) 15 September – Titus Oates, minister and plotter (died 1705) Deaths 30 January – King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland (executed) (born 1600 in Scotland) 9 March James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton (executed) (born 1606) Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, soldier (executed) (born 1590) 26 March – John Winthrop First Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (born c. 1587) 11 July – Susanna Hall, daughter and heir of William Shakespeare (born 1583) 6 September – Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick, explorer and geographer (born 1574) 15 September – John Floyd, Jesuit preacher (born 1572) References ^ Munsell, Joel (1858). The Every Day Book of History and Chronology. D. Appleton & Co. ^ "BBC London, Features, Tower Street". Archived from the original on 25 February 2006. Retrieved 5 December 2007. ^ a b c Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 185–186. ISBN 978-0-7126-5616-0. ^ a b Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 978-0-14-102715-9. ^ "HMS Garland (+1649)". Wrecksite. Retrieved 21 May 2021. ^ Groom, Nick (2007). The Union Jack: the story of the British flag (Paperback ed.). London: Atlantic Books. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-84354-337-4. ^ Baumber, Michael (2004). "Blake, Robert (bap. 1598, d. 1657)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2582. Retrieved 24 August 2010. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Todd, Margo (2004). "Dorislaus, Isaac (1595–1649)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7832. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Charles I | Accomplishments, Execution, Successor, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 6 September 2022. vteYears in England (927–present)10th century Pre-927 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 11th century 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 12th century 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1649","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1649"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England"},{"link_name":"Second English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Third English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_English_Civil_War"}],"text":"List of eventsEvents from the year 1649 in England. The Second English Civil War ends and the Third English Civil War begins.","title":"1649 in England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_monarch"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"}],"text":"Monarch – Charles I (until 30 January)","title":"Incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gunpowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rump Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_Parliament"},{"link_name":"High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_for_the_trial_of_Charles_I"},{"link_name":"high treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_treason"},{"link_name":"King Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Westminster Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Hall"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-3"},{"link_name":"Banqueting House, Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banqueting_House,_Whitehall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-4"},{"link_name":"Charles II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Act prohibiting the proclaiming any person to be King of England or Ireland, or the Dominions thereof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_prohibiting_the_proclaiming_any_person_to_be_King_of_England_or_Ireland,_or_the_Dominions_thereof"},{"link_name":"Topsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsham,_Devon"},{"link_name":"St Ives Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives_Bay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Eikon Basilike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikon_Basilike"},{"link_name":"flag of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_England"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rump Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_Parliament"},{"link_name":"act abolishing the kingship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_abolishing_the_kingship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-3"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-3"},{"link_name":"Robert Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blake_(admiral)"},{"link_name":"General at Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_at_Sea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bishopsgate mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopsgate_mutiny"},{"link_name":"regicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regicides_of_Charles_I"},{"link_name":"Isaac Dorislaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Dorislaus"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Banbury mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbury_mutiny"},{"link_name":"Leveller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levellers"},{"link_name":"New Model Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Model_Army"},{"link_name":"Burford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burford"},{"link_name":"An act declaring England to be a Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Act_declaring_England_to_be_a_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Robert Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blake_(admiral)"},{"link_name":"Prince Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Kinsale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinsale"},{"link_name":"Diggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diggers"},{"link_name":"St. George's Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diggers#Practice"},{"link_name":"Weybridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weybridge"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Cromwellian conquest of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Siege of Drogheda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Drogheda"},{"link_name":"New Model Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Model_Army"},{"link_name":"Irish Catholic Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Confederation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-4"},{"link_name":"Sack of Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Wexford"},{"link_name":"John Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton"},{"link_name":"Eikonoklastes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikonoklastes"}],"text":"3 January – An explosion of several barrels of gunpowder in Tower Street, London kills 67 people and destroys 60 houses.[1][2]\n4 January – The Rump Parliament passes an ordinance to set up a High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I for high treason in the name of the people of England.\n20 to 27 January – Trial and conviction of King Charles I by the High Court of Justice convened in Westminster Hall.[3]\n30 January\nKing Charles is beheaded outside the Banqueting House, Whitehall.[4]\nPrince Charles Stuart declares himself King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland. At this time none of the three Kingdoms have recognised him as ruler. Parliament this day has passed an \"Act prohibiting the proclaiming any person to be King of England or Ireland, or the Dominions thereof\".\nHMS Garland (of Topsham), carrying some of the royal possessions into exile, is wrecked in St Ives Bay (Cornwall) with only 2 survivors of about sixty passengers and crew.[5]\n9 February – Eikon Basilike: the Pourtrature of His Sacred Majestie in His Solitudes and Sufferings, purporting to be the spiritual autobiography of Charles I, is published.\n23 February – Ships of the Parliamentary navy are to fly the flag of England.[6]\n17 March – The Rump Parliament formally abolishes the English monarchy by passing an act abolishing the kingship[3] creating the Commonwealth of England, a republican form of government later extended to Scotland and Ireland.\n19 March – The House of Commons passes an act abolishing the House of Lords, declaring that it is \"useless and dangerous to the people of England\".[3]\nMarch – Robert Blake is promoted to become a General at Sea of the English fleet.[7]\nApril – Bishopsgate mutiny: Soldiers of the New Model Army refuse to leave London – some are court martialled and one executed.\n2 May – Lawyer and regicide Sir Isaac Dorislaus, while in The Hague to negotiate an alliance with the Dutch Republic, is murdered by royalist exiles.[8]\n17 May – Banbury mutiny ends – leaders of the Leveller mutineers in the New Model Army are hanged at Burford.\n19 May – An act declaring England to be a Commonwealth is passed by the Rump Parliament.\n22 May–October – Robert Blake blockades Prince Rupert's fleet in Kinsale, Ireland.\nAugust – The Diggers abandon their last major colony, at St. George's Hill, Weybridge.\n15 August – Oliver Cromwell lands in Dublin to begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.\n3–11 September – Siege of Drogheda in Ireland: Cromwell's New Model Army massacres the Irish Catholic Confederation garrison.[4]\n2–11 October – Sack of Wexford in Ireland: New Model Army massacres the Irish Catholic Confederation garrison.\nOctober – John Milton's Eikonoklastes: in Answer to a Book Intitl'd Eikon Basilike, a defence of the execution of Charles I, is published.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Blow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Blow"},{"link_name":"James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth"},{"link_name":"Titus Oates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Oates"}],"text":"23 February (bapt.) – John Blow, composer and organist (died 1708)\n9 April – James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland (died 1685)\n15 September – Titus Oates, minister and plotter (died 1705)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hamilton,_1st_Duke_of_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rich,_1st_Earl_of_Holland"},{"link_name":"John Winthrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Bay Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony"},{"link_name":"Susanna Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Hall"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_styled_Earl_of_Warwick"},{"link_name":"John Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Floyd_(Jesuit)"}],"text":"30 January – King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland (executed) (born 1600 in Scotland)[9]\n9 March\nJames Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton (executed) (born 1606)\nHenry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, soldier (executed) (born 1590)\n26 March – John Winthrop First Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (born c. 1587)\n11 July – Susanna Hall, daughter and heir of William Shakespeare (born 1583)\n6 September – Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick, explorer and geographer (born 1574)\n15 September – John Floyd, Jesuit preacher (born 1572)","title":"Deaths"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Munsell, Joel (1858). The Every Day Book of History and Chronology. D. Appleton & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/everydaybookhis00munsgoog","url_text":"The Every Day Book of History and Chronology"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC London, Features, Tower Street\". Archived from the original on 25 February 2006. Retrieved 5 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060225175716/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/03/tower_street_feature.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC London, Features, Tower Street\""},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/03/tower_street_feature.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 185–186. ISBN 978-0-7126-5616-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-5616-0","url_text":"978-0-7126-5616-0"}]},{"reference":"Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 978-0-14-102715-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102715-9","url_text":"978-0-14-102715-9"}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Garland (+1649)\". Wrecksite. Retrieved 21 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?239371","url_text":"\"HMS Garland (+1649)\""}]},{"reference":"Groom, Nick (2007). The Union Jack: the story of the British flag (Paperback ed.). London: Atlantic Books. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-84354-337-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-337-4","url_text":"978-1-84354-337-4"}]},{"reference":"Baumber, Michael (2004). \"Blake, Robert (bap. 1598, d. 1657)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2582. Retrieved 24 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/2582","url_text":"\"Blake, Robert (bap. 1598, d. 1657)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F2582","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/2582"}]},{"reference":"Todd, Margo (2004). \"Dorislaus, Isaac (1595–1649)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7832.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margo_Todd","url_text":"Todd, Margo"},{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7832","url_text":"\"Dorislaus, Isaac (1595–1649)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7832","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/7832"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles I | Accomplishments, Execution, Successor, & Facts | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-I-king-of-Great-Britain-and-Ireland","url_text":"\"Charles I | Accomplishments, Execution, Successor, & Facts | Britannica\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okaloacoochee_Slough_State_Forest
