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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HKSCS
Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set
["1 History","2 Versions","3 Compatibility","3.1 Operating systems","3.2 Applications and the Web","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Extended character encoding for Standard Cantonese HKSCS Big-5 extensionMIME / IANABig5-HKSCSAlias(es)big5hk, csBig5HKSCSLanguage(s)Traditional Chinese, CantoneseClassification8-bit CJK DBCSExtendsBig5 ETenvte The Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set (香港增補字符集; commonly abbreviated to HKSCS) is a set of Chinese characters – 4,702 in total in the initial release—used in Cantonese, as well as when writing the names of some places in Hong Kong (whether in written Cantonese or standard written Chinese sentences). It evolved from the preceding Government Chinese Character Set (政府通用字庫) or GCCS. GCCS is a set of supplementary Chinese characters coded in the user-defined areas of the Big5 character set. It was originally used within the Hong Kong Government and later used by the public. It later evolved into Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set when the characters in the set were submitted to ISO-10646 for coding. History Due to the inherent differences between standard written Chinese and written Cantonese, the Government of Hong Kong recognised the need for a standardised set of proprietary characters that would allow for the streamlining of electronic communication; at the time, the Big5 Chinese encoding scheme did not contain a vast majority of these characters (some were erroneously cross-listed with similar characters). The Government Chinese Character Set (政府通用字庫) or GCCS was thus developed by the government. The character set consists of Chinese characters commonly used in Hong Kong. Some characters are Cantonese-specific, while some are alternative forms of characters. The set is not well-organised and the characters are not closely examined. Subsequently, the HKSCS-1999 (HKSCS 1999 specification) was developed. Following its acceptance, newer revisions were released in 2001 (adding 116 new characters) and in 2004 (adding 123 new characters), totalling 4,941 characters. 106 GCCS characters were removed in HKSCS-1999 as a result of unification, and their Big5 code points are reserved for compatibility. Retired "not verifiable" GCCS characters are found in UTC Sources (UTC-00877–UTC-00898), where they are sourced from Adobe-CNS1-1, an Adobe-CNS1 supplement implemented to support GCCS. The HKSCS is encoded in Big5 (Big5-HKSCS, big5hk) and ISO 10646 (Unicode). Starting from HKSCS-2004, all characters previously using the Private Use Area section of Unicode are remapped, with many of them reassigned to Extension B Block or Supplementary Ideographic Plane Compatibility Block. However, to preserve compatibility with programs that generated PUA code points, the allocated code points are reserved, and no new characters will be mapped to PUA. Similarly to Hong Kong's situation, there are also characters that are needed by Macao but included in neither Big5 nor HKSCS, hence, the Macao Supplementary Character Set was developed, building on HKSCS with additional Unicode-mapped characters. The first batch of 121 MSCS characters were submitted for addition to or horizontal extension in Unicode (as appropriate) in 2009, and the first final version of MSCS was established in 2020. Versions The HKSCS has gone through a few iterations. Version Total characters Publish date GCCS 3,049 1995 HKSCS-1999 4,702 09/1999 HKSCS-2001 4,818 12/2001 HKSCS-2004 4,941 05/2005 HKSCS-2008 5,009 12/2009 HKSCS-2016 5,033 05/2017 The last edition of HKSCS to encode all of its characters in Big5 was HKSCS-2008, while the characters added in HKSCS-2016 are mapped to Unicode only (as a CJK Unified Ideographs horizontal glyph extension where appropriate). Compatibility Operating systems In Microsoft Windows 98, NT 4.0, 2000, XP, HKSCS support can be enabled using Microsoft's patch. In Microsoft's implementation, application using code page 950 automatically uses a hidden code page 951 table for the Big5 encoding of the HKSCS extensions. The table supports all code points in HKSCS-2001, except for the compatibility code points specified by the standard. In addition, the MingLiU font is altered using Microsoft's patch. This patch is known to create conflicts in applications such as Microsoft Office, or any application using fonts supporting simplified Chinese characters (e.g.: SimSun). If the target environment contains custom font mapped to the code points affected by Microsoft's patch, the custom fonts can undo Microsoft's patch. Furthermore, the patch breaks EUDC Editor supplied with the affected versions of Windows. Starting with Windows Vista, HKSCS-2004 characters are only supported as Unicode 4.1 or later. All characters are assigned standard, non-PUA codepoints. The characters are displayed with the MingLiU font, and these characters can be entered via the keyboard. The patch that provides Big5 encoding of HKSCS is unsupported in Windows Vista and later. A utility provided by Microsoft is available to convert HKSCS and Unicode PUA-encoded characters to Unicode 4.1 version. In 2010, Microsoft published a HKSCS-2004 patch for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. It replaces Windows XP version of MingLiu, PMingLiu, and MingLiu_HKSCS (if HKSCS-2001 patch was applied) with Windows 7 version of MingLiu, PMingLiu and MingLiu_HKSCS. In addition, MingLiU-ExtB, MingLiU_HKSCS-ExtB and PMingLiU-ExtB fonts will be added onto target system. However, IME is not updated as it was in the case of HKSCS-2001 patch, and the fonts are from pre-release of Windows 7. For earlier versions of the OS, HKSCS support requires the use of Microsoft's patch, or the Hong Kong government's Digital 21's utilities. IBM assigns CCSID 5471 to the HKSCS-2001 Big5 code page (with CPGID 1374 as CCSID 5470 as the double byte component), CCSID 9567 to the HKSCS-2004 code page (with CPGID 1374 as CCSID 9566 as the double byte component), and CCSID 13663 to the HKSCS-2008 code page (with CPGID 1374 as CCSID 13662 as the double byte component), while CCSID 1375 (with CPGID 1374 as CCSID 1374 as its double byte component) is assigned to a growing HKSCS code page, currently equivalent to CCSID 13663. HKSCS support was added to glibc in 2000, but it has not been updated since then. HKSCS-2004 support is handled as Unicode 4.1 and later. For freedesktop.org setup, AR PL ShanHeiSun Uni font fully supports HKSCS-2004 since 0.1-0.dot.1, with latest revision of HKSCS-2004 supported in version 0.1.20060903-1. Modern desktop distributions (e.g. Ubuntu) include Arphic Technology's HKSCS-compliant UKai and UMing fonts out of the box when Traditional Chinese Language support is selected during installation. They can also be installed manually at a later time. Mac OS X 10.0–10.2 supports HKSCS-1999. 10.3–10.4 supports HKSCS-2001. Some of the letters added to HKSCS-2004 is supported via Unicode PUA in OS X 10.4. Starting with OS X 10.5, all the HKSCS-2004 characters are supported via standard Unicode 4.1 code points. Applications and the Web Mozilla 1.5 and above supports HKSCS, with HKSCS-2004 support added into Gecko 1.8.1 code base. Unlike the above-mentioned patch, Mozilla uses its own code page table. However, the fix for bug 343129 does not support characters mapped to code points above Basic Multilingual Plane. QT 3.x-based applications (e.g.: KDE) only support characters mapped to code points FFFF or lower. In QT4, characters outside BMP are supported via surrogates. Big5-HKSCS Text Codec supports HKSCS-1999 back in Qt-2.3.x, but it was too late in Qt development schedule to be officially included in the Qt-2.3.x series, so it was officially supported in Qt-3.0.1. HKSCS-2001 support was added in Qt-3.0.5. GNOME supports HKSCS characters in Unicode ranges, except those mapped to the Basic Multilingual Plane compatibility block. Patches to support characters mapped to above Basic Multilingual Plane was introduced during Pango 1.1. The WHATWG Encoding Standard (used by HTML5) includes HKSCS in its definition of Big5 (used even with the plain Big5 label). However, only its decoder uses all HKSCS extensions, while its encoder explicitly excludes those with lead bytes below 0xA1 (thus excluding most of the HKSCS extensions but including, for example, those inherited from Big5 ETEN). Newer browsers follow this standard, including Firefox. See also Cantonese Written Cantonese References ^ FAQs about GovHK Online Services – Other Technical Questions and Trouble Shooting ^ "Big5CMP.txt". Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Found at Mapping table - HKSCS-2008 ^ "HKSCS-2004 Annex IV. Compatibility Points for GCCS" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016. ^ "Group:Big5-GCCS外字". Retrieved 30 September 2016. ^ "U-source glyphs" (PDF). Retrieved 30 September 2016. ^ "The Adobe-CNS1-6 Character Collection" (PDF). Retrieved 30 September 2016. ^ "Character Sets". IANA. ^ "SDK components". ^ "Big5-HKSCS:2004". ^ Computer Chinese Characters Encoding Workgroup (12 June 2009). "Submission of Characters from Macao Information Systems Character Set" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 IRGN 1580. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2015. ^ a b Macao Special Administrative Region Government (11 June 2020). "Submission of Macao's Vertical Extension (UNC Characters), Horizontal Extension, and IVSes Registration for MSCS" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 IRGN 2430. ^ "OGCIO - Development of HKSCS". Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017. ^ Steele, Shawn. "CP 951 & HKSCS". I'm not a Klingon. MS Dev Blog. Retrieved 13 September 2016. ^ 華通資訊網: 小心！有人悄悄換掉了你的Windows系統字型 ^ Microsoft: Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set – Support for Windows Platform ^ Microsoft Character Code Conversion Routines For HKSCS-2004 ^ Windows XP Font Pack for ISO 10646:2003 + Amendment 1 Traditional Chinese Support ^ "CCSID 5471: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2001". IBM Globalization - Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. ^ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-5471_P100-2006.ucm, 9 May 2007 ^ "CCSID 9567: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2004". IBM Globalization - Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. ^ "CCSID 13663: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2008". IBM Globalization - Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. ^ "CCSID 1375: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS". IBM Globalization - Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. ^ Mozilla.org: Bug 343129 – Big5-HKSCS 2004 <==> Unicode Table Update ^ Bug 162431 – add non-BMP Unicode (plane 1 and above. surrogate) support to charset encoder/decoder ^ "Qt 4.7: Big5-HKSCS Text Codec". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2011. ^ Bug 101081 – Non-BMP (plane 1 thru plane 16) characters are not supported ^ van Kesteren, Anne. "Encoding Standard". WHATWG. External links Hong Kong Government site on the HKSCS Downloadable HKSCS documents & font Microsoft HKSCS Support for Windows Platform 香港參考宋體 Download page of Dynalab (華康科技有限公司)'s HKSCS font. Graphical View of Big5-HKSCS in ICU's Converter Explorer A character set that works on Mac OS X UMing/UKai – A free, open-source font supporting HKSCS Open Source Hong Kong Fonts Project vteCharacter encodingsEarly telecommunications Telegraph code Needle Morse Non-Latin Wabun/Kana Chinese Cyrillic Korean Baudot and Murray Fieldata ASCII ISO/IEC 646 BCDIC Teletex and Videotex/Teletext T.51/ISO/IEC 6937 ITU T.61 ITU T.101 World System Teletext background sets Transcode ISO/IEC 8859 Approved parts -1 (Western Europe) -2 (Central Europe) -3 (Maltese/Esperanto) -4 (North Europe) -5 (Cyrillic) -6 (Arabic) -7 (Greek) -8 (Hebrew) -9 (Turkish) -10 (Nordic) -11 (Thai) -13 (Baltic) -14 (Celtic) -15 (New Western Europe) -16 (Romanian) Abandoned parts -12 (Devanagari) Proposed but not approved KOI-8 Cyrillic Sámi Adaptations Welsh Barents Cyrillic Estonian Ukrainian Cyrillic Bibliographic use MARC-8 ANSEL CCCII/EACC ISO 5426 5426-2 5427 5428 6438 6862 National standards ArmSCII Big5 BraSCII CNS 11643 DIN 66003 ELOT 927 GOST 10859 GB 2312 GB 12345 GB 12052 GB 18030 HKSCS ISCII JIS X 0201 JIS X 0208 JIS X 0212 JIS X 0213 KOI-7 KPS 9566 KS X 1001 KS X 1002 LST 1564 LST 1590-4 PASCII Shift JIS SI 960 TIS-620 TSCII VISCII VSCII YUSCII ISO/IEC 2022 ISO/IEC 8859 ISO/IEC 10367 Extended Unix Code / EUC Mac OS Code pages("scripts") Armenian Arabic Barents Cyrillic Celtic Central European Croatian Cyrillic Devanagari Farsi (Persian) Font X (Kermit) Gaelic Georgian Greek Gujarati Gurmukhi Hebrew Iceland Inuit Keyboard Latin (Kermit) Maltese/Esperanto Ogham Roman Romanian Sámi Turkish Turkic Cyrillic Ukrainian VT100 DOS code pages 437 668 708 720 737 770 773 775 776 777 778 850 851 852 853 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 897 899 903 904 932 936 942 949 950 951 1034 1040 1042 1043 1044 1098 1115 1116 1117 1118 1127 3846 ABICOMP CS Indic CSX Indic CSX+ Indic CWI-2 Iran System Kamenický Mazovia MIK IBM AIX code pages 895 896 912 915 921 922 1006 1008 1009 1010 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1046 1124 1133 Windows code pages CER-GS 932 936 (GBK) 950 1169 Extended Latin-8 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1270 Cyrillic + Finnish Cyrillic + French Cyrillic + German Polytonic Greek EBCDIC code pages Japanese language in EBCDIC DKOI DEC terminals (VTx) Multinational (MCS) National Replacement (NRCS) French Canadian Swiss Spanish United Kingdom Dutch Finnish French Norwegian and Danish Swedish Norwegian and Danish (alternative) 8-bit Greek 8-bit Turkish SI 960 Hebrew Special Graphics Technical (TCS) Platform specific 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 Acorn RISC OS Amstrad CPC Apple II ATASCII Atari ST BICS Casio calculators CDC Compucolor 8001 Compucolor II CP/M+ DEC RADIX 50 DEC MCS/NRCS DG International Galaksija GEM GSM 03.38 HP Roman HP FOCAL HP RPL SQUOZE LICS LMBCS MSX NEC APC NeXT PETSCII PostScript Standard PostScript Latin 1 SAM Coupé Sega SC-3000 Sharp calculators Sharp MZ Sinclair QL Teletext TI calculators TRS-80 Ventura International WISCII XCCS ZX80 ZX81 ZX Spectrum Unicode / ISO/IEC 10646 UTF-1 UTF-7 UTF-8 UTF-16 UTF-32 UTF-EBCDIC GB 18030 DIN 91379 BOCU-1 CESU-8 SCSU TACE16 Comparison of Unicode encodings TeX typesetting system Cork LY1 OML OMS OT1 Miscellaneous code pages ABICOMP ASMO 449 Digital encoding of APL symbols ISO-IR-68 ARIB STD-B24 Fieldata HZ IEC-P27-1 INIS 7-bit 8-bit ISO-IR-169 ISO 2033 KOI KOI8-R KOI8-RU KOI8-U Mojikyō SEASCII Stanford/ITS Symbol TRON Unified Hangul Code Control character Morse prosigns C0 and C1 control codes ISO/IEC 6429 JIS X 0211 Unicode control, format and separator characters Whitespace characters Related topics CCSID Character encodings in HTML Charset detection Han unification Hardware code page MICR code Mojibake Variable-length encoding Character sets
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character"},{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Cantonese"},{"link_name":"names of some places in Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"written Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Cantonese"},{"link_name":"standard written Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character"},{"link_name":"Big5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"ISO-10646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO-10646"}],"text":"The Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set (香港增補字符集; commonly abbreviated to HKSCS) is a set of Chinese characters – 4,702 in total in the initial release—used in Cantonese, as well as when writing the names of some places in Hong Kong (whether in written Cantonese or standard written Chinese sentences).[1]It evolved from the preceding Government Chinese Character Set (政府通用字庫) or GCCS. GCCS is a set of supplementary Chinese characters coded in the user-defined areas of the Big5 character set. It was originally used within the Hong Kong Government and later used by the public. It later evolved into Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set when the characters in the set were submitted to ISO-10646 for coding.","title":"Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"standard written Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_written_Chinese"},{"link_name":"written Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Cantonese"},{"link_name":"Big5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5"},{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKSCS-2004-Annex4-3"},{"link_name":"UTC Sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs#UTC_Sources"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glyphwiki-gccs-pua-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unicode-u-source-5"},{"link_name":"Adobe-CNS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript_fonts#Adobe-CNS1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adobe-cns1-6-6"},{"link_name":"Big5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iana-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ISO 10646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_10646"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"Private Use Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_950"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"PUA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_Area"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irgn1580-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irgn2430-11"}],"text":"Due to the inherent differences between standard written Chinese and written Cantonese, the Government of Hong Kong recognised the need for a standardised set of proprietary characters that would allow for the streamlining of electronic communication; at the time, the Big5 Chinese encoding scheme did not contain a vast majority of these characters (some were erroneously cross-listed with similar characters).The Government Chinese Character Set (政府通用字庫) or GCCS was thus developed by the government. The character set consists of Chinese characters commonly used in Hong Kong. Some characters are Cantonese-specific, while some are alternative forms of characters. The set is not well-organised and the characters are not closely examined.Subsequently, the HKSCS-1999 (HKSCS 1999 specification) was developed. Following its acceptance, newer revisions were released in 2001 (adding 116 new characters) and in 2004 (adding 123 new characters), totalling 4,941 characters. 106 GCCS characters were removed in HKSCS-1999 as a result of unification, and their Big5 code points are reserved for compatibility.[2][3] Retired \"not verifiable\" GCCS characters are found in UTC Sources (UTC-00877–UTC-00898),[4] where they are sourced from Adobe-CNS1-1,[5] an Adobe-CNS1 supplement implemented to support GCCS.[6]The HKSCS is encoded in Big5 (Big5-HKSCS,[7] big5hk[8]) and ISO 10646 (Unicode). Starting from HKSCS-2004, all characters previously using the Private Use Area section of Unicode are remapped, with many of them reassigned to Extension B Block or Supplementary Ideographic Plane Compatibility Block.[9] However, to preserve compatibility with programs that generated PUA code points, the allocated code points are reserved, and no new characters will be mapped to PUA.Similarly to Hong Kong's situation, there are also characters that are needed by Macao but included in neither Big5 nor HKSCS, hence, the Macao Supplementary Character Set was developed, building on HKSCS with additional Unicode-mapped characters. The first batch of 121 MSCS characters were submitted for addition to or horizontal extension in Unicode (as appropriate) in 2009,[10] and the first final version of MSCS was established in 2020.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"CJK Unified Ideographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irgn2430-11"}],"text":"The HKSCS has gone through a few iterations.[12]The last edition of HKSCS to encode all of its characters in Big5 was HKSCS-2008, while the characters added in HKSCS-2016 are mapped to Unicode only (as a CJK Unified Ideographs horizontal glyph extension where appropriate).[11]","title":"Versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Compatibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"code page 950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_950"},{"link_name":"code page 951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_951"},{"link_name":"Big5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp951-msblog-13"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"SimSun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimSun"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"PUA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Use_Area#Private_use_characters"},{"link_name":"MingLiU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MingLiU"},{"link_name":"Big5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"code page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"glibc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibc"},{"link_name":"freedesktop.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedesktop.org"},{"link_name":"Arphic Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arphic_Technology"},{"link_name":"Mac OS X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X"}],"sub_title":"Operating systems","text":"In Microsoft Windows 98, NT 4.0, 2000, XP, HKSCS support can be enabled using Microsoft's patch. In Microsoft's implementation, application using code page 950 automatically uses a hidden code page 951 table for the Big5 encoding of the HKSCS extensions. The table supports all code points in HKSCS-2001, except for the compatibility code points specified by the standard.[13] In addition, the MingLiU font is altered using Microsoft's patch. This patch is known to create conflicts in applications such as Microsoft Office, or any application using fonts supporting simplified Chinese characters (e.g.: SimSun). If the target environment contains custom font mapped to the code points affected by Microsoft's patch, the custom fonts can undo Microsoft's patch. Furthermore, the patch breaks EUDC Editor supplied with the affected versions of Windows.[14] Starting with Windows Vista, HKSCS-2004 characters are only supported as Unicode 4.1 or later.[15] All characters are assigned standard, non-PUA codepoints. The characters are displayed with the MingLiU font, and these characters can be entered via the keyboard. The patch that provides Big5 encoding of HKSCS is unsupported in Windows Vista and later. A utility provided by Microsoft is available to convert HKSCS and Unicode PUA-encoded characters to Unicode 4.1 version.[16] In 2010, Microsoft published a HKSCS-2004 patch for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003.[17] It replaces Windows XP version of MingLiu, PMingLiu, and MingLiu_HKSCS (if HKSCS-2001 patch was applied) with Windows 7 version of MingLiu, PMingLiu and MingLiu_HKSCS. In addition, MingLiU-ExtB, MingLiU_HKSCS-ExtB and PMingLiU-ExtB fonts will be added onto target system. However, IME is not updated as it was in the case of HKSCS-2001 patch, and the fonts are from pre-release of Windows 7. For earlier versions of the OS, HKSCS support requires the use of Microsoft's patch, or the Hong Kong government's Digital 21's utilities.IBM assigns CCSID 5471 to the HKSCS-2001 Big5 code page (with CPGID 1374 as CCSID 5470 as the double byte component),[18][19] CCSID 9567 to the HKSCS-2004 code page (with CPGID 1374 as CCSID 9566 as the double byte component),[20] and CCSID 13663 to the HKSCS-2008 code page (with CPGID 1374 as CCSID 13662 as the double byte component),[21] while CCSID 1375 (with CPGID 1374 as CCSID 1374 as its double byte component) is assigned to a growing HKSCS code page, currently equivalent to CCSID 13663.[22]HKSCS support was added to glibc in 2000, but it has not been updated since then. HKSCS-2004 support is handled as Unicode 4.1 and later. For freedesktop.org setup, AR PL ShanHeiSun Uni font fully supports HKSCS-2004 since 0.1-0.dot.1, with latest revision of HKSCS-2004 supported in version 0.1.20060903-1. Modern desktop distributions (e.g. Ubuntu) include Arphic Technology's HKSCS-compliant UKai and UMing fonts out of the box when Traditional Chinese Language support is selected during installation. They can also be installed manually at a later time.Mac OS X 10.0–10.2 supports HKSCS-1999. 10.3–10.4 supports HKSCS-2001. Some of the letters added to HKSCS-2004 is supported via Unicode PUA in OS X 10.4. Starting with OS X 10.5, all the HKSCS-2004 characters are supported via standard Unicode 4.1 code points.","title":"Compatibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mozilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"QT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(toolkit)"},{"link_name":"KDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"GNOME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"WHATWG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHATWG"},{"link_name":"HTML5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5"},{"link_name":"Big5 ETEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5#ETEN_extensions"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Firefox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox"}],"sub_title":"Applications and the Web","text":"Mozilla 1.5 and above supports HKSCS, with HKSCS-2004 support added into Gecko 1.8.1 code base.[23] Unlike the above-mentioned patch, Mozilla uses its own code page table. However, the fix for bug 343129 does not support characters mapped to code points above Basic Multilingual Plane.[24]QT 3.x-based applications (e.g.: KDE) only support characters mapped to code points FFFF or lower. In QT4, characters outside BMP are supported via surrogates. Big5-HKSCS Text Codec supports HKSCS-1999 back in Qt-2.3.x, but it was too late in Qt development schedule to be officially included in the Qt-2.3.x series, so it was officially supported in Qt-3.0.1. HKSCS-2001 support was added in Qt-3.0.5.[25]GNOME supports HKSCS characters in Unicode ranges, except those mapped to the Basic Multilingual Plane compatibility block. Patches to support characters mapped to above Basic Multilingual Plane was introduced during Pango 1.1.[26]The WHATWG Encoding Standard (used by HTML5) includes HKSCS in its definition of Big5 (used even with the plain Big5 label). However, only its decoder uses all HKSCS extensions, while its encoder explicitly excludes those with lead bytes below 0xA1 (thus excluding most of the HKSCS extensions but including, for example, those inherited from Big5 ETEN).[27] Newer browsers follow this standard, including Firefox.","title":"Compatibility"}]
[]
[{"title":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese"},{"title":"Written Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Cantonese"}]
[{"reference":"\"Big5CMP.txt\". Archived from the original on 13 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20160913171131/http://www.ogcio.gov.hk/en/business/tech_promotion/ccli/terms/doc/big5cmp.txt","url_text":"\"Big5CMP.txt\""},{"url":"http://www.ogcio.gov.hk/en/business/tech_promotion/ccli/terms/doc/big5cmp.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HKSCS-2004 Annex IV. Compatibility Points for GCCS\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160930012453/http://www.ogcio.gov.hk/en/business/tech_promotion/ccli/terms/doc/e_annex4_2004.pdf","url_text":"\"HKSCS-2004 Annex IV. Compatibility Points for GCCS\""},{"url":"http://www.ogcio.gov.hk/en/business/tech_promotion/ccli/terms/doc/e_annex4_2004.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Group:Big5-GCCS外字\". Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://glyphwiki.org/wiki/Group:Big5-GCCS%E5%A4%96%E5%AD%97","url_text":"\"Group:Big5-GCCS外字\""}]},{"reference":"\"U-source glyphs\" (PDF). Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/USourceGlyphs.pdf","url_text":"\"U-source glyphs\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Adobe-CNS1-6 Character Collection\" (PDF). Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/font/pdfs/5080.Adobe-CNS1-6.pdf","url_text":"\"The Adobe-CNS1-6 Character Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Character Sets\". IANA.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml","url_text":"\"Character Sets\""}]},{"reference":"\"SDK components\".","urls":[{"url":"http://infocenter.sybase.com/help/topic/com.sybase.infocenter.dc34789.1550/html/ocsinunx/CIHEBHFB.htm","url_text":"\"SDK components\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big5-HKSCS:2004\".","urls":[{"url":"http://moztw.org/docs/big5/table/hkscs2004.txt","url_text":"\"Big5-HKSCS:2004\""}]},{"reference":"Computer Chinese Characters Encoding Workgroup (12 June 2009). \"Submission of Characters from Macao Information Systems Character Set\" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 IRGN 1580. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150104014324/http://appsrv.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~irg/irg/irg32/IRGN1580MacaoCharsFromMISCS.pdf","url_text":"\"Submission of Characters from Macao Information Systems Character Set\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_2","url_text":"ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideographic_Research_Group","url_text":"IRGN"},{"url":"http://appsrv.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~irg/irg/irg32/IRGN1580MacaoCharsFromMISCS.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Macao Special Administrative Region Government (11 June 2020). \"Submission of Macao's Vertical Extension (UNC Characters), Horizontal Extension, and IVSes Registration for MSCS\" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 IRGN 2430.","urls":[{"url":"https://appsrv.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~irg/irg/irg53/IRGN2430.pdf","url_text":"\"Submission of Macao's Vertical Extension (UNC Characters), Horizontal Extension, and IVSes Registration for MSCS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_2","url_text":"ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideographic_Research_Group","url_text":"IRGN"}]},{"reference":"\"OGCIO - Development of HKSCS\". Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170822054528/https://www.ogcio.gov.hk/en/business/tech_promotion/ccli/hkscs/development.htm","url_text":"\"OGCIO - Development of HKSCS\""},{"url":"https://www.ogcio.gov.hk/en/business/tech_promotion/ccli/hkscs/development.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Steele, Shawn. \"CP 951 & HKSCS\". I'm not a Klingon. MS Dev Blog. Retrieved 13 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/shawnste/2007/03/12/cp-951-hkscs/","url_text":"\"CP 951 & HKSCS\""}]},{"reference":"\"CCSID 5471: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2001\". IBM Globalization - Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129233053/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid5471.html","url_text":"\"CCSID 5471: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM","url_text":"IBM"},{"url":"http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid5471.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-5471_P100-2006.ucm, 9 May 2007","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/master/icu4c/source/data/mappings/ibm-5471_P100-2006.ucm","url_text":"International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-5471_P100-2006.ucm"}]},{"reference":"\"CCSID 9567: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2004\". IBM Globalization - Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129212819/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid9567.html","url_text":"\"CCSID 9567: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2004\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM","url_text":"IBM"},{"url":"http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid9567.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CCSID 13663: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2008\". IBM Globalization - Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129213320/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid13663.html","url_text":"\"CCSID 13663: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2008\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM","url_text":"IBM"},{"url":"http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid13663.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CCSID 1375: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS\". IBM Globalization - Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129231410/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid1375.html","url_text":"\"CCSID 1375: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM","url_text":"IBM"},{"url":"http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid1375.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Qt 4.7: Big5-HKSCS Text Codec\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185145/http://doc.qt.nokia.com/latest/codec-big5hkscs.html","url_text":"\"Qt 4.7: Big5-HKSCS Text Codec\""},{"url":"http://doc.qt.nokia.com/latest/codec-big5hkscs.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"van Kesteren, Anne. \"Encoding Standard\". WHATWG.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren","url_text":"van Kesteren, Anne"},{"url":"https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/","url_text":"\"Encoding Standard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHATWG","url_text":"WHATWG"}]}]
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Compatibility Points for GCCS\""},{"Link":"http://www.ogcio.gov.hk/en/business/tech_promotion/ccli/terms/doc/e_annex4_2004.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://glyphwiki.org/wiki/Group:Big5-GCCS%E5%A4%96%E5%AD%97","external_links_name":"\"Group:Big5-GCCS外字\""},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/USourceGlyphs.pdf","external_links_name":"\"U-source glyphs\""},{"Link":"https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/font/pdfs/5080.Adobe-CNS1-6.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Adobe-CNS1-6 Character Collection\""},{"Link":"https://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml","external_links_name":"\"Character Sets\""},{"Link":"http://infocenter.sybase.com/help/topic/com.sybase.infocenter.dc34789.1550/html/ocsinunx/CIHEBHFB.htm","external_links_name":"\"SDK components\""},{"Link":"http://moztw.org/docs/big5/table/hkscs2004.txt","external_links_name":"\"Big5-HKSCS:2004\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150104014324/http://appsrv.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~irg/irg/irg32/IRGN1580MacaoCharsFromMISCS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Submission of Characters from Macao Information Systems Character Set\""},{"Link":"http://appsrv.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~irg/irg/irg32/IRGN1580MacaoCharsFromMISCS.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://appsrv.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~irg/irg/irg53/IRGN2430.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Submission of Macao's Vertical Extension (UNC Characters), Horizontal Extension, and IVSes Registration for MSCS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170822054528/https://www.ogcio.gov.hk/en/business/tech_promotion/ccli/hkscs/development.htm","external_links_name":"\"OGCIO - Development of HKSCS\""},{"Link":"https://www.ogcio.gov.hk/en/business/tech_promotion/ccli/hkscs/development.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/shawnste/2007/03/12/cp-951-hkscs/","external_links_name":"\"CP 951 & HKSCS\""},{"Link":"http://www.cccl.com.hk/ccclnew/cccllee/cccllee18.html","external_links_name":"華通資訊網: 小心！有人悄悄換掉了你的Windows系統字型"},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/hk/hkscs/","external_links_name":"Microsoft: Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set – Support for Windows Platform"},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=0e6f5ac8-7baa-4571-b8e8-78b3b776afd7&DisplayLang=en","external_links_name":"Microsoft Character Code Conversion Routines For HKSCS-2004"},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?id=10109","external_links_name":"Windows XP Font Pack for ISO 10646:2003 + Amendment 1 Traditional Chinese Support"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129233053/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid5471.html","external_links_name":"\"CCSID 5471: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2001\""},{"Link":"http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid5471.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/master/icu4c/source/data/mappings/ibm-5471_P100-2006.ucm","external_links_name":"International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-5471_P100-2006.ucm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129212819/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid9567.html","external_links_name":"\"CCSID 9567: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2004\""},{"Link":"http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid9567.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129213320/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid13663.html","external_links_name":"\"CCSID 13663: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS-2008\""},{"Link":"http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid13663.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129231410/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid1375.html","external_links_name":"\"CCSID 1375: Mixed Big-5 ext for HKSCS\""},{"Link":"http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid1375.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=343129","external_links_name":"Mozilla.org: Bug 343129 – Big5-HKSCS 2004 <==> Unicode Table Update"},{"Link":"https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=162431","external_links_name":"Bug 162431 – add non-BMP Unicode (plane 1 and above. surrogate) support to charset encoder/decoder"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185145/http://doc.qt.nokia.com/latest/codec-big5hkscs.html","external_links_name":"\"Qt 4.7: Big5-HKSCS Text Codec\""},{"Link":"http://doc.qt.nokia.com/latest/codec-big5hkscs.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=101081","external_links_name":"Bug 101081 – Non-BMP (plane 1 thru plane 16) characters are not supported"},{"Link":"https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/","external_links_name":"\"Encoding Standard\""},{"Link":"http://www.ogcio.gov.hk/en/business/tech_promotion/ccli/hkscs/","external_links_name":"Hong Kong Government site on the HKSCS"},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/hk/hkscs/","external_links_name":"Microsoft HKSCS Support for Windows Platform"},{"Link":"http://glyph.iso10646hk.net/chinese/download_001.jsp","external_links_name":"香港參考宋體"},{"Link":"http://demo.icu-project.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=Big5-HKSCS","external_links_name":"Graphical View of Big5-HKSCS in ICU's Converter Explorer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050405003036/http://cerg1.ugc.edu.hk/cergprod/static/download_font.jsp","external_links_name":"A character set that works on Mac OS X"},{"Link":"http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/CJKUnifonts","external_links_name":"UMing/UKai – A free, open-source font supporting HKSCS"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060625230327/http://freefonts.oaka.org/","external_links_name":"Open Source Hong Kong Fonts Project"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linanthus_killipii
Linanthus killipii
["1 Distribution","2 Description","3 Conservation","4 References","5 External links"]
Species of flowering plant Linanthus killipii Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Ericales Family: Polemoniaceae Genus: Linanthus Species: L. killipii Binomial name Linanthus killipiiH.Mason Linanthus killipii, known by the common name Baldwin Lake linanthus, is a rare species of flowering plant in the phlox family. Distribution The plant is endemic to the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, where it is known from only a few occurrences in the vicinity of Baldwin Lake, a natural intermittent alkali lake near to the east of Big Bear Lake reservoir. It grows at elevations of 1,700–2,400 metres (5,600–7,900 ft). The wildflower is a member of the flora in the rare quartz pebble plain habitat type on the north side of the lake, and of open meadows in the adjacent montane chaparral, pinyon-juniper woodland, and red fir forest habitats. The diversity of Big Bear Valley Pebble Plains species has been compared to that of coral reefs, and include 17 protected plant species and four rare kinds of butterflies KBHR radio: "Pebble Plain Habitat… Only in Big Bear" Description Linanthus killipii is a small annual herb producing a hairy stem from 5–15 centimetres (2.0–5.9 in) tall. The leaves are divided into needle-like linear lobes each up to 1 centimetre (0.39 in) in length. The inflorescence is an array of a few tiny flowers, each funnel-shaped with white lobes marked with purple at the bases and joined at a yellow throat. The bloom period is May and June. Conservation The pebble plain population is within the Baldwin Lake Ecological Reserve Other populations are threatened by development and vehicles. It is a listed Endangered species on the California Native Plant Society Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants. References ^ a b c d Jepson eFlora (TJM2): Linanthus killipii ^ a b c Calflora Database: Linanthus killipii ^ a b c Calflora.net Blog: "Pebble Plains at Baldwin Lake Ecological Reserve" (with photo gallery), by Michael L. Charters, April 2012. ^ California Native Plant Society, Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants (online edition, v8-02): Leptosiphon acicularis . accessed 1 April 2016. External links Calflora Database: Linanthus killipii (Baldwin Lake linanthus) Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Linanthus killipii UC CalPhotos gallery of Linanthus killipii Taxon identifiersLinanthus killipii Wikidata: Q6550254 Calflora: 4871 CoL: 72F3M CNPS: 988 EoL: 580656 GBIF: 2927889 GRIN: 467975 iNaturalist: 77771 IPNI: 140433-2 IRMNG: 10207361 ITIS: 31257 NatureServe: 2.149949 NCBI: 64426 Open Tree of Life: 265725 Plant List: tro-25800285 PLANTS: LIKI POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:140433-2 Tropicos: 25800285 WFO: wfo-0001099676 This Polemoniaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phlox family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemoniaceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jepson-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calfloradatabase-2"}],"text":"Linanthus killipii, known by the common name Baldwin Lake linanthus, is a rare species of flowering plant in the phlox family.[1][2]","title":"Linanthus killipii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Mountains"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Baldwin Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Lake_(San_Bernardino_County,_California)"},{"link_name":"Big Bear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bear_Lake"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calfloradatabase-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jepson-1"},{"link_name":"quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz"},{"link_name":"chaparral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral"},{"link_name":"pinyon-juniper woodland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyon-juniper_woodland"},{"link_name":"red fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fir"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calfloradatabase-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calfloranet-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calfloranet-3"},{"link_name":"KBHR radio: \"Pebble Plain Habitat… Only in Big Bear\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kbhr933.com/current-news/pebble-plain-habitat-big-bear/"}],"text":"The plant is endemic to the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, where it is known from only a few occurrences in the vicinity of Baldwin Lake, a natural intermittent alkali lake near to the east of Big Bear Lake reservoir.[2] It grows at elevations of 1,700–2,400 metres (5,600–7,900 ft).[1]The wildflower is a member of the flora in the rare quartz pebble plain habitat type on the north side of the lake, and of open meadows in the adjacent montane chaparral, pinyon-juniper woodland, and red fir forest habitats.[2][3] The diversity of Big Bear Valley Pebble Plains species has been compared to that of coral reefs, and include 17 protected plant species and four rare kinds of butterflies [3] KBHR radio: \"Pebble Plain Habitat… Only in Big Bear\"","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jepson-1"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jepson-1"}],"text":"Linanthus killipii is a small annual herb producing a hairy stem from 5–15 centimetres (2.0–5.9 in) tall. The leaves are divided into needle-like linear lobes each up to 1 centimetre (0.39 in) in length.[1]The inflorescence is an array of a few tiny flowers, each funnel-shaped with white lobes marked with purple at the bases and joined at a yellow throat. The bloom period is May and June.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calfloranet-3"},{"link_name":"Endangered species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species"},{"link_name":"California Native Plant Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Native_Plant_Society"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The pebble plain population is within the Baldwin Lake Ecological Reserve [3] Other populations are threatened by development and vehicles. It is a listed Endangered species on the California Native Plant Society Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants.[4]","title":"Conservation"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofiane_Feghouli
Sofiane Feghouli
["1 Personal life","2 Club career","2.1 Grenoble","2.2 Valencia","2.3 West Ham United","2.4 Galatasaray","2.5 Fatih Karagümrük","3 International career","3.1 France","3.2 Algeria","4 Career statistics","4.1 Club","4.2 International","5 Honours","6 References","7 External links"]
Algerian footballer (born 1989) Sofiane Feghouli Feghouli playing for Algeria in 2014Personal informationFull name Sofiane FeghouliDate of birth (1989-12-26) 26 December 1989 (age 34)Place of birth Levallois-Perret, FranceHeight 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) Attacking midfielderTeam informationCurrent team Fatih KaragümrükNumber 8Youth career1998–2003 Red Star Paris2003–2004 Paris FC2004–2007 GrenobleSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2007–2010 Grenoble 60 (3)2010–2016 Valencia 146 (20)2011 → Almería (loan) 9 (2)2016–2017 West Ham United 21 (3)2017–2022 Galatasaray 125 (25)2023– Fatih Karagümrük 30 (0)International career‡2006–2007 France U18 2 (0)2008–2010 France U21 3 (0)2012– Algeria 81 (19) Medal record Men's football Representing  Algeria Africa Cup of Nations Winner 2019 Egypt *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 7 March 2024‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 9 January 2024 Sofiane Feghouli (Arabic: سفيان فيغولي; born 26 December 1989) is a French-born professional footballer who plays for Turkish Süper Lig club Fatih Karagümrük and the Algeria national team. He mainly operates as a midfielder, but can also play as a winger and as an attacking midfielder. Feghouli made his senior international debut for Algeria in February 2012. He represented Algeria at the 2013, 2015, 2019 and 2021 Africa Cup of Nations (winning the 2019 tournament), as well as the 2014 FIFA World Cup, where he scored Algeria's first goal in the competition since 1986. Personal life Feghouli was born in Levallois-Perret to Algerian parents. His father is from Tiaret, while his mother is from Ghazaouet. He has 4 brothers. Club career Grenoble Feghouli began his career with Grenoble, after French team Paris Saint-Germain decided not to sign him after a trial. For the latter portion of the 2006–2007 season, he was promoted to the first-team squad and given the number 33 shirt. He made his highly anticipated debut, at the age of 17, for the club on 27 April 2007 in a Ligue 2 match against Reims, appearing as a substitute. Grenoble won the match 1–0. He made two more appearances that season, including his first start on the final match day of the season against Montpellier on 25 May 2007. Montpellier won the match 1–0 with Feghouli playing 56 minutes before being subbed out. On 31 May 2007, he signed his first professional contract with Grenoble, keeping him with the side until 2010. The following season, he was handed the number 8 shirt and, despite being 17 years of age, was given a more important role in the first-team squad. Despite having the pressure of being labelled the "new Zidane", his contribution to the squad was successful, appearing in 27 matches and scoring three goals, helping Grenoble achieve promotion to Ligue 1. His first career goal came on 18 January 2008 in a 4–3 away victory against Reims, the club he faced on his debut. Feghouli returned for the 2009–10 season, making his debut on 29 August 2009 in a 1–0 defeat to Rhône-Alpes rivals Saint-Étienne. After appearing in five more matches, it was discovered by Grenoble officials that Feghouli had torn the meniscus in his right knee. The knee was successfully operated on in October. Following the surgery, Grenoble officials, most notably CEO Pierre Wantiez, were extremely critical of the player. Wantiez questioned Feghouli's long delay in returning to the team and the player's motives regarding a transfer as Feghouli would be out of contract in the summer and was already talking to several clubs, most notably Spanish club Valencia. Wantiez attributed Feghouli's recent moves to "bad advice" from the player's agent. Valencia Feghouli playing for Valencia CF in 2015 On 20 May 2010, Feghouli signed a four-year deal with Valencia CF. He made his La Liga debut on 25 September, replacing Juan Mata in a 2–0 win against Sporting de Gijón. On 28 January 2011, after appearing sparingly for the Valencian side, Feghouli was loaned to fellow league team UD Almería, until June. He appeared regularly for the Andalusians, however they were relegated at the end of the season. After returning from Almería, and profiting from Mata and Vicente's departures, Feghouli became a starter, and scored his first goals for Los Che on 29 October 2011, netting a brace in a 3–1 home win against Getafe CF. His performances for Valencia in 2012 earned him two Algerian player of the year awards, Le Buteur's Algerian Ballon d'Or and the DZFoot d'Or. On 11 April 2016, Feghouli was suspended by the club amid reports he refused to take part in a warm-down after the 2–1 home win over Sevilla the day before. He had also reportedly missed training a few days earlier. He ended his Valencia career with 202 appearances, scoring 31 times and providing 40 assists. West Ham United Feghouli with West Ham United in 2017 On 14 June 2016, it was announced that Feghouli would be joining West Ham United on 1 July 2016 on a three-year contract. He made his West Ham debut on 28 July in a 2–1 away defeat to NK Domžale in the Third Qualifying Round of the Europa League. He scored his first competitive goal for West Ham the following week in the return fixture against Domžale, West Ham's first game at the London Stadium in which West Ham won 3–0, progressing to the UEFA Europa League play-offs. Feghouli made his first Premier League start in West Ham's first game of 2017, receiving a harsh red card after 15 minutes for a challenge on Manchester United defender Phil Jones in a 2–0 home defeat. After an appeal against the card by West Ham, it was rescinded on 4 January. Galatasaray In August 2017, Feghouli signed a five-year contract with Galatasaray. Galatasaray paid West Ham a €4.25 million transfer fee. Fatih Karagümrük On 30 November 2022, Feghouli joined Fatih Karagümrük on a one-and-a-half-year contract. He only became available for the team's official matches starting January 2023. International career France Feghouli was eligible for both Algeria and France. Feghouli had stated his preference was to play for France and appeared in several France youth squads. On 12 November 2008, national team manager Raymond Domenech shortlisted the player for his pre-selection squad ahead of a friendly against Uruguay. Despite this, Algeria national team manager Rabah Saadane contacted Feghouli by telephone in an attempt to get the player to play for Algeria in the team's 19 November friendly against Mali. Team captain Yazid Mansouri also contacted the player. Algeria On 25 May 2011, it was reported that, whilst on loan at Almeria, Feghouli met with the President of the Algerian Football Federation Mohamed Raouraoua. Feghouli agreed to play for Algeria and was Invited to a training camp being held in Spain for the match against Morocco. He was unable to attend the session, but was touched by the gesture, agreeing to be available for the Tanzania match instead. On 23 October 2011, the Algerian Football Federation announced that FIFA officially accepted Feghouli's request to switch allegiances from France to Algeria, and that he was eligible to represent Algeria in international competition as of that date. Two days later, on 25 October, Feghouli was called up by Algeria coach Vahid Halilhodžić for a pair of friendlies against Tunisia and Cameroon in November. On 29 February 2012, Feghouli made his debut for the Algerian national team in a 2–1 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying win against Gambia, scoring the winning goal. During qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, he scored three goals in seven appearances for Les Fennecs. In the team's opening match of the 2014 World Cup, a 2–1 defeat to Belgium in Belo Horizonte, Feghouli scored with a penalty kick – Algeria's first World Cup goal in 28 years. He was surprisingly omitted from the 2017 African Cup Of Nations squad. In December 2023, he was named in Algeria's squad for the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations. Career statistics Club As of match played 23 January 2022 Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League National Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Grenoble 2006–07 Ligue 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 — — 3 0 2007–08 26 3 1 0 0 0 — — 27 3 2008–09 26 0 2 0 0 0 — — 28 0 2009–10 Ligue 1 5 0 0 0 1 0 — — 6 0 Total 60 3 3 0 1 0 — — 64 3 Valencia 2010–11 La Liga 3 0 1 1 — 1 0 — 5 1 2011–12 30 6 6 0 — 13 0 — 49 6 2012–13 27 3 2 0 — 8 3 — 37 6 2013–14 32 4 3 0 — 10 3 — 45 7 2014–15 33 6 0 0 — — — 33 6 2015–16 21 1 2 0 — 10 4 — 33 5 Total 146 20 14 1 — 42 10 — 202 31 Almería (loan) 2010–11 La Liga 9 2 1 0 — — — 10 2 West Ham United 2016–17 Premier League 21 3 1 0 3 0 2 1 — 27 4 Galatasaray 2017–18 Süper Lig 27 6 4 1 — 0 0 — 31 7 2018–19 29 9 5 3 — 5 1 1 0 40 13 2019–20 27 6 3 1 — 5 0 1 0 36 7 2020–21 22 2 0 0 — 3 0 — 25 2 2021–22 16 2 0 0 — 8 3 — 24 5 Total 121 25 12 5 — 21 4 2 0 156 34 Career total 357 53 31 6 4 0 66 15 2 0 458 74 ^ a b c Appearance(s) in UEFA Champions League ^ Seven appearances in UEFA Champions League, six appearances in UEFA Europa League ^ a b c Appearance(s) in UEFA Europa League ^ Seven appearances and three goals in UEFA Champions League, three appearances and one goal in UEFA Europa League ^ Three appearances and one goal in UEFA Champions League, two appearances in UEFA Europa League ^ a b Appearance in Turkish Super Cup ^ One appearance in UEFA Champions League, seven appearances and three goals in UEFA Europa League International As of match played 25 March 2022 Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Algeria 2012 8 2 2013 9 3 2014 12 2 2015 8 2 2016 5 2 2017 3 0 2018 4 0 2019 13 1 2020 3 1 2021 8 6 2022 3 0 Total 76 19 Scores and results list Algeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Feghouli goal. List of international goals scored by Sofiane Feghouli No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 29 February 2012 Independence Stadium, Bakau, Gambia  Gambia 2–1 2–1 2013 Africa Cup of Nations qualification 2 2 June 2012 Mustapha Tchaker Stadium, Blida, Algeria  Rwanda 1–0 4–0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 3 30 January 2013 Royal Bafokeng Stadium, Phokeng, South Africa  Ivory Coast 1–0 2–2 2013 Africa Cup of Nations 4 23 March 2013 Mustapha Tchaker Stadium, Blida, Algeria  Benin 1–0 3–1 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 5 12 October 2013 Stade du 4 Août, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso  Burkina Faso 1–1 2–3 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 6 7 June 2014 Estádio Mineirão, Belo Horizante, Brazil  Belgium 1–0 1–2 2014 FIFA World Cup 7 15 November 2014 Mustapha Tchaker Stadium, Blida, Algeria  Ethiopia 1–1 3–1 2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualification 8 30 March 2015 Suheim Bin Hamad Stadium, Doha, Qatar  Oman 2–0 4–1 Friendly 9 3–0 10 25 March 2016 Mustapha Tchaker Stadium, Blida, Algeria  Ethiopia 1–0 7–1 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification 11 3–0 12 11 July 2019 Suez Stadium, Suez, Egypt  Ivory Coast 1–0 1–1 (a.e.t.) 2019 Africa Cup of Nations 13 12 November 2020 Stade du 5 Juillet, Algiers, Algeria  Zimbabwe 2–0 3–1 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualification 14 29 March 2021 Mustapha Tchaker Stadium, Blida, Algeria  Botswana 2–0 5–0 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualification 15 3 June 2021 Mustapha Tchaker Stadium, Blida, Algeria  Mauritania 1–0 4–1 Friendly 16 2–1 17 7 September 2021 Stade de Marrakech, Marrakesh, Morocco  Burkina Faso 1–0 1–1 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification 18 12 November 2021 Cairo International Stadium, Cairo, Egypt  Djibouti 3–0 4–0 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification 19 16 November 2021 Mustapha Tchaker Stadium, Blida, Algeria  Burkina Faso 2–1 2–2 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification Honours Galatasaray Süper Lig: 2017–18, 2018–19 Turkish Cup: 2018–19 Turkish Super Cup: 2019 Algeria Africa Cup of Nations: 2019 Individual LFP Awards Best African player: 2014–15 DZFoot d'Or: 2012 Algerian Footballer of the Year: 2012 References ^ "Acta del Partido celebrado el 10 de abril de 2016, en Valencia" (in Spanish). Royal Spanish Football Federation. Retrieved 16 June 2019. ^ "Sofiane Feghouli". Eurosport. ^ "Exclusif : Sofiane Feghouli". Le Buteur. Nacym Djender. 5 November 2011. ^ "Spirited Feghouli rewards Grenoble belief". UEFA.com. 26 September 2008. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2016. ^ "Stade de Reims vs. Grenoble". ESPN. 27 April 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2016. ^ "Montpellier — Grenoble 1–0". Racingstub.com. 25 May 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2016. ^ "Grenoble : Feghouli signe pro". 31 May 2007. Archived from the original on 20 September 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2016. ^ "I'm the 'new Zidane'... No I am!". Unprofessional Foul. 3 October 2008. ^ "Reims v. Grenoble Match Report". 18 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 April 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2016. ^ L'imbroglio Feghouli Archived 6 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Sofiane Feghouli et son "prétendu agent" dans le collimateur" (in French). Gentside Sport. 4 February 2010. ^ El Valencia ficha al francés Sofiane Feghouli para los próximos cuatro años (Valencia signs French Sofiane Feghouli for the next four years); Diario AS, 20 May 2010 (in Spanish) ^ El Valencia se gusta (Valencia likes it); Marca, 25 September 2010 (in Spanish) ^ Feghouli se va cedido al Almería hasta final de temporada (Feghouli goes on loan to Almería until the end of the season); Marca, 28 January 2011 (in Spanish) ^ "The Spanish Weekend Review – Episode 35: Relegation Battle Gets Interesting". TheHardTackle.com. 9 May 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2016. ^ Y de repente, Feghouli (And suddenly, Feghouli); Marca, 29 October 2011 (in Spanish) ^ GM (18 December 2012). "Feghouli Ballon d'or algérien" (in French). So Foot. Retrieved 26 December 2012. ^ Ait-Ouaret, Nabil (25 December 2012). "DZFOOT D'OR 2012 : Sofiane Feghouli élu meilleur joueur algérien par les internautes" (in French). DZFoot. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012. ^ "Algerian Sofiane Feghouli suspended by Valencia". BBC Sport. 11 April 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016. ^ "Premier League transfers: Lowdown on summer signings". BBC Sport. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016. ^ "Hammers catch winger Feghouli". West Ham United F.C. 14 June 2016. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ "Nk Domzale 2-1 West Ham". BBC Sport. Retrieved 29 July 2016. ^ Steinberg, Jacob (4 August 2016). "Cheikhou Kouyaté sets West Ham's Olympic record in win over Domzale". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 September 2020. ^ "West Ham 0-2 Manchester United". BBC Sport. ^ "Sofiane Feghouli: West Ham midfielder's red card rescinded". BBC Sport. 4 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ "Feghouli Galatasaray'da". www.galatasaray.org. Retrieved 14 August 2017. ^ "VavaCars Fatih Karagümrük, Sofiane Feghouli'yi duyurdu!". Retrieved 12 January 2023. ^ a b "Sofiane Feghouli joue sur tous les tableaux". L'Oranaise. 19 November 2008. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2016. ^ "Equipe de France. Douchez comme Carrasso". La Dépêche du Midi (in French). 12 November 2008. ^ "Au cours d'une rencontre avec Raouraoua à Paris : Feghouli dit oui à l'Algérie". Archived from the original on 13 June 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012. ^ Qualification du joueur FEGHOULI Sofiane Archived 25 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine; FAF.dz, 23 October 2011. ^ Feghouli qualifié pour jouer avec l’Algérie Archived 24 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine; DZFoot.com, 23 October 2011. ^ EN : 31 joueurs pour le stage de Novembre; DZFoot.com, 25 October 2011. ^ a b "Sofiane FEGHOULI". FIFA. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014. ^ Grohmann, Karolos (17 June 2014). "Algeria end 28-year wait for World Cup goal". Reuters. Retrieved 17 June 2014. ^ "Soccer-Feghouli surprise omission from Algeria Nations Cup squad". Retrieved 31 December 2016. ^ "CAN 2024 : L'Algérie Dévoile sa Liste Officielle – Qui Sont les Fennecs Prêts à Conquérir l'Afrique ?" (in French). Algérie-Focus. 30 December 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2024. ^ Sofiane Feghouli at Soccerway. Retrieved 11 October 2017. ^ "Sofiane Feghouli" (in French). L'Équipe. Retrieved 11 October 2017. ^ a b "Feghouli, Sofiane". National Football Teams. Retrieved 21 August 2015. ^ a b "TFF Galatasaray Roster" (in Turkish). TFF.org. Retrieved 20 May 2019. ^ "57. Ziraat Türkiye Kupası Galatasaray'ın" (in Turkish). TFF.org. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019. ^ "Algeria hold on against Senegal to win Afcon". BBC Sport. 19 July 2019. ^ "Algerian Feghouli named best African player in Spain". BBC Sport. 1 December 2015. ^ "Feghouli :"Le Hollandais volant en guest star à la cérémonie du Ballon d'Or"". lebuteur.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sofiane Feghouli. Valencia official profile La Liga profile Sofiane Feghouli at BDFutbol Sofiane Feghouli – French league stats at LFP – also available in French (archived) Sofiane Feghouli at L'Équipe Football (in French) Ciberche stats and bio (in Spanish) Sofiane Feghouli at Soccerbase vteFatih Karagümrük S.K. – current squad 1 Dituro 3 Veseli 4 Biraschi 6 Rohdén 7 Keles 8 Feghouli 9 Eysseric 10 Yalçın 11 Darri 11 Mor 13 Bekleviç 15 Lasagna 18 Mercan 20 Mendes 21 Kourbelis 22 Tintiş 23 Bilgin 25 Günter 26 Ceccherini 30 Sangaré 31 Sirigu 37 Mızrakcı 54 Sal. Dursun 77 Ugur 91 Bertolacci 97 Paoletti 99 Teklić Ersoy Marcão Head coach: Arveladze Algeria squads vteAlgeria squad – 2013 Africa Cup of Nations 1 Doukha 2 Mostefa 3 Cadamuro 4 Belkalem 5 Halliche 6 Mesbah 7 Boudebouz 8 Lacen 9 Slimani 10 Feghouli 11 Bouazza 12 Medjani 13 Aoudia 14 Kadir 15 Soudani 16 Si Mohamed 17 Guedioura 18 Lemmouchia 19 Bezzaz 20 Tedjar 21 Ghoulam 22 Rial 23 M'Bolhi Coach: Halilhodžić vteAlgeria squad – 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Si Mohamed 2 Bougherra (c) 3 Ghoulam 4 Belkalem 5 Halliche 6 Mesbah 7 Yebda 8 Lacen 9 Ghilas 10 Feghouli 11 Brahimi 12 Medjani 13 Slimani 14 Bentaleb 15 Soudani 16 Zemmamouche 17 Cadamuro 18 Djabou 19 Taïder 20 Mandi 21 Mahrez 22 Mostefa 23 M'Bolhi Coach: Halilhodžić vteAlgeria squad – 2015 Africa Cup of Nations 1 Doukha 2 Bougherra (c) 3 Ghoulam 4 Cadamuro 5 Halliche 6 Mesbah 7 Mahrez 8 Lacen 9 Belfodil 10 Feghouli 11 Brahimi 12 Medjani 13 Slimani 14 Bentaleb 15 Soudani 16 Si Mohamed 17 Kadir 18 Djabou 19 Taïder 20 Mandi 21 Kashi 22 Zeffane 23 M'Bolhi Coach: Gourcuff vteAlgeria squad – 2019 Africa Cup of Nations winners (2nd title) 1 Doukha 2 Mandi 3 Tahrat 4 Benlamri 5 Halliche 6 Farès 7 Mahrez (c) 8 Belaïli 9 Bounedjah 10 Feghouli 11 Brahimi 12 Ounas 13 Slimani 14 Boudaoui 15 Delort 16 Oukidja 17 Guedioura 18 Zeffane 19 Abeid 20 Atal 21 Bensebaini 22 Bennacer 23 M'Bolhi Coach: Belmadi vteAlgeria squad – 2021 Africa Cup of Nations 1 Zeghba 2 Mandi 3 Tahrat 4 Benlamri 5 Tougai 6 Zerrouki 7 Mahrez (c) 8 Belaïli 9 Bounedjah 10 Feghouli 11 Brahimi 12 Belkebla 13 Slimani 14 Bendebka 15 Boulaya 16 Oukidja 17 Bedrane 18 Ounas 19 Zorgane 20 Atal 21 Bensebaini 22 Bennacer 23 M'Bolhi 24 Chetti 25 Benayada 26 Amoura 27 Benrahma 28 Halaïmia Coach: Belmadi vteAlgeria squad – 2023 Africa Cup of Nations 1 Zeghba 2 Mandi 3 Van Den Kerkhof 4 Tougai 5 Touba 6 Zerrouki 7 Mahrez (c) 8 Belaïli 9 Bounedjah 10 Feghouli 11 Aouar 12 Ounas 13 Slimani 14 Boudaoui 15 Aït-Nouri 16 Mandrea 17 Chaïbi 18 Amoura 19 Bentaleb 20 Atal 21 Bensebaini 22 Bennacer 23 M'Bolhi 24 Belaïd 25 Larouci 26 Benbot Coach: Belmadi vteAlgerian Footballer of the Year 2001: Belmadi 2002: Benarbia 2003: Ammour 2004: Saïb 2005: Dziri 2006: Ziani 2007: Ziani 2008: Saïfi 2009: Bougherra 2010: Bougherra 2011: Boudebouz 2012: Feghouli 2013: Slimani 2014: Brahimi 2015: Mahrez 2016: Mahrez 2017: Ghoulam 2018: Bounedjah Football in Africa portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Turkish Süper Lig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig"},{"link_name":"Fatih Karagümrük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatih_Karag%C3%BCmr%C3%BCk_S.K."},{"link_name":"Algeria national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winger_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"attacking midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"2021 Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"2014 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup"}],"text":"Sofiane Feghouli (Arabic: سفيان فيغولي; born 26 December 1989) is a French-born professional footballer who plays for Turkish Süper Lig club Fatih Karagümrük and the Algeria national team. He mainly operates as a midfielder, but can also play as a winger and as an attacking midfielder.Feghouli made his senior international debut for Algeria in February 2012. He represented Algeria at the 2013, 2015, 2019 and 2021 Africa Cup of Nations (winning the 2019 tournament), as well as the 2014 FIFA World Cup, where he scored Algeria's first goal in the competition since 1986.","title":"Sofiane Feghouli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levallois-Perret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levallois-Perret"},{"link_name":"Algerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Tiaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiaret"},{"link_name":"Ghazaouet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazaouet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Feghouli was born in Levallois-Perret to Algerian parents. His father is from Tiaret, while his mother is from Ghazaouet. He has 4 brothers.[3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble_Foot_38"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2006–2007 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_Reims"},{"link_name":"substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier_HSC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"Zidane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2009–10 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Rhône-Alpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes"},{"link_name":"Saint-Étienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Saint-%C3%89tienne"},{"link_name":"meniscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Grenoble","text":"Feghouli began his career with Grenoble, after French team Paris Saint-Germain decided not to sign him after a trial.[4] For the latter portion of the 2006–2007 season, he was promoted to the first-team squad and given the number 33 shirt. He made his highly anticipated debut, at the age of 17, for the club on 27 April 2007 in a Ligue 2 match against Reims, appearing as a substitute. Grenoble won the match 1–0.[5] He made two more appearances that season, including his first start on the final match day of the season against Montpellier on 25 May 2007. Montpellier won the match 1–0 with Feghouli playing 56 minutes before being subbed out.[6] On 31 May 2007, he signed his first professional contract with Grenoble, keeping him with the side until 2010.[7]The following season, he was handed the number 8 shirt and, despite being 17 years of age, was given a more important role in the first-team squad. Despite having the pressure of being labelled the \"new Zidane\",[8] his contribution to the squad was successful, appearing in 27 matches and scoring three goals, helping Grenoble achieve promotion to Ligue 1. His first career goal came on 18 January 2008 in a 4–3 away victory against Reims, the club he faced on his debut.[9]Feghouli returned for the 2009–10 season, making his debut on 29 August 2009 in a 1–0 defeat to Rhône-Alpes rivals Saint-Étienne. After appearing in five more matches, it was discovered by Grenoble officials that Feghouli had torn the meniscus in his right knee. The knee was successfully operated on in October. Following the surgery, Grenoble officials, most notably CEO Pierre Wantiez, were extremely critical of the player. Wantiez questioned Feghouli's long delay in returning to the team and the player's motives regarding a transfer as Feghouli would be out of contract in the summer and was already talking to several clubs, most notably Spanish club Valencia.[10] Wantiez attributed Feghouli's recent moves to \"bad advice\" from the player's agent.[11]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zenit-Valencia_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Valencia CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF"},{"link_name":"Valencia CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"replacing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Juan Mata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mata"},{"link_name":"Sporting de Gijón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_de_Gij%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Valencian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_Community"},{"link_name":"UD Almería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Almer%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Andalusians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Vicente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Getafe CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getafe_CF"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"DZFoot d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DZFoot_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sevilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla_FC"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Valencia","text":"Feghouli playing for Valencia CF in 2015On 20 May 2010, Feghouli signed a four-year deal with Valencia CF.[12] He made his La Liga debut on 25 September, replacing Juan Mata in a 2–0 win against Sporting de Gijón.[13]On 28 January 2011, after appearing sparingly for the Valencian side, Feghouli was loaned to fellow league team UD Almería, until June.[14] He appeared regularly for the Andalusians, however they were relegated at the end of the season.[15]After returning from Almería, and profiting from Mata and Vicente's departures, Feghouli became a starter, and scored his first goals for Los Che on 29 October 2011, netting a brace in a 3–1 home win against Getafe CF.[16] His performances for Valencia in 2012 earned him two Algerian player of the year awards, Le Buteur's Algerian Ballon d'Or and the DZFoot d'Or.[17][18]On 11 April 2016, Feghouli was suspended by the club amid reports he refused to take part in a warm-down after the 2–1 home win over Sevilla the day before. He had also reportedly missed training a few days earlier.[19]He ended his Valencia career with 202 appearances, scoring 31 times and providing 40 assists.[20]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feghouli_West_Ham.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"NK Domžale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Dom%C5%BEale"},{"link_name":"Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016-17_UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"London Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(London)"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Phil Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Jones_(footballer,_born_1992)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"West Ham United","text":"Feghouli with West Ham United in 2017On 14 June 2016, it was announced that Feghouli would be joining West Ham United on 1 July 2016 on a three-year contract.[21] He made his West Ham debut on 28 July in a 2–1 away defeat to NK Domžale in the Third Qualifying Round of the Europa League.[22] He scored his first competitive goal for West Ham the following week in the return fixture against Domžale, West Ham's first game at the London Stadium in which West Ham won 3–0, progressing to the UEFA Europa League play-offs.[23] Feghouli made his first Premier League start in West Ham's first game of 2017, receiving a harsh red card after 15 minutes for a challenge on Manchester United defender Phil Jones in a 2–0 home defeat.[24] After an appeal against the card by West Ham, it was rescinded on 4 January.[25]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galatasaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._(football)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Galatasaray","text":"In August 2017, Feghouli signed a five-year contract with Galatasaray. Galatasaray paid West Ham a €4.25 million transfer fee.[26]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fatih Karagümrük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatih_Karag%C3%BCmr%C3%BCk_S.K."},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Fatih Karagümrük","text":"On 30 November 2022, Feghouli joined Fatih Karagümrük on a one-and-a-half-year contract. He only became available for the team's official matches starting January 2023.[27]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loranaise.com-28"},{"link_name":"France youth squads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_youth_football_team"},{"link_name":"Raymond Domenech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Domenech"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Rabah Saadane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabah_Saadane"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Yazid Mansouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid_Mansouri"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loranaise.com-28"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"Feghouli was eligible for both Algeria and France. Feghouli had stated his preference was to play for France[28] and appeared in several France youth squads. On 12 November 2008, national team manager Raymond Domenech shortlisted the player for his pre-selection squad ahead of a friendly against Uruguay.[29] Despite this, Algeria national team manager Rabah Saadane contacted Feghouli by telephone in an attempt to get the player to play for Algeria in the team's 19 November friendly against Mali. Team captain Yazid Mansouri also contacted the player.[28]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algerian Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Raouraoua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Raouraoua"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lebuteur.com-30"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Vahid Halilhodžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahid_Halilhod%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Africa Cup of Nations qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Africa_Cup_of_Nations_qualification"},{"link_name":"Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fifa-34"},{"link_name":"qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(CAF)"},{"link_name":"2014 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fifa-34"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Belo Horizonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo_Horizonte"},{"link_name":"penalty kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"2023 Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Algeria","text":"On 25 May 2011, it was reported that, whilst on loan at Almeria, Feghouli met with the President of the Algerian Football Federation Mohamed Raouraoua. Feghouli agreed to play for Algeria and was Invited to a training camp being held in Spain for the match against Morocco. He was unable to attend the session, but was touched by the gesture, agreeing to be available for the Tanzania match instead.[30]On 23 October 2011, the Algerian Football Federation announced that FIFA officially accepted Feghouli's request to switch allegiances from France to Algeria, and that he was eligible to represent Algeria in international competition as of that date.[31][32] Two days later, on 25 October, Feghouli was called up by Algeria coach Vahid Halilhodžić for a pair of friendlies against Tunisia and Cameroon in November.[33]On 29 February 2012, Feghouli made his debut for the Algerian national team in a 2–1 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying win against Gambia, scoring the winning goal.[34] During qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, he scored three goals in seven appearances for Les Fennecs.[34]In the team's opening match of the 2014 World Cup, a 2–1 defeat to Belgium in Belo Horizonte, Feghouli scored with a penalty kick – Algeria's first World Cup goal in 28 years.[35] He was surprisingly omitted from the 2017 African Cup Of Nations squad.[36]In December 2023, he was named in Algeria's squad for the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations.[37]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soccerway-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_40-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_40-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_40-2"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_42-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_42-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_42-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TSC_45-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TSC_45-1"},{"link_name":"Turkish Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of match played 23 January 2022[38][39]^ a b c Appearance(s) in UEFA Champions League\n\n^ Seven appearances in UEFA Champions League, six appearances in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ a b c Appearance(s) in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ Seven appearances and three goals in UEFA Champions League, three appearances and one goal in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ Three appearances and one goal in UEFA Champions League, two appearances in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ a b Appearance in Turkish Super Cup\n\n^ One appearance in UEFA Champions League, seven appearances and three goals in UEFA Europa League","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-47"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-47"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"As of match played 25 March 2022[40]Scores and results list Algeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Feghouli goal.[40]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Süper Lig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_S%C3%BCper_Lig"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tgr-48"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_S%C3%BCper_Lig"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tgr-48"},{"link_name":"Turkish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Turkish_Cup"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Turkish Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Turkish_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"LFP Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFP_Awards"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"DZFoot d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DZFoot_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Algerian Footballer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Footballer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"GalatasaraySüper Lig: 2017–18,[41] 2018–19[41]\nTurkish Cup: 2018–19[42]\nTurkish Super Cup: 2019AlgeriaAfrica Cup of Nations: 2019[43]IndividualLFP Awards Best African player: 2014–15[44]\nDZFoot d'Or: 2012[citation needed]\nAlgerian Footballer of the Year: 2012[45]","title":"Honours"}]
[{"image_text":"Feghouli playing for Valencia CF in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Zenit-Valencia_%283%29.jpg/140px-Zenit-Valencia_%283%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Feghouli with West Ham United in 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Feghouli_West_Ham.jpg/110px-Feghouli_West_Ham.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Acta del Partido celebrado el 10 de abril de 2016, en Valencia\" [Minutes of the Match held on 10 April 2016, in Valencia] (in Spanish). Royal Spanish Football Federation. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://actas.rfef.es/actas/RFEF_CmpActa1?cod_primaria=1000144&CodActa=34210","url_text":"\"Acta del Partido celebrado el 10 de abril de 2016, en Valencia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sofiane Feghouli\". Eurosport.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurosport.com/football/sofiane-feghouli_prs121124/person.shtml","url_text":"\"Sofiane Feghouli\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusif : Sofiane Feghouli\". Le Buteur. Nacym Djender. 5 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lebuteur/45539","url_text":"\"Exclusif : Sofiane Feghouli\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spirited Feghouli rewards Grenoble belief\". UEFA.com. 26 September 2008. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081210093647/http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/news/kind%3D2/newsid%3D753534.html","url_text":"\"Spirited Feghouli rewards Grenoble belief\""},{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/news/kind=2/newsid=753534.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stade de Reims vs. Grenoble\". ESPN. 27 April 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.co.uk/football/match?gameId=207989","url_text":"\"Stade de Reims vs. Grenoble\""}]},{"reference":"\"Montpellier — Grenoble 1–0\". Racingstub.com. 25 May 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://racingstub.com/games/20565/","url_text":"\"Montpellier — Grenoble 1–0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grenoble : Feghouli signe pro\". 31 May 2007. Archived from the original on 20 September 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070920072153/http://mercato-blog.football.fr/2007/05/31/507-feghouli-signe-pro","url_text":"\"Grenoble : Feghouli signe pro\""},{"url":"http://mercato-blog.football.fr/2007/05/31/507-feghouli-signe-pro","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"I'm the 'new Zidane'... No I am!\". Unprofessional Foul. 3 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://unprofessionalfoul.com/2008/10/03/im-the-new-zidane-no-i-am","url_text":"\"I'm the 'new Zidane'... No I am!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reims v. Grenoble Match Report\". 18 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 April 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080429140338/http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/feuilleMatch.asp?saison=2007%2F2008&code_evt=D2&num_ordre=9&code_jr_tr=J21","url_text":"\"Reims v. Grenoble Match Report\""},{"url":"http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/feuilleMatch.asp?saison=2007/2008&code_evt=D2&code_jr_tr=J21&num_ordre=9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sofiane Feghouli et son \"prétendu agent\" dans le collimateur\" (in French). Gentside Sport. 4 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://sport.gentside.com/sofiane-feghouli/grenoble-sofiane-feghouli-et-son-pretendu-agent-dans-le-collimateur_art432.html","url_text":"\"Sofiane Feghouli et son \"prétendu agent\" dans le collimateur\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Spanish Weekend Review – Episode 35: Relegation Battle Gets Interesting\". TheHardTackle.com. 9 May 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/the-spanish-weekend-review-episode-35-the-relegation-battle-gets-interesting/","url_text":"\"The Spanish Weekend Review – Episode 35: Relegation Battle Gets Interesting\""}]},{"reference":"GM (18 December 2012). \"Feghouli Ballon d'or algérien\" (in French). So Foot. Retrieved 26 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sofoot.com/feghouli-ballon-d-or-algerien-164917.html","url_text":"\"Feghouli Ballon d'or algérien\""}]},{"reference":"Ait-Ouaret, Nabil (25 December 2012). \"DZFOOT D'OR 2012 : Sofiane Feghouli élu meilleur joueur algérien par les internautes\" (in French). DZFoot. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121230233423/http://www.dzfoot.com/article-2376-dzfoot-d-or-2012-sofiane-feghouli-elu-meilleur-joueur-algerien-par-les-internautes.php","url_text":"\"DZFOOT D'OR 2012 : Sofiane Feghouli élu meilleur joueur algérien par les internautes\""},{"url":"http://www.dzfoot.com/article-2376-dzfoot-d-or-2012-sofiane-feghouli-elu-meilleur-joueur-algerien-par-les-internautes.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Algerian Sofiane Feghouli suspended by Valencia\". BBC Sport. 11 April 2016. 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Retrieved 4 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/38497190","url_text":"\"Sofiane Feghouli: West Ham midfielder's red card rescinded\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feghouli Galatasaray'da\". www.galatasaray.org. Retrieved 14 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.galatasaray.org/haber/gs-sportif-a-s/feghouli-galatasarayda/36188","url_text":"\"Feghouli Galatasaray'da\""}]},{"reference":"\"VavaCars Fatih Karagümrük, Sofiane Feghouli'yi duyurdu!\". Retrieved 12 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://beinsports.com.tr/haber/vavacars-fatih-karagumruk-sofiane-feghouliyi-duyurdu","url_text":"\"VavaCars Fatih Karagümrük, Sofiane Feghouli'yi duyurdu!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sofiane Feghouli joue sur tous les tableaux\". L'Oranaise. 19 November 2008. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. 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Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121221103410/http://www.lebuteur.com/ballon-d-or/actualites/12e-edition-du-ballon-dor-feghouli-en-or","url_text":"\"Feghouli :\"Le Hollandais volant en guest star à la cérémonie du Ballon d'Or\"\""},{"url":"http://www.lebuteur.com/ballon-d-or/actualites/12e-edition-du-ballon-dor-feghouli-en-or","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_in_services
Trade in services
["1 Methods of Trade","2 Value of Trade in Services","3 Trade Agreements and Law","4 Examples","5 See also","6 References"]
Trade in Services refers to the sale and delivery of an intangible product, called a service, between a producer and consumer. Trade in services that takes place between a producer and consumer that are, in legal terms, based in different countries is called International Trade in Services. Methods of Trade International trade in services is defined by the Four Modes of Supply of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). (Mode 1) Cross-Border Trade – which is defined as delivery of a service from the territory of one country into the territory of other country, e.g. remotely providing accounting services in one country for a company based in another country, or an airline flying between two international destinations (Mode 2) Consumption Abroad – this mode covers supply of a service of one country to the service consumer of any other country, e.g. tourism, telemedicine, or study abroad (Mode 3) Commercial Presence – which covers services provided by a service supplier of one country in the territory of any other country, e.g. a bank opening a physical branch or internet service provider offering internet services in another country (Mode 4) Presence of Natural Persons – which covers services provided by a service supplier of one country through the presence of natural persons in the territory of any other country, e.g. a business transferring an employee from one country to another for work duties (doctors or architects traveling and working abroad) A "natural person" is a human being, as distinct from legal persons such as companies or organisations. Countries can freely decide where to liberalize on a sector-by-sector basis, including which specific mode of supply they want to cover for a given sector. Mode 2 (Consumption Abroad) is by far the most liberalized mode in terms of commitments by WTO members. This is mostly due to governments being less likely to restrict the movements of citizens outside domestic borders (e.g. tourists). Mode 1 (Cross-Border Trade) is not often committed, mostly because it is impossible for many services to be supplied remotely (e.g. construction services), while Mode 3 (Commercial Presence) is more open, reflecting its crucial role in driving the international supply of services, transferring know-how and improving the capacity of economies to participate in global value chains. Mode 4 (Presence of Natural Persons) has the lowest depth of commitments, probably due to a number of sensitivities involved with the movement of foreign workers. Value of Trade in Services In 2014, global trade in services totaled some $3.8 trillion, with Mode 3 (commercial presence) accounting for 55% of the total, followed by Mode 1 (cross-border trade) at 30%, then Mode 2 ( consumption abroad) at 10%, and Mode 4 (presence of natural persons) the lowest share, at less than 5%. In wealthy developed economies, services comprise a significant share of GDP and employment. For example, services account for 70% of economic output in the United States and 75% in the European Union. Trade Agreements and Law During the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services was drafted, and became enshrined as one of the four pillars of the international treaty comprising the World Trade Organization Agreement in 1995. Regional trade in services agreements are also negotiated and signed between regional economic groupings such as CARICOM, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), ASEAN and the Commonwealth of Independent States (Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment). All single markets and economic unions (European single market, European Economic Area, Gulf Cooperation Council, Central American Common Market, CARICOM Single Market and Economy, Eurasian Economic Space and Mercosur) with "four economic freedoms" also cover free trade in services. Beginning in February 2012, 50 countries (28 of which are represented by the European Union) around the world began negotiating the Trade in Services Agreement (TISA). TISA negotiations primarily comprised high- and upper-middle income countries who were members of the WTO and hoped to further liberalize trade in financial services, healthcare, and transportation between themselves. The agreement has not progressed since early 2016 due to uncertainty surrounding negotiations in the aftermath of many elections that occurred that year. Examples Some of the most common examples of trade in service would be: This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2024) Business and professional services, including: See also Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) Trade in services statistics References ^ a b c "Trade In Services" (PDF). World Trade Organization. Retrieved 7 March 2018. Department for International Development, Background Briefing – Service and Developing Countries, March 2003. https://web.archive.org/web/20050214211614/http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/tradebrief-services.pdf The World Trade Organisation, The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): objectives, coverage and disciplines, http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/gatsqa_e.htm Last accessed 13 February 2005. WTO Secretariat, AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GATS, http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/gsintr_e.doc 13 February 2005. Škoba, Laine (17 July 2013). "Trade in services: towards a plurilateral agreement" (PDF). Library Briefing. Library of the European Parliament. Retrieved 17 July 2013. This international trade related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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All single markets and economic unions (European single market, European Economic Area, Gulf Cooperation Council, Central American Common Market, CARICOM Single Market and Economy, Eurasian Economic Space and Mercosur) with \"four economic freedoms\" also cover free trade in services.Beginning in February 2012, 50 countries (28 of which are represented by the European Union) around the world began negotiating the Trade in Services Agreement (TISA). TISA negotiations primarily comprised high- and upper-middle income countries who were members of the WTO and hoped to further liberalize trade in financial services, healthcare, and transportation between themselves. The agreement has not progressed since early 2016 due to uncertainty surrounding negotiations in the aftermath of many elections that occurred that year.","title":"Trade Agreements and Law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wto_services_brochure2015-1"}],"text":"Some of the most common examples of trade in service would be:[1]Business and professional services, including:","title":"Examples"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_1420
American Airlines Flight 1420