Okaloacoochee Slough State Forest
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
State forest in Florida, United States Okaloacoochee Slough State ForestViewing area at Okaloacoochee Slough State ForestNearest cityFeldaCoordinates26°35′43″N 81°22′20″W / 26.595322°N 81.37216°W / 26.595322; -81.37216Area32,039 acres (129.71 km²)Camp sitesPrimitive (2 locations)Hiking trails2Other informationHiking, biking, nature photography, fishing, and hunting. The Okaloacoochee Slough State Forest is in the U.S. state of Florida. The 32,039-acre (130 km2) forest is located in the southwestern part of the state, near Felda. The forest gets its name from the Muskogee and when translated may mean "small bad water" or "boggy slaw." See also List of Florida state forests List of Florida state parks References ^ Bright, William (2004-01-01). Native American Placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806135984. ^ Davis, John Henry (1943-01-01). The natural features of southern Florida, especially the vegetation, and the Everglades. Published for the Florida Geological survey. External links Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, "Florida Forest Service: Okaloacoochee Slough State Forest", 2004. vteProtected areas of FloridaFederal levelNational parks Biscayne Dry Tortugas Everglades National memorials De Soto Fort Caroline National monuments Castillo de San Marcos Fort Matanzas National seashores Canaveral Gulf Islands National forests Apalachicola Choctawhatchee Ocala Osceola Nationalwildlife refuges Archie Carr Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee Caloosahatchee Cedar Keys Chassahowitzka Crocodile Lake Crystal River Egmont Key Florida Panther Great White Heron Hobe Sound Island Bay J.N. 'Ding' Darling Key West Lake Wales Ridge Lake Woodruff Lower Suwannee Matlacha Pass Merritt Island National Key Deer Okefenokee Passage Key Pelican Island Pine Island Pinellas St. Johns St. Marks St. Vincent Ten Thousand Islands Other nationalprotected areas Big Cypress National Preserve Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve National Estuarine Research Reservesand National Marine Sanctuaries Apalachicola NERR Florida Keys NMS Guana Tolomato Matanzas NERR Rookery Bay NERR National Wild and Scenic Rivers Loxahatchee River Wekiva River State levelParks Amelia Island Anastasia Avalon Bahia Honda Bald Point Big Lagoon Big Shoals Big Talbot Island Bill Baggs Cape Florida Bulow Creek Caladesi Island Camp Helen Cayo Costa Collier–Seminole Colt Creek Curry Hammock Delnor-Wiggins Pass Devil's Millhopper Don Pedro Island Dr. Von D. Mizell-Eula Johnson Eden Gardens Egmont Key Falling Waters Faver-Dykes Florida Caverns Fort Clinch Fort Cooper Fort George Island Fort Pierce Inlet Fred Gannon Rocky Bayou Gasparilla Island George Crady Bridge Fishing Pier Grayton Beach Henderson Beach Highlands Hammock Honeymoon Island Hontoon Island Hugh Taylor Birch John D. MacArthur Beach John Pennekamp Coral Reef Jonathan Dickinson Little Talbot Island Long Key Lovers Key Mike Roess Gold Head Branch North Peninsula O'Leno Oscar Scherer Perdido Key Sebastian Inlet Skyway Fishing Pier St. Andrews St. George Island St. Joseph Peninsula Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center Stump Pass Beach Tomoka Torreya Windley Key Fossil Reef Botanical garden parks Alfred B. Maclay Gardens Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock Lignumvitae Key Ravine Gardens Washington Oaks Lakes, riversand springs parks Deer Lake Lake Griffin Lake June in Winter Scrub Lake Kissimmee Lake Louisa Lake Manatee Lake Talquin Alafia River Blackwater River Dunns Creek Econfina River Hillsborough River Little Manatee River Myakka River Ochlockonee River Oleta River Suwannee River Three Rivers Blue Spring De Leon Springs Edward Ball Wakulla Springs Fanning Springs Homosassa Springs Wildlife Ichetucknee Springs Lafayette Blue Springs Madison Blue Spring Manatee Springs Ponce de Leon Springs Rainbow Springs Silver Springs Troy Spring Weeki Wachee Springs Wekiwa Springs Werner-Boyce Salt Springs Wes Skiles Peacock Springs Recreation areas Dead Lakes Gamble Rogers Memorial Museums, historic sites,and archaeological sites Cedar Key Museum Constitution Convention Museum Forest Capital Museum John Gorrie Museum Ybor City Museum The Barnacle Bulow Plantation Ruins Dade Battlefield DeSoto Site Dudley Farm Fort Foster Fort Mose Fort Zachary Taylor Gamble Plantation Indian Key Koreshan Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Homestead Natural Bridge Battlefield Olustee Battlefield Orman House Paynes Creek San Marcos de Apalache Yellow Bluff Fort Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins Crystal River Lake Jackson Mounds Letchworth-Love Mounds Madira Bickel Mound Mound Key San Pedro Underwater Preserves and reserves Allen David Broussard Catfish Creek Anclote Key Cedar Key Scrub Charlotte Harbor Crystal River Disney Wilderness Estero Bay Green Cay Wetlands Fakahatchee Strand Hal Scott Kissimmee Prairie Lower Wekiva River Paynes Prairie Pumpkin Hill Creek River Rise Rock Springs Run San Felasco Hammock Savannas Seabranch St. Lucie Inlet St. Sebastian River Tarkiln Bayou Topsail Hill Tosohatchee Waccasassa Bay Yellow River Marsh State trails Blackwater Heritage Florida Keys Overseas Heritage Gainesville-Hawthorne General James A. Van Fleet Jacksonville-Baldwin Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway Nature Coast Palatka-Lake Butler Palatka-to-St. Augustine Tallahassee-St. Marks Historic Railroad Withlacoochee State forests Belmore Big Shoals Blackwater River Carl Duval Moore Cary Charles H. Bronson Cottage Hill Deep Creek Etoniah Creek Four Creeks Goethe Holopaw Indian Lake Jennings John M. Bethea Lake George Lake Talquin Lake Wales Ridge Little Big Econ Matanzas Myakka Okaloacoochee Slough Picayune Strand Pine Log Point Washington Ralph E. Simmons Memorial Ross Prairie Seminole Tate's Hell Tiger Bay Twin Rivers Wakulla Watson Island Welaka Withlacoochee Local levelPreserves and reserves Boyd Hill Moccasin Lake Category Commons This article about a location in Collier County, Florida is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a location in Hendry County, Florida is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"List of Florida state forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Florida_state_forests"},{"title":"List of Florida state parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Florida_state_parks"}]
[{"reference":"Bright, William (2004-01-01). Native American Placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806135984.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C","url_text":"Native American Placenames of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806135984","url_text":"9780806135984"}]},{"reference":"Davis, John Henry (1943-01-01). The natural features of southern Florida, especially the vegetation, and the Everglades. Published for the Florida Geological survey.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/naturalfeatureso00davi","url_text":"The natural features of southern Florida, especially the vegetation, and the Everglades"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_King_Cup
2022–23 King Cup
["1 Participating teams","2 Bracket","3 Round of 16","4 Quarter-finals","5 Semi-finals","6 Final","7 Top goalscorers","8 References","9 External links"]
Football tournament season 2022–23 King CupCustodian of the Two Holy Mosques CupTournament detailsCountrySaudi ArabiaDates20 December 2022 – 12 May 2023Teams16Defending championsAl-FayhaFinal positionsChampionsAl-Hilal (10th title)Runner-upAl-WehdaTournament statisticsMatches played15Goals scored42 (2.8 per match)Top goal scorer(s)Abdulfattah Adam(3 goals)All statistics correct as of 12 May 2023.← 2021–222023–24 → The 2022–23 King Cup, or The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Cup, was the 48th edition of the King Cup since its establishment in 1957. The tournament began on 20 December 2022 and concluded with the final on 12 May 2023. For the third year in a row, the tournament was limited to the 16 teams participating in the 2022–23 Saudi Professional League. This will be the first edition of the King Cup in which Al-Ahli, the most successful team in the competition, will not participate. Al-Fayha are the defending champions after winning their first title last season. They were eliminated in the quarter-finals by Al-Ittihad. Al-Hilal defeated Al-Wehda on penalties in the final following a 1–1 draw after extra time to win their 10th title. Participating teams A total of 16 teams participated in this season, all of which competed in the Pro League. League Teams Pro League Abha Al-Adalah Al-Batin Al-Ettifaq Al-Fateh Al-Fayha TH Al-Hilal Al-Ittihad Al-Khaleej Al-Nassr Al-Raed Al-Shabab Al-Taawoun Al-Tai Al-Wehda Damac Bracket Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final             A Al-Shabab 1 (3) H Al-Ittihad (p) 1 (4) A Al-Ittihad (p) 1 (4) H Al-Fayha 1 (3) H Al-Fayha 3 A Al-Khaleej 1 H Al-Ittihad 0 A Al-Hilal (a.e.t.) 1 H Al-Fateh (p) 2 (7) A Al-Tai 2 (6) A Al-Fateh 1 H Al-Hilal 3 H Al-Hilal 4 A Al-Ettifaq 0 - Al-Hilal (p) 1 (7) - Al-Wehda 1 (6) A Al-Raed 0 H Al-Batin 1 A Al-Batin 1 H Al-Wehda 2 H Damac 0 A Al-Wehda 1 A Al-Wehda 1 H Al-Nassr 0 A Al-Taawoun 3 H Abha (a.e.t.) 4 A Abha 1 H Al-Nassr 3 H Al-Nassr 2 A Al-Adalah 0 Note: H: Home team, A: Away team Source: SAFF Round of 16 The draw for the whole tournament was held on 1 November 2022. The dates for the Round of 16 fixtures were announced on 10 November 2022. All times are local, AST (UTC+3). Damac (1) v Al-Wehda (1) 20 December 2022 6Damac (1)0–1 Al-Wehda (1) Abha15:30 Al-Shamrani  62' Maher  68' Report Fajr  80' Anselmo 82' Stadium: Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz StadiumReferee: Mohammed Al-Beredi Al-Fayha (1) v Al-Khaleej (1) 20 December 2022 2 Al-Fayha (1) 3–1Al-Khaleej (1)Al Majma'ah18:00 Al-Zaqaan 29' Paulinho  44' Abousaban 45+1',  45+4' Al Freej  82'Mandash 90+5' Report Cikalleshi 19' Al-Zahrani  63' Morato  84' Stadium: Al Majma'ah Sports CityReferee: Abdullah Al-Kharboush Abha (1) v Al-Taawoun (1) 21 December 2022 7 Abha (1) 4–3 (a.e.t.)Al-Taawoun (1)Abha15:30 Sharahili  11' Caicedo 16' Al-Amri  51' Bguir 90+5' (pen.) Adam 97', 105+2' Al-Kunaydiri  106'  118' Report Naldo  18' Kaku 30', 84' (pen.) Al-Ghamdi  68' Al-Rashidi  90+1' Abdullah  104'Tawamba 107' Stadium: Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz StadiumReferee: Mohammed Al-Harbi Al-Hilal (1) v Al-Ettifaq (1) 21 December 2022 4 Al-Hilal (1) 4–0Al-Ettifaq (1)Riyadh18:00 Ighalo 12' Al-Breik 42' Vietto 45+5' Michael 90+3' Report F. Al-Ghamdi  27' Sliti  40' Stadium: Prince Faisal bin Fahd StadiumAttendance: 4,372Referee: István Kovács (Romania) Al-Nassr (1) v Al-Adalah (1) 21 December 2022 8 Al-Nassr (1) 2–0Al-Adalah (1)Riyadh21:00 Álvaro  40' Yahya 41' Al-Najei 85' Talisca  90+8' Report Abo Abd  90+8' Stadium: Prince Abdulrahman bin Saud StadiumReferee: Mohammed Al-Esmaiel Al-Batin (1) v Al-Raed (1) 22 December 2022 5 Al-Batin (1) 1–0Al-Raed (1)Hafar al-Batin15:30 Anwar  18' Al-Shammari  24', 76' Report Al-Rajeh  74' Stadium: Al-Batin Club StadiumReferee: Abdullah Al-Shehri Al-Fateh (1) v Al-Tai (1) 22 December 2022 3 Al-Fateh (1) 2–2 (a.e.t.) (7–6 p)Al-Tai (1)Al-Hasa18:00 Batna 12' Boushal  67' Buhimed  90+10' Al Salis 112' Report Martínez  9' Dener  61' Musona 65' Qassem  77' Majrashi  90+12' Al-Jubairi  105+4' Al Salis 119' (o.g.) Stadium: Prince Abdullah bin Jalawi StadiumAttendance: 608Referee: Abdullah Al-HarbiPenalties Saâdane Buhimed Al-Buraikan Valera Al Salis Vélez Boushal Dener Mbenza Semedo Al-Harabi Al-Jubairi Martínez Harzan Al-Ittihad (1) v Al-Shabab (1) 22 December 2022 1 Al-Ittihad (1) 1–1 (a.e.t.) (4–3 p)Al-Shabab (1)Jeddah21:00 Hegazi  45+3' Hamdallah 48',  120+2' Hamed  53' Grohe  120+1' Report Al-Muwallad  25' Al-Harbi 40',  90+8' Krychowiak  45+8' Al-Tambakti  120+1' Stadium: King Abdullah Sports CityAttendance: 32,144Referee: Georgi Kabakov (Bulgaria)Penalties Hamdallah Al-Saiari Al-Bishi Al-Nashri Romarinho Guanca Bahebri Santos Krychowiak Banega Quarter-finals The dates for the Quarter-finals fixtures were announced on 5 January 2023. The Al-Wehda v Al-Batin was postponed for one day due to flight issues. All times are local, AST (UTC+3). Al-Fayha (1) v Al-Ittihad (1) 13 March 2023 9Al-Fayha (1)1–1 (a.e.t.) (3–4 p) Al-Ittihad (1) Al Majma'ah17:30 Ruiz  15'Ryller 45+5'Al-Shuwaish  63'Nwakaeme  64'Al-Safri  69'Nasser  83' Report Romarinho  14'Camara 16'Hamed  105'Al-Bishi  117'Al-Saiari  120+2' Stadium: Al Majma'ah Sports CityReferee: Ivan Kružliak (Slovakia)Penalties Nwakaeme Abousaban Al-Shamekh Zidan Al-Baqawi Hamdallah Coronado Al-Saiari Bamsaud Al-Wehda (1) v Al-Batin (1) 14 March 2023 11 Al-Wehda (1) 2–1Al-Batin (1)Mecca16:15 Bukhari  8'Fajr 19' (pen.)Anselmo  43', 45+7'Makki  45+2' Report Fawaz 39'Nasser  43'Al-Sohaymi  45+1'Al-Qarni  82' Stadium: King Abdul Aziz StadiumReferee: Sultan Al-Harbi Al-Nassr (1) v Abha (1) 14 March 2023 12 Al-Nassr (1) 3–1Abha (1)Riyadh17:30 Al-Najei 1'Al-Khaibari 21'Al-Sulayhem  28'Ronaldo  45+3'Maran 49' Report Saddiki  25'Adam 69'Al-Jumayah  72' Stadium: Mrsool ParkAttendance: 17,327Referee: Andris Treimanis (Latvia) Al-Hilal (1) v Al-Fateh (1) 14 March 2023 10 Al-Hilal (1) 3–1Al-Fateh (1)Riyadh21:00 Kanno 17' (pen.)Al-Bulaihi  26'  67'Michael 48'Cuéllar  76'Ighalo 84' Report Al-Najdi  12'Al-Buraikan 27'Vélez  35'Saâdane  76' Stadium: Prince Faisal bin Fahd StadiumAttendance: 12,023Referee: Radu Petrescu (Romania) Semi-finals All times are local, AST (UTC+3). Al-Ittihad (1) v Al-Hilal (1) 23 April 2023 13Al-Ittihad (1)0–1 (a.e.t.) Al-Hilal (1) Jeddah21:00 O. Hawsawi  88' Report Al-Shahrani  44'Al-Breik  71'Abdulhamid  90+12'Cuéllar  104'Hegazi 106' (o.g.) Stadium: King Abdullah Sports CityAttendance: 53,642Referee: Danny Makkelie (Netherlands) Al-Nassr (1) v Al-Wehda (1) 24 April 2023 14Al-Nassr (1)0–1 Al-Wehda (1) Riyadh21:00 Report Beauguel 23'Al-Hafith  24'  53'Bakshween  60'Al-Jayzani  88'Munir  90+4' Stadium: Al-Awwal ParkAttendance: 17,482Referee: Radu Petrescu (Romania) Final Main article: 2023 King Cup final All times are local, AST (UTC+3). 12 May 202321:00 Al-Hilal1–1 (a.e.t.)Al-Wehda Al-Bulaihii 90+9' Report Yoda 35' Penalties Carrillo Ighalo Al-Shehri Al-Juwayr Al-Hamdan N. Al-Dawsari Abdulhamid Jang Hyun-soo Al-Mayouf 7–6 Beauguel Bukhari Al Hejji Duarte Fajr Al-Naji Makki Kurdi Al-Ghamdi King Abdullah Sports City, JeddahAttendance: 52,320Referee: Szymon Marciniak (Poland) Top goalscorers Rank Player Club Goals 1 Abdulfattah Adam Abha 3 2 Anselmo Al-Wehda 2 Odion Ighalo Al-Hilal Kaku Al-Taawoun Sami Al-Najei Al-Nassr Michael Al-Hilal 7 Fayçal Fajr Al-Wehda 1 Jean-David Beauguel Al-Wehda Mohammed Al-Breik Al-Hilal Luciano Vietto Al-Hilal Mohamed Kanno Al-Hilal References ^ "موعد وتفاصيل قرعة كأس خادم الحرمين الشريفين". ^ "ولي العهد يتوج الفيحاء بكأس الملك". ^ "اتحاد جدة يجرد الفيحاء من لقب كأس الملك". 13 March 2023. ^ "نيابة عن خادم الحرمين الشريفين .. سمو ولي العهد يتوج فريق الهلال بكأس خادم الحرمين الشريفين للموسم الرياضي 2022 - 2023". ^ "اتحاد القدم يعلن موعد قرعة كأس الملك". ^ "نتائج #قرعة_أغلى_الكؤوس". ^ "كأس الملك.. قمة مبكرة بين الاتحاد والشباب في ثمن النهائي". ^ "اتحاد القدم يُعلن مواعيد مباريات دور الـ16 من كأس الملك". ^ "رسميا.. إعلان مواعيد مباريات ربع نهائي كأس الملك". ^ "بسبب ظروف الطيران.. تأجيل مباراة الوحدة والباطن في مكة إلى الثلاثاء". 12 March 2023. ^ "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Cup Scorers". External links Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Cup – Saudi Arabia 2022, Goalzz.com King's Cup, saff.com.sa vteKing Cup seasonsOld editions 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Current 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 Finals 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 vte2022–23 in Saudi Arabian football « 2021–22 2023–24 » Domestic leagues Professional League First Division Second Division Third Division Fourth Division Domestic cups King Cup (Final) Super Cup (Final) International club 2022 AFC Champions League 2023 Arab Club Champions Cup Related tonational teamsSenior 2022 FIFA World Cup (Group C) 25th Arabian Gulf Cup 2023 WAFF Championship Hervé Renard Youth 2022 AFC U-23 Asian Cup 2022 WAFF U-23 Championship 2022 Arab Cup U-20 AFC U-20 Asian Cup (qualification, finals) 2022 Arab Cup U-17 2023 AFC U-17 Asian Cup qualification Club seasonsPro League Abha Al-Adalah Al-Batin Al-Ettifaq Al-Fateh Al-Fayha Al-Hilal Al-Ittihad Al-Khaleej Al-Nassr Al-Raed Al-Shabab Al-Taawoun Al-Tai Al-Wehda Damac FDL Al-Ahli Al-Faisaly Al-Hazem Saudi Arabian Football Federation vte2022–23 in Asian football (AFC) « 2021 2023–24 » Domestic leagues Afghanistan '22 '23 Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan '22 '23 Brunei '22 '23 Cambodia '22 '23 –'24 China '22 '23 Chinese Taipei '22 '23 East Timor '22 '23 Guam Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan '22 '23 Jordan '22 '23 Korea DPR Korea Republic '22 '23 Kuwait Kyrgyzstan '22 '23 Laos '22 '23 Lebanon Macau '22 '23 Malaysia '22 '23 Maldives '22 '23 Mongolia '21–'22 '22–'23 Myanmar '22 '23 Nepal Northern Mariana Islands '22 '23 Oman Pakistan Palestine West Bank Gaza Strip Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore '22 '23 Sri Lanka '22 '23 Syria Tajikistan '22 '23 Thailand Turkmenistan '22 '23 United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan '22 '23 Vietnam '22 '23 Yemen '22 '23 Domestic cups Australia '22 '23 Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan '22 '23 Brunei '22 '23 Cambodia '22 '23 China '22 '23 Chinese Taipei '22 '23 East Timor '22 '23 Guam '22 '23 Hong Kong India '22 '23 Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan '22 '23 Jordan '22 '23 Korea DPR '22 '23 Korea Republic '22 '23 Kuwait Kyrgyszstan '22 '23 Laos '22 '23 Lebanon Macau '22 '23 Malaysia '22 '23 Maldives '22 '23 Mongolia '22 '23 Myanmar '22 '23 Nepal '22 '23 Oman Pakistan '22 '23 Palestine Philippines '22 '23 Qatar '22 '23 Saudi Arabia Singapore '22 '23 Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan '22 '23 Thailand Turkmenistan '22 '23 United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan '22 '23 Vietnam '22 '23 Yemen '22 '23 League cups Bahrain Bangladesh Hong Kong Shield India '22 '23 Japan '22 '23 Jordan '22 '23 Kuwait Crown Prince Cup Federation Cup Lebanon Elite Cup Challenge Cup Malaysia Cup Challenge Cup Maldives '22 '23 Oman Philippines Qatar Syria Thailand Uzbekistan United Arab Emirates Super Cups Bahrain East Timor Iran Japan Saudi Arabia Tajikistan '22 '23 Thailand UAE '22 '23 Uzbekistan '22 '23 Vietnam Regional club competitions 2022 ASEAN Club Championship 2023 Arab Club Champions Cup AFC club competitions AFC Champions League Qualifying play-offs Group stage Knockout stage Final AFC Cup Qualifying play-offs Group stage Knockout stage Final National team competitions 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification 2023 AFC Asian Cup qualification 2022 AFF Championship (Final) 2022 AFC U-23 Asian Cup (Final) 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification 2022 EAFF E-1 Football Championship 25th Arabian Gulf Cup 2023 WAFF Championship 2023 SAFF Championship
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The tournament began on 20 December 2022 and concluded with the final on 12 May 2023.For the third year in a row, the tournament was limited to the 16 teams participating in the 2022–23 Saudi Professional League. This will be the first edition of the King Cup in which Al-Ahli, the most successful team in the competition, will not participate.[1]Al-Fayha are the defending champions after winning their first title last season.[2] They were eliminated in the quarter-finals by Al-Ittihad.[3]Al-Hilal defeated Al-Wehda on penalties in the final following a 1–1 draw after extra time to win their 10th title.[4]","title":"2022–23 King Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pro League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Saudi_Professional_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A total of 16 teams participated in this season, all of which competed in the Pro League.[5]","title":"Participating teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Note: H: Home team, A: Away teamSource: SAFF[6]","title":"Bracket"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"AST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B03:00"},{"link_name":"Damac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damac_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Wehda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wehda_FC"},{"link_name":"Damac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damac_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Wehda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wehda_FC"},{"link_name":"Abha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abha"},{"link_name":"Al-Shamrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Al-Shamrani"},{"link_name":"Maher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Maher"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?m=2879197&stats=true"},{"link_name":"Fajr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay%C3%A7al_Fajr"},{"link_name":"Anselmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_(footballer,_born_1989)"},{"link_name":"Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Sultan_bin_Abdul_Aziz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Al-Fayha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fayha_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Khaleej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaleej_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Fayha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fayha_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Khaleej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaleej_FC"},{"link_name":"Al Majma'ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Majma%27ah"},{"link_name":"Al-Zaqaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Al-Zaqaan"},{"link_name":"Paulinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulinho_(footballer,_born_January_1997)"},{"link_name":"Abousaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abousaban"},{"link_name":"Al Freej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moslem_Al_Freej"},{"link_name":"Mandash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Mandash"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?m=2879194&stats=true"},{"link_name":"Cikalleshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokol_Cikalleshi"},{"link_name":"Al-Zahrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazim_Al-Zahrani"},{"link_name":"Morato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morato_(footballer,_born_1992)"},{"link_name":"Al Majma'ah Sports