["1 Aircraft","2 Flight crew","3 Flight and weather conditions","4 Crash","5 Investigation","5.1 Automatic spoiler and brake systems","5.2 Pilot behavior regarding thunderstorms","5.3 Fatigue","5.4 Cause","6 Legal issues","7 Aftermath","8 In popular culture","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 34°44′11″N 92°11′58″W / 34.73639°N 92.19944°W / 34.73639; -92.19944June 1999 runway overrun and crash in Arkansas, US American Airlines Flight 1420N215AA's final position, having overrun the runway and crashed into the runway approach lightsAccidentDateJune 1, 1999SummaryRunway overrun in inclement weather due to pilot error: xii SiteLittle Rock National AirportLittle Rock, Arkansas, United States 34°44′11″N 92°11′58″W / 34.73639°N 92.19944°W / 34.73639; -92.19944AircraftAircraft typeMcDonnell Douglas MD-82OperatorAmerican AirlinesIATA flight No.AA1420ICAO flight No.AAL1420Call signAMERICAN 1420RegistrationN215AAFlight originDallas/Fort Worth International AirportDallas, Texas, United StatesDestinationLittle Rock National AirportLittle Rock, Arkansas, United StatesOccupants145Passengers139Crew6Fatalities11 (9 initially)Injuries110Survivors134 (136 initially) American Airlines Flight 1420 was a flight from Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) to Little Rock National Airport in the United States. On June 1, 1999, the McDonnell Douglas MD-82 operating as Flight 1420 overran the runway upon landing in Little Rock and crashed. Nine of the 145 people aboard were immediately killed—the captain and eight passengers. Two more passengers died in the hospital in the following weeks. Aircraft N215AA, the aircraft involved in the accident, at George Bush Intercontinental Airport, one year before the crash Seating chart for American Airlines Flight 1420 created by the NTSB, revealing the location of passengers and lack of injury, severity of injuries, and deaths The aircraft involved in the incident was a McDonnell Douglas MD-82 (registration N215AA), a derivative of the McDonnell Douglas DC-9, and part of the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 series of aircraft.: 12  It was delivered new to American Airlines in 1983, and had been operated continuously by the airline since, accumulating a total of 49,136 flight hours.: 12  The aircraft was powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT8D-217C turbofan jet engines.: 12  The aircraft was equipped with X-band weather radar, which is susceptible to attenuation during heavy precipitation, and did not have an attenuation alert to warn the flight crew of system impairment during heavy rainfall.: 13  The radar weather system had a forward-looking design that offered the flight crew only a limited field of view in front of the aircraft.: 116  Flight crew Flight 1420 was commanded by Captain Richard Buschmann, age 48, an experienced pilot with 10,234 flight hours, nearly half of which were accumulated flying the MD-80 series of aircraft.: 10  Buschmann graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1972, and served in the Air Force until 1979. He held the rank of lieutenant colonel with the US Air Force Reserve Command, and was hired by American Airlines in July 1979. Experienced at flying the Boeing 727 for American, he transitioned to flying the twin-engine MD-80 series in 1991. The flight's first officer was Michael Origel, age 35.: 10  The first officer had been with the airline for less than a year, and had only 182 hours of flight time with American Airlines as an MD-80 pilot.: 11  However, the first officer had trained as a pilot with the United States Navy, and had prior commercial flight experience as a corporate pilot, with a total of 4,292 hours of experience at the time of the incident.: 11  Flight 1420 was staffed with four flight attendants, all of whom were qualified on the MD-80, and had recently received refresher training on emergency procedures.: 11  Flight and weather conditions Simulation of weather conditions Flight 1420 was scheduled to depart DFW at 20:28 (8:28 pm) Central Daylight Time, and arrive in Little Rock at 21:41 (9:41 pm).: 1  The flight crew was advised before boarding that the departure would be delayed, and that the National Weather Service had issued in-flight weather advisories indicating severe thunderstorms along the planned flight path.: 2  Adverse weather caused the plane that was intended for Flight 1420 to be delayed in arriving at DFW.: 2  Airline policy set a maximum pilot duty time of 14 hours, and Flight 1420 was the flight crew's last flight of the day. The first officer notified the airline's flight dispatcher that the flight crew would, therefore, be unable to depart after 23:16 (11:16 pm).: 2  The airline substituted another MD-80, tail number N215AA, which allowed Flight 1420 to depart DFW at 22:40 (10:40 pm).: 2  At 23:04 (11:04 pm), air traffic controllers issued a weather advisory indicating severe thunderstorms in an area that included the Little Rock airport,: 2  and the flight crew witnessed lightning while on approach.: 3  The flight crew discussed the weather reports, but decided to expedite the approach rather than diverting to the designated alternate airport (Nashville International Airport) or returning to DFW.: 2–3  Air traffic control at Little Rock had originally told Flight 1420 to expect an approach to runway 22L. At 23:39 (11:39 pm), a controller advised the crew of a wind-shear alert and a change in wind direction.: 3  As a result, Captain Buschmann requested a change to Runway 4R, so the flight would have a headwind during landing, and Flight 1420 was cleared for a visual approach to this runway.: 4  Because the plane was already close to the airport, the controller had to direct it away to line it up for a landing on 4R.: 116  As a result, Flight 1420 faced away from the airport for several minutes, and due to the plane's weather radar capabilities being limited to a narrow and forward-facing field of view, the flight crew could not see thunderstorms approaching the airport during their turn.: 116  As the aircraft approached, a severe thunderstorm arrived over the airport, and at 23:44 (11:44 pm), the first officer notified the controller that the crew had lost sight of the runway.: 4  The controller then cleared the aircraft to land on 4R using an instrument landing system (ILS) approach.: 4  The pilots rushed to land as soon as possible, leading to errors in judgment that included the crew's failure to complete the airline's pre-landing checklist before descending.: 122  This was a crucial event in the accident chain, as the crew overlooked multiple critical landing systems on the checklist. The flight crew failed to arm the automatic spoiler system, which automatically moves the spoiler control lever, and deploys the spoilers upon landing.: 15–16  The pilots also failed to set the plane's automatic braking system.: 21  The flight crew also failed to set landing flaps, another item on the preflight checklist, but as the plane descended past 1,000 feet (300 m), the first officer realized the flaps were not set, and the flight crew set a 40° flap setting for landing.: 123  At 23:49:32 (11:49:32 pm), the controller issued the last weather report before Flight 1420 landed, and advised that winds at the airport were 330° at 25 knots (29 mph; 46 km/h).: 6  The reported winds exceeded the MD-82's 20-knot (23 mph; 37 km/h) crosswind limit for landing in reduced visibility on a wet runway.: 3  Despite the excessive crosswind and two wind-shear reports, Captain Buschmann did not abandon the aircraft's approach into Little Rock, deciding to continue the approach to 4R instead. Crash Simulation of the landing The aircraft touched down on Runway 4R at 23:50:20 (11:50:20 pm). About two seconds after the wheels touched down, First Officer Origel stated, "We're down. We're sliding!" Because the pilots failed to arm the autospoiler, the spoilers did not deploy automatically on landing, and the flight crew did not deploy them manually.: 167  Autospoilers and autobrakes are essential to ensure the plane's ability to stop within the confines of a wet runway, especially one that is being subjected to strong and gusting winds. Spoilers disrupt the airflow over the wings, prevent them from generating lift, and cause more of the plane's weight to be borne by the landing gear. About 65% of Flight 1420's weight would have been supported by the plane's landing gear if the spoilers had been deployed, but without the spoilers, this number dropped to only 15%.: 134  With the light loading of the landing gear, the aircraft's brakes were ineffective at slowing down the plane, which continued down the runway at high speed.: 134–135  Directional control was lost when Captain Buschmann applied too much reverse thrust, which reduced the effectiveness of the plane's rudder and vertical stabilizer.: 135–136  The aircraft continued past the end of the runway, traveling another 800 feet (240 m; 270 yd), and striking a security fence and an ILS localizer array. The aircraft then collided with a structure built to support the approach lights for Runway 22L, which extended out into the Arkansas River.: 43  Such structures are usually frangible, designed to shear off on impact, but because the approach lights were located on the unstable river bank, they were firmly anchored.: 159  The collision with the sturdy structure crushed the airplane's nose, and destroyed the left side of the plane's fuselage, from the cockpit back to the first two rows of coach seating.: 159  The impact broke the aircraft apart into large sections, which came to a rest short of the river bank.: 43  Captain Buschmann and 8 of the plane's 139 passengers were immediately killed in the crash; another two passengers died in the hospital in the weeks that followed.: 47  First Officer Origel, three of the four flight attendants, and 41 passengers sustained serious injuries, the remaining flight attendant and 64 passengers sustained minor injuries, and 24 passengers sustained no injuries.: 47  Investigation The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigated the crash. Automatic spoiler and brake systems The NTSB conducted extensive testing to determine whether the automatic spoiler and brake systems had been armed by the pilots before landing. The plane's cockpit voice recorder (CVR) was reviewed, and no sounds consistent with the spoiler arming or automatically deploying were recorded by the CVR.: 42  The NTSB conducted two test flights of American Airlines MD-80 aircraft, which confirmed that manually arming the spoiler created an audible "click" noise—distinguishable from noises made by automatic deployment of the system—that could be clearly heard on CVR playback.: 42  The NTSB also conducted ground tests on similar aircraft, including another American Airlines MD-80, for which the autospoiler system failed to deploy during a runway overrun event in Palm Springs, California, but did not result in destruction of the aircraft.: 55  After Flight 1420 and the Palm Springs incident, American Airlines revised its checklist so pilots would confirm that the spoilers are armed for autodeployment before landing, confirm spoiler deployment, and deploy spoilers manually if they had failed to automatically deploy.: 87  Pilot behavior regarding thunderstorms The NTSB investigation also focused on pilot behavior in inclement weather, to determine the impact the storms may have had on the pilots' decision-making process while approaching Little Rock National Airport. Experts from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology performed a study that recorded the behavior of pilots landing at Dallas/Fort Worth Airport,: 142  which aimed to see whether pilots were willing to land in thunderstorms. From a total of 1,952 thunderstorm encounters, 1,310 pilots (67%) flew into thunderstorms during landing attempts.: 142  The study found that pilots exhibited more recklessness if they fell behind schedule, if they were attempting to land at night, and if aircraft in front of them successfully landed in similar weather. In a later interview, Greg Feith, the lead NTSB investigator, said he was surprised to learn that pilots exhibited this behavior. Feith added that the pilots may have exhibited "get there-itis", more formally known as "task completion bias" (TCB), as the pilots knew that they were approaching their 14-hour duty limits. Fatigue The NTSB report cited fatigue as a contributing factor. The captain had been awake for 16 hours that day;: 106  research indicates that after being awake for 13 hours, pilots make considerably more mistakes.: 157  The time of the crash occurred several hours after both pilots' usual bedtime.: 106  The first officer reported feeling tired that night, and a yawn was heard on the CVR.: 157  The report stated that sleep-deprived individuals are likely to try the same method of problem solving repeatedly without regard to alternatives. Cause On October 23, 2001, the NTSB issued its determination on the cause of the crash:: 169–170  The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable causes of this accident were the flight crew's failure to discontinue the approach when severe thunderstorms and their associated hazards to flight operations had moved into the airport area, and the crew's failure to ensure that the spoilers had extended after touchdown. Contributing to the accident were the flight crew's (1) impaired performance resulting from fatigue, and the situational stress associated with the intent to land under the circumstances; (2) continuation of the approach to a landing when the company's maximum crosswind component was exceeded; and (3) use of reverse thrust greater than 1.3 engine pressure ratio after landing. Legal issues Multiple lawsuits were filed after the crash, and on December 15, 1999, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation consolidated the various federal lawsuits for consolidated and coordinated pretrial proceedings, and assigned the case to United States District Court Senior Judge Henry Woods of the Eastern District of Arkansas. In the lawsuits, the passengers sought compensatory and punitive damages from American Airlines. Judge Woods separated the passenger cases into those involving domestic and international passengers, because different laws governed the rights of the claimants in each category. For example, passengers traveling on international tickets were prohibited by an international treaty (the Warsaw Convention) from recovering punitive damages. Therefore, Judge Woods ruled that only the domestic passengers would be permitted to pursue punitive damages claims. The compensatory damages claims proceeded first. American Airlines "admitted liability for the crash, and individual trials were scheduled to assess the proper amount of compensatory damages. Thereafter, American Airlines reached settlement agreements with a majority of the domestic Plaintiffs." As part of the settlement agreement, "Plaintiffs relinquished not only their compensatory damages claims, but their punitive damages claims, as well." The case proceeded as "three compensatory damages trials involving domestic Plaintiffs were ultimately tried to a jury, and awards of $5.7 million, $3.4 million, and $4.2 million were made." These three Plaintiffs pursued, but ultimately lost their claims for punitive damages. The District Court granted summary judgment in American Airlines' favor on punitive damages, finding under Arkansas law that there was insufficient evidence to submit the issue to a jury to decide. This ruling was later upheld on appeal. In the only liability trial arising out of the crash of Flight 1420, a federal jury in Little Rock awarded Captain Buschmann's family $2 million in wrongful-death damages following a lawsuit they had filed against Little Rock National Airport. The jury decided Buschmann's death occurred because the aircraft collided with illegal nonfrangible approach-light supports erected in what should have been the runway safety area. The airport was found to have failed to comply with airport safety standards. Buschmann's estate presented evidence that the spoilers were deployed and had malfunctioned (not through the captain's fault), and that the aircraft did not encounter turbulence. The jury rejected the airport's argument that Buschmann was at fault in causing his own death. The jury verdict has been claimed to completely absolve Buschmann of all fault for the crash, but the NTSB has not changed its probable-cause ruling; additionally, American Airlines admitted liability for the crash, and had "paid many millions of dollars in damages to the passengers and their families." About 10 years following the crash, David E. Rapoport, an attorney who was a member of the court-appointed Plaintiffs' Steering Committee, surmised, "after all these years, is still a matter reasonable people who are fully informed may disagree on." However, Rapoport concluded that there should be a consensus understanding among all parties involved that "flight operations should not be conducted in the terminal area when thunderstorms are on the flight path, and nonfrangible objects should not be placed where it is foreseeable an aircraft may go." Aftermath A 2004 memorial ceremony was held adjacent to the airport. Survivor Jeana Varnell attended the ceremony, but was quoted in a newspaper article as saying that she strongly objected to memorializing Captain Buschmann. American Airlines still flies to Little Rock from Dallas, but the aircraft used is mostly an Embraer E170. Every year between 2000 and 2022, the father of crash victim Debra Taylor-Sattari elaborately decorated the exterior of his home in Vallejo, California with Christmas lights and decorations in her honor, which has gained attention from local and national media. In popular culture The events of Flight 1420 were featured in "Racing the Storm", a season one (2003) episode of the Canadian TV series Mayday (called Air Emergency and Air Disasters in the U.S., and Air Crash Investigation in the UK and elsewhere around the world). The dramatization was broadcast in the United States with the title "Fatal Landing". The flight was also included in a Mayday season-eight (2009) Science of Disaster special titled "Cruel Skies", which looked at the role of bad weather in aviation disasters. The Weather Channel detailed the story of the flight on an episode of Storm Stories, as did the Biography Channel on the show Flightmares. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Aircraft Accident Report – Runway Overrun During Landing, American Airlines Flight 1420, McDonnell Douglas MD-82, N215AA, Little Rock, Arkansas, June 1, 1999 (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. October 23, 2001. NTSB/AAR-01/02. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2016. ^ "FAA Registry (N215AA)". Federal Aviation Administration. ^ "Recent Losses". Allied Pilots Association. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016. ^ Harter, Andrea (April 11, 2001). "Flight 1420 plaintiff sobbingly testifies about her distress". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2016. ^ a b c d "Racing the Storm". Mayday. Season 1. Episode 2. 2003. Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel. ^ Rhoda, D. A.; Pawlak, M. L. (June 3, 1999). "An Assessment of Thunderstorm Penetrations and Deviations by Commercial Aircraft in the Terminal Area" (PDF). MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2016. ^ In Re Air Crash at Little Rock, Ark., on June 1, 1999, 109 F.Supp.2d 1022, 1024 (E.D.Ark. 2000), archived from the original. ^ a b c d In re Aircraft Accident at Little Rock, Arkansas, 231 F.Supp.2d 852, 855-57 (E.D.Ark. 2002), archived from the original. ^ In re Aircraft Accident at Little Rock, Arkansas on June 1, 1999, 351 F.3d 874, 880–881 (8th Cir. 2003), archived from the original. ^ a b c "Over $14 Million for Victims of American Airlines Little Rock Airplane Crash". Rapoport Law Offices, P.C. February 4, 2011. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2011. A jury found the airport was liable and awarded the captain's family $2m in wrongful death damages ... the jury found the captain was not at fault in causing his own death ... the passenger injury and wrongful death cases were based on pilot error and the airline admitted liability in all these cases ... the NTSB has not revised its probable cause finding that focused completely on pilot error ^ a b "Jury Clears Captain of American 1420". airlaw.com. The Wolk Law Firm. Archived from the original on May 19, 2006. ^ a b "Over $14 Million for Victims of American Airlines Little Rock Airplane Crash". Rapoport, Weisberg, & Sims P.C. February 4, 2011. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023. ^ Harter, Andrea (June 2, 2004). "'Forever linked' through Flight 1420". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Archived from the original on June 1, 2024. Retrieved March 10, 2016. ^ Gase, Thomas (November 12, 2022). "'Bob and Linda Taylor's iconic Christmas house to shine on Vallejo one more time'". Vallejo Times-Herald. Archived from the original on June 1, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2022. ^ "Cruel Skies". Mayday. Season 8. Episode 2. 2009. Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Airlines Flight 1420. Weather satellite imagery (Archive) Essay by Survivor Sharon Angleman Graphic showing what happened during the last seconds of the crash Transcript of cockpit voice recorder Story on the crash from Arkansas Democrat-Gazette Graphics showing weather radar from around the time of the crash Pre-crash photos of N215AA Photo of the Crashed Aircraft Passenger manifest of AA1420 (Archive) Dutch explanation of Crosswind Certification Archived May 29, 2020, at the Wayback Machine (Archive) vteMcDonnell Douglas DC-9 familyCivil/Commercial DC-9 -80/81/82/83/87/88 MD-80 MD-81 MD-82 MD-83 MD-87 MD-88 MD-89 MD-90 MD-91 MD-92 MD-94 MD-95 Boeing 717 Military C-9 P-9 X-66 Accidents andincidentsDC-9 West Coast Airlines Flight 956 (1966) TWA Flight 553 (1967) Ozark Air Lines Flight 965 (1968) Ozark Air Lines Flight 982 (1968) Viasa Flight 742 (1969) Allegheny Airlines Flight 853 (1969) 1970 Dominicana air disaster Eastern Air Lines Shuttle Flight 1320 (1970) ALM Flight 980 (1970) Southern Airways Flight 932 (1970) Hughes Airwest Flight 706 (1971) 1972 Turkish Airlines Adana crash JAT Flight 367 (1972) EgyptAir Flight 763 (1972) Delta Air Lines Flight 9570 (1972) Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 130 (1972) Southern Airways Flight 49 (1972) 1972 Chicago–O'Hare runway collision 1973 Nantes mid-air collision Aeroméxico Flight 229 (1973) Delta Air Lines Flight 723 (1973) Eastern Air Lines Flight 212 (1974) Avensa Flight 358 (1974) Inex-Adria Aviopromet Flight 450 (1975) 1976 Zagreb mid-air collision Southern Airways Flight 242 (1977) Air Canada Flight 189 (1978) TWA Flight 541 (1978) Alitalia Flight 4128 (1978) Itavia Flight 870 (1980) Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 206 (1981) Aeroméxico Flight 230 (1981) Aeroméxico Flight 110 (1981) Avensa Flight 007 (1983) Air Canada Flight 797 (1983) 1983 Madrid runway disaster Ozark Air Lines Flight 650 (1983) Eastern Air Lines Flight 494 (1985) Midwest Express Airlines Flight 105 (1985) Aeroméxico Flight 498 (1986) Garuda Indonesia Flight 035 (1987) Continental Airlines Flight 1713 (1987) Evergreen International Airlines Flight 17 (1988) Alitalia Flight 404 (1990) 1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision Ryan International Airlines Flight 590 (1991) Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela Flight 108 (1991) Japan Air System Flight 451 (1993) USAir Flight 1016 (1994) Intercontinental de Aviación Flight 256 (1995) ValuJet Flight 592 (1996) Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 2553 (1997) Cebu Pacific Flight 387 (1998) TAESA Flight 725 (1999) Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145 (2005) 2006 Mexico drug bust Hewa Bora Airways Flight 122 (2008) MD-80 Inex-Adria Aviopromet Flight 1308 (1981) Northwest Airlines Flight 255 (1987) Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 046 (1988) Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 751 (1991) China Eastern Airlines Flight 5398 (1993) China Northern Airlines Flight 6901 (1993) Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347 (1994) TWA Flight 427 (1994) American Airlines Flight 1572 (1995) Delta Air Lines Flight 1288 (1996) Korean Air Flight 1533 (1999) American Airlines Flight 1420 (1999) Alaska Airlines Flight 261 (2000) 2001 Linate Airport disaster China Northern Airlines Flight 6136 (2002) Lion Air Flight 538 (2004) West Caribbean Airways Flight 708 (2005) One-Two-GO Airlines Flight 269 (2007) Atlasjet Flight 4203 (2007) Spanair Flight 5022 (2008) Dana Air Flight 0992 (2012) Air Algérie Flight 5017 (2014) Delta Air Lines Flight 1086 (2015) Ameristar Charters Flight 9363 (2017) Caspian Airlines Flight 6936 (2020) 2021 Houston MD-87 crash RED Air Flight 203 (2022) MD-90 Uni Air Flight 873 (1999) Topics Operators MD-80 MD-90 Boeing 717 vteAviation accidents and incidents in 1999 (1999) Feb 24 China Southwest Airlines Flight 4509Feb 25 Alitalia Flight 1553Mar 15 Korean Air Flight 1533Mar 27 F-117A shootdownApr 7 Turkish Airlines Flight 5904Apr 12 Avianca Flight 9463Apr 15 Korean Air Cargo Flight 6316Jun 1 American Airlines Flight 1420Jul 2 1999 Tramore helicopter crashJul 7 Hinduja Cargo Services Flight 8533Jul 16 Martha's Vineyard plane crashJul 23 All Nippon Airways Flight 61Jul 24 Air Fiji Flight 121Aug 7 TACV Flight 5002Aug 10 Pakistani Atlantic shootdownAug 22 China Airlines Flight 642Aug 24 Uni Air Flight 873Aug 31 LAPA Flight 3142Sep 3 Edinburgh Air Charter Flight 3WSep 5 Necon Air Flight 128Sep 14 Britannia Airways Flight 226ASep 23 Qantas Flight 1Oct 11 Air Botswana crashOct 25 South Dakota Learjet crashOct 31 EgyptAir Flight 990Nov 9 TAESA Flight 725Nov 12 Si Fly Flight 3275Dec 7 Asian Spirit Flight 100Dec 11 SATA Air Açores Flight 530MDec 21 Cubana de Aviación Flight 1216Dec 22 Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509Dec 24 Indian Airlines Flight 814Dec 25 Cubana de Aviación Flight 310 1998   ◄    ►   2000 vteAviation accidents and incidents in the United States and U.S. territories in the 1990s1990 Northwest Airlines Flight 5 Avianca Flight 052 Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2254 Death of Stevie Ray Vaughan Wayne County Airport runway collision 1991 Los Angeles runway disaster Ryan International Airlines Flight 590 United Airlines Flight 585 Merion air disaster Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311 L'Express Airlines Flight 508 Continental Express Flight 2574 Vallejo helicopter crash 1992 CommutAir Flight 4821 Air Transport International Flight 805 USAir Flight 405 American Eagle Flight 5456 GP Express Airlines Flight 861 TWA Flight 843 1993 Lufthansa Flight 592 Japan Air Lines Cargo Flight 46E Alan Kulwicki plane crash China Eastern Airlines Flight 583 American Airlines Flight 102 American International Airways Flight 808 Northwest Airlink Flight 5719 1994 United Express Flight 6291 Green Ramp disaster Federal Express Flight 705 Fairchild Air Force Base B-52 crash USAir Flight 1016 USAir Flight 427 American Eagle Flight 4184 TWA Flight 427 Flagship Airlines Flight 3379 1995 Air Transport International Flight 782 Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529 Alaska Boeing E-3 Sentry accident American Airlines Flight 1572 Tower Air Flight 41 1996 ValuJet Flight 592 Eastwind Airlines Flight 517 Delta Air Lines Flight 1288 TWA Flight 800 FedEx Express Flight 1406 Quincy Airport disaster Airborne Express Flight 827 New Hampshire Learjet crash 1997 Comair Flight 3272 FedEx Express Flight 14 Korean Air Flight 801 Fine Air Flight 101 John Denver 1998 United Airlines Flight 863 1999 American Airlines Flight 1420 Martha's Vineyard plane crash South Dakota Learjet crash This list is incomplete. vteAmerican AirlinesOneworld memberMergers andacquisitions Air California American Overseas Airlines Executive Airlines Reno Air Simmons Airlines Trans Caribbean Airways Trans World Airlines US Airways All American Aviation Allegheny Airlines America West Airlines Lake Central Airlines MetroJet MidAtlantic Airways Mohawk Airlines Piedmont Airlines Empire Airlines Pacific Southwest Airlines Trump Shuttle Marquette Airlines Facilities AA Arena AA Center C.R. Smith Museum Programs AAdvantage AAirpass Brands American Airlines Shuttle American Eagle IncidentsAmericanAirlines Flight 1 1941 1962 Flight 2 Flight 009 Flight 11 Flight 28 Flight 63 July 1943 October 1943 December 2001 Flight 77 Flight 96 Flight 102 Flight 157 Flight 191 Flight 293 Flight 320 Flight 331 Flight 383 1965 2016 Flight 444 Flight 476 Flight 514 Flight 587 Flight 625 Flight 711 Flight 723 Flight 910 Flight 924 Flight 965 Flight 1420 Flight 1502 Flight 1572 Flight 6001 Flight 6780 AmericanEagle Flight 3378 Flight 3379 Flight 4184 Flight 5452 Flight 5456 AmericanConnection Flight 5966 People Gerard Arpey Donald J. Carty Albert V. Casey O. Roy Chalk E. L. Cord Robert Crandall Thomas W. Horton Doug Parker C. R. Smith George A. Spater Organizations Allied Pilots Association Association of Professional Flight Attendants TWU-IAM Association CWA/Teamsters Passenger Service Association Related History of American Airlines Fleet American Airlines Group AMR Corporation American Way Celebrated Living Reservisor Sabre Transpacific Route Case Category Portals: Aviation Arkansas 1990s
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Little Rock National Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_National_Airport"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas MD-82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80"},{"link_name":"overran the runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway_overrun"},{"link_name":"Little Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas"}],"text":"June 1999 runway overrun and crash in Arkansas, USAmerican Airlines Flight 1420 was a flight from Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) to Little Rock National Airport in the United States. On June 1, 1999, the McDonnell Douglas MD-82 operating as Flight 1420 overran the runway upon landing in Little Rock and crashed. Nine of the 145 people aboard were immediately killed—the captain and eight passengers. Two more passengers died in the hospital in the following weeks.","title":"American Airlines Flight 1420"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Airlines_flight_1420.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Bush Intercontinental Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Airlines_Flight_1420_seat_injury_chart.svg"},{"link_name":"NTSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSB"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas"},{"link_name":"registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney JT8D-217C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT8D"},{"link_name":"turbofan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan"},{"link_name":"jet engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_engines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"X-band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-band"},{"link_name":"weather radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radar"},{"link_name":"attenuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"}],"text":"N215AA, the aircraft involved in the accident, at George Bush Intercontinental Airport, one year before the crashSeating chart for American Airlines Flight 1420 created by the NTSB, revealing the location of passengers and lack of injury, severity of injuries, and deathsThe aircraft involved in the incident was a McDonnell Douglas MD-82 (registration N215AA[2]), a derivative of the McDonnell Douglas DC-9, and part of the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 series of aircraft.[1]: 12  It was delivered new to American Airlines in 1983, and had been operated continuously by the airline since, accumulating a total of 49,136 flight hours.[1]: 12  The aircraft was powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT8D-217C turbofan jet engines.[1]: 12The aircraft was equipped with X-band weather radar, which is susceptible to attenuation during heavy precipitation, and did not have an attenuation alert to warn the flight crew of system impairment during heavy rainfall.[1]: 13  The radar weather system had a forward-looking design that offered the flight crew only a limited field of view in front of the aircraft.[1]: 116","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_in_command"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Air Force Reserve Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"first officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Officer_(civil_aviation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"}],"text":"Flight 1420 was commanded by Captain Richard Buschmann, age 48, an experienced pilot with 10,234 flight hours, nearly half of which were accumulated flying the MD-80 series of aircraft.[1]: 10  Buschmann graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1972, and served in the Air Force until 1979. He held the rank of lieutenant colonel with the US Air Force Reserve Command, and was hired by American Airlines in July 1979. Experienced at flying the Boeing 727 for American, he transitioned to flying the twin-engine MD-80 series in 1991.[3]The flight's first officer was Michael Origel, age 35.[1]: 10  The first officer had been with the airline for less than a year, and had only 182 hours of flight time with American Airlines as an MD-80 pilot.[1]: 11  However, the first officer had trained as a pilot with the United States Navy, and had prior commercial flight experience as a corporate pilot, with a total of 4,292 hours of experience at the time of the incident.[1]: 11Flight 1420 was staffed with four flight attendants, all of whom were qualified on the MD-80, and had recently received refresher training on emergency procedures.[1]: 11","title":"Flight crew"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Daylight Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone#Central_Daylight_Time"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"National Weather Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Service"},{"link_name":"thunderstorms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstorm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"air traffic controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_controller"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"Nashville International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"instrument landing system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_landing_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"accident chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_events_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"spoiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"landing flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"preflight checklist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preflight_checklist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"crosswind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosswind"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"}],"text":"Simulation of weather conditionsFlight 1420 was scheduled to depart DFW at 20:28 (8:28 pm) Central Daylight Time, and arrive in Little Rock at 21:41 (9:41 pm).[1]: 1  The flight crew was advised before boarding that the departure would be delayed, and that the National Weather Service had issued in-flight weather advisories indicating severe thunderstorms along the planned flight path.[1]: 2  Adverse weather caused the plane that was intended for Flight 1420 to be delayed in arriving at DFW.[1]: 2  Airline policy set a maximum pilot duty time of 14 hours, and Flight 1420 was the flight crew's last flight of the day. The first officer notified the airline's flight dispatcher that the flight crew would, therefore, be unable to depart after 23:16 (11:16 pm).[1]: 2  The airline substituted another MD-80, tail number N215AA, which allowed Flight 1420 to depart DFW at 22:40 (10:40 pm).[1]: 2At 23:04 (11:04 pm), air traffic controllers issued a weather advisory indicating severe thunderstorms in an area that included the Little Rock airport,[1]: 2  and the flight crew witnessed lightning while on approach.[1]: 3  The flight crew discussed the weather reports, but decided to expedite the approach rather than diverting to the designated alternate airport (Nashville International Airport) or returning to DFW.[1]: 2–3Air traffic control at Little Rock had originally told Flight 1420 to expect an approach to runway 22L. At 23:39 (11:39 pm), a controller advised the crew of a wind-shear alert and a change in wind direction.[1]: 3  As a result, Captain Buschmann requested a change to Runway 4R, so the flight would have a headwind during landing, and Flight 1420 was cleared for a visual approach to this runway.[1]: 4  Because the plane was already close to the airport, the controller had to direct it away to line it up for a landing on 4R.[1]: 116  As a result, Flight 1420 faced away from the airport for several minutes, and due to the plane's weather radar capabilities being limited to a narrow and forward-facing field of view, the flight crew could not see thunderstorms approaching the airport during their turn.[1]: 116  As the aircraft approached, a severe thunderstorm arrived over the airport, and at 23:44 (11:44 pm), the first officer notified the controller that the crew had lost sight of the runway.[1]: 4  The controller then cleared the aircraft to land on 4R using an instrument landing system (ILS) approach.[1]: 4The pilots rushed to land as soon as possible, leading to errors in judgment that included the crew's failure to complete the airline's pre-landing checklist before descending.[1]: 122  This was a crucial event in the accident chain, as the crew overlooked multiple critical landing systems on the checklist. The flight crew failed to arm the automatic spoiler system, which automatically moves the spoiler control lever, and deploys the spoilers upon landing.[1]: 15–16  The pilots also failed to set the plane's automatic braking system.[1]: 21  The flight crew also failed to set landing flaps, another item on the preflight checklist, but as the plane descended past 1,000 feet (300 m), the first officer realized the flaps were not set, and the flight crew set a 40° flap setting for landing.[1]: 123At 23:49:32 (11:49:32 pm), the controller issued the last weather report before Flight 1420 landed, and advised that winds at the airport were 330° at 25 knots (29 mph; 46 km/h).[1]: 6  The reported winds exceeded the MD-82's 20-knot (23 mph; 37 km/h) crosswind limit for landing in reduced visibility on a wet runway.[1]: 3  Despite the excessive crosswind and two wind-shear reports, Captain Buschmann did not abandon the aircraft's approach into Little Rock, deciding to continue the approach to 4R instead.","title":"Flight and weather conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"autobrakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobrake"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"reverse thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_thrust"},{"link_name":"rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"past the end of the runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway_excursion"},{"link_name":"ILS localizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_landing_system_localizer"},{"link_name":"approach lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approach_lighting_system"},{"link_name":"Arkansas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"frangible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frangible"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"}],"text":"Simulation of the landingThe aircraft touched down on Runway 4R at 23:50:20 (11:50:20 pm). About two seconds after the wheels touched down, First Officer Origel stated, \"We're down. We're sliding!\" Because the pilots failed to arm the autospoiler, the spoilers did not deploy automatically on landing, and the flight crew did not deploy them manually.[1]: 167  Autospoilers and autobrakes are essential to ensure the plane's ability to stop within the confines of a wet runway, especially one that is being subjected to strong and gusting winds. Spoilers disrupt the airflow over the wings, prevent them from generating lift, and cause more of the plane's weight to be borne by the landing gear. About 65% of Flight 1420's weight would have been supported by the plane's landing gear if the spoilers had been deployed, but without the spoilers, this number dropped to only 15%.[1]: 134  With the light loading of the landing gear, the aircraft's brakes were ineffective at slowing down the plane, which continued down the runway at high speed.[1]: 134–135  Directional control was lost when Captain Buschmann applied too much reverse thrust, which reduced the effectiveness of the plane's rudder and vertical stabilizer.[1]: 135–136The aircraft continued past the end of the runway, traveling another 800 feet (240 m; 270 yd), and striking a security fence and an ILS localizer array. The aircraft then collided with a structure built to support the approach lights for Runway 22L, which extended out into the Arkansas River.[1]: 43  Such structures are usually frangible, designed to shear off on impact, but because the approach lights were located on the unstable river bank, they were firmly anchored.[1]: 159  The collision with the sturdy structure crushed the airplane's nose, and destroyed the left side of the plane's fuselage, from the cockpit back to the first two rows of coach seating.[1]: 159  The impact broke the aircraft apart into large sections, which came to a rest short of the river bank.[1]: 43Captain Buschmann and 8 of the plane's 139 passengers were immediately killed in the crash; another two passengers died in the hospital in the weeks that followed.[1]: 47 [4] First Officer Origel, three of the four flight attendants, and 41 passengers sustained serious injuries, the remaining flight attendant and 64 passengers sustained minor injuries, and 24 passengers sustained no injuries.[1]: 47","title":"Crash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Transportation Safety Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board"}],"text":"The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigated the crash.","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cockpit voice recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit_voice_recorder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"MD-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Racing_the_Storm-5"}],"sub_title":"Automatic spoiler and brake systems","text":"The NTSB conducted extensive testing to determine whether the automatic spoiler and brake systems had been armed by the pilots before landing.The plane's cockpit voice recorder (CVR) was reviewed, and no sounds consistent with the spoiler arming or automatically deploying were recorded by the CVR.[1]: 42  The NTSB conducted two test flights of American Airlines MD-80 aircraft, which confirmed that manually arming the spoiler created an audible \"click\" noise—distinguishable from noises made by automatic deployment of the system—that could be clearly heard on CVR playback.[1]: 42  The NTSB also conducted ground tests on similar aircraft, including another American Airlines MD-80, for which the autospoiler system failed to deploy during a runway overrun event in Palm Springs, California, but did not result in destruction of the aircraft.[1]: 55After Flight 1420 and the Palm Springs incident, American Airlines revised its checklist so pilots would confirm that the spoilers are armed for autodeployment before landing, confirm spoiler deployment, and deploy spoilers manually if they had failed to automatically deploy.[1]: 87 [5]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Little Rock National Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_National_Airport"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Dallas/Fort Worth Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Fort_Worth_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"Greg Feith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Feith"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Racing_the_Storm-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Racing_the_Storm-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Pilot behavior regarding thunderstorms","text":"The NTSB investigation also focused on pilot behavior in inclement weather, to determine the impact the storms may have had on the pilots' decision-making process while approaching Little Rock National Airport.Experts from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology performed a study that recorded the behavior of pilots landing at Dallas/Fort Worth Airport,[1]: 142  which aimed to see whether pilots were willing to land in thunderstorms. From a total of 1,952 thunderstorm encounters, 1,310 pilots (67%) flew into thunderstorms during landing attempts.[1]: 142  The study found that pilots exhibited more recklessness if they fell behind schedule, if they were attempting to land at night, and if aircraft in front of them successfully landed in similar weather. In a later interview, Greg Feith, the lead NTSB investigator, said he was surprised to learn that pilots exhibited this behavior.[5] Feith added that the pilots may have exhibited \"get there-itis\", more formally known as \"task completion bias\" (TCB), as the pilots knew that they were approaching their 14-hour duty limits.[5][6]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"}],"sub_title":"Fatigue","text":"The NTSB report cited fatigue as a contributing factor. The captain had been awake for 16 hours that day;[1]: 106  research indicates that after being awake for 13 hours, pilots make considerably more mistakes.[1]: 157  The time of the crash occurred several hours after both pilots' usual bedtime.[1]: 106  The first officer reported feeling tired that night, and a yawn was heard on the CVR.[1]: 157  The report stated that sleep-deprived individuals are likely to try the same method of problem solving repeatedly without regard to alternatives.","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-01-02-1"},{"link_name":"crosswind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosswind"}],"sub_title":"Cause","text":"On October 23, 2001, the NTSB issued its determination on the cause of the crash:[1]: 169–170The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable causes of this accident were the flight crew's failure to discontinue the approach when severe thunderstorms and their associated hazards to flight operations had moved into the airport area, and the crew's failure to ensure that the spoilers had extended after touchdown.\nContributing to the accident were the flight crew's (1) impaired performance resulting from fatigue, and the situational stress associated with the intent to land under the circumstances; (2) continuation of the approach to a landing when the company's maximum crosswind component was exceeded; and (3) use of reverse thrust greater than 1.3 engine pressure ratio after landing.","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Panel_on_Multidistrict_Litigation"},{"link_name":"Henry Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Woods_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Eastern District of Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"compensatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensatory_damages"},{"link_name":"punitive damages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive_damages"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Convention"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231_F.Supp.2d_852-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231_F.Supp.2d_852-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231_F.Supp.2d_852-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231_F.Supp.2d_852-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-351_F.3d_874-9"},{"link_name":"wrongful-death damages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_death_claim"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rapoportlaw.com-10"},{"link_name":"nonfrangible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangibility"},{"link_name":"runway safety area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway_safety_area"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airlaw.com-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rapoportlaw.com-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airlaw.com-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rapoportlaw.com-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"}],"text":"Multiple lawsuits were filed after the crash, and on December 15, 1999, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation consolidated the various federal lawsuits for consolidated and coordinated pretrial proceedings, and assigned the case to United States District Court Senior Judge Henry Woods of the Eastern District of Arkansas. In the lawsuits, the passengers sought compensatory and punitive damages from American Airlines.Judge Woods separated the passenger cases into those involving domestic and international passengers, because different laws governed the rights of the claimants in each category. For example, passengers traveling on international tickets were prohibited by an international treaty (the Warsaw Convention) from recovering punitive damages. Therefore, Judge Woods ruled that only the domestic passengers would be permitted to pursue punitive damages claims.[7]The compensatory damages claims proceeded first. American Airlines \"admitted liability for the crash, and individual trials were scheduled to assess the proper amount of compensatory damages. Thereafter, American Airlines reached settlement agreements with a majority of the domestic Plaintiffs.\"[8]As part of the settlement agreement, \"Plaintiffs relinquished not only their compensatory damages claims, but their punitive damages claims, as well.\"[8] The case proceeded as \"three compensatory damages trials involving domestic Plaintiffs [that] were ultimately tried to a jury, and awards of $5.7 million, $3.4 million, and $4.2 million were made.\"[8] These three Plaintiffs pursued, but ultimately lost their claims for punitive damages. The District Court granted summary judgment in American Airlines' favor on punitive damages, finding under Arkansas law that there was insufficient evidence to submit the issue to a jury to decide.[8] This ruling was later upheld on appeal.[9]In the only liability trial arising out of the crash of Flight 1420, a federal jury in Little Rock awarded Captain Buschmann's family $2 million in wrongful-death damages following a lawsuit they had filed against Little Rock National Airport.[10] The jury decided Buschmann's death occurred because the aircraft collided with illegal nonfrangible approach-light supports erected in what should have been the\nrunway safety area. The airport was found to have failed to comply with airport safety standards. Buschmann's estate presented evidence that the spoilers were deployed and had malfunctioned (not through the captain's fault), and that the aircraft did not encounter turbulence.[11] The jury rejected the airport's argument that Buschmann was at fault in causing his own death.[10]The jury verdict has been claimed to completely absolve Buschmann of all fault for the crash,[11] but the NTSB has not changed its probable-cause ruling; additionally, American Airlines admitted liability for the crash, and had \"paid many millions of dollars in damages to the passengers and their families.\"[10] About 10 years following the crash, David E. Rapoport, an attorney who was a member of the court-appointed Plaintiffs' Steering Committee,[12] surmised, \"after all these years, [whether Captain Buschmann was \"absolved\" of all responsibility for the crash] is still a matter reasonable people who are fully informed may disagree on.\" However, Rapoport concluded that there should be a consensus understanding among all parties involved that \"flight operations should not be conducted in the terminal area when thunderstorms are on the flight path, and nonfrangible objects should not be placed where it is foreseeable an aircraft may go.\"[12]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Embraer E170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_E170"},{"link_name":"Vallejo, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallejo,_California"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"A 2004 memorial ceremony was held adjacent to the airport. Survivor Jeana Varnell attended the ceremony, but was quoted in a newspaper article as saying that she strongly objected to memorializing Captain Buschmann.[13]American Airlines still flies to Little Rock from Dallas, but the aircraft used is mostly an Embraer E170.Every year between 2000 and 2022, the father of crash victim Debra Taylor-Sattari elaborately decorated the exterior of his home in Vallejo, California with Christmas lights and decorations in her honor, which has gained attention from local and national media.[14]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"season one (2003)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mayday_episodes#Season_1_(2003)"},{"link_name":"Mayday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayday_(Canadian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Racing_the_Storm-5"},{"link_name":"season-eight (2009) Science of Disaster special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mayday_episodes#Season_8_(2009)_Special"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Weather Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_Channel"},{"link_name":"the Biography Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Biography_Channel"}],"text":"The events of Flight 1420 were featured in \"Racing the Storm\", a season one (2003) episode of the Canadian TV series Mayday[5] (called Air Emergency and Air Disasters in the U.S., and Air Crash Investigation in the UK and elsewhere around the world). The dramatization was broadcast in the United States with the title \"Fatal Landing\". The flight was also included in a Mayday season-eight (2009) Science of Disaster special titled \"Cruel Skies\",[15] which looked at the role of bad weather in aviation disasters.\nThe Weather Channel detailed the story of the flight on an episode of Storm Stories, as did the Biography Channel on the show Flightmares.","title":"In popular culture"}]
[{"image_text":"N215AA, the aircraft involved in the accident, at George Bush Intercontinental Airport, one year before the crash","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/American_Airlines_flight_1420.jpg/220px-American_Airlines_flight_1420.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seating chart for American Airlines Flight 1420 created by the NTSB, revealing the location of passengers and lack of injury, severity of injuries, and deaths","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/American_Airlines_Flight_1420_seat_injury_chart.svg/220px-American_Airlines_Flight_1420_seat_injury_chart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Simulation of weather conditions"},{"image_text":"Simulation of the landing"}]
null
[{"reference":"Aircraft Accident Report – Runway Overrun During Landing, American Airlines Flight 1420, McDonnell Douglas MD-82, N215AA, Little Rock, Arkansas, June 1, 1999 (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. October 23, 2001. NTSB/AAR-01/02. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR0102.pdf","url_text":"Aircraft Accident Report – Runway Overrun During Landing, American Airlines Flight 1420, McDonnell Douglas MD-82, N215AA, Little Rock, Arkansas, June 1, 1999"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board","url_text":"National Transportation Safety Board"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180711121033/https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR0102.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FAA Registry (N215AA)\". Federal Aviation Administration.","urls":[{"url":"https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N215AA","url_text":"\"FAA Registry (N215AA)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recent Losses\". Allied Pilots Association. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160625130928/https://legacy.alliedpilots.org/public/gonewest/memorial/bydate.asp","url_text":"\"Recent Losses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Pilots_Association","url_text":"Allied Pilots Association"},{"url":"https://legacy.alliedpilots.org/public/gonewest/memorial/bydate.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harter, Andrea (April 11, 2001). \"Flight 1420 plaintiff sobbingly testifies about her distress\". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.arkansasonline.com/news/2001/apr/11/flight-1420-plaintiff-sobbingly-testifies-about-he/","url_text":"\"Flight 1420 plaintiff sobbingly testifies about her distress\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120805194415/http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2001/apr/11/flight-1420-plaintiff-sobbingly-testifies-about-he/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Racing the Storm\". Mayday. Season 1. Episode 2. 2003. Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayday_(Canadian_TV_series)","url_text":"Mayday"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel_Canada","url_text":"Discovery Channel Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel","url_text":"National Geographic Channel"}]},{"reference":"Rhoda, D. A.; Pawlak, M. L. (June 3, 1999). \"An Assessment of Thunderstorm Penetrations and Deviations by Commercial Aircraft in the Terminal Area\" (PDF). MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160204003134/http://www.ll.mit.edu/mission/aviation/publications/publication-files/nasa-reports/Rhoda_1999_NASA-A2_WW-10087.pdf","url_text":"\"An Assessment of Thunderstorm Penetrations and Deviations by Commercial Aircraft in the Terminal Area\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology","url_text":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory"},{"url":"http://www.ll.mit.edu/mission/aviation/publications/publication-files/nasa-reports/Rhoda_1999_NASA-A2_WW-10087.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"In Re Air Crash at Little Rock, Ark., on June 1, 1999","urls":[]},{"reference":"In re Aircraft Accident at Little Rock, Arkansas","urls":[]},{"reference":"In re Aircraft Accident at Little Rock, Arkansas on June 1, 1999","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Over $14 Million for Victims of American Airlines Little Rock Airplane Crash\". Rapoport Law Offices, P.C. February 4, 2011. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2011. A jury found the airport was liable and awarded the captain's family $2m in wrongful death damages ... the jury found the captain was not at fault in causing his own death ... the passenger injury and wrongful death cases were based on pilot error and the airline admitted liability in all these cases ... the NTSB has not revised its probable cause finding that focused completely on pilot error","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rapoportlaw.com/Verdicts-and-Settlements/Over-14-Million-for-Victims-of-American-Airlines-Little-Rock-Airplane-Crash.shtml","url_text":"\"Over $14 Million for Victims of American Airlines Little Rock Airplane Crash\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107113106/https://www.rapoportlaw.com/Verdicts-and-Settlements/Over-14-Million-for-Victims-of-American-Airlines-Little-Rock-Airplane-Crash.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jury Clears Captain of American 1420\". airlaw.com. The Wolk Law Firm. Archived from the original on May 19, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060519094606/http://www.airlaw.com/news_American_1420.htm","url_text":"\"Jury Clears Captain of American 1420\""},{"url":"http://airlaw.com/news_American_1420.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Over $14 Million for Victims of American Airlines Little Rock Airplane Crash\". Rapoport, Weisberg, & Sims P.C. February 4, 2011. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rapoportlaw.com/verdicts-and-settlements/over-14-million-for-victims-of-american-airlines-little-rock-airplane-crash/","url_text":"\"Over $14 Million for Victims of American Airlines Little Rock Airplane Crash\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230116132730/https://www.rapoportlaw.com/verdicts-and-settlements/over-14-million-for-victims-of-american-airlines-little-rock-airplane-crash/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harter, Andrea (June 2, 2004). \"'Forever linked' through Flight 1420\". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Archived from the original on June 1, 2024. Retrieved March 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2004/jun/02/forever-linked-through-flight-1420/","url_text":"\"'Forever linked' through Flight 1420\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240601082450/https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2004/jun/02/forever-linked-through-flight-1420/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gase, Thomas (November 12, 2022). \"'Bob and Linda Taylor's iconic Christmas house to shine on Vallejo one more time'\". Vallejo Times-Herald. Archived from the original on June 1, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2022/11/12/bob-and-linda-taylors-iconic-christmas-house-to-shine-on-vallejo-one-more-time","url_text":"\"'Bob and Linda Taylor's iconic Christmas house to shine on Vallejo one more time'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240601082455/https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2022/11/12/bob-and-linda-taylors-iconic-christmas-house-to-shine-on-vallejo-one-more-time/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cruel Skies\". Mayday. Season 8. Episode 2. 2009. Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayday_(Canadian_TV_series)","url_text":"Mayday"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel_Canada","url_text":"Discovery Channel Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel","url_text":"National Geographic Channel"}]}]
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1999"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180711121033/https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR0102.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N215AA","external_links_name":"\"FAA Registry (N215AA)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160625130928/https://legacy.alliedpilots.org/public/gonewest/memorial/bydate.asp","external_links_name":"\"Recent Losses\""},{"Link":"https://legacy.alliedpilots.org/public/gonewest/memorial/bydate.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www2.arkansasonline.com/news/2001/apr/11/flight-1420-plaintiff-sobbingly-testifies-about-he/","external_links_name":"\"Flight 1420 plaintiff sobbingly testifies about her distress\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120805194415/http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2001/apr/11/flight-1420-plaintiff-sobbingly-testifies-about-he/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160204003134/http://www.ll.mit.edu/mission/aviation/publications/publication-files/nasa-reports/Rhoda_1999_NASA-A2_WW-10087.pdf","external_links_name":"\"An Assessment of Thunderstorm Penetrations and Deviations by Commercial Aircraft in the Terminal Area\""},{"Link":"http://www.ll.mit.edu/mission/aviation/publications/publication-files/nasa-reports/Rhoda_1999_NASA-A2_WW-10087.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/109/1022/2522798/","external_links_name":"109 F.Supp.2d 1022"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240601081933/https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/109/1022/2522798/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/231/852/2452474/","external_links_name":"231 F.Supp.2d 852"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240601082449/https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/231/852/2452474/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/351/874/526087/","external_links_name":"351 F.3d 874"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240601082449/https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/351/874/526087/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rapoportlaw.com/Verdicts-and-Settlements/Over-14-Million-for-Victims-of-American-Airlines-Little-Rock-Airplane-Crash.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Over $14 Million for Victims of American Airlines Little Rock Airplane Crash\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107113106/https://www.rapoportlaw.com/Verdicts-and-Settlements/Over-14-Million-for-Victims-of-American-Airlines-Little-Rock-Airplane-Crash.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060519094606/http://www.airlaw.com/news_American_1420.htm","external_links_name":"\"Jury Clears Captain of American 1420\""},{"Link":"http://airlaw.com/news_American_1420.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rapoportlaw.com/verdicts-and-settlements/over-14-million-for-victims-of-american-airlines-little-rock-airplane-crash/","external_links_name":"\"Over $14 Million for Victims of American Airlines Little Rock Airplane Crash\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230116132730/https://www.rapoportlaw.com/verdicts-and-settlements/over-14-million-for-victims-of-american-airlines-little-rock-airplane-crash/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2004/jun/02/forever-linked-through-flight-1420/","external_links_name":"\"'Forever linked' through Flight 1420\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240601082450/https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2004/jun/02/forever-linked-through-flight-1420/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2022/11/12/bob-and-linda-taylors-iconic-christmas-house-to-shine-on-vallejo-one-more-time","external_links_name":"\"'Bob and Linda Taylor's iconic Christmas house to shine on Vallejo one more time'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240601082455/https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2022/11/12/bob-and-linda-taylors-iconic-christmas-house-to-shine-on-vallejo-one-more-time/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/misc/990602.html","external_links_name":"Weather satellite imagery"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080619055816/http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/misc/990602.html","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"http://www.jrily.com/LiteraryIllusions/AmericanAirlinesFlight1420.html","external_links_name":"Essay by Survivor Sharon Angleman"},{"Link":"http://www.jrily.com/LiteraryIllusions/last%20seconds.pdf","external_links_name":"Graphic showing what happened during the last seconds of the crash"},{"Link":"http://www.planecrashinfo.com/cvr990601.htm","external_links_name":"Transcript of cockpit voice recorder"},{"Link":"http://www.jrily.com/LiteraryIllusions/the%20crash.pdf","external_links_name":"Story on the crash from Arkansas Democrat-Gazette"},{"Link":"http://www.jrily.com/LiteraryIllusions/weather.pdf","external_links_name":"Graphics showing weather radar from around the time of the crash"},{"Link":"https://imgur.com/a/ZfVRqEk","external_links_name":"Pre-crash photos of N215AA"},{"Link":"http://www.airliners.net/open.file/0524036/M/","external_links_name":"Photo of the Crashed Aircraft"},{"Link":"http://www.ardemgaz.com/prev/crash060299/bhvicti5.html","external_links_name":"Passenger manifest of AA1420"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000815233347/http://www.ardemgaz.com/prev/crash060299/bhvicti5.html","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"https://reports.nlr.nl/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10921/343/TP-2006-324.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"Dutch explanation of Crosswind Certification"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200529210338/https://reports.nlr.nl/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10921/343/TP-2006-324.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110829044648/http://www.nlr.nl/id~5114/lang~en.pdf","external_links_name":"Archive"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Fever
Swing Fever
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
1943 film by Tim Whelan For the Rod Stewart and Jools Holland album, see Swing Fever (album). This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Swing Fevertheatrical posterDirected byTim WhelanWritten byStory:Matt BrooksJoseph HoffmanScreenplay:Nat PerrinWarren WilsonProduced byIrving StarrStarringKay KyserCinematographyCharles RosherEdited byFerris WebsterMusic byGeorge Stoll (uncredited)Distributed byMetro-Goldwyn-MayerRelease date November 1, 1943 (1943-11-01) (US) Running time79 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Swing Fever is a 1943 American musical comedy film directed by Tim Whelan. Kay Kyser plays an ambitious music composer, also gifted with a hypnotic "evil eye", who gets mixed up with promoting a boxer. The film also features Marilyn Maxwell, William Gargan, Nat Pendleton and Lena Horne. Amid the credited music and boxing-world cameos many other familiar faces can be glimpsed: Tommy Dorsey, Harry James, Mike Mazurki, Mantan Moreland, and a young Ava Gardner. Plot This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cast Kay Kyser as Lowell Blackford Marilyn Maxwell as Ginger Gray William Gargan as "Waltzy" Malone Nat Pendleton as "Killer" Kennedy Lena Horne as herself Curt Bois as Nick Sirocco Morris Ankrum as Dan Conlon Andrew Tombes as Dr. Clyde L. Star Max "Slapsie Maxie" Rosenbloom as Rags Clyde Fillmore as Mr. Nagen Pamela Blake as Lois, Nagen's secretary Lou Nova as Kid Mandell Jack Roper as Sledgehammer Carson Harry Babbitt as himself Sully Mason as himself Ish Kabibble as himself Tommy Dorsey as himself Harry James as himself Jean Veloz nee Phelps aka Jean Davi as swing dancer, One Girl and Two Boys number Lennie Smith as swing dancer, One Girl and Two Boys number Don Gallagher as swing dancer, One Girl and Two Boys number References External links Swing Fever at IMDb Swing Fever at the TCM Movie Database Swing Fever at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films vteFilms directed by Tim Whelan Adam's Apple (1928) When Knights Were Bold (1929) It's a Boy (1933) Aunt Sally (1934) The Camels are Coming (1934) The Murder Man (1935) The Perfect Gentleman (1935) Two's Company (1936) The Mill on the Floss (1937) Farewell Again (1937) Action for Slander (1937) Smash and Grab (1937) The Divorce of Lady X (1938) St. Martin's Lane (1938) Q Planes (1939) Ten Days in Paris (1940) The Thief of Bagdad (1940) A Date with Destiny (1941) International Lady (1941) Twin Beds (1942) Nightmare (1942) Seven Days' Leave (1942) Swing Fever (1943) Higher and Higher (1943) Step Lively (1944) Badman's Territory (1946) This Was a Woman (1948) Rage at Dawn (1955) Texas Lady (1955) This article about a musical comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swing Fever (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Fever_(album)"},{"link_name":"musical comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_comedy"},{"link_name":"Tim Whelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Whelan"},{"link_name":"Kay Kyser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Kyser"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"William Gargan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gargan"},{"link_name":"Nat Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Pendleton"},{"link_name":"Lena Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Horne"},{"link_name":"Tommy Dorsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Dorsey"},{"link_name":"Harry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_James"},{"link_name":"Mike Mazurki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mazurki"},{"link_name":"Mantan Moreland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantan_Moreland"},{"link_name":"Ava Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Gardner"}],"text":"For the Rod Stewart and Jools Holland album, see Swing Fever (album).Swing Fever is a 1943 American musical comedy film directed by Tim Whelan. Kay Kyser plays an ambitious music composer, also gifted with a hypnotic \"evil eye\", who gets mixed up with promoting a boxer. The film also features Marilyn Maxwell, William Gargan, Nat Pendleton and Lena Horne. Amid the credited music and boxing-world cameos many other familiar faces can be glimpsed: Tommy Dorsey, Harry James, Mike Mazurki, Mantan Moreland, and a young Ava Gardner.","title":"Swing Fever"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kay Kyser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Kyser"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"William Gargan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gargan"},{"link_name":"Nat Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Pendleton"},{"link_name":"Lena Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Horne"},{"link_name":"Curt Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Bois"},{"link_name":"Morris Ankrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Ankrum"},{"link_name":"Andrew Tombes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Tombes"},{"link_name":"Max \"Slapsie Maxie\" Rosenbloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Rosenbloom"},{"link_name":"Pamela Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Blake"},{"link_name":"Lou Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Nova"},{"link_name":"Harry Babbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Babbitt"},{"link_name":"Ish Kabibble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ish_Kabibble"},{"link_name":"Tommy Dorsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Dorsey"},{"link_name":"Harry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_James"},{"link_name":"Jean Veloz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Veloz"}],"text":"Kay Kyser as Lowell Blackford\nMarilyn Maxwell as Ginger Gray\nWilliam Gargan as \"Waltzy\" Malone\nNat Pendleton as \"Killer\" Kennedy\nLena Horne as herself\nCurt Bois as Nick Sirocco\nMorris Ankrum as Dan Conlon\nAndrew Tombes as Dr. Clyde L. Star\nMax \"Slapsie Maxie\" Rosenbloom as Rags\nClyde Fillmore as Mr. Nagen\nPamela Blake as Lois, Nagen's secretary\nLou Nova as Kid Mandell\nJack Roper as Sledgehammer Carson\nHarry Babbitt as himself\nSully Mason as himself\nIsh Kabibble as himself\nTommy Dorsey as himself\nHarry James as himself\nJean Veloz nee Phelps aka Jean Davi as swing dancer, One Girl and Two Boys number\nLennie Smith as swing dancer, One Girl and Two Boys number\nDon Gallagher as swing dancer, One Girl and Two Boys number","title":"Cast"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Harrison_(footballer)
Eric Harrison (footballer)
["1 Playing career","2 Coaching career","3 Later life","4 Death","5 References","6 External links"]
English footballer and manager (1938–2019) Eric HarrisonMBEPersonal informationFull name Eric George HarrisonDate of birth (1938-02-05)5 February 1938Place of birth Mytholmroyd, Yorkshire, EnglandDate of death 13 February 2019(2019-02-13) (aged 81)Position(s) Wing halfSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1957–1964 Halifax Town 199 (10)1964–1966 Hartlepools United 81 (4)1966–1969 Barrow 130 (1)1969–1971 Southport 75 (0)1971–1972 Barrow 32 (1)1972 Scarborough Managerial career1981–1998 Manchester United (youth team coach)2000–2004 Wales (assistant)1998–2008 Manchester United (coaching co-ordinator) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Eric George Harrison MBE (5 February 1938 – 13 February 2019) was an English professional football player and coach. He played in midfield for several teams, including notable spells at Halifax Town (his local club) and Barrow. Harrison became a football coach and worked at Everton before he was brought to Manchester United by Ron Atkinson in 1981 to manage the youth team. Under Alex Ferguson, Harrison developed "one of the best crops of young players in the English game" – the so-called Fergie's Fledglings – which included David Beckham, Ryan Giggs, Paul Scholes and Gary Neville. Playing career Harrison began his football career as a player with his local club, Halifax Town, and made 199 league appearances between 1957 and 1964. After seven years with Halifax, he joined Hartlepools United, where he played until the 1965-66 season before joining Barrow in 1966. At Barrow, he was noted as a strong midfield player who played a key role in securing the club's promotion to the Third Division in 1967. He was at Southport from 1969 to 1971 before returning to Barrow for the 1971–72 season. In all, he made 162 league appearances for Barrow and a further 25 in other competitions, scoring three goals. He left Barrow for Scarborough in 1972. Coaching career After retiring from playing Harrison entered coaching. In June 1981, he was hired from Everton by new Manchester United manager Ron Atkinson, with whom Harrison had played for the Royal Air Force football team, Harrison took the post of youth team manager. It was his responsibility to help guide the club's young players and mould them into future first-teamers. When Atkinson was sacked in 1986, his replacement, Alex Ferguson, decided to keep Harrison on as youth coach. Dissatisfied with the number of players coming through the United youth system, Ferguson called a meeting with Harrison to discuss potential improvements. Harrison pointed out that he had already made Norman Whiteside and a couple of others into first team players, but Ferguson argued that this was still not enough. Harrison retorted "Right, we'll do a deal. You get me better-quality players, and I'll get you more youngsters in the first team." Ferguson agreed and set about increasing the club's scouting network two-or-threefold. Harrison's set-up subsequently produced a crop of first team players that became known as "Fergie's Fledglings" or "the class of '92". These included David Beckham, Ryan Giggs, Nicky Butt, Gary Neville and Robbie Savage. Harrison managed the Manchester United youth team that included many of these players and won the 1992 FA Youth Cup. The group has been described as "one of the best crops of young players in the English game". In 1993, Harrison introduced Paul Scholes, Phil Neville and Keith Gillespie to first team football. In 1995, a Harrison-coached team, captained by Phil Neville, won the FA Youth Cup again. Other players brought through the Manchester United youth team by Harrison include Mark Hughes, Norman Whiteside, Clayton Blackmore and Graeme Hogg. In 1998, Harrison retired as youth team manager but continued as coaching co-ordinator, working with groups from the under-nines to the under-16s, until he left Manchester United around 2008. From 2000 to 2004, Harrison was assistant manager of the Wales national football team under Mark Hughes. Later life In 2014, Harrison was diagnosed with mixed dementia, a condition that his own father had also lived with in his later years, and went to live in a nursing home. Harrison was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his services to football in the 2018 New Year Honours. As he was unable to travel to London, he received his honour at Halifax Town's ground, The Shay. Death Harrison died on 13 February 2019 at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife of 56 years, Shirley and two daughters. References ^ "Eric Harrison". Post War English & Scottish Football League A–Z Player's Transfer Database. Retrieved 2 January 2009. ^ The Definitive Barrow AFC by Michael Gardner, publisher: Soccer Data/Tony Brown ^ a b c d e "Eric Harrison: Former Manchester United youth coach and Class of 92 mentor dies aged 81". BBC Sport. 14 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019. ^ a b Malam, Colin (10 February 2001). "The other Eric behind rise of United". Telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph Media Group. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2008. ^ "History by Decade – 1980–1989". ManUtd.com. Manchester United. Retrieved 13 January 2008. ^ Mathieson, Stuart (6 November 2006). "Stars pay tribute to Fergie". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 13 January 2008. ^ "From boys to men". The Football Association. 6 April 2004. Archived from the original on 26 March 2006. Retrieved 2 January 2009. ^ a b Shaw, Phil (20 February 2019). "Eric Harrison: Manchester United youth coach who mentored the class of '92". The Independent. Retrieved 23 December 2023. ^ a b Kelly, Ciaran (17 September 2018). "The devastating decline of Manchester United Class of 92 hero Eric Harrison". Manchester Evening News. MEN Media. Retrieved 18 September 2018. ^ Duncker, Charlotte (29 December 2017). "Former Manchester United coach Eric Harrison awarded MBE". Manchester Evening News. MEN Media. Retrieved 2 January 2018. External links Profile Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine at redStat Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Halifax Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ron Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"Alex Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Fergie's Fledglings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergie%27s_Fledglings"},{"link_name":"David Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"Ryan Giggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Giggs"},{"link_name":"Paul Scholes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Scholes"},{"link_name":"Gary Neville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Neville"}],"text":"Eric George Harrison MBE (5 February 1938 – 13 February 2019) was an English professional football player and coach. He played in midfield for several teams, including notable spells at Halifax Town (his local club) and Barrow. Harrison became a football coach and worked at Everton before he was brought to Manchester United by Ron Atkinson in 1981 to manage the youth team. Under Alex Ferguson, Harrison developed \"one of the best crops of young players in the English game\" – the so-called Fergie's Fledglings – which included David Beckham, Ryan Giggs, Paul Scholes and Gary Neville.","title":"Eric Harrison (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halifax Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hartlepools United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"1965-66 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Hartlepools_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Southport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Harrison began his football career as a player with his local club, Halifax Town, and made 199 league appearances between 1957 and 1964.[1] After seven years with Halifax, he joined Hartlepools United, where he played until the 1965-66 season before joining Barrow in 1966. At Barrow, he was noted as a strong midfield player who played a key role in securing the club's promotion to the Third Division in 1967. He was at Southport from 1969 to 1971 before returning to Barrow for the 1971–72 season. In all, he made 162 league appearances for Barrow and a further 25 in other competitions, scoring three goals. He left Barrow for Scarborough in 1972.[2]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-3"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ron Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alex Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Norman Whiteside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Whiteside"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Fergie's Fledglings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergie%27s_Fledglings"},{"link_name":"David Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"Ryan Giggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Giggs"},{"link_name":"Nicky Butt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Butt"},{"link_name":"Gary Neville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Neville"},{"link_name":"Robbie Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Savage"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"FA Youth Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup"},{"link_name":"Paul Scholes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Scholes"},{"link_name":"Phil Neville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Neville"},{"link_name":"Keith Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Gillespie"},{"link_name":"Mark Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Norman Whiteside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Whiteside"},{"link_name":"Clayton Blackmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Blackmore"},{"link_name":"Graeme Hogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Hogg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-3"},{"link_name":"Wales national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-3"}],"text":"After retiring from playing Harrison entered coaching.[3] In June 1981, he was hired from Everton by new Manchester United manager Ron Atkinson, with whom Harrison had played for the Royal Air Force football team,[4] Harrison took the post of youth team manager.[5] It was his responsibility to help guide the club's young players and mould them into future first-teamers. When Atkinson was sacked in 1986, his replacement, Alex Ferguson, decided to keep Harrison on as youth coach. Dissatisfied with the number of players coming through the United youth system, Ferguson called a meeting with Harrison to discuss potential improvements. Harrison pointed out that he had already made Norman Whiteside and a couple of others into first team players, but Ferguson argued that this was still not enough. Harrison retorted \"Right, we'll do a deal. You get me better-quality players, and I'll get you more youngsters in the first team.\"[4] Ferguson agreed and set about increasing the club's scouting network two-or-threefold.[6]Harrison's set-up subsequently produced a crop of first team players that became known as \"Fergie's Fledglings\" or \"the class of '92\". These included David Beckham, Ryan Giggs, Nicky Butt, Gary Neville and Robbie Savage.[7] Harrison managed the Manchester United youth team that included many of these players and won the 1992 FA Youth Cup. The group has been described as \"one of the best crops of young players in the English game\". In 1993, Harrison introduced Paul Scholes, Phil Neville and Keith Gillespie to first team football. In 1995, a Harrison-coached team, captained by Phil Neville, won the FA Youth Cup again. Other players brought through the Manchester United youth team by Harrison include Mark Hughes, Norman Whiteside, Clayton Blackmore and Graeme Hogg.[3] In 1998, Harrison retired as youth team manager but continued as coaching co-ordinator, working with groups from the under-nines to the under-16s,[8] until he left Manchester United around 2008.[3]From 2000 to 2004, Harrison was assistant manager of the Wales national football team under Mark Hughes.[3]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decline-9"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"2018 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Shay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shay"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decline-9"}],"text":"In 2014, Harrison was diagnosed with mixed dementia, a condition that his own father had also lived with in his later years, and went to live in a nursing home.[9] Harrison was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his services to football in the 2018 New Year Honours.[10] As he was unable to travel to London, he received his honour at Halifax Town's ground, The Shay.[9]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-8"}],"text":"Harrison died on 13 February 2019 at the age of 81.[3] He was survived by his wife of 56 years, Shirley and two daughters.[8]","title":"Death"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Edwards
Humphrey Edwards
["1 Biography","2 Family","3 Notes","4 References"]
Humphrey Edwards (1582–1658) was one of the regicides of King Charles I of England. He joined the parliamentarian side in the English Civil War, finding loyalty to Charles I pecuniarily unprofitable; he was M.P. for Shropshire; signed Charles I's death-warrant, 1649; thrust himself into the chief ushership of the exchequer, 1650; and was commissioner of South Wales, 1651. Biography Edwards was the younger son of Thomas Edwards of Shrewsbury, by Ann, widow of Stephen Ducket, and daughter of Humphrey Baskerville, alderman of London. He was admitted to Shrewsbury School in 1615, and to Gray's Inn in 1633, but he was not called to the bar. Edwards is represented as "having alwaies been a half-faced cavalier, changing his party for his profit". On 17 February 1637 he was appointed a gentleman pensioner to King Charles I of England. In that capacity he was one of the armed men who accompanied Charles I to the House of Commons to arrest the 5 "birds" on 4 January 1642, and was disappointed at not obtaining a reward for attending the king on that expedition. So Edwards took sides with Parliament and was elected member as a Knight of the Shire for Shropshire (probably in the place of Sir Richard Lee (a royalist) who was "disabled to sit"). He became a prominent member of the Independent party, and was not excluded in Pride's Purge. He was nominated one of the commissioners of the high court of justice attended each day of the trial of Charles I, and signed the death-warrant. After the execution he remained an active member of Parliament, involving himself in the sale of church and crown estates. He hankered after the chief ushership of the exchequer, then held by Clement Walker, and, after vainly soliciting the committee of sequestrations to sequester Walker during his incarceration in the Tower of London, persuaded the committee of revenue to confer the office on him "until the parliament declare their pleasure therein", by an order dated 1 February 1650. On the following 21 March, though the order had not been ratified by parliament, he took forcible possession of Walker's official residence. In 1651 he was appointed to the high court of justice to investigate insurrections in Wales in June 1651. This was his last political appointment and he did not sit in Parliament or have a position in government during the Protectorate. Edwards died in 1658, and was buried at Richmond on 2 August. Family Edwards married Hester (died in or before 1658 preceding Edwards), daughter of Roger Pope of Shropshire, in 1623. Edwards died intestate, his property was granted to his sister, Lucy, Lady Ottley, but for his part in the regicide, although he died before the Restoration he was excepted out of the bill of pardon and oblivion and so his property (now in the possession of Lady Ottley) was confiscated by the crown. Notes ^ David Plant, Humphrey Edwards, Regicide, 1582-1658, the British Civil Wars and Commonwealth website ^ Lee, Sidney (1903), Dictionary of National Biography Index and Epitome p. 389. ^ a b c Goodwin 1889, p. 119. ^ a b c d e f g Goodwin & Peacey 2008. ^ Dates are in the Julian calendar with the year adjusted to start on 1 January (see Old Style and New Style dates) ^ Goodwin 1889, p. 119 cites: Lists of Members of Parliament, Official Return, pt. i. p. 492. ^ Goodwin 1889, p. 119 cites: The Case between C. Walker and H. Edwards, s. sh. fol. 1650; The Case of Mrs. Mary Walker, s. sh. fol. 1650. ^ Goodwin 1889, p. 119 cites: Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1651, p. 266. ^ Goodwin 1889, p. 119 cites parish reg. ^ Goodwin 1889, p. 119 cites: Administration Act Book, P. C. C. 1658, f. 270. ^ Goodwin 1889, p. 119 cites: Commons' Journals, viii. 73. References Goodwin, Gordon; Peacey, J. T. (reviewer) (January 2008) . "Edwards, Humphrey (1582–1658)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8541. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Attribution  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Edwards, Humphrey". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 389.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Goodwin, Gordon (1889). "Edwards, Humphrey". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 17. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 119. Endnotes: Noble's Lives of the Regicides, i. 200–1; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1649–50, p. 186, 1651, pp. 237, 266, 1655, p. 80; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 864. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Humphrey Edwards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1889119-3"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_School"},{"link_name":"called to the bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_to_the_bar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwinPeacey2008-4"},{"link_name":"gentleman pensioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_pensioner"},{"link_name":"Charles I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwinPeacey2008-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"arrest the 5 \"birds\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Shire"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pride's Purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride%27s_Purge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwinPeacey2008-4"},{"link_name":"the commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Regicides_of_Charles_I"},{"link_name":"trial of Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Charles_I"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1889119-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwinPeacey2008-4"},{"link_name":"Clement Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Walker"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1889119-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwinPeacey2008-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"the Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwinPeacey2008-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Edwards was the younger son of Thomas Edwards of Shrewsbury, by Ann, widow of Stephen Ducket, and daughter of Humphrey Baskerville, alderman of London.[3] He was admitted to Shrewsbury School in 1615, and to Gray's Inn in 1633, but he was not called to the bar.[4]Edwards is represented as \"having alwaies been a half-faced cavalier, changing his party for his profit\". On 17 February 1637 he was appointed a gentleman pensioner to King Charles I of England.[4][5] In that capacity he was one of the armed men who accompanied Charles I to the House of Commons to arrest the 5 \"birds\" on 4 January 1642, and was disappointed at not obtaining a reward for attending the king on that expedition. So Edwards took sides with Parliament and was elected member as a Knight of the Shire for Shropshire (probably in the place of Sir Richard Lee (a royalist) who was \"disabled to sit\").[6] He became a prominent member of the Independent party, and was not excluded in Pride's Purge.[4] He was nominated one of the commissioners of the high court of justice attended each day of the trial of Charles I, and signed the death-warrant.[3]After the execution he remained an active member of Parliament, involving himself in the sale of church and crown estates.[4] He hankered after the chief ushership of the exchequer, then held by Clement Walker, and, after vainly soliciting the committee of sequestrations to sequester Walker during his incarceration in the Tower of London, persuaded the committee of revenue to confer the office on him \"until the parliament declare their pleasure therein\",[3] by an order dated 1 February 1650. On the following 21 March, though the order had not been ratified by parliament, he took forcible possession of Walker's official residence.[7] In 1651 he was appointed to the high court of justice to investigate insurrections in Wales in June 1651.[4][8] This was his last political appointment and he did not sit in Parliament or have a position in government during the Protectorate.[4] Edwards died in 1658, and was buried at Richmond on 2 August.[9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_(England)"},{"link_name":"bill of pardon and oblivion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Pardon_and_Oblivion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwinPeacey2008-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Edwards married Hester (died in or before 1658 preceding Edwards), daughter of Roger Pope of Shropshire, in 1623.Edwards died intestate, his property was granted to his sister, Lucy, Lady Ottley, but for his part in the regicide, although he died before the Restoration he was excepted out of the bill of pardon and oblivion and so his property (now in the possession of Lady Ottley) was confiscated by the crown.[4][10][11]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Edwards, Regicide, 1582-1658","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/edwards.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"Index and Epitome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati00leesuoft"},{"link_name":"p. 389","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/dictionaryofnati00leesuoft#page/389/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1889119_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1889119_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1889119_3-2"},{"link_name":"Goodwin 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoodwin1889"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwinPeacey2008_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwinPeacey2008_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwinPeacey2008_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwinPeacey2008_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwinPeacey2008_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwinPeacey2008_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwinPeacey2008_4-6"},{"link_name":"Goodwin & Peacey 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoodwinPeacey2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Old Style and New Style dates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Goodwin 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoodwin1889"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Goodwin 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoodwin1889"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Goodwin 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoodwin1889"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Goodwin 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoodwin1889"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Goodwin 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoodwin1889"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Goodwin 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoodwin1889"}],"text":"^ David Plant, Humphrey Edwards, Regicide, 1582-1658, the British Civil Wars and Commonwealth website\n\n^ Lee, Sidney (1903), Dictionary of National Biography Index and Epitome p. 389.\n\n^ a b c Goodwin 1889, p. 119.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Goodwin & Peacey 2008.\n\n^ Dates are in the Julian calendar with the year adjusted to start on 1 January (see Old Style and New Style dates)\n\n^ Goodwin 1889, p. 119 cites: Lists of Members of Parliament, Official Return, pt. i. p. 492.\n\n^ Goodwin 1889, p. 119 cites: The Case between C. Walker and H. Edwards, s. sh. fol. 1650; The Case of Mrs. Mary Walker, s. sh. fol. 1650.\n\n^ Goodwin 1889, p. 119 cites: Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1651, p. 266.\n\n^ Goodwin 1889, p. 119 cites parish reg.\n\n^ Goodwin 1889, p. 119 cites: Administration Act Book, P. C. C. 1658, f. 270.\n\n^ Goodwin 1889, p. 119 cites: Commons' Journals, viii. 73.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush-tailed_rock_wallaby
Brush-tailed rock-wallaby
["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Behaviour","4 Distribution and habitat","5 Introduced populations","6 Conservation","7 References","8 External links"]
Species of marsupial Brush-tailed rock-wallaby Conservation status Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Marsupialia Order: Diprotodontia Family: Macropodidae Genus: Petrogale Species: P. penicillata Binomial name Petrogale penicillata(J. E. Gray, 1827) Brush-tailed rock-wallaby range The brush-tailed rock-wallaby or small-eared rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) is a kind of wallaby, one of several rock-wallabies in the genus Petrogale. It inhabits rock piles and cliff lines along the Great Dividing Range from about 100 km north-west of Brisbane to northern Victoria, in vegetation ranging from rainforest to dry sclerophyll forests. Populations have declined seriously in the south and west of its range, but it remains locally common in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland. However, due to a large bushfire event in South-East Australia around 70% of all the wallaby's habitat has been lost as of January 2020. In 2018, the southern brush-tailed rock wallaby was declared as the official mammal emblem of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), although it has not been seen in the wild in the ACT since 1959. Taxonomy Petrogale penicillata was first described by John Edward Gray in 1827. The taxon has been named for a species complex, the Petrogale penicillata-lateralis group, the systematics of which continued to be resolved. Description A species of Petrogale, rock wallabies have a dense and shaggy pelage that is rufous or grey brown. The tail is 500 to 700 millimetres long, exceeding the 510 to 580 mm combined length of the head and body. The colour of the tail is brown or black, the fur becoming bushy towards its shaggy, brush-like end. The weight range is from 5 to 8 kilograms. The upper parts of this wallaby's pelage is either entirely rufous-brown, or a grey brown over the back and shoulders with brown fur at the thigh and rump. The paler under parts may feature a white blazon on the chest. Very dark fur covers the lower parts of the limbs, paws and feet, and on the sides beneath the fore limbs of the animal; a whitish stripe may appear along the side of the body. The coloration of the species in the northern parts of population is paler and fur is shorter in length. The black-footed and flanked species Petrogale lateralis, which occurs in central Australia, is distinguished by its larger size and the shorter and darker fur of the tail and hind parts. Herbert's rock-wallaby (P. herberti) overlaps in the northern range of this species, their coloration is greyer than the warm brown of this species and lighter at the darker features of the limbs; the tail of that species also lacks the blackish features and bushy end. The pads of the feet are well developed and their coarse texture allows good traction on rock surfaces. Behaviour The species is able to negotiate difficult rocky terrain with great agility, their compact yet powerful build is assisted by counter-balancing the long tail and feet suited to holding the animal at precarious edges and on inclined surfaces. The species favours north facing refuges, and while largely nocturnal in venturing out from shelter they will bask in winter sun for short periods. Procreation is founded on breeding females utilising a single male for insemination, with births that occur throughout the year. Groups in cooler latitudes or higher altitudes may tend to reproduce in a period between February and May. The females of the colony cohere as maternal groups, with male progeny moving to other groups within the colony or migrating to another location. Individual foraging territories for the species are around 15 hectares, perhaps more for males. Distribution and habitat Illustration in Gould's The Mammals of Australia by H. C. Richter, 1863 Found along the Great Dividing Range in fragmented populations that remain after its historical contraction in range from the east and south. The southern edge of the range is the Grampians, and no further west than the Warrumbungles range in New South Wales. The northernmost groups have remained less affected by ecological changes, these are found in southeast Queensland. Petrogale penicillata shelters during the day in rocky habitat, within vegetation or cavities of preferably complex terrain that allows them to find cooler temperatures and to elude or remain inaccessible to predators. Their great agility while hopping and climbing provides opportunities at ledges, cliff-faces, overhangs, caves and crevices. Introduced populations A wallaby wearing a collar to conduct animal migration tracking As part of the acclimatisation movement of the late 1800s, governor Grey introduced this and four other species of wallabies (including the rare parma wallaby) to islands in Hauraki Gulf, near Auckland, New Zealand, where they became well-established. In modern times, these populations have come to be viewed as exotic pests, with severe impacts on the indigenous flora and fauna. As a result, eradication is being undertaken, after initial protection for review of their Australian populations and the return of some wallabies to Australia. Between 1967 and 1975, 210 rock-wallabies were captured on Kawau Island and returned to Australia, along with thousands of other wallabies. Rock-wallabies were removed from Rangitoto and Motutapu Islands during the 1990s, and eradication is now underway on Kawau. Another thirty-three rock-wallabies were captured on Kawau during the 2000s, and returned to Australia, before eradication began. In 2003 some Kawau brush-tails were relocated to the Waterfall Springs Conservation Park north of Sydney, New South Wales, for captive breeding purposes. Due to an escape of a pair in 1916, a small breeding population of the brush-tailed rock-wallabies also exists in the Kalihi Valley on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. Attempts at reintroduction into the Grampians National Park during 2008-12 were not successful, largely due to fox predation. Nevertheless, March 2017 saw the emergence of a fourth offspring, bringing the total number of rock–wallabies present within the Grampians National Park to eight. Conservation The Brush-tailed rock wallaby was once common throughout South-East Australia, but due to clearing of native habitat, exotic plant introduction, predation by introduced species and changing fire patterns as a result of climate change they have been wiped out from much of their Southern and Western ranges. In late 2019 fierce bushfires swept through New South Wales and Victoria, burning protected areas inhabited by the wallaby. It is estimated that 70% of all brush-tailed rock-wallaby habitat was destroyed. In the aftermath of the fires in Victoria, where the wallaby was thought to have been hunted to extinction by the early 20th century by settlers who prized its fur and skin, until some who had survived were discovered in the Grampians in 1970, a colony of 13 has been detected in the Grampians National Park while a further 50 are known to exist in the Snowy River National Park. References ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 68. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494. ^ Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Petrogale penicillata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16746A21955754. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T16746A21955754.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ a b Gray, J.E. (1827). "Synopsis of the species of mammalia". In Griffith, E.; Pidgeon, E.; Smith, C.H. (eds.). The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the Baron Cuvier, member of the Institute of France etc. with additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed. Vol. 5. pp. 185–206 . ^ A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia, Menkhorst, P and Knight, F, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 2001 ISBN 0-19-550870-X ^ "ACT receives new mammal emblem". 29 November 2018. ^ a b Menkhorst, P.W.; Knight, F. (2011). A field guide to the mammals of Australia (3rd ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780195573954. ^ a b c "Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby - profile". www.environment.nsw.gov.au. NSW Environment & Heritage. Retrieved 25 April 2019. ^ Shaw, W.B.; Pierce, R.J. 2002: Management of North Island weka and wallabies on Kawau Island. Department of Conservation Science Internal Series 54. Department of Conservation, Wellington. ISBN 0-478-22272-6. ^ "Rock wallabies". Catalyst. ABC. 4 March 2004. Retrieved 2 March 2012. ^ "Saving the Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby". Waterfall Springs Wildlife Sanctuary. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2012. ^ Taggart, D.A.; Schultz, D.J.; Corrigan, T.C.; Schultz, T.J.; Stevens, M.; Panther, D.; White, C.R. (2016). "Reintroduction methods and a review of mortality in the brush-tailed rock-wallaby, Grampians National Park, Australia". Australian Journal of Zoology. 63 (6): 383–397. doi:10.1071/ZO15029. S2CID 87455828. ^ Hayter, Rachel (12 March 2017). "Joey marks end of 'tough times' for resurgent rock-wallabies in western Victoria". ABC News. Retrieved 13 March 2017. ^ Benjamin Wilkie, Gariwerd: An Ecological History of the Grampians, Csiro Publishing 2020 ISBN 978-1-486-30769-2 pp.73-74. ^ Miki Perkins, 'Incredibly exciting': These marsupials are endangered. Now, there's new life and hope, The Age 20 October 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petrogale penicillata. Brush-tailed rock-wallaby recovery in NSW (Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife) Brush-tailed rock-wallaby population in Green Gully - a conservation case study Brush-tailed rock-wallaby habitat modelling BBC video of brush-tailed rock-wallabies in action Archived 2011-07-29 at the Wayback Machine The Aussie Brush-Tailed Rock-Wallaby Ark Conservation Project Archived 2021-05-13 at the Wayback Machine vteExtant Diprotodontia species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Marsupialia Suborder VombatiformesPhascolarctidaePhascolarctos Koala (P. cinereus) Vombatidae(wombats)Vombatus Common wombat (V. ursinus) Lasiorhinus Southern hairy-nosed wombat (L. latifrons) Northern hairy-nosed wombat (L. krefftii) Suborder Phalangeriformes (possums)Phalangeridae(including cuscuses)Ailurops(bear cuscuses) Talaud bear cuscus (A. melanotis) Sulawesi bear cuscus (A. ursinus) Phalanger Gebe cuscus (P. alexandrae) Mountain cuscus (P. carmelitae) Ground cuscus (P. gymnotis) Eastern common cuscus (P. intercastellanus) Woodlark cuscus (P. lullulae) Blue-eyed cuscus (P. matabiru) Telefomin cuscus (P. matanim) Southern common cuscus (P. mimicus) Northern common cuscus (P. orientalis) Ornate cuscus (P. ornatus) Rothschild's cuscus (P. rothschildi) Silky cuscus (P. sericeus) Stein's cuscus (P. vestitus) Spilocuscus Admiralty Island cuscus (S. kraemeri) Common spotted cuscus (S. maculatus) Waigeou cuscus (S. papuensis) Black-spotted cuscus (S. rufoniger) Blue-eyed spotted cuscus (S. wilsoni) Strigocuscus Sulawesi dwarf cuscus (S. celebensis) Banggai cuscus (S. pelegensis) Trichosurus(brushtail possums) Northern brushtail possum (T. arnhemensis) Short-eared possum (T. caninus) Mountain brushtail possum (T. cunninghami) Coppery brushtail possum (T. johnstonii) Common brushtail possum (T. vulpecula) Wyulda Scaly-tailed possum (W. squamicaudata) Burramyidae(pygmy possums)Burramys Mountain pygmy possum (B. parvus) Cercartetus Long-tailed pygmy possum (C. caudatus) Western pygmy possum (C. concinnus) Tasmanian pygmy possum (C. lepidus) Eastern pygmy possum (C. nanus) TarsipedidaeTarsipes Honey possum (T. rostratus) PetauridaeDactylopsila Great-tailed triok (D. megalura) Long-fingered triok (D. palpator) Tate's triok (D. tatei) Striped possum (D. trivirgata) Gymnobelideus Leadbeater's possum (G. leadbeateri) Petaurus Northern glider (P. abidi) Yellow-bellied glider (P. australis) Biak glider (P. biacensis) Sugar glider (P. breviceps) Mahogany glider (P. gracilis) Squirrel glider (P. norfolcensis) PseudocheiridaeHemibelideus Lemur-like ringtail possum (H. lemuroides) Petauroides(greater gliders) Central greater glider (P. armillatus) Northern greater glider (P. minor) Southern greater glider (P. volans) Petropseudes Rock-haunting ringtail possum (P. dahli) Pseudocheirus Common ringtail possum (P. peregrinus) Pseudochirulus Lowland ringtail possum (P. canescens) Weyland ringtail possum (P. caroli) Cinereus ringtail possum (P. cinereus) Painted ringtail possum (P. forbesi) Herbert River ringtail possum (P. herbertensis) Masked ringtail possum (P. larvatus) Pygmy ringtail possum (P. mayeri) Vogelkop ringtail possum (P. schlegeli) Pseudochirops D'Albertis's ringtail possum (P. albertisii) Green ringtail possum (P. archeri) Plush-coated ringtail possum (P. corinnae) Reclusive ringtail possum (P. coronatus) Coppery ringtail possum (P. cupreus) AcrobatidaeAcrobates Feathertail glider (A. pygmaeus) Distoechurus Feather-tailed possum (D. pennatus) Suborder MacropodiformesMacropodidae(includes wallabies)Lagostrophus Banded hare-wallaby (L. fasciatus) Dendrolagus(tree-kangaroos) Bennett's tree-kangaroo (D. bennettianus) Doria's tree-kangaroo (D. dorianus) Goodfellow's tree-kangaroo (D. goodfellowi) Grizzled tree-kangaroo (D. inustus) Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo (D. lumholtzi) Matschie's tree-kangaroo (D. matschiei) Dingiso (D. mbaiso) Ifola (D. notatus) Golden-mantled tree-kangaroo (D. pulcherrimus) Lowlands tree-kangaroo (D. spadix) Tenkile (D. scottae) Seri's tree-kangaroo (D. stellarum) Ursine tree-kangaroo (D. ursinus) Dorcopsis Black dorcopsis (D. atrata) White-striped dorcopsis (D. hageni) Gray dorcopsis (D. luctuosa) Brown dorcopsis (D. muelleri) Dorcopsulus Macleay's dorcopsis (D. macleayi) Small dorcopsis (D. vanheurni) Lagorchestes(hare-wallabies) Spectacled hare-wallaby (L. conspicillatus) Rufous hare-wallaby (L. hirsutus) Macropus Western grey kangaroo (M. fuliginosus) Eastern grey kangaroo (M. giganteus) Notamacropus Agile wallaby (N. agilis) Black-striped wallaby (N. dorsalis) Tammar wallaby (N. eugenii) Western brush wallaby (N. irma) Parma wallaby (N. parma) Whiptail wallaby (N. parryi) Red-necked wallaby (N. rufogriseus) Onychogalea(nail-tail wallabies) Bridled nail-tail wallaby (O. fraenata) Northern nail-tail wallaby (O. unguifera) Osphranter Antilopine kangaroo (O. antilopinus) Black wallaroo (O. bernardus) Common wallaroo (O. robustus) Red kangaroo (O. rufus) Petrogale(rock-wallabies) P. brachyotis species group: Short-eared rock-wallaby (P. brachyotis) Monjon (P. burbidgei) Nabarlek (P. concinna) Eastern short-eared rock-wallaby (P. wilkinsi) P. xanthopus species group: Proserpine rock-wallaby (P. persephone) Rothschild's rock-wallaby (P. rothschildi) Yellow-footed rock-wallaby (P. xanthopus) P. lateralis/penicillata species group: Allied rock-wallaby (P. assimilis) Cape York rock-wallaby (P. coenensis) Godman's rock-wallaby (P. godmani) Herbert's rock-wallaby (P. herberti) Unadorned rock-wallaby (P. inornata) Black-flanked rock-wallaby (P. lateralis) Mareeba rock-wallaby (P. mareeba) Brush-tailed rock-wallaby (P. penicillata) Purple-necked rock-wallaby (P. purpureicollis) Mount Claro rock-wallaby (P. sharmani) Setonix Quokka (S. brachyurus) Thylogale(pademelons) Tasmanian pademelon (T. billardierii) Brown's pademelon (T. browni) Dusky pademelon (T. brunii) Calaby's pademelon (T. calabyi) Mountain pademelon (T. lanatus) Red-legged pademelon (T. stigmatica) Red-necked pademelon (T. thetis) Wallabia Swamp wallaby (W. bicolor) PotoroidaeAepyprymnus Rufous rat-kangaroo (A. rufescens) Bettongia(bettongs) Eastern bettong (B. gaimardi) Boodie (B. lesueur) Woylie (B. penicillata) Northern bettong (B. tropica) Potorous(potoroos) Long-footed potoroo (P. longipes) Long-nosed potoroo (P. tridactylus) Gilbert's potoroo (P. gilbertii) HypsiprymnodontidaeHypsiprymnodon Musky rat-kangaroo (H. moschatus) Taxon identifiersPetrogale penicillata Wikidata: Q209582 Wikispecies: Petrogale penicillata ADW: Petrogale_penicillata AFD: Petrogale_penicillata ARKive: petrogale-penicillata CoL: 6V6BL EoL: 128434 EPPO: PETGPE GBIF: 2440113 iNaturalist: 42937 IRMNG: 10765274 ITIS: 179924 IUCN: 16746 MDD: 1000303 MSW: 11000291 NatureServe: 2.101217 NCBI: 54088 NZOR: 4854a52f-e3cc-4f58-a88b-362ed56af610 Open Tree of Life: 65593 Paleobiology Database: 431925 SPRAT: 225