City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Majma%27ah_Sports_City"},{"link_name":"Abha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abha_Club"},{"link_name":"Al-Taawoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Taawoun_FC"},{"link_name":"Abha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abha_Club"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Al-Taawoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Taawoun_FC"},{"link_name":"Abha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abha"},{"link_name":"Sharahili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh_Sharahili"},{"link_name":"Caicedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Caicedo"},{"link_name":"Al-Amri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Al-Amri"},{"link_name":"Bguir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_Bguir"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulfattah_Adam"},{"link_name":"Al-Kunaydiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Kunaydiri"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goalzz.com/?m=2879201&stats=true"},{"link_name":"Naldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naldo_(footballer,_born_1988)"},{"link_name":"Kaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaku_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Al-Ghamdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Ghamdi"},{"link_name":"Al-Rashidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahad_Al-Rashidi_(footballer,_born_1997)"},{"link_name":"Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tareq_Abdullah"},{"link_name":"Tawamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9andre_Tawamba"},{"link_name":"Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Sultan_bin_Abdul_Aziz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Al-Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hilal_SFC"},{"link_name":"Al-Ettifaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettifaq_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hilal_SFC"},{"link_name":"Al-Ettifaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettifaq_FC"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"Ighalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odion_Ighalo"},{"link_name":"Al-Breik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Breik"},{"link_name":"Vietto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Vietto"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(footballer,_born_March_1996)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?m=2879196&stats=true"},{"link_name":"F. Al-Ghamdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_Al-Ghamdi"},{"link_name":"Sliti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%AFm_Sliti"},{"link_name":"Prince Faisal bin Fahd Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Faisal_bin_Fahd_Stadium"},{"link_name":"István Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Kov%C3%A1cs_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Al-Nassr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Nassr_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Adalah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Adalah_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Nassr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Nassr_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Adalah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Adalah_FC"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"Álvaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(footballer,_born_1990)"},{"link_name":"Yahya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_Yahya"},{"link_name":"Al-Najei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Al-Najei"},{"link_name":"Talisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Talisca"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?m=2879199&stats=true"},{"link_name":"Abo Abd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Abo_Abd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prince Abdulrahman bin Saud Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Abdulrahman_bin_Saud_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al-Batin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Batin_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Raed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Raed_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Batin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Batin_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Raed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Raed_FC"},{"link_name":"Hafar al-Batin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafar_al-Batin"},{"link_name":"Anwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdulrahman_Anwar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al-Shammari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousef_Al-Shammari"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?m=2879198&stats=true"},{"link_name":"Al-Rajeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubarak_Al-Rajeh"},{"link_name":"Al-Batin Club Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Batin_Club_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Al-Fateh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Fateh_SC"},{"link_name":"Al-Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tai_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Fateh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Fateh_SC"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Al-Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tai_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Hasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofuf"},{"link_name":"Batna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourad_Batna"},{"link_name":"Boushal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaf_Boushal"},{"link_name":"Buhimed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawfiq_Buhimed"},{"link_name":"Al Salis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Al_Salis"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?m=2879200&stats=true"},{"link_name":"Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adri%C3%A1n_Mart%C3%ADnez_(Venezuelan_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Dener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dener_(footballer,_born_1992)"},{"link_name":"Musona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Musona"},{"link_name":"Qassem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussain_Qassem"},{"link_name":"Majrashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_Majrashi_(footballer,_born_1991)"},{"link_name":"Al-Jubairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Al-Jubairi"},{"link_name":"Al Salis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Al_Salis"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Prince Abdullah bin Jalawi Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Abdullah_bin_Jalawi_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Saâdane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwane_Sa%C3%A2dane"},{"link_name":"Buhimed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawfiq_Buhimed"},{"link_name":"Al-Buraikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firas_Al-Buraikan"},{"link_name":"Valera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Valera"},{"link_name":"Al Salis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Al_Salis"},{"link_name":"Vélez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_V%C3%A9lez"},{"link_name":"Boushal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaf_Boushal"},{"link_name":"Dener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dener_(footballer,_born_1992)"},{"link_name":"Mbenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Mbenza"},{"link_name":"Semedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Semedo"},{"link_name":"Al-Harabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_Al-Harabi"},{"link_name":"Al-Jubairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Al-Jubairi"},{"link_name":"Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adri%C3%A1n_Mart%C3%ADnez_(Venezuelan_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Harzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Harzan"},{"link_name":"Al-Ittihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ittihad_Club_(Jeddah)"},{"link_name":"Al-Shabab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabab_FC_(Riyadh)"},{"link_name":"Al-Ittihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ittihad_Club_(Jeddah)"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Al-Shabab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabab_FC_(Riyadh)"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"Hegazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hegazi"},{"link_name":"Hamdallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abderrazak_Hamdallah"},{"link_name":"Hamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarek_Hamed"},{"link_name":"Grohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Grohe"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?m=2879195&stats=true"},{"link_name":"Al-Muwallad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahad_Al-Muwallad"},{"link_name":"Al-Harbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moteb_Al-Harbi"},{"link_name":"Krychowiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_Krychowiak"},{"link_name":"Al-Tambakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Al-Tambakti"},{"link_name":"King Abdullah Sports City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdullah_Sports_City"},{"link_name":"Georgi Kabakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Kabakov"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Hamdallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abderrazak_Hamdallah"},{"link_name":"Al-Saiari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Saiari"},{"link_name":"Al-Bishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_Al-Bishi"},{"link_name":"Al-Nashri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awad_Al-Nashri"},{"link_name":"Romarinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romarinho_(footballer,_born_1990)"},{"link_name":"Guanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Guanca"},{"link_name":"Bahebri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattan_Bahebri"},{"link_name":"Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iago_Santos"},{"link_name":"Krychowiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_Krychowiak"},{"link_name":"Banega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ver_Banega"}],"text":"The draw for the whole tournament was held on 1 November 2022.[7] The dates for the Round of 16 fixtures were announced on 10 November 2022.[8] All times are local, AST (UTC+3).Damac (1) v Al-Wehda (1)\n20 December 2022 6Damac (1)0–1 Al-Wehda (1) Abha15:30\n\nAl-Shamrani  62'\nMaher  68'\nReport\n\nFajr  80'\nAnselmo 82'\nStadium: Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz StadiumReferee: Mohammed Al-BerediAl-Fayha (1) v Al-Khaleej (1)\n20 December 2022 2 Al-Fayha (1) 3–1Al-Khaleej (1)Al Majma'ah18:00\n\nAl-Zaqaan 29'\nPaulinho  44'\nAbousaban 45+1',  45+4'\nAl Freej  82'Mandash 90+5'\nReport\n\nCikalleshi 19'\nAl-Zahrani  63'\nMorato  84'\nStadium: Al Majma'ah Sports CityReferee: Abdullah Al-KharboushAbha (1) v Al-Taawoun (1)\n21 December 2022 7 Abha (1) 4–3 (a.e.t.)Al-Taawoun (1)Abha15:30\n\nSharahili  11'\nCaicedo 16'\nAl-Amri  51'\nBguir 90+5' (pen.)\nAdam 97', 105+2'\nAl-Kunaydiri  106'  118'\nReport\n\nNaldo  18'\nKaku 30', 84' (pen.)\nAl-Ghamdi  68'\nAl-Rashidi  90+1'\nAbdullah  104'Tawamba 107'\nStadium: Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz StadiumReferee: Mohammed Al-HarbiAl-Hilal (1) v Al-Ettifaq (1)\n21 December 2022 4 Al-Hilal (1) 4–0Al-Ettifaq (1)Riyadh18:00\n\nIghalo 12'\nAl-Breik 42'\nVietto 45+5'\nMichael 90+3'\nReport\n\nF. Al-Ghamdi  27'\nSliti  40'\nStadium: Prince Faisal bin Fahd StadiumAttendance: 4,372Referee: István Kovács (Romania)Al-Nassr (1) v Al-Adalah (1)\n21 December 2022 8 Al-Nassr (1) 2–0Al-Adalah (1)Riyadh21:00\n\nÁlvaro  40'\nYahya 41'\nAl-Najei 85'\nTalisca  90+8'\nReport\n\nAbo Abd  90+8'\nStadium: Prince Abdulrahman bin Saud StadiumReferee: Mohammed Al-EsmaielAl-Batin (1) v Al-Raed (1)\n22 December 2022 5 Al-Batin (1) 1–0Al-Raed (1)Hafar al-Batin15:30\n\nAnwar  18'\nAl-Shammari  24', 76'\nReport\n\nAl-Rajeh  74'\nStadium: Al-Batin Club StadiumReferee: Abdullah Al-ShehriAl-Fateh (1) v Al-Tai (1)\n22 December 2022 3 Al-Fateh (1) 2–2 (a.e.t.) (7–6 p)Al-Tai (1)Al-Hasa18:00\n\nBatna 12'\nBoushal  67'\nBuhimed  90+10'\nAl Salis 112'\nReport\n\nMartínez  9'\nDener  61'\nMusona 65'\nQassem  77'\nMajrashi  90+12'\nAl-Jubairi  105+4'\nAl Salis 119' (o.g.)