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wallaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallaby"},{"link_name":"rock-wallabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-wallaby"},{"link_name":"Petrogale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrogale"},{"link_name":"Great Dividing Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest"},{"link_name":"dry sclerophyll forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerophyll"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Australian Capital Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The brush-tailed rock-wallaby or small-eared rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) is a kind of wallaby, one of several rock-wallabies in the genus Petrogale. It inhabits rock piles and cliff lines along the Great Dividing Range from about 100 km north-west of Brisbane to northern Victoria, in vegetation ranging from rainforest to dry sclerophyll forests. Populations have declined seriously in the south and west of its range, but it remains locally common in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland.[4] However, due to a large bushfire event in South-East Australia around 70% of all the wallaby's habitat has been lost as of January 2020.In 2018, the southern brush-tailed rock wallaby was declared as the official mammal emblem of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), although it has not been seen in the wild in the ACT since 1959.[5]","title":"Brush-tailed rock-wallaby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Edward Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edward_Gray"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gray1827-3"}],"text":"Petrogale penicillata was first described by John Edward Gray in 1827.[3] The taxon has been named for a species complex, the Petrogale penicillata-lateralis group, the systematics of which continued to be resolved.","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petrogale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrogale"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Menkhorst2011-6"},{"link_name":"Herbert's rock-wallaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%27s_rock-wallaby"},{"link_name":"P. herberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrogale_herberti"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Menkhorst2011-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSWprofile-7"}],"text":"A species of Petrogale, rock wallabies have a dense and shaggy pelage that is rufous or grey brown. \nThe tail is 500 to 700 millimetres long, exceeding the 510 to 580 mm combined length of the head and body.\nThe colour of the tail is brown or black, the fur becoming bushy towards its shaggy, brush-like end. \nThe weight range is from 5 to 8 kilograms.\nThe upper parts of this wallaby's pelage is either entirely rufous-brown, or a grey brown over the back and shoulders with brown fur at the thigh and rump. \nThe paler under parts may feature a white blazon on the chest. Very dark fur covers the lower parts of the limbs, paws and feet, and on the sides beneath the fore limbs of the animal; a whitish stripe may appear along the side of the body.[6]The coloration of the species in the northern parts of population is paler and fur is shorter in length. \nThe black-footed and flanked species Petrogale lateralis, which occurs in central Australia, is distinguished by its larger size and the shorter and darker fur of the tail and hind parts. Herbert's rock-wallaby (P. herberti) overlaps in the northern range of this species, their coloration is greyer than the warm brown of this species and lighter at the darker features of the limbs; the tail of that species also lacks the blackish features and bushy end.[6]\nThe pads of the feet are well developed and their coarse texture allows good traction on rock surfaces.[7]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSWprofile-7"}],"text":"The species is able to negotiate difficult rocky terrain with great agility, their compact yet powerful build is assisted by counter-balancing the long tail and feet suited to holding the animal at precarious edges and on inclined surfaces.\nThe species favours north facing refuges, and while largely nocturnal in venturing out from shelter they will bask in winter sun for short periods.\nProcreation is founded on breeding females utilising a single male for insemination, with births that occur throughout the year. Groups in cooler latitudes or higher altitudes may tend to reproduce in a period between February and May. The females of the colony cohere as maternal groups, with male progeny moving to other groups within the colony or migrating to another location.\nIndividual foraging territories for the species are around 15 hectares, perhaps more for males.[7]","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petrogale_penicillata_-_Gould.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Mammals of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mammals_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"H. C. Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._C._Richter"},{"link_name":"Great Dividing Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range"},{"link_name":"Grampians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grampians_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Warrumbungles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrumbungles"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSWprofile-7"}],"text":"Illustration in Gould's The Mammals of Australia by H. C. Richter, 1863Found along the Great Dividing Range in fragmented populations that remain after its historical contraction in range from the east and south. The southern edge of the range is the Grampians, and no further west than the Warrumbungles range in New South Wales. The northernmost groups have remained less affected by ecological changes, these are found in southeast Queensland.Petrogale penicillata shelters during the day in rocky habitat, within vegetation or cavities of preferably complex terrain that allows them to find cooler temperatures and to elude or remain inaccessible to predators. Their great agility while hopping and climbing provides opportunities at ledges, cliff-faces, overhangs, caves and crevices.[7]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petrogale_penicillata_with_radio_tracking_collar_-_journal.pone.0063017.g001A.png"},{"link_name":"animal migration tracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_migration_tracking"},{"link_name":"acclimatisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclimatisation_society"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edward_Grey"},{"link_name":"parma wallaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_wallaby"},{"link_name":"Hauraki Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauraki_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"exotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"},{"link_name":"pests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(animal)"},{"link_name":"Kawau Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawau_Island"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rangitoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangitoto_Island"},{"link_name":"Motutapu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motutapu_Island"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Kalihi Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalihi_Valley"},{"link_name":"Oahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Grampians National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grampians_National_Park"},{"link_name":"fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_foxes_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"A wallaby wearing a collar to conduct animal migration trackingAs part of the acclimatisation movement of the late 1800s, governor Grey introduced this and four other species of wallabies (including the rare parma wallaby) to islands in Hauraki Gulf, near Auckland, New Zealand, where they became well-established. In modern times, these populations have come to be viewed as exotic pests, with severe impacts on the indigenous flora and fauna. As a result, eradication is being undertaken, after initial protection for review of their Australian populations and the return of some wallabies to Australia. Between 1967 and 1975, 210 rock-wallabies were captured on Kawau Island and returned to Australia, along with thousands of other wallabies.[8] Rock-wallabies were removed from Rangitoto and Motutapu Islands during the 1990s, and eradication is now underway on Kawau. Another thirty-three rock-wallabies were captured on Kawau during the 2000s, and returned to Australia, before eradication began.[9][10]In 2003 some Kawau brush-tails were relocated to the Waterfall Springs Conservation Park north of Sydney, New South Wales, for captive breeding purposes.Due to an escape of a pair in 1916, a small breeding population of the brush-tailed rock-wallabies also exists in the Kalihi Valley on the island of Oahu in Hawaii.Attempts at reintroduction into the Grampians National Park during 2008-12 were not successful, largely due to fox predation.[11] Nevertheless, March 2017 saw the emergence of a fourth offspring, bringing the total number of rock–wallabies present within the Grampians National Park to eight.[12]","title":"Introduced populations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Grampians National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grampians_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Snowy River National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowy_River_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perkins-14"}],"text":"The Brush-tailed rock wallaby was once common throughout South-East Australia, but due to clearing of native habitat, exotic plant introduction, predation by introduced species and changing fire patterns as a result of climate change they have been wiped out from much of their Southern and Western ranges.In late 2019 fierce bushfires swept through New South Wales and Victoria, burning protected areas inhabited by the wallaby. It is estimated that 70% of all brush-tailed rock-wallaby habitat was destroyed. In the aftermath of the fires in Victoria, where the wallaby was thought to have been hunted to extinction by the early 20th century by settlers who prized its fur and skin, until some who had survived were discovered in the Grampians in 1970,[13] a colony of 13 has been detected in the Grampians National Park while a further 50 are known to exist in the Snowy River National Park.[14]","title":"Conservation"}]
[{"image_text":"Illustration in Gould's The Mammals of Australia by H. C. Richter, 1863","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Petrogale_penicillata_-_Gould.jpg/220px-Petrogale_penicillata_-_Gould.jpg"},{"image_text":"A wallaby wearing a collar to conduct animal migration tracking","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Petrogale_penicillata_with_radio_tracking_collar_-_journal.pone.0063017.g001A.png/220px-Petrogale_penicillata_with_radio_tracking_collar_-_journal.pone.0063017.g001A.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 68. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Groves","url_text":"Groves, C. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D. E."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-801-88221-4","url_text":"0-801-88221-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). \"Petrogale penicillata\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16746A21955754. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T16746A21955754.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/16746/21955754","url_text":"\"Petrogale penicillata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T16746A21955754.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T16746A21955754.en"}]},{"reference":"Gray, J.E. (1827). \"Synopsis of the species of mammalia\". In Griffith, E.; Pidgeon, E.; Smith, C.H. (eds.). The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the Baron Cuvier, member of the Institute of France etc. with additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed. Vol. 5. pp. 185–206 [204].","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34790398","url_text":"\"Synopsis of the species of mammalia\""}]},{"reference":"\"ACT receives new mammal emblem\". 29 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.act.gov.au/our-canberra/latest-news/2018/november/act-receives-new-mammal-emblem","url_text":"\"ACT receives new mammal emblem\""}]},{"reference":"Menkhorst, P.W.; Knight, F. (2011). A field guide to the mammals of Australia (3rd ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780195573954.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Menkhorst","url_text":"Menkhorst, P.W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Knight","url_text":"Knight, F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195573954","url_text":"9780195573954"}]},{"reference":"\"Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby - profile\". www.environment.nsw.gov.au. NSW Environment & Heritage. Retrieved 25 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=10605","url_text":"\"Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby - profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rock wallabies\". Catalyst. ABC. 4 March 2004. Retrieved 2 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/s1058764.htm","url_text":"\"Rock wallabies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saving the Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby\". Waterfall Springs Wildlife Sanctuary. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080719100614/https://www.waterfallsprings.com.au/pages/foundation-story.php","url_text":"\"Saving the Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby\""},{"url":"http://www.waterfallsprings.com.au/pages/foundation-story.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Taggart, D.A.; Schultz, D.J.; Corrigan, T.C.; Schultz, T.J.; Stevens, M.; Panther, D.; White, C.R. (2016). \"Reintroduction methods and a review of mortality in the brush-tailed rock-wallaby, Grampians National Park, Australia\". Australian Journal of Zoology. 63 (6): 383–397. doi:10.1071/ZO15029. S2CID 87455828.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FZO15029","url_text":"10.1071/ZO15029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87455828","url_text":"87455828"}]},{"reference":"Hayter, Rachel (12 March 2017). \"Joey marks end of 'tough times' for resurgent rock-wallabies in western Victoria\". ABC News. Retrieved 13 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-12/rock-wallaby-joey-gives-hope-in-western-victoria/8347322","url_text":"\"Joey marks end of 'tough times' for resurgent rock-wallabies in western Victoria\""}]}]
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Now, there's new life and hope"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140320090619/http://www.fnpw.org.au/plants-a-wildlife/land-mammals/brush-tailed-rock-wallaby","external_links_name":"Brush-tailed rock-wallaby recovery in NSW (Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110218230401/http://fnpw.com.au/ForSupporters/PAWS/enews063/BTRW.htm","external_links_name":"Brush-tailed rock-wallaby population in Green Gully - a conservation case study"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090914012229/http://www.fnpw.org.au/enews054/BTRWNews.htm","external_links_name":"Brush-tailed rock-wallaby habitat modelling"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/expeditions/australia/stories/rockwallaby","external_links_name":"BBC video of brush-tailed rock-wallabies in action"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110729045357/http://www.bbc.co.uk/expeditions/australia/stories/rockwallaby","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aussieark.org.au/brush-tailed-rock-wallabies/","external_links_name":"The Aussie Brush-Tailed Rock-Wallaby Ark Conservation Project"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210513202901/https://www.aussieark.org.au/brush-tailed-rock-wallabies/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Petrogale_penicillata/","external_links_name":"Petrogale_penicillata"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Petrogale_penicillata","external_links_name":"Petrogale_penicillata"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/petrogale-penicillata/","external_links_name":"petrogale-penicillata"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6V6BL","external_links_name":"6V6BL"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/128434","external_links_name":"128434"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PETGPE","external_links_name":"PETGPE"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2440113","external_links_name":"2440113"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/42937","external_links_name":"42937"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10765274","external_links_name":"10765274"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=179924","external_links_name":"179924"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/16746","external_links_name":"16746"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1000303","external_links_name":"1000303"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=11000291","external_links_name":"11000291"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101217/","external_links_name":"2.101217"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=54088","external_links_name":"54088"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/4854a52f-e3cc-4f58-a88b-362ed56af610","external_links_name":"4854a52f-e3cc-4f58-a88b-362ed56af610"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=65593","external_links_name":"65593"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=431925","external_links_name":"431925"},{"Link":"https://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=225","external_links_name":"225"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiaki_Nishioka
Toshiaki Nishioka
["1 Early life and career","1.1 Rivalry with Sahaprom, injuries","1.2 Marriage and recovery","1.3 WBC super bantamweight champion","1.4 Retirement","2 Professional boxing record","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
Japanese boxer Toshiaki Nishioka西岡 利晃Born (1976-07-25) July 25, 1976 (age 47)Kakogawa, Hyōgo, JapanOther names Speed King Monster Left StatisticsWeight(s) Bantamweight Super-bantamweight Height5 ft 6+1⁄2 in (169 cm)Reach68+1⁄2 in (174 cm)StanceSouthpaw Boxing recordTotal fights47Wins39Wins by KO24Losses5Draws3 Toshiaki Nishioka (西岡 利晃, Nishioka Toshiaki, born July 25, 1976) is a Japanese former professional boxer who competed from 1994 to 2012. He held the WBC super-bantamweight title from 2008 to 2012, and challenged for the WBO and The Ring super-bantamweight titles in his final-fight. Nishioka is known for his series of fights against Veeraphol Nakonluang-Promotion, with two of their four encounters ending in draws. Unlike many of Japan's other world champions, Nishioka willingly fought outside of his own country. Early life and career Nishioka was born in Kakogawa, Hyōgo, Japan, in July 1976, and has one younger sister. He started boxing at age ten when he was in the fifth grade of elementary school on the recommendation of his father who runs a tavern. He compiled an amateur record of 10–2. Since before his professional debut, Nishioka had served as a sparring partner of the reigning WBC bantamweight champion Yasuei Yakushiji. Nicknamed "Speed King", Nishioka won his professional debut by a first-round knockout in Himeji, Hyōgo, on December 11, 1994. But he was knocked out in the fourth round of the next fight at the Korakuen Hall, and was carried out on a stretcher. Nishioka won the annual Japanese boxing series, West Japan Rookie King Tournament in the super bantamweight division at the Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium in September 1995. Winning over the Central Japan rookie king in the next fight at the Nagoya Civic Assembly Hall, he fought against the rookie king of the Western part of Japan in Fukuoka in December of the same year. Though Nishioka was convinced of his victory, the judges were in favor of his opponent. During his early career, Nishioka was expected to be Joichiro Tatsuyoshi's successor, and served as his sparring partner for two years since 1996. Nishioka went down a weight division to capture the Japanese bantamweight title at the Osaka Municipal Central Gymnasium on December 29, 1998, the last day when Tatsuyoshi was a world champion. Although Nishioka was knocked down once when away from the clinch in the first round, he twice floored his opponent while wearing a confident and defiant smile in the second round to be crowned, and defended the title twice before returning it. Rivalry with Sahaprom, injuries In June 2000, Nishioka challenged the WBC bantamweight champion Veeraphol Nakonluang-Promotion in Takasago, Hyōgo, and lost via a unanimous decision. He had belonged to the JM Kakogawa Gym until that fight, and has been managed by the Teiken Boxing Gym in Tokyo under Akihiko Honda's supervision and Yūichi Kasai's guidance since September 2000. The second world title shot was watched by 12,000 spectators at the Yokohama Arena in September 2001, and was a very close fight in which the scores were 115–113 for Nishioka, 116–113 for Veeraphol, and 114–114 even. Nishioka suffered an Achilles tendon rupture twice during that year. In December 2002, he returned to the ring for the first time in fifteen months to gain a first-round knockout victory at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. However his style was totally different from the previous one. He challenged Veeraphol for the third time at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan in October 2003, but the result was a draw by a hometown decision. In his fourth world title shot against Veeraphol in March 2004, he lost via a unanimous decision by a wide margin of points at the Saitama Super Arena. After that defeat in 2004, Nishioka received a greeting card, with the Japanese message Kono michi yori ikiru michi nashi (この道より生きる道なし) written by painter Atsumu Yamamoto; the phrase can be interpreted as: "No way to live other than this way", which encouraged him. While Honda advised him to retire, and set subsequent matches to convince him, Nishioka, who had remained aloof and proud as a boxer and had not trained with gym mates, decided to run with younger fellow boxers to strengthen his mind. He also attended Marco Antonio Barrera's training camp on the West Coast of the United States. Marriage and recovery Nishioka got married in January 2005, and they have a daughter born in 2006. Nishioka went back to the super bantamweight division, and continued fighting mainly in Japan, besides a second-round technical knockout victory at the Palais des Sports in Marseille, France, in April 2005, and a fourth-round knockout victory (with a left-hand punch to the body) at The Joint in Las Vegas, Nevada, in November 2006. Nishioka noticed that the former motion before the Achilles tendon injury came back in the pivot of his ankle from around the fight in November 2006. His trainer Kasai also felt that Nishioka's foot recovered to its original condition, and his thinking and fighting style progressed significantly from around the fight in December 2007 or in April 2008. After the fight in December 2007, Nishioka stayed at his wife's parents' home in Amagasaki, Hyōgo. With the consent of his wife and her father, he decided to live separate from his wife and daughter to focus on boxing alone. When he returned to Tokyo and told Honda about it, he was told that the possibility that his fifth world title was determined to be less than ten percent and that he should bring her back immediately. The discomfort in his foot completely disappeared in the beginning of 2008. From that year, he is registered as a resident in Amagasaki where his own house has been completed in 2012. Usually, Nishioka trains while living a solo life in Tokyo, and his wife and daughter live in Amagasaki. After each of Nishioka's fights, he spends time together with his family in Amagasaki. Nishioka later recalled that transfer to the Teiken Boxing Gym and marriage have been his major turning points. WBC super bantamweight champion Nishioka captured the WBC super bantamweight interim title against Thai's Napapol Kiatisakchokchai at the Pacifico Yokohama on September 15, 2008. Just after the fight, Veeraphol whom he fought four times, and who served as Napapol's special coach, climbed into the ring to congratulate Nishioka. Nishioka inherited the fullversion of the WBC super bantamweight title on December 18 of that year, when its previous holder, Israel Vázquez, was stripped for medical reasons. He defended that title by knocking out Mexico's Genaro García in the final round, again at the Pacifico Yokohama on January 3, 2009. On May 23, 2009, Nishioka successfully defended his title against Jhonny González in front of 12,000 spectators mostly cheering for González at the Monterrey Arena in Mexico which had an outbreak of the H1N1 influenza. Nishioka recovered from a knockdown on the first round and went to knock out González in the third round. Nishioka's left blows including his left crosses have often been called Monster Left from those days. He succeeded in the third defense via a third-round technical knockout (TKO) against Ivan Hernández at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium on October 10 of the same year. Nishioka was presented with the 2009 WBC Knockout of the Year. He defeated Filipino Balweg Bangoyan via a fifth-round technical knockout at the Nippon Budokan on April 30, 2010 to have four consecutive title defenses all by knockout. The effects of trunk strengthening from the late 2009 have appeared, his balance has improved markedly. On October 24 of the same year, Nishioka fought a mandatory bout against Rendall Munroe at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan, and defeated him by a convincing unanimous decision to extend his defending streak to five matches. Nishioka strongly desired a unification match with the other organizations' champion especially after that. When Nishioka was named Japan's Fighter of the Year in 2010, he received a video message from Fernando Montiel demanding a fight at the awards ceremony in January 2011. Nishioka said he was willing to fight anytime soon afterward and his camp intended to arrange a match, but the contract was not finalized as Montiel lost to Nonito Donaire in February. On April 8, 2011, he knocked out Argentina's Mauricio Javier Muñoz in the ninth round in his sixth defense which was moved from the Ryōgoku Kokugikan in Tokyo to the World Memorial Hall in Kobe due to the Tōhoku earthquake. In his seventh defense on October 1, 2011, Nishioka fought against Rafael Márquez, who had been marked as one of his targets from around October 2003, at the MGM Grand Marquee Ballroom in Las Vegas. Márquez's long, well-extended jabs were effective in the early rounds. At the end of four rounds, all three judges scored it identically at 39–37 in favor of Márquez. Nishioka fully concentrated every second from the beginning of the fight. He landed well-timed left and right blows while circling right to nullify Márquez's right cross, and although not in principle for a southpaw, often circling left to negate Márquez's left hook and to throw his quicker and sharper angled left, to win the bout by a unanimous decision. Although Márquez did not admit his defeat and demanded a rematch, there was no disgust nor booing among the spectators. In March 2012, Nishioka competed with Yuriorkis Gamboa for The Ring pound for pound Top 10, and barely missed it. The WBC granted Nishioka the Emeritus Champion status on March 15, 2012. Nishioka lost to Nonito Donaire by technical knockout in 1:54 in the ninth round at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California on October 13, 2012. He had been ranked the number one super bantamweight in the world by The Ring, but was dropped to number three after the fight. Retirement About a month following his bout with Donaire, Nishioka announced his retirement from boxing. Professional boxing record 47 fights 39 wins 5 losses By knockout 24 2 By decision 14 3 By disqualification 1 0 Draws 3 No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes 47 Loss 39–5–3 Nonito Donaire TKO 9 (12), 1:54 2012-10-13 Home Depot Center, Carson, California, U.S. For WBO and vacant The Ring super-bantamweight titles 46 Win 39–4–3 Rafael Márquez UD 12 2011-10-01 MGM Grand Marquee Ballroom, Paradise, Nevada, U.S. Retained WBC super-bantamweight title 45 Win 38–4–3 Mauricio Javier Muñoz KO 9 (12), 3:07 2011-04-08 World Memorial Hall, Kobe, Japan Retained WBC super-bantamweight title 44 Win 37–4–3 Rendall Munroe UD 12 2010-10-24 Ryōgoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, Japan Retained WBC super-bantamweight title 43 Win 36–4–3 Balweg Bangoyan TKO 5 (12), 1:14 2010-04-30 Nippon Budokan, Tokyo, Japan Retained WBC super-bantamweight title 42 Win 35–4–3 Ivan Hernández RTD 3 (12), 3:00 2009-10-10 Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo, Japan Retained WBC super-bantamweight title 41 Win 34–4–3 Jhonny González TKO 3 (12), 1:20 2009-05-23 Monterrey Arena, Monterrey, Mexico Retained WBC super-bantamweight title 40 Win 33–4–3 Genaro García TKO 12 (12), 0:57 2009-01-03 Pacifico, Yokohama, Japan Retained WBC super-bantamweight title 39 Win 32–4–3 Napapol Kiatisakchokchai UD 12 2008-09-15 Pacifico, Yokohama, Japan Won WBC interim super-bantamweight title 38 Win 31–4–3 Jesús García TKO 3 (8), 0:43 2008-04-19 Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan 37 Win 30–4–3 Pederito Laurente KO 9 (10), 0:48 2007-12-15 Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan 36 Win 29–4–3 Jean Javier Sotelo KO 7 (10), 0:23 2007-08-11 Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan 35 Win 28–4–3 José Alonso KO 4 (8), 2:59 2006-11-16 The Joint, Paradise, Nevada, U.S. 34 Win 27–4–3 Hugo Vargas UD 10 2006-02-04 Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan 33 Win 26–4–3 Pederito Laurente UD 10 2005-09-03 Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan 32 Win 25–4–3 Mustapha Abahraouhi TKO 2 (8), 2:00 2005-04-29 Palais des sports, Marseille, France 31 Win 24–4–3 Yoshikane Nakajima UD 10 2004-10-30 Ryōgoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, Japan 30 Loss 23–4–3 Veeraphol Sahaprom UD 12 2004-03-06 Super Arena, Saitama, Japan For WBC bantamweight title 29 Draw 23–3–3 Veeraphol Sahaprom SD 12 2003-10-04 Ryōgoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, Japan For WBC bantamweight title 28 Win 23–3–2 Evangelio Pérez KO 1 (6), 1:32 2002-12-07 Mandalay Bay Events Center, Paradise, Nevada, U.S. 27 Draw 22–3–2 Veeraphol Sahaprom SD 12 2001-09-01 Yokohama Arena, Kanagawa, Japan For WBC bantamweight title 26 Win 22–3–1 Sammy Ventura KO 1 (10), 2:00 2001-03-11 Yokohama Arena, Kanagawa, Japan 25 Win 21–3–1 Gerardo Martínez UD 10 2000-11-05 Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan 24 Loss 20–3–1 Veeraphol Sahaprom UD 12 2000-06-25 city gymnasium , Takasago , Japan For WBC bantamweight title 23 Win 20–2–1 Rodel Llanita KO 2 (10), 2:51 2000-03-12 Ryōgoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, Japan 22 Win 19–2–1 Taiji Okamoto UD 10 1999-12-19 City Gymnasium, Takasago, Japan Retained Japanese bantamweight title 21 Win 18–2–1 Yodsingh Chuwatana TKO 4 (10), 1:13 1999-08-07 Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan 20 Win 17–2–1 Shigeru Nakazato TKO 8 (10), 1:21 1999-04-24 Kakogawa, Japan Retained Japanese bantamweight title 19 Win 16–2–1 Jun'ichi Watanabe KO 2 (10), 1:55 1998-12-29 Municipal Central Gymnasium, Osaka, Japan Won vacant Japanese bantamweight title 18 Win 15–2–1 Joel Avila KO 2 (10), 0:23 1998-09-23 General Gymnasium, Takasago, Japan 17 Win 14–2–1 Jack Siahaya KO 1 (10), 0:43 1998-06-29 Prefectural Gymnasium, Osaka, Japan 16 Win 13–2–1 Julio César Cardona DQ 5 (10), 2:58 1998-03-08 Yokohama Arena, Yokohama, Japan Cardona disqualified for repeated low blows 15 Win 12–2–1 Dong-Soo Kim TKO 4 (10), 3:01 1997-11-22 Osaka-jō Hall, Osaka, Japan 14 Draw 11–2–1 Fernando Montilla SD 10 1997-08-30 Himeji, Japan 13 Win 11–2 Joel Junio KO 2 (10), 2:53 1997-04-14 Prefectural Gymnasium, Osaka, Japan 12 Win 10–2 Fuzi Armes KO 6 (10), 2:40 1997-02-23 Himeji, Japan 11 Win 9–2 Ahmad Fandi UD 10 1996-10-19 Kobe, Japan 10 Win 8–2 Donaldo Estella UD 6 1996-08-25 Himeji, Japan 9 Win 7–2 Reynante Rojo UD 8 1996-05-19 Okinoerabujima, Japan 8 Loss 6–2 Momotarō Kitajima MD 6 1995-12-16 Fukuoka, Japan 7 Win 6–1 Shin Kashiramoto UD 6 1995-10-29 Civic Assembly Hall, Nagoya, Japan 6 Win 5–1 Isao Ohno UD 6 1995-09-18 Prefectural Gymnasium, Osaka, Japan 5 Win 4–1 Hiroyasu Uchida KO 1 (4), 1:31 1995-08-15 Prefectural Gymnasium, Osaka, Japan 4 Win 3–1 Nobuyuki Kihara UD 4 1995-06-17 Himeji, Japan 3 Win 2–1 Shigeaki Nakamasa KO 1 (4), 2:41 1995-03-25 Himeji, Japan 2 Loss 1–1 Masahiko Nakamura KO 4 (4), 2:12 1995-02-04 Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan 1 Win 1–0 Yūkō Shishido KO 1 (4), 2:55 1994-12-11 Himeji, Japan See also List of WBC world champions List of super bantamweight boxing champions List of Japanese boxing world champions Boxing in Japan References ^ a b Hisao Adachi (April 6, 2011). "Púgiles cumplen con exámenes en Japón" (in Spanish). NotiFight.com. Retrieved April 9, 2011. ^ a b Marty Mulcahey (September 30, 2011). "The Weekend TV Cheat Sheet Part One". Max Boxing. Retrieved October 6, 2011. ^ a b Ziggy Shah (October 25, 2010). "Nishioka defeats Munroe". East Side Boxing.com. Retrieved October 25, 2010. ^ a b Lee Groves (January 11, 2012). "10 Best junior featherweights of all time". The Ring. p. 3. Retrieved January 20, 2012. ^ a b Alexey Sukachev (October 24, 2010). "Toshiaki Nishioka Breaks Down a Brave Rendall Munroe". BoxingScene.com. Retrieved October 25, 2010. ^ Dan Rafael (October 3, 2011). "Martinez gets the job done – Toshiaki Nishioka W12 Rafael Marquez". ESPN. Retrieved October 3, 2011. ^ 不安だけど…休養は必要. Kobe Shimbun (in Japanese). April 28, 1999. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2011. ^ Masahiro Miyazaki 2010, p. 18 ^ a b c d Masahiro Miyazaki 2010, p. 17 ^ 西岡先輩 頑張って. Kobe Shimbun (in Japanese). March 17, 1999. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2011. ^ Baseball Magazine Sha 2004, p. 223. ^ a b Toshiki Sunohara 1999, p. 43 ^ Isao Hara (September 3, 2011). 世界チャンピオン・西岡利晃の軌跡 (1) – 天才少年の挫折 (in Japanese). WOWOW. Retrieved September 3, 2011. ^ a b Isao Hara (November 10, 2011). "WBC世界スーパーバンタム級王者 西岡利晃「20代の自分と戦ったら? 今の僕が勝つのは間違いない」" (in Japanese). Shueisha. Retrieved May 20, 2012. ^ a b c Mario Kumekawa (September 28, 2010). 進化する西岡利晃 10月24日に防衛戦 (in Japanese). Kyodo News – 47news.jp. Retrieved October 23, 2010. ^ 辰吉の練習相手で急成長／兵庫から目指せ世界. Kobe Shimbun (in Japanese). June 20, 1998. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2011. ^ Nippon Sports Publishing 2000, p. 8. ^ "Boxing Records – Tuesday 29 December 1998; Central Gym, Osaka, Osaka, Japan". BoxRec. Retrieved February 28, 2011. ^ a b 西岡、「来年、日本で最初の統一王者になる」…2010報知プロスポーツ大賞. Sports Hochi (in Japanese). December 16, 2010. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2012. ^ 西岡の左はミットの上からでも骨を砕く 〜トレーナーが明かす世界王者の強さ〜 (in Japanese). Sports Communications. August 19, 2010. ^ Baseball Magazine Sha 2002, p. 170. ^ "Veeraphol holds onto title". ESPN. Associated Press. September 1, 2001. Retrieved December 16, 2010. ^ Makoto Maeda (January 11, 2011). "なお進化を遂げる西岡、30代世界王者の充実度。〜Sバンタム級6度目の防衛へ〜" (in Japanese). Bungeishunjū. Retrieved February 26, 2011. ^ "Nishioka pulls out of boxing doubleheader". The Japan Times. December 26, 2001. Retrieved December 16, 2010. ^ "Holyfield downed, nearly out". The Age. October 6, 2003. Retrieved December 16, 2010. ^ "Larios sees off Nakazato". BBC. March 6, 2004. Retrieved December 16, 2010. ^ Jun Taguchi (September 11, 2008). 西岡恩人の画家山本集氏にベルト奪取誓う. Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). Retrieved August 16, 2011. ^ Jun Taguchi (September 16, 2008). 西岡5度目で世界の頂点. Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). Retrieved February 26, 2011. ^ 西岡"5度目の正直"で世界獲った. Sports Nippon (in Japanese). September 16, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2011. ^ a b 西岡が結婚 (in Japanese). boxing.jp. January 11, 2005. Retrieved February 28, 2011. ^ Hisao Adachi (May 9, 2005). "Noticias del boxeo japonés" (in Spanish). BoxeoMundial.net. Retrieved October 30, 2011. ^ David A. Avila (November 15, 2006). "Bobby Pacquiao Loses by DQ Against Hector Velazquez in Las Vegas". The Sweet Science. Retrieved October 30, 2011. ^ a b Masahiro Miyazaki 2010, p. 16 ^ Ninomiya, Toshio (June 9, 2011). 3人の世界王者。帝拳ジム、最強の秘密. Sports Graphic Number. ナンバーノンフィクション99 (in Japanese). 32 (12). Tokyo, Japan: Bungeishunju: 81. ^ 西岡5度目の挑戦で世界をつかむ. Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). July 1, 2008. Retrieved February 29, 2012. ^ Eiji Fujinaka (October 3, 2011). "西岡快挙! ベガスでV7". Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). Retrieved October 12, 2011. ^ "尼崎の西岡"市役所訪問で猛烈アピール. Daily Sports (in Japanese). June 3, 2010. Archived from the original on June 5, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2011. ^ Hisao Adachi (September 15, 2008). "¡Nishioka captura la diadema interina supergallo!" (in Spanish). Notifight.com. Retrieved December 16, 2010. ^ "Nishioka keeps super bantamweight title". ESPN. Associated Press. January 3, 2009. Retrieved February 11, 2010. ^ Ray Brewer (September 30, 2011). "Japanese fighter Nishioka looking to extend his popularity to the U.S." Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved October 3, 2011. ^ Dan Rafael (April 2, 2011). "Judah in champion Marquez's sights – Quick hits". ESPN. Retrieved January 14, 2012. ^ Joe Koizumi (April 6, 2011a). "M. Sulaiman moves audience". Fightnews.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2012. ^ Chris Cozzone (May 24, 2009). "Buenos Noches, Monterrey – Nishioka puts out Gonzalez in title defense; Marquez stages return". Fightnews.com. Retrieved February 11, 2010. ^ Joe Koizumi (October 10, 2009). "Shocker: Salgado destroys Linares – Nishioka successfully defends title". Fightnews.com. Retrieved February 11, 2010. ^ Boxing Bob Newman (July 31, 2010). "WBC awards banquet". Fightnews.com. Retrieved August 2, 2010. ^ Sapa-AFP (April 30, 2010). "Nishioka retains WBC title". Times LIVE. Retrieved May 1, 2010. ^ "4戦連続KOだ! サウスポー西岡 "右でぶっ倒す"". Sports Nippon (in Japanese). April 24, 2010. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved February 29, 2012. ^ Gareth A Davies (October 24, 2010). "Toshiaki Nishioka beats Rendall Munroe on points to retain WBC super-bantamweight title". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010. ^ Eiji Fujinaka (January 27, 2011). "西岡利晃MVP モンティエルから挑戦状". Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). Retrieved May 20, 2012. ^ 西岡対戦予定のモンティエル敗れガックリ. Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). February 21, 2011. Retrieved May 20, 2012. ^ AFP (April 8, 2011). "Nishioka retains WBC title". Independent Online. Retrieved April 8, 2011. ^ 西岡の狙う標的たち (in Japanese). Team Nishioka Official Homepage. February 2001 – September 2005. Archived from the original on April 7, 2005. Retrieved January 6, 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ German Villasenor (October 4, 2011). "German's Weekend Report". Max Boxing. Retrieved April 15, 2012. ^ CompuBox (October 2, 2011). "Toshiaki Nishioka vs. Rafael Marquez - CompuBox Stats". BoxingScene.com. Retrieved February 19, 2012. ^ a b Daisuke Yamaguchi (November 13, 2011). ボクシング・西岡、自ら語るラスベガスで勝てた理由. Nihon Keizai Shimbun (in Japanese). p. 2. Retrieved November 13, 2011. ^ a b c AP (October 3, 2011). "Nishioka retains WBC super-bantamweight title". Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved January 20, 2012. ^ Joe Koizumi 2011, p. 94. ^ Michael Rosenthal (October 2, 2011). "Nishioka impressive in victory over Marquez". The Ring. Retrieved October 3, 2011. ^ Michael Woods (October 3, 2011). "NO CONTROVERSY HERE Nishioka Beats Rafa Marquez". The Sweet Science. Retrieved October 3, 2011. ^ Michael Rosenthal (March 6, 2012). "Ring Ratings Update: Who replaces Wonjongkam on pound-for-pound list?". The Ring. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ "WBC update in super bantamweight division". WBC. March 15, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2012. ^ Chuck Giampa (October 17, 2012). "RING Ratings Update: Hoping for Donaire-Rigondeaux soon". The Ring. Retrieved October 19, 2012. ^ Ronnie Nathanielsz (November 14, 2012). "DONAIRE EARNS DISTINCTION OF BEATING CHAMPIONS AND MAKING THEM RETIRE". PhilBoxing.com. Retrieved 2012-11-14. Bibliography Masahiro Miyazaki (April 10, 2010). "The Biography 世界チャンピオンの肖像 天才は孤高の隘路を歩き続ける". Boxing Magazine (in Japanese). No. April 2010 issue. Tokyo, Japan: Baseball Magazine Sha Co., Ltd. pp. 16–18. Boxing Magazine editorial department, ed. (March 1, 2004). "西岡利晃". 日本プロボクシングチャンピオン大鑑 (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Baseball Magazine Sha Co., Ltd. p. 223. ISBN 978-4-583-03784-4. Toshiki Sunohara (April 27, 1999). ポスト辰吉を狙う国内バンタム級. World Boxing (in Japanese) (special issue). Tokyo, Japan: Nippon Sports Publishing Co., Ltd.: 43. ライバルをぶっ倒せ!. World Boxing (in Japanese) (special issue). Tokyo, Japan: Nippon Sports Publishing Co., Ltd.: 8 April 18, 2000. Boxing Magazine editorial department, ed. (May 31, 2002). 日本プロボクシング史 世界タイトルマッチで見る50年 (Japan Pro Boxing History – 50 Years of World Title Bouts) (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Baseball Magazine Sha Co., Ltd. p. 170. ISBN 978-4-583-03695-3. Joe Koizumi (October 15, 2011). MACC Publications Inc (ed.). ジョー小泉のボクシングは技術だ. Ironman. Boxing Beat (in Japanese) (special issue). Tokyo, Japan: Fitness Sports Co., Ltd.: 94. Boxing Magazine editorial department (with Japan Boxing Commission, Japan Pro Boxing Association), ed. (April 30, 2005). "2004年出場選手全戦績". 日本ボクシング年鑑2005 (Japan Boxing Year Book 2005) (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Baseball Magazine Sha Co., Ltd. p. 133. ISBN 978-4-583-03849-0. External links Team Nishioka Official Homepage at the Wayback Machine (archived August 30, 2005) (in Japanese) Boxing record for Toshiaki Nishioka from BoxRec (registration required) Toshiaki Nishioka's blog (in Japanese) Sporting positions Regional boxing titles VacantTitle last held byShin Yamato Japanese bantamweight champion December 29, 1998 – March 2000Vacated VacantTitle next held byNobuaki Naka World boxing titles VacantTitle last held byÓscar Larios WBC super-bantamweight championInterim title September 15, 2008 – December 18, 2008Promoted VacantTitle next held byJulio Ceja Preceded byIsrael Vázquezstripped WBC super-bantamweight champion December 18, 2008 – March 15, 2012Status changed VacantTitle next held byAbner Mares Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_boxer"},{"link_name":"WBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Council"},{"link_name":"super-bantamweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-bantamweight"},{"link_name":"WBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Organization"},{"link_name":"The Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ring_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Veeraphol Nakonluang-Promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veeraphol_Sahaprom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Toshiaki Nishioka (西岡 利晃, Nishioka Toshiaki, born July 25, 1976) is a Japanese former professional boxer who competed from 1994 to 2012. He held the WBC super-bantamweight title from 2008 to 2012, and challenged for the WBO and The Ring super-bantamweight titles in his final-fight. Nishioka is known for his series of fights against Veeraphol Nakonluang-Promotion, with two of their four encounters ending in draws. Unlike many of Japan's other world champions, Nishioka willingly fought outside of his own country.[6]","title":"Toshiaki Nishioka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kakogawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakogawa,_Hy%C5%8Dgo"},{"link_name":"Hyōgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miyazaki201004-18-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miyazaki201004-17-9"},{"link_name":"tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izakaya"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaseball_Magazine_Sha2004223-11"},{"link_name":"Yasuei Yakushiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuei_Yakushiji"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldboxing199904-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maxboxing201109-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eastsideboxing201010-3"},{"link_name":"Himeji, Hyōgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himeji,_Hy%C5%8Dgo"},{"link_name":"Korakuen Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korakuen_Hall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miyazaki201004-17-9"},{"link_name":"Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Prefectural_Gymnasium"},{"link_name":"Nagoya Civic Assembly Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_Civic_Assembly_Hall"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hara20111110-14"},{"link_name":"Joichiro Tatsuyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joichiro_Tatsuyoshi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyodo201009-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"bantamweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantamweight"},{"link_name":"Osaka Municipal Central Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Municipal_Central_Gymnasium"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENippon_Sports_Publishing20008-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldboxing199904-12"}],"text":"Nishioka was born in Kakogawa, Hyōgo, Japan, in July 1976, and has one younger sister.[7] He started boxing at age ten[8] when he was in the fifth grade of elementary school on the recommendation of his father[9] who runs a tavern.[10] He compiled an amateur record of 10–2.[11] Since before his professional debut, Nishioka had served as a sparring partner of the reigning WBC bantamweight champion Yasuei Yakushiji.[12]Nicknamed \"Speed King\",[2][3] Nishioka won his professional debut by a first-round knockout in Himeji, Hyōgo, on December 11, 1994. But he was knocked out in the fourth round of the next fight at the Korakuen Hall, and was carried out on a stretcher.[9] Nishioka won the annual Japanese boxing series, West Japan Rookie King Tournament in the super bantamweight division at the Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium in September 1995. Winning over the Central Japan rookie king in the next fight at the Nagoya Civic Assembly Hall, he fought against the rookie king of the Western part of Japan in Fukuoka in December of the same year.[13] Though Nishioka was convinced of his victory, the judges were in favor of his opponent.[14]During his early career, Nishioka was expected to be Joichiro Tatsuyoshi's successor,[15] and served as his sparring partner for two years since 1996.[16] Nishioka went down a weight division to capture the Japanese bantamweight title at the Osaka Municipal Central Gymnasium on December 29, 1998, the last day when Tatsuyoshi was a world champion.[17][18] Although Nishioka was knocked down once when away from the clinch in the first round, he twice floored his opponent while wearing a confident and defiant smile in the second round to be crowned,[12] and defended the title twice before returning it.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veeraphol Nakonluang-Promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veeraphol_Sahaprom"},{"link_name":"Takasago, Hyōgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takasago,_Hy%C5%8Dgo"},{"link_name":"unanimous decision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unanimous_decision"},{"link_name":"Teiken Boxing Gym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teiken_Boxing_Gym"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Akihiko Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihiko_Honda"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hochi201012-19"},{"link_name":"Yūichi Kasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABichi_Kasai"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaseball_Magazine_Sha2002170-21"},{"link_name":"Yokohama Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_Arena"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Achilles tendon rupture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon_rupture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miyazaki201004-17-9"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay_Bay_Resort_and_Casino"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miyazaki201004-17-9"},{"link_name":"Ryōgoku Kokugikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dgoku_Kokugikan"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyodo201009-15"},{"link_name":"Saitama Super Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama_Super_Arena"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"greeting card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeting_card"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Marco Antonio Barrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Barrera"},{"link_name":"West Coast of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyodo201009-15"}],"sub_title":"Rivalry with Sahaprom, injuries","text":"In June 2000, Nishioka challenged the WBC bantamweight champion Veeraphol Nakonluang-Promotion in Takasago, Hyōgo, and lost via a unanimous decision. He had belonged to the JM Kakogawa Gym until that fight, and has been managed by the Teiken Boxing Gym in Tokyo under Akihiko Honda's supervision[19] and Yūichi Kasai's guidance[20] since September 2000.The second world title shot was watched by 12,000 spectators[21] at the Yokohama Arena in September 2001, and was a very close fight in which the scores were 115–113 for Nishioka, 116–113 for Veeraphol, and 114–114 even.[22] Nishioka suffered an Achilles tendon rupture twice[9][23] during that year.[24] In December 2002, he returned to the ring for the first time in fifteen months to gain a first-round knockout victory at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. However his style was totally different from the previous one.[9] He challenged Veeraphol for the third time at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan in October 2003, but the result was a draw[25] by a hometown decision.[15] In his fourth world title shot against Veeraphol in March 2004, he lost via a unanimous decision by a wide margin of points at the Saitama Super Arena.[26]After that defeat in 2004, Nishioka received a greeting card, with the Japanese message Kono michi yori ikiru michi nashi (この道より生きる道なし) written by painter Atsumu Yamamoto; the phrase can be interpreted as: \"No way to live other than this way\", which encouraged him.[27] While Honda advised him to retire, and set subsequent matches to convince him,[28] Nishioka, who had remained aloof and proud as a boxer and had not trained with gym mates, decided to run with younger fellow boxers to strengthen his mind.[29] He also attended Marco Antonio Barrera's training camp on the West Coast of the United States.[15]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxingjp200501-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxingjp200501-30"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"The Joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joint_(music_venue)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miyazaki201004-16-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Amagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amagasaki"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miyazaki201004-16-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hara20111110-14"}],"sub_title":"Marriage and recovery","text":"Nishioka got married in January 2005,[30] and they have a daughter born in 2006. Nishioka went back to the super bantamweight division,[30] and continued fighting mainly in Japan, besides a second-round technical knockout victory at the Palais des Sports in Marseille, France, in April 2005,[31] and a fourth-round knockout victory (with a left-hand punch to the body) at The Joint in Las Vegas, Nevada, in November 2006.[32] Nishioka noticed that the former motion before the Achilles tendon injury came back in the pivot of his ankle from around the fight in November 2006.[33] His trainer Kasai also felt that Nishioka's foot recovered to its original condition, and his thinking and fighting style progressed significantly from around the fight in December 2007 or in April 2008.[34]After the fight in December 2007, Nishioka stayed at his wife's parents' home in Amagasaki, Hyōgo. With the consent of his wife and her father, he decided to live separate from his wife and daughter to focus on boxing alone. When he returned to Tokyo and told Honda about it, he was told that the possibility that his fifth world title was determined to be less than ten percent and that he should bring her back immediately.[33] The discomfort in his foot completely disappeared in the beginning of 2008.[35] From that year, he is registered as a resident in Amagasaki where his own house has been completed in 2012.[36] Usually, Nishioka trains while living a solo life in Tokyo, and his wife and daughter live in Amagasaki. After each of Nishioka's fights, he spends time together with his family in Amagasaki.[37] Nishioka later recalled that transfer to the Teiken Boxing Gym and marriage have been his major turning points.[14]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"super bantamweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_bantamweight"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_people"},{"link_name":"Pacifico Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifico_Yokohama"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Israel Vázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_V%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espn200901-39"},{"link_name":"Jhonny González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhonny_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Monterrey Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey_Arena"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"H1N1 influenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_influenza"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"crosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_(boxing)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ring201201-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxingscene201010-5"},{"link_name":"Ivan Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Hern%C3%A1ndez_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Yoyogi National Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoyogi_National_Gymnasium"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_people"},{"link_name":"Nippon Budokan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Budokan"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Rendall Munroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendall_Munroe"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hochi201012-19"},{"link_name":"Fernando Montiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Montiel"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Nonito Donaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonito_Donaire"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"World Memorial Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Memorial_Hall"},{"link_name":"Tōhoku earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Rafael Márquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_M%C3%A1rquez_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"MGM Grand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Grand_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nikkei20111113-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asahi201110-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nikkei20111113-55"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoe_Koizumi201194-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asahi201110-56"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asahi201110-56"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Yuriorkis Gamboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriorkis_Gamboa"},{"link_name":"The Ring pound for pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_Magazine_pound_for_pound"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"the Home Depot Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Home_Depot_Center"},{"link_name":"Carson, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson,_California"},{"link_name":"The Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ring_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"WBC super bantamweight champion","text":"Nishioka captured the WBC super bantamweight interim title against Thai's Napapol Kiatisakchokchai at the Pacifico Yokohama on September 15, 2008. Just after the fight, Veeraphol whom he fought four times, and who served as Napapol's special coach, climbed into the ring to congratulate Nishioka.[38] Nishioka inherited the fullversion of the WBC super bantamweight title on December 18 of that year, when its previous holder, Israel Vázquez, was stripped for medical reasons. He defended that title by knocking out Mexico's Genaro García in the final round, again at the Pacifico Yokohama on January 3, 2009.[39]On May 23, 2009, Nishioka successfully defended his title against Jhonny González in front of 12,000 spectators mostly cheering for González[40] at the Monterrey Arena in Mexico which had an outbreak of the H1N1 influenza.[41][42] Nishioka recovered from a knockdown on the first round and went to knock out González in the third round.[43] Nishioka's left blows including his left crosses have often been called Monster Left from those days.[4][5] He succeeded in the third defense via a third-round technical knockout (TKO) against Ivan Hernández at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium on October 10 of the same year.[44] Nishioka was presented with the 2009 WBC Knockout of the Year.[45] He defeated Filipino Balweg Bangoyan via a fifth-round technical knockout at the Nippon Budokan on April 30, 2010 to have four consecutive title defenses all by knockout.[46] The effects of trunk strengthening from the late 2009 have appeared, his balance has improved markedly.[47]On October 24 of the same year, Nishioka fought a mandatory bout against Rendall Munroe at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan, and defeated him by a convincing unanimous decision to extend his defending streak to five matches.[48] Nishioka strongly desired a unification match with the other organizations' champion especially after that.[19] When Nishioka was named Japan's Fighter of the Year in 2010, he received a video message from Fernando Montiel demanding a fight at the awards ceremony in January 2011. Nishioka said he was willing to fight anytime soon afterward[49] and his camp intended to arrange a match, but the contract was not finalized as Montiel lost to Nonito Donaire in February.[50] On April 8, 2011, he knocked out Argentina's Mauricio Javier Muñoz in the ninth round in his sixth defense which was moved from the Ryōgoku Kokugikan in Tokyo to the World Memorial Hall in Kobe due to the Tōhoku earthquake.[51]In his seventh defense on October 1, 2011, Nishioka fought against Rafael Márquez, who had been marked as one of his targets from around October 2003,[52] at the MGM Grand Marquee Ballroom in Las Vegas.[53] Márquez's long, well-extended jabs were effective in the early rounds.[54] At the end of four rounds, all three judges scored it identically at 39–37 in favor of Márquez.[55] Nishioka fully concentrated every second from the beginning of the fight. He landed well-timed left and right blows[56] while circling right to nullify Márquez's right cross, and although not in principle for a southpaw, often circling left to negate Márquez's left hook and to throw his quicker and sharper angled left,[55][57] to win the bout by a unanimous decision.[56][58] Although Márquez did not admit his defeat and demanded a rematch,[56] there was no disgust nor booing among the spectators.[59]In March 2012, Nishioka competed with Yuriorkis Gamboa for The Ring pound for pound Top 10, and barely missed it.[60] The WBC granted Nishioka the Emeritus Champion status on March 15, 2012.[61]Nishioka lost to Nonito Donaire by technical knockout in 1:54 in the ninth round at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California on October 13, 2012. He had been ranked the number one super bantamweight in the world by The Ring, but was dropped to number three after the fight.[62]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Retirement","text":"About a month following his bout with Donaire, Nishioka announced his retirement from boxing.[63]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional boxing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-583-03784-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-583-03784-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-583-03695-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-583-03695-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-583-03849-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-583-03849-0"}],"text":"Masahiro Miyazaki (April 10, 2010). \"The Biography 世界チャンピオンの肖像 天才は孤高の隘路を歩き続ける\". Boxing Magazine (in Japanese). No. April 2010 issue. Tokyo, Japan: Baseball Magazine Sha Co., Ltd. pp. 16–18.\nBoxing Magazine editorial department, ed. (March 1, 2004). \"西岡利晃\". 日本プロボクシングチャンピオン大鑑 (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Baseball Magazine Sha Co., Ltd. p. 223. ISBN 978-4-583-03784-4.\nToshiki Sunohara (April 27, 1999). ポスト辰吉を狙う国内バンタム級. World Boxing (in Japanese) (special issue). Tokyo, Japan: Nippon Sports Publishing Co., Ltd.: 43.\n ライバルをぶっ倒せ!. World Boxing (in Japanese) (special issue). Tokyo, Japan: Nippon Sports Publishing Co., Ltd.: 8 April 18, 2000.\nBoxing Magazine editorial department, ed. (May 31, 2002). 日本プロボクシング史 世界タイトルマッチで見る50年 (Japan Pro Boxing History – 50 Years of World Title Bouts) (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Baseball Magazine Sha Co., Ltd. p. 170. ISBN 978-4-583-03695-3.\nJoe Koizumi (October 15, 2011). MACC Publications Inc (ed.). ジョー小泉のボクシングは技術だ. Ironman. Boxing Beat (in Japanese) (special issue). Tokyo, Japan: Fitness Sports Co., Ltd.: 94.\nBoxing Magazine editorial department (with Japan Boxing Commission, Japan Pro Boxing Association), ed. (April 30, 2005). \"2004年出場選手全戦績\". 日本ボクシング年鑑2005 (Japan Boxing Year Book 2005) (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Baseball Magazine Sha Co., Ltd. p. 133. ISBN 978-4-583-03849-0.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of WBC world champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WBC_world_champions"},{"title":"List of super bantamweight boxing champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_super_bantamweight_boxing_champions"},{"title":"List of Japanese boxing world champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_boxing_world_champions"},{"title":"Boxing in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_in_Japan"}]
[{"reference":"Hisao Adachi (April 6, 2011). \"Púgiles cumplen con exámenes en Japón\" (in Spanish). NotiFight.com. Retrieved April 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.notifight.com/artman2/publish/Reporte_7/P_giles_cumplen_con_ex_menes_en_Jap_n.php","url_text":"\"Púgiles cumplen con exámenes en Japón\""}]},{"reference":"Marty Mulcahey (September 30, 2011). \"The Weekend TV Cheat Sheet Part One\". Max Boxing. Retrieved October 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maxboxing.com/news/promo-lead/the-weekend-tv-cheat-sheet-part-one--sept-30-2011","url_text":"\"The Weekend TV Cheat Sheet Part One\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CraveOnline","url_text":"Max Boxing"}]},{"reference":"Ziggy Shah (October 25, 2010). \"Nishioka defeats Munroe\". East Side Boxing.com. 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(May 31, 2002). 日本プロボクシング史 世界タイトルマッチで見る50年 (Japan Pro Boxing History – 50 Years of World Title Bouts) (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Baseball Magazine Sha Co., Ltd. p. 170. ISBN 978-4-583-03695-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-583-03695-3","url_text":"978-4-583-03695-3"}]},{"reference":"Joe Koizumi (October 15, 2011). MACC Publications Inc (ed.). ジョー小泉のボクシングは技術だ. Ironman. Boxing Beat (in Japanese) (special issue). Tokyo, Japan: Fitness Sports Co., Ltd.: 94.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Boxing Magazine editorial department (with Japan Boxing Commission, Japan Pro Boxing Association), ed. (April 30, 2005). \"2004年出場選手全戦績\". 日本ボクシング年鑑2005 (Japan Boxing Year Book 2005) (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Baseball Magazine Sha Co., Ltd. p. 133. ISBN 978-4-583-03849-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-583-03849-0","url_text":"978-4-583-03849-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Anglin
Anne Anglin
["1 Personal life","2 References","3 External links"]
Canadian actress and theatre director Anne Anglin (born 1942) is a Canadian actress and theatre director. She is most noted for her performance as Sharon in the 1986 television film Turning to Stone, for which she was a Genie Award nominee for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Program or Series at the 1st Gemini Awards, and her recurring role as Mrs. Cooney, the grandmother of J.T. Yorke, in Degrassi: The Next Generation. Her other film and television credits have included the films Ada, Scanners, Butterbox Babies and House, and appearances in the television series King of Kensington, Seeing Things, Love and Betrayal: The Mia Farrow Story, Train 48 and This Is Wonderland. Most prominently a stage actress, her roles have included productions of Judith Merril's Headspace, Erika Ritter's Winter 1671, David Fennario's Balconville, William Shakespeare's Macbeth, Anne Chislett's Quiet in the Land, Sally Clark's Lost Souls and Missing Persons, Layne Coleman's Blue City Slammers, James W. Nichol's stage adaptation of Margaret Laurence's novel The Stone Angel and Michel Tremblay's Counter Service. She won a Dora Mavor Moore Award for best female performance, midsized theatre division in 1993 for The Stone Angel. She was nominated for best female performance in a featured role in 1986 for Blue City Slammers, and best female performance, midsized theatre in 1995 for Counter Service. Personal life Her father was magazine journalist and editor Gerald Anglin. She is married to playwright Paul Thompson, and is the mother of theatre director Severn Thompson. References ^ a b Vit Wagner, "Stone Angel star stoops to conquer". Toronto Star, April 5, 1993. ^ Sid Adilman, "Anne leads field in Geminis race". Toronto Star, October 16, 1986. ^ Jay Scott, "Sci-fi lost in theatre space". The Globe and Mail, June 5, 1978. ^ Bryan Johnson, "Winter 1671 flimsy and silly". The Globe and Mail, February 8, 1979. ^ Ray Conlogue, "Masterful acting abounds in Fennario's Balconville". The Globe and Mail, October 4, 1979. ^ Ray Conlogue, "Macbeth dies dull death as supporting actors fail". The Globe and Mail, October 9, 1980. ^ Ray Conlogue, "Blyth's hit also its worthiest drama". The Globe and Mail, July 18, 1981. ^ Ray Conlogue, "Clark's comedy Lost Souls hasn't quite found itself yet". The Globe and Mail, May 30, 1984. ^ Ray Conlogue, "A condescending view of rural life". The Globe and Mail, October 18, 1985. ^ Kate Taylor, "Tremblay's drama important yet somehow unsatisfactory". The Globe and Mail, April 8, 1995. ^ "Dora Mavor Moore Award winners". Toronto Star, June 22, 1993. ^ Robert Crew, "Tarragon sweeps the nominations for Dora Awards". Toronto Star, May 15, 1986. ^ "And the Dora nominees are ...". The Globe and Mail, May 13, 1995. ^ Alan Barnes, "Gerald Anglin, editor for top magazines". Toronto Star, July 24, 1996. ^ "Thompson to be awarded GG honour". Stratford Beacon-Herald, March 5, 2011. ^ Joel Levy, "'A Day in the Life' with Toronto theatre director Severn Thompson". Toronto Guardian, July 20, 2019. External links Anne Anglin at IMDb
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Yorke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.T._Yorke"},{"link_name":"Degrassi: The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrassi:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"Ada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Record_(Canadian_TV_series)#1977"},{"link_name":"Scanners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanners"},{"link_name":"Butterbox Babies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterbox_Babies"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"King of Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Kensington"},{"link_name":"Seeing Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeing_Things_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Love and Betrayal: The Mia Farrow Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_and_Betrayal:_The_Mia_Farrow_Story"},{"link_name":"Train 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_48"},{"link_name":"This Is Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Judith Merril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Merril"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Erika Ritter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Ritter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"David Fennario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fennario"},{"link_name":"Balconville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balconville"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Anne Chislett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Chislett"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sally Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Clark_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Layne Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layne_Coleman"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"James W. Nichol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Nichol"},{"link_name":"Margaret Laurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Laurence"},{"link_name":"The Stone Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_Angel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stoops-1"},{"link_name":"Michel Tremblay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Tremblay"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dora Mavor Moore Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Mavor_Moore_Award"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Anne Anglin (born 1942) is a Canadian actress and theatre director.[1] She is most noted for her performance as Sharon in the 1986 television film Turning to Stone, for which she was a Genie Award nominee for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Program or Series at the 1st Gemini Awards,[2] and her recurring role as Mrs. Cooney, the grandmother of J.T. Yorke, in Degrassi: The Next Generation.Her other film and television credits have included the films Ada, Scanners, Butterbox Babies and House, and appearances in the television series King of Kensington, Seeing Things, Love and Betrayal: The Mia Farrow Story, Train 48 and This Is Wonderland.Most prominently a stage actress, her roles have included productions of Judith Merril's Headspace,[3] Erika Ritter's Winter 1671,[4] David Fennario's Balconville,[5] William Shakespeare's Macbeth,[6] Anne Chislett's Quiet in the Land,[7] Sally Clark's Lost Souls and Missing Persons,[8] Layne Coleman's Blue City Slammers,[9] James W. Nichol's stage adaptation of Margaret Laurence's novel The Stone Angel[1] and Michel Tremblay's Counter Service.[10]She won a Dora Mavor Moore Award for best female performance, midsized theatre division in 1993 for The Stone Angel.[11] She was nominated for best female performance in a featured role in 1986 for Blue City Slammers,[12] and best female performance, midsized theatre in 1995 for Counter Service.[13]","title":"Anne Anglin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Paul Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thompson_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Her father was magazine journalist and editor Gerald Anglin.[14]She is married to playwright Paul Thompson,[15] and is the mother of theatre director Severn Thompson.[16]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_For_a_Star_to_Fall
Waiting for a Star to Fall
["1 Background","2 Release and reception","3 Music video","4 Track listings","5 Personnel","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Year-end charts","7 Certifications","8 Release history","9 Covers and remixes","9.1 Charts","9.2 Other covers","10 References","11 External links"]
1988 single by Boy Meets Girl "Waiting for a Star to Fall"Single by Boy Meets Girlfrom the album Reel Life B-side "No Apologies" "Restless Dreamer" ReleasedJune 10, 1988 (1988-06-10)GenrePopLength4:32LabelRCASongwriter(s) Shannon Rubicam George Merrill Producer(s)Arif MardinBoy Meets Girl singles chronology "Oh Girl" (1985) "Waiting for a Star to Fall" (1988) "Bring Down the Moon" (1988) Music video"Waiting for a Star to Fall” on YouTube "Waiting for a Star to Fall" is a song by American pop music duo Boy Meets Girl in 1988, written by the duo's members, Shannon Rubicam and George Merrill. They wrote the song after witnessing a falling star at a Whitney Houston concert and originally offered the song to Houston, but Arista Records CEO Clive Davis rejected it. American singer Belinda Carlisle then recorded a demo of the song but denied its inclusion on her 1987 album Heaven on Earth, so Rubicam and Merrill decided to record and release the song themselves. "Waiting for a Star to Fall" was released in June 1988 as the second single from Boy Meets Girl's second studio album, Reel Life (1988). The song became a chart hit in several countries, reaching number five on the US Billboard Hot 100, number two in Canada, number five in Ireland, and number nine in the United Kingdom. Since its release, it has been remixed and covered by many artists, including Cabin Crew and Sunset Strippers, who experienced concurrent success with their reworkings in 2005. Background "Waiting for a Star to Fall" was written by Shannon Rubicam and George Merrill, and was inspired by an actual falling star that Rubicam had seen during a Whitney Houston concert at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles. The duo did not initially consider recording the song themselves, instead submitting it to Arista's CEO Clive Davis, in the hope that he would decide to use it on Houston's second studio album, Whitney. Even though Rubicam and Merrill had written Houston's previous hit "How Will I Know", Davis rejected "Waiting for a Star to Fall", suggesting that it did not suit her. This then inspired the creation of Houston's 1987 hit "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)". The song was then offered to and recorded by Belinda Carlisle for her 1987 release Heaven on Earth, at the insistence of her label, but Carlisle disliked it and refused to include it on the album. This version has, however, circulated on an unofficial compilation of that album's outtakes. The tenor saxophone solo on the Boy Meets Girl version was provided in a session recording early in the career of Andy Snitzer, who later found success as a solo artist. Release and reception Merrill and Rubicam decided to record the song themselves for their second album Reel Life. Released as a single on June 10, 1988, it became a hit in the United States, reaching number one on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and number five on the Billboard Hot 100. Issued in the United Kingdom on November 14, 1988, the song reached number nine on the UK Singles Chart during January 1989, having entered the chart in December 1988. It remains their sole top-40 hit in the UK. The song also reached number 35 on Australia's ARIA Singles Chart in April 1989. After the song was used as the closing theme to the 1990 movie Three Men and a Little Lady, the single was re-released with a new picture sleeve featuring the actors of the film. The re-release peaked at number 76 in the UK. Johnny Loftus of AllMusic remarked that the song was "just a classic", and that "the urgency as it drives toward its chorus is a clinic for durable songwriting." Music video The video for the song, directed by Australian director Claudia Castle, features scenes of Merrill and Rubicam singing it on a beach and inside a house. Also featured are scenes of a group of children playing with bubbles, including the couple's young daughter Hilary. Track listings 7-inch, cassette, and mini-CD single "Waiting for a Star to Fall" – 4:34 "No Apologies" – 4:21 12-inch and CD single "Waiting for a Star to Fall" – 4:34 "No Apologies" – 4:21 "Restless Dreamer" – 4:33 1991 7-inch single A. "Waiting for a Star to Fall" B. "The Three Men Rap" (by Tom Selleck, Steve Guttenberg, and Ted Danson) 1991 12-inch and CD single "Waiting for a Star to Fall" "The Three Men Rap" (by Selleck, Guttenberg, and Danson) "Goodnight Sweetheart Goodnight aka Goodnight It's Time to Go" (by Selleck, Guttenberg, and Danson) Personnel Personnel are lifted from the Reel Life liner notes. George Merrill – writing, lead vocals, acoustic piano, synthesizers, bass, drum programming Shannon Rubicam – writing, backing vocals Susan Boyd – backing vocals John Goux – guitars Joe Mardin – synthesizers Denny Fongheiser – drums Michael Jochum – additional drums Andy Snitzer – saxophone Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for "Waiting for a Star to Fall" Chart (1988–1989) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 35 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 37 Canada Top Singles (RPM) 2 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 37 Germany (Official German Charts) 22 Iceland (Dagblaðið Vísir) 2 Ireland (IRMA) 5 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 62 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 37 Sweden (Trackslistan) 17 UK Singles (OCC) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Adult Contemporary (Billboard) 1 US CHR/Pop Airplay (Radio & Records) 7 1991 chart performance for "Waiting for a Star to Fall" Chart (1991) Peakposition UK Singles (OCC) 76 Year-end charts 1988 year-end chart performance for "Waiting for a Star to Fall" Chart (1988) Position Canada Top Singles (RPM) 87 1989 year-end chart performance for "Waiting for a Star to Fall" Chart (1989) Position Canada Top Singles (RPM) 93 US Billboard Hot 100 12 Certifications Certifications and sales for "Waiting for a Star to Fall" Region Certification Certified units/sales United Kingdom (BPI) Gold 400,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref. United States June 10, 1988 7-inch vinylcassette RCA United Kingdom November 14, 1988 7-inch vinyl12-inch vinyl January 9, 1989 CD Japan January 21, 1989 Mini-CD Covers and remixes "Star to Fall"Single by Cabin CrewReleased2005Length2:47 (radio edit)Label Data Ultra Songwriter(s) Shannon Rubicam George Merrill Producer(s) Ben Garden Rob Kittler Cabin Crew singles chronology "Star to Fall" (2005) "Can't Stop It" (2008) "Falling Stars"Single by Sunset StrippersReleasedFebruary 28, 2005 (2005-02-28)Length3:19Label Kontor Direction Songwriter(s) Shannon Rubicam George Merrill Sunset Strippers Producer(s)Sunset Strippers The song has been covered and remixed several times. The most commercially successful versions came in 2005, when Australian musical group Cabin Crew remixed the song as "Star to Fall" (or "Star2Fall") but were refused the sampling of the original lyrics by Sony BMG. Liking what Cabin Crew had done, however, George Merrill agreed to re-record the vocals. Meanwhile, Sony BMG had British musical group Sunset Strippers remix the original track under the title "Falling Stars". Both versions peaked within the top five of the UK Singles Chart in March 2005. Charts Weekly chart performance for "Star to Fall" Chart (2005) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 25 Australian Club Chart (ARIA) 4 Australian Dance (ARIA) 2 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 51 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 37 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 16 Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) 4 France (SNEP) 53 Germany (Official German Charts) 35 Ireland (IRMA) 13 Ireland Dance (IRMA) 1 Italy (FIMI) 31 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 15 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 24 Scotland (OCC) 3 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 84 UK Singles (OCC) 4 UK Dance (OCC) 8 UK Indie (OCC) 45 Year-end chart performance for "Star to Fall" Chart (2005) Position Australian Club Chart (ARIA) 38 UK Singles (OCC) 80 Weekly chart performance for "Falling Stars" Chart (2005) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 26 Australian Club Chart (ARIA) 34 Australian Dance (ARIA) 2 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 43 Denmark (Tracklisten) 8 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 10 Germany (Official German Charts) 19 Ireland (IRMA) 5 Ireland Dance (IRMA) 1 Scotland (OCC) 2 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 23 UK Singles (OCC) 3 UK Dance (OCC) 7 Year-end chart performance for "Falling Stars" Chart (2005) Position UK Singles (OCC) 46 Other covers The track "In My Arms" by British electronic musician Mylo sampled the song and was featured on Mylo's album Destroy Rock & Roll. His version also samples Kim Carnes' "Bette Davis Eyes" and made it to number 15 in the United Kingdom in 2005. In December 2012, a rock version of the song was released by the band Lionville on their album Lionville II. In December 2013, a stripped back indie version of the song was released by the English band Young Kato. It was featured on the Made in Chelsea soundtrack. Also in December 2013, a folk cover of the song by Icelandic singer Yohanna surfaced on the Internet. In March 2014, a folk cover of the song by English singer Diana Vickers surfaced on the Internet. In September 2017, Australian singer George Maple interpolated the song as part of her single "Hero". On 31 December 2020, the international rock/metal musical project "At The Movies" released a cover version of the song on YouTube. References ^ Spears, Steve (September 15, 2017). "Why didn't anybody want to record 'Waiting For a Star to Fall?'". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved August 7, 2019. ^ Zimbio (June 14, 2013). "28 Musicians Who Turned Down Hit Songs". Business Insider. Retrieved August 7, 2019. ^ a b Belinda Carlisle - Waiting for a Star To Fall. March 2, 2010. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ "SmoothViews - Keeping Smooth Jazz in Sight". www.smoothviews.com. ^ a b "Boy Meets Girl Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ^ a b "Boy Meets Girl Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ^ a b "New Singles". Music Week. November 12, 1988. p. 31. ^ a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ^ a b "Boy Meets Girl". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 10, 2021. ^ a b "Boy Meets Girl – Waiting for a Star to Fall". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ^ Johnny Loftus. "Reel Life – Boy Meets Girl – Review". AllMusic. Retrieved March 5, 2012. ^ Boy Meets Girl - Waiting for a Star to Fall. February 21, 2014 – via YouTube. ^ Waiting for a Star to Fall (US 7-inch single sleeve). Boy Meets Girl. RCA Records. 1988. 8691-7-R.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Waiting for a Star to Fall (US cassette single sleeve). Boy Meets Girl. RCA Records. 1988. 8691-4-RS.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Waiting for a Star to Fall (Japanese mini-CD single liner notes). Boy Meets Girl. RCA Records. 1989. R10D-108.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Waiting for a Star to Fall (UK 12-inch single sleeve). Boy Meets Girl. RCA Records. 1988. PT 49520.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Waiting for a Star to Fall (UK CD single liner notes). Boy Meets Girl. RCA Records. 1989. PD49520.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Waiting for a Star to Fall (UK 7-inch single sleeve). Boy Meets Girl. Hollywood Records. 1991. HWD2, 570 003-7.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Waiting for a Star to Fall (US 12-inch single sleeve). Boy Meets Girl. Hollywood Records. 1991. HWD2T.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Waiting for a Star to Fall (UK CD single liner notes). Boy Meets Girl. Hollywood Records. 1991. HWD2CD, 570 003-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Reel Life (US CD album liner notes). Boy Meets Girl. RCA Records. 1988. 8414-2-R.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Boy Meets Girl – Waiting for a Star to Fall" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ^ "RPM 100 Singles" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 49, no. 11. January 14, 1989. p. 6. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. January 28, 1989. p. 30. Retrieved May 5, 2022. ^ "Boy Meets Girl – Waiting for a Star to Fall" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ^ "Ísland Top 10". DV. February 17, 1989. p. 40. ISSN 1021-8254. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Waiting for a Star to Fall". Irish Singles Chart. ^ "Boy Meets Girl – Waiting for a Star to Fall" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ^ "Boy Meets Girl – Waiting for a Star to Fall". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ^ Sweden Charts Archive. 14 January 1989. ^ "Boy meets girl". wweb.uta.edu. ^ "Waiting for a star to fall". wweb.uta.edu. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ^ "Top 100 Singles of '88" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 49, no. 10. December 24, 1988. p. 9. Retrieved March 24, 2019. ^ "Top 100 Singles of '89". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved August 29, 2020. ^ "1989 The Year in Music: Top Pop Singles" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 101, no. 51. December 23, 1989. p. Y-22. Retrieved August 29, 2020. ^ "British single certifications – Boy Meets Girl – Waiting for a Star to Fall". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved December 16, 2022. ^ "New Singles". Music Week. January 7, 1989. p. 23. ^ "スター・トゥ・フォール | ボーイ・ミーツ・ガール" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved September 4, 2023. ^ "The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 28th February 2005" (PDF). ARIA. February 28, 2005. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2005. Retrieved May 20, 2021. ^ "The ARIA Report – Chartifacts!" (PDF). ARIA. March 7, 2005. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2020. ^ "Cabin Crew – Star to Fall". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "The ARIA Report – ARIA Club Tracks – Week Commencing 21st February 2005" (PDF). ARIA. February 21, 2005. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2005. Retrieved August 29, 2020. ^ "Issue 786" ARIA Top 50 Dance Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved March 20, 2021. ^ "Cabin Crew – Star to Fall" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Cabin Crew – Star to Fall" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Hits of the World – Eurocharts" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 117, no. 12. March 19, 2005. p. 41. Retrieved April 4, 2020. ^ "Cabin Crew: Star to Fall" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Cabin Crew – Star to Fall" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Cabin Crew – Star to Fall" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Star to Fall". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved January 29, 2020. ^ "Top 10 Dance Singles, Week Ending 3 March 2005". GfK Chart-Track. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ^ "Cabin Crew – Star to Fall". Top Digital Download. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 13, 2005" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Cabin Crew – Star to Fall" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Cabin Crew – Star to Fall". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ "ARIA Charts – End of Year Charts – Club Chart 2005". ARIA. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020. ^ a b "End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2005". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Sunset Strippers – Falling Stars (Waiting for a Star to Fall)". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "The ARIA Report – ARIA Club Tracks – Week Commencing 7th February 2005" (PDF). ARIA. February 7, 2005. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 19, 2005. Retrieved August 29, 2020. ^ "Issue 785" ARIA Top 50 Dance Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved March 20, 2021. ^ "Sunset Strippers – Falling Stars (Waiting for a Star to Fall)" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Sunset Strippers – Falling Stars (Waiting for a Star to Fall)". Tracklisten. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Hits of the World – Eurocharts" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 117, no. 13. March 26, 2005. p. 37. Retrieved April 4, 2020. ^ "Sunset Strippers – Falling Stars (Waiting for a Star to Fall)" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Falling Stars". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved January 29, 2020. ^ "Top 10 Dance Singles, Week Ending 10 March 2005". GfK Chart-Track. Retrieved June 18, 2019. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Sunset Strippers – Falling Stars (Waiting for a Star to Fall)". Singles Top 100. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Mylo". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 29, 2020. ^ "Lionville - Waiting for a Star to Fall". Archived from the original on December 13, 2021 – via www.youtube.com. ^ "Young Kato". www.withguitars.com. Retrieved July 22, 2020. ^ "Song "Waiting for a Star to Fall"". www.yohanna.de. Retrieved December 17, 2017. ^ Jord C (March 20, 2014). "Diana Vickers - Waiting For a Star to Fall". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2017. ^ "George Maple - Hero (Official Video)". Archived from the original on December 13, 2021 – via www.youtube.com. ^ At The Movies - Waiting For A Star To Fall on YouTube External links Full lyrics at Boy Meets Girl Music Boy Meets Girl Music vteBoy Meets Girl George Merrill Shannon Rubicam Studio albums Boy Meets Girl Reel Life Singles "Waiting for a Star to Fall" Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"Boy Meets Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Meets_Girl_(band)"},{"link_name":"Shannon Rubicam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Rubicam"},{"link_name":"George Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Merrill_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"falling star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor"},{"link_name":"Whitney Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston"},{"link_name":"Arista Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arista_Records"},{"link_name":"Clive Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Davis"},{"link_name":"Belinda Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinda_Carlisle"},{"link_name":"Heaven on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_on_Earth_(Belinda_Carlisle_album)"},{"link_name":"Reel Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reel_Life_(Boy_Meets_Girl_album)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Cabin Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_Crew"},{"link_name":"Sunset Strippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Strippers"}],"text":"\"Waiting for a Star to Fall\" is a song by American pop music duo Boy Meets Girl in 1988, written by the duo's members, Shannon Rubicam and George Merrill. They wrote the song after witnessing a falling star at a Whitney Houston concert and originally offered the song to Houston, but Arista Records CEO Clive Davis rejected it. American singer Belinda Carlisle then recorded a demo of the song but denied its inclusion on her 1987 album Heaven on Earth, so Rubicam and Merrill decided to record and release the song themselves.\"Waiting for a Star to Fall\" was released in June 1988 as the second single from Boy Meets Girl's second studio album, Reel Life (1988). The song became a chart hit in several countries, reaching number five on the US Billboard Hot 100, number two in Canada, number five in Ireland, and number nine in the United Kingdom. Since its release, it has been remixed and covered by many artists, including Cabin Crew and Sunset Strippers, who experienced concurrent success with their reworkings in 2005.","title":"Waiting for a Star to Fall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shannon Rubicam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Rubicam"},{"link_name":"George Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Merrill_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Whitney Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston"},{"link_name":"Greek Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Theatre_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Arista's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arista_Records"},{"link_name":"Clive Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Davis"},{"link_name":"Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_(album)"},{"link_name":"How Will I Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Will_I_Know"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wanna_Dance_with_Somebody_(Who_Loves_Me)"},{"link_name":"Belinda Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinda_Carlisle"},{"link_name":"Heaven on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_on_Earth_(Belinda_Carlisle_album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"unofficial compilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootleg_recording"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Andy Snitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Snitzer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Waiting for a Star to Fall\" was written by Shannon Rubicam and George Merrill, and was inspired by an actual falling star that Rubicam had seen during a Whitney Houston concert at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles. The duo did not initially consider recording the song themselves, instead submitting it to Arista's CEO Clive Davis, in the hope that he would decide to use it on Houston's second studio album, Whitney. Even though Rubicam and Merrill had written Houston's previous hit \"How Will I Know\", Davis rejected \"Waiting for a Star to Fall\", suggesting that it did not suit her.[1] This then inspired the creation of Houston's 1987 hit \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)\". The song was then offered to and recorded by Belinda Carlisle for her 1987 release Heaven on Earth, at the insistence of her label, but Carlisle disliked it and refused to include it on the album.[2] This version has, however, circulated on an unofficial compilation of that album's outtakes.[3]The tenor saxophone solo on the Boy Meets Girl version was provided in a session recording early in the career of Andy Snitzer, who later found success as a solo artist.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reel Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reel_Life_(Boy_Meets_Girl_album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(Billboard_Chart)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usac-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hot100-6"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukrel-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-occ-9"},{"link_name":"ARIA Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-10"},{"link_name":"Three Men and a Little Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Men_and_a_Little_Lady"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-occ-9"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Merrill and Rubicam decided to record the song themselves for their second album Reel Life. Released as a single on June 10, 1988,[citation needed] it became a hit in the United States, reaching number one on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and number five on the Billboard Hot 100.[5][6] Issued in the United Kingdom on November 14, 1988, the song reached number nine on the UK Singles Chart during January 1989, having entered the chart in December 1988.[7][8] It remains their sole top-40 hit in the UK.[9] The song also reached number 35 on Australia's ARIA Singles Chart in April 1989.[10] After the song was used as the closing theme to the 1990 movie Three Men and a Little Lady, the single was re-released with a new picture sleeve featuring the actors of the film. The re-release peaked at number 76 in the UK.[9]Johnny Loftus of AllMusic remarked that the song was \"just a classic\", and that \"the urgency as it drives toward its chorus is a clinic for durable songwriting.\"[11]","title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"The video for the song, directed by Australian director Claudia Castle, features scenes of Merrill and Rubicam singing it on a beach and inside a house.[12] Also featured are scenes of a group of children playing with bubbles, including the couple's young daughter Hilary.[3]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tom Selleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Selleck"},{"link_name":"Steve Guttenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Guttenberg"},{"link_name":"Ted Danson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Danson"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"7-inch, cassette, and mini-CD single[13][14][15]\n\n\"Waiting for a Star to Fall\" – 4:34\n\"No Apologies\" – 4:21\n12-inch and CD single[16][17]\n\n\"Waiting for a Star to Fall\" – 4:34\n\"No Apologies\" – 4:21\n\"Restless Dreamer\" – 4:33\n\n\n1991 7-inch single[18]\n\nA. \"Waiting for a Star to Fall\"\nB. \"The Three Men Rap\" (by Tom Selleck, Steve Guttenberg, and Ted Danson)\n1991 12-inch and CD single[19][20]\n\n\"Waiting for a Star to Fall\"\n\"The Three Men Rap\" (by Selleck, Guttenberg, and Danson)\n\"Goodnight Sweetheart Goodnight aka Goodnight It's Time to Go\" (by Selleck, Guttenberg, and Danson)","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"George Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Merrill_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Shannon Rubicam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Rubicam"},{"link_name":"Joe Mardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Mardin"}],"text":"Personnel are lifted from the Reel Life liner notes.[21]George Merrill – writing, lead vocals, acoustic piano, synthesizers, bass, drum programming\nShannon Rubicam – writing, backing vocals\nSusan Boyd – backing vocals\nJohn Goux – guitars\nJoe Mardin – synthesizers\nDenny Fongheiser – drums\nMichael Jochum – additional drums\nAndy Snitzer – saxophone","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waiting_for_a_Star_to_Fall&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-10"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Boy_Meets_Girl-22"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurochart_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Boy_Meets_Girl-25"},{"link_name":"Dagblaðið Vísir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0_V%C3%ADsir"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-27"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Boy_Meets_Girl-28"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Boy_Meets_Girl-29"},{"link_name":"Trackslistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trackslistan"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-8"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hot100-6"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usac-5"},{"link_name":"Radio & Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk1991-33"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waiting_for_a_Star_to_Fall&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Waiting for a Star to Fall\"\n\n\nChart (1988–1989)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[10]\n\n35\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[22]\n\n37\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[23]\n\n2\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[24]\n\n37\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[25]\n\n22\n\n\nIceland (Dagblaðið Vísir)[26]\n\n2\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[27]\n\n5\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[28]\n\n62\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[29]\n\n37\n\n\nSweden (Trackslistan)[30]\n\n17\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[8]\n\n9\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[6]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[5]\n\n1\n\n\nUS CHR/Pop Airplay (Radio & Records)[31][32]\n\n7\n\n\n1991 chart performance for \"Waiting for a Star to Fall\"\n\n\nChart (1991)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[33]\n\n76\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n1988 year-end chart performance for \"Waiting for a Star to Fall\"\n\n\nChart (1988)\n\nPosition\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[34]\n\n87\n\n\n1989 year-end chart performance for \"Waiting for a Star to Fall\"\n\n\nChart (1989)\n\nPosition\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[35]\n\n93\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[36]\n\n12","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cabin Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_Crew"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Sunset Strippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Strippers"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"}],"text":"The song has been covered and remixed several times. The most commercially successful versions came in 2005, when Australian musical group Cabin Crew remixed the song as \"Star to Fall\" (or \"Star2Fall\") but were refused the sampling of the original lyrics by Sony BMG. Liking what Cabin Crew had done, however, George Merrill agreed to re-record the vocals.[41] Meanwhile, Sony BMG had British musical group Sunset Strippers remix the original track under the title \"Falling Stars\". Both versions peaked within the top five of the UK Singles Chart in March 2005.","title":"Covers and remixes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Cabin_Crew-42"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australiadance_-44"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Cabin_Crew-45"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Cabin_Crew-46"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Finland_Cabin_Crew-48"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Cabin_Crew-49"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Cabin_Crew-50"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s2fire-51"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Italy_Cabin_Crew-53"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-54"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Cabin_Crew-55"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-56"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Cabin_Crew-57"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uks2f-58"},{"link_name":"UK Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKdance_-59"},{"link_name":"UK Indie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independent_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKindie_-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKYE2005-62"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Sunset_Strippers-63"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ausd2-65"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Sunset_Strippers-66"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Denmark_Sunset_Strippers-67"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Sunset_Strippers-69"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsire-70"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsscot-72"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Sunset_Strippers-73"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsuk-74"},{"link_name":"UK Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsukdance-75"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKYE2005-62"}],"sub_title":"Charts","text":"Weekly chart performance for \"Star to Fall\"\n\n\nChart (2005)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[42]\n\n25\n\n\nAustralian Club Chart (ARIA)[43]\n\n4\n\n\nAustralian Dance (ARIA)[44]\n\n2\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[45]\n\n51\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[46]\n\n37\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[47]\n\n16\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[48]\n\n4\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[49]\n\n53\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[50]\n\n35\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[51]\n\n13\n\n\nIreland Dance (IRMA)[52]\n\n1\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[53]\n\n31\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[54]\n\n15\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[55]\n\n24\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[56]\n\n3\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[57]\n\n84\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[58]\n\n4\n\n\nUK Dance (OCC)[59]\n\n8\n\n\nUK Indie (OCC)[60]\n\n45\n\n\nYear-end chart performance for \"Star to Fall\"\n\n\nChart (2005)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Club Chart (ARIA)[61]\n\n38\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[62]\n\n80\n\n\n\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Falling Stars\"\n\n\nChart (2005)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[63]\n\n26\n\n\nAustralian Club Chart (ARIA)[64]\n\n34\n\n\nAustralian Dance (ARIA)[65]\n\n2\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[66]\n\n43\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[67]\n\n8\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[68]\n\n10\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[69]\n\n19\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[70]\n\n5\n\n\nIreland Dance (IRMA)[71]\n\n1\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[72]\n\n2\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[73]\n\n23\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[74]\n\n3\n\n\nUK Dance (OCC)[75]\n\n7\n\n\nYear-end chart performance for \"Falling Stars\"\n\n\nChart (2005)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[62]\n\n46","title":"Covers and remixes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In My Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_My_Arms_(Mylo_song)"},{"link_name":"electronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"Mylo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylo"},{"link_name":"Destroy Rock & Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroy_Rock_%26_Roll"},{"link_name":"Kim Carnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Carnes"},{"link_name":"Bette Davis Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis_Eyes"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Made in Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_Chelsea"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Yohanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohanna"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Diana Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Vickers"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"George Maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Maple"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"Other covers","text":"The track \"In My Arms\" by British electronic musician Mylo sampled the song and was featured on Mylo's album Destroy Rock & Roll. His version also samples Kim Carnes' \"Bette Davis Eyes\" and made it to number 15 in the United Kingdom in 2005.[76]\nIn December 2012, a rock version of the song was released by the band Lionville on their album Lionville II.[77]\nIn December 2013, a stripped back indie version of the song was released by the English band Young Kato. It was featured on the Made in Chelsea soundtrack.[78]\nAlso in December 2013, a folk cover of the song by Icelandic singer Yohanna surfaced on the Internet.[79]\nIn March 2014, a folk cover of the song by English singer Diana Vickers surfaced on the Internet.[80]\nIn September 2017, Australian singer George Maple interpolated the song as part of her single \"Hero\".[81]\nOn 31 December 2020, the international rock/metal musical project \"At The Movies\" released a cover version of the song on YouTube.[82]","title":"Covers and remixes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Spears, Steve (September 15, 2017). \"Why didn't anybody want to record 'Waiting For a Star to Fall?'\". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved August 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tampabay.com/why-didnt-anybody-want-to-record-waiting-for-a-star-to-fall/2337577","url_text":"\"Why didn't anybody want to record 'Waiting For a Star to Fall?'\""}]},{"reference":"Zimbio (June 14, 2013). \"28 Musicians Who Turned Down Hit Songs\". Business Insider. Retrieved August 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/28-celebs-who-turned-down-hit-songs-2013-6","url_text":"\"28 Musicians Who Turned Down Hit Songs\""}]},{"reference":"Belinda Carlisle - Waiting for a Star To Fall. March 2, 2010. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RbIHpzrYTsc","url_text":"Belinda Carlisle - Waiting for a Star To Fall"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/RbIHpzrYTsc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SmoothViews - Keeping Smooth Jazz in Sight\". www.smoothviews.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smoothviews.com/fa_0713snitzer.php","url_text":"\"SmoothViews - Keeping Smooth Jazz in Sight\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Singles\". Music Week. November 12, 1988. p. 31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"Boy Meets Girl\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/16705/boy-meets-girl/","url_text":"\"Boy Meets Girl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"Johnny Loftus. \"Reel Life – Boy Meets Girl – Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved March 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/reel-life-r2540/review","url_text":"\"Reel Life – Boy Meets Girl – Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Boy Meets Girl - Waiting for a Star to Fall. February 21, 2014 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RhxF9Qg5mOU","url_text":"Boy Meets Girl - Waiting for a Star to Fall"}]},{"reference":"Waiting for a Star to Fall (US 7-inch single sleeve). Boy Meets Girl. RCA Records. 1988. 8691-7-R.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Meets_Girl_(band)","url_text":"Boy Meets Girl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records","url_text":"RCA Records"}]},{"reference":"Waiting for a Star to Fall (US cassette single sleeve). Boy Meets Girl. RCA Records. 1988. 8691-4-RS.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Waiting for a Star to Fall (Japanese mini-CD single liner notes). Boy Meets Girl. RCA Records. 1989. R10D-108.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Waiting for a Star to Fall (UK 12-inch single sleeve). Boy Meets Girl. RCA Records. 1988. PT 49520.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Waiting for a Star to Fall (UK CD single liner notes). Boy Meets Girl. RCA Records. 1989. PD49520.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Waiting for a Star to Fall (UK 7-inch single sleeve). Boy Meets Girl. Hollywood Records. 1991. HWD2, 570 003-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Records","url_text":"Hollywood Records"}]},{"reference":"Waiting for a Star to Fall (US 12-inch single sleeve). Boy Meets Girl. Hollywood Records. 1991. HWD2T.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Waiting for a Star to Fall (UK CD single liner notes). Boy Meets Girl. Hollywood Records. 1991. HWD2CD, 570 003-2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Reel Life (US CD album liner notes). Boy Meets Girl. RCA Records. 1988. 8414-2-R.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reel_Life_(Boy_Meets_Girl_album)","url_text":"Reel Life"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM 100 Singles\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 49, no. 11. January 14, 1989. p. 6. Retrieved June 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://rpmimages.3345.ca/pdfs/Volume%2049-No.%2011-January%2014,%201989.pdf","url_text":"\"RPM 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"}]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. January 28, 1989. p. 30. Retrieved May 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/80s/1989/M&M-1989-01-28.pdf#page=17","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Ísland Top 10\". DV. February 17, 1989. p. 40. ISSN 1021-8254.","urls":[{"url":"https://timarit.is/page/2555087?iabr=on#page/n23/mode/2up/search/%22boy%20meets%20girl%22","url_text":"\"Ísland Top 10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_(newspaper)","url_text":"DV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1021-8254","url_text":"1021-8254"}]},{"reference":"\"Boy meets girl\". wweb.uta.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://wweb.uta.edu/faculty/gghunt/charts/bmg.html","url_text":"\"Boy meets girl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waiting for a star to fall\". wweb.uta.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://wweb.uta.edu/faculty/gghunt/charts/Songruns/B/boymeetsgirlwaiting_for_a_star_to_fall.htm","url_text":"\"Waiting for a star to fall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Singles of '88\" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 49, no. 10. December 24, 1988. p. 9. 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Retrieved August 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/80s/1989/BB-1989-12-23.pdf","url_text":"\"1989 The Year in Music: Top Pop Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Boy Meets Girl – Waiting for a Star to Fall\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved December 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/14847-4623-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Boy Meets Girl – Waiting for a Star to Fall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"New Singles\". Music Week. January 7, 1989. p. 23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"スター・トゥ・フォール | ボーイ・ミーツ・ガール\" [Star to Fall | Boy Meets Girl] (in Japanese). Oricon. 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Retrieved April 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/00s/2005/BB-2005-03-19.pdf","url_text":"\"Hits of the World – Eurocharts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Dance Singles, Week Ending 3 March 2005\". GfK Chart-Track. Retrieved June 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240004&arch=t&lyr=2005&year=2005&week=9","url_text":"\"Top 10 Dance Singles, Week Ending 3 March 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Chart-Track","url_text":"GfK Chart-Track"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – End of Year Charts – Club Chart 2005\". ARIA. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200415011323/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-club-chart-2005.htm","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – End of Year Charts – Club Chart 2005\""},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-club-chart-2005.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2005\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-singles-chart/20050110/37501/","url_text":"\"End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2005\""}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Report – ARIA Club Tracks – Week Commencing 7th February 2005\" (PDF). ARIA. February 7, 2005. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 19, 2005. Retrieved August 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20050219130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20050220-0000/issue780.pdf","url_text":"\"The ARIA Report – ARIA Club Tracks – Week Commencing 7th February 2005\""},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/issue780.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hits of the World – Eurocharts\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 117, no. 13. March 26, 2005. p. 37. Retrieved April 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/00s/2005/BB-2005-03-25.pdf","url_text":"\"Hits of the World – Eurocharts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Dance Singles, Week Ending 10 March 2005\". GfK Chart-Track. Retrieved June 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240004&arch=t&lyr=2005&year=2005&week=10","url_text":"\"Top 10 Dance Singles, Week Ending 10 March 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Chart-Track","url_text":"GfK Chart-Track"}]},{"reference":"\"Mylo\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/13589/mylo/","url_text":"\"Mylo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lionville - Waiting for a Star to Fall\". Archived from the original on December 13, 2021 – via www.youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkGsLnTpZlo","url_text":"\"Lionville - Waiting for a Star to Fall\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/DkGsLnTpZlo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Young Kato\". www.withguitars.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keene_Valley_Library
Keene Valley Library
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 44°11′25″N 73°47′11″W / 44.19028°N 73.78639°W / 44.19028; -73.78639United States historic placeKeene Valley LibraryU.S. National Register of Historic Places Keene Valley Library, June 2009Show map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesLocationMain St., Keene Valley, New YorkCoordinates44°11′25″N 73°47′11″W / 44.19028°N 73.78639°W / 44.19028; -73.78639Arealess than one acreBuilt1896ArchitectDodge, Rev. William; Trumball, Arthur & Luck, GeorgeArchitectural styleShingle Style, AdirondackNRHP reference No.00001528Added to NRHPDecember 13, 2000 Keene Valley Library is a historic library building located at Keene Valley in Essex County, New York. The original building was built in 1896, with additions completed in 1923, 1931, 1962, 1985, and 2017. The original main block is a one-story timber frame structure on a random ashlar foundation. The building exhibits features of the Shingle Style and Adirondack Architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ Lesley A. Paul and Linda M. Garofalini (February 2000). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Keene Valley Library". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2010-06-26. See also: "Accompanying 9 photos". vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Listsby city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal This article about a historic property or district in Essex County, New York, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOT_Polish_Airlines_Flight_007
LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007
["1 The aircraft and crew","2 Crash","3 Investigation","3.1 Sequence of events","4 Causes of disaster","5 The engine shaft's disintegration","6 Aftermath","7 See also","8 References","9 External links","9.1 Plane pictures","9.2 Disaster site pictures"]
Coordinates: 52°11′06.5″N 20°56′46.3″E / 52.185139°N 20.946194°E / 52.185139; 20.9461941980 Polish aviation accident This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message)LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007SP-LAA, the aircraft involved in the accident, seen at John F. Kennedy International Airport in 1979.AccidentDate14 March 1980 (1980-03-14)SummaryUncontained engine failure due to engine part with manufacturing fault, loss of flight controlsSiteNear Warsaw Chopin Airport, Warsaw, Poland 52°11′06.5″N 20°56′46.3″E / 52.185139°N 20.946194°E / 52.185139; 20.946194AircraftAircraft typeIlyushin Il-62Aircraft nameMikołaj KopernikOperatorLOT Polish AirlinesRegistrationSP-LAAFlight originJohn F. Kennedy International Airport, New York (JFK/KJFK)DestinationWarsaw Chopin Airport, Warsaw, Poland (WAW/EPWA)Occupants87Passengers77Crew10Fatalities87Survivors0 LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007 was an Ilyushin Il-62 that crashed near Okęcie Airport in Warsaw, Poland, on 14 March 1980, as the crew aborted a landing and attempted to go-around. All 87 crew and passengers died. It was caused by the disintegration of one of the turbine discs in one of the plane's engines, leading to uncontained engine failure. The turbine disc was later found to have manufacturing faults. The aircraft and crew The aircraft involved in the crash in 1978, when still wearing old livery This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)LOT initiated their transatlantic routes in the early 1970s, for which it decided to purchase Ilyushin Il-62s. The aircraft which crashed was the first Il-62 that LOT had purchased for this purpose, manufactured in 1971. As with all Ilyushins purchased, it was named after a famous Polish historical figure, in this case astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik). All of the crew members of Flight 007 were Polish. The captain, Paweł Lipowczan, was 46 years old, with 8,770 flight hours' experience (4,385 of them on Ilyushin Il-62s). The first officer was Tadeusz Łochocki. The remaining flight crew were flight engineer Jan Łubniewski, flight navigator Konstanty Chorzewski and radio operator Stefan Wąsiewicz. There were five flight attendants on board. Future World Heavyweight Champion Tony Tucker was supposed to be on this flight but could not go because of a shoulder injury. All 87 people on board were killed, including 22 members of the U.S. boxing team. Crash On its final flight, the aircraft was piloted by Captain Lipowczan and First Officer Łochocki. Flight 007 was scheduled to depart from Kennedy International Airport at about 19:00 local time on 13 March 1980, but it was delayed because of a heavy snowstorm. It finally departed at 21:18, and after nine hours of an uneventful flight, it was approaching Okęcie Airport at 11:13 local time. During their final approach, about one minute before the landing, the crew reported to Okęcie Air Traffic Control that the landing gear indicator light was not operating, and that they would go around and allow the flight engineer to check if it was caused by a burnt-out fuse or light bulb, or if there was actually some problem with the gears deploying. 11:13:46 Okęcie Air Traffic Control LOT 007, 5 degrees to the right. 11:13:52 Okęcie ATC LOT 007? 11:13:54 LOT Roger that... One moment, we have some problems with landing-gear-down-and-locked indicator, request a go-around. 11:13:57 Okęcie ATC Roger, runway heading and altitude 650 metres (2,130 ft). 11:14:00 LOT Runway heading and 650. This was the last transmission from Mikołaj Kopernik. Nine seconds later, the aircraft suddenly entered a steep dive. At 11:14:35, after 26 seconds of uncontrolled descent, the aircraft clipped a tree with its right wing and impacted the ice-covered moat of a 19th-century military fortress at a speed of approximately 380 km/h (210 kn; 240 mph) at a 20-degree down angle, 950 m (3,120 ft) away from the runway threshold and 100 m (330 ft) from a residential area. At the last moment Captain Lipowczan, using nothing but the plane's ailerons, managed to avoid hitting a correctional facility for teenagers located at Rozwojowa Street. On impact, the aircraft disintegrated; a large part of the main hull submerged in the moat, while the tail and parts of the main landing gear landed a few meters further, just before the entrance to the fort. On the scene, a diving team was later trying to recover parts of the aircraft (including some of the engines) from the moat, but it was far too murky; ultimately, the moat had to be drained to allow the air crash investigation team to recover parts of the disintegrated plane. The body of Captain Lipowczan was found lying on the street about 60 m (200 ft) from the crash site; other bodies were scattered between the plane parts. The majority of the victims were found to be bisected due to seat belts being fastened at the time of impact. Graves of the crew at Powązki Military Cemetery, Warsaw. Among the 87 fatalities were Polish singer Anna Jantar, American ethnomusicologist Alan P. Merriam, six Polish students returning home from an AIESEC conference in New York, and a contingent of the U.S. amateur boxing team (who were scheduled for a series of exhibition fights in Europe instead of the boycotted Summer Olympics.) According to the doctors who arrived at the scene, many of the passengers were apparently asleep when the plane hit the ground, but some of them – including many of the boxers – were supposedly aware that they were about to crash, as they held to their seats so strongly that on impact, the muscles and tendons in their arms became severed. Some reports suggested that some of the boxers actually survived the crash and drowned in the moat, but no evidence for this was presented. A total of 22 U.S. boxers, trainers, and doctors died in the accident (including the 1979 Pan American Games winner light welterweight Lemuel Steeples). A number of Olympic team members were not present due to various pugilistic injuries sustained before the flight or for other reasons, which prevented their participation in the scheduled event, so they stayed in the United States. Nationality Passengers Crew Total Poland 42 10 52 United States 28 0 28 Soviet Union 4 0 4 East Germany 3 0 3 Total 77 10 87 Investigation This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)The police quickly surrounded the site and removed any spectators; recovery of airplane pieces started soon afterwards. Both the cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder were found quickly; unfortunately, the recording suddenly stopped nine seconds after the last transmission, 26 seconds before the crash. While recovering the engines, the number-two (inner left) engine was found to be cut in half, held together only by the fuel lines. When the engine was further examined, the disc of the low-pressure turbine was found to be missing; despite an extensive search, it was not found at the crash site. Finally, the turbine disc was found about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi; 2.2 nmi) from the site; it was broken into three similar-sized pieces. After recovering the cockpit, the throttles of both engines 2 and 3 (inner right) were found to be shut off, while on engine 4 (outer right) the thrust was set to maximum. The investigating commission asked the Soviets if an Il-62 was able to reach the runway with one engine operating; no conclusive answer was received, but calculations based on the official technical data suggested that, while one engine thrust was insufficient for the aircraft to maintain altitude, it was enough to reach the runway and try to land. No explanation was found why the aircraft with one engine operating at maximum power suddenly entered a steep dive. Detailed analysis of the pieces of the turbine disc found several metallic impurities on the edges of two of them; in one case, they were identified as coming from the engine nacelle, in another, the impurities came from the nacelle, the hull, control actuators and finally, electrical cables. Also, detailed examination of the surface of the broken disc showed significant evidence of fatigue cracking. Sequence of events Finally, when the control pushers were found to be cut in half, it was proven that the cut was not caused by the crash, and some traces of the metal alloy the turbine disc was made of were found on the surface of the cut, the sequence of events became clear. The disaster started when Mikołaj Kopernik was instructed to climb to a higher flight level. When the necessary thrust was applied to all four engines, the low-pressure turbine of the number 2 engine disintegrated after 9 seconds. One piece of the turbine disc got ejected upwards, not causing any significant damage; the second piece shot into the engine number 1, damaging it seriously; finally, the third piece of the disc shot into the hull, severed the rudder and elevator control rods and destroyed the number 3 engine, causing loss of control over the plane; it also severed power cables for both the flight data recorder and the cockpit voice recorder. This caused the last moments of Mikołaj Kopernik not to be recorded. The cut control rods also explained the sudden dive. When they were cut, the horizontal stabilizer, under its own weight, dropped down, causing the nose also to go down. This could be counteracted by the vertical trim; in Il-62s, the switch setting the vertical trim to manual operation was secured by a thin, sharp wire. On Captain Lipowczan's right hand, small wounds were found, and they were confirmed to be made while Lipowczan was still alive; supposedly, he ripped the security off and tried to control the vertical trim, but it was too late. In an interview for Polish TV series The Black Series, Captain Tomasz Smolicz, an experienced airline pilot who flew thousands of hours on transatlantic routes on Ilyushins Il-62 and Il-62M in the 1970s and 1980s (he flew Mikołaj Kopernik from Warsaw to New York on 13 March 1980), stated that the planes returning to Warsaw from the United States usually landed on runway course 150 (150 degrees, south-south-east), and if they landed at or before noon on a sunny day (such as on 14 March 1980), the sun was shining almost directly in their eyes, which were weary after several hours of night flight and constant monitoring of cockpit instruments; this sometimes caused disorientation and confusion if an indicator light actually was lit or not; so, on that day, the landing gear indicator could have actually been lit, but the crew members might have managed to see it incorrectly. During the recovery, the landing gear was found to be properly extended and locked. Causes of disaster This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the section. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) According to the Polish government's Special Disaster Commission, the crash was caused by defects in materials, faults in the manufacturing process of the Kuznetsov NK-8 jet engine's shaft, and weaknesses in the design of its turbine. During the manufacturing of the low-pressure shaft, at a location where its section diameter increases, a sharp, 90-degree step was made, resulting in a sudden diameter change over a very short linear length - a classic condition for stress concentration, which results in fatigue cracking at that location. Additionally, the metallurgical analysis found that the shaft was incorrectly heat-treated during manufacture and contained contaminant particles such as non-metallic inclusions, which further reduced the shaft's ability to carry the torsional loads as designed. The improper machining and impurities facilitated an accelerated fatigue fracture of this key engine component via unmitigated formation of micro-cracks through the shaft's core, ultimately leading to its failure. Over time, the defects in Mikołaj Kopernik's shaft became large enough, and the shaft broke, resulting in the physical separation of the low-pressure turbine from the low-pressure compressor. As a result, the low-pressure turbine explosively disintegrated. Ejected with enormous force, pieces of the turbines damaged two further engines and cut through the hull. This caused the failure of the vertical and horizontal flight controls (rudder and elevator), and a catastrophic failure of numerous systems of the aircraft. The sudden loss of control of the flight control surfaces caused a steep, unrecoverable dive, and resulted in a crash, 26 seconds from the time of the original failure. A press article, released in Poland in 2010 and based on the review of archival documentation kept in IPN claimed that the People's Republic of Poland authorities contributed to the crash by demanding savings from LOT and excessive exploitation of engines. As a result of the economic policy of Edward Gierek in People's Republic of Poland in the second half of the 1970s it began raising prices, which started to drag the country into an economic crisis. In such circumstances, the Ministry of Transport required LOT to reduce costs. One of the first measures to reduce costs was to minimize refueling planes in foreign airports due to higher jet fuel prices. Aircraft were fueled in Poland to the maximum possible take-off weight. As a result, the crew used the full length of the runway. Conversely, they had a relatively small amount of fuel in reserve on the return flight, which sometimes forced them to land in bad weather. Flights with a maximal take off weight increased engine wear, since the engines were under greater load. Warranty service life of NK-8-4 engines was 5,000 hours (3000 to 5000 hours is typical for such engines), but about half of LOT engines failed after 2000–3000 hours. Because of this, Polish pilots often called the Il-62 "flying coffins". In spite of the low reliability, the airline decided to increase overhaul life intervals to reduce the frequency of repairs, which were carried out in Soviet factories and quite expensive. LOT sent a letter to the Ilyushin Design Bureau containing the results of a test in which it was found that the engines could operate normally 8600 hours without maintenance. From the design bureau office came the answer that the Poles could fly as much as they want, but the manufacturer was responsible only for 5000 flight hours. Increased stress on the engines and lengthening of the service interval led to growth failure. There were cases when the IL-62 flew from the United States to Warsaw without passengers, on three engines. Representatives of the technical staff at the John F. Kennedy Airport reported two similar flights in the past two years. The most common causes of failure were bending or breaking of the blades. Consequently, there were not enough serviceable engines. LOT fell into the practice of using three engines within the service interval, and a fourth beyond the interval. The investigation revealed the practice to be widespread. The airline called the fourth engines "leaders". Initially, Mikołaj Kopernik's engine 2 was installed on the aircraft SP-LAC Fryderyk Chopin, but after 1,700 hours of flying in 1975, the engine was removed due to damage of the low-pressure compressor's blade and sent for repair to the Soviet Union. After repair, the engine was placed on SP-LAB Tadeusz Kościuszko. After 5000 hours of flight, vibration was detected above the acceptable level and felt noticeably in the back of the aircraft. Therefore, in 1978 the engine was again removed for repair in Poland and subsequently installed on SP-LAA Mikołaj Kopernik. After repair, the engine accumulated 700 flight hours before the accident. In spite of the vibrations, the defective engine was fitted to the aircraft, it being argued that the vibration level was "below acceptable standards." Before the flight to New York the aircraft was checked by mechanic Zdzisław Jarmoniak, who found that the No.1 engine had a defect in one of the turbine blades. This deformation was located in the lowest (and widest) part of the blade. The mechanic wanted to report it, but found that the defect was already marked there (noted), and the plane was subsequently allowed to fly. As he later explained to investigators, the mechanic decided that the defect was within tolerance. Engine No.3 had 8200 hours operating time without repair. The aircraft was allowed to fly to New York with three engines and only the No.4 engine was fully serviceable. The engine shaft's disintegration This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)The Kuznetsov NK-8 is a two-spool turbofan engine with two low pressure turbines driving the fan and low pressure compressor and one high pressure turbine driving the higher stages of the compressor. As the No. 2 engine's low-pressure shaft failed, the low-pressure turbine suddenly separated from the low-pressure compressor, freeing itself. Because the engine combustion chamber was still producing power, the suddenly freed turbine spun out of control with such enormous speed that within a fraction of a second, the centrifugal force caused the turbine to disintegrate. The enclosure of the turbine failed to contain the pieces of the turbine, which were ejected tangentially at high speed, causing severe damage to the tail section of the aircraft. Aftermath The Polish government's Special Disaster Commission sent its findings on the cause of the accident to Moscow. In response, Russian engineers and scientists stated that the reasons given were implausible and that the turbine disintegrated because of engine failure, contrary to what was stated in the Polish report. Many years later it was revealed that after Flight 7's crash, all Il-62s used by Soviet officials and VIPs had their engines discreetly replaced with newer ones. At one occasion, a Polish governmental Il-62M had had specially installed newer engines for a joint Polish-Soviet governmental trip to Beijing; after that, the engines were taken back to the Soviet Union. The Polish commission report also called for some modernizations in the Il-62 design, most notably doubling the flight controls, so that if one system failed the plane would still be controllable. At the time, redundant controls of this kind were in general use in American and European-made airliners. This issue was never addressed by the Soviets; none of their Ilyushins of any type had installed alternate controls. Memorial to the boxers who died in the plane crash A small statue dedicated to the boxers who perished in the accident – a trigonal prism made of bronze, with a knocked-down boxer statue at the top—is located at the grounds of Warsaw sport club Skra Warszawa. An identical statue is located at the United States Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs. The statues were funded by Thomas Kane of Printon Kane and Company and AIBA and designed by American sculptor Auldwin Thomas Schonberg. The graves of Mikołaj Kopernik's crew are located at the Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw. One of the streets adjacent to the crash site bears the name of Captain Paweł Lipowczan. See also Poland portalAviation portal1980s portal List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft Air Algérie Flight 6289 Dana Air Flight 992 List of accidents involving sports teams LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055 - caused by failure of an engine's bearings Baikal Airlines Flight 130 United Airlines Flight 232 - caused by an engine explosion due to a fatigue crack in a fan assembly Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 References ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin Il-62 SP-LAA Warszawa-Okecie Airport (WAW)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 12 July 2020. ^ Only a portrait of Copernicus was featured on the aircraft, which was later removed. ^ Pyzia, Krzysztof; Dziewulski, Jerzy. "Jeszcze pół roku później wyjmowaliśmy z samolotu fragmenty zwłok. Kulisy katastrofy, w której zginęła Anna Jantar" . Gazeta.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 6 May 2024. ^ "Zatajona prawda - katastrofa Ił-62 Mikołaj Kopernik - Polska" (in Polish). Newsweek.pl. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2016. ^ Steel, Marlin. "Your Guide to Jet Engine Maintenance". www.marlinwire.com. Retrieved 19 April 2023. ^ "Ostatnie 26 sekund "Kopernika" - Polska" . n744pm.wordpress.com (in Polish). 7 March 2012. ^ "SGT ELLIOTT CHAVIS 118th Military Police Company (ABN) Ft. Bragg, North Carolina". Military Police Memorial Pages. 2004. Retrieved 19 May 2013. All information in this entry is based on information, interviews and documents presented in two episodes of the Polish TV series "The Black Series" about air, land and marine incidents and disasters in post-war Poland: "Kopernik" (about Flight 007) and "Kościuszko" (about LOT Flight 5055). External links Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1980 LOT 007 crash. PlaneCrashInfo.Com accident report Polish press article (polish language) Wikipedia map disaster site Materials publicized on Polish version of Wikipedia dedicated to same subject Plane pictures Photo of Ilyushin 62 SP-LAA LOT Polish Airlines Ilyushin IL-62 Disaster site pictures PlaneCrashInfo.Com photo and report http://republika.pl/blog_ft_239514/338340/tr/kopernik.jpg http://republika.pl/blog_ft_239514/338340/tr/kopernik1.jpg vteAviation accidents and incidents in Poland 1962 LOT Vickers Viscount Warsaw crash (December 1962) LOT Polish Airlines Flight 165 (April 1969) LOT Polish Airlines Flight 7 (March 1980) LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055 (May 1987) LOT Polish Airlines Flight 703 (November 1988) Lufthansa Flight 2904 (September 1993) LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16 (November 2011) Poland Cessna 208 crash (July 2023) vteAviation accidents and incidents in 1980 (1980) Jan 21 Iran Air Flight 291Feb 21 Advance Airlines Flight 4210Feb 27 China Airlines Flight 811Mar 14 LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007Apr 12 Transbrasil Flight 303Apr 25 Dan-Air Flight 1008Apr 27 Thai Airways Flight 231Jun 1 Barra do Garças air disasterJun 12 Air Wisconsin Flight 965Jun 27 Itavia Flight 870Jul 8 Aeroflot Flight 4225Aug 19 Saudia Flight 163Sep 12 Florida Commuter Airlines Flight 65Sep 21 Biggin Hill Invader crashNov 3 Latin Carga Convair CV-880 crashNov 19 Korean Air Lines Flight 015Dec 4 Camarate air crashDec 21 Riohacha Transportes Aéreos del Cesar Caravelle crashDec 22 Saudia Flight 162 1979   ◄    ►   1981
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ilyushin Il-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-62"},{"link_name":"Okęcie Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Frederic_Chopin_Airport"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"go-around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-around"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-1"}],"text":"1980 Polish aviation accidentLOT Polish Airlines Flight 007 was an Ilyushin Il-62 that crashed near Okęcie Airport in Warsaw, Poland, on 14 March 1980, as the crew aborted a landing and attempted to go-around. All 87 crew and passengers died. It was caused by the disintegration of one of the turbine discs in one of the plane's engines, leading to uncontained engine failure. The turbine disc was later found to have manufacturing faults.[1]","title":"LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LOT_Ilyushin_Il-62_SP-LAA_Gilliand.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ilyushin Il-62s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-62"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_in_command"},{"link_name":"first officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Officer_(civil_aviation)"},{"link_name":"flight engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_engineer"},{"link_name":"navigator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigator"},{"link_name":"radio operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_operator"},{"link_name":"Tony Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Tucker"}],"text":"The aircraft involved in the crash in 1978, when still wearing old liveryLOT initiated their transatlantic routes in the early 1970s, for which it decided to purchase Ilyushin Il-62s. The aircraft which crashed was the first Il-62 that LOT had purchased for this purpose, manufactured in 1971. As with all Ilyushins purchased, it was named after a famous Polish historical figure, in this case astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik).[2]All of the crew members of Flight 007 were Polish. The captain, Paweł Lipowczan, was 46 years old, with 8,770 flight hours' experience (4,385 of them on Ilyushin Il-62s). The first officer was Tadeusz Łochocki. The remaining flight crew were flight engineer Jan Łubniewski, flight navigator Konstanty Chorzewski and radio operator Stefan Wąsiewicz. There were five flight attendants on board.Future World Heavyweight Champion Tony Tucker was supposed to be on this flight but could not go because of a shoulder injury. All 87 people on board were killed, including 22 members of the U.S. boxing team.","title":"The aircraft and crew"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kennedy International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Okęcie Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ok%C4%99cie_Airport"},{"link_name":"final approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_approach_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"go around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-around"},{"link_name":"flight engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_engineer"},{"link_name":"moat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moat"},{"link_name":"fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress"},{"link_name":"runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"ailerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailerons"},{"link_name":"seat belts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_belt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grob_zalogi_ila62_kopernik_Barry_Kent.JPG"},{"link_name":"Powązki Military Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow%C4%85zki_Military_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Anna Jantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Jantar"},{"link_name":"Alan P. Merriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_P._Merriam"},{"link_name":"AIESEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIESEC"},{"link_name":"exhibition fights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_fight"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1979 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1979_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Lemuel Steeples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1979_Pan_American_Games#Medalists"}],"text":"On its final flight, the aircraft was piloted by Captain Lipowczan and First Officer Łochocki. Flight 007 was scheduled to depart from Kennedy International Airport at about 19:00 local time on 13 March 1980, but it was delayed because of a heavy snowstorm. It finally departed at 21:18, and after nine hours of an uneventful flight, it was approaching Okęcie Airport at 11:13 local time. During their final approach, about one minute before the landing, the crew reported to Okęcie Air Traffic Control that the landing gear indicator light was not operating, and that they would go around and allow the flight engineer to check if it was caused by a burnt-out fuse or light bulb, or if there was actually some problem with the gears deploying.This was the last transmission from Mikołaj Kopernik.\nNine seconds later, the aircraft suddenly entered a steep dive. At 11:14:35, after 26 seconds of uncontrolled descent, the aircraft clipped a tree with its right wing and impacted the ice-covered moat of a 19th-century military fortress at a speed of approximately 380 km/h (210 kn; 240 mph) at a 20-degree down angle, 950 m (3,120 ft) away from the runway threshold and 100 m (330 ft) from a residential area. At the last moment Captain Lipowczan, using nothing but the plane's ailerons, managed to avoid hitting a correctional facility for teenagers located at Rozwojowa Street. On impact, the aircraft disintegrated; a large part of the main hull submerged in the moat, while the tail and parts of the main landing gear landed a few meters further, just before the entrance to the fort. On the scene, a diving team was later trying to recover parts of the aircraft (including some of the engines) from the moat, but it was far too murky; ultimately, the moat had to be drained to allow the air crash investigation team to recover parts of the disintegrated plane. The body of Captain Lipowczan was found lying on the street about 60 m (200 ft) from the crash site; other bodies were scattered between the plane parts. The majority of the victims were found to be bisected due to seat belts being fastened at the time of impact.[3]Graves of the crew at Powązki Military Cemetery, Warsaw.Among the 87 fatalities were Polish singer Anna Jantar, American ethnomusicologist Alan P. Merriam, six Polish students returning home from an AIESEC conference in New York, and a contingent of the U.S. amateur boxing team (who were scheduled for a series of exhibition fights in Europe instead of the boycotted Summer Olympics.) According to the doctors who arrived at the scene, many of the passengers were apparently asleep when the plane hit the ground, but some of them – including many of the boxers – were supposedly aware that they were about to crash, as they held to their seats so strongly that on impact, the muscles and tendons in their arms became severed. Some reports suggested that some of the boxers actually survived the crash and drowned in the moat, but no evidence for this was presented. A total of 22 U.S. boxers, trainers, and doctors died in the accident (including the 1979 Pan American Games winner light welterweight Lemuel Steeples). A number of Olympic team members were not present due to various pugilistic injuries sustained before the flight or for other reasons, which prevented their participation in the scheduled event, so they stayed in the United States.","title":"Crash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cockpit voice recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit_voice_recorder"},{"link_name":"flight data recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_recorder"}],"text":"The police quickly surrounded the site and removed any spectators; recovery of airplane pieces started soon afterwards. Both the cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder were found quickly; unfortunately, the recording suddenly stopped nine seconds after the last transmission, 26 seconds before the crash.While recovering the engines, the number-two (inner left) engine was found to be cut in half, held together only by the fuel lines. When the engine was further examined, the disc of the low-pressure turbine was found to be missing; despite an extensive search, it was not found at the crash site. Finally, the turbine disc was found about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi; 2.2 nmi) from the site; it was broken into three similar-sized pieces.After recovering the cockpit, the throttles of both engines 2 and 3 (inner right) were found to be shut off, while on engine 4 (outer right) the thrust was set to maximum. The investigating commission asked the Soviets if an Il-62 was able to reach the runway with one engine operating; no conclusive answer was received, but calculations based on the official technical data suggested that, while one engine thrust was insufficient for the aircraft to maintain altitude, it was enough to reach the runway and try to land. No explanation was found why the aircraft with one engine operating at maximum power suddenly entered a steep dive.Detailed analysis of the pieces of the turbine disc found several metallic impurities on the edges of two of them; in one case, they were identified as coming from the engine nacelle, in another, the impurities came from the nacelle, the hull, control actuators and finally, electrical cables. Also, detailed examination of the surface of the broken disc showed significant evidence of fatigue cracking.","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"elevator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"flight data recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_data_recorder"},{"link_name":"cockpit voice recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit_voice_recorder"},{"link_name":"vertical trim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_trim"}],"sub_title":"Sequence of events","text":"Finally, when the control pushers were found to be cut in half, it was proven that the cut was not caused by the crash, and some traces of the metal alloy the turbine disc was made of were found on the surface of the cut, the sequence of events became clear. The disaster started when Mikołaj Kopernik was instructed to climb to a higher flight level. When the necessary thrust was applied to all four engines, the low-pressure turbine of the number 2 engine disintegrated after 9 seconds. One piece of the turbine disc got ejected upwards, not causing any significant damage; the second piece shot into the engine number 1, damaging it seriously; finally, the third piece of the disc shot into the hull, severed the rudder and elevator control rods and destroyed the number 3 engine, causing loss of control over the plane; it also severed power cables for both the flight data recorder and the cockpit voice recorder. This caused the last moments of Mikołaj Kopernik not to be recorded.The cut control rods also explained the sudden dive. When they were cut, the horizontal stabilizer, under its own weight, dropped down, causing the nose also to go down. This could be counteracted by the vertical trim; in Il-62s, the switch setting the vertical trim to manual operation was secured by a thin, sharp wire. On Captain Lipowczan's right hand, small wounds were found, and they were confirmed to be made while Lipowczan was still alive; supposedly, he ripped the security off and tried to control the vertical trim, but it was too late.In an interview for Polish TV series The Black Series, Captain Tomasz Smolicz, an experienced airline pilot who flew thousands of hours on transatlantic routes on Ilyushins Il-62 and Il-62M in the 1970s and 1980s (he flew Mikołaj Kopernik from Warsaw to New York on 13 March 1980), stated that the planes returning to Warsaw from the United States usually landed on runway course 150 (150 degrees, south-south-east), and if they landed at or before noon on a sunny day (such as on 14 March 1980), the sun was shining almost directly in their eyes, which were weary after several hours of night flight and constant monitoring of cockpit instruments; this sometimes caused disorientation and confusion if an indicator light actually was lit or not; so, on that day, the landing gear indicator could have actually been lit, but the crew members might have managed to see it incorrectly. During the recovery, the landing gear was found to be properly extended and locked.","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuznetsov NK-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuznetsov_NK-8"},{"link_name":"jet engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_engine"},{"link_name":"stress concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_concentration"},{"link_name":"fatigue cracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_fatigue"},{"link_name":"heat-treated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_treatment"},{"link_name":"flight controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces"},{"link_name":"rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"elevator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"IPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Edward Gierek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gierek"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ilyushin Design Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Design_Bureau"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Airport"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"According to the Polish government's Special Disaster Commission, the crash was caused by defects in materials, faults in the manufacturing process of the Kuznetsov NK-8 jet engine's shaft, and weaknesses in the design of its turbine.During the manufacturing of the low-pressure shaft, at a location where its section diameter increases, a sharp, 90-degree step was made, resulting in a sudden diameter change over a very short linear length - a classic condition for stress concentration, which results in fatigue cracking at that location. Additionally, the metallurgical analysis found that the shaft was incorrectly heat-treated during manufacture and contained contaminant particles such as non-metallic inclusions, which further reduced the shaft's ability to carry the torsional loads as designed. The improper machining and impurities facilitated an accelerated fatigue fracture of this key engine component via unmitigated formation of micro-cracks through the shaft's core, ultimately leading to its failure.Over time, the defects in Mikołaj Kopernik's shaft became large enough, and the shaft broke, resulting in the physical separation of the low-pressure turbine from the low-pressure compressor. As a result, the low-pressure turbine explosively disintegrated. Ejected with enormous force, pieces of the turbines damaged two further engines and cut through the hull. This caused the failure of the vertical and horizontal flight controls (rudder and elevator), and a catastrophic failure of numerous systems of the aircraft. The sudden loss of control of the flight control surfaces caused a steep, unrecoverable dive, and resulted in a crash, 26 seconds from the time of the original failure.A press article, released in Poland in 2010 and based on the review of archival documentation kept in IPN claimed that the People's Republic of Poland authorities contributed to the crash by demanding savings from LOT and excessive exploitation of engines.[4] As a result of the economic policy of Edward Gierek in People's Republic of Poland in the second half of the 1970s it began raising prices, which started to drag the country into an economic crisis. In such circumstances, the Ministry of Transport required LOT to reduce costs. One of the first measures to reduce costs was to minimize refueling planes in foreign airports due to higher jet fuel prices. Aircraft were fueled in Poland to the maximum possible take-off weight. As a result, the crew used the full length of the runway. Conversely, they had a relatively small amount of fuel in reserve on the return flight, which sometimes forced them to land in bad weather. Flights with a maximal take off weight increased engine wear, since the engines were under greater load.Warranty service life of NK-8-4 engines was 5,000 hours (3000 to 5000 hours is typical for such engines[5]), but about half of LOT engines failed after 2000–3000 hours. Because of this, Polish pilots often called the Il-62 \"flying coffins\". In spite of the low reliability, the airline decided to increase overhaul life intervals to reduce the frequency of repairs, which were carried out in Soviet factories and quite expensive. LOT sent a letter to the Ilyushin Design Bureau containing the results of a test in which it was found that the engines could operate normally 8600 hours without maintenance. From the design bureau office came the answer that the Poles could fly as much as they want, but the manufacturer was responsible only for 5000 flight hours.Increased stress on the engines and lengthening of the service interval led to growth failure. There were cases when the IL-62 flew from the United States to Warsaw without passengers, on three engines. Representatives of the technical staff at the John F. Kennedy Airport reported two similar flights in the past two years. The most common causes of failure were bending or breaking of the blades. Consequently, there were not enough serviceable engines. LOT fell into the practice of using three engines within the service interval, and a fourth beyond the interval. The investigation revealed the practice to be widespread. The airline called the fourth engines \"leaders\".[6]Initially, Mikołaj Kopernik's engine 2 was installed on the aircraft SP-LAC Fryderyk Chopin, but after 1,700 hours of flying in 1975, the engine was removed due to damage of the low-pressure compressor's blade and sent for repair to the Soviet Union. After repair, the engine was placed on SP-LAB Tadeusz Kościuszko. After 5000 hours of flight, vibration was detected above the acceptable level and felt noticeably in the back of the aircraft. Therefore, in 1978 the engine was again removed for repair in Poland and subsequently installed on SP-LAA Mikołaj Kopernik. After repair, the engine accumulated 700 flight hours before the accident.In spite of the vibrations, the defective engine was fitted to the aircraft, it being argued that the vibration level was \"below acceptable standards.\" Before the flight to New York the aircraft was checked by mechanic Zdzisław Jarmoniak, who found that the No.1 engine had a defect in one of the turbine blades. This deformation was located in the lowest (and widest) part of the blade. The mechanic wanted to report it, but found that the defect was already marked there (noted), and the plane was subsequently allowed to fly. As he later explained to investigators, the mechanic decided that the defect was within tolerance. Engine No.3 had 8200 hours operating time without repair. The aircraft was allowed to fly to New York with three engines and only the No.4 engine was fully serviceable.","title":"Causes of disaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuznetsov NK-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuznetsov_NK-8"},{"link_name":"turbofan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan"},{"link_name":"centrifugal force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_force"}],"text":"The Kuznetsov NK-8 is a two-spool turbofan engine with two low pressure turbines driving the fan and low pressure compressor and one high pressure turbine driving the higher stages of the compressor.As the No. 2 engine's low-pressure shaft failed, the low-pressure turbine suddenly separated from the low-pressure compressor, freeing itself. Because the engine combustion chamber was still producing power, the suddenly freed turbine spun out of control with such enormous speed that within a fraction of a second, the centrifugal force caused the turbine to disintegrate. The enclosure of the turbine failed to contain the pieces of the turbine, which were ejected tangentially at high speed, causing severe damage to the tail section of the aircraft.","title":"The engine shaft's disintegration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pomnik_ofiar_katastrofy_lotniczej_w_1980_d.JPG"},{"link_name":"prism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Skra Warszawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skra_Warszawa"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"AIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Association_(amateur)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Powązki Military Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow%C4%85zki_Military_Cemetery"}],"text":"The Polish government's Special Disaster Commission sent its findings on the cause of the accident to Moscow. In response, Russian engineers and scientists stated that the reasons given were implausible and that the turbine disintegrated because of engine failure, contrary to what was stated in the Polish report. Many years later it was revealed that after Flight 7's crash, all Il-62s used by Soviet officials and VIPs had their engines discreetly replaced with newer ones. At one occasion, a Polish governmental Il-62M had had specially installed newer engines for a joint Polish-Soviet governmental trip to Beijing; after that, the engines were taken back to the Soviet Union.The Polish commission report also called for some modernizations in the Il-62 design, most notably doubling the flight controls, so that if one system failed the plane would still be controllable. At the time, redundant controls of this kind were in general use in American and European-made airliners. This issue was never addressed by the Soviets; none of their Ilyushins of any type had installed alternate controls.Memorial to the boxers who died in the plane crashA small statue dedicated to the boxers who perished in the accident – a trigonal prism made of bronze, with a knocked-down boxer statue at the top—is located at the grounds of Warsaw sport club Skra Warszawa. An identical statue is located at the United States Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs. The statues were funded by Thomas Kane of Printon Kane and Company and AIBA and designed by American sculptor Auldwin Thomas Schonberg.[7]The graves of Mikołaj Kopernik's crew are located at the Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw. One of the streets adjacent to the crash site bears the name of Captain Paweł Lipowczan.","title":"Aftermath"}]
[{"image_text":"The aircraft involved in the crash in 1978, when still wearing old livery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/LOT_Ilyushin_Il-62_SP-LAA_Gilliand.jpg/220px-LOT_Ilyushin_Il-62_SP-LAA_Gilliand.jpg"},{"image_text":"Graves of the crew at Powązki Military Cemetery, Warsaw.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Grob_zalogi_ila62_kopernik_Barry_Kent.JPG/200px-Grob_zalogi_ila62_kopernik_Barry_Kent.JPG"},{"image_text":"Memorial to the boxers who died in the plane crash","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pomnik_ofiar_katastrofy_lotniczej_w_1980_d.JPG/220px-Pomnik_ofiar_katastrofy_lotniczej_w_1980_d.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Poland portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Poland"},{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg"},{"title":"1980s portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:1980s"},{"title":"List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_commercial_aircraft"},{"title":"Air Algérie Flight 6289","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Alg%C3%A9rie_Flight_6289"},{"title":"Dana Air Flight 992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Air_Flight_992"},{"title":"List of accidents involving sports teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accidents_involving_sports_teams"},{"title":"LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOT_Polish_Airlines_Flight_5055"},{"title":"Baikal Airlines Flight 130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikal_Airlines_Flight_130"},{"title":"United Airlines Flight 232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_232"},{"title":"Eastern Air Lines Flight 401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines_Flight_401"}]
[{"reference":"Ranter, Harro. \"ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin Il-62 SP-LAA Warszawa-Okecie Airport (WAW)\". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 12 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19800314-1","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin Il-62 SP-LAA Warszawa-Okecie Airport (WAW)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network","url_text":"Aviation Safety Network"}]},{"reference":"Pyzia, Krzysztof; Dziewulski, Jerzy. \"Jeszcze pół roku później wyjmowaliśmy z samolotu fragmenty zwłok. Kulisy katastrofy, w której zginęła Anna Jantar\" [\"For the next 6 months we would find human remains in the wreckage\". Behind the scenes of the disaster where Anna Jantar died.]. Gazeta.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 6 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://weekend.gazeta.pl/weekend/7,177333,22841369,jeszcze-pol-roku-pozniej-wyjmowalismy-z-samolotu-fragmenty.html","url_text":"\"Jeszcze pół roku później wyjmowaliśmy z samolotu fragmenty zwłok. Kulisy katastrofy, w której zginęła Anna Jantar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zatajona prawda - katastrofa Ił-62 Mikołaj Kopernik - Polska\" [Secret truth - disaster Ił-62 Mikołaj Kopernik - Poland] (in Polish). Newsweek.pl. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608075824/http://www.newsweek.pl/artykuly/sekcje/spoleczenstwo/zatajona-prawda--dlaczego-zginela-anna-jantar,55047,1","url_text":"\"Zatajona prawda - katastrofa Ił-62 Mikołaj Kopernik - Polska\""},{"url":"http://www.newsweek.pl/artykuly/sekcje/spoleczenstwo/zatajona-prawda--dlaczego-zginela-anna-jantar,55047,1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Steel, Marlin. \"Your Guide to Jet Engine Maintenance\". www.marlinwire.com. Retrieved 19 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marlinwire.com/blog/your-guide-to-jet-engine-maintenance","url_text":"\"Your Guide to Jet Engine Maintenance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ostatnie 26 sekund \"Kopernika\" - Polska\" [Last 26 seconds of \"Copernicus\" - Poland]. n744pm.wordpress.com (in Polish). 7 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://n744pm.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/katastrofa-il-62-mikolaj-kopernik/","url_text":"\"Ostatnie 26 sekund \"Kopernika\" - Polska\""}]},{"reference":"\"SGT ELLIOTT CHAVIS 118th Military Police Company (ABN) Ft. Bragg, North Carolina\". Military Police Memorial Pages. 2004. Retrieved 19 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.honoredmps.org/chavis-elliott.html","url_text":"\"SGT ELLIOTT CHAVIS 118th Military Police Company (ABN) Ft. Bragg, North Carolina\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=LOT_Polish_Airlines_Flight_007&params=52_11_06.5_N_20_56_46.3_E_region:PL-MZ_type:event_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"52°11′06.5″N 20°56′46.3″E / 52.185139°N 20.946194°E / 52.185139; 20.946194"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22LOT+Polish+Airlines+Flight+007%22","external_links_name":"\"LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22LOT+Polish+Airlines+Flight+007%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22LOT+Polish+Airlines+Flight+007%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22LOT+Polish+Airlines+Flight+007%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22LOT+Polish+Airlines+Flight+007%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22LOT+Polish+Airlines+Flight+007%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=LOT_Polish_Airlines_Flight_007&params=52_11_06.5_N_20_56_46.3_E_region:PL-MZ_type:event_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"52°11′06.5″N 20°56′46.3″E / 52.185139°N 20.946194°E / 52.185139; 20.946194"},{"Link":"http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?regsearch=SP-LAA&distinct_entry=true","external_links_name":"SP-LAA"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19800314-1","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin Il-62 SP-LAA Warszawa-Okecie Airport (WAW)\""},{"Link":"https://weekend.gazeta.pl/weekend/7,177333,22841369,jeszcze-pol-roku-pozniej-wyjmowalismy-z-samolotu-fragmenty.html","external_links_name":"\"Jeszcze pół roku później wyjmowaliśmy z samolotu fragmenty zwłok. Kulisy katastrofy, w której zginęła Anna Jantar\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608075824/http://www.newsweek.pl/artykuly/sekcje/spoleczenstwo/zatajona-prawda--dlaczego-zginela-anna-jantar,55047,1","external_links_name":"\"Zatajona prawda - katastrofa Ił-62 Mikołaj Kopernik - Polska\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsweek.pl/artykuly/sekcje/spoleczenstwo/zatajona-prawda--dlaczego-zginela-anna-jantar,55047,1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.marlinwire.com/blog/your-guide-to-jet-engine-maintenance","external_links_name":"\"Your Guide to Jet Engine Maintenance\""},{"Link":"https://n744pm.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/katastrofa-il-62-mikolaj-kopernik/","external_links_name":"\"Ostatnie 26 sekund \"Kopernika\" - Polska\""},{"Link":"http://www.honoredmps.org/chavis-elliott.html","external_links_name":"\"SGT ELLIOTT CHAVIS 118th Military Police Company (ABN) Ft. Bragg, North Carolina\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19800314-1","external_links_name":"Accident description"},{"Link":"http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1980/1980-12.htm","external_links_name":"PlaneCrashInfo.Com accident report"},{"Link":"http://wyborcza.pl/1,86176,2596784.html","external_links_name":"Polish press article (polish language)"},{"Link":"http://wikimapia.org/#lat=52.18459&lon=20.945917&z=16&l=0&m=a&v=2","external_links_name":"Wikipedia map disaster site"},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/photos/displayphoto.php?id=19800314-1&vnr=1&kind=PC","external_links_name":"Photo of Ilyushin 62 SP-LAA"},{"Link":"http://www.planepictures.net/netshow.php?id=425406","external_links_name":"LOT Polish Airlines Ilyushin IL-62"},{"Link":"http://www.planecrashinfo.com/w19800314.htm","external_links_name":"PlaneCrashInfo.Com photo and report"},{"Link":"http://republika.pl/blog_ft_239514/338340/tr/kopernik.jpg","external_links_name":"http://republika.pl/blog_ft_239514/338340/tr/kopernik.jpg"},{"Link":"http://republika.pl/blog_ft_239514/338340/tr/kopernik1.jpg","external_links_name":"http://republika.pl/blog_ft_239514/338340/tr/kopernik1.jpg"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishibojimmae_Station
Kishibojimmae Station
["1 Lines","2 History"]
Coordinates: 35°43′14″N 139°42′54.6″E / 35.72056°N 139.715167°E / 35.72056; 139.715167Tram station in Tokyo, Japan This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kishibojimmae Station" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kishibojimmae Station鬼子母神前停留場Station platforms in December 2018General informationLocationZoshigaya 2-chome, Toshima Ward, TokyoJapanOperated by ToeiLine(s) Toden Arakawa LinePlatforms2 side platformsTracks2ConnectionsF10 ZoshigayaConstructionStructure typeAt gradeOther informationStation codeSA27HistoryOpened25 December 1914; 109 years ago (1914-12-25)Services Preceding station Toei Following station Gakushuinshitatowards Waseda Toden Arakawa Line Toden-zoshigayatowards Minowabashi LocationKishibojimmae StationLocation within Special wards of TokyoShow map of Special wards of TokyoKishibojimmae StationKishibojimmae Station (Tokyo Bay and Bōsō Peninsula)Show map of Tokyo Bay and Bōsō PeninsulaKishibojimmae StationKishibojimmae Station (Tokyo)Show map of TokyoKishibojimmae StationKishibojimmae Station (Japan)Show map of Japan Kishibojimmae Station (鬼子母神前停留場, Kishibojinmae-teiryūjō) is a station in the Tokyo Sakura Tram. It is located in Toshima, Tokyo. Tokyo Metro Zoshigaya Station on the Fukutoshin line is built directly underneath the station. Lines Tokyo Sakura Tram History Kishibojimmae Station opened on 25 December 1914. vteStations of the Tokyo Sakura Tram (Arakawa Line) Waseda Omokagebashi Gakushuinshita Kishibojimmae Toden-zoshigaya Higashi-ikebukuro-yonchome Mukohara Otsuka-ekimae Sugamoshinden Koshinzuka Shin-koshinzuka Nishigahara-yonchōme Takinogawa-itchōme Asukayama Oji-ekimae Sakaecho Kajiwara Arakawa-shakomae Arakawa-yuenchimae Odai Miyanomae Kumanomae Higashi-ogu-sanchome Machiya-nichome Machiya-ekimae Arakawa-nanachome Arakawa-nichome Arakawa-kuyakushomae Arakawa-itchumae Minowabashi 35°43′14″N 139°42′54.6″E / 35.72056°N 139.715167°E / 35.72056; 139.715167
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo Sakura Tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sakura_Tram"},{"link_name":"Toshima, Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshima,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Zoshigaya Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%8Dshigaya_Station_(Tokyo_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Fukutoshin line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Fukutoshin_Line"}],"text":"Tram station in Tokyo, JapanKishibojimmae Station (鬼子母神前停留場, Kishibojinmae-teiryūjō) is a station in the Tokyo Sakura Tram. It is located in Toshima, Tokyo. Tokyo Metro Zoshigaya Station on the Fukutoshin line is built directly underneath the station.","title":"Kishibojimmae Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo Sakura Tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sakura_Tram"}],"text":"Tokyo Sakura Tram","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Arakawa_Line"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Arakawa_Line"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arakawa_Line"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Sakura Tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sakura_Tram"},{"link_name":"Waseda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waseda_Station_(Toden)"},{"link_name":"Omokagebashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omokagebashi_Station"},{"link_name":"Gakushuinshita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakushuinshita_Station"},{"link_name":"Kishibojimmae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Toden-zoshigaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toden-zoshigaya_Station"},{"link_name":"Higashi-ikebukuro-yonchome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashi-ikebukuro-yonchome_Station"},{"link_name":"Mukohara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukohara_Station"},{"link_name":"Otsuka-ekimae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctsuka_Station"},{"link_name":"Sugamoshinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugamoshinden_Station"},{"link_name":"Koshinzuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshinzuka_Station"},{"link_name":"Shin-koshinzuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-koshinzuka_Station"},{"link_name":"Nishigahara-yonchōme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishigahara-yonch%C5%8Dme_Station"},{"link_name":"Takinogawa-itchōme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takinogawa-itch%C5%8Dme_Station"},{"link_name":"Asukayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asukayama_Station"},{"link_name":"Oji-ekimae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cji_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Sakaecho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakaecho_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Kajiwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajiwara_Station"},{"link_name":"Arakawa-shakomae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakawa-shakomae_Station"},{"link_name":"Arakawa-yuenchimae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakawa-yuenchimae_Station"},{"link_name":"Odai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odai_Station_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Miyanomae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyanomae_Station"},{"link_name":"Kumanomae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanomae_Station"},{"link_name":"Higashi-ogu-sanchome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashi-ogu-sanchome_Station"},{"link_name":"Machiya-nichome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiya-nichome_Station"},{"link_name":"Machiya-ekimae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiya_Station"},{"link_name":"Arakawa-nanachome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakawa-nanachome_Station"},{"link_name":"Arakawa-nichome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakawa-nichome_Station"},{"link_name":"Arakawa-kuyakushomae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakawa-kuyakushomae_Station"},{"link_name":"Arakawa-itchumae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakawa-itchumae_Station"},{"link_name":"Minowabashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minowabashi_Station"},{"link_name":"35°43′14″N 139°42′54.6″E / 35.72056°N 139.715167°E / 35.72056; 139.715167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kishibojimmae_Station&params=35_43_14_N_139_42_54.6_E_type:landmark_region:JP"}],"text":"Kishibojimmae Station opened on 25 December 1914.vteStations of the Tokyo Sakura Tram (Arakawa Line)\nWaseda\nOmokagebashi\nGakushuinshita\nKishibojimmae\nToden-zoshigaya\nHigashi-ikebukuro-yonchome\nMukohara\nOtsuka-ekimae\nSugamoshinden\nKoshinzuka\nShin-koshinzuka\nNishigahara-yonchōme\nTakinogawa-itchōme\nAsukayama\nOji-ekimae\nSakaecho\nKajiwara\nArakawa-shakomae\nArakawa-yuenchimae\nOdai\nMiyanomae\nKumanomae\nHigashi-ogu-sanchome\nMachiya-nichome\nMachiya-ekimae\nArakawa-nanachome\nArakawa-nichome\nArakawa-kuyakushomae\nArakawa-itchumae\nMinowabashi35°43′14″N 139°42′54.6″E / 35.72056°N 139.715167°E / 35.72056; 139.715167","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream_Foundation
I Have a Dream Foundation
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
"IHAD" redirects here. For the speech, see I Have a Dream. I Have a DreamAbbreviationIHADFormation1981; 43 years ago (1981)FounderEugene LangLegal statusNon Governmental OrganisationPurposeProjects that motivate and empower children from low-income communities to reach their education and career goals by providing a long-term program of mentoring, tutoring and enrichment, along with tuition assistance for higher education.Region served New Zealand, USWebsitewww.ihaveadream.org.nz The I Have a Dream Foundation (IHAD) is a charitable trust that was founded in 1981 by businessman Eugene Lang. Its aim is to motivate and empower children from low-income communities to reach their education and career goals by providing a long-term programme of mentoring, tutoring and enrichment, along with tuition assistance for higher education. This organization aims to lessen high school drop out rate by providing educational opportunities, recreational programmes, social support and financial resources that they might otherwise be denied. History In 1981, Eugene Lang began the first "I Have a Dream" Project for students at Public School No. 121 in East Harlem, New York City a school he had attended 50 years earlier. In 2003, Scott and Mary Gilmour start the first "I Have a Dream" project outside of the US Scott learned about IHAD while living in Portland, Oregon, for 15 years in the 1980s and 1990s, and carried the dream when he returned home. The IHAD Charitable Trust began with a Year 4 class at Wesley Primary School, a Decile 1 school in Mt Roskill, Auckland, New Zealand. References ^ a b "Philanthropy in Action" (PDF). Retrieved 21 March 2013. ^ a b c "History". ihaveadreamfoundation.org. Retrieved 21 March 2013. ^ "Mentoring Programmes Local (New Zealand)". Retrieved 21 March 2013. External links I have a dream on X I Have a Dream- New Zealand website "I Have a Dream" Foundation – USA Website "I Have a Dream"- Metro New York Website Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Have a Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream"},{"link_name":"charitable trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_trust"},{"link_name":"Eugene Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Lang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nz1-1"}],"text":"\"IHAD\" redirects here. For the speech, see I Have a Dream.The I Have a Dream Foundation (IHAD) is a charitable trust that was founded in 1981 by businessman Eugene Lang.[2] Its aim is to motivate and empower children from low-income communities to reach their education and career goals by providing a long-term programme of mentoring, tutoring and enrichment, along with tuition assistance for higher education.[2] This organization aims to lessen high school drop out rate by providing educational opportunities, recreational programmes, social support and financial resources that they might otherwise be denied.[1]","title":"I Have a Dream Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eugene Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Lang"},{"link_name":"Public School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nz-3"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Mt Roskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt_Roskill"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"}],"text":"In 1981, Eugene Lang began the first \"I Have a Dream\" Project for students at Public School No. 121 in East Harlem, New York City a school he had attended 50 years earlier.[2][3]\nIn 2003, Scott and Mary Gilmour start the first \"I Have a Dream\" project outside of the US Scott learned about IHAD while living in Portland, Oregon, for 15 years in the 1980s and 1990s, and carried the dream when he returned home. The IHAD Charitable Trust began with a Year 4 class at Wesley Primary School, a Decile 1 school in Mt Roskill, Auckland, New Zealand.","title":"History"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trio_64
Trio 64
["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References","5 External links"]
Not to be confused with the Trio64 personal computer video card. 1964 studio album by The Bill Evans TrioTrio 64Studio album by The Bill Evans TrioReleased1964RecordedDecember 18, 1963VenueWebster Hall, New York CityGenreJazzLength35:40 original LPLabelVerveV6-8578ProducerCreed TaylorThe Bill Evans Trio chronology Time Remembered(1963) Trio 64(1964) Stan Getz & Bill Evans(1964) Trio 64 is an album by American jazz musician Bill Evans, released in 1964. It was simultaneously Gary Peacock’s first and only recording with Evans and Paul Motian's final recording with the pianist. Reception Writing for Allmusic, music critic Lindsay Palmer wrote of the album: "The effort spotlights their communal and intuitive musical discourse, hinging on an uncanny ability of the musicians to simultaneously hear and respond." Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic The Penguin Guide to Jazz RecordingsRecord Mirror Track listing "Little Lulu" (Kaye, Lippman, Wise) – 3:52 "A Sleepin' Bee" (Arlen, Capote) – 5:30 "Always" (Berlin) – 4:03 "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" (Coots, Gillespie) – 4:25 "I'll See You Again" (Coward) – 3:57 "For Heaven's Sake" (Elise Bretton, Edwards, Donald Meyer) – 4:26 "Dancing in the Dark" (Dietz, Schwartz) – 4:36 "Everything Happens to Me" (Adair, Dennis) – 4:51 Bonus tracks on 1997 CD reissue: "Little Lulu" – 4:39 (Alternative Take 1) "Little Lulu" – 5:07 (Alternative Take 2) "Always" – 4:18 (Alternative Take) "I'll See You Again" – 4:30 (Alternative Take) "My Heart Stood Still" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) – 4:47 (Unused Title) "Always" – 0:44 (Breakdown) "I'll See You Again" – 0:21 (Breakdown) "My Heart Stood Still" – 1:04 (False Starts) Personnel Bill Evans – Piano Gary Peacock – Double bass Paul Motian – Drums Production notes: Jack Maher – Liner notes Bob Simpson – Engineer Creed Taylor – Producer Val Valentin - Director of Engineering References ^ a b Palmer, Lindsay. "Trio '64 > Review". Allmusic. Retrieved June 28, 2011. ^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 457. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0. ^ Jones, Peter; Jopling, Norman (27 February 1965). "Bill Evans: Trio 64" (PDF). Record Mirror. No. 207. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022. External links Jazz Discography vteBill EvansDiscographyStudioalbums New Jazz Conceptions Tenderly: An Informal Session Everybody Digs Bill Evans On Green Dolphin Street The Ivory Hunters Portrait in Jazz Know What I Mean? Explorations Nirvana Undercurrent Moon Beams How My Heart Sings! Interplay Empathy Loose Blues The Solo Sessions, Vol. 1 The Solo Sessions, Vol. 2 The Gary McFarland Orchestra Conversations With Myself Plays the Theme from The V.I.P.s and Other Great Songs Trio 64 Stan Getz & Bill Evans Waltz for Debby Trio '65 Bill Evans Trio with Symphony Orchestra Intermodulation A Simple Matter of Conviction Further Conversations with Myself Alone What's New From Left to Right Quiet Now The Bill Evans Album Living Time Eloquence Symbiosis Intuition The Tony Bennett/Bill Evans Album Alone (Again) Quintessence Together Again Crosscurrents I Will Say Goodbye You Must Believe in Spring New Conversations Affinity We Will Meet Again Livealbums Sunday at the Village Vanguard Waltz for Debby Time Remembered At Shelly's Manne-Hole Bill Evans at Town Hall The Bill Evans Trio "Live" California Here I Come Bill Evans at the Montreux Jazz Festival Jazzhouse You're Gonna Hear from Me Montreux II The Tokyo Concert Half Moon Bay Since We Met Re: Person I Knew But Beautiful Blue in Green: The Concert in Canada Montreux III Getting Sentimental Live in Buenos Aires 1979 Homecoming The Paris Concert: Edition One The Paris Concert: Edition Two Turn Out the Stars: The Final Village Vanguard Recordings Letter to Evan Turn Out the Stars The Last Waltz: The Final Recordings Consecration: The Final Recordings Part 2 Compilationalbums Piano Player Compositions "Waltz for Debby" "Funkallero" "Blue in Green" "Flamenco Sketches" "Time Remembered" "Peace Piece" Bandmembers Monty Budwig Larry Bunker Jack DeJohnette Eddie Gómez Chuck Israels Marc Johnson Philly Joe Jones Sam Jones Teddy Kotick Joe LaBarbera Scott LaFaro Michael Moore Marty Morell Paul Motian Gary Peacock Associatedmusicians Cannonball Adderley Chet Baker Tony Bennett Bob Brookmeyer Kenny Burrell Ron Carter Miles Davis Stan Getz Jim Hall Freddie Hubbard Lee Konitz Harold Land Shelly Manne Warne Marsh Claus Ogerman George Russell Zoot Sims Toots Thielemans Monica Zetterlund Relatedarticles Tribute albums vtePaul MotianAlbums Conception Vessel (1972) Tribute (1974) Dance (1977) Le Voyage (1979) Psalm (1981) The Story of Maryam (1983) It Should've Happened a Long Time Ago (1984) Jack of Clubs (1984) Misterioso (1986) One Time Out (1987) Monk in Motian (1988) On Broadway Volume 1 (1988) On Broadway Volume 2 (1989) Bill Evans (1990) Motian in Tokyo (1991) On Broadway Volume 3 (1991) Paul Motian and the Electric Bebop Band (1992) Trioism (1993) Reincarnation of a Love Bird (1994) At the Village Vanguard (1995) Sound of Love (1995) Flight of the Blue Jay (1996) Trio 2000 + One (1997) Play Monk and Powell (1998) Europe (2000) Holiday for Strings (2001) Garden of Eden (2004) I Have the Room Above Her (2004) On Broadway Vol. 4 or The Paradox of Continuity (2005) Live at the Village Vanguard (2006) Live at the Village Vanguard Vol. II (2006) Live at the Village Vanguard Vol. III (2006) Time and Time Again (2006) On Broadway Volume 5 (2008) Lost in a Dream (2009) The Windmills of Your Mind (2010) TetheredMoon(Masabumi Kikuchi, Paul Motian and Gary Peacock) First Meeting (1990–91) Tethered Moon Play Kurt Weill (1994) Chansons d'Édith Piaf (1999) Experiencing Tosca (2002)Trio(Geri Allen, Charlie Haden and Paul Motian) Etudes (1987) In the Year of the Dragon (1989) Segments (1989) The Montreal Tapes: with Geri Allen and Paul Motian (Haden, 1989) Live at the Village Vanguard (1990)Discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trio64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S3_Trio"},{"link_name":"video card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_card"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Bill Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Evans"},{"link_name":"Gary Peacock’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Peacock"},{"link_name":"Paul Motian's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Motian"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Trio64 personal computer video card.1964 studio album by The Bill Evans TrioTrio 64 is an album by American jazz musician Bill Evans, released in 1964. It was simultaneously Gary Peacock’s first and only recording with Evans and Paul Motian's final recording with the pianist.","title":"Trio 64"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-1"}],"text":"Writing for Allmusic, music critic Lindsay Palmer wrote of the album: \"The effort spotlights their communal and intuitive musical discourse, hinging on an uncanny ability of the musicians to simultaneously hear and respond.\"[1]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Kaye"},{"link_name":"Lippman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lippman"},{"link_name":"Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Wise_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"A Sleepin' Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Sleepin%27_Bee"},{"link_name":"Arlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Arlen"},{"link_name":"Capote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Capote"},{"link_name":"Always","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Always_(1925_song)"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus_Is_Coming_to_Town"},{"link_name":"Coots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Fred_Coots"},{"link_name":"Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haven_Gillespie"},{"link_name":"I'll See You Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_See_You_Again"},{"link_name":"Coward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward"},{"link_name":"Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Dancing in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_in_the_Dark_(Howard_Dietz_and_Arthur_Schwartz_song)"},{"link_name":"Dietz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dietz"},{"link_name":"Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Everything Happens to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Happens_to_Me_(song)"},{"link_name":"Adair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Adair"},{"link_name":"Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Dennis"},{"link_name":"My Heart Stood Still","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Heart_Stood_Still"},{"link_name":"Lorenz Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Hart"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers"}],"text":"\"Little Lulu\" (Kaye, Lippman, Wise) – 3:52\n\"A Sleepin' Bee\" (Arlen, Capote) – 5:30\n\"Always\" (Berlin) – 4:03\n\"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\" (Coots, Gillespie) – 4:25\n\"I'll See You Again\" (Coward) – 3:57\n\"For Heaven's Sake\" (Elise Bretton, Edwards, Donald Meyer) – 4:26\n\"Dancing in the Dark\" (Dietz, Schwartz) – 4:36\n\"Everything Happens to Me\" (Adair, Dennis) – 4:51Bonus tracks on 1997 CD reissue:\"Little Lulu\" – 4:39 (Alternative Take 1)\n\"Little Lulu\" – 5:07 (Alternative Take 2)\n\"Always\" – 4:18 (Alternative Take)\n\"I'll See You Again\" – 4:30 (Alternative Take)\n\"My Heart Stood Still\" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) – 4:47 (Unused Title)\n\"Always\" – 0:44 (Breakdown)\n\"I'll See You Again\" – 0:21 (Breakdown)\n\"My Heart Stood Still\" – 1:04 (False Starts)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Evans"},{"link_name":"Gary Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Peacock"},{"link_name":"Paul Motian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Motian"},{"link_name":"Creed Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creed_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Val Valentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Valentin"}],"text":"Bill Evans – Piano\nGary Peacock – Double bass\nPaul Motian – DrumsProduction notes:Jack Maher – Liner notes\nBob Simpson – Engineer\nCreed Taylor – Producer\nVal Valentin - Director of Engineering","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Rodin
Lycée Rodin
["1 History","2 Facilities","3 Ranking","3.1 CPGE rankings","4 Notable alumni","5 Former teachers","6 Bibliography","7 Notes and references"]