\nStadium: Prince Abdullah bin Jalawi StadiumAttendance: 608Referee: Abdullah Al-HarbiPenalties\n\nSaâdane \nBuhimed \nAl-Buraikan \nValera \nAl Salis \nVélez \nBoushal \n\n\n Dener\n Mbenza\n Semedo\n Al-Harabi\n Al-Jubairi\n Martínez\n HarzanAl-Ittihad (1) v Al-Shabab (1)\n22 December 2022 1 Al-Ittihad (1) 1–1 (a.e.t.) (4–3 p)Al-Shabab (1)Jeddah21:00\n\nHegazi  45+3'\nHamdallah 48',  120+2'\nHamed  53'\nGrohe  120+1'\nReport\n\nAl-Muwallad  25'\nAl-Harbi 40',  90+8'\nKrychowiak  45+8'\nAl-Tambakti  120+1'\nStadium: King Abdullah Sports CityAttendance: 32,144Referee: Georgi Kabakov (Bulgaria)Penalties\n\nHamdallah \nAl-Saiari \nAl-Bishi \nAl-Nashri \nRomarinho \n\n\n Guanca\n Bahebri\n Santos\n Krychowiak\n Banega","title":"Round of 16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"AST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B03:00"},{"link_name":"Al-Fayha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fayha_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Ittihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ittihad_Club_(Jeddah)"},{"link_name":"Al-Fayha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fayha_FC"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Al-Ittihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ittihad_Club_(Jeddah)"},{"link_name":"Al Majma'ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Majma%27ah"},{"link_name":"Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ruiz_(footballer,_born_1993)"},{"link_name":"Ryller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Ryller"},{"link_name":"Al-Shuwaish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Al-Shuwaish"},{"link_name":"Nwakaeme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Nwakaeme"},{"link_name":"Al-Safri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulrahman_Al-Safri"},{"link_name":"Nasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bander_Nasser"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/13/saudi-arabia/champions-cup/al-feiha/al-ittihad-jeddah/4007643/"},{"link_name":"Romarinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romarinho_(footballer,_born_1990)"},{"link_name":"Camara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haroune_Camara"},{"link_name":"Hamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarek_Hamed"},{"link_name":"Al-Bishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_Al-Bishi"},{"link_name":"Al-Saiari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Saiari"},{"link_name":"Al Majma'ah Sports City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Majma%27ah_Sports_City"},{"link_name":"Ivan Kružliak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kru%C5%BEliak"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Nwakaeme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Nwakaeme"},{"link_name":"Abousaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abousaban"},{"link_name":"Al-Shamekh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Al-Shamekh"},{"link_name":"Zidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_Zidan"},{"link_name":"Al-Baqawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Baqawi"},{"link_name":"Hamdallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abderrazak_Hamdallah"},{"link_name":"Coronado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Coronado"},{"link_name":"Al-Saiari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Saiari"},{"link_name":"Bamsaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Bamsaud"},{"link_name":"Al-Wehda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wehda_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Batin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Batin_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Wehda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wehda_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Batin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Batin_FC"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulelah_Bukhari"},{"link_name":"Fajr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay%C3%A7al_Fajr"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Anselmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_(footballer,_born_1989)"},{"link_name":"Makki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Makki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/14/saudi-arabia/champions-cup/al-wehda-mecca/al-baten/4007645/"},{"link_name":"Fawaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousef_Fawaz"},{"link_name":"Nasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bader_Nasser_(Saudi_Arabian_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Al-Sohaymi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nawaf_Al-Sohaymi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al-Qarni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Al-Qarni"},{"link_name":"King Abdul Aziz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdul_Aziz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Al-Nassr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Nassr_FC"},{"link_name":"Abha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abha_Club"},{"link_name":"Al-Nassr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Nassr_FC"},{"link_name":"Abha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abha_Club"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"Al-Najei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Al-Najei"},{"link_name":"Al-Khaibari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Al-Khaibari"},{"link_name":"Al-Sulayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulmajeed_Al-Sulayhem"},{"link_name":"Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo"},{"link_name":"Maran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Maran"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/14/saudi-arabia/champions-cup/al-nasr-riyadh/abha/4007646/"},{"link_name":"Saddiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dries_Saddiki"},{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulfattah_Adam"},{"link_name":"Al-Jumayah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahad_Al-Jumayah"},{"link_name":"Mrsool Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrsool_Park"},{"link_name":"Andris Treimanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andris_Treimanis"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Al-Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hilal_SFC"},{"link_name":"Al-Fateh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Fateh_SC"},{"link_name":"Al-Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hilal_SFC"},{"link_name":"Al-Fateh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Fateh_SC"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"Kanno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Kanno"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Al-Bulaihi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Al-Bulaihi"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(footballer,_born_March_1996)"},{"link_name":"Cuéllar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Cu%C3%A9llar"},{"link_name":"Ighalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odion_Ighalo"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//us.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/14/saudi-arabia/champions-cup/al-hilal-riyadh/al-fath-alahsa/4007644/"},{"link_name":"Al-Najdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Al-Najdi"},{"link_name":"Al-Buraikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firas_Al-Buraikan"},{"link_name":"Vélez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_V%C3%A9lez"},{"link_name":"Saâdane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwane_Sa%C3%A2dane"},{"link_name":"Prince Faisal bin Fahd Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Faisal_bin_Fahd_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Radu Petrescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_Petrescu_(referee,_born_1982)"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Football_Federation"}],"text":"The dates for the Quarter-finals fixtures were announced on 5 January 2023.[9] The Al-Wehda v Al-Batin was postponed for one day due to flight issues.[10] All times are local, AST (UTC+3).Al-Fayha (1) v Al-Ittihad (1)\n13 March 2023 9Al-Fayha (1)1–1 (a.e.t.) (3–4 p) Al-Ittihad (1) Al Majma'ah17:30\nRuiz  15'Ryller 45+5'Al-Shuwaish  63'Nwakaeme  64'Al-Safri  69'Nasser  83'\nReport\nRomarinho  14'Camara 16'Hamed  105'Al-Bishi  117'Al-Saiari  120+2'\nStadium: Al Majma'ah Sports CityReferee: Ivan Kružliak (Slovakia)Penalties\n\nNwakaeme \nAbousaban \nAl-Shamekh \nZidan \nAl-Baqawi \n\n\n Hamdallah\n Coronado\n Al-Saiari\n BamsaudAl-Wehda (1) v Al-Batin (1)\n14 March 2023 11 Al-Wehda (1) 2–1Al-Batin (1)Mecca16:15\nBukhari  8'Fajr 19' (pen.)Anselmo  43', 45+7'Makki  45+2'\nReport\nFawaz 39'Nasser  43'Al-Sohaymi  45+1'Al-Qarni  82'\nStadium: King Abdul Aziz StadiumReferee: Sultan Al-HarbiAl-Nassr (1) v Abha (1)\n14 March 2023 12 Al-Nassr (1) 3–1Abha (1)Riyadh17:30\nAl-Najei 1'Al-Khaibari 21'Al-Sulayhem  28'Ronaldo  45+3'Maran 49'\nReport\nSaddiki  25'Adam 69'Al-Jumayah  72'\nStadium: Mrsool ParkAttendance: 17,327Referee: Andris Treimanis (Latvia)Al-Hilal (1) v Al-Fateh (1)\n14 March 2023 10 Al-Hilal (1) 3–1Al-Fateh (1)Riyadh21:00\nKanno 17' (pen.)Al-Bulaihi  26'  67'Michael 48'Cuéllar  76'Ighalo 84'\nReport\nAl-Najdi  12'Al-Buraikan 27'Vélez  35'Saâdane  76'\nStadium: Prince Faisal bin Fahd StadiumAttendance: 12,023Referee: Radu Petrescu (Romania)","title":"Quarter-finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B03:00"},{"link_name":"Al-Ittihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ittihad_Club_(Jeddah)"},{"link_name":"Al-Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hilal_SFC"},{"link_name":"Al-Ittihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ittihad_Club_(Jeddah)"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Al-Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hilal_SFC"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"O. Hawsawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Hawsawi"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/04/23/saudi-arabia/champions-cup/al-ittihad-jeddah/al-hilal-riyadh/4008369/"},{"link_name":"Al-Shahrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Al-Shahrani"},{"link_name":"Al-Breik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Breik"},{"link_name":"Abdulhamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_Abdulhamid"},{"link_name":"Cuéllar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Cu%C3%A9llar"},{"link_name":"Hegazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hegazi"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"King Abdullah Sports City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdullah_Sports_City"},{"link_name":"Danny Makkelie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Makkelie"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Al-Nassr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Nassr_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Wehda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wehda_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Nassr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Nassr_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Wehda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wehda_FC"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/04/24/saudi-arabia/champions-cup/al-nasr-riyadh/al-wehda-mecca/4008368/"},{"link_name":"Beauguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-David_Beauguel"},{"link_name":"Al-Hafith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Al-Hafith"},{"link_name":"Bakshween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleed_Bakshween"},{"link_name":"Al-Jayzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_Al-Jayzani"},{"link_name":"Munir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munir_Mohamedi"},{"link_name":"Al-Awwal Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSU_Stadium_(Riyadh)"},{"link_name":"Radu Petrescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_Petrescu_(referee,_born_1982)"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Football_Federation"}],"text":"All times are local, AST (UTC+3).Al-Ittihad (1) v Al-Hilal (1)\n23 April 2023 13Al-Ittihad (1)0–1 (a.e.t.) Al-Hilal (1) Jeddah21:00\nO. Hawsawi  88'\nReport\nAl-Shahrani  44'Al-Breik  71'Abdulhamid  90+12'Cuéllar  104'Hegazi 106' (o.g.)