Coordinates: 48°49′57″N 2°20′53″E / 48.832464°N 2.348102°E / 48.832464; 2.348102School in FranceLycée RodinLycée Rodin from square René-Le Gall.Location19 rue Corvisart, ParisFranceCoordinates48°49′57″N 2°20′53″E / 48.832464°N 2.348102°E / 48.832464; 2.348102InformationTypeÉtablissement public local d'enseignement (EPLE)PrincipalMme J. BouvryEnrollment~1,200 studentsWebsitewww.lyc-rodin.ac-paris.fr The Lycée Rodin is a French secondary and higher school located at 19, rue Corvisart in Paris, in the 13th arrondissement of Paris. The school is named after Auguste Rodin, who was born and raised in the area. History Entrance to the lycée Rodin L'Âge d'airain in the courtyard Originally, the lycée and collège sections were annexes of the lycée Montaigne, known as "Annexe des Cordelières" due to the convent of the Poor Clares located next door. In 1956, classes moved to prefabricated buildings and temporary installations. The current building was built in the 1960s. It resembles a bird spreading its wings. A residential tower is inside. The "History of Arts" option was launched for the first time for L in 1993 and at secondary level in 1994. Facilities Lycée Rodin, which also contains a college, can support around 2,000 students (currently around 1,600). It is a general lycée, and prepares for ES, L and S. Clubs cover socio-educational needs, including for chess, cooking, English-language theatre, photography, yoga and cinema. Sports clubs for AS, collège, and lycée include badminton, football, badminton, basketball, gymnastics, and climbing. The lycée Rodin has been a pilot for interdisciplinary teaching. Reforms in 2010 removed old-style deterministic teaching, but lycée Rodin maintains this teaching practice in the form of "workshops". This allows all students to attend lectures on methodical readings of works of art, and for future students to better approach their specialty program (coefficient 6 of the baccalauréat). Ranking In 2015, the lycée was ranked 73rd out of 109 at departemental level on quality of teaching, and 962nd at national level. The ranking was based on the level of baccalauréat results, the proportion of students who obtain a baccalauréat having spent their last two years at the establishment, and "added value" (calculated based on social origin of students, their age, and their national diploma results). CPGE rankings The national rankings for preparatory classes to grandes écoles (CPGE) are based on rates of admission to the grandes écoles. In 2016, L'Étudiant gave the following rankings for 2015 : Stream Students admitted toa grande école Admissionrate* Average rateover 5 years ECE 0 / 34 students 0% 1.3% Source : Classement 2015 des prépas - L'Étudiant (Concours de 2014).* the rate of admission depends upon the grandes écoles included in the study. For example, for the ECE and ECS streams,these are HEC, ESSEC, and ESCP. Notable alumni Jean-Paul Huchon, politician, President of the regional council of Île-de-France from 1998 until 2015. Cédric Klapisch, director, actor, and producer. Philippe Decouflé, French dancer and choreographer. Emmanuel Demarcy-Mota, actor, dramatists, and theatre director. Jacno (Denis Quilliard), French composer and musician, founder of the punk group Stinky Toys. Romain Duris, French cinema actor Santiago Amigorena, director and writer Jérémie Mondon, composer and electronic music producer. Nathalie Nell, actress Régis Schleicher, member of terrorist organization Action directe. Didier François, journalist Noémie Lvovsky, actress and director. Lomepal, rapper, singer, and skater. Former teachers Jacques Borel, writer, Prix Goncourt 1965 for his novel L'Adoration (Gallimard). Marc Ferro, historian, teacher of history/geography. Writer Leïla Sebbar (Leïla Pignon), French teacher. Bibliography M. Deixonne, Le Lycée Rodin Notes and references ^ M. Deixonne, Le Lycée Rodin Archived 2010-08-31 at the Wayback Machine ^ Fonds F 17 bis, Archives de Fontainebleau. ^ Classement départemental et national du lycée. ^ Méthodologie du classement national des lycées français. ^ Classement 2015 des prépas ECE. ^ Le Ressentiment dans l’histoire: comprendre notre temps, par Marc Ferro, éditions Odile Jacob, 2007. vteSixth-form colleges (lycées) and upper secondary schools in Paris2nd arrondissement Lycée Jean-Baptiste Lulli 3rd arrondissement Lycée Simone-Weil Lycée Turgot Lycée Victor Hugo 4th arrondissement École Massillon Lycée Charlemagne Lycée des Francs-Bourgeois Lycée Sophie Germain Lycée d'enseignement commercial Théophile Gautier 5th arrondissement Lycée Henri-IV Lycée Jacques-Monod Lycée Louis-le-Grand Lycée Louise-de-Marillac Lycée Lucas-de-Nehou Collège Sévigné 6th arrondissement Lycée Fénelon Lycée Maximilien-Vox Lycée Montaigne Lycée Saint-Louis Collège Stanislas de Paris Lycée Carcado-Saisseval École alsacienne Groupe Scolaire Notre-Dame de Sion Lycée Sainte-Geneviève Lycée Saint-Nicolas Lycée Saint-Suplice 7th arrondissement Lycée Victor-Duruy Établissement La Rochefoucauld Institut de l'Alma Lycée-collège Paul-Claudel Lycée d'Hulst Lycée Sainte-Jeanne Elisabeth Lycée Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin Lycée Thérèse-Chappuis Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci 8th arrondissement Lycée Chaptal Lycée Racine Cours Hattemer Lycée Fénelon Sainte-Marie 9th arrondissement Lycée Condorcet Lycée Edgar-Quinet Collège-lycée Jacques-Decour Lycée Jules-Ferry Lycée Lamartine Collège-lycée Morvan École privée technique Pétrelle 10th arrondissement Lycée Colbert Lycée Edgar-Poe Lycée Jules-Siegfried Établissement Bossuet Notre-Dame Lycée Rocroy-Saint-Léon 11th arrondissement Lycée Dorian Lycée Voltaire Établissement Charles-Péguy Lycée Ozar Hatorah Votre École Chez Vous 12th arrondissement Lycée Arago Lycée Paul-Valéry Lycée Saint-Michel de Picpus Cours Spinoza Ensemble scolaire Eugène-Napoléon - Saint-Pierre-Fourier Établissement scolaire Georges-Leven 13th arrondissement Lycée Rodin Lycée Claude-Monet Lycée professionnel Corvisart-Tolbiac École nationale de chimie physique et biologie de Paris École Yabné Groupe scolaire Notre Dame de France Groupe scolaire Saint Vincent de Paul Lycée Le Rebours Lycée Technique Privé de l'École Technique Supérieure du Laboratoire 14th arrondissement Lycée Catherine-Labouré Lycée François-Villon Lycée Raspail 15th arrondissement Lycée Beaugrenelle Lycée Claude Anthime Corbon Lycée Roger Verlomme Lycée Brassai Lycée Louis-Armand Lycée Fresnel Lycée Léonard de Vinci Lycée de l'École nationale Supérieure des Arts Appliquées Lycée Bâtiment Saint Lambert Etablissement régional adapté Alexandre Dumas Lycée Buffon Lycée Camille-Sée Lycée autogéré de Paris École Jeannine Manuel École, Collège, Lycée Privés Sainte-Élisabeth Lycée Blomet École Internationale Bilingue- Victor Hugo School Ecole Skol Diwan Ecole secondaire Georges Gusdorf Ecole Saint Joseph 16th arrondissement Lycée Claude-Bernard Lycée Janson-de-Sailly Lycée Jean-Baptiste-Say Lycée Molière Lycée La Fontaine Lycée Octave-Feuillet École Pascal Lycée René-Cassin École normale israélite orientale Institut de l'Assomption Cours privé Beauséjour École d'esthétique Yves Rocher Institut de La Tour International School of Paris Russian Embassy School in Paris Établissement Gerson Ipécom Paris Lycée Moria-Diane Benvenuti Lycée Notre-Dame des Oiseaux Lycée Passy-Saint-Honoré Saint-Jean de Passy Lycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague Lycée Sainte-Thérèse Kingsworth International School 17th arrondissement Lycée Carnot Lycée Honoré-de-Balzac École internationale bilingue-Étoile Ensemble scolaire Sainte-Ursule Ensemble scolaire Saint-Michel Lycée Gaston-Tenoudji Svenska Skolan Paris Szkoła Narodowa Polska w Paryżu 18th arrondissement Lycée François-Rabelais Lycée Belliard Lycée Suzanne Valadon Lycée Edmond Rostand Lycée technologique d'Arts appliqués Auguste-Renoir Lycée Charles-de-Foucauld Collège lycée Sinaï 19th arrondissement Lycée polyvalent d'Alembert Lycée Diderot Lycée Georges-Brassens Lycée Henri-Bergson Lycée Jacquard École Lucien-de-Hirsch Institutions scolaires du Beth Loubavitch Lycée l'Initiative Lycée Jules-Richard Lycée N'R Hatorah 20th arrondissement Lycée Hélène-Boucher Lycée Maurice-Ravel Lycée Charles-de-Gaulle Lycée Beth Yacov Lycée Heikhal Menahem Sinaï Closed schools Lycée professionnel Mariano-Fortuny (17th arrondissement) Lycée Jean-Quarré (19th arrondissement) This list may be incomplete.For other international schools outside of the Paris city limits, see International schools in France. vte13th arrondissement of ParisNeighbourhoods Paris Rive Gauche Quartier Asiatique Primary and secondary schools Lycée Rodin Lycée Claude-Monet Lycée professionnel Corvisart-Tolbiac École nationale de chimie physique et biologie de Paris École Yabné Groupe scolaire Notre Dame de France Groupe scolaire Saint Vincent de Paul Lycée Le Rebours Lycée Technique Privé de l'École Technique Supérieure du Laboratoire Colleges and universities Paris Diderot University Arts et Métiers ParisTech Télécom Paris Landmarks Les Olympiades Tour Super-Italie Bibliothèque nationale de France Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital Butte-aux-Cailles Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière Gobelins Manufactory Art Ludique Paris Métro stations Bibliothèque François Mitterrand Campo Formio Chevaleret Corvisart Gare d'Austerlitz Glacière Les Gobelins Maison Blanche Nationale Olympiades Place d'Italie Porte d'Italie Porte d'Ivry Porte de Choisy Quai de la Gare Saint-Marcel Tolbiac Paris RER stations Bibliothèque François Mitterrand SNCF stations Gare d'Austerlitz Education portalFrance portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"13th arrondissement of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Auguste Rodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Rodin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"School in FranceThe Lycée Rodin is a French secondary and higher school located at 19, rue Corvisart in Paris, in the 13th arrondissement of Paris. The school is named after Auguste Rodin, who was born and raised in the area.[1][2]","title":"Lycée Rodin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lyc%C3%A9e_Rodin_(2).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lyc%C3%A9e_Rodin_(3).JPG"},{"link_name":"lycée Montaigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Montaigne_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordeliers_Convent"},{"link_name":"Poor Clares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Clares"}],"text":"Entrance to the lycée RodinL'Âge d'airain in the courtyardOriginally, the lycée and collège sections were annexes of the lycée Montaigne, known as \"Annexe des Cordelières\" due to the convent of the Poor Clares located next door. In 1956, classes moved to prefabricated buildings and temporary installations. The current building was built in the 1960s. It resembles a bird spreading its wings. A residential tower is inside.The \"History of Arts\" option was launched for the first time for L in 1993 and at secondary level in 1994.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lycée Rodin, which also contains a college, can support around 2,000 students (currently around 1,600). It is a general lycée, and prepares for ES, L and S. Clubs cover socio-educational needs, including for chess, cooking, English-language theatre, photography, yoga and cinema. Sports clubs for AS, collège, and lycée include badminton, football, badminton, basketball, gymnastics, and climbing.The lycée Rodin has been a pilot for interdisciplinary teaching. Reforms in 2010 removed old-style deterministic teaching, but lycée Rodin maintains this teaching practice in the form of \"workshops\". This allows all students to attend lectures on methodical readings of works of art, and for future students to better approach their specialty program (coefficient 6 of the baccalauréat).","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 2015, the lycée was ranked 73rd out of 109 at departemental level on quality of teaching, and 962nd at national level.[3] The ranking was based on the level of baccalauréat results, the proportion of students who obtain a baccalauréat having spent their last two years at the establishment, and \"added value\" (calculated based on social origin of students, their age, and their national diploma results).[4]","title":"Ranking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grandes écoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles"}],"sub_title":"CPGE rankings","text":"The national rankings for preparatory classes to grandes écoles (CPGE) are based on rates of admission to the grandes écoles.In 2016, L'Étudiant gave the following rankings for 2015 :","title":"Ranking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Huchon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Huchon"},{"link_name":"Cédric Klapisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_Klapisch"},{"link_name":"Philippe Decouflé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Decoufl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Demarcy-Mota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Demarcy-Mota&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jacno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacno"},{"link_name":"Stinky Toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinky_Toys"},{"link_name":"Romain Duris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Duris"},{"link_name":"Santiago Amigorena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Amigorena"},{"link_name":"Jérémie Mondon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Nathalie Nell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathalie_Nell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Régis Schleicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Schleicher"},{"link_name":"Action directe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_directe_(armed_group)"},{"link_name":"Didier François","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Fran%C3%A7ois"},{"link_name":"Noémie Lvovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%A9mie_Lvovsky"},{"link_name":"Lomepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomepal"}],"text":"Jean-Paul Huchon, politician, President of the regional council of Île-de-France from 1998 until 2015.\nCédric Klapisch, director, actor, and producer.\nPhilippe Decouflé, French dancer and choreographer.\nEmmanuel Demarcy-Mota, actor, dramatists, and theatre director.\nJacno (Denis Quilliard), French composer and musician, founder of the punk group Stinky Toys.\nRomain Duris, French cinema actor\nSantiago Amigorena, director and writer\nJérémie Mondon, composer and electronic music producer.\nNathalie Nell, actress\nRégis Schleicher, member of terrorist organization Action directe.\nDidier François, journalist\nNoémie Lvovsky, actress and director.\nLomepal, rapper, singer, and skater.","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacques Borel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Borel"},{"link_name":"Marc Ferro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Ferro"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Leïla Sebbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%AFla_Sebbar"}],"text":"Jacques Borel, writer, Prix Goncourt 1965 for his novel L'Adoration (Gallimard).\nMarc Ferro, historian, teacher of history/geography.[6]\nWriter Leïla Sebbar (Leïla Pignon), French teacher.","title":"Former teachers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Lycée Rodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100831024846/http://www.jlegrand.fr/Rodin_et_apres/page7/page17/page17.html"}],"text":"M. Deixonne, Le Lycée Rodin","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Le Lycée Rodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jlegrand.fr/Rodin_et_apres/page7/page17/page17.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100831024846/http://www.jlegrand.fr/Rodin_et_apres/page7/page17/page17.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Classement départemental et national du lycée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lexpress.fr/palmares/lycees/0/lycee-rodin-paris-13_0750682J.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Méthodologie du classement national des lycées français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lexpress.fr/education/palmares-des-lycees-2015-notre-methodologie_1666795.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Classement 2015 des prépas ECE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.letudiant.fr/palmares/classement-prepa/prepas-commerciales-option-economique/ecole-integree-top3-parisiennes.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Le Ressentiment dans l’histoire: comprendre notre temps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DZWzAAAAQBAJ&dq=marc++ferro+rodin&pg=PA86"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lyc%C3%A9es_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lyc%C3%A9es_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lyc%C3%A9es_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"2nd arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Jean-Baptiste Lulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Jean-Baptiste_Lulli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3rd arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Simone-Weil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Simone-Weil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Turgot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Turgot"},{"link_name":"Lycée Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Victor_Hugo,_Paris"},{"link_name":"4th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"École Massillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Massillon"},{"link_name":"Lycée Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Lycée des Francs-Bourgeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_des_Francs-Bourgeois"},{"link_name":"Lycée Sophie Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Sophie_Germain"},{"link_name":"Lycée d'enseignement commercial Théophile Gautier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_d%27enseignement_commercial_Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"5th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Henri-IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV"},{"link_name":"Lycée Jacques-Monod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Jacques-Monod"},{"link_name":"Lycée Louis-le-Grand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand"},{"link_name":"Lycée Louise-de-Marillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Louise-de-Marillac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Lucas-de-Nehou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Lucas-de-Nehou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Collège Sévigné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_S%C3%A9vign%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"6th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Fénelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_F%C3%A9nelon,_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Maximilien-Vox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Maximilien-Vox&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Montaigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Montaigne_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"Lycée Saint-Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Saint-Louis"},{"link_name":"Collège Stanislas de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Stanislas_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Carcado-Saisseval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Carcado-Saisseval"},{"link_name":"École alsacienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_alsacienne"},{"link_name":"Groupe Scolaire Notre-Dame de Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Scolaire_Notre-Dame_de_Sion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Sainte-Geneviève","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Saint-Nicolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Saint-Nicolas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Saint-Suplice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Saint-Suplice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"7th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Victor-Duruy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Victor-Duruy"},{"link_name":"Établissement La Rochefoucauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_La_Rochefoucauld"},{"link_name":"Institut de l'Alma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institut_de_l%27Alma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée-collège Paul-Claudel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e-coll%C3%A8ge_Paul-Claudel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée d'Hulst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_d%27Hulst&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Sainte-Jeanne Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Sainte-Jeanne_Elisabeth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Saint-Thomas-d%27Aquin"},{"link_name":"Lycée Thérèse-Chappuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se-Chappuis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_Statale_Italiano_Leonardo_Da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"8th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Chaptal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Chaptal"},{"link_name":"Lycée Racine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Racine"},{"link_name":"Cours Hattemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cours_Hattemer"},{"link_name":"Lycée Fénelon Sainte-Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_F%C3%A9nelon_Sainte-Marie"},{"link_name":"9th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Condorcet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Condorcet"},{"link_name":"Lycée Edgar-Quinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Edgard-Quinet_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Collège-lycée Jacques-Decour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge-lyc%C3%A9e_Jacques-Decour"},{"link_name":"Lycée Jules-Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Jules-Ferry_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"Lycée Lamartine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Lamartine"},{"link_name":"Collège-lycée Morvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coll%C3%A8ge-lyc%C3%A9e_Morvan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"École privée technique Pétrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_priv%C3%A9e_technique_P%C3%A9trelle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"10th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Colbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Colbert_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Edgar-Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Edgar-Poe"},{"link_name":"Lycée Jules-Siegfried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Jules-Siegfried&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Établissement Bossuet Notre-Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tablissement_Bossuet_Notre-Dame&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Rocroy-Saint-Léon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Rocroy-Saint-L%C3%A9on"},{"link_name":"11th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Dorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Dorian"},{"link_name":"Lycée Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Voltaire_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"Établissement Charles-Péguy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tablissement_Charles-P%C3%A9guy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Ozar Hatorah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Ozar_Hatorah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Votre École Chez Vous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Votre_%C3%89cole_Chez_Vous&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"12th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Arago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Arago_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"Lycée Paul-Valéry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Paul_Val%C3%A9ry_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"Lycée Saint-Michel de Picpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Scolaire_Saint_Michel_de_Picpus"},{"link_name":"Cours Spinoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cours_Spinoza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ensemble scolaire Eugène-Napoléon - Saint-Pierre-Fourier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ensemble_scolaire_Eug%C3%A8ne-Napol%C3%A9on_-_Saint-Pierre-Fourier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Établissement scolaire Georges-Leven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tablissement_scolaire_Georges-Leven&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"13th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Rodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lycée Claude-Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Claude-Monet"},{"link_name":"Lycée professionnel Corvisart-Tolbiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_professionnel_Corvisart-Tolbiac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"École nationale de chimie physique et biologie de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_chimie_physique_et_biologie_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"École Yabné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Yabn%C3%A9_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"Groupe scolaire Notre Dame de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groupe_scolaire_Notre_Dame_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Groupe scolaire Saint Vincent de Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groupe_scolaire_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Le Rebours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Le_Rebours&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Technique Privé de l'École Technique Supérieure du Laboratoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Technique_Priv%C3%A9_de_l%27%C3%89cole_Technique_Sup%C3%A9rieure_du_Laboratoire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"14th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Catherine-Labouré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Catherine-Labour%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée François-Villon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ois-Villon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Raspail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Raspail"},{"link_name":"15th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Beaugrenelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Beaugrenelle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Claude Anthime Corbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Claude_Anthime_Corbon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Roger Verlomme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Roger_Verlomme&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Brassai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Brassai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Louis-Armand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-Armand_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Fresnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Fresnel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée Léonard de 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d'Austerlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_d%27Austerlitz_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Glacière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaci%C3%A8re_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Les Gobelins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Gobelins_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Maison Blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_Blanche_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Nationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Olympiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiades_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Place d'Italie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_d%27Italie_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Porte d'Italie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_d%27Italie_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Porte d'Ivry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_d%27Ivry_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Porte de Choisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_de_Choisy_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Quai de la Gare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quai_de_la_Gare_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Saint-Marcel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Marcel_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Tolbiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolbiac_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque François Mitterrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro_and_RER)"},{"link_name":"SNCF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCF"},{"link_name":"Gare d'Austerlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_d%27Austerlitz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png"},{"link_name":"Education portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Education"},{"link_name":"France portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:France"}],"text":"^ M. Deixonne, Le Lycée Rodin Archived 2010-08-31 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Fonds F 17 bis, Archives de Fontainebleau.\n\n^ Classement départemental et national du lycée.\n\n^ Méthodologie du classement national des lycées français.\n\n^ Classement 2015 des prépas ECE.\n\n^ Le Ressentiment dans l’histoire: comprendre notre temps, par Marc Ferro, éditions Odile Jacob, 2007.vteSixth-form colleges (lycées) and upper secondary schools in Paris2nd arrondissement\nLycée Jean-Baptiste Lulli\n3rd arrondissement\nLycée Simone-Weil\nLycée Turgot\nLycée Victor Hugo\n4th arrondissement\nÉcole Massillon\nLycée Charlemagne\nLycée des Francs-Bourgeois\nLycée Sophie Germain\nLycée d'enseignement commercial Théophile Gautier\n5th arrondissement\nLycée Henri-IV\nLycée Jacques-Monod\nLycée Louis-le-Grand\nLycée Louise-de-Marillac\nLycée Lucas-de-Nehou\nCollège Sévigné\n6th arrondissement\nLycée Fénelon\nLycée Maximilien-Vox\nLycée Montaigne\nLycée Saint-Louis\nCollège Stanislas de Paris\nLycée Carcado-Saisseval\nÉcole alsacienne\nGroupe Scolaire Notre-Dame de Sion\nLycée Sainte-Geneviève\nLycée Saint-Nicolas\nLycée Saint-Suplice\n7th arrondissement\nLycée Victor-Duruy\nÉtablissement La Rochefoucauld\nInstitut de l'Alma\nLycée-collège Paul-Claudel\nLycée d'Hulst\nLycée Sainte-Jeanne Elisabeth\nLycée Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin\nLycée Thérèse-Chappuis\nIstituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci\n8th arrondissement\nLycée Chaptal\nLycée Racine\nCours Hattemer\nLycée Fénelon Sainte-Marie\n9th arrondissement\nLycée Condorcet\nLycée Edgar-Quinet\nCollège-lycée Jacques-Decour\nLycée Jules-Ferry\nLycée Lamartine\nCollège-lycée Morvan\nÉcole privée technique Pétrelle\n10th arrondissement\nLycée Colbert\nLycée Edgar-Poe\nLycée Jules-Siegfried\nÉtablissement Bossuet Notre-Dame\nLycée Rocroy-Saint-Léon\n11th arrondissement\nLycée Dorian\nLycée Voltaire\nÉtablissement Charles-Péguy\nLycée Ozar Hatorah\nVotre École Chez Vous\n12th arrondissement\nLycée Arago\nLycée Paul-Valéry\nLycée Saint-Michel de Picpus\nCours Spinoza\nEnsemble scolaire Eugène-Napoléon - Saint-Pierre-Fourier\nÉtablissement scolaire Georges-Leven\n13th arrondissement\nLycée Rodin\nLycée Claude-Monet\nLycée professionnel Corvisart-Tolbiac\nÉcole nationale de chimie physique et biologie de Paris\nÉcole Yabné\nGroupe scolaire Notre Dame de France\nGroupe scolaire Saint Vincent de Paul\nLycée Le Rebours\nLycée Technique Privé de l'École Technique Supérieure du Laboratoire\n14th arrondissement\nLycée Catherine-Labouré\nLycée François-Villon\nLycée Raspail\n15th arrondissement\nLycée Beaugrenelle\nLycée Claude Anthime Corbon\nLycée Roger Verlomme\nLycée Brassai\nLycée Louis-Armand\nLycée Fresnel\nLycée Léonard de Vinci\nLycée de l'École nationale Supérieure des Arts Appliquées\nLycée Bâtiment Saint Lambert\nEtablissement régional adapté Alexandre Dumas\nLycée Buffon\nLycée Camille-Sée\nLycée autogéré de Paris\nÉcole Jeannine Manuel\nÉcole, Collège, Lycée Privés Sainte-Élisabeth\nLycée Blomet\nÉcole Internationale Bilingue- Victor Hugo School\nEcole Skol Diwan\nEcole secondaire Georges Gusdorf\nEcole Saint Joseph\n16th arrondissement\nLycée Claude-Bernard\nLycée Janson-de-Sailly\nLycée Jean-Baptiste-Say\nLycée Molière\nLycée La Fontaine\nLycée Octave-Feuillet\nÉcole Pascal\nLycée René-Cassin\nÉcole normale israélite orientale\nInstitut de l'Assomption\nCours privé Beauséjour\nÉcole d'esthétique Yves Rocher\nInstitut de La Tour\nInternational School of Paris\nRussian Embassy School in Paris\nÉtablissement Gerson\nIpécom Paris\nLycée Moria-Diane Benvenuti\nLycée Notre-Dame des Oiseaux\nLycée Passy-Saint-Honoré\nSaint-Jean de Passy\nLycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague\nLycée Sainte-Thérèse\nKingsworth International School\n17th arrondissement\nLycée Carnot\nLycée Honoré-de-Balzac\nÉcole internationale bilingue-Étoile\nEnsemble scolaire Sainte-Ursule\nEnsemble scolaire Saint-Michel\nLycée Gaston-Tenoudji\nSvenska Skolan Paris\nSzkoła Narodowa Polska w Paryżu\n18th arrondissement\nLycée François-Rabelais\nLycée Belliard\nLycée Suzanne Valadon\nLycée Edmond Rostand\nLycée technologique d'Arts appliqués Auguste-Renoir\nLycée Charles-de-Foucauld\nCollège lycée Sinaï\n19th arrondissement\nLycée polyvalent d'Alembert\nLycée Diderot\nLycée Georges-Brassens\nLycée Henri-Bergson\nLycée Jacquard\nÉcole Lucien-de-Hirsch\nInstitutions scolaires du Beth Loubavitch\nLycée l'Initiative\nLycée Jules-Richard\nLycée N'R Hatorah\n20th arrondissement\nLycée Hélène-Boucher\nLycée Maurice-Ravel\nLycée Charles-de-Gaulle\nLycée Beth Yacov\nLycée Heikhal Menahem Sinaï\nClosed schools\nLycée professionnel Mariano-Fortuny (17th arrondissement)\nLycée Jean-Quarré (19th arrondissement)\nThis list may be incomplete.For other international schools outside of the Paris city limits, see International schools in France.vte13th arrondissement of ParisNeighbourhoods\nParis Rive Gauche\nQuartier Asiatique\nPrimary and secondary schools\nLycée Rodin\nLycée Claude-Monet\nLycée professionnel Corvisart-Tolbiac\nÉcole nationale de chimie physique et biologie de Paris\nÉcole Yabné\nGroupe scolaire Notre Dame de France\nGroupe scolaire Saint Vincent de Paul\nLycée Le Rebours\nLycée Technique Privé de l'École Technique Supérieure du Laboratoire\nColleges and universities\nParis Diderot University\nArts et Métiers ParisTech\nTélécom Paris\nLandmarks\nLes Olympiades\nTour Super-Italie\nBibliothèque nationale de France\nPitié-Salpêtrière Hospital\nButte-aux-Cailles\nInstitut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière\nGobelins Manufactory\nArt Ludique\nParis Métro stations\nBibliothèque François Mitterrand\nCampo Formio\nChevaleret\nCorvisart\nGare d'Austerlitz\nGlacière\nLes Gobelins \nMaison Blanche\nNationale\nOlympiades\nPlace d'Italie\nPorte d'Italie\nPorte d'Ivry\nPorte de Choisy\nQuai de la Gare\nSaint-Marcel\nTolbiac\nParis RER stations\nBibliothèque François Mitterrand\nSNCF stations\nGare d'AusterlitzEducation portalFrance portal","title":"Notes and references"}]
[{"image_text":"Entrance to the lycée Rodin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Lyc%C3%A9e_Rodin_%282%29.JPG/220px-Lyc%C3%A9e_Rodin_%282%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"L'Âge d'airain in the courtyard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lyc%C3%A9e_Rodin_%283%29.JPG/220px-Lyc%C3%A9e_Rodin_%283%29.JPG"}]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olowo_of_Owo
Olowo of Owo
["1 Ruling families","2 Reigned Olowo","3 See also","4 References"]
The paramount Yoruba king of Owo Olowo of OwoIncumbentAjibade Gbadegesin Ogunoye IIIsince 2019 DetailsFirst monarchOjugbelu Arere Part of a series onYorùbá people Art Architecture Culture Language Music Mythology Subgroups Ana (Ifɛ̀) Kétu Ànàgó-Kúrá Ṣábẹ̀ẹ́ Àkókó Àwórì Ẹ̀gbá Èkìtì Ìbàràpá Ìbọ̀lọ́ Ìdàáṣà (Ìdàáshà) Ìgbómìnà Ifẹ̀ Ìjẹ̀bú Ìjẹ̀ṣà Ìkálẹ̀ Ìlàjẹ Ìshà (Ìṣà) Mọkọ́lé Ọ̀họ̀rí (Ìjẹ) Okun Òǹkò (Òkè-Ògùn) Ọ̀ghọ̀ Ọ̀wọ́rọ̀ Òwu Ọ̀yọ́ Rẹ́mọ Ùdoko (Oǹdó) Usẹn Yéwa (Ẹ̀gbádò) Related Yoruboid-speaking groups Ìtsẹkírì (Ìwẹ́rẹ́) Olùkùmi Ígálà Diaspora Okus Bahians Saros Taboms, Agudas & Amaros Afro-Cubans / Lucumis United States Afro-Dominicans Afro-Haitians Canada Ivory Coast Britain Ireland Cultural concepts Omọlúàbí Aṣọẹbí Èsúsú Agbo ilé Alájọbí Religion Supreme deity Olorun Olodumare Divination Ifá Opon Ifá Opele Odù Ifá Agere Ifa Awo & Ogberi Orisha, Imọlẹ̀, Ẹbọra Ọbàtálá Ọ̀sanyìn Ẹlẹ́gbà Yemọja Olókun Ṣàngó Ọyá Ògún Ọbalúayé Ọ̀ṣun Ọ̀ṣọ́ọ̀sì Ọ̀rúnmìlà Aganjú Òṣùmàrè ... Legendary creatures Ẹbọra Egbere Iwin Akudaaya Abiku & Emere Oro ... Religious concepts Àṣẹ Ìwà Orí Ìmùlẹ̀ Àkámarà Ìtàn Ẹbọ & Ètùtù Politics / History Timeline History of the Yoruba people Palaces Àwọ̀fin, Ààfin, Àọ̀fin, Àghọ̀fẹn Rulers (Oba) Ọma-Jagun Eléko Ìchà Ọọ̀ni Alárá Alákétu Òṣemàwé Aláàfin Àkárìgbò Oníṣabẹ Ọlọ́ghọ̀ Awùjalẹ̀ Aláké Òràngún Dééjì Ọwá Ọlọ́fà ... Titles (Oyè) Olorì Òjoyè Baálẹ̀ Ọmọba Ọlọ́jà Ọwá Ìyálóde Olú-awo Olótu Ọ̀dọ̀fin Nobility (Ògbóni) Ògbóni Ìwàrẹ/Ẹ̀ghàrẹ Ọ̀yọ́mèsì Ẹdan Ilédì Military and commerce Kakaǹfò Ẹ̀ṣọ́ Parakòyí / Bàbálájé Olórogun Olúkọ̀tún Olúkòsì Ìyálọ́jà Balógun Ajagunnà Aṣípa Baṣọ̀run Geography Yoruba country Yorubaland Festivals / events West Africa Ọ̀ṣun-Òṣogbo Ọlọ́jọ́ Ìgògò Ẹ̀yọ̀ Festival Badagry Festival Orosun Ọdún Ògún Ojúde Ọba Orò Aké Arts & Book Festival World Sango Festival Odun Egungun Líṣàbí Ọdún Olókun Yorùbá Drum Festival New Yam- Ọdún Ìjẹṣu Diaspora Odunde Festival Yoruba Arts Festival Yemoja Festival (Brazil, Cuba, Trinidad, USA, Venezuela, Argentina) Performing arts Contemporary Apala Fuji Were Yoruba Highlife Waka Jùjú Afrobeat Afrobeats Sakara Folk / Traditional Bolojo Obitun Bírípo Bata Olele Ijala Gẹ̀lẹ̀dẹ́ Ekun Iyawo/Rara Dadakuada Oriki Esa Alamo Ogede Gbedu Iremoje Ewì Notable personalities List of Yoruba people vte The Olowo of Owo is the paramount Yoruba king of Owo, a city in Ondo State, southwestern Nigeria which was the capital of Yoruba between 1400 and 1600 AD. Ojugbelu Arere, the first Olowo of Owo was the direct descendant of Oduduwa known as the father of the Yorubas. The current Olowo of Owo is His Imperial Majesty, Alayeluwa, Oba Ajibade Gbadegesin Ogunoye III, who is also the 32nd paramount ruler of Owo kingdom. The name Owo meaning Respect, is said to have been coined from the intrigue attitude of Ojugbelu, the first Olowo of Owo. Ruling families Owo is ruled by princes who are descendants of Olowo Elewuokun according to Ifá consultations. The king is often assisted by appointed chiefs collectively known as Edibo Ologho and other chief such as the, Sashere, Ojumu Odo, Elerewe Ayida, Ajana Atelukoluko, the Ifa priest of Owo and Akowa loja who is the head of chiefs in Iloro quarters of Owo. According to Owo traditions, the Olowo is often appointed by king-makers, Omolowo's after which the iloro chiefs under the leadership of Akowa loja play a significant role in the king installations. The iloro chief comprises the senior chiefs collectively known as Ighare and the others collectively known as the Ugbama. Both play a major role during the installation of the appointed Olowo of Owo. Reigned Olowo Ojugbelu Arere, (1019-1070) the first Olowo of Owo Olowo Imade (1070-1106) Olowo Korodo(1106-1156) Olowo Agwobojoro(1156-1209) Olowo Odondon (1209-1260) Olowo Ajegunren (1260-1305) Olowo Asunsola(1305 -1332) Olowo Rerengejen(1340-1356) Olowo Asunsoma(1356-1386) Olowo Geja/Ogeja(1386-1430) Olowo Imagele(1430-1481) Olowo Alamuren(1481-1539) Olowo Omasan(1539-1578) Olowo Omaro(1578-1600) Olowo Osogboye(1600-1648) Olowo Alubiolokun(1648-1690) Olowo Otutubosun(1690-1719) Olowo Ajagbusiekon(1719-1760) Olowo Ajaka(1760-1781) Olowo Elewuokun(1781-1833) Olowo Aghagunghaye & Sons(1833-1876) Olowo Adaraloye (1876-1880) Olowo Aladetoun (1880-1889) Olowo Aralepo Olubila(1889) Olowo Olagbegi Atanneye I(1889-1902) Olowo Olateru Olagbegi I(1913-1938) Olowo Ajike Ogunoye (1938-1941) Olowo Olateru Olagbegi II (1941-1968) Olowo Adekola Ogunoye II (1968-1993) Olowo Olateru Olagbegi II (1993-1999) Olowo Folagbade Olateru-Olagbegi III (1999-2019). Olowo Ajibade Gbadegesin Ogunoye III (July 2019 - till date) See also Owo Palace of Olowo of Owo Royal titles of the Yoruba traditional rulers References ^ Smith (1988), Kingdoms of the Yoruba, p.51. ^ "Owo culture of ancient Nigeria". Vanguard News. 16 June 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2014. ^ "Ajibade emerges new Olowo of Owo". Punch Newspapers. 12 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019. ^ Smith (1988), Kingdoms of the Yoruba, p.52. ^ "Nigeriaworld -- Dramatic changes in the Palaces: An expired tradition in Yoruba Nation". Retrieved 30 December 2014. ^ Akinola, Wale. "Nigeria: Before Owo Explodes Again". ^ "www.ngrguardiannews.com". news.biafranigeriaworld.com. Retrieved 2022-01-03. ^ "Deji Of Akure Part 3: The Trojan Horse Plea Of The Deposed Deji By Dr. Wumi Akintide". Sahara Reporters. 2 January 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2014. ^ "Tension in Owo over vacant stool". Online Nigeria. Retrieved 30 December 2014. ^ "Details - The Nation Archive". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2014. ^ Taiwo Abiodun. "At 103, griot says 'I need a wife'". The Nation. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Owo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owo"},{"link_name":"Ondo State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondo_State"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ojugbelu Arere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojugbelu_Arere"},{"link_name":"Oduduwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oduduwa"},{"link_name":"Oba Ajibade Gbadegesin Ogunoye III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oba_Ajibade_Gbadegesin_Ogunoye_III"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Owo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Olowo of Owo is the paramount Yoruba king of Owo, a city in Ondo State, southwestern Nigeria which was the capital of Yoruba between 1400 and 1600 AD.[1][2] Ojugbelu Arere, the first Olowo of Owo was the direct descendant of Oduduwa known as the father of the Yorubas. The current Olowo of Owo is His Imperial Majesty, Alayeluwa, Oba Ajibade Gbadegesin Ogunoye III,[3] who is also the 32nd paramount ruler of Owo kingdom. The name Owo meaning Respect, is said to have been coined from the intrigue attitude of Ojugbelu, the first Olowo of Owo.[4]","title":"Olowo of Owo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Owo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owo"},{"link_name":"Ifá consultations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_religion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Owo is ruled by princes who are descendants of Olowo Elewuokun according to Ifá consultations.[5][6] The king is often assisted by appointed chiefs collectively known as Edibo Ologho and other chief such as the, Sashere, Ojumu Odo, Elerewe Ayida, Ajana Atelukoluko, the Ifa priest of Owo and Akowa loja who is the head of chiefs in Iloro quarters of Owo.[7][8]\nAccording to Owo traditions, the Olowo is often appointed by king-makers, Omolowo's after which the iloro chiefs under the leadership of Akowa loja play a significant role in the king installations.[9] The iloro chief comprises the senior chiefs collectively known as Ighare and the others collectively known as the Ugbama.[10] Both play a major role during the installation of the appointed Olowo of Owo.","title":"Ruling families"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ojugbelu Arere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojugbelu_Arere"},{"link_name":"Olowo Imade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olowo_Imade"},{"link_name":"Olowo Korodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Korodo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Agwobojoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Agwobojoro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Odondon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Odondon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Ajegunren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Ajegunren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Asunsola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Asunsola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Rerengejen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olowo_Rerengejen"},{"link_name":"Olowo Asunsoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Asunsoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Geja/Ogeja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Geja/Ogeja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Imagele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Imagele&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Alamuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Alamuren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Omasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Omasan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Omaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Omaro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Osogboye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Osogboye&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Alubiolokun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Alubiolokun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Otutubosun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Otutubosun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Ajagbusiekon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olowo_Ajagbusiekon"},{"link_name":"Olowo Ajaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olowo_Ajaka"},{"link_name":"Olowo Elewuokun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olowo_Elewuokun"},{"link_name":"Olowo Aghagunghaye & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Aghagunghaye_%26_Sons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Adaraloye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Adaraloye&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Aladetoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Aladetoun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Aralepo Olubila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Aralepo_Olubila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Olagbegi Atanneye I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Olagbegi_Atanneye_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Olateru Olagbegi I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Olateru_Olagbegi_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olowo Ajike Ogunoye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olowo_Ajike_Ogunoye&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Olowo Olateru Olagbegi II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olowo_Olateru_Olagbegi_II"},{"link_name":"Adekola Ogunoye II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adekola_Ogunoye_II"},{"link_name":"Olowo Olateru Olagbegi II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olowo_Olateru_Olagbegi_II"},{"link_name":"Olowo Folagbade Olateru-Olagbegi III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folagbade_Olateru_Olagbegi_III"},{"link_name":"Olowo Ajibade Gbadegesin Ogunoye III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oba_Ajibade_Gbadegesin_Ogunoye_III"}],"text":"Ojugbelu Arere, (1019-1070) the first Olowo of Owo\nOlowo Imade (1070-1106)\nOlowo Korodo(1106-1156)\nOlowo Agwobojoro(1156-1209)\nOlowo Odondon (1209-1260)\nOlowo Ajegunren (1260-1305)\nOlowo Asunsola(1305 -1332)\nOlowo Rerengejen(1340-1356)\nOlowo Asunsoma(1356-1386)\nOlowo Geja/Ogeja(1386-1430)\nOlowo Imagele(1430-1481)\nOlowo Alamuren(1481-1539)\nOlowo Omasan(1539-1578)\nOlowo Omaro(1578-1600)\nOlowo Osogboye(1600-1648)\nOlowo Alubiolokun(1648-1690)\nOlowo Otutubosun(1690-1719)\nOlowo Ajagbusiekon(1719-1760)\nOlowo Ajaka(1760-1781)\nOlowo Elewuokun(1781-1833)\nOlowo Aghagunghaye & Sons(1833-1876)\nOlowo Adaraloye (1876-1880)\nOlowo Aladetoun (1880-1889)\nOlowo Aralepo Olubila(1889)\nOlowo Olagbegi Atanneye I(1889-1902)\nOlowo Olateru Olagbegi I(1913-1938)\nOlowo Ajike Ogunoye (1938-1941)[11]\nOlowo Olateru Olagbegi II (1941-1968)\nOlowo Adekola Ogunoye II (1968-1993)\nOlowo Olateru Olagbegi II (1993-1999)\nOlowo Folagbade Olateru-Olagbegi III (1999-2019).\nOlowo Ajibade Gbadegesin Ogunoye III (July 2019 - till date)","title":"Reigned Olowo"}]
[]
[{"title":"Owo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owo"},{"title":"Palace of Olowo of Owo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Olowo_of_Owo"},{"title":"Royal titles of the Yoruba traditional rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_titles_of_the_yoruba_traditional_rulers"}]
[{"reference":"\"Owo culture of ancient Nigeria\". Vanguard News. 16 June 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/owo-culture-of-ancient-nigeria/","url_text":"\"Owo culture of ancient Nigeria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ajibade emerges new Olowo of Owo\". Punch Newspapers. 12 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://punchng.com/just-in-ajibade-emerges-new-olowo-of-owo/","url_text":"\"Ajibade emerges new Olowo of Owo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nigeriaworld -- Dramatic changes in the Palaces: An expired tradition in Yoruba Nation\". Retrieved 30 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/ajayi/060702.html","url_text":"\"Nigeriaworld -- Dramatic changes in the Palaces: An expired tradition in Yoruba Nation\""}]},{"reference":"Akinola, Wale. \"Nigeria: Before Owo Explodes Again\".","urls":[{"url":"https://allafrica.com/stories/200202110544.html","url_text":"\"Nigeria: Before Owo Explodes Again\""}]},{"reference":"\"www.ngrguardiannews.com\". news.biafranigeriaworld.com. Retrieved 2022-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/ngguardian/2002/jul/18/article13.html","url_text":"\"www.ngrguardiannews.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deji Of Akure Part 3: The Trojan Horse Plea Of The Deposed Deji By Dr. Wumi Akintide\". Sahara Reporters. 2 January 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://saharareporters.com/2014/01/02/deji-akure-part-3-trojan-horse-plea-deposed-deji-dr-wumi-akintide","url_text":"\"Deji Of Akure Part 3: The Trojan Horse Plea Of The Deposed Deji By Dr. Wumi Akintide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tension in Owo over vacant stool\". Online Nigeria. Retrieved 30 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/news/breaking-news/55151-Tension-Owo-over-vacant-stool.html","url_text":"\"Tension in Owo over vacant stool\""}]},{"reference":"\"Details - The Nation Archive\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043325/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/archive2/tblnews_Detail.php?id=61824","url_text":"\"Details - The Nation Archive\""},{"url":"http://www.thenationonlineng.net/archive2/tblnews_Detail.php?id=61824","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Taiwo Abiodun. \"At 103, griot says 'I need a wife'\". The Nation. Retrieved 30 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://thenationonlineng.net/new/at-103-griot-says-i-need-a-wife/","url_text":"\"At 103, griot says 'I need a wife'\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/owo-culture-of-ancient-nigeria/","external_links_name":"\"Owo culture of ancient Nigeria\""},{"Link":"https://punchng.com/just-in-ajibade-emerges-new-olowo-of-owo/","external_links_name":"\"Ajibade emerges new Olowo of Owo\""},{"Link":"http://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/ajayi/060702.html","external_links_name":"\"Nigeriaworld -- Dramatic changes in the Palaces: An expired tradition in Yoruba Nation\""},{"Link":"https://allafrica.com/stories/200202110544.html","external_links_name":"\"Nigeria: Before Owo Explodes Again\""},{"Link":"http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/ngguardian/2002/jul/18/article13.html","external_links_name":"\"www.ngrguardiannews.com\""},{"Link":"http://saharareporters.com/2014/01/02/deji-akure-part-3-trojan-horse-plea-deposed-deji-dr-wumi-akintide","external_links_name":"\"Deji Of Akure Part 3: The Trojan Horse Plea Of The Deposed Deji By Dr. Wumi Akintide\""},{"Link":"http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/news/breaking-news/55151-Tension-Owo-over-vacant-stool.html","external_links_name":"\"Tension in Owo over vacant stool\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043325/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/archive2/tblnews_Detail.php?id=61824","external_links_name":"\"Details - The Nation Archive\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenationonlineng.net/archive2/tblnews_Detail.php?id=61824","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://thenationonlineng.net/new/at-103-griot-says-i-need-a-wife/","external_links_name":"\"At 103, griot says 'I need a wife'\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_finger
Finger numbering
["1 Finger numbering systems","1.1 Five-finger system","1.2 Four-finger system","2 See also","3 References"]
Ambiguous numbering of the human fingers The first finger is an ambiguous term in the English language due to two competing finger numbering systems that can be used. It might refer to either the thumb or the index finger, depending on the context. The second finger is another ambiguous term in English. It might refer to either the index finger or the middle finger, also dependent on context. The same can be said for the third finger (referring to either the middle finger or the ring finger); and the fourth finger (referencing either the ring finger or the pinky). The fifth finger will exclusively refer to the pinky, (also called the little finger). Finger numbering systems The ordinal numbers of the fingers of the human hand are numbered ambiguously in the English language. This is due to two competing finger numbering systems that can be used. For instance, the first finger might refer to either the thumb or the index finger, depending on the context. Five-finger system In the Five-finger system, the first finger usually refers to the thumb (or first digit) in a medical context, or in a musical context when referring to playing keyboard instruments, such as the piano or accordion. The second finger under this system will refer to the index finger (or second digit) in medicine, or in a musical context when referencing the playing of keyboard instruments. The third finger usually refers to the middle finger (or third digit) in a medical context, or in a musical context when referring to keyboard instruments. The fourth finger refers to the ring finger (or fourth digit) in a medical context, or in a musical context when referring to keyboard instruments. The fifth finger refers to the pinky finger (or fifth digit) in a medical context, or in a musical context when referring to keyboard instruments. Four-finger system Here, in the four-finger system, as well as in common English, the first finger refers to the index finger (the finger next to the thumb). This designation carries over in a musical context when referencing the playing of stringed instruments (such as the guitar), woodwind instruments (such as flutes, pipes, or piccolos), and brass instruments (such as horns). The second finger refers to the middle finger in common English, or when playing string, brass, or woodwind instruments in music. The third finger refers to the ring finger in common English, or in a musical context when referring to string, brass, or woodwind instruments. The fourth finger refers to the pinky (or little) finger in common English, or in a musical context when referring to string, brass, or woodwind instruments. See also finger hand References ^ a b c d "first finger". Medical Dictionary. Retrieved 17 August 2022. ^ a b c d e "Naming the Fingers on the Piano". Sage Music | Piano, Voice, Guitar Lessons & More Music Lessons Online. 25 February 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2022. ^ "second finger". Medical Dictionary. Retrieved 17 August 2022. ^ "First Finger : Definition of first finger in English | Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-08. ^ "First finger". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 17 August 2022. ^ a b c Del Mar, Norman (1981). Anatomy of the Orchestra. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 482–484 (1987 paperback edition). ISBN 0-520-05062-2. ^ a b c d "Flute For Dummies Cheat Sheet". dummies. Retrieved 17 August 2022. ^ "second finger". dictionary.net. Retrieved 2017-06-08. ^ "Third finger". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 17 August 2022. ^ "Definition of third finger | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 17 August 2022. ^ "Third Finger at WordReference.com Dictionary of English". www.wordreference.com. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
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The fifth finger will exclusively refer to the pinky, (also called the little finger).","title":"Finger numbering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ordinal numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_number"}],"text":"The ordinal numbers of the fingers of the human hand are numbered ambiguously in the English language. This is due to two competing finger numbering systems that can be used. For instance, the first finger might refer to either the thumb or the index finger, depending on the context.","title":"Finger numbering systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medic-1"},{"link_name":"playing keyboard instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Keyboard_instruments"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pi-no-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pi-no-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pi-no-2"},{"link_name":"ring finger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_finger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pi-no-2"},{"link_name":"pinky finger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinky_finger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pi-no-2"}],"sub_title":"Five-finger system","text":"In the Five-finger system, the first finger usually refers to the thumb (or first digit) in a medical context,[1] or in a musical context when referring to playing keyboard instruments, such as the piano or accordion.[2]The second finger under this system will refer to the index finger (or second digit) in medicine,[3] or in a musical context when referencing the playing of keyboard instruments.[2]The third finger usually refers to the middle finger (or third digit) in a medical context,[1] or in a musical context when referring to keyboard instruments.[2]The fourth finger refers to the ring finger (or fourth digit) in a medical context,[1] or in a musical context when referring to keyboard instruments.[2]The fifth finger refers to the pinky finger (or fifth digit) in a medical context,[1] or in a musical context when referring to keyboard instruments.[2]","title":"Finger numbering systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumb"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"stringed instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Stringed_instruments"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatorch-6"},{"link_name":"woodwind instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Woodwind_instruments"},{"link_name":"brass instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)#Brass_instruments"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dums-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatorch-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dums-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatorch-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dums-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dums-7"}],"sub_title":"Four-finger system","text":"Here, in the four-finger system, as well as in common English, the first finger refers to the index finger (the finger next to the thumb).[4][5] This designation carries over in a musical context when referencing the playing of stringed instruments (such as the guitar),[6] woodwind instruments (such as flutes, pipes, or piccolos), and brass instruments (such as horns).[7]The second finger refers to the middle finger in common English,[8] or when playing string, brass, or woodwind instruments in music.[6][7]The third finger refers to the ring finger in common English,[9][10][11] or in a musical context when referring to string, brass, or woodwind instruments.[6][7]The fourth finger refers to the pinky (or little) finger in common English, or in a musical context when referring to string, brass, or woodwind instruments.[7]","title":"Finger numbering systems"}]
[]
[{"title":"finger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger"},{"title":"hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renee_Harris_(producer)
Renee Harris (producer)
["1 Early years and marriage","2 Titanic","3 Changes in fortune","4 Theater work","5 Later years","6 Notes","7 References","8 Sources cited","9 External links"]
American theatre producer and Titanic survivor Irene Wallach HarrisRenee Harris, c. 1908BornIrene WallachJune 15, 1876Washington, D.C., U.SDiedSeptember 2, 1969 (aged 93)New York City, U.SResting placeFerncliff Cemetery, Westchester County, New YorkKnown forFirst female theatre producer on BroadwaySpouses Henry B. Harris ​ ​(m. 1899; died 1912)​ Leon Leslie Consolloy ​ ​(m. 1915; div. 1918)​ Zack M. Barber ​ ​(m. 1922; div. 1923)​ L. Marvin Simmons ​ ​(m. 1925; div. 1928)​RelativesWilliam Harris Sr. (father-in-law)William Harris Jr. (brother-in-law) Irene Wallach Harris, better known as Renee Harris (June 15, 1876 – September 2, 1969), was the first female theatrical manager and producer in the United States. Harris was interested in the theater, but had no experience with it other than as a patron. While attending a matinée, she met her husband, the noted theatrical manager and producer Henry B. Harris. The two had a whirlwind courtship, with Harris assisting her husband in his work even before the marriage. Through their work together, Harris learned about both theater management and theatrical production. Her husband said that she was competent enough to take over his business if anything happened to him. The couple owned New York theaters and large homes, and traveled extensively for both business and pleasure. They had taken an extended journey through Europe and North Africa and were returning to the United States after finalizing some theatrical business in London. The Harrises were sailing on the maiden voyage of the new White Star liner, RMS Titanic. When the ship began sinking, Harris wanted to stay with her husband. Despite being injured by a fall, she climbed out of the first lifeboat she was placed in before it was lowered into the water. Harris finally left Titanic fifteen minutes before the giant liner sank. She returned to New York a widow and decided to continue her husband's business because she felt it was what he would have wanted. With the help of her father-in-law, Harris was able to successfully keep the business going. When her husband's will was settled, she learned there were more debts than assets. Her father-in-law advised her to close the business but Harris felt this would be an insult to his name and memory. She threw herself into hard work and was able to pay her husband's debts. After these bills were paid, Harris enjoyed enough success to afford the lifestyle she had led before Titanic. In the course of her theater work, she discovered people such as Barbara Stanwyck, Mae Clarke, and playwright Moss Hart. But the stock market crash of 1929 and the subsequent depression meant the end of her assets and brought hard times to all in the entertainment industries. Harris retained her pleasant disposition and sense of humor regardless of whether she was having good times or bad and made friends throughout her life. She died in 1969 at age 93. Early years and marriage Renee Harris was born Irene Wallach on June 15, 1876, in Washington, D.C. She was the daughter of Philip and Rachel (Hilzheim) Wallach. Harris was the seventh of nine children in the large Jewish family. Her father owned a jewelry store next to the Willard Hotel; he died when Harris was six years old and her mother took in boarders to support the family. Several boarders worked as secretaries in various government offices and it was suggested to Harris that she take secretarial training. Harris followed the suggestion and got a job in a Tennessee congressman's office where she worked for three years. By age 22, Harris had moved to New York City, where she studied law and worked as a legal secretary. She had an interest in the theater, attending as many performances as she was able. Harris was attending a matinee when she felt someone's hand on the back of her neck. Surprised, she quickly turned around. Her intentions were to speak sternly to the offender, but she changed her mind when she saw his kind eyes and pleasant smile. The young woman had just met theatrical producer Henry B. Harris. Despite a ten-year difference in their ages, the producer and the law student had an interest in the theater in common. Mr. Harris discovered she had a keen sense of the theatrical world and soon was asking her to help him by reading plays and attending rehearsals. The couple met in August 1899 and married on October 22, 1899, at Harris' sister's home in New York. After the marriage, the couple moved into an apartment in New York's Wellington Hotel, where Harris met Evelyn Nesbit, who was also living there. She also met Lillie Langtry when she was on a tour of the United States; Mr. Harris was serving as her manager for the tour. When the Harrises visited London in 1906, Langtry introduced them to King Edward, who invited them to be his guests in the Royal Box at Epsom Downs. Harris' husband was the son of noted theatrical producer William Harris Sr. He worked for his father before going into business on his own in 1901. The couple owned New York theaters, large homes and traveled extensively. Harris considered herself spoiled by her husband. She said her husband had taught her everything she knew about the theater, Mr. Harris was so sure of his wife's abilities, he once told Edgar Selwyn, "I never take an important step without consulting Renee. If anything happened to me, she could pick up the reins." After a long continental holiday which began in late 1911 and included a journey to North Africa, the couple was returning to the United States. While in England, Mr. Harris combined business with pleasure. He had signed Rose Stahl to appear in Maggie Pepper and would bring the production to London in May. He also began working with motion pictures; during his London visit, he had secured the US rights for the British full-color film The Miracle. Mr. Harris wired his associate, Charles Klein, that he and Renee would be sailing on the maiden voyage of the new White Star liner RMS Titanic. The thought of this was so upsetting to Klein, he wired back, pleading with his friend not to sail on the ship. Mr. Harris replied to Klein by wire saying it was too late to make any changes. Titanic Titanic made her way out of the port of Southampton on April 10, 1912. As she was being guided into the harbor, the giant ship caused a large displacement of water which made the moored SS City of New York swiftly rise and fall. The motion snapped the mooring cables tethering the New York and the ship began moving toward Titanic. A collision was narrowly averted when one of the tugboats assisting Titanic was able to get a line on the New York; the tugboat then towed the wayward ship out of the path of the Titanic. The two ships were between three and four feet apart before the New York was able to be halted. Harris was at the rail of Titanic watching the efforts to stop the New York when a stranger came up to her and asked, "Do you love life?" Harris replied that she did; the stranger went on, "That was a bad omen. Get off this ship at Cherbourg, if we get that far. That's what I'm going to do." On April 14, Harris slipped and fell on one of the Titanic staircases. She fractured her right elbow and was in some pain as a result of her injury. Harris and her husband later went to dinner but retired to their cabin early, where they were playing double Canfield. The cabin's closet door had been left open and Harris was watching her clothing swinging quickly on their hangers. At dinner, there had been talk of icebergs in the region and she thought it odd that the ship was moving so fast under those conditions. The hangers suddenly stopped moving. Everyone was told to put on life jackets and come on deck within a short period of time. Mr. Harris helped his wife dress warmly and put her jewelry in his pockets for safe keeping. Harris was a passenger in Collapsible D after leaving the Titanic. The Harrises along with Mr. and Mrs. Emil Taussig made their way to the main deck. After the women had been seated in a lifeboat, there were still some vacant seats. When Mr. Harris and Mr. Taussig both tried to accompany their wives, they were threatened with revolvers. The boat was lowered with those seats still vacant. Harris wanted to leave the ship with her husband; despite her broken elbow, she was able to leave the lifeboat before it was lowered into the water. Harris continued her refusals to leave her husband aboard Titanic until Captain Smith told her she was denying her husband the chance to save himself by her refusal to board a lifeboat. He claimed Titanic had many rafts in its stern and that the men would have an opportunity at them when the women had left the ship. She remained aboard Titanic until the last boat, a collapsible lifeboat, was filled. Fifteen minutes after this last lifeboat was lowered, the great ship sank. Three Titanic crew members accompanied the passengers of the lifeboat, but only one man was able to do any work at rowing the boat. Most of the women aboard were also unable to help at rowing, so Harris and another female passenger had to work at rowing the lifeboat along with the Titanic crew member. Despite their efforts, the lifeboat took on water and continued to sink deeper into the sea. About a half-hour before the arrival of the rescue ship Carpathia, the Titanic officer Charles Lightoller was able to take this boat into tow from his lifeboat. At the time Carpathia arrived, the lifeboat's gunwales were almost covered by water. Lightoller later told Harris that if the Carpathia had arrived on the scene of the disaster a half-hour later, the collapsible lifeboat she was in would have totally sunk. After boarding Carpathia, Harris composed herself enough to request that a message be sent to family and associates informing them she was safe and was still hopeful about the safety of Mr. Harris. When Carpathia arrived in New York on April 18, Harris was met by her father-in-law, brother, and the family doctor. Her first words to those who greeted her were, "I have come back alone." Harris remembered very little of what happened during the next two months. Her sister, Edna, spoke for her at a news interview; she attended a Masonic memorial service for her husband at the Hudson Theatre, but had no recollection of being there. She continued to hope that her husband's body would be recovered and identified; Harris' brother traveled to Halifax to try to locate his brother-in-law's body. His remains were never recovered, despite the promise of a substantial reward. Harris later sued the White Star Line for $1 million for the death of her husband; she received only a fraction of this amount. Changes in fortune Mr. Harris' will was filed in probate court with the bulk of the estate going to his wife. After his death, there was much speculation in the theater world as to whether his widow would sell her husband's company and theaters, or if she would try to manage them and produce plays herself. At first, Harris was unsure about what she wanted to do. After talking with her father-in-law and remembering that her husband once told her, "You are a better businessman than I am.", she decided to continue her husband's business with the assistance of William Harris, Sr. Both were in accord that the business would be run as Mr. Harris did. The business became known as the Estate of Henry B. Harris with Harris being known professionally as Mrs. Henry B. Harris. The decision to carry on in her husband's stead made Renee Harris the first female theatrical manager and producer in the on Broadway. Harris continued alone in this field until 1922 when Anne Nichols, a playwright, also began managing plays. Both Harris and Nichols were mentioned as being among the top woman directors of plays in 1922. Harris in 1959 with portrait of Henry B. Harris. The portrait was all she was able to take from the Hudson Theatre. When Mr. Harris' will was settled, no one was prepared for the news that his debts outweighed his assets. Harris' father-in-law took a look at the situation and advised his daughter-in-law to give up the company. She refused because it seemed to her that doing so would be an insult to Mr. Harris' name and memory. She threw herself into play production and sold various assets; Harris paid her husband's debts. After these bills were paid, Harris was able to live the lifestyle she had enjoyed before Titanic. She owned homes in New York, Maine and Florida and racehorses and was also able to travel regularly again. During this period, Harris married three times; each marriage ended in divorce. Her last marriage ended in 1927 with Harris describing her spouse as "nothing but a source of expense" to her. Harris summed this up by saying, "I have had four marriages, but only one husband." Harris was on an around the world trip in 1929 when her business manager wired, asking her to come home. She had invested heavily in stocks that appeared to be safe, but they did not survive the market's 1929 crash. At the same time, there were no productions able to fill the theater; the Depression meant little to no money spent on entertainment. Harris was offered the chance for The Green Pastures at the Hudson Theatre and eagerly signed the production. When construction of the play's sets began, it was found that building a treadmill necessary for the production would damage the theater's foundation. Playwright Marc Connelly canceled the contract with the Hudson and moved the play to the Mansfield Theatre. Harris gradually sold off assets to stay afloat. She had an extensive collection of antiques; all were gone by 1931 to make ends meet. By 1932, she had lost the Hudson Theatre she and Mr. Harris had built. The bank instituted foreclosure proceedings for the theater's $500.000 mortgage. Harris had earlier been offered $1 million for the theater, but she refused to sell it. All she was able to take from the theater was a large portrait of her husband. After the theater was gone, Harris worked at a variety of jobs. She had a small interior decorating business at one point and by 1937, had a job through WPA. By 1940, Harris' home was a single room in an inexpensive New York hotel. During his lifetime, Mr. Harris was a generous supporter of The Actors Fund; the charity helped to support his widow in her later years. Theater work Harris' first theater production was Damaged Goods, an English production of Eugène Brieux's 1901 play, Les Avariés. Presenting the play, which deals with prostitution and syphilis, was a daring move. Both Harris and her father-in-law knew that Mr. Harris had read the play and intended to present it after returning home from Europe. Actor and co-producer Richard Bennett had been turned down by many theater managers once the subject of the play was known. Many actors were also frightened off by the thought of not working again as a result of appearing in the play. The presentation was considered a great success. The presentation of Bayard Veiller's play, The Fight created unexpected problems for Harris and her father-in-law. The play deals with ridding a small Colorado town of a brothel. At the same time it was being presented, the Shubert Theatre was presenting The Lure, which also dealt with the subject of prostitution and white slavery. New York's police commissioner decided both plays were "immoral", and wanted an injunction to shut them down and to have the plays' producers arrested. To bring the controversy regarding The Fight to an end, Veiller struck the play's second act. Harris believed there were many performing and non-performing places for women in theater. She was also quick to recognize talented young actors and playwrights. Harris first saw Barbara Stanwyck (then Ruby Stevens) and her two friends Mae Clarke and Dorothy Shepherd when they were dancing in the chorus at a New York nightclub. Harris was casting for members of the chorus for the production of Willard Mack's The Noose. She thought there was something special about the trio, so she asked them to come to her office at the Hudson Theatre. Harris asked each of them to read a few lines, then hired them for speaking parts in the play with Stanwyck in the role of Dot. Stanwyck's role as Dot was enlarged when Harris suggested this character fall in love with the young man instead of the governor's daughter. Harris had invested in Moss Hart's first effort at play writing, The Beloved Bandit. The play was tried out in Rochester, New York, but was a failure. It was taken on to Chicago, where it met the same fate as it had in Rochester; the production was closed after the first night and the planned Broadway production was canceled. Harris had seen something more in the young man than this failure. She told him in Rochester, "The way it went tonight doesn't bother me a bit. You know why? First, this is Rochester-and what the hell does Rochester know about anything except Kodaks?" Hart went on to a notable career as a playwright, director and screenwriter. He later said he likely would have given up without the encouragement of Harris. Hart's description of her was, "Rich, racy and of infinite good humor." Later years When Walter Lord began writing A Night to Remember, he located and interviewed more than 60 persons who had survived the disaster. Harris was one of those interviewed by Lord; the two began a friendship that lasted until Harris' death in 1969. She had previously been invited to the premiere of a 1953 film about the sinking, Titanic, but shunned the publicity affairs of it. Despite an injured hip, Harris was able to take part in the events surrounding the 1958 film based on Lord's book, A Night to Remember, but was not able to watch the film. Harris died September 2, 1969, at New York's Doctors Hospital; she was 93 years old. Many years prior to her death, she summed up her life by saying, "If I had my life to live over, I wouldn't change it. After all, I had 10 wonderful, happy, superb, unforgettable years with my first husband. He spoiled me for any other man in the world." She is interred in the Shrine of Memories mausoleum at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. Harris donated her personal papers to the Wisconsin Historical Society. Notes ^ Harris did not use the correct year of her birth for her passport application. ^ Langtry had a romance with the King when he was Prince of Wales, ^ Three years later, Charles Klein died in the sinking of the Lusitania. ^ Mrs. Taussig and her daughter left Titanic on this lifeboat. Mr. Taussig perished on the ship. ^ When the claims were settled, White Star limited a maximum claim to $50,000. The agreement was reached in 1915; there were no payments until 1916. White Star claimed it had limited liability and would be paying six times as much as it believed was due under such an agreement. ^ The play ran for 640 performances at the Mansfield. References ^ a b "District of Columbia Births & Christenings, 1830-1955". FamilySearch.org. Retrieved November 21, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Bukhonina 2016. ^ a b "Renee Harris passport application-1920". FamilySearch.org. Retrieved November 21, 2017. ^ "Dead May Include Washington Men". The Washington Post. April 16, 1912. p. 14. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Legal Notice by Rachel Wallach re: insurance payment for the death of her husband, Phillip". Evening Star. November 25, 1889. p. 1. Retrieved November 21, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e f Brewster 2012. ^ Geller 1998, pp. 49–50. ^ a b c d e f g h Geller 1998, p. 50. ^ a b c d e "Renee Harris, 93, First Woman To Produce Plays Here, Is Dead". New York Times. September 3, 1969. p. 47. Retrieved November 21, 2017.{subscription required) ^ "The World of Society". Evening Star. October 19, 1899. p. 8. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Hines 2011, p. 24. ^ a b "Henry B. Harris". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 16, 1913. p. 5. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c "Theater Owner and Producer, Who Sailed on Titanic, Not Listed With Survivors". San Francisco Chronicle. April 18, 1912. p. 2. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Greene, Mabel (April 3, 1927). "Woman's Place in the Theatre". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 98. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c Wilson 2013, p. 72. ^ Wilson 2012, p. 53. ^ a b Marshall 2011. ^ Butler 2012, p. 30. ^ "Miss Stahl's Return". London Standard. April 11, 1912. p. 5. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspaperarchive.com. ^ a b c Tibballs 2012. ^ "Americans Of Note Lost on Lusitania". Evening Star. May 9, 1915. p. 8. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspaperarchive.com. ^ "Titanic On Maiden Trip". The Frederick Post. April 10, 1912. p. 8. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspaperarchive.com. ^ a b Barczewski 2006, p. 4. ^ Butler 2012, p. 42. ^ a b Behe 2012. ^ a b Wilson 2012, p. 30. ^ Barczewski 2006, p. 19. ^ a b "Survivors Recall Sinking of Titanic". The Pittsburgh Press. April 15, 1964. p. 45. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d Morehouse, Ward (July 1, 1966). "Broadway After Dark". The Glens Falls Times. p. 4. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Butler 2012, p. 129. ^ Mowbray 1912, p. 115. ^ a b "Threatened with Revolvers". Courier-Journal. April 20, 1912. p. 1. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Threatened with revolvers 2". Courier-Journal. April 20, 1912. p. 2. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Mrs. Henry B. Harris". Courier-Journal. April 20, 1912. p. 1. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Geller 1998, pp. 51–52. ^ Cooper 2011. ^ a b c d e f "Ismay Was Not in Last Boat". Salt Lake Tribune. April 23, 1912. p. 3. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Wilson 2012, pp. 53–54. ^ Hines 2011, p. 151. ^ a b Wilson 2012, pp. 62–63. ^ "In Memory of Henry B. Harris". New York Times. April 29, 1912. p. 3. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d Wilson 2012, p. 74. ^ "Unknown Dead To Rest In Halifax". The Decatur Herald. May 2, 1912. p. 1. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Asks Million For A Death". Abilene Daily Chronicle. January 16, 1913. p. 1. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e f g Lord 2013. ^ "Leaves Estate To Wife". Evening Star. May 11, 1912. p. 3. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c Wilson 2012, pp. 68–69. ^ "Sequel To A Story Of Two Politicians". The Anaconda Standard. May 31, 1912. p. 8. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Harris, Sr. In Charge". Variety: 1. May 4, 1912. Retrieved November 24, 2017. ^ "Feminine Appeal Puts Plays Over". The Boston Post. November 12, 1920. p. 18. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Lasswell 2017. ^ Geller 1998, p. 49. ^ "The Publicity Record Holders". Theatre Magazine. Theatre Magazine Company: 244. November 1922. Retrieved November 24, 2017. ^ "Chez Mons, Harris". Theatre Magazine. Theatre Magazine Company: 322. October 1922. Retrieved November 24, 2017. ^ "Deficit In Harris Estate". New York Times. July 2, 1914. p. 9. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c Wilson 2012, pp. 69–70. ^ "Frazee Harris Theater Owner". The Evening News. March 29, 1920. p. 10. Retrieved November 24, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e Geller 1998, p. 51. ^ "Titanic Widow Weds N.Y Theatrical Man". Pine Bluff Daily Graphic. May 11, 1916. p. 2. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Widow Of Theatrical Manager To Wed Broker". The Indianapolis Star. September 13, 1922. p. 7. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Husband, Costly; New York Woman Sues For Divorce". Wilkes-Barre Times Leader; the Evening News. November 4, 1927. p. 8. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Geller 1998, p. 52. ^ a b Wilson 2012, pp. 74–75. ^ a b c Wilson 2012, p. 75. ^ a b c Landry, Robert J. (September 10, 1969). "Theatre Owner-Producer Was Linked to Another Broadway Era". Variety. Daily Variety. ISSN 0042-2738. Retrieved November 26, 2017.{REPRINTED BY PERMISSION} ^ a b Bloom 2013, p. 251. ^ James, Rian (November 27, 1933). "Hollywood". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Retrieved November 25, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Sullivan, Ed (April 1, 1937). "Broadway". The Pittsburgh Press. p. 27. Retrieved November 25, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Cloud, Barbara (March 5, 1959). "Survivots of 'Titanic' Here As Film Of Disaster Opens". The Pittsburgh Press. p. 40. Retrieved November 25, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Producing "Damaged Goods"". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 4, 1913. p. 36 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Wilson 2013, p. 73. ^ "Police May Close "Fight" and "Lure"". The Sun. September 7, 1913. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Police Go To Court To Stop Two Plays". The Sun. September 7, 1913. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Veiller, Bayard (September 21, 1913). "Author Of "The Fight" Defends Red Light Drama". New York Times. p. 43 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "White Slave Plays Again On Trial". New York Times. September 12, 1913. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Madsen 2015. ^ a b Wilson 2013, p. 67. ^ "Cast of "The Noose" (1926-1927)". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved November 26, 2017. ^ Wilson 2012, pp. 70–71. ^ Brown 2006, pp. 16–17. ^ "Walter Lord, wrote Titanic classic". Star Tribune. Associated Press. May 21, 2002. Retrieved November 26, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Wilson 2012, pp. 311–312. ^ "Survivors Watch The Titanic Go Down Again". Life Magazine. Time=Life: 91–96. May 15, 1053. Retrieved November 26, 2017. ^ Boyle, Hal (January 7, 1959). "A Night to Forget". The Tampa Times. p. 5. Retrieved November 26, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Renee Harris crypt-Ferncliff Cemetery". Encyclopedia Titanica. 20 August 2004. Retrieved November 26, 2017. ^ "Renee Harris Papers". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved November 26, 2017. Sources cited Barczewski, Stephanie (2006). Titanic: A Night Remembered. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-8528-5500-0. Behe, George (2012). On Board RMS Titanic: Memories of the Maiden Voyage. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-8305-4. Bloom, Ken (2013). Broadway: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-1359-5020-0. Brewster, Hugh (2012). Gilded Lives, Fatal Voyage: The Titanic's First-Class Passengers and Their World. Crown/Archetype. ISBN 978-0-3079-8471-5. Brown, Jared (2006). Moss Hart: A Prince of the Theatre : a Biography in Three Acts. Back Stage Books. ISBN 978-0-8230-7890-5. bandit lyceum. Bukhonina, Maria (2016). Inspired!: True Stories Behind Famous Art, Literature, Music, and Film. Museyon Inc. ISBN 978-1-9384-5082-2. Butler, Daniel Allen (2012). Unsinkable: The Full Story. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-8483-2641-5. Cooper, G.J. (2011). Titanic Captain: The Life of Edward John Smith. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6777-1. Geller, Judith B. (1998). Titanic: Women and Children First. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3930-4666-3. Hines, Stephen (2011). Titanic: One Newspaper, Seven Days, and the Truth That Shocked the World. Sourcebooks Inc. ISBN 978-1-4022-5667-7. Lasswell, Harold D. (2017). The Good Years: From 1900 to the First World War. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-3514-8204-2. Madsen, Axel (2015). Stanwyck: A Biography. Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-5040-0861-7. Marshall, Logan (2011). Sinking of the Titanic. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6763-4. Lord, Walter (2013). The Complete Titanic Chronicles: A Night to Remember and The Night Lives On. Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-4804-1058-9. Mowbray, Jay Henry (1912). Sinking of the Titanic. National Publishing. hdl:2027/mdp.39015005210292. Tibballs, Geoff (2012). Voices from the Titanic: The Epic Story of the Tragedy from the People Who Were There. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1-6208-7271-0. Wilson, Andrew (2012). Shadow of the Titanic: The Extraordinary Stories of Those Who Survived. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-7156-8. Wilson, Victoria (2013). A Life of Barbara Stanwyck: Steel-True 1907-1940, Volume 1. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-6848-3168-8. External links Renee Harris at the Internet Broadway Database Estate of Henry B. Harris at the Internet Broadway Database Authority control databases SNAC 2
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"matinée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/matinee"},{"link_name":"Henry B. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_B._Harris"},{"link_name":"theatrical production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_production"},{"link_name":"White Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Star_Line"},{"link_name":"RMS Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Barbara Stanwyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck"},{"link_name":"Mae Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Moss Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Hart"},{"link_name":"stock market crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Irene Wallach Harris, better known as Renee Harris (June 15, 1876 – September 2, 1969), was the first female theatrical manager and producer in the United States. Harris was interested in the theater, but had no experience with it other than as a patron. While attending a matinée, she met her husband, the noted theatrical manager and producer Henry B. Harris. The two had a whirlwind courtship, with Harris assisting her husband in his work even before the marriage. Through their work together, Harris learned about both theater management and theatrical production. Her husband said that she was competent enough to take over his business if anything happened to him.The couple owned New York theaters and large homes, and traveled extensively for both business and pleasure. They had taken an extended journey through Europe and North Africa and were returning to the United States after finalizing some theatrical business in London. The Harrises were sailing on the maiden voyage of the new White Star liner, RMS Titanic. When the ship began sinking, Harris wanted to stay with her husband. Despite being injured by a fall, she climbed out of the first lifeboat she was placed in before it was lowered into the water. Harris finally left Titanic fifteen minutes before the giant liner sank.She returned to New York a widow and decided to continue her husband's business because she felt it was what he would have wanted. With the help of her father-in-law, Harris was able to successfully keep the business going. When her husband's will was settled, she learned there were more debts than assets. Her father-in-law advised her to close the business but Harris felt this would be an insult to his name and memory. She threw herself into hard work and was able to pay her husband's debts.[citation needed]After these bills were paid, Harris enjoyed enough success to afford the lifestyle she had led before Titanic. In the course of her theater work, she discovered people such as Barbara Stanwyck, Mae Clarke, and playwright Moss Hart. But the stock market crash of 1929 and the subsequent depression meant the end of her assets and brought hard times to all in the entertainment industries. Harris retained her pleasant disposition and sense of humor regardless of whether she was having good times or bad and made friends throughout her life.[citation needed] She died in 1969 at age 93.","title":"Renee Harris (producer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukhonina2016-2"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-passport-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Willard Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_InterContinental_Washington"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewster2012-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukhonina2016-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeller199849%E2%80%9350-8"},{"link_name":"Henry B. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_B._Harris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukhonina2016-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewster2012-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeller199850-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeller199850-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Nesbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Nesbit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewster2012-7"},{"link_name":"Lillie Langtry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillie_Langtry"},{"link_name":"King Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"Epsom Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Downs_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewster2012-7"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"William Harris Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harris_(theatrical_producer)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines201124-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooklyn-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooklyn-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-places-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201372-17"},{"link_name":"Edgar Selwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Selwyn"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201253-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukhonina2016-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewster2012-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2011-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler201230-20"},{"link_name":"Rose Stahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Stahl"},{"link_name":"The Miracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miracle_(1912_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukhonina2016-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Charles Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Klein"},{"link_name":"White Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Star_Line"},{"link_name":"RMS Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibballs2012-22"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Renee Harris was born Irene Wallach on June 15, 1876, in Washington, D.C.[1][2][a] She was the daughter of Philip and Rachel (Hilzheim) Wallach.[1][3][4][5] Harris was the seventh of nine children in the large Jewish family. Her father owned a jewelry store next to the Willard Hotel; he died when Harris was six years old and her mother took in boarders to support the family. Several boarders worked as secretaries in various government offices and it was suggested to Harris that she take secretarial training. Harris followed the suggestion and got a job in a Tennessee congressman's office where she worked for three years.[6]By age 22, Harris had moved to New York City, where she studied law and worked as a legal secretary.[2][7] She had an interest in the theater, attending as many performances as she was able. Harris was attending a matinee when she felt someone's hand on the back of her neck. Surprised, she quickly turned around. Her intentions were to speak sternly to the offender, but she changed her mind when she saw his kind eyes and pleasant smile. The young woman had just met theatrical producer Henry B. Harris.[2][6]Despite a ten-year difference in their ages, the producer and the law student had an interest in the theater in common. Mr. Harris discovered she had a keen sense of the theatrical world and soon was asking her to help him by reading plays and attending rehearsals.[8][9] The couple met in August 1899 and married on October 22, 1899, at Harris' sister's home in New York.[8][10] After the marriage, the couple moved into an apartment in New York's Wellington Hotel, where Harris met Evelyn Nesbit, who was also living there.[6] She also met Lillie Langtry when she was on a tour of the United States; Mr. Harris was serving as her manager for the tour. When the Harrises visited London in 1906, Langtry introduced them to King Edward, who invited them to be his guests in the Royal Box at Epsom Downs.[6][b]Harris' husband was the son of noted theatrical producer William Harris Sr.[11][12] He worked for his father before going into business on his own in 1901.[13] The couple owned New York theaters, large homes and traveled extensively. Harris considered herself spoiled by her husband.[12][13][14] She said her husband had taught her everything she knew about the theater,[15] Mr. Harris was so sure of his wife's abilities, he once told Edgar Selwyn, \"I never take an important step without consulting Renee. If anything happened to me, she could pick up the reins.\"[9][16]After a long continental holiday which began in late 1911 and included a journey to North Africa, the couple was returning to the United States.[2][6][17] While in England, Mr. Harris combined business with pleasure.[18] He had signed Rose Stahl to appear in Maggie Pepper and would bring the production to London in May. He also began working with motion pictures; during his London visit, he had secured the US rights for the British full-color film The Miracle.[2][19] Mr. Harris wired his associate, Charles Klein, that he and Renee would be sailing on the maiden voyage of the new White Star liner RMS Titanic. The thought of this was so upsetting to Klein, he wired back, pleading with his friend not to sail on the ship. Mr. Harris replied to Klein by wire saying it was too late to make any changes.[20][c]","title":"Early years and marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"SS City of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_City_of_New_York_(1888)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarczewski20064-26"},{"link_name":"Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarczewski20064-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler201242-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehe2012-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201230-29"},{"link_name":"Canfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canfield_(solitaire)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-10"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201230-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarczewski200619-30"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibballs2012-22"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dress-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dress-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-later-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titanic_lifeboat.jpg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler2012129-33"},{"link_name":"revolvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowbray1912115-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revolvers-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revolvers2-36"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-10"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Captain Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Smith_(sea_captain)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeller199851%E2%80%9352-39"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2011-40"},{"link_name":"collapsible lifeboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthon_Boat"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-last-41"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-last-41"},{"link_name":"Carpathia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Carpathia"},{"link_name":"Charles Lightoller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lightoller"},{"link_name":"tow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towing"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-last-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201253%E2%80%9354-42"},{"link_name":"gunwales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunwale"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-last-41"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lost-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2011-19"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHines2011151-43"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201262%E2%80%9363-44"},{"link_name":"Masonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Hudson Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-last-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201262%E2%80%9363-44"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibballs2012-22"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-last-41"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukhonina2016-2"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201274-46"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeller199850-9"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Titanic made her way out of the port of Southampton on April 10, 1912. As she was being guided into the harbor, the giant ship caused a large displacement of water which made the moored SS City of New York swiftly rise and fall. The motion snapped the mooring cables tethering the New York and the ship began moving toward Titanic. A collision was narrowly averted when one of the tugboats assisting Titanic was able to get a line on the New York; the tugboat then towed the wayward ship out of the path of the Titanic. The two ships were between three and four feet apart before the New York was able to be halted.[22][23] Harris was at the rail of Titanic watching the efforts to stop the New York when a stranger came up to her and asked, \"Do you love life?\" Harris replied that she did; the stranger went on, \"That was a bad omen. Get off this ship at Cherbourg, if we get that far. That's what I'm going to do.\"[23][24]On April 14, Harris slipped and fell on one of the Titanic staircases. She fractured her right elbow and was in some pain as a result of her injury.[25][26] Harris and her husband later went to dinner but retired to their cabin early, where they were playing double Canfield. The cabin's closet door had been left open and Harris was watching her clothing swinging quickly on their hangers. At dinner, there had been talk of icebergs in the region and she thought it odd that the ship was moving so fast under those conditions. The hangers suddenly stopped moving.[9][26][27] Everyone was told to put on life jackets and come on deck within a short period of time.[20][28] Mr. Harris helped his wife dress warmly and put her jewelry in his pockets for safe keeping.[28][29]Harris was a passenger in Collapsible D after leaving the Titanic.[30]The Harrises along with Mr. and Mrs. Emil Taussig made their way to the main deck. After the women had been seated in a lifeboat, there were still some vacant seats. When Mr. Harris and Mr. Taussig both tried to accompany their wives, they were threatened with revolvers. The boat was lowered with those seats still vacant.[31][32][33][d] Harris wanted to leave the ship with her husband; despite her broken elbow, she was able to leave the lifeboat before it was lowered into the water.[9][34] Harris continued her refusals to leave her husband aboard Titanic until Captain Smith told her she was denying her husband the chance to save himself by her refusal to board a lifeboat. He claimed Titanic had many rafts in its stern and that the men would have an opportunity at them when the women had left the ship.[35][36] She remained aboard Titanic until the last boat, a collapsible lifeboat, was filled. Fifteen minutes after this last lifeboat was lowered, the great ship sank.[37]Three Titanic crew members accompanied the passengers of the lifeboat, but only one man was able to do any work at rowing the boat. Most of the women aboard were also unable to help at rowing, so Harris and another female passenger had to work at rowing the lifeboat along with the Titanic crew member.[37] Despite their efforts, the lifeboat took on water and continued to sink deeper into the sea. About a half-hour before the arrival of the rescue ship Carpathia, the Titanic officer Charles Lightoller was able to take this boat into tow from his lifeboat.[37][38] At the time Carpathia arrived, the lifeboat's gunwales were almost covered by water. Lightoller later told Harris that if the Carpathia had arrived on the scene of the disaster a half-hour later, the collapsible lifeboat she was in would have totally sunk.[37]After boarding Carpathia, Harris composed herself enough to request that a message be sent to family and associates informing them she was safe and was still hopeful about the safety of Mr. Harris.[13][17][39] When Carpathia arrived in New York on April 18, Harris was met by her father-in-law, brother, and the family doctor. Her first words to those who greeted her were, \"I have come back alone.\"[40] Harris remembered very little of what happened during the next two months. Her sister, Edna, spoke for her at a news interview; she attended a Masonic memorial service for her husband at the Hudson Theatre, but had no recollection of being there.[37][40][41] She continued to hope that her husband's body would be recovered and identified; Harris' brother traveled to Halifax to try to locate his brother-in-law's body.[20][37] His remains were never recovered, despite the promise of a substantial reward.[2][42][43] Harris later sued the White Star Line for $1 million for the death of her husband; she received only a fraction of this amount.[8][44][e]","title":"Titanic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehe2012-28"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukhonina2016-2"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201268%E2%80%9369-52"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201372-17"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasswell2017-56"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeller199849-57"},{"link_name":"Anne 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Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201275-69"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-71"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELord2013-49"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELord2013-49"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201275-69"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2013251-72"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201274%E2%80%9375-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2013251-72"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukhonina2016-2"},{"link_name":"WPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-later-32"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELord2013-49"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeller199851-63"},{"link_name":"The Actors Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actors_Fund_of_America"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-later-32"}],"text":"Mr. Harris' will was filed in probate court with the bulk of the estate going to his wife.[25][46] After his death, there was much speculation in the theater world as to whether his widow would sell her husband's company and theaters, or if she would try to manage them and produce plays herself. At first, Harris was unsure about what she wanted to do. After talking with her father-in-law and remembering that her husband once told her, \"You are a better businessman than I am.\", she decided to continue her husband's business with the assistance of William Harris, Sr. Both were in accord that the business would be run as Mr. Harris did.[2][47][48] The business became known as the Estate of Henry B. Harris with Harris being known professionally as Mrs. Henry B. Harris.[15][49] The decision to carry on in her husband's stead made Renee Harris the first female theatrical manager and producer in the on Broadway.[50][51][52] Harris continued alone in this field until 1922 when Anne Nichols, a playwright, also began managing plays.[53] Both Harris and Nichols were mentioned as being among the top woman directors of plays in 1922.[54]Harris in 1959 with portrait of Henry B. Harris. The portrait was all she was able to take from the Hudson Theatre.When Mr. Harris' will was settled, no one was prepared for the news that his debts outweighed his assets.[8][47][55] Harris' father-in-law took a look at the situation and advised his daughter-in-law to give up the company. She refused because it seemed to her that doing so would be an insult to Mr. Harris' name and memory.[2][8][47] She threw herself into play production and sold various assets; Harris paid her husband's debts.[2][8][56][57] After these bills were paid, Harris was able to live the lifestyle she had enjoyed before Titanic. She owned homes in New York, Maine and Florida and racehorses and was also able to travel regularly again.[2][42][58] During this period, Harris married three times; each marriage ended in divorce.[42][59][60] Her last marriage ended in 1927 with Harris describing her spouse as \"nothing but a source of expense\" to her.[61] Harris summed this up by saying, \"I have had four marriages, but only one husband.\"[2][42][62]Harris was on an around the world trip in 1929 when her business manager wired, asking her to come home. She had invested heavily in stocks that appeared to be safe, but they did not survive the market's 1929 crash. At the same time, there were no productions able to fill the theater; the Depression meant little to no money spent on entertainment.[2][45][58][63] Harris was offered the chance for The Green Pastures at the Hudson Theatre and eagerly signed the production. When construction of the play's sets began, it was found that building a treadmill necessary for the production would damage the theater's foundation. Playwright Marc Connelly canceled the contract with the Hudson and moved the play to the Mansfield Theatre.[64][f]Harris gradually sold off assets to stay afloat.[65] She had an extensive collection of antiques; all were gone by 1931 to make ends meet.[45] By 1932, she had lost the Hudson Theatre she and Mr. Harris had built. The bank instituted foreclosure proceedings for the theater's $500.000 mortgage.[45][64][66] Harris had earlier been offered $1 million for the theater, but she refused to sell it.[63][66] All she was able to take from the theater was a large portrait of her husband.[2] After the theater was gone, Harris worked at a variety of jobs. She had a small interior decorating business at one point and by 1937, had a job through WPA.[67][68] By 1940, Harris' home was a single room in an inexpensive New York hotel.[29][45][58] During his lifetime, Mr. Harris was a generous supporter of The Actors Fund; the charity helped to support his widow in her later years.[29]","title":"Changes in fortune"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Damaged Goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaged_Goods_(play)"},{"link_name":"Eugène Brieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Brieux"},{"link_name":"prostitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution"},{"link_name":"syphilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukhonina2016-2"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201269%E2%80%9370-61"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-survivor-75"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eagle-76"},{"link_name":"Richard Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bennett_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eagle-76"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukhonina2016-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeller199850-9"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201269%E2%80%9370-61"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201373-77"},{"link_name":"Bayard Veiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_Veiller"},{"link_name":"brothel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothel"},{"link_name":"Shubert Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubert_Theatre_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"white slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-places-16"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201373-77"},{"link_name":"Barbara Stanwyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck"},{"link_name":"Mae Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Willard Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Mack"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsen2015-82"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201367-83"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsen2015-82"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201367-83"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeller199850-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201372-17"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201270%E2%80%9371-85"},{"link_name":"Moss Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Hart"},{"link_name":"Rochester, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200616%E2%80%9317-86"},{"link_name":"Kodaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukhonina2016-2"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeller199851-63"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukhonina2016-2"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeller199851-63"}],"text":"Harris' first theater production was Damaged Goods, an English production of Eugène Brieux's 1901 play, Les Avariés. Presenting the play, which deals with prostitution and syphilis, was a daring move. Both Harris and her father-in-law knew that Mr. Harris had read the play and intended to present it after returning home from Europe.[2][56][69][70] Actor and co-producer Richard Bennett had been turned down by many theater managers once the subject of the play was known. Many actors were also frightened off by the thought of not working again as a result of appearing in the play.[70] The presentation was considered a great success.[2][8][56][71]The presentation of Bayard Veiller's play, The Fight created unexpected problems for Harris and her father-in-law. The play deals with ridding a small Colorado town of a brothel. At the same time it was being presented, the Shubert Theatre was presenting The Lure, which also dealt with the subject of prostitution and white slavery. New York's police commissioner decided both plays were \"immoral\", and wanted an injunction to shut them down and to have the plays' producers arrested.[72][73][74] To bring the controversy regarding The Fight to an end, Veiller struck the play's second act.[75]Harris believed there were many performing and non-performing places for women in theater.[14][71] She was also quick to recognize talented young actors and playwrights. Harris first saw Barbara Stanwyck (then Ruby Stevens) and her two friends Mae Clarke and Dorothy Shepherd when they were dancing in the chorus at a New York nightclub. Harris was casting for members of the chorus for the production of Willard Mack's The Noose.[76][77] She thought there was something special about the trio, so she asked them to come to her office at the Hudson Theatre. Harris asked each of them to read a few lines, then hired them for speaking parts in the play with Stanwyck in the role of Dot.[76][77][78] Stanwyck's role as Dot was enlarged when Harris suggested this character fall in love with the young man instead of the governor's daughter.[8][15][79]Harris had invested in Moss Hart's first effort at play writing, The Beloved Bandit. The play was tried out in Rochester, New York, but was a failure. It was taken on to Chicago, where it met the same fate as it had in Rochester; the production was closed after the first night and the planned Broadway production was canceled.[80] Harris had seen something more in the young man than this failure. She told him in Rochester, \"The way it went tonight doesn't bother me a bit. You know why? First, this is Rochester-and what the hell does Rochester know about anything except Kodaks?\"[2][58] Hart went on to a notable career as a playwright, director and screenwriter. He later said he likely would have given up without the encouragement of Harris. Hart's description of her was, \"Rich, racy and of infinite good humor.\"[2][58]","title":"Theater work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lord"},{"link_name":"A Night to Remember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Night_to_Remember_(book)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELord2013-49"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-later-32"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELord2013-49"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-71"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2012311%E2%80%93312-88"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"A Night to Remember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Night_to_Remember_(1958_film)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-survivor-75"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Doctors Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_Hospital_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-10"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-71"},{"link_name":"Ferncliff Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferncliff_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Hartsdale, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartsdale,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"text":"When Walter Lord began writing A Night to Remember, he located and interviewed more than 60 persons who had survived the disaster.[45][81] Harris was one of those interviewed by Lord; the two began a friendship that lasted until Harris' death in 1969.[29][45][65] She had previously been invited to the premiere of a 1953 film about the sinking, Titanic, but shunned the publicity affairs of it.[82][83] Despite an injured hip, Harris was able to take part in the events surrounding the 1958 film based on Lord's book, A Night to Remember, but was not able to watch the film.[69][84]Harris died September 2, 1969, at New York's Doctors Hospital; she was 93 years old. Many years prior to her death, she summed up her life by saying, \"If I had my life to live over, I wouldn't change it. After all, I had 10 wonderful, happy, superb, unforgettable years with my first husband. He spoiled me for any other man in the world.\"[9][65] She is interred in the Shrine of Memories mausoleum at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.[85] Harris donated her personal papers to the Wisconsin Historical Society.[86]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-passport-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewster2012-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitania"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revolvers-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revolvers2-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELord2013-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201275-69"}],"text":"^ Harris did not use the correct year of her birth for her passport application.[3]\n\n^ Langtry had a romance with the King when he was Prince of Wales,[6]\n\n^ Three years later, Charles Klein died in the sinking of the Lusitania.[21]\n\n^ Mrs. Taussig and her daughter left Titanic on this lifeboat. Mr. Taussig perished on the ship.[32][33]\n\n^ When the claims were settled, White Star limited a maximum claim to $50,000. The agreement was reached in 1915; there were no payments until 1916. White Star claimed it had limited liability and would be paying six times as much as it believed was due under such an agreement.[45]\n\n^ The play ran for 640 performances at the Mansfield.[64]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Titanic: A Night Remembered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lBQWD4fhCN4C&q=editions:bAn37hH5aq8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-8528-5500-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8528-5500-0"},{"link_name":"On Board RMS Titanic: Memories of the Maiden Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=md4SDQAAQBAJ&q=renee+harris&pg=PT357"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7524-8305-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-8305-4"},{"link_name":"Broadway: An Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Ib2awFyFUKoC&q=henry+b+harris&pg=PT260"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-1359-5020-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1359-5020-0"},{"link_name":"Gilded Lives, Fatal Voyage: The Titanic's First-Class Passengers and Their World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yM5PwnLQLOAC&q=harris+titanic&pg=PT393"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-3079-8471-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3079-8471-5"},{"link_name":"Moss Hart: A Prince of the Theatre : a Biography in Three Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mosshartprinceof0000brow"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8230-7890-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-7890-5"},{"link_name":"Inspired!: True Stories Behind Famous Art, Literature, Music, and Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FXqHDQAAQBAJ&q=renee+harris&pg=PT85"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-9384-5082-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9384-5082-2"},{"link_name":"Unsinkable: The Full Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5NykAwAAQBAJ&q=renee+harris&pg=PA42"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-8483-2641-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8483-2641-5"},{"link_name":"Titanic Captain: The Life of Edward John Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=55gTDQAAQBAJ&q=harris+titanic&pg=PT271"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7524-6777-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6777-1"},{"link_name":"Titanic: Women and Children First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dfkiBcUMXw8C&q=renee+harris&pg=PA48"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-3930-4666-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3930-4666-3"},{"link_name":"Titanic: One Newspaper, Seven Days, and the Truth That Shocked the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=o35hXKZrOc8C&q=editions:4gvjedVm4s8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4022-5667-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4022-5667-7"},{"link_name":"The Good Years: From 1900 to the First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rh8xDwAAQBAJ&q=mrs.+henry+b.+harris&pg=PT331"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-3514-8204-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3514-8204-2"},{"link_name":"Stanwyck: A Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KXHkBgAAQBAJ&q=barbara+stanwyck"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-5040-0861-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5040-0861-7"},{"link_name":"Sinking of the Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=UpgTDQAAQBAJ&q=henry+b+harris&pg=PT34"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7524-6763-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6763-4"},{"link_name":"The Complete Titanic Chronicles: A Night to Remember and The Night Lives On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QLMvMyaJP4gC&q=a+night+to+remember"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4804-1058-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4804-1058-9"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/mdp.39015005210292","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015005210292"},{"link_name":"Voices from the Titanic: The Epic Story of the Tragedy from the People Who Were There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RAkPaMo30NsC&q=henry+b+harris&pg=PT71"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-6208-7271-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6208-7271-0"},{"link_name":"Shadow of the Titanic: The Extraordinary Stories of Those Who Survived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BNFZfsCDDoUC&q=renee+harris&pg=PA369"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4516-7156-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-7156-8"},{"link_name":"A Life of Barbara Stanwyck: Steel-True 1907-1940, Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yZzzAQAAQBAJ&q=henry+b+harris&pg=PA72"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-6848-3168-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6848-3168-8"}],"text":"Barczewski, Stephanie (2006). Titanic: A Night Remembered. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-8528-5500-0.\nBehe, George (2012). On Board RMS Titanic: Memories of the Maiden Voyage. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-8305-4.\nBloom, Ken (2013). Broadway: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-1359-5020-0.\nBrewster, Hugh (2012). Gilded Lives, Fatal Voyage: The Titanic's First-Class Passengers and Their World. Crown/Archetype. ISBN 978-0-3079-8471-5.\nBrown, Jared (2006). Moss Hart: A Prince of the Theatre : a Biography in Three Acts. Back Stage Books. ISBN 978-0-8230-7890-5. bandit lyceum.\nBukhonina, Maria (2016). Inspired!: True Stories Behind Famous Art, Literature, Music, and Film. Museyon Inc. ISBN 978-1-9384-5082-2.\nButler, Daniel Allen (2012). Unsinkable: The Full Story. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-8483-2641-5.\nCooper, G.J. (2011). Titanic Captain: The Life of Edward John Smith. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6777-1.\nGeller, Judith B. (1998). Titanic: Women and Children First. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3930-4666-3.\nHines, Stephen (2011). Titanic: One Newspaper, Seven Days, and the Truth That Shocked the World. Sourcebooks Inc. ISBN 978-1-4022-5667-7.\nLasswell, Harold D. (2017). The Good Years: From 1900 to the First World War. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-3514-8204-2.\nMadsen, Axel (2015). Stanwyck: A Biography. Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-5040-0861-7.\nMarshall, Logan (2011). Sinking of the Titanic. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6763-4.\nLord, Walter (2013). The Complete Titanic Chronicles: A Night to Remember and The Night Lives On. Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-4804-1058-9.\nMowbray, Jay Henry (1912). Sinking of the Titanic. National Publishing. hdl:2027/mdp.39015005210292.\nTibballs, Geoff (2012). Voices from the Titanic: The Epic Story of the Tragedy from the People Who Were There. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1-6208-7271-0.\nWilson, Andrew (2012). Shadow of the Titanic: The Extraordinary Stories of Those Who Survived. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-7156-8.\nWilson, Victoria (2013). A Life of Barbara Stanwyck: Steel-True 1907-1940, Volume 1. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-6848-3168-8.","title":"Sources cited"}]
[{"image_text":"Harris was a passenger in Collapsible D after leaving the Titanic.[30]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Titanic_lifeboat.jpg/220px-Titanic_lifeboat.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harris in 1959 with portrait of Henry B. Harris. The portrait was all she was able to take from the Hudson Theatre.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Renee_Harris_with_portrait_1959.jpg/220px-Renee_Harris_with_portrait_1959.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"District of Columbia Births & Christenings, 1830-1955\". FamilySearch.org. Retrieved November 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://onedrive.live.com/?authkey=%21AO0cXkIzYirkLW4&cid=3A599D9C0D4AF47E&id=3A599D9C0D4AF47E%211687&parId=root&o=OneUp","url_text":"\"District of Columbia Births & Christenings, 1830-1955\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renee Harris passport application-1920\". FamilySearch.org. Retrieved November 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://onedrive.live.com/?authkey=%21AB5sj8YptbFgQ7s&cid=3A599D9C0D4AF47E&id=3A599D9C0D4AF47E%211685&parId=root&o=OneUp","url_text":"\"Renee Harris passport application-1920\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dead May Include Washington Men\". The Washington Post. April 16, 1912. p. 14. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15254475/renee_harris_background/","url_text":"\"Dead May Include Washington Men\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legal Notice by Rachel Wallach re: insurance payment for the death of her husband, Phillip\". Evening Star. November 25, 1889. p. 1. Retrieved November 21, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15256030/renee_wallaceparents_phillip_and/","url_text":"\"Legal Notice by Rachel Wallach re: insurance payment for the death of her husband, Phillip\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renee Harris, 93, First Woman To Produce Plays Here, Is Dead\". New York Times. September 3, 1969. p. 47. Retrieved November 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1969/09/03/archives/renee-harris-93-first-woman-to-produce-plays-here-is-dead.html","url_text":"\"Renee Harris, 93, First Woman To Produce Plays Here, Is Dead\""}]},{"reference":"\"The World of Society\". Evening Star. October 19, 1899. p. 8. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15254512/henry_harris_and_renee_married_in_ny/","url_text":"\"The World of Society\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Henry B. Harris\". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 16, 1913. p. 5. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9196449/henry_b_harris_obit/","url_text":"\"Henry B. Harris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Theater Owner and Producer, Who Sailed on Titanic, Not Listed With Survivors\". San Francisco Chronicle. April 18, 1912. p. 2. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9196673/henry_b_harris_lost/","url_text":"\"Theater Owner and Producer, Who Sailed on Titanic, Not Listed With Survivors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Greene, Mabel (April 3, 1927). \"Woman's Place in the Theatre\". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 98. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9199362/mrs_henry_b_harris_1927/","url_text":"\"Woman's Place in the Theatre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Miss Stahl's Return\". London Standard. April 11, 1912. p. 5. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspaperarchive.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/we-hope-celebrity-clipping-apr-11-1912-468931/","url_text":"\"Miss Stahl's Return\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperarchive.com","url_text":"Newspaperarchive.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Americans Of Note Lost on Lusitania\". Evening Star. May 9, 1915. p. 8. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspaperarchive.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15300864/charles_klein_lusitania/","url_text":"\"Americans Of Note Lost on Lusitania\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperarchive.com","url_text":"Newspaperarchive.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Titanic On Maiden Trip\". The Frederick Post. April 10, 1912. p. 8. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspaperarchive.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15301385/titanic_sails/","url_text":"\"Titanic On Maiden Trip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperarchive.com","url_text":"Newspaperarchive.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Survivors Recall Sinking of Titanic\". The Pittsburgh Press. April 15, 1964. p. 45. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15255681/renee_harris_titanic_1964/","url_text":"\"Survivors Recall Sinking of Titanic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Morehouse, Ward (July 1, 1966). \"Broadway After Dark\". The Glens Falls Times. p. 4. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15299859/renee_harris_actors_fund_1966/","url_text":"\"Broadway After Dark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Threatened with Revolvers\". Courier-Journal. April 20, 1912. p. 1. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9200159/threat_%5b%5brevolver%5d%5ds/","url_text":"\"Threatened with Revolvers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Threatened with revolvers 2\". Courier-Journal. April 20, 1912. p. 2. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9200180/revolvers_2/","url_text":"\"Threatened with revolvers 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. Henry B. Harris\". Courier-Journal. April 20, 1912. p. 1. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9200141/mrs_harris_account/","url_text":"\"Mrs. Henry B. Harris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Ismay Was Not in Last Boat\". Salt Lake Tribune. April 23, 1912. p. 3. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9202910/mrs_harris_last_boat/","url_text":"\"Ismay Was Not in Last Boat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"In Memory of Henry B. Harris\". New York Times. April 29, 1912. p. 3. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15321492/henry_b_harris_memorial_service_at/","url_text":"\"In Memory of Henry B. Harris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Unknown Dead To Rest In Halifax\". The Decatur Herald. May 2, 1912. p. 1. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15322045/henry_b_harris_halifax/","url_text":"\"Unknown Dead To Rest In Halifax\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Asks Million For A Death\". Abilene Daily Chronicle. January 16, 1913. p. 1. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15254557/renee_harris_sues_for_1million_for/","url_text":"\"Asks Million For A Death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Leaves Estate To Wife\". Evening Star. May 11, 1912. p. 3. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15254537/henry_harris_will/","url_text":"\"Leaves Estate To Wife\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Sequel To A Story Of Two Politicians\". The Anaconda Standard. May 31, 1912. p. 8. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://onedrive.live.com/?authkey=%21AL4AhD9A1EmUeEc&cid=3A599D9C0D4AF47E&id=3A599D9C0D4AF47E%211717&parId=3A599D9C0D4AF47E%21157&o=OneUp","url_text":"\"Sequel To A Story Of Two Politicians\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Harris, Sr. In Charge\". Variety: 1. May 4, 1912. Retrieved November 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/variety26-1912-05#page/n1/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Harris, Sr. In Charge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feminine Appeal Puts Plays Over\". The Boston Post. November 12, 1920. p. 18. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9203637/mrs_henry_b_harris_1920/","url_text":"\"Feminine Appeal Puts Plays Over\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"The Publicity Record Holders\". Theatre Magazine. Theatre Magazine Company: 244. November 1922. Retrieved November 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pu1LAQAAIAAJ&q=mrs.+henry+b.+harris&pg=RA1-PA244","url_text":"\"The Publicity Record Holders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chez Mons, Harris\". Theatre Magazine. Theatre Magazine Company: 322. October 1922. Retrieved November 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pu1LAQAAIAAJ&q=mrs.+henry+b.+harris&pg=RA1-PA244","url_text":"\"Chez Mons, Harris\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deficit In Harris Estate\". New York Times. July 2, 1914. p. 9. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9205364/henry_b_harris_estate/","url_text":"\"Deficit In Harris Estate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Frazee Harris Theater Owner\". The Evening News. March 29, 1920. p. 10. Retrieved November 24, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15309220/frazee_buys_harris_theater_1920/","url_text":"\"Frazee Harris Theater Owner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Titanic Widow Weds N.Y Theatrical Man\". Pine Bluff Daily Graphic. May 11, 1916. p. 2. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15255577/renee_harris_weds_consolloy_1916/","url_text":"\"Titanic Widow Weds N.Y Theatrical Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Widow Of Theatrical Manager To Wed Broker\". The Indianapolis Star. September 13, 1922. p. 7. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15254495/renee_harris_marries_barber_1922/","url_text":"\"Widow Of Theatrical Manager To Wed Broker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Husband, Costly; New York Woman Sues For Divorce\". Wilkes-Barre Times Leader; the Evening News. November 4, 1927. p. 8. Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15254429/renee_harris_divorces_simmonslast/","url_text":"\"Husband, Costly; New York Woman Sues For Divorce\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Landry, Robert J. (September 10, 1969). \"Theatre Owner-Producer Was Linked to Another Broadway Era\". Variety. Daily Variety. ISSN 0042-2738. Retrieved November 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/mrs-henry-b-renee-harris-dies.html","url_text":"\"Theatre Owner-Producer Was Linked to Another Broadway Era\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0042-2738","url_text":"0042-2738"}]},{"reference":"James, Rian (November 27, 1933). \"Hollywood\". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Retrieved November 25, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15254585/renee_harris_interior_decorator_1933/","url_text":"\"Hollywood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Ed (April 1, 1937). \"Broadway\". The Pittsburgh Press. p. 27. Retrieved November 25, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15254678/renee_harris_gets_wpa_job_1937/","url_text":"\"Broadway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Cloud, Barbara (March 5, 1959). \"Survivots of 'Titanic' Here As Film Of Disaster Opens\". The Pittsburgh Press. p. 40. Retrieved November 25, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15177612/renee_harris/","url_text":"\"Survivots of 'Titanic' Here As Film Of Disaster Opens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Producing \"Damaged Goods\"\". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 4, 1913. p. 36 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15342334/damaged_goods_harris/","url_text":"\"Producing \"Damaged Goods\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Police May Close \"Fight\" and \"Lure\"\". The Sun. September 7, 1913. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15365088/fight_harris/","url_text":"\"Police May Close \"Fight\" and \"Lure\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Police Go To Court To Stop Two Plays\". The Sun. September 7, 1913. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15365134/the_fight_harris/","url_text":"\"Police Go To Court To Stop Two Plays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Veiller, Bayard (September 21, 1913). \"Author Of \"The Fight\" Defends Red Light Drama\". New York Times. p. 43 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15254898/renee_harristhe_fightre_brothels_1913/","url_text":"\"Author Of \"The Fight\" Defends Red Light Drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"White Slave Plays Again On Trial\". New York Times. September 12, 1913. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15366850/fight_3_harris/","url_text":"\"White Slave Plays Again On Trial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Cast of \"The Noose\" (1926-1927)\". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved November 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-noose-10141","url_text":"\"Cast of \"The Noose\" (1926-1927)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walter Lord, wrote Titanic classic\". Star Tribune. Associated Press. May 21, 2002. Retrieved November 26, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15382010/walter_lord_harris/","url_text":"\"Walter Lord, wrote Titanic classic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Survivors Watch The Titanic Go Down Again\". Life Magazine. Time=Life: 91–96. May 15, 1053. Retrieved November 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l0YEAAAAMBAJ&q=life+magazine+1953+titanic","url_text":"\"Survivors Watch The Titanic Go Down Again\""}]},{"reference":"Boyle, Hal (January 7, 1959). \"A Night to Forget\". The Tampa Times. p. 5. Retrieved November 26, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15255067/renee_harris_talks_about_titanic/","url_text":"\"A Night to Forget\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Renee Harris crypt-Ferncliff Cemetery\". Encyclopedia Titanica. 20 August 2004. Retrieved November 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/crypt-engraving-harris-ferncliff-mausoleum.html","url_text":"\"Renee Harris crypt-Ferncliff Cemetery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renee Harris Papers\". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved November 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/wiarchives.uw-whs-us0127an","url_text":"\"Renee Harris Papers\""}]},{"reference":"Barczewski, Stephanie (2006). Titanic: A Night Remembered. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-8528-5500-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lBQWD4fhCN4C&q=editions:bAn37hH5aq8C","url_text":"Titanic: A Night Remembered"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8528-5500-0","url_text":"978-1-8528-5500-0"}]},{"reference":"Behe, George (2012). On Board RMS Titanic: Memories of the Maiden Voyage. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-8305-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=md4SDQAAQBAJ&q=renee+harris&pg=PT357","url_text":"On Board RMS Titanic: Memories of the Maiden Voyage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-8305-4","url_text":"978-0-7524-8305-4"}]},{"reference":"Bloom, Ken (2013). Broadway: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-1359-5020-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib2awFyFUKoC&q=henry+b+harris&pg=PT260","url_text":"Broadway: An Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1359-5020-0","url_text":"978-1-1359-5020-0"}]},{"reference":"Brewster, Hugh (2012). Gilded Lives, Fatal Voyage: The Titanic's First-Class Passengers and Their World. Crown/Archetype. ISBN 978-0-3079-8471-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yM5PwnLQLOAC&q=harris+titanic&pg=PT393","url_text":"Gilded Lives, Fatal Voyage: The Titanic's First-Class Passengers and Their World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3079-8471-5","url_text":"978-0-3079-8471-5"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Jared (2006). Moss Hart: A Prince of the Theatre : a Biography in Three Acts. Back Stage Books. ISBN 978-0-8230-7890-5. bandit lyceum.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mosshartprinceof0000brow","url_text":"Moss Hart: A Prince of the Theatre : a Biography in Three Acts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-7890-5","url_text":"978-0-8230-7890-5"}]},{"reference":"Bukhonina, Maria (2016). Inspired!: True Stories Behind Famous Art, Literature, Music, and Film. Museyon Inc. ISBN 978-1-9384-5082-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FXqHDQAAQBAJ&q=renee+harris&pg=PT85","url_text":"Inspired!: True Stories Behind Famous Art, Literature, Music, and Film"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9384-5082-2","url_text":"978-1-9384-5082-2"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Daniel Allen (2012). Unsinkable: The Full Story. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-8483-2641-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5NykAwAAQBAJ&q=renee+harris&pg=PA42","url_text":"Unsinkable: The Full Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8483-2641-5","url_text":"978-1-8483-2641-5"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, G.J. (2011). Titanic Captain: The Life of Edward John Smith. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6777-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=55gTDQAAQBAJ&q=harris+titanic&pg=PT271","url_text":"Titanic Captain: The Life of Edward John Smith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6777-1","url_text":"978-0-7524-6777-1"}]},{"reference":"Geller, Judith B. (1998). Titanic: Women and Children First. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3930-4666-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dfkiBcUMXw8C&q=renee+harris&pg=PA48","url_text":"Titanic: Women and Children First"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3930-4666-3","url_text":"978-0-3930-4666-3"}]},{"reference":"Hines, Stephen (2011). Titanic: One Newspaper, Seven Days, and the Truth That Shocked the World. Sourcebooks Inc. ISBN 978-1-4022-5667-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o35hXKZrOc8C&q=editions:4gvjedVm4s8C","url_text":"Titanic: One Newspaper, Seven Days, and the Truth That Shocked the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4022-5667-7","url_text":"978-1-4022-5667-7"}]},{"reference":"Lasswell, Harold D. (2017). The Good Years: From 1900 to the First World War. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-3514-8204-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rh8xDwAAQBAJ&q=mrs.+henry+b.+harris&pg=PT331","url_text":"The Good Years: From 1900 to the First World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3514-8204-2","url_text":"978-1-3514-8204-2"}]},{"reference":"Madsen, Axel (2015). Stanwyck: A Biography. Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-5040-0861-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KXHkBgAAQBAJ&q=barbara+stanwyck","url_text":"Stanwyck: A Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5040-0861-7","url_text":"978-1-5040-0861-7"}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Logan (2011). Sinking of the Titanic. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6763-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UpgTDQAAQBAJ&q=henry+b+harris&pg=PT34","url_text":"Sinking of the Titanic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6763-4","url_text":"978-0-7524-6763-4"}]},{"reference":"Lord, Walter (2013). The Complete Titanic Chronicles: A Night to Remember and The Night Lives On. Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-4804-1058-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QLMvMyaJP4gC&q=a+night+to+remember","url_text":"The Complete Titanic Chronicles: A Night to Remember and The Night Lives On"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4804-1058-9","url_text":"978-1-4804-1058-9"}]},{"reference":"Mowbray, Jay Henry (1912). Sinking of the Titanic. National Publishing. hdl:2027/mdp.39015005210292.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015005210292","url_text":"2027/mdp.39015005210292"}]},{"reference":"Tibballs, Geoff (2012). Voices from the Titanic: The Epic Story of the Tragedy from the People Who Were There. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_peoples
Zapotec peoples
["1 Name","2 History","3 Culture","3.1 Language","3.2 Religion","4 Zapotec women","4.1 Women's autonomy","4.2 Household function","4.3 Labor function","5 Notable Zapotecs in History","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Ethnic group Ethnic group ZapotecBën zaTotal populationc. 400,000-650,000Regions with significant populations Mexico 400,000-650,000LanguagesZapotec, Spanish, English, Albarradas Sign LanguageReligionChristianity: Roman Catholicism, traditional beliefsRelated ethnic groupsChatinos The Zapotec (Valley Zapotec: Bën za) are an indigenous people of Mexico. The population is concentrated in the southern state of Oaxaca, but Zapotec communities also exist in neighboring states. The present-day population is estimated at 400,000 to 650,000 persons, many of whom are monolingual in one of the native Zapotec languages and dialects. In pre-Columbian times, the Zapotec civilization was one of the highly developed cultures of Mesoamerica that had a system of writing. Many people of Zapotec ancestry have emigrated to the United States over several decades. They maintain their own social organizations in the Los Angeles and Central Valley areas of California. There are four basic groups of Zapotec: the istmeños, who live in the southern Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the serranos, who live in the northern mountains of the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca; the southern Zapotec, who live in the southern mountains of the Sierra Sur; and the Central Valley Zapotec, who live in and around the Valley of Oaxaca. Name The Zapotecs call themselves Bën Za, which means “The People.” For decades it was believed that the exonym name Zapotec came from the Nahuatl tzapotēcah (singular tzapotēcatl), which means "inhabitants of the place of sapote". Recent studies carried out by UNAM argue that it may be a hybrid word and should be written Zapochteca or Zaapochteca and comes from "za / zaa" (cloud) and "pochteca" (merchant). History Main article: Zapotec civilization Palace of Mitla, capital of the Zapotec civilization between the 8th and 14th centuries. Although several theories of the origin of the Zapotec peoples exist, including some possibly influenced in the post-conquest period, scholars largely agree the Zapotecs inhabited the Central Valley of Oaxaca as early as 500–300 BCE, during what is considered the Monte Alban I period. During this period, the Zapotecs established a significant system of governance over the population of the region. The Monte Alban periods, of which five have been categorized, lasted from 500 BCE to the time of conquest in 1521 AD. Yet archaeological evidence from the site of Monte Alban, "the first city in ancient Mesoamerica" has revealed settlement of the region as far back as 1150 BCE. Scholars have been able to correlate with the Formative, Classic, and post-Classic periods of civilization in the region within the greater Mesoamerican history through these discoveries. The Formative stage, from about 500 BCE to 200 AD of which the periods of Monte Alban I and II are attributed to, is characterized by a shift to sedentary settlements and the practice of agriculture for subsistence. From 200 to 900 AD in the Monte Alban III period, the Classic stage witnessed the rise of social and political structures in the Zapotec civilization. This period also saw a surge in religious activity within the state leadership of the society. Later, during the "Militaristic stage" of Monte Alban IV–V from around 900–1521 AD, a rise in military influence common among Mesoamerican societies led states to become mired in warfare and "cults of war". Culture Language Main article: Zapotec languages Map showing the location of the Zapotec Civilization, developed in the Pre-Columbian Era in Mesoamerica. The Zapotecan language group is composed of over 60 variants of Zapotecan, as well as the closely related Chatino language. The major variant is Isthmus Zapotec, which is spoken on the Pacific coastal plain of Southern Oaxaca's Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Religion Though the Zapotecs are now largely Catholics, some of their ancient beliefs and practices, such as the burial of the dead with valuables, still survive. Some images of local Catholic saints resemble the old gods of the Zapotecs. One example is of San Pedro who resembles the Zapotec rain god Cocijo. The first missionaries among the Zapotecs were Bartolomé de Olmeda, a Mercedarian, and Juan Díaz, a secular priest, who was killed by the natives in Quechula near Tepeaca for having "overthrown their idols". Notably, while the Virgen de Guadalupe is a notable Catholic figure in most of Mexico and Latin America, the Virgen de Juquila is a Catholic Marian devotion founded in the town of Santa Catarina Juquila, in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. Many Zapotec Catholic people participate in an annual pilgrimage to visit the statue during festivities lasting from December 7 to December 9. At the time of the Spanish conquest of the New World, church and state were not separate in Zapotec society. In fact, the Zapotec lord was trained in religious practice as a requirement prior to taking power. There were large temples built called yo hopèe, the house of the vital force, in which the priests performed religious rites. In the spiritual realm the pè, or life force, lived within various natural elements including wind, breath and was believed to be the spirit, or vital force, of all beings. The priests, known as Copa pitào, who were mostly selected from the nobility, were provided their religious training before taking a position among the religious hierarchy. Commoners were also selected and trained to join the priesthood, but they were only allowed to join the lower ranks. The highest position was held by the ouija-tào, great seer, who was likened to the Pope in the Catholic church by Spanish accounts of the sixteenth century. However, the ouija-tào did not live in Monte Alban, but rather in one of the other urban centers of the Zapotecs in the sub-valley area of Mitla. As a polytheistic religion, the Zapotecs attributed several elements of the natural world to their gods. In the religious practice of the Valley Zapotecs, the primary god was Pitao Cozobi who was associated with maize and agriculture. Other gods include, Cocijo the god of rain and lightning (similar to the Toltec god, Tlaloc); Pitao Cozaana the creator of man, animals and the god of ancestors; Pitao Hichaana the goddess of man and animals as well as children, also considered the Mother goddess; Pitao Pezelao god of the underworld, death, and the earth; Copijcha the Sun god and god of war; Pitao Xicala god of love, dreams, and excess. Zapotec women Zapotec women in the Mexican state of Oaxaca play a variety of social roles in their families and communities. As is true for many other cultures, Zapotec women have historically had a different place in society than men. These roles are in the context of marriage, childbearing, and work. Within them, they make up a vital part of the fabric that is Zapotec Oaxaca. Women's autonomy Statue of La Tehuana Zapotec Woman adorning traditional Zapotec attire Much of Zapotec social life is strongly segregated by sex. Men and women often work separately, coming together to eat in the morning and evening, and during ritual occasions, they remain separate except when dancing." The purity of women is highly valued and their sexual and social autonomy can be hindered as a result. "Most women in the community, whether old or young, are concerned with protecting their sexual reputations. Many girls are still strictly watched and not allowed to walk the streets alone after the age of ten or eleven." Though this is seen as a way to protect the women, it ultimately restricts their behavior. Women are generally free to choose romantic partners; monogamy is valued, but having multiple sexual partners is not. However, for men and women this differs slightly; again for women virginity is regarded as important, even to the extent of publicly displaying the bloody sheet from the wedding night for some, an ancient Mediterranean custom brought by the Spaniards, while unmarried men are encouraged to experiment before they marry. This follows from the fact that "paternity is uncertainty." Women always know a child is their own, but a man cannot be so sure. Thus men need assurance of paternity to be willing to put in decades of support for a child. Within marriage, the degree to which women are able to exercise agency depends on the husband. Some women are very free and have the ability to do as they wish, while others may have very controlling husbands; either way, however, women's freedom is determined by their spouse. "While some men jealously guarded their wives (even insisting on driving them to the marketplace), others their wives and daughters considerable independence." The issue of domestic violence is not necessarily commonplace. Household function In addition to playing an important role in the family as wives and daughters, another important role for the Zapotec women is that of the mother. Childbearing and rearing are female duties. It is the women's job to take on the responsibility of the children, while she is also expected to be the one to take care of the household in terms of the cooking, cleaning, et cetera. In addition to all of this, many poor women are also expected to work to help support the family. "Women, therefore, must work to contribute to their family income, in addition to attending to their traditional household tasks of child care and food." Labor function In Zapotec Oaxaca, the gendered implications of labor give different tasks to men and women. Because women are also responsible for caring for the children and the home, the outside work they do must revolve around those duties. "In the past during an agriculturally dominant time, most agricultural activities associated with planting and harvesting are carried out directly by men, women also participate in the agricultural production. In particular, female household workers help with weeding and harvesting. Seldom is a female seen planting or plowing. When no male labor is available, however, women also work in planting. The majority of female labor was directed toward supplying male workers with food during agricultural activities and providing supplemental labor during weeding and harvesting." However, with the onset of globalized industry and Mexico's transition from an agricultural economy to one revolving around services and manufacturing, the ideas about women and work have been shifting dramatically. Women now see a way that they can participate in the market economy to make extra money for their families, and still are able to maintain the additional work they do at home which has no monetary value. As men are migrating for other, mostly industrial, work opportunities and agrarian work is decreasing, women have come to dominate the textile industry, which caters mainly to tourists. Weaving and factory life has become a way of life for many Zapotec women in Oaxaca. "Clothing is a relatively new industry which began about 1960. Sewing on treadle-type sewing machines has been practiced in since about 1940, when they were brought into the area by the Singer Company. Shortly after that, women who since pre-Columbian times had contributed to the subsistence of their families by weaving, began to make and design men's ready-made shirts and trousers for sale in the local market and the global markets." The industry has had a significant impact on the wage-earning opportunity of Zapotec women. Workers in Teotitlan's textile industry employ a variety of strategies and systems of production piecework production...increased direct control over production and distribution...weaving cooperatives...establishment of households and small businesses in Oaxaca... subcontracting of weaving in Teotitlan and surrounding communities." As women are increasingly working and involved in the market because of their contribution to the industry, the role they have in society is changing in relation to other aspects of their lives. "While women in the community have common social roles based on their gendered positions as wives, mothers, and daughters, these roles are modified by the position of their household as workers or merchants. In their discussions of differences among themselves, women particularly emphasized merchant or worker status, specifically in the role of each in local labor relations." The merchant has come to symbolize a higher class status than the worker because they are the individuals who essentially control the market. For Zapotec communities, occupations are divided by gender. While men have a place in the industry as overseers, it is still primarily considered to be 'women's work'. Furthermore, even though the manufacturing industry has been thriving on a global scale, because of the gender separation of labor, there is a lower value placed on the work. Local industry is not seen as a glorious business in the Zapotec community because it is essentially controlled by women. "In general, the women are considered productively inferior to men. Their ability to contribute to the economy and family are respected but, they are believed to be less capable than men as managers and their work is looked upon as insignificant. In consequence Yaletecos do not see the manufacturing industry as an industry. Although shirt making like other women's work is visible in itself, it is not an industry, but is perceived as part of the category of women's work comprising weaving, sewing, and embroidery. In contrast, men's occupations are identifiable, and a man is known by the type of work he performs." Teotiteco industrial exports, such as textiles, clothing and manufactured goods such as electronics and white goods, are being absorbed into the U.S. consumer market and shifting the local economy of Oaxaca from a small community of workers and merchants and blending them into the global marketplace. The women are producing goods which are being bought and sold not only in Mexico, but also in the United States and the rest of the world. In the central valleys of Oaxaca, the Zapotec villages often have a specific craft associated with them. In those villages, most of the people of that village will be makers of that particular product. In San Bartolo Coyotepec, they are known for their black pottery. San Martín Tilcajete people are known for their carved and brightly painted wooden figures. Although there are very specifically defined gender roles regarding industrial production, it varies by city and by technique. In larger cities, such as Oaxaca, where the industry is based around more expensive goods, such as automotive production or electronics manufacturing, men typically command factories and are engineers and directors, while women are usually in the lower positions of line workers and assistants. In villages such as San Bartolo Yautepec, where back-strap weaving is done, the weaving is done by women. These are usually lightweight fabrics used for table runners, purses and smaller items. In Teotitlán, Santa Ana del Valle and Villa Díaz Ordaz for example, rug weaving on floor looms is done primarily by men, though women also weave rugs. Women's contributions are becoming greater and many women have a certain degree of independence and autonomy through their income from weaving. But feeding, clothing and taking care of the family is usually their primary responsibility. In Mitla, fly shuttle weaving, of light-weight, but large-scale, fabrics are also more often done by men than by women, probably because of the physical effort required. Notable Zapotecs in History Benito Juarez (1806-1872) Benito Juarez: Born in Oaxaca to Zapotec parents, Benito Juarez was a liberal politician and leader of La Reforma (The Reform) in Mexico. He was the first president of Mexico of indigenous origin. See also Indigenous people of Oaxaca References ^ "INDIGENOUS ZAPOTEC PEOPLE IN MEXICO". www.prmapping.res.ku.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-14. ^ e.g. see the documentary film Blossoms of Fire ^ Diccionario del Nahuatl en el Español de México, Carlos Montemayor. UNAM 2007 p 304 ^ Marcus, Joyce; Flannery, Kent V. (1996). Zapotec Civilization: how urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05078-3. ^ Whitecotton, Joseph (1977). The Zapotecs: Princes, Priests, and Peasants. ^ Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 364. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2. ^ MacEarlean, A. A. (1913). "Zapoteca Indians" . Catholic Encyclopedia. ^ Marcus & Flannery Zapotec Civilization 1996 ^ Whitecotton, Joseph The Zapotecs: Princes, Priests, and Peasants 1977 ^ a b c Stephen, Lynn (2002). "Sexualities and Genders in Zapotec Oaxaca". Latin American Perspectives. 29 (2). Sage Publications, Inc.: 41–59. doi:10.1177/0094582X0202900203. JSTOR 3185126. S2CID 145808692. ^ Fry, Douglas P. (1992). "Female Aggression among the Zapotec of Oaxaca, Mexico" (PDF). Of Mice and Women: Aspects of Female Aggression. pp. 187–199. ^ a b c d Jopling, Carol F. (1974). "Women's Work: A Mexican Case Study of Low Status as a Tactical Advantage". Ethnology. 13 (2). University of Pittsburgh- Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education: 187–195. doi:10.2307/3773111. JSTOR 3773111. ^ a b c d Stephen, Lynn (2005). Zapotec Women: Gender, Class, and Ethnicity in Globalized Oaxaca (2nd ed.). Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3603-0. Mann, James Saumarez (1911). "Mexico" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 317–344. Further reading Browner, C. H. (1986). "Gender Roles and Social Change: A Mexican Case Study". Ethnology. 25 (2). University of Pittsburgh- Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education: 89–106. doi:10.2307/3773662. JSTOR 3773662. Chinas, Beverly (1973). The Isthmus Zapotecs: Women's Roles in Cultural Context. New York: Rinehart and Winston. Hopgood, James F. (2000). "Identity, Gender, and Myth: Expressions of Mesoamerican Change and Continuity". Latin American Research Review. 35 (2). The Latin American Studies Association: 204–215. doi:10.1017/S0023879100018549. JSTOR 2692140. S2CID 252741005. Malinowski, Sharon; Sheets, Anna (1998). "Zapotec". In Malinowski, Sharon; Sheets, Anna (eds.). The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Detroit, MI: Gale Research. Monoghan, John; Cohen, Jeffery (2000). "Thirty Years of Oaxacan Ethnography". In Monaghan, John; Edmonson, Barbara (eds.). Ethnology. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 150–178. O'Nell, Carl W.; Selby, Henry A. (1968). "Sex Differences in the Incidence of Susto in Two Zapotec Pueblos: An Analysis of the Relationships between Sex Role Expectations and a Folk Illness". Ethnology. 7 (1). University of Pittsburgh- Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education: 95–105. doi:10.2307/3772812. JSTOR 3772812. Royce, Anya Peterson (2011). Becoming an Ancestor: The Isthmus Zapotec Way of Death. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. External links Zapotec Culture (in English and Spanish) Zapotec Language (including variants, in English and Spanish) https://www.facebook.com/organizacionsantiagomatatlan vte Indigenous peoples of MexicoMore than 100,000 people Chinantec Chʼol Huastec Maya Mazahua Mazatec Mixe Mixtec Nahua Otomi Purépecha Rarámuri Tlapanec Totonac Tzeltal Tzotzil Zapotec Mexico portal20,000 – 100,000 people Amuzgo Chatino Chontal Maya Cora Cuicatec Huave Mam Mayo Popoluca Tepehuán Tojolabal Triqui Wixarika Yaqui Zoque 1,000 – 20,000 people Akatek Chichimeca Jonaz Chocho Chuj Guarijio Jakaltek Lacandon Mexicanero Ocuiltec Pame Pima Bajo Qʼanjobʼal Qʼeqchiʼ Tacuate Tepehua Less than 1,000 people Awakatek Chiricahua Cochimí Cucapá Ixcatecos Ixil Kaqchikel Kʼicheʼ Kikapú Kiliwa Kumiai Lipán Mezcalero Motozintleco Opata Paipai Seri Teko Tohono Oʼodham Western Apache vte Indigenous peoples of Oaxaca Amuzgo Chatino Chinanteco Chochotec Cuicateco Huave Ixcatec Mazateco Mixe Mixtec Oaxacan Chontal Popoluca Tacuate Trique Zapotec Zoque Authority control databases International FAST National Spain France BnF data Israel United States Czech Republic Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valley Zapotec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_languages"},{"link_name":"indigenous people of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Zapotec languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_language"},{"link_name":"dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect"},{"link_name":"pre-Columbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian"},{"link_name":"Zapotec civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_civilization"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica"},{"link_name":"system of writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_writing"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Central Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Isthmus of Tehuantepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sierra Madre de Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"Valley of Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Oaxaca"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe Zapotec (Valley Zapotec: Bën za) are an indigenous people of Mexico. The population is concentrated in the southern state of Oaxaca, but Zapotec communities also exist in neighboring states. The present-day population is estimated at 400,000 to 650,000[1] persons, many of whom are monolingual in one of the native Zapotec languages and dialects. In pre-Columbian times, the Zapotec civilization was one of the highly developed cultures of Mesoamerica that had a system of writing.Many people of Zapotec ancestry have emigrated to the United States over several decades. They maintain their own social organizations in the Los Angeles and Central Valley areas of California.There are four basic groups of Zapotec: the istmeños, who live in the southern Isthmus of Tehuantepec,[2] the serranos, who live in the northern mountains of the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca; the southern Zapotec, who live in the southern mountains of the Sierra Sur; and the Central Valley Zapotec, who live in and around the Valley of Oaxaca.","title":"Zapotec peoples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym"},{"link_name":"Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl_language"},{"link_name":"sapote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapote"},{"link_name":"UNAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNAM"},{"link_name":"hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_word"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Zapotecs call themselves Bën Za, which means “The People.”For decades it was believed that the exonym name Zapotec came from the Nahuatl tzapotēcah (singular tzapotēcatl), which means \"inhabitants of the place of sapote\". Recent studies carried out by UNAM argue that it may be a hybrid word and should be written Zapochteca or Zaapochteca and comes from \"za / zaa\" (cloud) and \"pochteca\" (merchant).[3]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:12-05oaxaca076.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mitla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitla"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Palace of Mitla, capital of the Zapotec civilization between the 8th and 14th centuries.Although several theories of the origin of the Zapotec peoples exist, including some possibly influenced in the post-conquest period, scholars largely agree the Zapotecs inhabited the Central Valley of Oaxaca as early as 500–300 BCE, during what is considered the Monte Alban I period. During this period, the Zapotecs established a significant system of governance over the population of the region. The Monte Alban periods, of which five have been categorized, lasted from 500 BCE to the time of conquest in 1521 AD. Yet archaeological evidence from the site of Monte Alban, \"the first city in ancient Mesoamerica\"[4] has revealed settlement of the region as far back as 1150 BCE. Scholars have been able to correlate with the Formative, Classic, and post-Classic periods of civilization in the region within the greater Mesoamerican history through these discoveries.The Formative stage, from about 500 BCE to 200 AD of which the periods of Monte Alban I and II are attributed to, is characterized by a shift to sedentary settlements and the practice of agriculture for subsistence. From 200 to 900 AD in the Monte Alban III period, the Classic stage witnessed the rise of social and political structures in the Zapotec civilization. This period also saw a surge in religious activity within the state leadership of the society. Later, during the \"Militaristic stage\" of Monte Alban IV–V from around 900–1521 AD, a rise in military influence common among Mesoamerican societies led states to become mired in warfare and \"cults of war\".[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zapotecos.png"},{"link_name":"Chatino language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatino_language"},{"link_name":"Isthmus Zapotec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_Zapotec"},{"link_name":"Isthmus of Tehuantepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"Map showing the location of the Zapotec Civilization, developed in the Pre-Columbian Era in Mesoamerica.The Zapotecan language group is composed of over 60 variants of Zapotecan, as well as the closely related Chatino language. The major variant is Isthmus Zapotec, which is spoken on the Pacific coastal plain of Southern Oaxaca's Isthmus of Tehuantepec.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bartolomé de Olmeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bartolom%C3%A9_de_Olmeda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mercedarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy"},{"link_name":"secular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular"},{"link_name":"Quechula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechula"},{"link_name":"Tepeaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepeaca"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Toltec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toltec"},{"link_name":"Tlaloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaloc"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Though the Zapotecs are now largely Catholics, some of their ancient beliefs and practices, such as the burial of the dead with valuables, still survive. Some images of local Catholic saints resemble the old gods of the Zapotecs. One example is of San Pedro who resembles the Zapotec rain god Cocijo.[6] The first missionaries among the Zapotecs were Bartolomé de Olmeda, a Mercedarian, and Juan Díaz, a secular priest, who was killed by the natives in Quechula near Tepeaca for having \"overthrown their idols\".[7]Notably, while the Virgen de Guadalupe is a notable Catholic figure in most of Mexico and Latin America, the Virgen de Juquila is a Catholic Marian devotion founded in the town of Santa Catarina Juquila, in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. Many Zapotec Catholic people participate in an annual pilgrimage to visit the statue during festivities lasting from December 7 to December 9.At the time of the Spanish conquest of the New World, church and state were not separate in Zapotec society. In fact, the Zapotec lord was trained in religious practice as a requirement prior to taking power. There were large temples built called yo hopèe, the house of the vital force, in which the priests performed religious rites. In the spiritual realm the pè, or life force, lived within various natural elements including wind, breath and was believed to be the spirit, or vital force, of all beings. The priests, known as Copa pitào, who were mostly selected from the nobility, were provided their religious training before taking a position among the religious hierarchy. Commoners were also selected and trained to join the priesthood, but they were only allowed to join the lower ranks. The highest position was held by the ouija-tào, great seer, who was likened to the Pope in the Catholic church by Spanish accounts of the sixteenth century.[8] However, the ouija-tào did not live in Monte Alban, but rather in one of the other urban centers of the Zapotecs in the sub-valley area of Mitla. As a polytheistic religion, the Zapotecs attributed several elements of the natural world to their gods. In the religious practice of the Valley Zapotecs, the primary god was Pitao Cozobi who was associated with maize and agriculture. Other gods include, Cocijo the god of rain and lightning (similar to the Toltec god, Tlaloc); Pitao Cozaana the creator of man, animals and the god of ancestors; Pitao Hichaana the goddess of man and animals as well as children, also considered the Mother goddess; Pitao Pezelao god of the underworld, death, and the earth; Copijcha the Sun god and god of war; Pitao Xicala god of love, dreams, and excess.[9]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Zapotec women in the Mexican state of Oaxaca play a variety of social roles in their families and communities. As is true for many other cultures, Zapotec women have historically had a different place in society than men. These roles are in the context of marriage, childbearing, and work. Within them, they make up a vital part of the fabric that is Zapotec Oaxaca.[citation needed]","title":"Zapotec women"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_La_Tehuana_-_Zapotec_Woman_-_By_Miguel_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Urb%C3%A1n.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ste-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ste-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ste-10"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fry-11"}],"sub_title":"Women's autonomy","text":"Statue of La Tehuana Zapotec Woman adorning traditional Zapotec attireMuch of Zapotec social life is strongly segregated by sex. Men and women often work separately, coming together to eat in the morning and evening, and during ritual occasions, they remain separate except when dancing.\"[10] The purity of women is highly valued and their sexual and social autonomy can be hindered as a result. \"Most women in the community, whether old or young, are concerned with protecting their sexual reputations. Many girls are still strictly watched and not allowed to walk the streets alone after the age of ten or eleven.\" Though this is seen as a way to protect the women, it ultimately restricts their behavior.Women are generally free to choose romantic partners; monogamy is valued, but having multiple sexual partners is not. However, for men and women this differs slightly; again for women virginity is regarded as important, even to the extent of publicly displaying the bloody sheet from the wedding night for some, an ancient Mediterranean custom brought by the Spaniards, while unmarried men are encouraged to experiment before they marry.[10]\nThis follows from the fact that \"paternity is uncertainty.\" Women always know a child is their own, but a man cannot be so sure. Thus men need assurance of paternity to be willing to put in decades of support for a child. Within marriage, the degree to which women are able to exercise agency depends on the husband. Some women are very free and have the ability to do as they wish, while others may have very controlling husbands; either way, however, women's freedom is determined by their spouse. \"While some men jealously guarded their wives (even insisting on driving them to the marketplace), others [allow] their wives and daughters considerable independence.\"[10] The issue of domestic violence is not necessarily commonplace.[clarification needed][11]","title":"Zapotec women"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-job-12"}],"sub_title":"Household function","text":"In addition to playing an important role in the family as wives and daughters, another important role for the Zapotec women is that of the mother. Childbearing and rearing are female duties. It is the women's job to take on the responsibility of the children, while she is also expected to be the one to take care of the household in terms of the cooking, cleaning, et cetera. In addition to all of this, many poor women are also expected to work to help support the family. \"Women, therefore, must work to contribute to their family income, in addition to attending to their traditional household tasks of child care and food.\"[12]","title":"Zapotec women"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynn-13"},{"link_name":"Singer Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer_Company"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-job-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynn-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynn-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-job-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-job-12"},{"link_name":"white goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_goods"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynn-13"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"San Bartolo Coyotepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bartolo_Coyotepec"},{"link_name":"San Martín Tilcajete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Tilcajete"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca,_Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"San Bartolo Yautepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bartolo_Yautepec"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana del Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_del_Valle"},{"link_name":"Villa Díaz Ordaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz"},{"link_name":"Mitla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitla"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Labor function","text":"In Zapotec Oaxaca, the gendered implications of labor give different tasks to men and women. Because women are also responsible for caring for the children and the home, the outside work they do must revolve around those duties.\"In the past during an agriculturally dominant time, most agricultural activities associated with planting and harvesting are carried out directly by men, women also participate in the agricultural production. In particular, female household workers help with weeding and harvesting. Seldom is a female seen planting or plowing. When no male labor is available, however, women also work in planting. The majority of female labor was directed toward supplying male workers with food during agricultural activities and providing supplemental labor during weeding and harvesting.\"[13]However, with the onset of globalized industry and Mexico's transition from an agricultural economy to one revolving around services and manufacturing, the ideas about women and work have been shifting dramatically. Women now see a way that they can participate in the market economy to make extra money for their families, and still are able to maintain the additional work they do at home which has no monetary value. As men are migrating for other, mostly industrial, work opportunities and agrarian work is decreasing, women have come to dominate the textile industry, which caters mainly to tourists. Weaving and factory life has become a way of life for many Zapotec women in Oaxaca.\"Clothing is a relatively new industry which began about 1960. Sewing on treadle-type sewing machines has been practiced in [areas of Oaxaca] since about 1940, when they were brought into the area by the Singer Company. Shortly after that, women who since pre-Columbian times had contributed to the subsistence of their families by weaving, began to make and design men's ready-made shirts and trousers for sale in the local market and the global markets.\"[12]The industry has had a significant impact on the wage-earning opportunity of Zapotec women. Workers in Teotitlan's textile industry employ a variety of strategies and systems of production [from] piecework production...increased direct control over production and distribution...weaving cooperatives...establishment of households and small businesses in Oaxaca... [to] subcontracting of weaving in Teotitlan and surrounding communities.\"[13]As women are increasingly working and involved in the market because of their contribution to the industry, the role they have in society is changing in relation to other aspects of their lives.\"While women in the community have common social roles based on their gendered positions as wives, mothers, and daughters, these roles are modified by the position of their household as workers or merchants. In their discussions of differences among themselves, women particularly emphasized merchant or worker status, specifically in the role of each in local labor relations.\"[13]The merchant has come to symbolize a higher class status than the worker because they are the individuals who essentially control the market.\nFor Zapotec communities, occupations are divided by gender. While men have a place in the industry as overseers, it is still primarily considered to be 'women's work'. Furthermore, even though the manufacturing industry has been thriving on a global scale, because of the gender separation of labor, there is a lower value placed on the work. Local industry is not seen as a glorious business in the Zapotec community because it is essentially controlled by women.[12]\"In general, the women [in Zapotec communities] are considered productively inferior to men. Their ability to contribute to the economy and family are respected but, they are believed to be less capable than men as managers and their work is looked upon as insignificant. In consequence Yaletecos do not see the manufacturing industry as an industry. Although shirt making like other women's work is visible in itself, it is not an industry, but is perceived as part of the category of women's work comprising weaving, sewing, and embroidery. In contrast, men's occupations are identifiable, and a man is known by the type of work he performs.\"[12]Teotiteco industrial exports, such as textiles, clothing and manufactured goods such as electronics and white goods, are being absorbed into the U.S. consumer market and shifting the local economy of Oaxaca from a small community of workers and merchants and blending them into the global marketplace. The women are producing goods which are being bought and sold not only in Mexico, but also in the United States and the rest of the world.[13]In the central valleys of Oaxaca, the Zapotec villages often have a specific craft associated with them. In those villages, most of the people of that village will be makers of that particular product. In San Bartolo Coyotepec, they are known for their black pottery. San Martín Tilcajete people are known for their carved and brightly painted wooden figures.[citation needed]Although there are very specifically defined gender roles regarding industrial production, it varies by city and by technique. In larger cities, such as Oaxaca, where the industry is based around more expensive goods, such as automotive production or electronics manufacturing, men typically command factories and are engineers and directors, while women are usually in the lower positions of line workers and assistants. In villages such as San Bartolo Yautepec, where back-strap weaving is done, the weaving is done by women. These are usually lightweight fabrics used for table runners, purses and smaller items. In Teotitlán, Santa Ana del Valle and Villa Díaz Ordaz for example, rug weaving on floor looms is done primarily by men, though women also weave rugs. Women's contributions are becoming greater and many women have a certain degree of independence and autonomy through their income from weaving. But feeding, clothing and taking care of the family is usually their primary responsibility. In Mitla, fly shuttle weaving, of light-weight, but large-scale, fabrics are also more often done by men than by women, probably because of the physical effort required.[citation needed]","title":"Zapotec women"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benito_Juarez_Presidente.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benito Juarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Juarez"}],"text":"Benito Juarez (1806-1872)Benito Juarez: Born in Oaxaca to Zapotec parents, Benito Juarez was a liberal politician and leader of La Reforma (The Reform) in Mexico. He was the first president of Mexico of indigenous origin.","title":"Notable Zapotecs in History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3773662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3773662"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3773662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3773662"},{"link_name":"\"Identity, Gender, and Myth: Expressions of Mesoamerican Change and Continuity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100018549"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0023879100018549","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100018549"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2692140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2692140"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"252741005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252741005"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3772812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3772812"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3772812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3772812"}],"text":"Browner, C. H. (1986). \"Gender Roles and Social Change: A Mexican Case Study\". Ethnology. 25 (2). University of Pittsburgh- Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education: 89–106. doi:10.2307/3773662. JSTOR 3773662.\nChinas, Beverly (1973). The Isthmus Zapotecs: Women's Roles in Cultural Context. New York: Rinehart and Winston.\nHopgood, James F. (2000). \"Identity, Gender, and Myth: Expressions of Mesoamerican Change and Continuity\". Latin American Research Review. 35 (2). The Latin American Studies Association: 204–215. doi:10.1017/S0023879100018549. JSTOR 2692140. S2CID 252741005.\nMalinowski, Sharon; Sheets, Anna (1998). \"Zapotec\". In Malinowski, Sharon; Sheets, Anna (eds.). The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Detroit, MI: Gale Research.\nMonoghan, John; Cohen, Jeffery (2000). \"Thirty Years of Oaxacan Ethnography\". In Monaghan, John; Edmonson, Barbara (eds.). Ethnology. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 150–178.\nO'Nell, Carl W.; Selby, Henry A. (1968). \"Sex Differences in the Incidence of Susto in Two Zapotec Pueblos: An Analysis of the Relationships between Sex Role Expectations and a Folk Illness\". Ethnology. 7 (1). University of Pittsburgh- Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education: 95–105. doi:10.2307/3772812. JSTOR 3772812.\nRoyce, Anya Peterson (2011). Becoming an Ancestor: The Isthmus Zapotec Way of Death. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Palace of Mitla, capital of the Zapotec civilization between the 8th and 14th centuries.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/12-05oaxaca076.jpg/250px-12-05oaxaca076.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map showing the location of the Zapotec Civilization, developed in the Pre-Columbian Era in Mesoamerica.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zapotecos.png/250px-Zapotecos.png"},{"image_text":"Statue of La Tehuana Zapotec Woman adorning traditional Zapotec attire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Statue_of_La_Tehuana_-_Zapotec_Woman_-_By_Miguel_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Urb%C3%A1n.jpg/170px-Statue_of_La_Tehuana_-_Zapotec_Woman_-_By_Miguel_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Urb%C3%A1n.jpg"},{"image_text":"Benito Juarez (1806-1872)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Benito_Juarez_Presidente.jpg/170px-Benito_Juarez_Presidente.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Indigenous people of Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_Oaxaca"}]
[{"reference":"\"INDIGENOUS ZAPOTEC PEOPLE IN MEXICO\". www.prmapping.res.ku.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prmapping.res.ku.edu/Mexico_Indigena/ags_indigenouszapotecpeople.htm","url_text":"\"INDIGENOUS ZAPOTEC PEOPLE IN MEXICO\""}]},{"reference":"Marcus, Joyce; Flannery, Kent V. (1996). Zapotec Civilization: how urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05078-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05078-3","url_text":"0-500-05078-3"}]},{"reference":"Whitecotton, Joseph (1977). The Zapotecs: Princes, Priests, and Peasants.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 364. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7566-0520-2","url_text":"0-7566-0520-2"}]},{"reference":"MacEarlean, A. A. (1913). \"Zapoteca Indians\" . Catholic Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Zapoteca_Indians","url_text":"\"Zapoteca Indians\""}]},{"reference":"Stephen, Lynn (2002). \"Sexualities and Genders in Zapotec Oaxaca\". Latin American Perspectives. 29 (2). Sage Publications, Inc.: 41–59. doi:10.1177/0094582X0202900203. JSTOR 3185126. S2CID 145808692.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582X0202900203","url_text":"10.1177/0094582X0202900203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3185126","url_text":"3185126"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145808692","url_text":"145808692"}]},{"reference":"Fry, Douglas P. (1992). \"Female Aggression among the Zapotec of Oaxaca, Mexico\" (PDF). Of Mice and Women: Aspects of Female Aggression. pp. 187–199.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peacefulsocieties.org/Archtext/Fry92.pdf","url_text":"\"Female Aggression among the Zapotec of Oaxaca, Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"Jopling, Carol F. (1974). \"Women's Work: A Mexican Case Study of Low Status as a Tactical Advantage\". Ethnology. 13 (2). University of Pittsburgh- Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education: 187–195. doi:10.2307/3773111. JSTOR 3773111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3773111","url_text":"10.2307/3773111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3773111","url_text":"3773111"}]},{"reference":"Stephen, Lynn (2005). Zapotec Women: Gender, Class, and Ethnicity in Globalized Oaxaca (2nd ed.). Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3603-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-3603-0","url_text":"0-8223-3603-0"}]},{"reference":"Browner, C. H. (1986). \"Gender Roles and Social Change: A Mexican Case Study\". Ethnology. 25 (2). University of Pittsburgh- Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education: 89–106. doi:10.2307/3773662. JSTOR 3773662.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3773662","url_text":"10.2307/3773662"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3773662","url_text":"3773662"}]},{"reference":"Chinas, Beverly (1973). The Isthmus Zapotecs: Women's Roles in Cultural Context. New York: Rinehart and Winston.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hopgood, James F. (2000). \"Identity, Gender, and Myth: Expressions of Mesoamerican Change and Continuity\". Latin American Research Review. 35 (2). The Latin American Studies Association: 204–215. doi:10.1017/S0023879100018549. JSTOR 2692140. S2CID 252741005.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100018549","url_text":"\"Identity, Gender, and Myth: Expressions of Mesoamerican Change and Continuity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100018549","url_text":"10.1017/S0023879100018549"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2692140","url_text":"2692140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252741005","url_text":"252741005"}]},{"reference":"Malinowski, Sharon; Sheets, Anna (1998). \"Zapotec\". In Malinowski, Sharon; Sheets, Anna (eds.). The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Detroit, MI: Gale Research.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Monoghan, John; Cohen, Jeffery (2000). \"Thirty Years of Oaxacan Ethnography\". In Monaghan, John; Edmonson, Barbara (eds.). Ethnology. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 150–178.","urls":[]},{"reference":"O'Nell, Carl W.; Selby, Henry A. (1968). \"Sex Differences in the Incidence of Susto in Two Zapotec Pueblos: An Analysis of the Relationships between Sex Role Expectations and a Folk Illness\". Ethnology. 7 (1). University of Pittsburgh- Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education: 95–105. doi:10.2307/3772812. JSTOR 3772812.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3772812","url_text":"10.2307/3772812"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3772812","url_text":"3772812"}]},{"reference":"Royce, Anya Peterson (2011). Becoming an Ancestor: The Isthmus Zapotec Way of Death. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Darlington_Building
John Darlington Building
["1 Gallery","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°48′48″N 71°12′20″W / 46.81341639°N 71.2054397°W / 46.81341639; -71.2054397Building in Quebec City, Canada John Darlington BuildingGeneral informationLocationQuebec City, Quebec, CanadaAddress7 Rue de BaudeCoordinates46°48′48″N 71°12′20″W / 46.81341639°N 71.2054397°W / 46.81341639; -71.2054397Completed1775 (249 years ago) (1775)Technical detailsFloor count4 The John Darlington Building is the oldest commercial building in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Located at 7 Rue de Buade, at its junction with Rue du Fort, it was built in 1775 for merchant tailor John Darlington. Gallery Doorway detail The Château Frontenac is located a block south of the building. The two are separated by Place d'Armes An advertisement for business shortly after its establishment References ^ Review of Historical Publications Relating to Canada, Volumes 3-4 (1899) – Google Books ^ Resume historique de l'Industrie et du Commerce de Quebec, Horace Têtu (1900) ISBN 0332342166 External links Maison Darlington - official website This Quebec City-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quebec City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"merchant tailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloth_merchant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Building in Quebec City, CanadaThe John Darlington Building is the oldest commercial building in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Located at 7 Rue de Buade, at its junction with Rue du Fort, it was built in 1775 for merchant tailor John Darlington.[1][2]","title":"John Darlington Building"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Darlington_building.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quebec_City_0009_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Château Frontenac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Frontenac"},{"link_name":"Place d'Armes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_d%27Armes_(Quebec_City)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Darlington_advert.png"}],"text":"Doorway detail\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Château Frontenac is located a block south of the building. The two are separated by Place d'Armes\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn advertisement for business shortly after its establishment","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishweshwar_Prasad_Koirala
BP Koirala
["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Literature","4 Legacy","5 See also","6 Bibliography","7 References","8 External links"]