\nStadium: King Abdullah Sports CityAttendance: 53,642Referee: Danny Makkelie (Netherlands)Al-Nassr (1) v Al-Wehda (1)\n24 April 2023 14Al-Nassr (1)0–1 Al-Wehda (1) Riyadh21:00\n\nReport\nBeauguel 23'Al-Hafith  24'  53'Bakshween  60'Al-Jayzani  88'Munir  90+4'\nStadium: Al-Awwal ParkAttendance: 17,482Referee: Radu Petrescu (Romania)","title":"Semi-finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B3"},{"link_name":"Al-Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hilal_SFC"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Al-Wehda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wehda_FC"},{"link_name":"Al-Bulaihii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Al-Bulaihi"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//us.soccerway.com/matches/2023/05/12/saudi-arabia/champions-cup/al-hilal-riyadh/al-wehda-mecca/4069929/"},{"link_name":"Yoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Yoda"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Carrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Carrillo"},{"link_name":"Ighalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odion_Ighalo"},{"link_name":"Al-Shehri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Al-Shehri"},{"link_name":"Al-Juwayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musab_Al-Juwayr"},{"link_name":"Al-Hamdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Al-Hamdan"},{"link_name":"N. Al-Dawsari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_Al-Dawsari"},{"link_name":"Abdulhamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_Abdulhamid"},{"link_name":"Jang Hyun-soo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jang_Hyun-soo"},{"link_name":"Al-Mayouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Al-Mayouf"},{"link_name":"Beauguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-David_Beauguel"},{"link_name":"Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulelah_Bukhari"},{"link_name":"Al Hejji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaa_Al_Hejji"},{"link_name":"Duarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Duarte_(footballer,_born_1989)"},{"link_name":"Fajr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay%C3%A7al_Fajr"},{"link_name":"Al-Naji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahya_Al-Naji&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Makki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Makki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kurdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiri_Kurdi"},{"link_name":"Al-Ghamdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazzaa_Al-Ghamdi"},{"link_name":"King Abdullah Sports City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdullah_Sports_City"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"Szymon Marciniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szymon_Marciniak"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Football_Association"}],"text":"All times are local, AST (UTC+3).12 May 202321:00\nAl-Hilal1–1 (a.e.t.)Al-Wehda\n\nAl-Bulaihii 90+9'\nReport\n\nYoda 35'\nPenalties\n\nCarrillo \nIghalo \nAl-Shehri \nAl-Juwayr \nAl-Hamdan \nN. Al-Dawsari \nAbdulhamid \nJang Hyun-soo \nAl-Mayouf \n7–6\n\n Beauguel\n Bukhari\n Al Hejji\n Duarte\n Fajr\n Al-Naji\n Makki\n Kurdi\n Al-Ghamdi\nKing Abdullah Sports City, JeddahAttendance: 52,320Referee: Szymon Marciniak (Poland)","title":"Final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"[11]","title":"Top goalscorers"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Bruch
Volker Bruch
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","3.1 Advocacy","4 Filmography","4.1 Television","4.2 Film","5 Accolades","6 References","7 External links"]
German television and film actor Volker BruchBruch in 2014Born (1980-03-09) 9 March 1980 (age 44)Munich, West GermanyNationalityGerman, AustrianOccupationActorYears active2002–presentPartnerMiriam Stein (2009–present)Children1 Volker Bruch (German: ; born 9 March 1980) is a German television and film actor. He is best known internationally for his leading roles as Wilhelm Winter in the television drama Generation War (2013) and as Inspector Gereon Rath in the neo-noir series Babylon Berlin (2017–present); for the latter, he was awarded the 2018 Grimme-Preis, Germany's most prestigious television award. In film, he was part of the ensemble cast of two films nominated for Academy Awards in 2009: The Reader (Best Picture) and The Baader Meinhof Complex (Best Foreign Language Film); more recently, he appeared in the thriller The Girl in the Spider's Web (2018) and Race for Glory: Audi vs. Lancia (2024). Early life Bruch was born in 1980 in West Germany to a German father and Austrian mother. He grew up in Munich with five siblings. He began acting during his years at gymnasium and was involved with student acting groups. After completing his university-entrance diploma, he studied performing arts at the Max Reinhardt Seminar in Vienna, Austria. Bruch made a deliberate choice while studying to commit himself to acting for television and film, as opposed to theater. During this time, he made some of his first television appearances. He graduated in 2005. Career Bruch spent the beginning of his career primarily playing small roles in German television and TV movie productions. His first noteworthy role was as Axi in the 2005 German television movie Rose, for which he won a German Television Award for Best Supporting Actor. The year 2008 was notable for Bruch's career as he acted in a number of movies including the French film Female Agents, the English-language German biopic The Red Baron as Oberleutnant Lothar Freiherr von Richthofen, the Oscar-nominated German film The Baader Meinhof Complex as Stefan Aust, as well as the Oscar-winning American film The Reader. Bruch had a few small supporting roles after this period before his breakout role in the popular 2013 German miniseries Generation War in which he played one of the five protagonists. Bruch was nominated for a German Television Award for his performance and received a special award for Ensemble Cast at the 2013 Bavarian TV Awards. After Generation War, Bruch starred in a variety of film and television productions of varying scopes until 2016 when he was cast in Babylon Berlin. In Babylon Berlin, Bruch stars as the main character, police inspector Gereon Rath, who investigates a series of crimes in Weimar Republic-era Berlin. The first two series of the show were filmed over eight months beginning in May 2016 and released consecutively in the fall of 2017. Babylon Berlin has been very popular in Germany as well as with international audiences and has elevated Bruch to international prominence; Bruch is considered one of Germany's upcoming stars. For his portrayal, Bruch received a 2018 Golden Camera Award and shares an Adolf Grimme Award with the Babylon Berlin team. The show went on a yearlong production hiatus during which Bruch filmed two movies; in 2018, he played a role in the wide-release American film The Girl in the Spider's Web and filmed the German production Rocca Changes the World. In late 2018, Bruch began the six-month shoot for the third series of Babylon Berlin which premiered in Germany in January 2020. A fourth series starring Bruch was produced mid-2021 and was released in 2022. In 2022, he was cast as German rally driver Walter Röhrl in the English-language film Race for Glory: Audi vs. Lancia, formerly known as 2 Win. Starring opposite Daniel Brühl and Riccardo Scamarcio, the film depicts the 1983 World Rally Championship and will be released January 2024. Personal life Bruch lives in Berlin with his partner, actress Miriam Stein. They had a child together in 2017. Bruch met Stein in 2009 on the set of the film Young Goethe in Love. Notably, they later starred together in 2013's Generation War, 2014's Tour de Force, and 2015's Das goldene Ufer. Bruch speaks English fluently, and has acted in English. Advocacy Bruch is an environmentalist and, with his partner Stein, has supported the climate action group Extinction Rebellion as well as the Joint Declaration made by the German government and media industry "for the sustainable production of films and television series." In 2019, Bruch, along with other German actors and artists like Daniel Brühl, signed a petition advocating against the election of a far-right Alternative for Germany mayoral candidate in Görlitz, Germany, an oft-used filming location in Europe. In June 2020, Bruch took part in the video "Was sie mitgenommen haben" for the United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees (UNHCR). Bruch is a vocal opponent of the restrictions introduced in Germany to curb the spread of COVID-19. In May 2021, it was reported that Bruch had applied to join the Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany, an anti-lockdown fringe party. Filmography Television Year Title Role Notes 2002 Vater wider Willen Sammy Episode: "Große Kinder - Kleine Kinder" 2003 SK Kölsch Bert Wunderlich Episode: "CSD" 2004 SOKO Kitzbühel Julian Schweiger Episode: "Tödliches Dreieck" 2004 Inspector Rex Max König Episode: "Nina um Mitternacht" 2004 Baal (de) Johannes Television film 2004–2013 Tatort various 4 episodes 2004 Die Verbrechen des Professor Capellari Bernd Geissler Episode: "Ein Toter kehrt zurück" 2005 Leipzig Homicide Marco Hoss Episode: "Die Polizistin" 2005 Unter weißen Segeln Florian Episode: "Abschiedsvorstellung" 2005 Hengstparade (de) Markus Lex Television movie 2005 Der Untergang der Pamir (de) Bernd Russek Television movie 2007 Der Staatsanwalt Bastian Tressen Episode: "Glückskinder" 2007 Ein starkes Team Tim König Episode: "Stumme Wut" 2007 Nichts ist vergessen (de) Olaf Stahmann Television movie Nominated – German Television Award 2008 Machen wir's auf Finnisch (de) Matti Television movie 2008 Einer bleibt sitzen (de) Michel Television movie 2011 Treasure Guards  Luca Television movie; English language 2013 Generation War Wilhelm Winter Miniseries; 3 episodes Nominated – German Television AwardWon – Bavarian TV Awards 2013 München Mord (de) Toni Bernlocher Television movie 2014 Die Pilgerin Otfried Willinger Miniseries; 2 episodes 2015 Das goldene Ufer Walther Fichtner Television movie 2016 Ein Teil von uns (de) Micki Television movie 2017–present Babylon Berlin Gereon Rath 28 episodes Won – Golden Camera AwardWon – Grimme Award 2019 Jerks (de) Volker Episode: "Volker" Film Year Title Role Notes 2003 Getting a Life (Raus ins Leben) 2005 Rose (de) Axi Nominated – German Television Award 2006 Life Actually (de) Charles Spatz 2007 Good Times (de) Priglmeier Toni 2008 The Best Place to Be (de) Toni 2008 Female Agents  Lieutenant Becker French language 2008 The Red Baron  Oberleutnant Lothar von Richthofen 2008 Little Paris  Stefan 2008 The Baader Meinhof Complex  Stefan Aust Nominated – Undine Award (de) 2008 The Reader  Dieter English language 2009 The Murder Farm (de) Johann Hauer 2010 Nanga Parbat  Gerd Bauer 2010 Young Goethe in Love  Wilhelm Jerusalem 2011 Westwind  Nico 2012 Confession of a Child of the Century  Henri Smith English language 2013 Radical Evil  Narrator 2014 Beste Chance (de) Toni 2012 Tour de Force  Finn 2015 Outside the Box Frederick Schopner 2015 Suck Me Shakespeer 2  Hauke Wölki 2017 The Man with the Iron Heart  Walter Schellenberg English language 2018 The Girl in the Spider's Web Peter Ahlgren English language 2019 Rocca Changes the World (de) Henning 2022 The Path (de) Ludwig 2024 Race for Glory: Audi vs. Lancia Walter Röhrl English language Accolades Year Award Category Work Result Notes 2007 German Television Awards Best Supporting Actor/Actress (de) Nichts ist vergessen / Rose Nominated 2008 Undine Awards (de) Best Young Supporting Actor - Film The Baader Meinhof Complex Nominated 2013 German Television Awards Best Actor (de) Generation War Nominated Shared with Tom Schilling Bavarian TV Awards Special Ensemble Award (de) Won Shared with Tom Schilling, Katharina Schüttler, Miriam Stein, and Ludwig Trepte 2018 Golden Camera Best German Actor (de) Babylon Berlin Won Grimme Awards Fiction Award (de) Won Shared with Babylon Berlin production team and cast References ^ a b "Volker Bruch - Schauspieler". www.schauspielervideos.de (in German). Retrieved 5 February 2019. ^ a b "Volker Bruch - Portrait, Interview". 15 April 2008. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2019. ^ "Volker Bruch im Interview: "Viele wussten nicht, was ich auf dem roten Teppich zu suchen habe."". Planet Interview (in German). 27 May 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2020. ^ Beta Cinema presents Westwind (PDF). Germany: Beta Cinema. 2011. p. 10. ^ "Volker Bruch, ANTI-HEARTTHROB - 032c". 032c.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019. ^ "1998 - 2017 | Max Reinhardt Seminar". www.maxreinhardtseminar.at. Retrieved 5 January 2020. ^ "Volker Bruch - Actor". Agentur Players Berlin (in German). Retrieved 5 January 2020. ^ Meza, Ed (20 February 2018). "Actor Volker Bruch on 'Babylon Berlin,' His Biggest Challenge as an Actor". Variety. Retrieved 5 February 2019. ^ Mitchell, Robert (26 April 2017). "Stars of 'Babylon Berlin,' Netflix's 'Dark' Join Effort to Highlight German Cinema (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 5 February 2019. ^ Wiseman, Andreas (24 July 2018). "'Babylon Berlin' Confirmed For Third Season, Plot & Shoot Details Revealed". Deadline. Retrieved 14 August 2019. ^ Meza, Ed (9 April 2019). "'Babylon Berlin 3' Sells to More Than 35 Countries, Including Netflix for U.S. (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 14 August 2019. ^ "Volker Bruch on Instagram: "That's a wrap! Thank you for the last 6 month! 