Nepalese politician and writer Nepal RatnaBishweshwar Prasad Koiralaविश्वेश्वर प्रसाद कोइरालाKoirala in the 1950s22nd Prime Minister of NepalIn office27 May 1959 – 15 December 1960MonarchKing MahendraPreceded bySubarna Shamsher RanaSucceeded byTulsi Giri2nd President of the Nepali CongressIn office26 May 1952 – 24 January 1956Preceded byMatrika Prasad KoiralaSucceeded bySubarna Shamsher RanaIn office23 May 1957 – 21 July 1982Preceded bySubarna Shamsher RanaSucceeded byKrishna Prasad BhattaraiHome Minister of NepalIn office21 February 1951 – 12 November 1951Prime MinisterMohan Shumsher Personal detailsBorn(1914-09-08)8 September 1914Benares, Benares State, British IndiaDied21 July 1982(1982-07-21) (aged 67)Kathmandu, NepalPolitical partyNepali CongressSpouse Sushila Koirala ​(m. 1936)​Children4, including Prakash Koirala and Shashanka KoiralaParentKrishna Prasad Koirala (father)RelativesSee Koirala familyAlma materBanaras Hindu UniversityUniversity of CalcuttaSignature Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala meets David Ben-Gurion during a visit to Israel Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala (Nepali: विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइराला; 8 September 1914 – 21 July 1982), better known as B. P. Koirala (Nepali: बीपी कोइराला), was a Nepali revolutionary, political leader, and writer. He was the Prime Minister of Nepal from 1959 to 1960. He led the Nepali Congress, a social democratic political party. He was the grandfather of Bollywood actors Manisha Koirala and Siddharth Koirala and the elder brother of former prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala and the younger brother of former prime minister Matrika Prasad Koirala. Koirala was the first democratically elected and 22nd Prime Minister of Nepal. He held the office for 18 months before being deposed and imprisoned at the instruction of King Mahendra. The rest of his life was spent largely in prison or exile and in steadily deteriorating health. Widely regarded as one of the greatest political personalities in Nepal, Koirala was a staunch supporter of democracy. He asserted that guarantees of individual liberty and civil and political rights alone were not sufficient in a poor country like Nepal, and that democratic socialism was the solution to Nepal's underdevelopment. Early life The second son of Krishna Prasad Koirala, a follower of Mahatma Gandhi, Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala was raised in Banaras. Until the age of 14, he attended a school established by his father. Afterwards he joined the Harishchandra School in the city. He began writing when he was in the ninth grade. The British Raj charged him and his brother, Matrika Prasad Koirala, with having contacts with terrorists in 1930. They were arrested and set free after three months. Because of this, Bishweshwar began to study at the Scottish Church College in Calcutta as per his father's wishes. Towards the end of 1930, he left college and returned to Banaras. In 1932, he completed his intermediate level of studies. His father again insisted that his son join Scottish Church College in Calcutta. So for the second time, he joined the college, but left it soon afterwards. In 1934, he completed his bachelor's degree in Economics and Politics from Banaras Hindu University. He also earned a degree in law from the University of Calcutta in 1937, and practised for several years in Darjeeling. While still a student, he became involved in the Indian nationalist movement. In 1934, he joined the Indian National Congress. During World War II, he was interned by the British in Dhanbad for two years (1942–1944). Political career Home Minister B. P. Koirala in Delhi 1951 Following his release, with Indian independence imminent, he set about trying to bring change to Nepal. In 1947 he founded in India the socialist Nepali National Congress, which in 1950 became the Nepali Congress Party. On 9 March 1947, Koirala crossed over to Nepal to help his brother Girija Prasad Koirala instigate the Biratnagar jute mill strike. He was arrested along with Girija Prasad Koirala and four other National Congress leaders and taken with his fellow agitators to Kathmandu via a 21 days long, slow walk across the hills. The prisoners' march attracted much attention and helped to radicalise the peasants whose villages lay en route. The Koirala along with other detainees were kept in a Kathmandu bungalow but were soon released after a 27-day hunger strike, popular protests, and at the request of Mahatma Gandhi in August 1947 Koirala went back to India, and began looking for arms to storm Kathmandu. Finally, Koirala led the Revolution of 1951, which overthrew Nepal's 104-year-old Rana regime. The last Rana prime minister was dismissed in October 1951 when the Rana-Congress coalition cabinet (in which Koirala served for nine months as the Home minister) broke apart. Koirala then concentrated on developing the Nepali political structure. King Mahendra responded with a new constitution enabling free parliamentary elections to take place in 1959. Only a fragmented parliament was expected, but Koirala's Nepali Congress scored a landslide, taking more than two-thirds of the seats in the lower house. After several weeks of significant hesitation, Mahendra asked Koirala to form a government, which took office in May 1959. Koirala led his country's delegation to the United Nations and made carefully poised visits to China and India, then increasingly at odds over territorial disputes. Yet, he was in trouble at home almost from the beginning. His land reform measures, especially the revision of the tenancy laws so easily passed by parliament, deeply offended the landed aristocracy which had long dominated the army. King Mahendra, on 15 December 1960, suspended the constitution, dissolved parliament, dismissed the cabinet, imposed direct rule, and for good measure imprisoned Koirala and his closest government colleagues. Many of them were released after few months, but Koirala, though he was suffering from throat cancer, was kept imprisoned without trial until 1968. In 1968, the then Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa, played a significant role in releasing Koirala from prison, but he was the main actor for also making sure that Koirala stays out of the country in self-exile for the rest of his life. Koirala was in self-exile in Banaras, India until December 1976. After his return from almost a decade of self exile in Banaras, he was kept under house arrest in his Chabahil residence. During that time, King Birendra asked the then Prime Minister Dr Tulsi Giri, a tough political rival of Koirala to recommend him by the joint meeting of the Council of Ministers and Back to the Village National Campaign Central Committee, whether Koirala should be freed for medical treatment in the USA or not. Accordingly, the joint meeting recommended King Birendra to release Koirala and provide him with necessary expenses to undertake the medical treatment in the USA. The passport and necessary visa were arranged by the government of Nepal for Koirala and his wife Sushila Koirala, a doctor and an assistance. The then Royal Nepalese Embassy in the Washington DC, was instructed to provide all support to Koirala family for the medical treatment. King Birendra, educated in England and the United States, succeeded his father in 1972 when the political climate was believed to be gradually improving. Koirala, however, was arrested immediately upon his return from exile in 1976 and charged with the capital offence of attempting armed revolution. Finally, in March 1978, he was cleared of all treason and sedition charges. Then, in 1981, he was cleared to travel to the United States for medical treatment. The Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa convinced the king to allow Koirala to proceed to the US for treatment as per recommendation from the royal physician Dr. M. R. Pandey. The government of Nepal bore a portion of the cost of his medical treatment in the US, while the rest was arranged by his nephew Shail Updhaya, Dr. Shukdev Shah, family and friends. After returning from a further medical visit to the United States, he had a series of audiences with King Birendra, as he tried for a "national reconciliation". During the student demonstrations in 1979, he was under house arrest. However, he welcomed King Birendra's call for a national referendum on the question of the political system for Nepal. The referendum results were announced to be in favour of retaining the political system led by the B. P. Koirala was the first leader to welcome the result of the national referendum and accepted the people verdict and claimed that the referendum was fair and free. However, owing to differences in the electoral process to seek membership of class organization as mandatory, Koirala demanded a boycott of the 1981 elections. Despite obviously failing health and political strength, Koirala could still draw a great popular support. He addressed one of Nepal's largest public meetings in recent years in Kathmandu's Ratna Park in January 1982. He died on 21 July 1982, in Kathmandu. An estimated half a million people attended his funeral. Literature Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala While Koirala is considered one of the most charismatic political leader of Nepal, he was also one of the most well-read and thoughtful writers of Nepalese literature. He wrote short stories and novels, and some poems. Koirala began writing short stories in Hindi. His first stories were published in Banaras in Hansa, a Hindi literary magazine edited by Prem Chand (India's Tolstoy). His first Nepali short story "Chandrabadan" was published in Sharada, a Nepali literary magazine in 1935. Koirala was very good at depicting the character and mind of women. Four other stories of Koirala were included in Katha Kusum (an anthology of Nepali stories), published in 1938 in Darjeeling. As a social realist, with good psychological insight as he was first writer to write stories and novels based on human psychology in history of Nepalese literature, Koirala had established himself as one of the most important Nepali short story writers by 1938. Doshi Chashma, Koirala's anthology of sixteen short stories, was published in 1949. He was one of the greatest writer to contribute to the Nepali literature. Koirala was very busy in the 1950s as he was often found amidst the political situations of Nepal. He was, however, able to write an incomplete novel Hitlar ra Yahudi (Hitler and the Jews) in the form of travelogue. The 1960s were very productive for Koirala in terms of his literary output. He wrote many novels and short stories in jail during 1960–68. They include: Teen Ghumti (Three Turns), 1968; Narendra Dai (Brother Narendra), 1969; Sumnima (A story of the first Kirata woman), 1969; Modiain (The Grocer's Wife), 1980; Shweta Bhairavi (The White Goddess of Terror), 1983; Babu Ama ra chora (Father, mother and sons), 1989; and an incomplete autobiography Mero Katha (My Story), 1983, and many more yet to be published. Koirala also has dozens of political essays including the following: "Rajatantra ra Lokatantra" ("Monarchy and Democracy"), 1960; "Thichieka Janata Jagisake" ("The Oppressed People Rise"), 1969; "Rastriyata Nepalko Sandarbhama" ("Nationalism in the Context of Nepal"), 1970; "Kranti: Ek Anivaryata" ("Revolution: An Absolute Necessity"), 1970; "Panchayati Vyavastha Prajatantrik Chaina" ("The Panchayat System is not Democratic"), 1978; "Prajatantra ra Samajvad" ("Democracy and Socialism"), 1979; and "Rastriya Ekata ko Nimti Ahwan" ("A Call for National Reconciliation"), 1980. Koirala's writings (both political and literary) were banned until recently. Nepalese youths spent several years of imprisonment just on the charges of possessing Koirala's writings. Another problem is that his rare and important writings have been scattered all over. Old newspapers and magazines (including the underground publications) have to be researched. Libraries, museums, and archives in Kathmandu, Banaras, Calcutta, New Delhi, London, Paris, Berkeley, Stanford, and many other places have to be visited to collect the materials on Koirala. As a result, one can hope to produce volumes of his political writings and literary works. Koirala was the focus of Nepalese politics during the 1950s, 1960s, and the 1970s. Even today, long after his death, people of Nepal feel that the restoration of multi-party democracy is a tribute to him. Koirala was also one of the most important literary figures of Nepal. In politics Koirala was a social democrat; in literature he was an existentialist especially in his novel Tin Ghumti (Three Turns). He said that he wrote his literary works to satisfy his anarchist impulses, impulses which revolted against the traditional order of things. But as a social democrat he was in search of a political order that was agreeable to every citizen of Nepal. As a politician, Koirala struggled throughout his life for the establishment of a multi-party democracy in his country. Traditional forces, still strong to resist such effort, made it very hard for "B. P." to accomplish his political mission. As a social democrat, Koirala differed with communists; as he often said man cannot live by bread alone. He also differed with the capitalists as he thought that unbridled consumerism was immoral, and that the appalling exploitation of the world's resources was short-sighted and unrealistic. He believed that only socialism could guarantee political freedom and equal economic opportunities to the people. He said, "socialism is the wave of the future." Koirala had studied economics, logic, literature, and law. He was a voracious reader of English, German, French, Russian, Hindi, Bengali and Nepali literature. His educational background and artistic abilities were combined in his own works to present a view of life in an artistic, logical and compelling manner. He would thus shake the conscience of Nepali readers by questioning their unreflective acceptance of the traditional value systems. Koirala's short stories were first published in the 1930s in Hindi and Nepali literary magazines. Koirala first came to notice in Nepali literature because often his characters seemed to have been treated with an understanding of Freudian psychoanalysis. Even when a short story or novel of Koirala was not Freudian in its approach, it was still noteworthy to Nepali readers because he presented an unconventional approach to life. Modiaain (The Grocer's wife) is probably his shortest novel. In Modiaain Koirala looks at the Mahabharata war from the point of view of a young woman who loses her husband to the war. This woman was not alone. There were hundreds of thousands of young women who were widowed by the war. Thus, Koirala presents a passionate plea against the philosophy of the Bhagavad Gita, which assumes that the world is but an illusion and thus makes life and death a meaningless phenomena and that the observance of one's own duty is the ultimate priority. Koirala was against war, and by looking at the Vedanta philosophy and the issue of war from a war widow's point of view, he once again shakes the conscience of the Nepali readers who generally tend to accept the philosophy of Vedanta especially its idea of karma (fate). Characteristically, Koirala presents one more instance in which he analyses the mind of a woman, as he did in most of his short stories and novels. Legacy The following institutions have been set up in his memory: In 1992, the B. P. Koirala Nepal Health Foundation was inaugurated by the prime ministers of India and Nepal with the objective of supplementing the normal cooperation and interaction at the Government-to-Government level by providing statesmen, media persons, etc. to constantly nurture and further enhance the understanding and friendship between two countries. The trust is a symbol of Nepali renaissance In 1992, the Government of Nepal has established the B. P. Koirala Memorial Planetarium, Observatory and Science Museum Development Board in 1992 in order to establish Planetaria, Observatories and Science Museums in Nepal & conduct research activities in the area of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology B. P. Koirala Memorial Trust (B. P. Trust) was established in 2000 in memory of the late B. P. Koirala. It is the only legal institution approved by the government of Nepal to collect royalties, claim copyrights and allow legal permission regarding B. P. Koirala. B. P. Trust receives financial support from the government. The establishment of this Trust in B. P. Koirala's memory can be considered as a remarkable achievement. Also, various programs are organized in Nepal as well as outside Nepal to remember his selfless contributions to Nepal. See also Nepali literature Biratnagar jute mill strike Girija Prasad Koirala Koirala family Bibliography Doshi Chasma References ^ "B.P. Koirala, Former Prime Minister of Nepal". The New York Times. Reuters. 22 July 1982. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 December 2021. ^ Koirala, Bisheshwor Prasad (2001). Atmabrittanta: Late Life Recollections. Kathmandu: Himal Books. ISBN 978-99933-1-308-3. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2012. ^ "Last Days with BP Koirala". Nepal Times. 14 October 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021. ^ "BP And His Thoughts". Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2019. ^ Chatterjee, Bhola (9 April 2015). "BP Koirala: Bhola Chatterjee". Lagatar. Retrieved 8 August 2020. ^ Bhuwan Lal Joshi; Leo E. Rose (1966). Democratic Innovations in Nepal: A Case Study of Political Acculturation. University of California Press. p. 63. GGKEY:5N30S3HU9BC. ^ "B.P. Koirala's Atmabrittanta: Late Life Recollections". Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2012. ^ Sankya, Jampa (19 August 1977). "King Birendra of Nepal in a fix over former PM B.P. Koirala's release". India Today. Retrieved 15 December 2021. ^ A commentary prepared by Bhola Chatterjee, a close friend of B. P. Koirala and renowned Indian journalist from Kolkata, India ^ "विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइरालाको कहानी". विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइरालाको कहानी. Retrieved 15 December 2021. ^ Sharma, V. (1992). "B. P. Koirala: A Major Figure in Modern Nepali Literature". Journal of South Asian Literature. 27 (2): 209–218. JSTOR 40874126. ^ "BP Koirala Nepal Health Foundation". ^ "PM underscores need to adopt BP's path". ^ "B.P. Koirala Memorial Planetorium, Observatory and Science Museum Development Board". Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015. ^ "B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Science". ^ "BP Koirala Memorial Trust". Retrieved 24 August 2019. ^ "Country remembers BP Koirala for his contribution". Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015. ^ "B.P. Koirala remembered Indian ambassador Rae highlighted B.P. Koirala's contribution". SpotlightNepal.com. ^ "B.P. Koirala's National Reconciliation Relevant Forever". Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015. External links Bisheshwor Prasad Koirala by Rupesh Udash Permanent rebellion: The story of B.P. Koirala Political offices Preceded bySubarna Shamsher Rana Prime Minister of Nepal 1959–1960 Succeeded byTulsi Giri vtePrime ministers of NepalKingdom of Nepal(19th century–1990) Damodar Pande Bhimsen Thapa Ranga Nath Poudyal Chautariya Puskhar Shah Rana Jang Pande Ranga Nath Poudyal Fateh Jung Shah Mathabarsingh Thapa Fateh Jung Shah Jung Bahadur Rana Bam Bahadur Kunwar Krishna Bahadur Kunwar Rana Jung Bahadur Rana Renaudip Singh Bahadur Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Dev Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Bhim Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Padma Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana 1951 revolution Matrika Prasad Koirala vacant (1952–53) Matrika Prasad Koirala vacant (1955–56) Tanka Prasad Acharya Kunwar Inderjit Singh Subarna Shamsher Rana Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala Tulsi Giri Surya Bahadur Thapa Tulsi Giri Surya Bahadur Thapa Kirti Nidhi Bista vacant (1970–71) Kirti Nidhi Bista Nagendra Prasad Rijal Tulsi Giri Kirti Nidhi Bista Surya Bahadur Thapa Lokendra Bahadur Chand Nagendra Prasad Rijal Marich Man Singh Shrestha Lokendra Bahadur Chand Kingdom of Nepal(1990–2008) Krishna Prasad Bhattarai Girija Prasad Koirala Man Mohan Adhikari Sher Bahadur Deuba Lokendra Bahadur Chand Surya Bahadur Thapa Girija Prasad Koirala Krishna Prasad Bhattarai Sher Bahadur Deuba vacant (2002) Lokendra Bahadur Chand Surya Bahadur Thapa Sher Bahadur Deuba vacant (2005–06) 2006 revolution Girija Prasad Koirala Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal(2008–present) Girija Prasad Koirala Pushpa Kamal Dahal Madhav Kumar Nepal Jhala Nath Khanal Baburam Bhattarai Khil Raj Regmi Sushil Koirala KP Sharma Oli Pushpa Kamal Dahal Sher Bahadur Deuba KP Sharma Oli Sher Bahadur Deuba Pushpa Kamal Dahal vteLiterary works of Bishweshwar Prasad KoiralaNovels Hitler ra Yahudee (1958) Teen Ghumti (1968) Sumnima (1969) Narendra Dai (1970) Modiaain (1980) Babu Aama ra Chhora (1989) Short stories anthology Katha Kushum (1938) Doshi Chasma (1949) Shwet Bhairavi (1983) Memoir/ Autobiography Mero Katha (1983) Atmabrittanta (1998; posthumously) Feri Sundairijal: Jail Diary 2033-34 (posthumously) Jail Journal Essays Rajtantra ra Loktantra (1960) Thicheka Janata Jagisake (1969) Rastriyeta Nepal ko Sandharbama (1970) Kranti: Ek Anivaryeta (1970) Panchayati Vyavastha Prajatantrik Chhaina (1978) Prajatantra ra Samajvad (1979) Movie adaptations Teen Ghumti (2016) vte Nepalese writersNepali Abhi Subedi Amar Neupane Ambalika Devi Ambika Prasad Upadhyaya Arbind Rimal Ashesh Malla Bairagi Kainla Bal Krishna Pokharel Balkrishna Sama Banira Giri Basanta Basnet Bhairav Aryal Bhanubhakta Acharya Bharat Jangam Bharat Koirala Bhawani Bhikshu Bhim Nidhi Tiwari Bijaya Malla Binod Prasad Dhital Bhim Bahadur Pande Bhola Rijal Bhupal Rai Bhupi Sherchan Bhuwan Dhungana Bimala Tumkhewa Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala Buddha Sayami Buddhi Narayan Shrestha Buddhisagar Byakul Maila Chakrapani Chalise Chandra Prakash Baniya Chittaranjan Nepali Chhinnalata Chuda Mani Regmi Daulat Bikram Bista Daya Bir Singh Kansakar Deepak Shimkhada Desh Subba Dha. Cha. Gotame Dharanidhar Koirala Dharma Ratna Yami Dharmaraj Thapa Dharmendra Bikram Nembang Dhooswan Sayami Dhruba Chandra Gautam Diamond Shumsher Rana Dor Bahadur Bista Durga Lal Shrestha G. Shah Geeta Tripathee Girish Ballabh Joshi Gopal Parajuli Gopal Prasad Rimal Govinda Bahadur Malla Guru Prasad Mainali Gyandil Das Hangyug Agyat Hari Bansha Acharya Hari Prasad Rimal Harka Gurung Hemang Dixit Iman Xin Chemjong Ishwar Ballav Jagadish Ghimire Jagat Lal Master Janak Prasad Humagain Jaya Prakash Malla Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh Jhamak Ghimire Kamal Mani Dixit Kanak Mani Dixit Karna Shakya Karunakar Vaidya Kedar Man Vyathit Kedar Nath Neupane Kesar Lall Khagendra Sangraula Khaptad Swami Krishna Bhooshan Bal Krishna Chandra Singh Pradhan Krishna Dharabasi Krishnahari Baral Kshetra Pratap Adhikary Kul Bahadur KC Kumar Kashyap Mahasthavir Kumar Nagarkoti Lain Singh Bangdel Laxmi Prasad Devkota Leeladhwaj Thapa Lekhnath Paudyal Madan Mani Dixit Madan Mohan Mishra Madhav Prasad Devkota Madhav Prasad Ghimire Mahananda Sapkota MBB Shah Mahesh Bikram Shah Mahesh Chandra Regmi Manu Brajaki Master Mitrasen Maya Thakuri Modanath Prasrit Mohan Koirala Motiram Bhatta Mukunda Sharan Upadhyaya Naba Raj Lamsal Nar Bahadur Saud Nara Dev Pandey Nara Nath Acharya Narayan Rayamajhi Narayan Wagle Nawaraj Silwal Nayan Raj Pandey Neelam Karki Niharika Neer Shah Nityaraj Pandey Pahalman Singh Swar Parashu Pradhan Parijat Prema Shah Prithvi Narayan Shah Chandani Shah Lalit Tripurasundari Radha Paudel Rajan Mukarung Rajesh Gautam Rajeshwor Devkota Ram Man Trishit Ram Raj Pant Ramesh Bikal Ramesh Kshitij Ramlal Joshi Rashmila Shakya Ratna Shumsher Thapa Rewati Raman Khanal Riddhi Bahadur Malla Rookmangud Katawal Rudra Raj Pande Sanjeev Uprety Santosh Lamichhane Sanu Sharma Saraswati Pratikshya Sarita Tiwari Saru Bhakta Satya Mohan Joshi Shakti Ballav Aryal Shankar Lamichhane Shanta Chaudhary Shanti Mishra Shikhar Ghimirey Shiva Kumar Rai Shrawan Mukarung Siddhicharan Shrestha Somnath Sigdel Subin Bhattarai Suman Pokhrel Surya Bikram Gyawali Sulochana Manandhar Sushma Joshi Swapnil Smriti Taranath Sharma Tarini Prasad Koirala Toya Gurung Tulsi Diwasa Upendra Subba Usha Sherchan Uttam Kunwar Vishnu Raj Atreya Yogbir Singh Kansakar Yogesh Raj Yogi Naraharinath Yogmaya Neupane Yubraj Nayaghare Yuyutsu Sharma Sanskrit Bhanubhakta Acharya Lekhnath Paudyal Motiram Bhatta Mukunda Sharan Upadhyaya Nara Nath Acharya Vishnu Raj Atreya Limbu Bairagi Kainla Iman Xin Chemjong Nepalbhasha Bauddha Rishi Mahapragya Buddha Sayami Buddhaghosa Mahasthavir Chittadhar Hridaya Daya Bir Singh Kansakar Dhammalok Mahasthavir Dharma Ratna Yami Dharmachari Guruma Dharmaditya Dharmacharya Dhooswan Sayami Durga Lal Shrestha Ganesh Lal Shrestha Girija Prasad Joshi Jagat Lal Master Jagat Sundar Malla Jayaprakash Malla Kedar Man Vyathit Kedar Nath Neupane Kesar Lall Kumar Kashyap Mahasthavir Madan Mohan Mishra Moti Laxmi Upasika Nisthananda Bajracharya Phatte Bahadur Singh Pragyananda Mahasthavir Pratek Man Tuladhar Prem Bahadur Kansakar Purna Kaji Tamrakar Pushpa Ratna Sagar Rebati Ramanananda Shrestha Satya Mohan Joshi Shashikala Manandhar Shukraraj Shastri Siddhicharan Shrestha Siddhidas Mahaju Sudarshan Mahasthavir Sukraraj Shastri Sulochana Manandhar Tara Devi Tuladhar Yogbir Singh Kansakar English Abhi Subedi C. K. Lal D. B. Gurung Deepak Shimkhada Dor Bahadur Bista Manjushree Thapa Pranaya SJB Rana Pratyoush Onta Rabi Thapa Samrat Upadhyay Shanti Mishra Suman Pokhrel Yogesh Raj Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche Yuyutsu Sharma Hindi Chittadhar Hridaya Dhooswan Sayami Kedar Man Vyathit Sitaram Agrahari Tamang Bina Theeng Tamang Ganesh Lal Shrestha Avadhi Bhawani Bhikshu Vishnu Raj Atreya Magar Bal Krishna Pokharel Maithili Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura Dhirendra Premarshi Jyotirishwar Thakur Chinese Sulochana Manandhar Portals: Biography Nepal Politics LiteratureBP Koirala at Wikipedia's sister projects:Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsTexts from WikisourceData from Wikidata Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other NARA SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bishweshwar_Prasad_Koirala_-_David_Ben_Gurion_1960.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Ben-Gurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nepali Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"social democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democratic"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"Manisha Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manisha_Koirala"},{"link_name":"Siddharth Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharth_Koirala"},{"link_name":"Girija Prasad Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girija_Prasad_Koirala"},{"link_name":"Matrika Prasad Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrika_Prasad_Koirala"},{"link_name":"democratically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election"},{"link_name":"22nd Prime Minister of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"King Mahendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atmabrittanta-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"democratic socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_socialism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala meets David Ben-Gurion during a visit to IsraelBishweshwar Prasad Koirala (Nepali: विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइराला; 8 September 1914 – 21 July 1982), better known as B. P. Koirala (Nepali: बीपी कोइराला), was a Nepali revolutionary, political leader, and writer. He was the Prime Minister of Nepal from 1959 to 1960.[1] He led the Nepali Congress, a social democratic political party. He was the grandfather of Bollywood actors Manisha Koirala and Siddharth Koirala and the elder brother of former prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala and the younger brother of former prime minister Matrika Prasad Koirala.Koirala was the first democratically elected and 22nd Prime Minister of Nepal. He held the office for 18 months before being deposed and imprisoned at the instruction of King Mahendra. The rest of his life was spent largely in prison or exile and in steadily deteriorating health.[2][3]Widely regarded as one of the greatest political personalities in Nepal, Koirala was a staunch supporter of democracy. He asserted that guarantees of individual liberty and civil and political rights alone were not sufficient in a poor country like Nepal, and that democratic socialism was the solution to Nepal's underdevelopment.[4][5]","title":"BP Koirala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krishna Prasad Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Prasad_Koirala"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Banaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaras"},{"link_name":"Matrika Prasad Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrika_Prasad_Koirala"},{"link_name":"Scottish Church College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Church_College"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Banaras Hindu University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University"},{"link_name":"University of Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling"},{"link_name":"Indian nationalist movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_nationalist_movement"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Dhanbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbad"}],"text":"The second son of Krishna Prasad Koirala, a follower of Mahatma Gandhi, Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala was raised in Banaras. Until the age of 14, he attended a school established by his father. Afterwards he joined the Harishchandra School in the city. He began writing when he was in the ninth grade.The British Raj charged him and his brother, Matrika Prasad Koirala, with having contacts with terrorists in 1930. They were arrested and set free after three months. Because of this, Bishweshwar began to study at the Scottish Church College in Calcutta as per his father's wishes. Towards the end of 1930, he left college and returned to Banaras. In 1932, he completed his intermediate level of studies. His father again insisted that his son join Scottish Church College in Calcutta. So for the second time, he joined the college, but left it soon afterwards. In 1934, he completed his bachelor's degree in Economics and Politics from Banaras Hindu University. He also earned a degree in law from the University of Calcutta in 1937, and practised for several years in Darjeeling.While still a student, he became involved in the Indian nationalist movement. In 1934, he joined the Indian National Congress. During World War II, he was interned by the British in Dhanbad for two years (1942–1944).","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bp_koirala_delhi_1951.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nepali Congress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress_Party"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Girija Prasad Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girija_Prasad_Koirala"},{"link_name":"Biratnagar jute mill strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biratnagar_jute_mill_strike"},{"link_name":"Girija Prasad Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girija_Prasad_Koirala"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JoshiRose1966-6"},{"link_name":"Revolution of 1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1951"},{"link_name":"Rana regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_dynasty"},{"link_name":"King Mahendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Mahendra"},{"link_name":"Nepali Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"tenancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenancy"},{"link_name":"King Mahendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Mahendra"},{"link_name":"throat cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Surya Bahadur Thapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_Bahadur_Thapa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"King Birendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Birendra"},{"link_name":"Dr Tulsi Giri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsi_Giri"},{"link_name":"Back to the Village National Campaign Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_the_Village_National_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Sushila Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushila_Koirala"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"King Birendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Birendra"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"sedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedition"},{"link_name":"Surya Bahadur Thapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_Bahadur_Thapa"},{"link_name":"King Birendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Birendra"},{"link_name":"house arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest"},{"link_name":"King Birendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Birendra"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Nepalese_governmental_system_referendum"},{"link_name":"1981 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Nepalese_Rastriya_Panchayat_election"},{"link_name":"Ratna Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratna_Park"}],"text":"Home Minister B. P. Koirala in Delhi 1951Following his release, with Indian independence imminent, he set about trying to bring change to Nepal. In 1947 he founded in India the socialist Nepali National Congress, which in 1950 became the Nepali Congress Party. On 9 March 1947, Koirala crossed over to Nepal to help his brother Girija Prasad Koirala instigate the Biratnagar jute mill strike. He was arrested along with Girija Prasad Koirala and four other National Congress leaders and taken with his fellow agitators to Kathmandu via a 21 days long, slow walk across the hills. The prisoners' march attracted much attention and helped to radicalise the peasants whose villages lay en route. The Koirala along with other detainees were kept in a Kathmandu bungalow but were soon released after a 27-day hunger strike, popular protests, and at the request of Mahatma Gandhi in August 1947[6]Koirala went back to India, and began looking for arms to storm Kathmandu. Finally, Koirala led the Revolution of 1951, which overthrew Nepal's 104-year-old Rana regime. The last Rana prime minister was dismissed in October 1951 when the Rana-Congress coalition cabinet (in which Koirala served for nine months as the Home minister) broke apart. Koirala then concentrated on developing the Nepali political structure. King Mahendra responded with a new constitution enabling free parliamentary elections to take place in 1959. Only a fragmented parliament was expected, but Koirala's Nepali Congress scored a landslide, taking more than two-thirds of the seats in the lower house. After several weeks of significant hesitation, Mahendra asked Koirala to form a government, which took office in May 1959.Koirala led his country's delegation to the United Nations and made carefully poised visits to China and India, then increasingly at odds over territorial disputes. Yet, he was in trouble at home almost from the beginning. His land reform measures, especially the revision of the tenancy laws so easily passed by parliament, deeply offended the landed aristocracy which had long dominated the army. King Mahendra, on 15 December 1960, suspended the constitution, dissolved parliament, dismissed the cabinet, imposed direct rule, and for good measure imprisoned Koirala and his closest government colleagues. Many of them were released after few months, but Koirala, though he was suffering from throat cancer, was kept imprisoned without trial until 1968.[7]In 1968, the then Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa, played a significant role in releasing Koirala from prison, but he was the main actor for also making sure that Koirala stays out of the country in self-exile for the rest of his life. Koirala was in self-exile in Banaras, India until December 1976.[8] After his return from almost a decade of self exile in Banaras, he was kept under house arrest in his Chabahil residence. During that time, King Birendra asked the then Prime Minister Dr Tulsi Giri, a tough political rival of Koirala to recommend him by the joint meeting of the Council of Ministers and Back to the Village National Campaign Central Committee, whether Koirala should be freed for medical treatment in the USA or not. Accordingly, the joint meeting recommended King Birendra to release Koirala and provide him with necessary expenses to undertake the medical treatment in the USA. The passport and necessary visa were arranged by the government of Nepal for Koirala and his wife Sushila Koirala, a doctor and an assistance. The then Royal Nepalese Embassy in the Washington DC, was instructed to provide all support to Koirala family for the medical treatment.[9]King Birendra, educated in England and the United States, succeeded his father in 1972 when the political climate was believed to be gradually improving. Koirala, however, was arrested immediately upon his return from exile in 1976[10] and charged with the capital offence of attempting armed revolution. Finally, in March 1978, he was cleared of all treason and sedition charges. Then, in 1981, he was cleared to travel to the United States for medical treatment. The Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa convinced the king to allow Koirala to proceed to the US for treatment as per recommendation from the royal physician Dr. M. R. Pandey. The government of Nepal bore a portion of the cost of his medical treatment in the US, while the rest was arranged by his nephew Shail Updhaya, Dr. Shukdev Shah, family and friends.After returning from a further medical visit to the United States, he had a series of audiences with King Birendra, as he tried for a \"national reconciliation\". During the student demonstrations in 1979, he was under house arrest. However, he welcomed King Birendra's call for a national referendum on the question of the political system for Nepal. The referendum results were announced to be in favour of retaining the political system led by the B. P. Koirala was the first leader to welcome the result of the national referendum and accepted the people verdict and claimed that the referendum was fair and free. However, owing to differences in the electoral process to seek membership of class organization as mandatory, Koirala demanded a boycott of the 1981 elections.Despite obviously failing health and political strength, Koirala could still draw a great popular support. He addressed one of Nepal's largest public meetings in recent years in Kathmandu's Ratna Park in January 1982. He died on 21 July 1982, in Kathmandu. An estimated half a million people attended his funeral.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BP._Koirala.png"},{"link_name":"Nepalese literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_literature"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Banaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaras"},{"link_name":"Prem Chand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Chand"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling"},{"link_name":"social realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_realist"},{"link_name":"psychological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"Teen Ghumti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Ghumti_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Narendra Dai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Dai"},{"link_name":"Sumnima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumnima"},{"link_name":"Modiain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modiaain"},{"link_name":"Mero Katha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmabrittanta"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu"},{"link_name":"Banaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaras"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford"},{"link_name":"multi-party democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_democracy"},{"link_name":"social democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democrat"},{"link_name":"existentialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialist"},{"link_name":"anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"Freudian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"psychoanalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis"},{"link_name":"Modiaain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modiaain"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukshetra_War"},{"link_name":"Bhagavad Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita"},{"link_name":"Vedanta philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanta_philosophy"}],"text":"Bishweshwar Prasad KoiralaWhile Koirala is considered one of the most charismatic political leader of Nepal, he was also one of the most well-read and thoughtful writers of Nepalese literature. He wrote short stories and novels, and some poems. Koirala began writing short stories in Hindi.[11]His first stories were published in Banaras in Hansa, a Hindi literary magazine edited by Prem Chand (India's Tolstoy). His first Nepali short story \"Chandrabadan\" was published in Sharada, a Nepali literary magazine in 1935. Koirala was very good at depicting the character and mind of women. Four other stories of Koirala were included in Katha Kusum (an anthology of Nepali stories), published in 1938 in Darjeeling. As a social realist, with good psychological insight as he was first writer to write stories and novels based on human psychology in history of Nepalese literature, Koirala had established himself as one of the most important Nepali short story writers by 1938. Doshi Chashma, Koirala's anthology of sixteen short stories, was published in 1949. He was one of the greatest writer to contribute to the Nepali literature.Koirala was very busy in the 1950s as he was often found amidst the political situations of Nepal. He was, however, able to write an incomplete novel Hitlar ra Yahudi (Hitler and the Jews) in the form of travelogue. The 1960s were very productive for Koirala in terms of his literary output. He wrote many novels and short stories in jail during 1960–68. They include: Teen Ghumti (Three Turns), 1968; Narendra Dai (Brother Narendra), 1969; Sumnima (A story of the first Kirata woman), 1969; Modiain (The Grocer's Wife), 1980; Shweta Bhairavi (The White Goddess of Terror), 1983; Babu Ama ra chora (Father, mother and sons), 1989; and an incomplete autobiography Mero Katha (My Story), 1983, and many more yet to be published.Koirala also has dozens of political essays including the following: \"Rajatantra ra Lokatantra\" (\"Monarchy and Democracy\"), 1960; \"Thichieka Janata Jagisake\" (\"The Oppressed People Rise\"), 1969; \"Rastriyata Nepalko Sandarbhama\" (\"Nationalism in the Context of Nepal\"), 1970; \"Kranti: Ek Anivaryata\" (\"Revolution: An Absolute Necessity\"), 1970; \"Panchayati Vyavastha Prajatantrik Chaina\" (\"The Panchayat System is not Democratic\"), 1978; \"Prajatantra ra Samajvad\" (\"Democracy and Socialism\"), 1979; and \"Rastriya Ekata ko Nimti Ahwan\" (\"A Call for National Reconciliation\"), 1980.Koirala's writings (both political and literary) were banned until recently. Nepalese youths spent several years of imprisonment just on the charges of possessing Koirala's writings. Another problem is that his rare and important writings have been scattered all over. Old newspapers and magazines (including the underground publications) have to be researched. Libraries, museums, and archives in Kathmandu, Banaras, Calcutta, New Delhi, London, Paris, Berkeley, Stanford, and many other places have to be visited to collect the materials on Koirala. As a result, one can hope to produce volumes of his political writings and literary works.Koirala was the focus of Nepalese politics during the 1950s, 1960s, and the 1970s. Even today, long after his death, people of Nepal feel that the restoration of multi-party democracy is a tribute to him. Koirala was also one of the most important literary figures of Nepal. In politics Koirala was a social democrat; in literature he was an existentialist especially in his novel Tin Ghumti (Three Turns). He said that he wrote his literary works to satisfy his anarchist impulses, impulses which revolted against the traditional order of things. But as a social democrat he was in search of a political order that was agreeable to every citizen of Nepal.As a politician, Koirala struggled throughout his life for the establishment of a multi-party democracy in his country. Traditional forces, still strong to resist such effort, made it very hard for \"B. P.\" to accomplish his political mission. As a social democrat, Koirala differed with communists; as he often said man cannot live by bread alone. He also differed with the capitalists as he thought that unbridled consumerism was immoral, and that the appalling exploitation of the world's resources was short-sighted and unrealistic. He believed that only socialism could guarantee political freedom and equal economic opportunities to the people. He said, \"socialism is the wave of the future.\"Koirala had studied economics, logic, literature, and law. He was a voracious reader of English, German, French, Russian, Hindi, Bengali and Nepali literature. His educational background and artistic abilities were combined in his own works to present a view of life in an artistic, logical and compelling manner. He would thus shake the conscience of Nepali readers by questioning their unreflective acceptance of the traditional value systems.Koirala's short stories were first published in the 1930s in Hindi and Nepali literary magazines. Koirala first came to notice in Nepali literature because often his characters seemed to have been treated with an understanding of Freudian psychoanalysis. Even when a short story or novel of Koirala was not Freudian in its approach, it was still noteworthy to Nepali readers because he presented an unconventional approach to life.Modiaain (The Grocer's wife) is probably his shortest novel. In Modiaain Koirala looks at the Mahabharata war from the point of view of a young woman who loses her husband to the war. This woman was not alone. There were hundreds of thousands of young women who were widowed by the war. Thus, Koirala presents a passionate plea against the philosophy of the Bhagavad Gita, which assumes that the world is but an illusion and thus makes life and death a meaningless phenomena and that the observance of one's own duty is the ultimate priority. Koirala was against war, and by looking at the Vedanta philosophy and the issue of war from a war widow's point of view, he once again shakes the conscience of the Nepali readers who generally tend to accept the philosophy of Vedanta especially its idea of karma (fate). Characteristically, Koirala presents one more instance in which he analyses the mind of a woman, as he did in most of his short stories and novels.","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The following institutions have been set up in his memory:In 1992, the B. P. Koirala Nepal Health Foundation was inaugurated by the prime ministers of India and Nepal with the objective of supplementing the normal cooperation and interaction at the Government-to-Government level by providing statesmen, media persons, etc. to constantly nurture and further enhance the understanding and friendship between two countries. The trust is a symbol of Nepali renaissance [12][13]\nIn 1992, the Government of Nepal has established the B. P. Koirala Memorial Planetarium, Observatory and Science Museum Development Board in 1992 in order to establish Planetaria, Observatories and Science Museums in Nepal & conduct research activities in the area of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology [14][15]\nB. P. Koirala Memorial Trust (B. P. Trust) was established in 2000 in memory of the late B. P. Koirala. It is the only legal institution approved by the government of Nepal to collect royalties, claim copyrights and allow legal permission regarding B. P. Koirala. B. P. Trust receives financial support from the government. The establishment of this Trust in B. P. Koirala's memory can be considered as a remarkable achievement.[16]Also, various programs are organized in Nepal as well as outside Nepal to remember his selfless contributions to Nepal.[17][18][19]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Doshi Chasma","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala meets David Ben-Gurion during a visit to Israel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bishweshwar_Prasad_Koirala_-_David_Ben_Gurion_1960.jpg/250px-Bishweshwar_Prasad_Koirala_-_David_Ben_Gurion_1960.jpg"},{"image_text":"Home Minister B. P. Koirala in Delhi 1951","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bp_koirala_delhi_1951.jpg/220px-Bp_koirala_delhi_1951.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BP._Koirala.png/220px-BP._Koirala.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BP_Koirala.jpg/125px-BP_Koirala.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nepal_Chandra_Surya_Flag_Map.png/200px-Nepal_Chandra_Surya_Flag_Map.png"}]
[{"title":"Nepali literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_literature"},{"title":"Biratnagar jute mill strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biratnagar_jute_mill_strike"},{"title":"Girija Prasad Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girija_Prasad_Koirala"},{"title":"Koirala family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koirala_family"}]
[{"reference":"\"B.P. Koirala, Former Prime Minister of Nepal\". The New York Times. Reuters. 22 July 1982. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/22/obituaries/bp-koirala-former-prime-minister-of-nepal.html","url_text":"\"B.P. Koirala, Former Prime Minister of Nepal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Koirala, Bisheshwor Prasad (2001). Atmabrittanta: Late Life Recollections. Kathmandu: Himal Books. ISBN 978-99933-1-308-3. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201201759/http://himalbooks.com/shop/products/B.P.-Koirala%E2%80%99s-Atmabrittanta%3A-Late-Life-Recollections.html","url_text":"Atmabrittanta: Late Life Recollections"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99933-1-308-3","url_text":"978-99933-1-308-3"},{"url":"http://himalbooks.com/shop/products/B.P.-Koirala%E2%80%99s-Atmabrittanta%3A-Late-Life-Recollections.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Last Days with BP Koirala\". Nepal Times. 14 October 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nepalitimes.com/here-now/last-days-with-bp-koirala/","url_text":"\"Last Days with BP Koirala\""}]},{"reference":"\"BP And His Thoughts\". Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150723215409/http://www.trn.gorkhapatraonline.com/index.php/editorial/11402-bp-and-his-thoughts.html","url_text":"\"BP And His Thoughts\""},{"url":"http://www.trn.gorkhapatraonline.com/index.php/editorial/11402-bp-and-his-thoughts.html/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chatterjee, Bhola (9 April 2015). \"BP Koirala: Bhola Chatterjee\". Lagatar. Retrieved 8 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://lagatar.com/bp-koirala-memorial/","url_text":"\"BP Koirala: Bhola Chatterjee\""}]},{"reference":"Bhuwan Lal Joshi; Leo E. Rose (1966). Democratic Innovations in Nepal: A Case Study of Political Acculturation. University of California Press. p. 63. GGKEY:5N30S3HU9BC.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MX22o4PJ3Q0C&pg=PA543","url_text":"Democratic Innovations in Nepal: A Case Study of Political Acculturation"}]},{"reference":"\"B.P. Koirala's Atmabrittanta: Late Life Recollections\". Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201201759/http://himalbooks.com/shop/products/B.P.-Koirala%E2%80%99s-Atmabrittanta%3A-Late-Life-Recollections.html","url_text":"\"B.P. Koirala's Atmabrittanta: Late Life Recollections\""},{"url":"http://himalbooks.com/shop/products/B.P.-Koirala%E2%80%99s-Atmabrittanta%3A-Late-Life-Recollections.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sankya, Jampa (19 August 1977). \"King Birendra of Nepal in a fix over former PM B.P. Koirala's release\". India Today. Retrieved 15 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19770615-king-birendra-of-nepal-in-a-fix-over-former-pm-b.p.-koiralas-release-823779-2014-08-19","url_text":"\"King Birendra of Nepal in a fix over former PM B.P. Koirala's release\""}]},{"reference":"\"विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइरालाको कहानी\". विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइरालाको कहानी. Retrieved 15 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://annapurnapost.com/news/144142","url_text":"\"विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइरालाको कहानी\""}]},{"reference":"Sharma, V. (1992). \"B. P. Koirala: A Major Figure in Modern Nepali Literature\". Journal of South Asian Literature. 27 (2): 209–218. JSTOR 40874126.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40874126","url_text":"\"B. P. Koirala: A Major Figure in Modern Nepali Literature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40874126","url_text":"40874126"}]},{"reference":"\"BP Koirala Nepal Health Foundation\".","urls":[{"url":"http://nepalembassy.in/bpkf-foundation.htm","url_text":"\"BP Koirala Nepal Health Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"PM underscores need to adopt BP's path\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/04/11/top-story/pm-underscores-need-to-adopt-bps-path/388120.html","url_text":"\"PM underscores need to adopt BP's path\""}]},{"reference":"\"B.P. Koirala Memorial Planetorium, Observatory and Science Museum Development Board\". Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150723231854/http://moste.gov.np/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81/Planetorium","url_text":"\"B.P. Koirala Memorial Planetorium, Observatory and Science Museum Development Board\""},{"url":"http://moste.gov.np/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81/Planetorium","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Science\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.educatenepal.com/affiliation_body/detail/bp-koirala-institute-of-health-science","url_text":"\"B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Science\""}]},{"reference":"\"BP Koirala Memorial Trust\". Retrieved 24 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://bpkoiralatrust.org.np/","url_text":"\"BP Koirala Memorial Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Country remembers BP Koirala for his contribution\". Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150724001750/http://himalayatv.com/news/2015/07/22/country-remembers-bp-koirala-for-his-contribution/:en","url_text":"\"Country remembers BP Koirala for his contribution\""},{"url":"http://himalayatv.com/news/2015/07/22/country-remembers-bp-koirala-for-his-contribution/:en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"B.P. Koirala remembered Indian ambassador Rae highlighted B.P. Koirala's contribution\". SpotlightNepal.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spotlightnepal.com/News/Article/nepal-india-bp-koirala","url_text":"\"B.P. Koirala remembered Indian ambassador Rae highlighted B.P. Koirala's contribution\""}]},{"reference":"\"B.P. Koirala's National Reconciliation Relevant Forever\". Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150723222604/http://www.spotlightnepal.com/News/Article/B-P--Koirala%E2%80%99s-National-Reconciliation-Relevant-Fo","url_text":"\"B.P. Koirala's National Reconciliation Relevant Forever\""},{"url":"http://www.spotlightnepal.com/News/Article/B-P--Koirala%E2%80%99s-National-Reconciliation-Relevant-Fo","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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Koirala's Atmabrittanta: Late Life Recollections\""},{"Link":"http://himalbooks.com/shop/products/B.P.-Koirala%E2%80%99s-Atmabrittanta%3A-Late-Life-Recollections.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19770615-king-birendra-of-nepal-in-a-fix-over-former-pm-b.p.-koiralas-release-823779-2014-08-19","external_links_name":"\"King Birendra of Nepal in a fix over former PM B.P. Koirala's release\""},{"Link":"https://annapurnapost.com/news/144142","external_links_name":"\"विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइरालाको कहानी\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40874126","external_links_name":"\"B. P. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazred_(novel)
Alhazred (novel)
["1 Synopsis","2 References"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for books. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Alhazred" novel – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Alhazred" novel – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Alhazred is a 2006 Cthulhu Mythos novel by Canadian writer Donald Tyson. The book is a follow-up to Tyson's 2004 "translation" of the Necronomicon. Like Tyson's Necronomicon and related works, Alhazred draws heavily from the work of early 20th-century American fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft. Synopsis The book is written as an autobiographical account of the life of Abdul Alhazred, the author of the legendary grimoire known as the Necronomicon. The book does not draw on any previous accounts of Alhazred's life, but portrays him instead as a tragic antihero. The book begins with a short narrative describing how Alhazred was tortured as a young man by the ruthless king of his home city, which is explained in gruesome detail. The tortures endured by Alhazred (and his subsequent banishment from his home) contribute to his violent attitude as an adult, which leads him to commit, among other acts, cannibalism, the murder of innocent children and assisting a cult of ghouls in their war against a rival clan. Throughout his travels, Alhazred learns to use his abilities (lack of empathy, uncanny agility and the ability to communicate with the dead) to survive, often in gratuitously self-serving ways. He accumulates an array of grim survival tools, such as an obsidian blade and mysterious spiders which, when eaten, grant him the ability to see in the dark and amplified hearing. He also encounters many beings and characters from the Cthulhu Mythos in which his adventures take place. References ^ Orne, John (30 June 2008). "Keys to Power beyond Reckoning: Mysteries of the Tyson Necronomicon". Mythos Tomes. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008. Retrieved 24 November 2010. This article about a 2000s fantasy novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Nukem_(1991_video_game)
Duke Nukem (video game)
["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development","3.1 Legal concerns with the game name","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
1991 video game 1991 video gameDuke NukemEpisode 1 title screenDeveloper(s)Apogee SoftwarePublisher(s)Apogee SoftwareProducer(s)Scott MillerDesigner(s)Todd ReplogleScott MillerAllen H. Blum IIIProgrammer(s)Todd ReplogleArtist(s)George BroussardJim NorwoodAllen H. Blum IIIComposer(s)Scott MillerSeriesDuke NukemPlatform(s)MS-DOSWindowsOS XLinuxReleaseMS-DOSNA: July 1, 1991EU: 1992Windows, OS XWW: December 6, 2012LinuxWW: May 21, 2015Genre(s)PlatformMode(s)Single-player Duke Nukem is a 1991 platform game developed and published by Apogee Software for MS-DOS. The 2D, multidirectional scrolling game follows the adventures of fictional character Duke Nukem across three episodes of ten levels each. The game's first episode was distributed as shareware. The name was briefly changed to Duke Nukum to avoid trademark issues. Duke Nukem was followed by the similarly-styled Duke Nukem II, in 1993. The series made the jump to 3D graphics with Duke Nukem 3D in 1996, which became the most popular of the three games. Gameplay Gameplay screenshot The main objective of the game is to get to the exit of each level, while destroying enemies and collecting points. Many objects onscreen can be shot including boxes, obstacles and blocks. Besides points, some collectibles include health powerups, gun powerups, and some inventory items with special abilities. The final level of each episode has no exit, and is instead completed by finding and defeating Dr. Proton. At the end of every level (with the exception of the last level in each episode), the player can receive up to seven 10,000 point bonuses, earned by making certain achievements in the level, such as destroying all cameras. Plot The game is set in the year 1997. Dr. Proton is a madman, determined to take over the world with his army of Techbots. Duke Nukem, the eponymous hero, takes upon the task of stopping him. The first episode takes place in the devastated city of Los Angeles. In the second episode, Duke chases Dr. Proton to his secret moonbase. In the third episode, Dr. Proton escapes into the future, and Duke pursues him through time, to put an end to his mad schemes. Development According to programmer and co-creator Todd Replogle, John Carmack helped him program some low-level parts of the game code in assembly language. The game world scrolls by shifting 8x8 "blocks" rather than individual pixels. The game's original title was Heavy Metal, but producer Scott Miller hated the name and chose to name it after the lead character, similar to comic books. He proposed Duke, which he felt sounded strong, and Replogle proposed Nukem as his last name. Legal concerns with the game name After the game's release, Apogee Software became aware that the Captain Planet and the Planeteers animated series featured a character with the same name (Duke Nukem) and therefore to avoid a lawsuit, the software house renamed the 2.0 version of its game Duke Nukum. It later turned out that Duke Nukem was not a registered name, so Apogee registered it and used the original Duke Nukem name in the sequels. Apogee also received a legal letter from Duke University alleging trademark violation. Apogee successfully fought back, and agreed to use the full Duke Nukem name in all their marketing materials. Reception Dave Gnukem is an open source parody. Scott Miller estimates that the game eventually sold between 60,000 and 70,000 copies. In 1995, Flux magazine ranked the game 39th on their Top 100 Video Games writing: "Without a doubt, the best platform game for the pc ever created." A free software parody of the game was made by fans entitled Dave Gnukem. References ^ "3D Realms Site: History". 3D Realms. ^ "Release: Duke Nukem 1+2". GOG.com. December 6, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2019. ^ "Duke Nukem 1 and 2 now available for Mac on GOG.com". Engadget. December 6, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2019. ^ "Changelog post #1". GOG.com. Retrieved May 6, 2019. ^ "Duke Nukem I (the original!)". 3D Realms. Retrieved December 10, 2023. ^ "Todd Replogle interview (from 2001)". www.strifestreams.com. Retrieved September 19, 2017. ^ a b Miller, Scott (May 25, 2022). "Duke Nukem - Little Known Facts". Apogee Entertainment. Archived from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2022. ^ a b "3D Realms Site: Duke Nukem I". Archived from the original on November 10, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2008. ^ Edwards, Benj (August 21, 2009). "20 Years Of Evolution: Scott Miller And 3D Realms". Gamasutra. UBM. Retrieved November 30, 2017. ^ "Top 100 Video Games". Flux (4). Harris Publications: 30. April 1995. ^ Zymaris, Con (July 2001). "The Open Source Lucky Dip". AUUGN. Australia: AUUG. Retrieved February 6, 2023. Written by David Jaffe, Dave Gnukem is a 2D scrolling platform game, similar to Duke Nukem 1. It includes a sprite and level editor. It uses GGI and thus runs on the console as well as X, windowed or fullscreeen. It also runs on Windows, using DirectX. Download it and blow yourself away External links Official Duke Nukem website Archived November 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Duke Nukem at MobyGames vteDuke NukemTitle characterMain series Duke Nukem Duke Nukem II Duke Nukem 3D Duke Nukem Forever Spin-offs Duke Nukem: Time to Kill Duke Nukem: Zero Hour Duke Nukem: Land of the Babes Duke Nukem: Manhattan Project Portable games Duke Nukem Advance Duke Nukem Mobile Duke Nukem: Critical Mass Production List of media Development of Duke Nukem Forever Related games Death Rally Balls of Steel Vivisector: Beast Within Duke Nukem 3D: Reloaded Bombshell Ion Fury Bulletstorm Duke Smoochem 3D Category vte3D Realms (list of games)As Apogee Software Arctic Adventure Bio Menace Blake Stone: Aliens of Gold Blake Stone: Planet Strike Boppin' Commander Keen in Goodbye, Galaxy Commander Keen in Invasion of the Vorticons Cosmo's Cosmic Adventure Crystal Caves Dark Ages Duke Nukem Duke Nukem II Kroz series Major Stryker Math Rescue Monster Bash Monuments of Mars Mystic Towers Paganitzu Pharaoh's Tomb Raptor: Call of the Shadows Realms of Chaos Rise of the Triad ScubaVenture Secret Agent Stargunner Wacky Wheels Wolfenstein 3D Word Rescue Xenophage: Alien Bloodsport List of minor video games As 3D Realms Terminal Velocity Duke Nukem 3D Shadow Warrior Balls of Steel Max Payne Duke Nukem: Manhattan Project Prey Duke Nukem Forever Bombshell Ion Fury Wrath: Aeon of Ruin Kingpin: Reloaded Graven Core Decay Phantom Fury Tempest Rising People Scott Miller George Broussard Todd Replogle Technology Build engine Related Apogee Entertainment Embracer Group Saber Interactive Authority control databases: National France BnF data
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"platform game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_game"},{"link_name":"Apogee Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_Realms"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"Duke Nukem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Nukem_(character)"},{"link_name":"shareware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Duke Nukem II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Nukem_II"},{"link_name":"Duke Nukem 3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Nukem_3D"}],"text":"1991 video gameDuke Nukem is a 1991 platform game developed and published by Apogee Software for MS-DOS. The 2D, multidirectional scrolling game follows the adventures of fictional character Duke Nukem across three episodes of ten levels each. The game's first episode was distributed as shareware.[5] The name was briefly changed to Duke Nukum to avoid trademark issues.Duke Nukem was followed by the similarly-styled Duke Nukem II, in 1993. The series made the jump to 3D graphics with Duke Nukem 3D in 1996, which became the most popular of the three games.","title":"Duke Nukem (video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dukenukem1.png"},{"link_name":"points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Score_(game)"},{"link_name":"powerups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-up"},{"link_name":"level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"achievements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achievement_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television"}],"text":"Gameplay screenshotThe main objective of the game is to get to the exit of each level, while destroying enemies and collecting points. Many objects onscreen can be shot including boxes, obstacles and blocks. Besides points, some collectibles include health powerups, gun powerups, and some inventory items with special abilities. The final level of each episode has no exit, and is instead completed by finding and defeating Dr. Proton.At the end of every level (with the exception of the last level in each episode), the player can receive up to seven 10,000 point bonuses, earned by making certain achievements in the level, such as destroying all cameras.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The game is set in the year 1997. Dr. Proton is a madman, determined to take over the world with his army of Techbots. Duke Nukem, the eponymous hero, takes upon the task of stopping him. The first episode takes place in the devastated city of Los Angeles. In the second episode, Duke chases Dr. Proton to his secret moonbase. In the third episode, Dr. Proton escapes into the future, and Duke pursues him through time, to put an end to his mad schemes.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Carmack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carmack"},{"link_name":"assembly language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dukefacts-7"}],"text":"According to programmer and co-creator Todd Replogle, John Carmack helped him program some low-level parts of the game code in assembly language.[6] The game world scrolls by shifting 8x8 \"blocks\" rather than individual pixels. The game's original title was Heavy Metal, but producer Scott Miller hated the name and chose to name it after the lead character, similar to comic books. He proposed Duke, which he felt sounded strong, and Replogle proposed Nukem as his last name.[7]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apogee Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apogee_Software"},{"link_name":"Captain Planet and the Planeteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Planet_and_the_Planeteers"},{"link_name":"Duke Nukem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Nukem_(Captain_Planet)"},{"link_name":"software house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_house"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nukum-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nukum-8"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dukefacts-7"}],"sub_title":"Legal concerns with the game name","text":"After the game's release, Apogee Software became aware that the Captain Planet and the Planeteers animated series featured a character with the same name (Duke Nukem) and therefore to avoid a lawsuit, the software house renamed the 2.0 version of its game Duke Nukum.[8] It later turned out that Duke Nukem was not a registered name, so Apogee registered it and used the original Duke Nukem name in the sequels.[8] Apogee also received a legal letter from Duke University alleging trademark violation. Apogee successfully fought back, and agreed to use the full Duke Nukem name in all their marketing materials.[7]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dave_gnukem_(2)_Game_for_OS-2.png"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20YearsGameUltra-9"},{"link_name":"Flux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"free software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Dave Gnukem is an open source parody.Scott Miller estimates that the game eventually sold between 60,000 and 70,000 copies.[9] In 1995, Flux magazine ranked the game 39th on their Top 100 Video Games writing: \"Without a doubt, the best platform game for the pc ever created.\"[10] A free software parody of the game was made by fans entitled Dave Gnukem.[11]","title":"Reception"}]
[{"image_text":"Gameplay screenshot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/Dukenukem1.png/220px-Dukenukem1.png"},{"image_text":"Dave Gnukem is an open source parody.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dave_gnukem_%282%29_Game_for_OS-2.png/200px-Dave_gnukem_%282%29_Game_for_OS-2.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"3D Realms Site: History\". 3D Realms.","urls":[{"url":"http://legacy.3drealms.com/history.html","url_text":"\"3D Realms Site: History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_Realms","url_text":"3D Realms"}]},{"reference":"\"Release: Duke Nukem 1+2\". GOG.com. December 6, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gog.com/news/release_duke_nukem_12","url_text":"\"Release: Duke Nukem 1+2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOG.com","url_text":"GOG.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Duke Nukem 1 and 2 now available for Mac on GOG.com\". Engadget. December 6, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2012/12/06/duke-nukem-1-and-2-now-available-for-mac-on-gog-com/","url_text":"\"Duke Nukem 1 and 2 now available for Mac on GOG.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget","url_text":"Engadget"}]},{"reference":"\"Changelog post #1\". GOG.com. Retrieved May 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gog.com/forum/duke_nukem_series/changelog/post1","url_text":"\"Changelog post #1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOG.com","url_text":"GOG.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Duke Nukem I (the original!)\". 3D Realms. Retrieved December 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://legacy.3drealms.com/duke1/index.html","url_text":"\"Duke Nukem I (the original!)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_Realms","url_text":"3D Realms"}]},{"reference":"\"Todd Replogle interview (from 2001)\". www.strifestreams.com. Retrieved September 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.strifestreams.com/ToddReplogleInterview2001","url_text":"\"Todd Replogle interview (from 2001)\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Scott (May 25, 2022). \"Duke Nukem - Little Known Facts\". Apogee Entertainment. Archived from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220525215820/https://www.apogeeent.com/devblog/duke-little-known-facts","url_text":"\"Duke Nukem - Little Known Facts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apogee_Entertainment","url_text":"Apogee Entertainment"},{"url":"https://www.apogeeent.com/devblog/duke-little-known-facts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"3D Realms Site: Duke Nukem I\". Archived from the original on November 10, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://legacy.3drealms.com/duke1/index.html","url_text":"\"3D Realms Site: Duke Nukem I\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141110115045/http://legacy.3drealms.com/duke1/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Benj (August 21, 2009). \"20 Years Of Evolution: Scott Miller And 3D Realms\". Gamasutra. UBM. Retrieved November 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/132501/20_years_of_evolution_scott_.php?page=7","url_text":"\"20 Years Of Evolution: Scott Miller And 3D Realms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra","url_text":"Gamasutra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBM_plc","url_text":"UBM"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Video Games\". Flux (4). Harris Publications: 30. April 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/flux-issue-4/page/n29/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Top 100 Video Games\""}]},{"reference":"Zymaris, Con (July 2001). \"The Open Source Lucky Dip\". AUUGN. Australia: AUUG. Retrieved February 6, 2023. Written by David Jaffe, Dave Gnukem is a 2D scrolling platform game, similar to Duke Nukem 1. It includes a sprite and level editor. It uses GGI and thus runs on the console as well as X, windowed or fullscreeen. It also runs on Windows, using DirectX. Download it and blow yourself away","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=niCRTTknircC&dq=Dave+Gnukem&pg=PA52","url_text":"\"The Open Source Lucky Dip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia","url_text":"Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUUG","url_text":"AUUG"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://legacy.3drealms.com/history.html","external_links_name":"\"3D Realms Site: History\""},{"Link":"https://www.gog.com/news/release_duke_nukem_12","external_links_name":"\"Release: Duke Nukem 1+2\""},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2012/12/06/duke-nukem-1-and-2-now-available-for-mac-on-gog-com/","external_links_name":"\"Duke Nukem 1 and 2 now available for Mac on GOG.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.gog.com/forum/duke_nukem_series/changelog/post1","external_links_name":"\"Changelog post #1\""},{"Link":"https://legacy.3drealms.com/duke1/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Duke Nukem I (the original!)\""},{"Link":"http://www.strifestreams.com/ToddReplogleInterview2001","external_links_name":"\"Todd Replogle interview (from 2001)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220525215820/https://www.apogeeent.com/devblog/duke-little-known-facts","external_links_name":"\"Duke Nukem - Little Known Facts\""},{"Link":"https://www.apogeeent.com/devblog/duke-little-known-facts","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://legacy.3drealms.com/duke1/index.html","external_links_name":"\"3D Realms Site: Duke Nukem I\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141110115045/http://legacy.3drealms.com/duke1/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/132501/20_years_of_evolution_scott_.php?page=7","external_links_name":"\"20 Years Of Evolution: Scott Miller And 3D Realms\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/flux-issue-4/page/n29/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 Video Games\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=niCRTTknircC&dq=Dave+Gnukem&pg=PA52","external_links_name":"\"The Open Source Lucky Dip\""},{"Link":"https://3drealms.com/catalog/duke-nukem-1_24/","external_links_name":"Official Duke Nukem website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211118085605/https://3drealms.com/catalog/duke-nukem-1_24/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.mobygames.com/game/duke-nukem","external_links_name":"Duke Nukem"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16598432c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16598432c","external_links_name":"BnF data"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiji_Okada
Eiji Okada
["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"]
Japanese actor (1920–1995) Eiji Okada岡田 英次Eiji Okada. taken in 1954.Born(1920-06-13)13 June 1920Chiba, JapanDied14 September 1995(1995-09-14) (aged 75)OccupationActorYears active1946–1995SpouseAiko Wasa Eiji Okada (岡田 英次, Okada Eiji, 13 June 1920 – 14 September 1995) was a Japanese film actor from Chōshi, Chiba. Okada served in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II and was a miner and traveling salesman before becoming an actor. Internationally, his best-remembered roles include Lui ("him" in French) in the 1959 film Hiroshima mon amour, directed by Alain Resnais. In this film, Eiji Okada had to learn the screenplay phonetically because he did not speak French. He is also known for playing the entomologist Niki Junpei in Hiroshi Teshigahara's 1964 film Woman in the Dunes, an adaptation of Kōbō Abe's novel. He was also second billed under Marlon Brando in the 1963 political thriller The Ugly American. Okada was married to Aiko Wasa, with whom he ran a theatre company in Japan. He died on 14 September 1995 of heart failure, at the age of 75. Selected filmography Onna no Kao (1949) Hana no Sugao (1949) Until We Meet Again (1950) – Tajima Saburo Shiroi yajû (1950) – Iwasaki Gozen reiji no shutugoku (1950) Kenjū no Mae ni Tatsu Haha (1950) Nakinureta ningyô (1951) – Ryûji Fūsetsu Nijūnen (1951) Kaze ni soyogu asi (Kouhen) (1951) – Mitsujiro Hirose Yamabiko Gakkō (1952) Asa no hamon (1952) – Kajigoro Mother (1952) – Shinjiro Boryoku (1952) Shinkū Chitai (1952) – Okamoto Haha wo Kou Uta (1952) Reimei hachigatsu jugo-nichi (1952) Himeyuri no Tō (1953) – Teacher Tamai Hiroshima (1953) – Kitagawa Miseraretaru Tamashii (1953) Wakaki Hi no Takuboku Kumo wa Tensai De Aru (1954) – Takuboku Ishikawa Okuman choja (1954) – Monta Hana to Hatō (1954) Ningen Gyorai Kaiten (1955) Koko ni Izumi Ari (1955) Hana no Yukue (1955) – Hiroshi Hamamura Gokumonchô (1955) – San'nosuke Tsuzuki Christ in Bronze (1955) Bōryokugai (1955) Kao no nai otoko (1955) – Masahiko Arisaka / Yamada Kenjû tai kenjû (1955) Choppu sensei (1956) Shonen tanteidan: Nijumenso no akuma (1956) – Kogoro Akechi Shonen tanteidan: Daiichibu yokaihakushi (1956) Kurama Tengu, Shirouma no Misshi (1956) Jun'ai Monogatari (1957) – Shitayama Dotanba (1957) Shonen tanteidan: Tetto no kaijin (1957) – Kogoro Akechi Shonen tanteidan: Kabutomushi no yoki (1957) Shingo juban-shobu (1959) – Shozaburo Masaki Hiroshima mon amour (1959) – Lui Shingo jûban shôbu: dai-ni-bu (1959) Shinran (1960) – Shiro Amagi Ôzora no muhômono (1960) Kaizoku bahansen (1960) Restoration Fire (1961) – Yamanami Keisuke Kengo tengu matsuri (1961) Rififi in Tokyo (1963) – Danny Riquet The Ugly American (1963) – Deong Kanojo to kare (1963) – Eiichi Ishikawa Woman in the Dunes (1964) – Entomologist Niki Jumpei The Scent of Incense (Kôge - Nibu: Mitsumata no shô/Ichibu: Waremokô no shô) (1964) – Nozawa Ansatsu (1964) – Lord Matsudaira The Scarlet Camellia (1964) – Genjirô Maruume Haigo no hito (1965) – Masaaki Izumida Sanshiro Sugata (1965) – Gennosuke / Tesshin Samurai Spy (1965) – Tatewaki Koriyama Nihon daikyôkaku (1966) – Shuji Onoda Hikô shôjo Yôko (1966) – Asai The Face of Another (1966) – The Boss Bosû wa ore no kenjû de (1966) The X from Outer Space (1967) – Dr. Kato Portrait of Chieko (1967) – Tsubaki Utage (1967) – Adachi The Sands of Kurobe (1968) – Yoshino Irezumi muzan (1968) Shin irezumi muzan tekka no jingi (1968) Showa no inochi (1968) Tarekomi (1969) – Toru Kijima Dankon (1969) – George Kitabayashi Nyotai (1969) – Nobuyuki Ishidô Jotai (1969) – Nobuyuki Ishido Mujo (1970) Senketsu no kiroku (1970) Yomigaeru daichi (1971) – Mitsuo iwashita Yami no naka no chimimoryo (1971) – Ikezoe Silence (1971) – Inoue Chikugonokami Tsuji-ga-hana (1972) Bara no hyôteki (1972) -Tachibana Mike Zatoichi's Conspiracy (1973) – Shinbei of Hitachiya Lone Wolf and Cub: Baby Cart in the Land of Demons (1973) – Wakita Lady Snowblood (1973) – Gishirô Tsukamoto Waga michi (1974) – Lawyer Mesu (1974) – Kokubo The Yakuza (1974) – Tono ESPY (1974) – Salabad I am a cat (1975) – Bunmei Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare (1976) Lullaby of the Earth (1976) – Evangelist Utareru mae-ni ute! (1976) – President Kudo Permanent Blue: Manatsu no koi (1976) – Boy's father Arasuka monogatari (1977) – Amaohka Seishun no mon: Jiritsu hen (1977) – Minoru Yuki Utamaro: Yume to shiriseba (1977) – Tanuma Wakai hito (1977) – Mr. Okajima Nihon no jingi (1977) – Yohei Inada Genshiryoku sensô (1978) – Professor Kamiyama Ogin-sama (1978) – Ankokuji Furimukeba Ai (1978) – Ryunosuke Tamaru Kôtei no inai hachigatsu (1978) – Tokunaga Blue Christmas (1978) Ôgon no inu (1979) – Shuhei Agata The Strangling (1979) – Yoshio Morikawa Jishin rettô (1980) Kofukugo shuppan (1980) The Gate of Youth (1981) – Tôno, Chika's step father Crazy Fruit (1981) – Yuzo Dojima Nankyoku Monogatari (1983) – Chief Ozawa Akujo kamakiri (1983) – Taichi Dôjima Haru no kane (1985) – Hachiro Ishimoto Ôidippsu no katana (1986) – Shunsuke's uncle Oedipus no yaiba (1986) – Shunsuke's uncle Guriin rekuiemu (1988) – Zenichiro Okada Shishiohtachi no natsu (1991) – Kazumichi Sakagami Kagerô (1991) – Masakichi Ono Jutai (1991) – Ichimatsu, Grandfather Harukana jidai no kaidan o (1995) – White man Hitodenashi no koi (1995) – (final film role) References ^ a b Ronald Sullivan (5 October 1995). "Eiji Okada, 75, Japanese Co-Star of 'Hiroshima, Mon Amour'". The New York Times. p. D23. ^ "暴力街（１９５５）". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013. External links Eiji Okada at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Other IdRef This article about a Japanese film actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chōshi, Chiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dshi"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima mon amour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_mon_amour"},{"link_name":"Alain Resnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Resnais"},{"link_name":"screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenplay"},{"link_name":"phonetically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic"},{"link_name":"entomologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomologist"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Teshigahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Teshigahara"},{"link_name":"Woman in the Dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_in_the_Dunes"},{"link_name":"Kōbō Abe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Db%C5%8D_Abe"},{"link_name":"Marlon Brando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Brando"},{"link_name":"The Ugly American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ugly_American_(film)"},{"link_name":"heart failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"Eiji Okada (岡田 英次, Okada Eiji, 13 June 1920 – 14 September 1995) was a Japanese film actor from Chōshi, Chiba. Okada served in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II and was a miner and traveling salesman before becoming an actor.[1]Internationally, his best-remembered roles include Lui (\"him\" in French) in the 1959 film Hiroshima mon amour, directed by Alain Resnais. In this film, Eiji Okada had to learn the screenplay phonetically because he did not speak French. He is also known for playing the entomologist Niki Junpei in Hiroshi Teshigahara's 1964 film Woman in the Dunes, an adaptation of Kōbō Abe's novel. He was also second billed under Marlon Brando in the 1963 political thriller The Ugly American.Okada was married to Aiko Wasa, with whom he ran a theatre company in Japan. He died on 14 September 1995 of heart failure, at the age of 75.[1]","title":"Eiji Okada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Until We Meet Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Until_We_Meet_Again_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Ningen Gyorai Kaiten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningen_Gyorai_Kaiten"},{"link_name":"Christ in Bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_in_Bronze"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jun'ai Monogatari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun%27ai_Monogatari"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima mon amour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_mon_amour"},{"link_name":"Rififi in Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rififi_in_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"The Ugly American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ugly_American_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kanojo to kare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_and_He_(1963_film)"},{"link_name":"Woman in the Dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_in_the_Dunes"},{"link_name":"The Scent of Incense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scent_of_Incense"},{"link_name":"Ansatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"Samurai Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai_Spy"},{"link_name":"The Face of Another","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Face_of_Another_(film)"},{"link_name":"The X from Outer Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_from_Outer_Space"},{"link_name":"Portrait of Chieko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Chieko"},{"link_name":"The Sands of Kurobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sands_of_Kurobe"},{"link_name":"Mujo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujo_(film)"},{"link_name":"Silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silence_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"Lone Wolf and Cub: Baby Cart in the Land of Demons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Wolf_and_Cub:_Baby_Cart_in_the_Land_of_Demons"},{"link_name":"Lady Snowblood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Snowblood_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Yakuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yakuza"},{"link_name":"ESPY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPY_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimi_yo_Fundo_no_Kawa_o_Watare"},{"link_name":"Lullaby of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lullaby_of_the_Earth"},{"link_name":"Ogin-sama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogin-sama"},{"link_name":"Furimukeba Ai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furimukeba_Ai"},{"link_name":"Blue Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Strangling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strangling_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Gate of Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gate_of_Youth_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"Crazy Fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Fruit"},{"link_name":"Nankyoku Monogatari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica_(1983_film)"},{"link_name":"Haru no kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haru_no_kane"}],"text":"Onna no Kao (1949)\nHana no Sugao (1949)\nUntil We Meet Again (1950) – Tajima Saburo\nShiroi yajû (1950) – Iwasaki\nGozen reiji no shutugoku (1950)\nKenjū no Mae ni Tatsu Haha (1950)\nNakinureta ningyô (1951) – Ryûji\nFūsetsu Nijūnen (1951)\nKaze ni soyogu asi (Kouhen) (1951) – Mitsujiro Hirose\nYamabiko Gakkō (1952)\nAsa no hamon (1952) – Kajigoro\nMother (1952) – Shinjiro\nBoryoku (1952)\nShinkū Chitai (1952) – Okamoto\nHaha wo Kou Uta (1952)\nReimei hachigatsu jugo-nichi (1952)\nHimeyuri no Tō (1953) – Teacher Tamai\nHiroshima (1953) – Kitagawa\nMiseraretaru Tamashii (1953)\nWakaki Hi no Takuboku Kumo wa Tensai De Aru (1954) – Takuboku Ishikawa\nOkuman choja (1954) – Monta\nHana to Hatō (1954)\nNingen Gyorai Kaiten (1955)\nKoko ni Izumi Ari (1955)\nHana no Yukue (1955) – Hiroshi Hamamura\nGokumonchô (1955) – San'nosuke Tsuzuki\nChrist in Bronze (1955)\nBōryokugai (1955)[2]\nKao no nai otoko (1955) – Masahiko Arisaka / Yamada\nKenjû tai kenjû (1955)\nChoppu sensei (1956)\nShonen tanteidan: Nijumenso no akuma (1956) – Kogoro Akechi\nShonen tanteidan: Daiichibu yokaihakushi (1956)\nKurama Tengu, Shirouma no Misshi (1956)\nJun'ai Monogatari (1957) – Shitayama\nDotanba (1957)\nShonen tanteidan: Tetto no kaijin (1957) – Kogoro Akechi\nShonen tanteidan: Kabutomushi no yoki (1957)\nShingo juban-shobu (1959) – Shozaburo Masaki\nHiroshima mon amour (1959) – Lui\nShingo jûban shôbu: dai-ni-bu (1959)\nShinran (1960) – Shiro Amagi\nÔzora no muhômono (1960)\nKaizoku bahansen (1960)\nRestoration Fire (1961) – Yamanami Keisuke\nKengo tengu matsuri (1961)\nRififi in Tokyo (1963) – Danny Riquet\nThe Ugly American (1963) – Deong\nKanojo to kare (1963) – Eiichi Ishikawa\nWoman in the Dunes (1964) – Entomologist Niki Jumpei\nThe Scent of Incense (Kôge - Nibu: Mitsumata no shô/Ichibu: Waremokô no shô) (1964) – Nozawa\nAnsatsu (1964) – Lord Matsudaira\nThe Scarlet Camellia (1964) – Genjirô Maruume\nHaigo no hito (1965) – Masaaki Izumida\nSanshiro Sugata (1965) – Gennosuke / Tesshin\nSamurai Spy (1965) – Tatewaki Koriyama\nNihon daikyôkaku (1966) – Shuji Onoda\nHikô shôjo Yôko (1966) – Asai\nThe Face of Another (1966) – The Boss\nBosû wa ore no kenjû de (1966)\nThe X from Outer Space (1967) – Dr. Kato\nPortrait of Chieko (1967) – Tsubaki\nUtage (1967) – Adachi\nThe Sands of Kurobe (1968) – Yoshino\nIrezumi muzan (1968)\nShin irezumi muzan tekka no jingi (1968)\nShowa no inochi (1968)\nTarekomi (1969) – Toru Kijima\nDankon (1969) – George Kitabayashi\nNyotai (1969) – Nobuyuki Ishidô\nJotai (1969) – Nobuyuki Ishido\nMujo (1970)\nSenketsu no kiroku (1970)\nYomigaeru daichi (1971) – Mitsuo iwashita\nYami no naka no chimimoryo (1971) – Ikezoe\nSilence (1971) – Inoue Chikugonokami\nTsuji-ga-hana (1972)\nBara no hyôteki (1972) -Tachibana Mike\nZatoichi's Conspiracy (1973) – Shinbei of Hitachiya\nLone Wolf and Cub: Baby Cart in the Land of Demons (1973) – Wakita\nLady Snowblood (1973) – Gishirô Tsukamoto\nWaga michi (1974) – Lawyer\nMesu (1974) – Kokubo\nThe Yakuza (1974) – Tono\nESPY (1974) – Salabad\nI am a cat (1975) – Bunmei\nKimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare (1976)\nLullaby of the Earth (1976) – Evangelist\nUtareru mae-ni ute! (1976) – President Kudo\nPermanent Blue: Manatsu no koi (1976) – Boy's father\nArasuka monogatari (1977) – Amaohka\nSeishun no mon: Jiritsu hen (1977) – Minoru Yuki\nUtamaro: Yume to shiriseba (1977) – Tanuma\nWakai hito (1977) – Mr. Okajima\nNihon no jingi (1977) – Yohei Inada\nGenshiryoku sensô (1978) – Professor Kamiyama\nOgin-sama (1978) – Ankokuji\nFurimukeba Ai (1978) – Ryunosuke Tamaru\nKôtei no inai hachigatsu (1978) – Tokunaga\nBlue Christmas (1978)\nÔgon no inu (1979) – Shuhei Agata\nThe Strangling (1979) – Yoshio Morikawa\nJishin rettô (1980)\nKofukugo shuppan (1980)\nThe Gate of Youth (1981) – Tôno, Chika's step father\nCrazy Fruit (1981) – Yuzo Dojima\nNankyoku Monogatari (1983) – Chief Ozawa\nAkujo kamakiri (1983) – Taichi Dôjima\nHaru no kane (1985) – Hachiro Ishimoto\nÔidippsu no katana (1986) – Shunsuke's uncle\nOedipus no yaiba (1986) – Shunsuke's uncle\nGuriin rekuiemu (1988) – Zenichiro Okada\nShishiohtachi no natsu (1991) – Kazumichi Sakagami\nKagerô (1991) – Masakichi Ono\nJutai (1991) – Ichimatsu, Grandfather\nHarukana jidai no kaidan o (1995) – White man\nHitodenashi no koi (1995) – (final film role)","title":"Selected filmography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Ronald Sullivan (5 October 1995). \"Eiji Okada, 75, Japanese Co-Star of 'Hiroshima, Mon Amour'\". The New York Times. p. D23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/05/obituaries/eiji-okada-75-japanese-co-star-of-hiroshima-mon-amour.html","url_text":"\"Eiji Okada, 75, Japanese Co-Star of 'Hiroshima, Mon Amour'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"暴力街（１９５５）\". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130218173336/http://www.japanese-cinema-db.jp/details/5823","url_text":"\"暴力街（１９５５）\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs","url_text":"Agency for Cultural Affairs"},{"url":"http://www.japanese-cinema-db.jp/details/5823","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel-boat
Keelboat
["1 In Great Britain and Ireland","2 Modern keelboats","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Sailboat type with a keel This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Keelboat" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Barges twice: A long cigar-shaped keelboat passing a "flatboat" on the Ohio River. A keelboat is a riverine cargo-capable working boat, or a small- to mid-sized recreational sailing yacht. The boats in the first category have shallow structural keels, and are nearly flat-bottomed and often used leeboards if forced in open water, while modern recreational keelboats have prominent fixed fin keels, and considerable draft. The two terms may draw from cognate words with different final meaning. Side-view of the keelboat from the Lewis and Clark Expedition on the back of the 2004 nickel A keel boat, keelboat, or keel-boat is a type of usually long, narrow cigar-shaped riverboat, or unsheltered water barge which is sometimes also called a poleboat—that is built about a slight keel and is designed as a boat built for the navigation of rivers, shallow lakes, and sometimes canals that were commonly used in America including use in great numbers by settlers making their way west in the century-plus of wide-open western American frontiers. They were also used extensively for transporting cargo to market, and for exploration and trading expeditions, for water transport was then most effective means to move bulky or heavy cargo. Keelboats were similar to riverboats, but like other barges were unpowered and were typically propelled and steered with oars or setting poles—usually the latter. Keelboats have been used for exploration, such as during the Lewis and Clark Expedition, but were primarily used to transport cargo or settlers in the early 19th century. The process of moving a keelboat upriver was extremely difficult, though current dependent. Most of these keelboats were 50 to 80 feet (15 to 24 m) long and 15 feet (5 m) wide. They usually had a cabin in the middle or at the rear, but were sometimes constructed with an open deck. Mike Fink is probably the most noted keelboater in history. Historical account of two keelboats published in the original Courier Journal of Lafayette, Indiana, in 1833: We stop the press to announce the arrival this morning of the steam-boat, REPUBLICAN, Toll, Master from the rapids of the Wabash. The Republican had in tow keel boats, "the Hoosier Lady" and "the Hoosier Boy," bringing freight to Lafayette, Messrs Taylor & Harter, Taylor & Li J. McCormick, J. B. Seamen and Hunter, and for Messrs, Ewing of the Bridge at Logansport. This is the first arrival at Lafayette this year. We understand the Republican is going to try and ascend the Wabash at Logansport. If she is successful she be the first one that ever has been, and with entitlement to the premium, which we learn is been offered by General Tipton and other enterprising and worthy citizens of that first arrival. The Wabash is in steam boating condition, and we may experience several arrivals, in a few days. In Great Britain and Ireland The term keel was associated in Great Britain with three particular working boat types. The Norfolk Keel ancestor of the Norfolk Wherry, the Humber Keel and the Tyne Keel and their Keelmen. In Ireland the Howth 17 was designed by Sir Walter Boyd in 1897, and is the oldest one-design racing keelboat in the world. Modern keelboats A yacht race in California A keelboat is technically any sailboat with a keel—as opposed to a centerboard or daggerboard. In New Zealand the term keeler is frequently used as a generic alternative—meaning any sailboat with a keel, regardless of size. World Sailing (formerly the ISAF, formerly the IYRU) usage differentiates keelboats (including the 12-meter class) from generally larger yachts, despite overlap in the sizes of boats in the two classes. The Olympic Games used "keelboat" to describe keeled boats with up to a three-man crew, as opposed to larger-crewed boats such as the 12-metre class. In some countries yachts can also be differentiated from keelboats with the addition of a toilet or "head" as the term "keelboat" is in some places understood to mean a sailboat with a keel that is designed purely for recreational/racing purposes, while the term "yacht" describes a sailboat designed for overnight transport. See also 'Classic' keelboat classes (list of keelboat classes designed before 1970) Ferryboat Flatboat Keelmen Lewis and Clark's keelboat List of sailing boat types Mike Fink Keel Boats Norfolk Wherry Riverboat References ^ a b c d "Keelboats". Archived from the original on 2010-01-31. The keelboat which my brothers had in 1828, I think, was the first which navigated the Kansas river. After I came the keel boat was used altogether on the Kaw River (Kansas River) ... ^ a b Official town website, history. "welcome to Brownsville". Retrieved 2009-07-02. Brownsville situated, at the westernmost point of Fayette County, on the National Road and overlooking the Monongahela River was the gateway to the west. Thomas Brown, realizing that pioneers would be drawn to the Brownsville area to get to the Ohio Valley and the state of Kentucky, purchased land in the 1700s (decade) and by mid-18th century a town was being mapped out. It was then, that the town of Brownsville (named for Thomas Brown and formerly known as Redstone Old Fort) became a "keel-boat" building center as well as other businesses for travelers. The businessmen from Brownsville supplied transportation and supplies to the traveling pioneers, and the town became very prosperous. The steamboat industry soon took over to facilitate traffic along the Monongahela River. The very first steamboat, the Enterprise, to travel to New Orleans and return by its own power was designed and built in the Brownsville boatyards and launched from the Brownsville Wharf in 1814. ^ a b Mussulman, Joseph (April 2014). "Flagship: Keelboat, Barge or Boat?". Discovering Lewis & Clark. Retrieved 19 June 2018. ^ Riley, Franklin Lafayette (1903). Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society. Vol. VII. Oxford, Mississippi: Mississippi Historical Society. p. 482. External links Classic Boat guide to X One Design Keelboat Solent XOD Forum on CrewInCowes.co.uk website Archived 2012-04-20 at the Wayback Machine Website with Keelboat history and details Archived 2010-01-31 at the Wayback Machine The Keelboat Age on Western Waters, by Leland D. Baldwin, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1941. (provides the authority for the previous linked website) Steambots Times, Keelboats Wikimedia Commons has media related to Keelboats.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keelboat_and_flatboat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barges twice:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"flatboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatboat"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"sailing yacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_yacht"},{"link_name":"leeboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2004NickelKeelRevUnc.tif"},{"link_name":"keelboat from the Lewis and Clark Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark%27s_Keelboat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KBdetails-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KBdetails-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-business-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KBdetails-1"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KBdetails-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-business-2"},{"link_name":"riverboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverboat"},{"link_name":"oars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oar"},{"link_name":"setting poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setting_pole"},{"link_name":"Lewis and Clark Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mussulman-3"},{"link_name":"cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mussulman-3"},{"link_name":"Mike Fink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Fink"},{"link_name":"Courier Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_%26_Courier"},{"link_name":"Lafayette, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"}],"text":"Barges twice: A long cigar-shaped keelboat passing a \"flatboat\" on the Ohio River.A keelboat is a riverine cargo-capable working boat, or a small- to mid-sized recreational sailing yacht. The boats in the first category have shallow structural keels, and are nearly flat-bottomed and often used leeboards if forced in open water, while modern recreational keelboats have prominent fixed fin keels, and considerable draft. The two terms may draw from cognate words with different final meaning.Side-view of the keelboat from the Lewis and Clark Expedition on the back of the 2004 nickelA keel boat,[1] keelboat,[1] or keel-boat[2] is a type of usually long, narrow cigar-shaped riverboat,[1] or unsheltered water barge which is sometimes also called a poleboat—that is built about a slight keel and is designed as a boat built for the navigation of rivers, shallow lakes, and sometimes canals that were commonly used in America including use in great numbers by settlers making their way west in the century-plus of wide-open western American frontiers.[1][2] They were also used extensively for transporting cargo to market, and for exploration and trading expeditions, for water transport was then most effective means to move bulky or heavy cargo.Keelboats were similar to riverboats, but like other barges were unpowered and were typically propelled and steered with oars or setting poles—usually the latter. Keelboats have been used for exploration, such as during the Lewis and Clark Expedition,[3] but were primarily used to transport cargo or settlers in the early 19th century.[4] The process of moving a keelboat upriver was extremely difficult, though current dependent. Most of these keelboats were 50 to 80 feet (15 to 24 m) long and 15 feet (5 m) wide. They usually had a cabin in the middle or at the rear, but were sometimes constructed with an open deck.[3] Mike Fink is probably the most noted keelboater in history.Historical account of two keelboats published in the original Courier Journal of Lafayette, Indiana, in 1833:We stop the press to announce the arrival this morning of the steam-boat, REPUBLICAN, Toll, Master from the rapids of the Wabash. The Republican had in tow keel boats, \"the Hoosier Lady\" and \"the Hoosier Boy,\" bringing freight to Lafayette, Messrs Taylor & Harter, Taylor & Li J. McCormick, J. B. Seamen and Hunter, and for Messrs, Ewing of the Bridge at Logansport. This is the first arrival at Lafayette this year.\nWe understand the Republican is going to try and ascend the Wabash at Logansport. If she is successful she be the first one that ever has been, and with entitlement to the premium, which we learn is been offered by General Tipton and other enterprising and worthy citizens of that first arrival. The Wabash is in steam boating condition, and we may experience several arrivals, in a few days.[full citation needed]","title":"Keelboat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norfolk Wherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Wherry"},{"link_name":"Humber Keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Keel"},{"link_name":"Keelmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelmen"},{"link_name":"Howth 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howth_17"},{"link_name":"one-design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-design"}],"text":"The term keel was associated in Great Britain with three particular working boat types. The Norfolk Keel ancestor of the Norfolk Wherry, the Humber Keel and the Tyne Keel and their Keelmen. In Ireland the Howth 17 was designed by Sir Walter Boyd in 1897, and is the oldest one-design racing keelboat in the world.","title":"In Great Britain and Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yacht_Race_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg"},{"link_name":"sailboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailboat"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"centerboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centerboard"},{"link_name":"daggerboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daggerboard"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"World Sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Sailing"},{"link_name":"12-meter class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-meter_class"},{"link_name":"yachts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A yacht race in CaliforniaA keelboat is technically any sailboat with a keel—as opposed to a centerboard or daggerboard. In New Zealand the term keeler is frequently used as a generic alternative—meaning any sailboat with a keel, regardless of size.[citation needed]World Sailing (formerly the ISAF, formerly the IYRU) usage differentiates keelboats (including the 12-meter class) from generally larger yachts, despite overlap in the sizes of boats in the two classes. The Olympic Games used \"keelboat\" to describe keeled boats with up to a three-man crew, as opposed to larger-crewed boats such as the 12-metre class.[citation needed]In some countries yachts can also be differentiated from keelboats with the addition of a toilet or \"head\" as the term \"keelboat\" is in some places understood to mean a sailboat with a keel that is designed purely for recreational/racing purposes, while the term \"yacht\" describes a sailboat designed for overnight transport.[citation needed]","title":"Modern keelboats"}]
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[{"title":"'Classic' keelboat classes (list of keelboat classes designed before 1970)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_keelboat_classes"},{"title":"Ferryboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferryboat"},{"title":"Flatboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatboat"},{"title":"Keelmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelmen"},{"title":"Lewis and Clark's keelboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark%27s_keelboat"},{"title":"List of sailing boat types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sailing_boat_types"},{"title":"Mike Fink Keel Boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Fink_Keel_Boats"},{"title":"Norfolk Wherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Wherry"},{"title":"Riverboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverboat"}]
[{"reference":"\"Keelboats\". Archived from the original on 2010-01-31. The keelboat which my brothers had in 1828, I think, was the first which navigated the Kansas river. After I came the keel boat was used altogether on the Kaw River (Kansas River) ...","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100131100626/http://home.att.net/~mman/Keelboat.htm","url_text":"\"Keelboats\""},{"url":"http://home.att.net/~mman/Keelboat.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Official town website, history. \"welcome to Brownsville\". Retrieved 2009-07-02. Brownsville situated, at the westernmost point of Fayette County, on the National Road and overlooking the Monongahela River was the gateway to the west. Thomas Brown, realizing that pioneers would be drawn to the Brownsville area to get to the Ohio Valley and the state of Kentucky, purchased land in the 1700s (decade) and by mid-18th century a town was being mapped out. It was then, that the town of Brownsville (named for Thomas Brown and formerly known as Redstone Old Fort) became a \"keel-boat\" building center as well as other businesses for travelers. The businessmen from Brownsville supplied transportation and supplies to the traveling pioneers, and the town became very prosperous. The steamboat industry soon took over to facilitate traffic along the Monongahela River. The very first steamboat, the Enterprise, to travel to New Orleans and return by its own power was designed and built in the Brownsville boatyards and launched from the Brownsville Wharf in 1814.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brownsvilleboro.com/","url_text":"\"welcome to Brownsville\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Pennsylvania","url_text":"Brownsville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monongahela_River","url_text":"Monongahela River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brown_(businessman)","url_text":"Thomas Brown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstone_Old_Fort","url_text":"Redstone Old Fort"}]},{"reference":"Mussulman, Joseph (April 2014). \"Flagship: Keelboat, Barge or Boat?\". Discovering Lewis & Clark. Retrieved 19 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lewis-clark.org/article/496","url_text":"\"Flagship: Keelboat, Barge or Boat?\""}]},{"reference":"Riley, Franklin Lafayette (1903). Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society. Vol. VII. Oxford, Mississippi: Mississippi Historical Society. p. 482.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_0wUAAAAYAAJ&q=setting+pole+barge&pg=PA482","url_text":"Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_Mississippi","url_text":"Oxford, Mississippi"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Eade
David Eade
["1 References"]
New Zealand rower David EadeEade in 2010 seated as strokePersonal informationBorn (1988-09-04) 4 September 1988 (age 35) Medal record Men's rowing Representing  New Zealand World Championships 2010 Lake Karapiro M4− David Eade (born 4 September 1988) is a New Zealand rower. At the 2010 World Rowing Championships, he won a bronze medal in the men's four partnering with Simon Watson, Hamish Burson, and Jade Uru. References ^ "David Eade". International Rowing Federation. Retrieved 26 September 2015. ^ "Men's Four - Final". International Rowing Federation. Retrieved 28 September 2015. This biographical article relating to New Zealand rowing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Castle
Frederick Walker Castle
["1 Background","2 \"Eaker's Amateurs\"","3 Medal of Honor action","4 Awards and honors","4.1 Medal of Honor citation","4.2 Legacy","5 See also","6 References"]