🙏🍾🥂🤗😓🕺🏻#champagneinthemembrane #season3 #keepdancing"". Instagram. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2019. ^ Roxborough, Scott (17 September 2021). "'Babylon Berlin': Hit German Drama Releases First Look at Season 4 (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 11 May 2022. ^ Ritman, Alex (6 May 2022). "Cannes: Daniel Bruhl, Riccardo Scamarcio, Volker Bruch Team for Rally Car Drama '2 Win'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 11 May 2022. ^ ""Babylon Berlin": Tom Tykwer, Liv Lisa Fries und Volker Bruch im Vogue-Gespräch". Vogue Germany (in German). 21 September 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2019. ^ Peters, Bernd (10 March 2017). "Schauspielerin verrät's: Plötzlich Mama! Miriam Stein hielt ihr Baby geheim". Express.de (in German). Retrieved 5 February 2019. ^ "Traumpaar vor und hinter der Kamera". tz.de (in German). 4 April 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2020. ^ ""Unsere Mütter, unsere Väter"-Stars sind ein Paar". FOCUS Online (in German). Retrieved 5 February 2019. ^ "Profile Series – Cannes 70th – One on One". YouTube.(unscripted English interview from the 2017 Cannes Film Festival) ^ "The Reader (2008): 'Dieter' (lecture theatre scene)". YouTube. ^ "IMDb: Volker Bruch in The Reader (2008)". IMDb. ^ "Offener Brief an die Regierung". Extinction Rebellion Deutschland (in German). Retrieved 3 March 2020. ^ "Deutschlands Filme werden grüner". Startseite (in German). 19 February 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020. ^ "German stars call on voters to shun far-right AfD in 'Görliwood'". www.thelocal.de. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2020. ^ "German stars lead call to shun far-right in 'Goerliwood'". France 24. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2020. ^ "Was Sie Mitgenommen Haben - UNHCR Deutschland". UNHCR (in German). Retrieved 13 July 2020. ^ Greiner, Elizabeth (4 May 2021). "'Babylon Berlin' star Volker Bruch's links to COVID skeptics polarizes". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ Schrader, Hannes (4 May 2021). "Das steckt hinter der »Querdenker«-Partei, der Volker Bruch beitreten will". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 8 May 2021. External links Volker Bruch at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
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He is best known internationally for his leading roles as Wilhelm Winter in the television drama Generation War (2013) and as Inspector Gereon Rath in the neo-noir series Babylon Berlin (2017–present); for the latter, he was awarded the 2018 Grimme-Preis, Germany's most prestigious television award. In film, he was part of the ensemble cast of two films nominated for Academy Awards in 2009: The Reader (Best Picture) and The Baader Meinhof Complex (Best Foreign Language Film); more recently, he appeared in the thriller The Girl in the Spider's Web (2018) and Race for Glory: Audi vs. Lancia (2024).","title":"Volker Bruch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"university-entrance diploma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur"},{"link_name":"Max Reinhardt Seminar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Reinhardt_Seminar"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Bruch was born in 1980 in West Germany to a German father and Austrian mother.[1] He grew up in Munich with five siblings.[2] He began acting during his years at gymnasium and was involved with student acting groups.[3] After completing his university-entrance diploma, he studied performing arts at the Max Reinhardt Seminar in Vienna, Austria.[4] Bruch made a deliberate choice while studying to commit himself to acting for television and film, as opposed to theater.[2][5] During this time, he made some of his first television appearances. He graduated in 2005.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Television Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fernsehpreis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Female Agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_Agents"},{"link_name":"The Red Baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Baron_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"Oberleutnant Lothar Freiherr von Richthofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_von_Richthofen"},{"link_name":"Oscar-nominated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"The Baader Meinhof Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baader_Meinhof_Complex"},{"link_name":"Stefan Aust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Aust"},{"link_name":"Oscar-winning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81st_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"The Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reader_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"Generation War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_War"},{"link_name":"German Television Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Fernsehpreis"},{"link_name":"Bavarian TV Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_TV_Awards"},{"link_name":"Babylon Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Golden Camera Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Camera_Award"},{"link_name":"Adolf Grimme Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimme-Preis"},{"link_name":"The Girl in the Spider's Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_in_the_Spider%27s_Web_(film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallying"},{"link_name":"Walter Röhrl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_R%C3%B6hrl"},{"link_name":"Race for Glory: Audi vs. Lancia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_for_Glory:_Audi_vs._Lancia"},{"link_name":"Daniel Brühl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Br%C3%BChl"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Scamarcio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Scamarcio"},{"link_name":"1983 World Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_World_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Bruch spent the beginning of his career primarily playing small roles in German television and TV movie productions. His first noteworthy role was as Axi in the 2005 German television movie Rose, for which he won a German Television Award for Best Supporting Actor.[7] The year 2008 was notable for Bruch's career as he acted in a number of movies including the French film Female Agents, the English-language German biopic The Red Baron as Oberleutnant Lothar Freiherr von Richthofen, the Oscar-nominated German film The Baader Meinhof Complex as Stefan Aust, as well as the Oscar-winning American film The Reader.Bruch had a few small supporting roles after this period before his breakout role in the popular 2013 German miniseries Generation War in which he played one of the five protagonists. Bruch was nominated for a German Television Award for his performance and received a special award for Ensemble Cast at the 2013 Bavarian TV Awards.After Generation War, Bruch starred in a variety of film and television productions of varying scopes until 2016 when he was cast in Babylon Berlin. In Babylon Berlin, Bruch stars as the main character, police inspector Gereon Rath, who investigates a series of crimes in Weimar Republic-era Berlin. The first two series of the show were filmed over eight months beginning in May 2016 and released consecutively in the fall of 2017. Babylon Berlin has been very popular in Germany as well as with international audiences and has elevated Bruch to international prominence; Bruch is considered one of Germany's upcoming stars.[8][9] For his portrayal, Bruch received a 2018 Golden Camera Award and shares an Adolf Grimme Award with the Babylon Berlin team.The show went on a yearlong production hiatus during which Bruch filmed two movies; in 2018, he played a role in the wide-release American film The Girl in the Spider's Web and filmed the German production Rocca Changes the World. In late 2018, Bruch began the six-month shoot for the third series of Babylon Berlin which premiered in Germany in January 2020.[10][11][12] A fourth series starring Bruch was produced mid-2021 and was released in 2022.[13]In 2022, he was cast as German rally driver Walter Röhrl in the English-language film Race for Glory: Audi vs. Lancia, formerly known as 2 Win. Starring opposite Daniel Brühl and Riccardo Scamarcio, the film depicts the 1983 World Rally Championship and will be released January 2024.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miriam Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Stein"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Young Goethe in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Goethe_in_Love"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Tour de Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Force_(film)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFF-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRS-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMD-21"}],"text":"Bruch lives in Berlin with his partner, actress Miriam Stein. They had a child together in 2017.[15][16] Bruch met Stein in 2009 on the set of the film Young Goethe in Love.[17] Notably, they later starred together in 2013's Generation War, 2014's Tour de Force, and 2015's Das goldene Ufer.[18]Bruch speaks English fluently,[1][19] and has acted in English.[20][21]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"climate action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation"},{"link_name":"Extinction Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Daniel Brühl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Br%C3%BChl"},{"link_name":"Alternative for Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany"},{"link_name":"Görlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"restrictions introduced in Germany to curb the spread of COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany#Government_response"},{"link_name":"Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"anti-lockdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_over_COVID-19_policies_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"fringe party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_party"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Advocacy","text":"Bruch is an environmentalist and, with his partner Stein, has supported the climate action group Extinction Rebellion as well as the Joint Declaration made by the German government and media industry \"for the sustainable production of films and television series.\"[22][23]In 2019, Bruch, along with other German actors and artists like Daniel Brühl, signed a petition advocating against the election of a far-right Alternative for Germany mayoral candidate in Görlitz, Germany, an oft-used filming location in Europe.[24][25]In June 2020, Bruch took part in the video \"Was sie mitgenommen haben\" for the United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees (UNHCR).[26]Bruch is a vocal opponent of the restrictions introduced in Germany to curb the spread of COVID-19. In May 2021, it was reported that Bruch had applied to join the Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany, an anti-lockdown fringe party.[27][28]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Volker Bruch - Schauspieler\". www.schauspielervideos.de (in German). Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.schauspielervideos.de/fullprofile/schauspieler-volker-bruch.html","url_text":"\"Volker Bruch - Schauspieler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volker Bruch - Portrait, Interview\". 15 April 2008. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080415180658/http://www.newsflex.de/stars/star_portrait180332.html","url_text":"\"Volker Bruch - Portrait, Interview\""},{"url":"http://www.newsflex.de/stars/star_portrait180332.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Volker Bruch im Interview: \"Viele wussten nicht, was ich auf dem roten Teppich zu suchen habe.\"\". Planet Interview (in German). 27 May 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.planet-interview.de/interviews/volker-bruch/48892/","url_text":"\"Volker Bruch im Interview: \"Viele wussten nicht, was ich auf dem roten Teppich zu suchen habe.\"\""}]},{"reference":"Beta Cinema presents Westwind (PDF). Germany: Beta Cinema. 2011. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unitel.de/media/files/produktpdf/a6f80034fe_p_3095.pdf","url_text":"Beta Cinema presents Westwind"}]},{"reference":"\"Volker Bruch, ANTI-HEARTTHROB - 032c\". 032c.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://032c.com/volker-bruch-anti-heartthrob/","url_text":"\"Volker Bruch, ANTI-HEARTTHROB - 032c\""}]},{"reference":"\"1998 - 2017 | Max Reinhardt Seminar\". www.maxreinhardtseminar.at. Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maxreinhardtseminar.at/bis-2013/","url_text":"\"1998 - 2017 | Max Reinhardt Seminar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volker Bruch - Actor\". Agentur Players Berlin (in German). Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://players.de/actors/volker-bruch/","url_text":"\"Volker Bruch - Actor\""}]},{"reference":"Meza, Ed (20 February 2018). \"Actor Volker Bruch on 'Babylon Berlin,' His Biggest Challenge as an Actor\". Variety. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/tv/festivals/berlin-2018-facetime-actor-volker-bruch-of-babylon-berlin-1202704699/","url_text":"\"Actor Volker Bruch on 'Babylon Berlin,' His Biggest Challenge as an Actor\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Robert (26 April 2017). \"Stars of 'Babylon Berlin,' Netflix's 'Dark' Join Effort to Highlight German Cinema (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/film/global/babylon-berlin-netflix-dark-stars-highlight-german-cinema-1202394690/","url_text":"\"Stars of 'Babylon Berlin,' Netflix's 'Dark' Join Effort to Highlight German Cinema (EXCLUSIVE)\""}]},{"reference":"Wiseman, Andreas (24 July 2018). \"'Babylon Berlin' Confirmed For Third Season, Plot & Shoot Details Revealed\". Deadline. Retrieved 14 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/07/sky-confirms-third-season-babylon-berlin-1202432386/","url_text":"\"'Babylon Berlin' Confirmed For Third Season, Plot & Shoot Details Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"Meza, Ed (9 April 2019). \"'Babylon Berlin 3' Sells to More Than 35 Countries, Including Netflix for U.S. (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Retrieved 14 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/babylon-berlin-3-sells-35-countries-netflix-north-america-1203183271/","url_text":"\"'Babylon Berlin 3' Sells to More Than 35 Countries, Including Netflix for U.S. (EXCLUSIVE)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volker Bruch on Instagram: \"That's a wrap! Thank you for the last 6 month! 🙏🍾🥂🤗😓🕺🏻#champagneinthemembrane #season3 #keepdancing\"\". Instagram. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/volker.bruch/2040573361764803506","url_text":"\"Volker Bruch on Instagram: \"That's a wrap! Thank you for the last 6 month! 🙏🍾🥂🤗😓🕺🏻#champagneinthemembrane #season3 #keepdancing\"\""},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BxRkqk-HaOy/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Roxborough, Scott (17 September 2021). \"'Babylon Berlin': Hit German Drama Releases First Look at Season 4 (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 11 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/babylon-berlin-season-4-first-look-photo-1235015119/","url_text":"\"'Babylon Berlin': Hit German Drama Releases First Look at Season 4 (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"Ritman, Alex (6 May 2022). \"Cannes: Daniel Bruhl, Riccardo Scamarcio, Volker Bruch Team for Rally Car Drama '2 Win'\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 11 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/daniel-bruhl-riccardo-scamarcio-volker-bruch-2-win-wrc-1235141912/","url_text":"\"Cannes: Daniel Bruhl, Riccardo Scamarcio, Volker Bruch Team for Rally Car Drama '2 Win'\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Babylon Berlin\": Tom Tykwer, Liv Lisa Fries und Volker Bruch im Vogue-Gespräch\". Vogue Germany (in German). 21 September 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.de/lifestyle/artikel/vogue-gespraech-babylon-berlin","url_text":"\"\"Babylon Berlin\": Tom Tykwer, Liv Lisa Fries und Volker Bruch im Vogue-Gespräch\""}]},{"reference":"Peters, Bernd (10 March 2017). \"Schauspielerin verrät's: Plötzlich Mama! Miriam Stein hielt ihr Baby geheim\". Express.de (in German). Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.express.de/news/promi-und-show/schauspielerin-verraet-s-ploetzlich-mama--miriam-stein-hielt-ihr-baby-geheim-26178532","url_text":"\"Schauspielerin verrät's: Plötzlich Mama! Miriam Stein hielt ihr Baby geheim\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traumpaar vor und hinter der Kamera\". tz.de (in German). 4 April 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tz.de/tv/miriam-stein-volker-bruch-ueber-ihre-liebe-neuen-film-4879026.html","url_text":"\"Traumpaar vor und hinter der Kamera\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Unsere Mütter, unsere Väter\"-Stars sind ein Paar\". FOCUS Online (in German). Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.focus.de/kultur/kino_tv/miriam-stein-und-volker-bruch-unsere-muetter-unsere-vaeter-stars-sind-ein-paar_aid_944811.html","url_text":"\"\"Unsere Mütter, unsere Väter\"-Stars sind ein Paar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile Series – Cannes 70th – One on One\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zBqhenr_p0","url_text":"\"Profile Series – Cannes 70th – One on One\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"The Reader (2008): 'Dieter' (lecture theatre scene)\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10wxDtlzQrg","url_text":"\"The Reader (2008): 'Dieter' (lecture theatre scene)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"IMDb: Volker Bruch in The Reader (2008)\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0976051/mediaviewer/rm1827930368","url_text":"\"IMDb: Volker Bruch in The Reader (2008)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Offener Brief an die Regierung\". Extinction Rebellion Deutschland (in German). Retrieved 3 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://extinctionrebellion.de/offenerbrief/","url_text":"\"Offener Brief an die Regierung\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deutschlands Filme werden grüner\". Startseite (in German). 19 February 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/bundesregierung/staatsministerin-fuer-kultur-und-medien/deutschlands-filme-werden-gruener-1722698","url_text":"\"Deutschlands Filme werden grüner\""}]},{"reference":"\"German stars call on voters to shun far-right AfD in 'Görliwood'\". www.thelocal.de. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelocal.de/20190607/german-stars-lead-call-to-shun-far-right-in-grliwood-goerlitz","url_text":"\"German stars call on voters to shun far-right AfD in 'Görliwood'\""}]},{"reference":"\"German stars lead call to shun far-right in 'Goerliwood'\". France 24. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/20190607-german-stars-lead-call-shun-far-right-goerliwood","url_text":"\"German stars lead call to shun far-right in 'Goerliwood'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Was Sie Mitgenommen Haben - UNHCR Deutschland\". UNHCR (in German). Retrieved 13 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unhcr.org/dach/de/was-sie-mitgenommen-haben","url_text":"\"Was Sie Mitgenommen Haben - UNHCR Deutschland\""}]},{"reference":"Greiner, Elizabeth (4 May 2021). \"'Babylon Berlin' star Volker Bruch's links to COVID skeptics polarizes\". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/babylon-berlin-star-volker-bruchs-links-to-covid-skeptics-polarizes/a-57421576","url_text":"\"'Babylon Berlin' star Volker Bruch's links to COVID skeptics polarizes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle","url_text":"Deutsche Welle"}]},{"reference":"Schrader, Hannes (4 May 2021). \"Das steckt hinter der »Querdenker«-Partei, der Volker Bruch beitreten will\". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/das-steckt-hinter-der-querdenker-partei-der-volker-bruch-beitreten-will-a-303e45a9-bc8a-4a91-aa8c-b30454c9d28b","url_text":"\"Das steckt hinter der »Querdenker«-Partei, der Volker Bruch beitreten will\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel_(website)","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Boop%27s_Little_Pal
Betty Boop's Little Pal
["1 Plot","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]
1934 animated film Betty Boop's Little PalDirected byDave FleischerProduced byMax FleischerStarringMae QuestelAnimation byEdward NolanMyron WaldmanColor processBlack-and-whiteProductioncompanyFleischer StudiosDistributed byParamount Publix CorporationRelease date September 21, 1934 (1934-09-21) Running time7 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Betty Boop's Little Pal is a 1934 Fleischer Studios animated short film starring Betty Boop, and featuring Pudgy the Puppy (in his first appearance). Plot Betty and her puppy Pudgy are on a picnic, but find it hard to enjoy the day when Pudgy ruins it and is sent home. Meanwhile, a dogcatcher is intent on capturing Pudgy, but the other dogs in the catcher's cage manage to escape him, and soon the two are reunited happily. Notes This is the last Betty Boop cartoon in which Betty wears her famous flapper suit. This is the first time Betty spanks Pudgy for punishment. Clips of the redrawn colorized version were used in the compilation movie Betty Boop For President: The Movie (1980). References ^ Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 54–56. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved 6 June 2020. External links Betty Boop's Little Pal at the Big Cartoon Database. Betty Boop's Little Pal on YouTube. Betty Boop's Little Pal at IMDb vteBetty Boop films1932 Stopping the Show Betty Boop's Bizzy Bee Betty Boop, M.D. Betty Boop's Bamboo Isle Betty Boop's Ups and Downs Betty Boop for President Minnie the Moocher I'll Be Glad When You're Dead You Rascal You Betty Boop's Museum 1933 Betty Boop's Ker-Choo Betty Boop's Crazy Inventions Is My Palm Read? Betty Boop's Penthouse Snow-White Betty Boop's Birthday Party Betty Boop's May Party Betty Boop's Big Boss Mother Goose Land Popeye the Sailor The Old Man of the Mountain I Heard Morning, Noon and Night Betty Boop's Hallowe'en Party Parade of the Wooden Soldiers 1934 She Wronged Him Right Red Hot Mamma Ha! Ha! Ha! Betty in Blunderland Betty Boop's Rise to Fame Betty Boop's Trial Betty Boop's Life Guard Poor Cinderella There's Something About a Soldier Betty Boop's Little Pal Betty Boop's Prize Show Keep in Style When My Ship Comes In 1935 Baby Be Good Taking the Blame Stop That Noise Swat the Fly No! No! A Thousand Times No!! A Little Soap and Water A Language All My Own Betty Boop and Grampy Judge for a Day Making Stars Betty Boop with Henry, the Funniest Living American 1936 Little Nobody Betty Boop and the Little King Not Now Betty Boop and Little Jimmy We Did It A Song a Day More Pep You're Not Built That Way Happy You and Merry Me Training Pigeons Grampy's Indoor Outing Be Human Making Friends 1937 House Cleaning Blues Whoops! I'm a Cowboy The Hot Air Salesman Pudgy Takes a Bow-Wow Pudgy Picks a Fight! The Impractical Joker Ding Dong Doggie The Candid Candidate Service with a Smile The New Deal Show The Foxy Hunter Zula Hula 1938 Riding the Rails Be Up to Date Honest Love and True Out of the Inkwell The Swing School The Lost Kitten Buzzy Boop Pudgy the Watchman Buzzy Boop at the Concert Sally Swing On with the New Thrills and Chills 1939 My Friend the Monkey So Does an Automobile Musical Mountaineers The Scared Crows Rhythm on the Reservation This Betty Boop-related animated film article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connellia_nutans
Connellia nutans
["1 References"]
Species of flowering plant Connellia nutans Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Clade: Commelinids Order: Poales Family: Bromeliaceae Genus: Connellia Species: C. nutans Binomial name Connellia nutansL.B.Sm. Connellia nutans is a plant species in the genus Connellia. This species is endemic to Venezuela. References Holst, Bruce K. (1 February 1994). "Checklist of Venezuelan Bromeliaceae with Notes on Species Distribution by State and Levels of Endemism". Selbyana. 15 (1). ISSN 2689-0682. JSTOR 41759858. Taxon identifiersConnellia nutans Wikidata: Q5161736 CoL: XPL7 EoL: 1122613 GBIF: 2693652 iNaturalist: 846049 IPNI: 64225-2 NCBI: 1068960 Open Tree of Life: 261074 Plant List: kew-234311 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:64225-2 Tropicos: 4301232 WFO: wfo-0000361662 This bromeliad article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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