United States Army Air Forces Medal of Honor recipient "Frederick Castle" redirects here. For the English footballer, see Frederick Castle (footballer). Frederick Walker CastleBorn(1908-10-14)October 14, 1908Fort William McKinley, Manila, PhilippinesDiedDecember 24, 1944(1944-12-24) (aged 36)Hods, BelgiumPlace of burialHenri-Chapelle American Cemetery and Memorial, BelgiumAllegiance United States of AmericaService/branchUnited States Army Air ForcesYears of service1930 - 1934, 1942 - 1944Rank Brigadier GeneralCommands held94th Bombardment Group4th Combat Bombardment WingBattles/warsWorld War IIAwardsMedal of HonorSilver StarLegion of MeritDistinguished Flying Cross (4)Purple HeartAir Medal (5)Croix de GuerreLegion of HonorOrder of Kutuzov Frederick Walker Castle (October 14, 1908–December 24, 1944) was a general officer in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II, and a recipient of the Medal of Honor. He was killed in action leading the bombing mission for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor. Background Castle was born at Fort William McKinley in Manila, the Philippines, on October 14, 1908. The son of 2nd Lt. Benjamin F. Castle, Frederick Castle was the first child born to a graduate of the West Point Class of 1907, thereby becoming the class godson. Among his godfathers in the Class of 1907, also stationed in the Philippines, was 2nd Lt. Henry H. "Hap" Arnold, who would go on to become General of the Army, as well as the first and only General of the Air Force to date. Although a friend of Arnold and later becoming Aviation Attaché in Paris following World War I, Castle's father left the Army as a colonel in 1919. Castle settled with his family in Mountain Lakes, New Jersey, after World War I, and he attended Boonton High School and Storm King Military Academy. West Point Yearbook photo Castle entered the New Jersey National Guard on October 2, 1924, as preparation for attending West Point, scoring first on the Guard's competitive examination. He entered the U.S. Military Academy on July 1, 1926, graduating June 12, 1930, 7th in a class of 241 graduates. He was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers and was accepted for pilot training at March Field, California. After earning his wings on December 22, 1931, at Kelly Field, Texas, he served as a pilot in the 17th Pursuit Squadron at Selfridge Field, Michigan, before being assigned to the Civilian Conservation Corps. He resigned from the Army on February 17, 1934, to take a job with Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation, remaining a member of the Army Reserve. The business skills he developed with Allied brought him an offer to join Sperry Gyroscope Company in September 1938 as an assistant to the company president. Sperry was a military-related industry, and its work in developing both electrically powered gun turrets for bombers and the Norden bombsight brought him to the attention of his godfather, General Arnold, by then the Chief of the United States Army Air Corps. "Eaker's Amateurs" Shortly after the United States entered World War II, Brigadier General Ira Eaker was made head of the prospective heavy bomber force slated to be stationed in England. Eaker was ordered to England in January 1942 and put together a small staff to accompany him. One member, Lt. Harris Hull, had worked for Sperry Gyroscope as a civilian and recommended Castle as an addition. Eaker had General Arnold recall Castle to duty as a captain on January 19, 1942, to be assigned to organizing bases and supply depots for the new Eighth Air Force. Eaker and his staff of six (dubbed "Eaker's Amateurs") arrived in England by way of neutral Portugal on February 20, 1942. Within one month, Castle had been promoted to major, and on January 1, 1943, he was promoted to full colonel, and he assumed the position of Air Chief of Supply (A-4) for the Eighth Air Force. Like many staff officers, Castle wanted a combat command and promoted himself to General Eaker to obtain one. In May 1943, the Eighth Air Force had doubled the size of its bomber force from four to eight B-17 Flying Fortress groups. In two of the new groups losses had been so severe at the outset that Eaker replaced their commanders with two members of his staff, one of whom was Colonel Castle. On June 19, 1943, Castle was given command of the 94th Bomb Group at Rougham (Bury St. Edmunds), and while the morale crisis in the 94th was not as severe, the situation was very similar to one earlier that year in which Colonel Frank A. Armstrong had taken command of the 306th Bomb Group (a situation which was the basis for the book, film, television series and comic book Twelve O'Clock High). As with Armstrong, Castle experienced difficulties in raising the efficiency and training level of his group. He was aloof by nature and delegated many tasks to other officers, which were viewed initially by many in his command as weaknesses. He also was a novice bomber pilot, learning the task on the job as commander. Gradually, however, his leadership created positive results. On July 28, 1943, he led a deep-strike mission into Germany to bomb the Focke Wulf fighter manufacturing plant at Oschersleben. Poor weather conditions broke up the bomber formation, leaving the 94th Group and a few stragglers from other groups to attack the target alone. The incident was fictionalized in Twelve O'Clock High, and Castle was awarded the Silver Star. Castle continued as commander of the 94th Bomb Group until April 14, 1944, when he was made commander of the 4th Combat Bomb Wing, a higher echelon that included his former group command. In November, his wing command was increased from three to five groups, and on November 20, 1944, he was promoted to brigadier general at the age of 36, making him one of the youngest generals in World War II. Nazi Germany launched its Ardennes Offensive, known more familiarly as the "Battle of the Bulge", on December 16, choosing a week of particularly bad weather to disrupt superior Allied airpower. On December 23, the weather began to clear and the next day the largest U.S. air strike operation of the war was launched from England, comprising 2,046 heavy bombers and 853 fighters. When the 4th CBW was assigned to lead the 3d Air Division, which in turn was to lead the entire Eighth Air Force on the mission, General Castle assigned himself to lead the wing. Medal of Honor action Grave of Brigadier General Frederick Walker Castle in the American Military Cemetery of Hombourg (Henri-Chapelle), province of Liège, Belgium. Grave location: D13/53. On December 24, 1944, Castle flew as co-pilot on the lead aircraft of the 487th Bomb Group from RAF Lavenham, England, on his 30th combat mission. His B-17G Flying Fortress was serial number 44-8444, which the crew had called Treble Four because of the last three serial numbers of the aircraft. The mission consisted in bombing the Babenhausen airfield in Germany. The mission fell fifteen minutes behind schedule because of problems assembling the massive force, and the 487th missed its rendezvous with escorting P-51 fighters because the fighters were late in arriving due to the weather. The lead bomber also experienced an intermittent problem with one of its four engines and was attacked by German Bf 109 fighters while still over Allied-held territory in Belgium. The Bomb Group's assailants were JG 3, led by Heinz Bär, and supported by JG 6 and JG 27. Castle's bomber fell away from the formation almost immediately and he instructed the deputy commander by radio to take over the lead. The B-17 struggled with control and moved some distance away from the protection of the bomber force, where it was again attacked. The pilots attempted to return to the bomber column but a third attack set both engines on the right wing on fire. Castle ordered the bomber abandoned but it spun into a dive. The pilots recovered from the dive and seven of the nine crewmen parachuted. The pilot was observed in the nose of the airplane hooking on his parachute, with Castle still at the controls, when the fuel tank in the burning right wing exploded, putting the B-17 into a spin from which it did not recover, crashing near Hods, Belgium. Of the nine crewmen, five survived the crash. Frederick W. Castle was interred at the American Cemetery and Memorial at Henri-Chapelle, province of Liège, Belgium. Awards and honors Army Air Forces Command Pilot Badge Medal of Honor Silver Star Legion of Merit Distinguished Flying Crosswith three bronze oak leaf clusters Purple Heart Air Medalwith four bronze oak leaf clusters American Defense Service Medal American Campaign Medal European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medalwith one silver and three bronze campaign stars World War II Victory Medal Légion d'honneurKnight(France) WWII Croix de Guerrewith bronze Palm(France) Croix de Guerrewith bronze Palm(Belgium) Virtuti MilitariSilver Cross(Poland) Order of Kutuzov2nd class(USSR) Medal of Honor citation Frederick W. Castle Rank and organization: Brigadier General. Assistant Commander, 4th Combat Bomb Wing, U.S. Army Air Corps. Place and date: Germany, December 24, 1944. Entered service at: Mountain Lake, N.J. Born: October 14, 1908, Manila P.I. G.O. No. 22, February 28, 1947. Citation: He was air commander and leader of more than 2,000 heavy bombers in a strike against German airfields on 24 December 1944. En route to the target, the failure of 1 engine forced him to relinquish his place at the head of the formation. In order not to endanger friendly troops on the ground below, he refused to jettison his bombs to gain speed maneuverability. His lagging, unescorted aircraft became the target of numerous enemy fighters which ripped the left wing with cannon shells, set the oxygen system afire, and wounded 2 members of the crew. Repeated attacks started fires in 2 engines, leaving the Flying Fortress in imminent danger of exploding. Realizing the hopelessness of the situation, the bail-out order was given. Without regard for his personal safety he gallantly remained alone at the controls to afford all other crewmembers an opportunity to escape. Still another attack exploded gasoline tanks in the right wing, and the bomber plunged earthward, carrying Gen. Castle to his death. His intrepidity and willing sacrifice of his life to save members of the crew were in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service. Legacy Merced Army Airfield in Merced, California, was renamed Castle Field in honor of Brigadier General Castle. With the establishment of an independent U.S. Air Force in 1947, it was renamed Castle Air Force Base and served through most of its existence as a Strategic Air Command bomber base. Castle AFB was closed 30 September 1995 due to a 1991 BRAC decision and is currently known as Castle Airport Aviation and Development Center. The colocated Castle Air Museum also retains Brigadier General Castle's name. See also Biography portal List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II References ^ "Brigadier General Frederick Walker Castle, Mountain Lakes, New Jersey". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007. "Brigadier General Castle was born October 14, 1908 at Fort McKinley, Manila, Philippines, during the first foreign service tour of his father, the late Colonel Benjamin Frederick Castle then in Tientsin, China, Washington, D.C., Paris, and finally in Mountain Lakes, NJ where the family resided for many years after World War I. He entered the United States Military Academy, from which his father was a 1907 graduate, in July of 1926, after attending Boonton High School and Storm King (NY) Military Academy." ^ Parker 1998, p. 267. "Valor, The Quiet Hero Air Force Magazine". Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2010. Freeman, Roger A. The Mighty Eighth (1993 edition). ISBN 0-87938-638-X Freeman, Roger A. The Mighty Eighth War Diary (1990). ISBN 0-87938-495-6 Parker, Danny S (1998). To Win The Winter Sky: Air War over the Ardennes, 1944-1945. Pennsylvania: Combined. ISBN 978-0-938289-35-7. vteAviation Hall of Fame of New Jersey1970s 1973 Amelia Earhart / Charles A. Lindbergh / Clyde Pangborn / Floyd Bennett / Clarence Duncan Chamberlin / Wittemann brothers 1974 Anthony Fokker 1975 Bernt Balchen / Juan Terry Trippe 1976 Bert Blanchard Acosta / Ivan R. Gates / Arthur Godfrey 1978 Kay A. Brick 1980s 1980 Edwin Eugene "Buzz" Aldrin Jr. / Solomon Andrews / Boland brothers / Arthur Raymond Brooks / Charles E. Rosendahl / Gill Robb Wilson 1981 Robert Nietzel Buck / Kenneth Russell Unger 1982 Leo Loudenslager / Thomas McGuire / Walter M. "Wally" Schirra 1983 Herbert O. Fisher 1984 Robert J. Collier 1985 Malcolm S. Forbes / Thor Solberg 1987 Paul E. Garber / Oliver George Simmons / Kathryn Dwyer Sullivan 1988 Frederick Walker Castle / William Halsey Jr. / Ruth Rowland Nichols 1989 Charles Joseph Fletcher / Donald J. Strait / Stanley Switlik 1990s 1990 Edwin Eugene Aldrin Sr. 1993 Jean-Pierre Blanchard 1994 Selma Cronan 1996 Vincent Justus Burnelli / T. J. O'Malley 1997 Anne Morrow Lindbergh / Kenneth A. Walsh / James Hart Wyld 1998 Richard E. Byrd 1999 Terry Jonathan Hart 2000s 2000 Bernice Falk Haydu / Herb Kelleher 2001 Isaac Schlossbach 2002 Oliver Colin LeBoutillier / Barry Schiff 2006 Donald A. Luscombe / Calvin J. Spann / George Augustus Vaughn Jr. 2010s 2010 Aline Rhonie
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He was killed in action leading the bombing mission for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor.","title":"Frederick Walker Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort William McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William_McKinley"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Benjamin F. Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_F._Castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point"},{"link_name":"godson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godparent"},{"link_name":"Henry H. \"Hap\" Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold"},{"link_name":"General of the Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_of_the_Army"},{"link_name":"General of the Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_of_the_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Attaché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Mountain Lakes, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Lakes,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Boonton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boonton_High_School"},{"link_name":"Storm King Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_King_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frederick_W._Castle_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"New Jersey National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"March Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Kelly Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"17th Pursuit Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Selfridge Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfridge_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Civilian Conservation Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps"},{"link_name":"Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Chemical_and_Dye_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Army Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Sperry Gyroscope Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperry_Gyroscope_Company"},{"link_name":"gun turrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turrets"},{"link_name":"Norden bombsight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norden_bombsight"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps"}],"text":"Castle was born at Fort William McKinley in Manila, the Philippines, on October 14, 1908. The son of 2nd Lt. Benjamin F. Castle, Frederick Castle was the first child born to a graduate of the West Point Class of 1907, thereby becoming the class godson. Among his godfathers in the Class of 1907, also stationed in the Philippines, was 2nd Lt. Henry H. \"Hap\" Arnold, who would go on to become General of the Army, as well as the first and only General of the Air Force to date. Although a friend of Arnold and later becoming Aviation Attaché in Paris following World War I, Castle's father left the Army as a colonel in 1919.Castle settled with his family in Mountain Lakes, New Jersey, after World War I, and he attended Boonton High School and Storm King Military Academy.[1]West Point Yearbook photoCastle entered the New Jersey National Guard on October 2, 1924, as preparation for attending West Point, scoring first on the Guard's competitive examination. He entered the U.S. Military Academy on July 1, 1926, graduating June 12, 1930, 7th in a class of 241 graduates. He was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers and was accepted for pilot training at March Field, California. After earning his wings on December 22, 1931, at Kelly Field, Texas, he served as a pilot in the 17th Pursuit Squadron at Selfridge Field, Michigan, before being assigned to the Civilian Conservation Corps. He resigned from the Army on February 17, 1934, to take a job with Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation, remaining a member of the Army Reserve.The business skills he developed with Allied brought him an offer to join Sperry Gyroscope Company in September 1938 as an assistant to the company president. Sperry was a military-related industry, and its work in developing both electrically powered gun turrets for bombers and the Norden bombsight brought him to the attention of his godfather, General Arnold, by then the Chief of the United States Army Air Corps.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Ira Eaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Eaker"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Eighth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"neutral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_country"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"B-17 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(air_force_unit)"},{"link_name":"94th Bomb Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/94th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"Rougham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rougham,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Bury St. Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St._Edmunds"},{"link_name":"Frank A. Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Armstrong"},{"link_name":"306th Bomb Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/306th_Flying_Training_Group"},{"link_name":"Twelve O'Clock High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_O%27Clock_High"},{"link_name":"Focke Wulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke_Wulf"},{"link_name":"Oschersleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oschersleben"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"4th Combat Bomb Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bulge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge"},{"link_name":"3d Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3d_Air_Division"}],"text":"Shortly after the United States entered World War II, Brigadier General Ira Eaker was made head of the prospective heavy bomber force slated to be stationed in England. Eaker was ordered to England in January 1942 and put together a small staff to accompany him. One member, Lt. Harris Hull, had worked for Sperry Gyroscope as a civilian and recommended Castle as an addition. Eaker had General Arnold recall Castle to duty as a captain on January 19, 1942, to be assigned to organizing bases and supply depots for the new Eighth Air Force.Eaker and his staff of six (dubbed \"Eaker's Amateurs\") arrived in England by way of neutral Portugal on February 20, 1942. Within one month, Castle had been promoted to major, and on January 1, 1943, he was promoted to full colonel, and he assumed the position of Air Chief of Supply (A-4) for the Eighth Air Force.Like many staff officers, Castle wanted a combat command and promoted himself to General Eaker to obtain one. In May 1943, the Eighth Air Force had doubled the size of its bomber force from four to eight B-17 Flying Fortress groups. In two of the new groups losses had been so severe at the outset that Eaker replaced their commanders with two members of his staff, one of whom was Colonel Castle. On June 19, 1943, Castle was given command of the 94th Bomb Group at Rougham (Bury St. Edmunds), and while the morale crisis in the 94th was not as severe, the situation was very similar to one earlier that year in which Colonel Frank A. Armstrong had taken command of the 306th Bomb Group (a situation which was the basis for the book, film, television series and comic book Twelve O'Clock High).As with Armstrong, Castle experienced difficulties in raising the efficiency and training level of his group. He was aloof by nature and delegated many tasks to other officers, which were viewed initially by many in his command as weaknesses. He also was a novice bomber pilot, learning the task on the job as commander. Gradually, however, his leadership created positive results. On July 28, 1943, he led a deep-strike mission into Germany to bomb the Focke Wulf fighter manufacturing plant at Oschersleben. Poor weather conditions broke up the bomber formation, leaving the 94th Group and a few stragglers from other groups to attack the target alone. The incident was fictionalized in Twelve O'Clock High, and Castle was awarded the Silver Star.Castle continued as commander of the 94th Bomb Group until April 14, 1944, when he was made commander of the 4th Combat Bomb Wing, a higher echelon that included his former group command. In November, his wing command was increased from three to five groups, and on November 20, 1944, he was promoted to brigadier general at the age of 36, making him one of the youngest generals in World War II.Nazi Germany launched its Ardennes Offensive, known more familiarly as the \"Battle of the Bulge\", on December 16, choosing a week of particularly bad weather to disrupt superior Allied airpower. On December 23, the weather began to clear and the next day the largest U.S. air strike operation of the war was launched from England, comprising 2,046 heavy bombers and 853 fighters. When the 4th CBW was assigned to lead the 3d Air Division, which in turn was to lead the entire Eighth Air Force on the mission, General Castle assigned himself to lead the wing.","title":"\"Eaker's Amateurs\""},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brig-Gen-FW-Castle.JPG"},{"link_name":"487th Bomb Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/487th_Bomb_Group"},{"link_name":"RAF Lavenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Lavenham"},{"link_name":"P-51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"Bf 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"JG 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JG_3"},{"link_name":"Heinz Bär","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_B%C3%A4r"},{"link_name":"JG 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JG_6"},{"link_name":"JG 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JG_27"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1998267-2"},{"link_name":"Hods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hods&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henri-Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Chapelle_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial"},{"link_name":"province of Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_(province)"}],"text":"Grave of Brigadier General Frederick Walker Castle in the American Military Cemetery of Hombourg (Henri-Chapelle), province of Liège, Belgium. Grave location: D13/53.On December 24, 1944, Castle flew as co-pilot on the lead aircraft of the 487th Bomb Group from RAF Lavenham, England, on his 30th combat mission. His B-17G Flying Fortress was serial number 44-8444, which the crew had called Treble Four because of the last three serial numbers of the aircraft. The mission consisted in bombing the Babenhausen airfield in Germany. The mission fell fifteen minutes behind schedule because of problems assembling the massive force, and the 487th missed its rendezvous with escorting P-51 fighters because the fighters were late in arriving due to the weather. The lead bomber also experienced an intermittent problem with one of its four engines and was attacked by German Bf 109 fighters while still over Allied-held territory in Belgium.[citation needed] The Bomb Group's assailants were JG 3, led by Heinz Bär, and supported by JG 6 and JG 27.[2]Castle's bomber fell away from the formation almost immediately and he instructed the deputy commander by radio to take over the lead. The B-17 struggled with control and moved some distance away from the protection of the bomber force, where it was again attacked. The pilots attempted to return to the bomber column but a third attack set both engines on the right wing on fire. Castle ordered the bomber abandoned but it spun into a dive. The pilots recovered from the dive and seven of the nine crewmen parachuted. The pilot was observed in the nose of the airplane hooking on his parachute, with Castle still at the controls, when the fuel tank in the burning right wing exploded, putting the B-17 into a spin from which it did not recover, crashing near Hods, Belgium. Of the nine crewmen, five survived the crash.Frederick W. Castle was interred at the American Cemetery and Memorial at Henri-Chapelle, province of Liège, Belgium.","title":"Medal of Honor action"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Medal of Honor citation","text":"Frederick W. CastleRank and organization: Brigadier General. Assistant Commander, 4th Combat Bomb Wing, U.S. Army Air Corps. Place and date: Germany, December 24, 1944. Entered service at: Mountain Lake, N.J. Born: October 14, 1908, Manila P.I. G.O. No. 22, February 28, 1947.Citation:He was air commander and leader of more than 2,000 heavy bombers in a strike against German airfields on 24 December 1944. En route to the target, the failure of 1 engine forced him to relinquish his place at the head of the formation. In order not to endanger friendly troops on the ground below, he refused to jettison his bombs to gain speed maneuverability. His lagging, unescorted aircraft became the target of numerous enemy fighters which ripped the left wing with cannon shells, set the oxygen system afire, and wounded 2 members of the crew. Repeated attacks started fires in 2 engines, leaving the Flying Fortress in imminent danger of exploding. Realizing the hopelessness of the situation, the bail-out order was given. Without regard for his personal safety he gallantly remained alone at the controls to afford all other crewmembers an opportunity to escape. Still another attack exploded gasoline tanks in the right wing, and the bomber plunged earthward, carrying Gen. Castle to his death. His intrepidity and willing sacrifice of his life to save members of the crew were in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service.","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merced, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merced,_California"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Castle Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"BRAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Base_Realignment_and_Closure_Commission"},{"link_name":"Castle Air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Air_Museum"}],"sub_title":"Legacy","text":"Merced Army Airfield in Merced, California, was renamed Castle Field in honor of Brigadier General Castle. With the establishment of an independent U.S. Air Force in 1947, it was renamed Castle Air Force Base and served through most of its existence as a Strategic Air Command bomber base. Castle AFB was closed 30 September 1995 due to a 1991 BRAC decision and is currently known as Castle Airport Aviation and Development Center. The colocated Castle Air Museum also retains Brigadier General Castle's name.","title":"Awards and honors"}]
[{"image_text":"West Point Yearbook photo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Frederick_W._Castle_%281%29.jpg/175px-Frederick_W._Castle_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grave of Brigadier General Frederick Walker Castle in the American Military Cemetery of Hombourg (Henri-Chapelle), province of Liège, Belgium. Grave location: D13/53.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Brig-Gen-FW-Castle.JPG/220px-Brig-Gen-FW-Castle.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Brigadier General Frederick Walker Castle, Mountain Lakes, New Jersey\". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928150248/http://www.mtnlakes.org/Library/c-bio.htm","url_text":"\"Brigadier General Frederick Walker Castle, Mountain Lakes, New Jersey\""},{"url":"http://www.mtnlakes.org/Library/c-bio.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Valor, The Quiet Hero Air Force Magazine\". Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071018053330/http://afa.org/magazine/valor/0388valor.asp","url_text":"\"Valor, The Quiet Hero Air Force Magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.afa.org/magazine/valor/0388valor.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Parker, Danny S (1998). To Win The Winter Sky: Air War over the Ardennes, 1944-1945. Pennsylvania: Combined. ISBN 978-0-938289-35-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938289-35-7","url_text":"978-0-938289-35-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadhg_M%C3%B3r_Ua_Cellaigh
Tadhg Mór Ua Cellaigh
["1 Background","2 Career","3 In folk memory","4 Descendants","5 See also","6 References"]
Tadhg Mór Ua Cellaigh, 36th King of Uí Maine and 1st Chief of the Name. Background Ua Cellaigh was the first King of Uí Maine to bear the surname Ua Cellaigh, derived from his grandfather, Ceallach mac Finnachta, who was in turn a sixth-generation descendant of Eoghan Finn, a descendant of the first king, Maine Mór. He succeeded Muirgus mac Domnaill, killed in battle in 986. Career He seems to have been present at the battles of Lough Ree (987), and the hosting to Tara in 999. Tadhg allied himself with Brian Boru against King of Mide Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill (975-1022) and two Kings of Connacht, Cathal mac Conchobar mac Taidg, (973-1010) and Tadg in Eich Gil (1010-1030). He secured marriage alliances to Brian, as one of Tadhg's sisters is said to have become one of Brian's many wives. His position was bolstered with Brian's accession to the High-Kingship in 1002. He accompanied him to Dublin in 1014 where he fought and died at the Battle of Clontarf. In folk memory The coat of arms of the O Kelly of Ui Maine, featuring a green enfield as the crest Coat of arms of the Kelly family at Tulsk Priory, County Roscommon John O'Donovan recorded a tradition prevalent in the early 19th century concerning Tadhg Mór: "There is a tradition among the O'Kellys of Hy-Many, that they have borne as their crest an enfield, since the time of this Tadhg Mor, from a belief that this fabulous animal issued from the sea at the Battle of Clontarf, to protect the body of O'Kelly from the Danes, til rescued by his followers. It is also recorded in the Irish annals, that this Tadhg or Teige O'Kelly was chief of Hy-Many in the year 1003 and was slain in the battle of Clontarf, fighting on the side of the monarch, Brian Borumha, 1014, and for this reason he is usually set down in the pedigrees as TADHG CATHA BHRIAIN, i.e., Teige of the Battle of Brian." Descendants All but one subsequent king of Uí Maine would either descend from Tadhg Mór or bear the surname Ua/Ó Cellaigh, until Feardorcha Ó Cellaigh resigned the title Ó Cellaigh in the late 16th century. His senior descendants in the 21st century are the Counts and Countesses of Grallagh and Tyrcooley, while Kelly is the second most common surname in County Galway, all of whom are direct descendants of Ceallach mac Finnachta. Preceded byMuirgus mac Domnaill King of Uí Maine 985–1014 Succeeded byConcobar mac Tadg Ua Cellaig See also Kelly O'Kelly References The Tribes and customs of Hy-Many, commonly called O'Kelly's country, John O'Donovan, 1843. Annals of Ulster at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork Annals of Tigernach at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork Revised edition of McCarthy's synchronisms at Trinity College Dublin. https://books.google.com/books?id=fzQFAAAAQAAJ&dq=the+tribes+and+costoms+of+Hy+many&pg=RA1-PA83 Byrne, Francis John (2001), Irish Kings and High-Kings, Dublin: Four Courts Press, ISBN 978-1-85182-196-9
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tadhg Mór Ua Cellaigh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maine Mór","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_M%C3%B3r"},{"link_name":"Muirgus mac Domnaill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muirgus_mac_Domnaill"}],"text":"Ua Cellaigh was the first King of Uí Maine to bear the surname Ua Cellaigh, derived from his grandfather, Ceallach mac Finnachta, who was in turn a sixth-generation descendant of Eoghan Finn, a descendant of the first king, Maine Mór. He succeeded Muirgus mac Domnaill, killed in battle in 986.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lough Ree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Ree"},{"link_name":"Tara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_of_Tara"},{"link_name":"Brian Boru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Boru"},{"link_name":"King of Mide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Mide"},{"link_name":"Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Sechnaill_mac_Domnaill"},{"link_name":"Kings of Connacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Connacht"},{"link_name":"Cathal mac Conchobar mac Taidg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathal_mac_Conchobar_mac_Taidg"},{"link_name":"Tadg in Eich Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadg_in_Eich_Gil"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Battle of Clontarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf"}],"text":"He seems to have been present at the battles of Lough Ree (987), and the hosting to Tara in 999. Tadhg allied himself with Brian Boru against King of Mide Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill (975-1022) and two Kings of Connacht, Cathal mac Conchobar mac Taidg, (973-1010) and Tadg in Eich Gil (1010-1030).He secured marriage alliances to Brian, as one of Tadhg's sisters is said to have become one of Brian's many wives. His position was bolstered with Brian's accession to the High-Kingship in 1002. He accompanied him to Dublin in 1014 where he fought and died at the Battle of Clontarf.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kelly_Arms_OCeallaigR1.jpg"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tulsk_St._Patrick%27s_Priory_Nave_Kelly_Coat_of_Arms_of_2014_08_29.jpg"},{"link_name":"John O'Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Donovan_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"enfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfield_beast"},{"link_name":"Battle of Clontarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf"},{"link_name":"Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes"},{"link_name":"Irish annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_annals"},{"link_name":"monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch"},{"link_name":"pedigrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_chart"}],"text":"The coat of arms of the O Kelly of Ui Maine, featuring a green enfield as the crestCoat of arms of the Kelly family at Tulsk Priory, County RoscommonJohn O'Donovan recorded a tradition prevalent in the early 19th century concerning Tadhg Mór:\"There is a tradition among the O'Kellys of Hy-Many, that they have borne as their crest an enfield, since the time of this Tadhg Mor, from a belief that this fabulous animal issued from the sea at the Battle of Clontarf, to protect the body of O'Kelly from the Danes, til rescued by his followers. It is also recorded in the Irish annals, that this Tadhg or Teige O'Kelly was chief of Hy-Many in the year 1003 and was slain in the battle of Clontarf, fighting on the side of the monarch, Brian Borumha, 1014, and for this reason he is usually set down in the pedigrees as TADHG CATHA BHRIAIN, i.e., Teige of the Battle of Brian.\"","title":"In folk memory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uí Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%AD_Maine"},{"link_name":"Feardorcha Ó Cellaigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feardorcha_%C3%93_Cellaigh"},{"link_name":"County Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"}],"text":"All but one subsequent king of Uí Maine would either descend from Tadhg Mór or bear the surname Ua/Ó Cellaigh, until Feardorcha Ó Cellaigh resigned the title Ó Cellaigh in the late 16th century. His senior descendants in the 21st century are the Counts and Countesses of Grallagh and Tyrcooley, while Kelly is the second most common surname in County Galway, all of whom are direct descendants of Ceallach mac Finnachta.","title":"Descendants"}]
[{"image_text":"The coat of arms of the O Kelly of Ui Maine, featuring a green enfield as the crest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kelly_Arms_OCeallaigR1.jpg/220px-Kelly_Arms_OCeallaigR1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of the Kelly family at Tulsk Priory, County Roscommon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Tulsk_St._Patrick%27s_Priory_Nave_Kelly_Coat_of_Arms_of_2014_08_29.jpg/220px-Tulsk_St._Patrick%27s_Priory_Nave_Kelly_Coat_of_Arms_of_2014_08_29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_(surname)"},{"title":"O'Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Kelly"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://celt.ucc.ie/index.html","external_links_name":"CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts"},{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ie/","external_links_name":"University College Cork"},{"Link":"http://celt.ucc.ie/index.html","external_links_name":"CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts"},{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ie/","external_links_name":"University College Cork"},{"Link":"http://www.cs.tcd.ie/Dan.McCarthy/chronology/synchronisms/annals-chron.htm","external_links_name":"Revised edition"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fzQFAAAAQAAJ&dq=the+tribes+and+costoms+of+Hy+many&pg=RA1-PA83","external_links_name":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fzQFAAAAQAAJ&dq=the+tribes+and+costoms+of+Hy+many&pg=RA1-PA83"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesindh%C3%A8n
Pasindhèn
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"]
Female solo singer who sings with a gamelan Pasindhen performance A pasindhèn (Javanese: ꦥꦱꦶꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦤ꧀, romanized: pasindhèn, pesindhèn) (informally ꦱꦶꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦤ꧀ sindhèn) is an Indonesian female solo singer who sings with a gamelan. They may perform in dance, wayang or klenèngan (pure music or "concert") performances. The pesindhèn may sing together with a gerong (male chorus), but their styles and words will be different. The part of the sindhèn is largely improvised within strict parameters (similar to instrumental cengkok). The sindhèn is also allowed a much freer rhythm, similar to the rebab and suling, instead of the strict rhythm of the gerong. Sindhen can also refer to the choir of male and female singers used to accompany the bedhaya and serimpi court dances. In this usage, pesindhen refers to the individual members of the choir. History The original term for pasindhèn was waranggana, and the women were exclusively background singers for wayang and klenèngan performances. This word was derived from ronggeng, which had undertones of lasciviousness, so in 1948 the most prominent gerong managers gathered and agreed to change it to pasindhèn. Along with this shift in terminology, the women took on more prominent roles in the troupes, and started to sing alone. The stage names of pasindhèn also changed, from pseudonymous birds' names to the women's actual names. Pesindhèn can now be highly paid, with star status, and the presence of a large number of pesindhèn in a wayang performance is a status symbol. See also Music portalIndonesia portal Gamelan Gerongan Keplok Music of Java References ^ Rosyadi (2015). "Fenomena Penggunaan Magi pada Kalangan Sinden di Kabupaten Subang-Jawa Barat (Studi tentang Sistem Religi) oleh Rosyadi". Patanjala. 7 (1): 152. doi:10.30959/patanjala.v7i1.90. ^ Weintraub, Andrew N. (2004). "The "Crisis of the Sinden": Gender, Politics, and Memory in the Performing Arts of West Java, 1959-1964". Indonesia. 77 (77): 64. ISSN 0019-7289. JSTOR 3351419. Further reading Kunst, Jaap. Music in Java. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1949. Page 127. Walton, Susan Pratt. Heavenly nymphs and earthly delights: Javanese female singers, their music and their lives. PhD thesis. University of Michigan, 1996. Walton, Susan Pratt. Mode in Javanese Music. Monographs in International Studies: Southeast Asia Series 79. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1987. vteGamelanTheory Pelog Slendro Pathet Cengkok Seleh Sekaran Imbal & kotekan Gatra Colotomy Gendhing structures Irama Gamelan notation Genres &ensembles American gamelan Angklung gamelan Bebonangan gamelan Beleganjur gamelan Degung gamelan Gadhon gamelan Gambang gamelan Gender wayang gamelan Gong gede gamelan Gong kebyar gamelan Gong Si Bolong Jegog gamelan Joged bumbung gamelan Malay gamelan Munggang gamelan Salendro gamelan Sekaten gamelan Selunding gamelan Semar pegulingan gamelan Siteran gamelan Surakartan gamelan Musicians K. P. H. Notoprojo Nartosabdo Martopangrawit Rahayu Supanggah Sumarsam I Nyoman Windha Evan Ziporyn Gamelan Sekar Jaya Gamelan Son of Lion List of U.S. gamelan ensembles Michael Tenzer InstrumentsColotomic orphrase-making Gong Gong ageng Kempul Kempyang Kenong Ketuk Balunganor melody Bonang Bonang barung Bonang panerus Bonang panembung Saron Saron peking Saron panerus Saron barung Saron demung Slentem Slentho Panerusan orelaborating Gambang Gender Gender panerus Rebab Siter Celempung Suling Unpitched Bedug Kecer Kemanak Kendang Kendang gending Kendang ciblon Kendang ketipung Kepyak Vocals andclapping Gerongan Sindenan Pesinden Alok Senggakan Keplok This Indonesia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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They may perform in dance, wayang or klenèngan (pure music or \"concert\") performances.The pesindhèn may sing together with a gerong (male chorus), but their styles and words will be different. The part of the sindhèn is largely improvised within strict parameters (similar to instrumental cengkok). The sindhèn is also allowed a much freer rhythm, similar to the rebab and suling, instead of the strict rhythm of the gerong.Sindhen can also refer to the choir of male and female singers used to accompany the bedhaya and serimpi court dances. In this usage, pesindhen refers to the individual members of the choir.","title":"Pasindhèn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ronggeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronggeng"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The original term for pasindhèn was waranggana, and the women were exclusively background singers for wayang and klenèngan performances. This word was derived from ronggeng, which had undertones of lasciviousness, so in 1948 the most prominent gerong managers gathered and agreed to change it to pasindhèn.[1] Along with this shift in terminology, the women took on more prominent roles in the troupes, and started to sing alone. The stage names of pasindhèn also changed, from pseudonymous birds' names to the women's actual names.[2] Pesindhèn can now be highly paid, with star status, and the presence of a large number of pesindhèn in a wayang performance is a status symbol.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kunst, Jaap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_Kunst"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gamelan"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gamelan"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gamelan"},{"link_name":"Gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan"},{"link_name":"Pelog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelog"},{"link_name":"Slendro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slendro"},{"link_name":"Pathet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathet"},{"link_name":"Cengkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengkok"},{"link_name":"Seleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleh"},{"link_name":"Sekaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekaran"},{"link_name":"Imbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbal"},{"link_name":"kotekan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotekan"},{"link_name":"Gatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatra_(music)"},{"link_name":"Colotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colotomy"},{"link_name":"Gendhing structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendhing_structures"},{"link_name":"Irama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irama"},{"link_name":"Gamelan notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_notation"},{"link_name":"American gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_gamelan"},{"link_name":"Angklung gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angklung#Balinese_gamelan_angklung"},{"link_name":"Bebonangan gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_bebonangan"},{"link_name":"Beleganjur gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_beleganjur"},{"link_name":"Degung gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_degung"},{"link_name":"Gadhon gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_Gadhon"},{"link_name":"Gambang gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_gambang"},{"link_name":"Gender wayang gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_gender_wayang"},{"link_name":"Gong gede gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_gong_gede"},{"link_name":"Gong kebyar gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_gong_kebyar"},{"link_name":"Gong Si Bolong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Si_Bolong"},{"link_name":"Jegog gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_jegog"},{"link_name":"Joged bumbung gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_joged_bumbung"},{"link_name":"Malay gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_gamelan"},{"link_name":"Munggang gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munggang"},{"link_name":"Salendro gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_salendro"},{"link_name":"Sekaten gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_Sekaten"},{"link_name":"Selunding gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_selunding"},{"link_name":"Semar pegulingan gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_semar_pegulingan"},{"link_name":"Siteran gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_Siteran"},{"link_name":"Surakartan gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_Surakarta"},{"link_name":"K. P. H. Notoprojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._P._H._Notoprojo"},{"link_name":"Nartosabdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nartosabdo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Martopangrawit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martopangrawit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rahayu Supanggah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahayu_Supanggah"},{"link_name":"Sumarsam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumarsam"},{"link_name":"I Nyoman Windha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Nyoman_Windha"},{"link_name":"Evan Ziporyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Ziporyn"},{"link_name":"Gamelan Sekar Jaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_Sekar_Jaya"},{"link_name":"Gamelan Son of Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan_Son_of_Lion"},{"link_name":"List of U.S. gamelan ensembles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gamelan_ensembles_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Michael Tenzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tenzer"},{"link_name":"Colotomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colotomy"},{"link_name":"Gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong"},{"link_name":"Gong ageng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_ageng"},{"link_name":"Kempul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempul"},{"link_name":"Kempyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempyang_and_ketuk"},{"link_name":"Kenong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenong"},{"link_name":"Ketuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempyang_and_ketuk"},{"link_name":"Balungan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balungan"},{"link_name":"Bonang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonang"},{"link_name":"Bonang barung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonang"},{"link_name":"Bonang panerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonang"},{"link_name":"Bonang panembung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonang"},{"link_name":"Saron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Saron peking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Saron panerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Saron barung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Saron demung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Slentem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slenthem"},{"link_name":"Slentho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slentho"},{"link_name":"Panerusan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panerusan"},{"link_name":"Gambang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambang_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gend%C3%A8r"},{"link_name":"Gender panerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gend%C3%A8r"},{"link_name":"Rebab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebab"},{"link_name":"Siter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siter"},{"link_name":"Celempung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siter"},{"link_name":"Suling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suling"},{"link_name":"Bedug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedug"},{"link_name":"Kecer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecer"},{"link_name":"Kemanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemanak"},{"link_name":"Kendang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendang"},{"link_name":"Kendang gending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendang"},{"link_name":"Kendang ciblon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendang"},{"link_name":"Kendang ketipung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendang"},{"link_name":"Kepyak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepyak"},{"link_name":"Gerongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerong"},{"link_name":"Sindenan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesindh%C3%A8n"},{"link_name":"Pesinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesindh%C3%A8n"},{"link_name":"Alok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alok_(gamelan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Senggakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alok_(gamelan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keplok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keplok"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasindh%C3%A8n&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Indonesia-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Indonesia-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesia-stub"}],"text":"Kunst, Jaap. Music in Java. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1949. Page 127.\nWalton, Susan Pratt. Heavenly nymphs and earthly delights: Javanese female singers, their music and their lives. PhD thesis. University of Michigan, 1996.\nWalton, Susan Pratt. Mode in Javanese Music. Monographs in International Studies: Southeast Asia Series 79. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1987.vteGamelanTheory\nPelog\nSlendro\nPathet\nCengkok\nSeleh\nSekaran\nImbal & kotekan\nGatra\nColotomy\nGendhing structures\nIrama\nGamelan notation\n\nGenres &ensembles\nAmerican gamelan\nAngklung gamelan\nBebonangan gamelan\nBeleganjur gamelan\nDegung gamelan\nGadhon gamelan\nGambang gamelan\nGender wayang gamelan\nGong gede gamelan\nGong kebyar gamelan\nGong Si Bolong\nJegog gamelan\nJoged bumbung gamelan\nMalay gamelan\nMunggang gamelan\nSalendro gamelan\nSekaten gamelan\nSelunding gamelan\nSemar pegulingan gamelan\nSiteran gamelan\nSurakartan gamelan\nMusicians\nK. P. H. Notoprojo\nNartosabdo\nMartopangrawit\nRahayu Supanggah\nSumarsam\nI Nyoman Windha\nEvan Ziporyn\nGamelan Sekar Jaya\nGamelan Son of Lion\nList of U.S. gamelan ensembles\nMichael Tenzer\nInstrumentsColotomic orphrase-making\nGong\nGong ageng\nKempul\nKempyang\nKenong\nKetuk\nBalunganor melody\nBonang\nBonang barung\nBonang panerus\nBonang panembung\nSaron\nSaron peking\nSaron panerus\nSaron barung\nSaron demung\nSlentem\nSlentho\nPanerusan orelaborating\nGambang\nGender\nGender panerus\nRebab\nSiter\nCelempung\nSuling\nUnpitched\nBedug\nKecer\nKemanak\nKendang\nKendang gending\nKendang ciblon\nKendang ketipung\nKepyak\nVocals andclapping\nGerongan\nSindenan\nPesinden\nAlok\nSenggakan\nKeplokThis Indonesia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Pasindhen performance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ohlala_sinden.jpg/270px-Ohlala_sinden.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Rosyadi (2015). \"Fenomena Penggunaan Magi pada Kalangan Sinden di Kabupaten Subang-Jawa Barat (Studi tentang Sistem Religi) oleh Rosyadi\". Patanjala. 7 (1): 152. doi:10.30959/patanjala.v7i1.90.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.30959%2Fpatanjala.v7i1.90","url_text":"\"Fenomena Penggunaan Magi pada Kalangan Sinden di Kabupaten Subang-Jawa Barat (Studi tentang Sistem Religi) oleh Rosyadi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.30959%2Fpatanjala.v7i1.90","url_text":"10.30959/patanjala.v7i1.90"}]},{"reference":"Weintraub, Andrew N. (2004). \"The \"Crisis of the Sinden\": Gender, Politics, and Memory in the Performing Arts of West Java, 1959-1964\". Indonesia. 77 (77): 64. ISSN 0019-7289. JSTOR 3351419.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-7289","url_text":"0019-7289"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3351419","url_text":"3351419"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.30959%2Fpatanjala.v7i1.90","external_links_name":"\"Fenomena Penggunaan Magi pada Kalangan Sinden di Kabupaten Subang-Jawa Barat (Studi tentang Sistem Religi) oleh Rosyadi\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.30959%2Fpatanjala.v7i1.90","external_links_name":"10.30959/patanjala.v7i1.90"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-7289","external_links_name":"0019-7289"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3351419","external_links_name":"3351419"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasindh%C3%A8n&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Redmayne_Murray
George Redmayne Murray
["1 References"]
George Redmayne MurrayBorn20 June 1865Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, EnglandDied21 September 1939 (1939-09-22) (aged 74)Mobberley, Cheshire, EnglandNationalityEnglishAlma materEton College Trinity College, CambridgeKnown forendocrine disordersScientific careerFieldsmedicine George Redmayne Murray (20 June 1865 – 21 September 1939) was an English physician who pioneered in the treatment of endocrine disorders. In 1891, he introduced the successful treatment of myxedema, with injections of sheep thyroid extract, the first instance of hormone replacement therapy. Murray was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was appointed Heath professor of comparative pathology at Durham University in 1893, and physician to the Royal Victoria Infirmary at Newcastle in 1898. In 1908 he was appointed professor of systematic medicine at Manchester University, which carried with it the post of physician to the Manchester Royal Infirmary. References ^ "George R. Murray (1865–1939). Clinical endocrinologist", JAMA, vol. 201, no. 5 (published 31 July 1967), pp. 321–2, 1967, doi:10.1001/jama.201.5.321b, PMID 5339066 ^ Murray, G. R. (1891). "Note on the treatment of myxoedema by hypodermic injections of an extract of the thyroid gland of a sheep". Br Med J. 2 (1606): 796–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1606.796. PMC 2273741. PMID 20753415. ^ "Thyroid regenerative therapy: new insights | Society for Endocrinology". Society for Endocrinology. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ "Murray, George Redmayne (MRY883GR)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ "HoSinDurham". Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2009. Authority control databases International VIAF National Czech Republic This United Kingdom biographical article related to medicine is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"George R. Murray (1865–1939). Clinical endocrinologist\", JAMA, vol. 201, no. 5 (published 31 July 1967), pp. 321–2, 1967, doi:10.1001/jama.201.5.321b, PMID 5339066","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAMA","url_text":"JAMA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.201.5.321b","url_text":"10.1001/jama.201.5.321b"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5339066","url_text":"5339066"}]},{"reference":"Murray, G. R. (1891). \"Note on the treatment of myxoedema by hypodermic injections of an extract of the thyroid gland of a sheep\". Br Med J. 2 (1606): 796–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1606.796. PMC 2273741. PMID 20753415.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2273741","url_text":"\"Note on the treatment of myxoedema by hypodermic injections of an extract of the thyroid gland of a sheep\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.1606.796","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.2.1606.796"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2273741","url_text":"2273741"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20753415","url_text":"20753415"}]},{"reference":"\"Thyroid regenerative therapy: new insights | Society for Endocrinology\". Society for Endocrinology. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.endocrinology.org/endocrinologist/136-summer20/features/thyroid-regenerative-therapy-new-insights/","url_text":"\"Thyroid regenerative therapy: new insights | Society for Endocrinology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Murray, George Redmayne (MRY883GR)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=MRY883GR&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Murray, George Redmayne (MRY883GR)\""}]},{"reference":"\"HoSinDurham\". Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090105105933/http://www.dur.ac.uk/m.d.eddy/HoSinDurhamMurray.html","url_text":"\"HoSinDurham\""},{"url":"http://www.dur.ac.uk/m.d.eddy/HoSinDurhamMurray.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingask_Loch
Fingask Loch
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 56°34′16″N 3°21′42″W / 56.571100°N 3.361600°W / 56.571100; -3.361600Small lowland freshwater loch Fingask LochFingask LochLocationNO164429Coordinates56°34′16″N 3°21′42″W / 56.571100°N 3.361600°W / 56.571100; -3.361600Typefreshwater lochPrimary inflowsoutflow of White LochPrimary outflowssmall burn into Lunan BurnMax. length0.482 km (0.300 mi)Max. width0.4023 km (0.2500 mi)Surface area12.8 ha (32 acres)Average depth23 ft (7.0 m)Max. depth25 ft (7.6 m)Water volume32,182,000 cu ft (911,300 m3)Shore length11.5 km (0.93 mi) Surface elevation46 m (151 ft)Max. temperature58.8 °F (14.9 °C)Min. temperature48.7 °F (9.3 °C)Islands01 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. Fingask Loch is a small lowland freshwater loch that is about three-quarters of a mile from Rae Loch in the valley of the Lunan Burn and is 1.5 miles south-east of Blairgowrie, in Perth and Kinross. Directly to the east is the smaller White Loch, and next to it is the Black Loch. The loch is also a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), as well as forming part of a Special Area of Conservation. References ^ a b c d e f John, Murray; Lawrence, Pullar. Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland, 1897-1909 Lochs of the Tay Basin Volume II - Fingask Loch. National Library of Scotland. p. 107. Retrieved 25 March 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b c d "Fingask Loch". British Lakes. Retrieved 26 April 2019. ^ Gittings, Bruce; Munro, David. "Fingask Loch". The Gazetteer for Scotland. School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh and The Royal Scottish Geographical Society. Retrieved 11 August 2020. ^ Dunkeld - Blairgowrie Lochs, Joint Nature Conservation Committee
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rae Loch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rae_Loch"},{"link_name":"Lunan Burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lunan_Burn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blairgowrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blairgowrie_and_Rattray"},{"link_name":"Perth and Kinross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bathy-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britlakes-2"},{"link_name":"White Loch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Loch,_Perth_and_Kinross"},{"link_name":"Black Loch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Loch_(Perth_and_Kinross)"},{"link_name":"Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"Special Area of Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Area_of_Conservation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JNCC-4"}],"text":"Small lowland freshwater lochFingask Loch is a small lowland freshwater loch that is about three-quarters of a mile from Rae Loch in the valley of the Lunan Burn and is 1.5 miles south-east of Blairgowrie, in Perth and Kinross.[3][1][2] Directly to the east is the smaller White Loch, and next to it is the Black Loch.The loch is also a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), as well as forming part of a Special Area of Conservation.[4]","title":"Fingask Loch"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"John, Murray; Lawrence, Pullar. Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland, 1897-1909 Lochs of the Tay Basin Volume II - Fingask Loch. National Library of Scotland. p. 107. Retrieved 25 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/text/page/950","url_text":"Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland, 1897-1909 Lochs of the Tay Basin Volume II - Fingask Loch"}]},{"reference":"\"Fingask Loch\". British Lakes. Retrieved 26 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://britishlakes.info/23601-fingask-loch-tayside","url_text":"\"Fingask Loch\""}]},{"reference":"Gittings, Bruce; Munro, David. \"Fingask Loch\". The Gazetteer for Scotland. School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh and The Royal Scottish Geographical Society. Retrieved 11 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2504.html","url_text":"\"Fingask Loch\""}]},{"reference":"Dunkeld - Blairgowrie Lochs, Joint Nature Conservation Committee","urls":[{"url":"http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/protectedsites/sacselection/sac.asp?EUcode=UK0012638","url_text":"Dunkeld - Blairgowrie Lochs"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacridium_melanorhodon
Anacridium melanorhodon
["1 Subspecies","2 Gallery","3 References","4 External links"]
Species of grasshopper Anacridium melanorhodon Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Orthoptera Suborder: Caelifera Family: Acrididae Genus: Anacridium Species: A. melanorhodon Binomial name Anacridium melanorhodon(Walker, F., 1870) Synonyms All for A. melanorhodon melanorhodon: Acridium aethiopicum Finot, 1907 Schistocerca exsul Scudder, 1893 Locusta (Orthacanthacris) wernerella variety sphalera Karny, 1907 Anacridium melanorhodon, known as the Sahelian tree locust, is a species of grasshoppers in the subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae. Subspecies The Orthoptera Species File lists: A. melanorhodon arabafrum Dirsh, 1953 A. melanorhodon melanorhodon (Walker, 1870) (as Acridium melanorhodon Walker) - is the Sahelian tree locust Gallery Wing of Anacridium melanorhodon arabafrum, Aguetai, Red Sea coast, Sudan. tree locust (Anacridium melanorhodon ssp. arabafrum) on Begonia sp. flowers, on Réunion island References ^ Walker F (1870) Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum 3: 584. ^ a b Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0: retrieved 13 March 2020) External links Media related to Anacridium melanorhodon at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Anacridium melanorhodon at Wikispecies Names in Dogon languages, with images from Mali Taxon identifiersAnacridium melanorhodon Wikidata: Q10409638 Wikispecies: Anacridium melanorhodon ARKive: anacridium-melanorhodon BioLib: 376219 CoL: 66J52 EoL: 856743 EPPO: ANCRME GBIF: 1702139 iNaturalist: 450950 IRMNG: 10349468 Open Tree of Life: 3499584 Orthoptera Species File (old): 1112470 Authority control databases: National Israel This article about a member of the grasshopper family Acrididae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grasshoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper"},{"link_name":"Cyrtacanthacridinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrtacanthacridinae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSF-2"}],"text":"Anacridium melanorhodon, known as the Sahelian tree locust, is a species of grasshoppers in the subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae.[1][2]","title":"Anacridium melanorhodon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSF-2"}],"text":"The Orthoptera Species File lists:[2]A. melanorhodon arabafrum Dirsh, 1953\nA. melanorhodon melanorhodon (Walker, 1870) (as Acridium melanorhodon Walker) - is the Sahelian tree locust","title":"Subspecies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anacridium_m._arabafrum_wing.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anacridium_melanorhodon_arabafrum_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Begonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begonia"},{"link_name":"Réunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union"}],"text":"Wing of Anacridium melanorhodon arabafrum, Aguetai, Red Sea coast, Sudan.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\ttree locust (Anacridium melanorhodon ssp. arabafrum) on Begonia sp. flowers, on Réunion island","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1112470","external_links_name":"Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0: retrieved 13 March 2020)"},{"Link":"https://tsammalex.clld.org/parameters/anacridiummelanorhodon","external_links_name":"Names in Dogon languages, with images from Mali"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/grasshopper/anacridium-melanorhodon/","external_links_name":"anacridium-melanorhodon"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id376219","external_links_name":"376219"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/66J52","external_links_name":"66J52"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/856743","external_links_name":"856743"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ANCRME","external_links_name":"ANCRME"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/1702139","external_links_name":"1702139"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/450950","external_links_name":"450950"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10349468","external_links_name":"10349468"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3499584","external_links_name":"3499584"},{"Link":"http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1112470","external_links_name":"1112470"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294740805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anacridium_melanorhodon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_LeSage
Ben LeSage
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Club statistics","4 References"]
Canadian rugby union player Rugby playerBen LeSageFull nameBenjamin Boselli LeSageDate of birth (1995-11-24) 24 November 1995 (age 28)Place of birthCalgary, AlbertaHeight6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Weight98 kg (216 lb; 15 st 6 lb)UniversityUniversity of British ColumbiaRugby union careerPosition(s) CentreYouth career–2016 Calgary CanucksAmateur team(s)Years Team Apps (Points)2016–192019 UBC ThunderbirdsCalgary Canucks ()Senior careerYears Team Apps (Points)2020–2120222023– Toronto ArrowsLA GiltinisNew England Free Jacks 18 (25) Correct as of 18 March 2023Provincial / State sidesYears Team Apps (Points)2017– Prairie Wolf Pack ()International careerYears Team Apps (Points)2016– Canada 19 (0) Correct as of 5 February 2022 Benjamin LeSage (born 24 November 1995) is a Canadian rugby union player who plays as a centre for the New England Free Jacks in Major League Rugby (MLR) and for Canada internationally. He previously played for the Toronto Arrows and the LA Giltinis He is the son of Margaret and Bernard LeSage and an older brother to Natalie LeSage. He was included in the Canadian squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup which is held in Japan for the first time and also marks his first World Cup appearance. Early life and education LeSage hails from Calgary, Alberta. He attended Dr. E.P. Scarlett High School but ended up playing rugby for the Henry Wise Wood Warriors, winning Athlete of the Year upon graduation. After graduating, LeSage enrolled at the University of British Columbia where, alongside playing varsity rugby with the UBC Thunderbirds, he completed a Bachelor of Applied Science in Mechatronics, Robotics, and Automation Engineering. He is a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity. Career He made his international debut for Canada against Romania on 19 November 2016. He made his first World Cup match appearance against Italy on 26 September 2019 in Canada's opening match of the tournament in Pool B. The match ended up in a losing cause for Canada, where Italy thrashed them in a one sided contest by scoring 48–7. In his free time, Ben works for up and the coming global employment startup - Omnipresent. Club statistics As of 9 February 2022 Season Team Games Starts Sub Tries Cons Pens Drops Points Yel Red MLR 2020 Toronto Arrows 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MLR 2021 13 13 0 5 0 0 0 25 0 0 MLR 2022 LA Giltinis 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 19 11 0 5 0 0 0 25 0 0 References ^ "Ben LeSage". ESPN scrum. Retrieved 26 September 2019. ^ "Rugby Canada announces 2019 Rugby World Cup Team; Final warm-up test match against USA set to take place September 7th at BC Place Stadium". Rugby Canada. 3 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019. ^ "ROSTER UPDATE: RUGBY WORLD CUP 2019". Rugby Canada. 10 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019. ^ "Canada v Romania". ESPN scrum. Retrieved 26 September 2019. ^ "Italy thrash Canada to collect second bonus-point win". The Independent. 2019-09-26. Archived from the original on 2019-09-26. Retrieved 26 September 2019. ^ "Ben's omnispotlight". Omnipresent. 2021-01-26. Archived from the original on 2020-11-13. Retrieved 26 January 2021. vteNew England Free Jacks – current squadForwards Kyle Baillie Seta Baker Jaco Bezuidenhout Kyle Ciquera Wian Conradie Cam Davidowicz Foster DeWitt Ethan Fryer Kaleb Geiger Malakai Hala-Ngatai Mitch Jacobson John-Roy Jenkinson Cole Keith Conor Keys Mason Koch Josh Larsen Jed Melvin Andrew Quattrin Sean Ralph Martín Sigren Jackson Thiebes Piers von Dadelszen Backs Paula Balekana Zach Bastres Gabe Casey Will Chevalier Killian Coghlan Toby Fricker Oscar Lennon Ben LeSage Reece MacDonald Le Roux Malan Danyon Morgan-Puterangi Cameron Nordli-Kelemeti Isaac Olson John Poland Jayson Potroz Wayne van der Bank Mitch Wilson Holden Yungert Coach Scott Mathie vteCanada squad – 2019 Rugby World CupForwards Ardron (c) Baillie Blanchet Buydens Campbell Heaton Howard Ilnicki Keith Keys Olmstead Piffero Quattrin Rumball Sears-Duru Sheppard Tierney Backs Blevins Coe Du Toit Hassler Hearn LeSage Mack Mackenzie McRorie Nelson O'Leary Parfrey Paris Sauder Trainor Van der Merwe Coach: Jones This Canadian rugby union biography is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"New England Free Jacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Free_Jacks"},{"link_name":"Major League Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Toronto Arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Arrows"},{"link_name":"LA Giltinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Giltinis"},{"link_name":"Canadian squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Rugby_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2019 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Rugby playerBenjamin LeSage (born 24 November 1995) is a Canadian rugby union player who plays as a centre for the New England Free Jacks in Major League Rugby (MLR) and for Canada internationally.[1] He previously played for the Toronto Arrows and the LA GiltinisHe is the son of Margaret and Bernard LeSage and an older brother to Natalie LeSage. He was included in the Canadian squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup which is held in Japan for the first time and also marks his first World Cup appearance.[2][3]","title":"Ben LeSage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. E.P. Scarlett High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._E.P._Scarlett_High_School"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Applied Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Applied_Science"},{"link_name":"Mechatronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics"},{"link_name":"Robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"Sigma Chi Fraternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Chi_Fraternity"}],"text":"LeSage hails from Calgary, Alberta. He attended Dr. E.P. Scarlett High School but ended up playing rugby for the Henry Wise Wood Warriors, winning Athlete of the Year upon graduation. After graduating, LeSage enrolled at the University of British Columbia where, alongside playing varsity rugby with the UBC Thunderbirds, he completed a Bachelor of Applied Science in Mechatronics, Robotics, and Automation Engineering. He is a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Pool B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Rugby_World_Cup_Pool_B"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"He made his international debut for Canada against Romania on 19 November 2016.[4] He made his first World Cup match appearance against Italy on 26 September 2019 in Canada's opening match of the tournament in Pool B. The match ended up in a losing cause for Canada, where Italy thrashed them in a one sided contest by scoring 48–7.[5]In his free time, Ben works for up and the coming global employment startup - Omnipresent.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 9 February 2022","title":"Club statistics"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_National_Invitation_Tournament
1966 National Invitation Tournament
["1 Selected teams","2 Bracket","3 See also","4 References"]
American basketball competition 1966 National Invitation TournamentSeason1965–66Teams14Finals siteMadison Square GardenNew York CityChampionsBYU Cougars (2nd title)Runner-upNYU Violets (2nd title game)SemifinalistsVillanova Wildcats (3rd semifinal)Army Black Knights (3rd semifinal)Winning coachStan Watts (2nd title)MVPBill Melchionni (Villanova) National Invitation Tournaments «1965 1967» The National Invitation Tournament was originated by the Metropolitan Basketball Writers Association in 1938. Responsibility for its administration was transferred two years later to local colleges, first known as the Metropolitan Intercollegiate Basketball Committee and in 1948, as the Metropolitan Intercollegiate Basketball Association (MIBA), which comprised representatives from five New York City schools: Fordham University, Manhattan College, New York University, St. John's University, and Wagner College. Originally all of the teams qualifying for the tournament were invited to New York City, and all games were played at Madison Square Garden. The tournament originally consisted of only 6 teams, which later expanded to 8 teams in 1941, 12 teams in 1949, 14 teams in 1965, 16 teams in 1968, 24 teams in 1979, 32 teams in 1980, and 40 teams from 2002 through 2006. In 2007, the tournament reverted to the current 32-team format. Selected teams Below is a list of the 14 teams selected for the tournament. Army Boston College BYU DePaul Louisville Manhattan NYU Penn State St. John's San Francisco Temple Villanova Virginia Tech Wichita State Bracket Below is the tournament bracket. First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals              Temple 88 Virginia Tech 73 Temple 78 BYU 90 BYU 66 Army 60 San Francisco 89 Penn State 77 San Francisco 63 Army 80 Army 71 Manhattan 66 BYU 97 NYU 84 NYU 68 DePaul 65 NYU 90 Wichita State 84 NYU 69 Villanova 63 Villanova 63 St. John's 61 Villanova 86 Boston College 85 Boston College 96 Louisville 90 Third place game    Army 65 Villanova 76 See also 1966 NCAA University Division basketball tournament 1966 NCAA College Division basketball tournament 1966 NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament References ^ "USATODAY.com - NIT's postseason field cut to 32 teams". ^ "NIT Tournament Home". NCAA.com. ^ a b Tournament Results (1960's) at nit.org, URL accessed December 8, 2009. Archived 11/7/09 vteNational Invitation Tournament Bids schools and conference Semifinal appearances Records 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Invitation Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Invitation_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Fordham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University"},{"link_name":"Manhattan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_College"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"St. John's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_University_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Wagner College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_College"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_(1925)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The National Invitation Tournament was originated by the Metropolitan Basketball Writers Association in 1938. Responsibility for its administration was transferred two years later to local colleges, first known as the Metropolitan Intercollegiate Basketball Committee and in 1948, as the Metropolitan Intercollegiate Basketball Association (MIBA), which comprised representatives from five New York City schools: Fordham University, Manhattan College, New York University, St. John's University, and Wagner College. Originally all of the teams qualifying for the tournament were invited to New York City, and all games were played at Madison Square Garden.The tournament originally consisted of only 6 teams, which later expanded to 8 teams in 1941, 12 teams in 1949, 14 teams in 1965, 16 teams in 1968, 24 teams in 1979, 32 teams in 1980, and 40 teams from 2002 through 2006. In 2007, the tournament reverted to the current 32-team format.[1][2]","title":"1966 National Invitation Tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-3"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"Boston College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College"},{"link_name":"BYU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"DePaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DePaul_University"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Louisville"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_College"},{"link_name":"NYU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Penn State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University"},{"link_name":"St. John's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_University_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University"},{"link_name":"Villanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanova_University"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University"},{"link_name":"Wichita State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_State_University"}],"text":"Below is a list of the 14 teams selected for the tournament.[3]Army\nBoston College\nBYU\nDePaul\nLouisville\nManhattan\nNYU\nPenn State\nSt. John's\nSan Francisco\nTemple\nVillanova\nVirginia Tech\nWichita State","title":"Selected teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-3"}],"text":"Below is the tournament bracket.[3]","title":"Bracket"}]
[]
[{"title":"1966 NCAA University Division basketball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_NCAA_University_Division_basketball_tournament"},{"title":"1966 NCAA College Division basketball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_NCAA_College_Division_basketball_tournament"},{"title":"1966 NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_NAIA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"}]
[{"reference":"\"USATODAY.com - NIT's postseason field cut to 32 teams\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/mensbasketball/2006-08-01-nit-field-cut_x.htm?csp=34","url_text":"\"USATODAY.com - NIT's postseason field cut to 32 teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"NIT Tournament Home\". NCAA.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncaa.com/championships/basketball-men/nit","url_text":"\"NIT Tournament Home\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/mensbasketball/2006-08-01-nit-field-cut_x.htm?csp=34","external_links_name":"\"USATODAY.com - NIT's postseason field cut to 32 teams\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncaa.com/championships/basketball-men/nit","external_links_name":"\"NIT Tournament Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.nit.org/history/nit-postseason-results-1960s.html","external_links_name":"Tournament Results (1960's)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100325090927/http://www.nit.org/history/nit-postseason-results-1960s.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Webber
Michael Webber
[]
Michael Webber may refer to: Michael Webber (engineer), American professor of engineering Michael Webber (politician), American politician in Michigan Michael Webber (priest), dean of Hobart Mike Webber, General Hospital character Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Kansas_House_of_Representatives_election
2022 Kansas House of Representatives election
[]
Not to be confused with 2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Kansas. 2022 Kansas House of Representatives election ← 2020 November 8, 2022 (2022-11-08) 2024 → All 125 seats in the Kansas House of Representatives63 seats needed for a majority   Majority party Minority party   Leader Daniel Hawkins Tom Sawyer Party Republican Democratic Leader's seat 100th district 95th district Seats before 86 39 Seats won 85 40 Seat change 1 1 Popular vote 566,412 334,211 Percentage 62.57% 36.92% Swing 0.65% 0.69% Results by gains and holds Results by winning party vote shareResults:     Democratic gain      Republican gain      Democratic hold      Republican hold Vote share:     50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% Speaker before election Ron Ryckman Jr. Republican Elected Speaker Daniel Hawkins Republican Elections in Kansas Federal government Presidential elections 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 Republican 2008 2012 2016 2024 U.S. Senate elections 1861 1865 1867 1867 sp 1871 1873 1874 sp 1877 1879 1883 1885 1888 1891 1893 sp 1897 1901 1903 1907 1907 sp 1909 1913 1914 1918 1920 1924 1926 1930 1930 sp 1932 1936 1938 1942 1944 1948 1950 1950 sp 1954 1956 1960 1962 1962 sp 1966 1968 1972 1974 1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1996 1996 sp 1998 2002 2004 2008 2010 2014 2016 2020 2022 2026 U.S. House of Representatives elections 1859 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 2nd sp 1886 1888 1889 4th sp 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1903 7th sp 1904 1906 1907 1st sp 1908 1910 1911 2nd sp 1912 7th sp 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 2nd sp 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1943 2nd sp 1944 1946 1948 1950 3rd sp 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 2nd sp 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2017 4th sp 2018 2020 2022 2024 State government State elections 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Gubernatorial elections 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Secretary of State elections 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General elections 2014 2018 2022 Treasurer elections 2014 2018 2022 Senate elections 2012 2016 2020 2024 House of Representatives elections 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Ballot measures 1867 Suffrage referendum 2005 Amendment 1 2022 Abortion referendum Kansas City Mayoral elections 2013 2017 2021 Overland Park Mayoral elections 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Wichita Mayoral elections 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 vte The 2022 Kansas House of Representatives elections took place as a part of the 2022 United States elections. All 125 seats in the Kansas House of Representatives were up for re-election. Representatives serve two year terms and are not term limited. Democrats gained 1 seat, decreasing the narrow Republican supermajority to 85 out of 125 seats. Results summary - Party Votes % Seats +/– % Republican Party 566,412 62.57% 85 -1 68% Democratic Party 334,211 36.92% 40 +1 32% Libertarian Party 4,584 0.50% 0 – 0% Total 905,207 100% 125 – Predictions Source Ranking As of Sabato's Crystal Ball Safe R May 19, 2022 Close races Districts where the margin of victory was under 10%: District 28, 0.58% District 15, 1.36% District 49, 1.54% (flip) District 30, 1.58% District 88, 1.92% (flip) District 14, 2% (flip) District 39, 2.08% District 48, 2.66% District 117, 2.88% District 41, 3.2% District 67, 4.82% District 102, 4.88% District 33, 5.6% (flip) District 78, 7% District 121, 8.22% District 16, 8.46% District 8, 8.96% District 17, 9.06% Results District 1 • District 2 • District 3 • District 4 • District 5 • District 6 • District 7 • District 8 • District 9 • District 10 • District 11 • District 12 • District 13 • District 14 • District 15 • District 16 • District 17 • District 18 • District 19 • District 20 • District 21 • District 22 • District 23 • District 24 • District 25 • District 26 • District 27 • District 28 • District 29 • District 30 • District 31 • District 32 • District 33 • District 34 • District 35 • District 36 • District 37 • District 38 • District 39 • District 40 • District 41 • District 42 • District 43 • District 44 • District 45 • District 46 • District 47 • District 48 • District 49 • District 50 • District 51 • District 52 • District 53 • District 54 • District 55 • District 56 • District 57 • District 58 • District 59 • District 60 • District 61 • District 62 • District 63 • District 64 • District 65 • District 66 • District 67 • District 68 • District 69 • District 70 • District 71 • District 72 • District 73 • District 74 • District 75 • District 76 • District 77 • District 78 • District 79 • District 80 • District 81 • District 82 • District 83 • District 84 • District 85 • District 86 • District 87 • District 88 • District 89 • District 90 • District 91 • District 92 • District 93 • District 94 • District 95 • District 96 • District 97 • District 98 • District 99 • District 100 • District 101 • District 102 • District 103 • District 104 • District 105 • District 106 • District 107 • District 108 • District 109 • District 110 • District 111 • District 112 • District 113 • District 114 • District 115 • District 116 • District 117 • District 118 • District 119 • District 120 • District 121 • District 122 • District 123 • District 124 • District 125 District 1 District 1 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Michael Houser 5,847 75.20 Democratic Paul Rogers 1,928 24.80 Total votes 7,775 100.00 District 2 District 2 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Ken Collins 6,566 100.00 Total votes 6,566 100.00 District 3 District 3 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Chuck Smith 4,714 100.00 Total votes 4,714 100.00 District 4 District 4 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Trevor Jacobs 7,069 100.00 Total votes 7,069 100.00 District 5 District 5 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Carrie Barth 7,085 100.00 Total votes 7,085 100.00 District 6 District 6 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Samantha Poetter 6,265 67.96 Democratic Nina Fricke 2,954 32.04 Total votes 9,219 100.00 District 7 District 7 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Dan Goddard 5,789 100.00 Total votes 5,789 100.00 District 8 District 8 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Chris Croft 5,451 54.48 Democratic Pam Shernuk 4,555 45.52 Total votes 10,006 100.00 District 9 District 9 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Fred Gardner 6,101 74.15 Democratic Alana Cloutier 2,127 25.85 Total votes 8,228 100.00 District 10 District 10 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Christina Haswood 6,695 100.00 Total votes 6,695 100.00 District 11 District 11 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Ron Bryce 5,104 74.88 Democratic Gregory Wilkinson 1,712 25.12 Total votes 6,816 100.00 District 12 District 12 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Doug Blex 7,674 100.00 Total votes 7,674 100.00 District 13 District 13 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Joe Newland 7,742 100.00 Total votes 7,742 100.00 District 14 District 14 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Dennis Miller 5,647 51.00 Republican Charlotte Esau 5,426 49.00 Total votes 11,073 100.00 District 15 District 15 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Allison Hougland 2,915 50.68 Republican Matt Bingesser 2,837 49.32 Total votes 5,752 100.00 District 16 District 16 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Linda Featherston 5,970 54.23 Republican Ed Roitz 5,039 45.77 Total votes 11,009 100.00 District 17 District 17 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Jo Ella Hoye 6,139 53.58 Republican Emily Carpenter 5,102 44.53 Libertarian Michael Kerner 217 1.89 Total votes 11,458 100.00 District 18 District 18 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Cindy Neighbor 5,746 57.34 Republican Cathy Gordon 4,275 42.66 Total votes 10,021 100.00 District 19 District 19 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Stephanie Clayton 8,027 61.99 Republican Nicholas Reddell 4,922 38.01 Total votes 12,949 100.00 District 20 District 20 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Mari-Lynn Poskin 7,048 55.70 Republican Carrie Rahfaldt 5,606 44.30 Total votes 12,654 100.00 District 21 District 21 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Jerry Stogsdill 9,143 100.00 Total votes 9,143 100.00 District 22 District 22 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Lindsay Vaughn 5,574 65.03 Republican Robert "Chris" Colburn 2,997 34.97 Total votes 8,571 100.00 District 23 District 23 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Susan Ruiz 6,115 100.00 Total votes 6,115 100.00 District 24 District 24 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Jarrod Ousley 6,733 100.00 Total votes 6,733 100.00 District 25 District 25 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Rui Xu 9,766 100.00 Total votes 9,766 100.00 District 26 District 26 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Adam Thomas 5,766 59.30 Democratic Cheron Tiffany 3,958 40.70 Total votes 9,724 100.00 District 27 District 27 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Sean Tarwater 6,648 57.34 Democratic Christi Pribula 4,945 42.66 Total votes 11,593 100.00 District 28 District 28 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Carl Turner 5,151 50.29 Democratic Ace Allen 5,091 49.71 Total votes 10,242 100.00 District 29 District 29 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Heather Meyer 5,558 57.16 Republican David Soffer 4,166 42.84 Total votes 9,724 100.00 District 30 District 30 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Laura Williams 4,499 50.79 Democratic Courtney Eiterich 4,359 49.21 Total votes 8,858 100.00 District 31 District 31 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Louis Ruiz 3,290 73.77 Republican Dennis Grindel 1,170 26.23 Total votes 4,460 100.00 District 32 District 32 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Pam Curtis 1,857 100.00 Total votes 1,857 100.00 District 33 District 33 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Mike Thompson 3,350 51.44 Democratic Bill Hutton 2,983 45.80 Libertarian Stephanie Barton 180 2.76 Total votes 6,513 100.00 District 34 District 34 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Valdenia Winn 2,572 79.43 Republican Pepe Cabrera 666 20.57 Total votes 3,238 100.00 District 35 District 35 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Marvin Robinson II 3,290 80.13 Republican Sam Stillwell 816 19.87 Total votes 4,106 100.00 District 36 District 36 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Lynn Melton 4,999 62.29 Republican Kevin Braun 3,027 37.71 Total votes 8,026 100.00 District 37 District 37 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Melissa Oropeza 2,944 61.84 Republican Diana Whittington 1,834 38.16 Total votes 4,846 100.00 District 38 District 38 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Timothy H. Johnson 7,832 100.00 Total votes 7,832 100.00 District 39 District 39 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Owen Donohoe 5,052 51.04 Democratic Vanessa Vaughn West 4,847 48.96 Total votes 9,899 100.00 District 40 District 40 Party Candidate Votes % Republican David Buehler 3,999 55.38 Democratic Martha Allen 3,222 44.62 Total votes 7,221 100.00 District 41 District 41 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Pat Proctor 2,324 51.60 Democratic Harry Schwarz 2,180 48.40 Total votes 4,504 100.00 District 42 District 42 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Lance Neelly 6,705 100.00 Total votes 6,705 100.00 District 43 District 43 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Bill Sutton 4,202 58.07 Democratic Keith Davenport 3,034 41.93 Total votes 7,236 100.00 District 44 District 44 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Barbara Ballard 8,890 100.00 Total votes 8,890 100.00 District 45 District 45 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Mike Amyx 9,613 100.00 Total votes 9,613 100.00 District 46 District 46 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Dennis Highberger 5,715 100.00 Total votes 5,715 100.00 District 47 District 47 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Ronald Ellis 7,819 100.00 Total votes 7,819 100.00 District 48 District 48 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Dan Osman 5,161 51.33 Republican Terry Frederick 4,894 48.67 Total votes 10,005 100.00 District 49 District 49 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Brad Boyd 4,789 50.77 Republican Kristin Clark 4,643 49.23 Total votes 9,432 100.00 District 50 District 50 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Fred Patton 8,918 100.00 Total votes 8,918 100.00 District 51 District 51 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Kenny Titus 7,702 100.00 Total votes 7,702 100.00 District 52 District 52 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Jesse Borjon 6,426 56.30 Democratic Derik Flerlage 4,987 43.70 Total votes 11,413 100.00 District 53 District 53 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Kirk Haskins 4,948 55.37 Republican Bruce Williamson 3,988 44.63 Total votes 8,936 100.00 District 54 District 54 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Ken Corbet 6,446 66.61 Democratic Lyndon Johnson 3,231 33.39 Total votes 9,677 100.00 District 55 District 55 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Tobias Schlingensiepen 4,853 65.61 Republican Todd Staerkel 2,544 34.39 Total votes 7,397 100.00 District 56 District 56 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Virgil Weigel 6,349 100.00 Total votes 6,349 100.00 District 57 District 57 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic John Alcala 4,221 100.00 Total votes 4,221 100.00 District 58 District 58 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Vic Miller 4,455 100.00 Total votes 4,455 100.00 District 59 District 59 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Rebecca Schmoe 5,344 64.53 Democratic Darrell McCune 2,937 35.37 Total votes 8,281 100.00 District 60 District 60 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Mark Schreiber 3,649 55.27 Democratic Mic McGuire 2,953 44.73 Total votes 6,602 100.00 District 61 District 61 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Francis Awerkamp 6,677 100.00 Total votes 6,677 100.00 District 62 District 62 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Randy Garber 7,872 100.00 Total votes 7,782 100.00 District 63 District 63 Party Candidate Votes % Republican John Eplee 7,116 100.00 Total votes 7,116 100.00 District 64 District 64 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Lewis "Bill" Bloom 5,721 77.34 Democratic Patricia Smetana 1,676 22.66 Total votes 7,397 100.00 District 65 District 65 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Jeff Underhill 3,121 100.00 Total votes 3,121 100.00 District 66 District 66 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Sydney Carlin 3,317 100.00 Total votes 3,317 100.00 District 67 District 67 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Mike Dodson 4,559 52.41 Democratic Kim Zito 4,139 47.59 Total votes 8,698 100.00 District 68 District 68 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Nate Butler 3,207 67.77 Democratic Michael Seymour II 1,525 32.23 Total votes 4,732 100.00 District 69 District 69 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Clarke Sanders 4,747 65.00 Democratic Sarah Crews 2,556 35.00 Total votes 7,303 100.00 District 70 District 70 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Scott Hill 7,460 100.00 Total votes 7,460 100.00 District 71 District 71 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Steven Howe 7,096 100.00 Total votes 7,096 100.00 District 72 District 72 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Avery Anderson 6,325 100.00 Total votes 6,325 100.00 District 73 District 73 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Les Mason 7,258 100.00 Total votes 7,258 100.00 District 74 District 74 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Stephen Owens 6,414 76.80 Libertarian Henry Hein 1,938 23.20 Total votes 8,352 100.00 District 75 District 75 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Will Carpenter 6,813 100.00 Total votes 6,813 100.00 District 76 District 76 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Eric Smith 6,623 72.82 Democratic Chuck Torres 2,472 27.18 Total votes 9,095 100.00 District 77 District 77 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Kristey Williams 6,753 100.00 Total votes 6,753 100.00 District 78 District 78 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Robyn Essex 5,030 53.50 Democratic W. Michael Shimeall 4,371 46.50 Total votes 9,401 100.00 District 79 District 79 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Webster Roth 5,244 63.43 Democratic Kris Trimmer 3,024 36.57 Total votes 8,268 100.00 District 80 District 80 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Bill Rhiley 5,409 100.00 Total votes 5,409 100.00 District 81 District 81 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Blake Carpenter 4,231 100.00 Total votes 4,231 100.00 District 82 District 82 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Leah Howell 5,453 65.48 Democratic Misti Hobbs 2,875 34.52 Total votes 8,328 100.00 District 83 District 83 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Henry Helgerson 3,695 100.00 Total votes 3,695 100.00 District 84 District 84 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ford Carr 4,067 100.00 Total votes 4,067 100.00 District 85 District 85 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Patrick Penn 5,064 57.02 Democratic Jalon Britton 3,817 42.98 Total votes 8,881 100.00 District 86 District 86 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Silas Miller 2,527 57.79 Republican Rick Lindsey 1,846 42.21 Total votes 4,373 100.00 District 87 District 87 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Susan Estes 4,890 55.72 Democratic Chris Strong 3,886 44.28 Total votes 8,776 100.00 District 88 District 88 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Sandy Pickert 3,022 50.96 Democratic Chuck Schmidt 2,908 49.04 Total votes 5,930 100.00 District 89 District 88 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic KC Ohaebosim 4,547 100.00 Total votes 4,547 100.00 District 90 District 90 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Carl Maughan 6,683 100.00 Total votes 6,683 100.00 District 91 District 91 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Emil Bergquist 5,826 64.04 Democratic Brooke Chong 2,962 32.56 Libertarian Steve Baird 309 3.40 Total votes 8,976 100.00 District 92 District 92 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic John Carmichael 4,752 100.00 Total votes 4,752 100.00 District 93 District 93 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Brian Bergkamp 6,646 100.00 Total votes 6,646 100.00 District 94 District 94 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Leo Delperdang 5,840 64.16 Democratic Robert Howes 3,262 35.84 Total votes 9,102 100.00 District 95 District 95 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Tom Sawyer 2,433 56.00 Republican Christopher Parisho 1,912 44.00 Total votes 4,345 100.00 District 96 District 96 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Tom Kessler 2,648 100.00 Total votes - 100.00 District 97 District 97 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Nick Hoheisel 4,289 100.00 Total votes 4,289 100.00 District 98 District 98 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Cyndi Howerton 3,627 100.00 Total votes 3,627 100.00 District 99 District 99 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Susan Humphries 7,273 100.00 Total votes 7,273 100.00 District 100 District 100 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Daniel Hawkins 5,641 59.70 Democratic Mike McCorkle 3,808 40.30 Total votes 9,449 100.00 District 101 District 101 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Joe Seiwert 7,501 100.00 Total votes 7,501 100.00 District 102 District 102 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Jason Probst 2,719 52.44 Republican John Whitesel 2,466 47.56 Total votes 5,185 100.00 District 103 District 103 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Angela Martinez 1,717 73.60 Libertarian Loren John Hermreck 616 26.40 Total votes 2,333 100.00 District 104 District 104 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Paul Waggoner 6,003 60.57 Democratic Garth Strand 3,908 39.43 Total votes 9,911 100.00 District 105 District 105 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Brenda Landwehr 3,788 58.30 Democratic Jaelynn Abegg 2,709 41.70 Total votes 6,497 100.00 District 106 District 106 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Lisa Moser 8,302 100.00 Total votes 8,302 100.00 District 107 District 107 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Susan Concannon 7,570 100.00 Total votes 7,570 100.00 District 108 District 105 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Brandon Woodard 6,753 100.00 Total votes 6,753 100.00 District 109 District 105 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Troy Waymaster 7,698 85.32 Libertarian Peter Solie 1,324 14.68 Total votes 9,022 100.00 District 110 District 110 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Ken Rahjes 8,366 100.00 Total votes 8,366 100.00 District 111 District 111 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Barbara Wasinger 5,038 60.49 Democratic Edward Hammond 3,291 39.51 Total votes 8,329 100.00 District 112 District 112 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Tory Blew 6,074 100.00 Total votes 6,074 100.00 District 113 District 113 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Brett Fairchild 6,610 75.99 Democratic Jo Ann Roth 2,089 24.01 Total votes 8,699 100.00 District 114 District 114 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Michael Murphy 7,768 100.00 Total votes 7,768 100.00 District 115 District 115 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Gary White 6,738 100.00 Total votes 6,738 100.00 District 116 District 116 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Kyle Hoffman 6,996 79.38 Democratic Kristen Barger 1,817 20.62 Total votes 8,813 100.00 District 117 District 117 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Adam Turk 5,813 51.94 Democratic Courtney Tripp 5,378 48.06 Total votes 11,191 100.00 District 118 District 118 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Jim Minnix 8,414 100.00 Total votes 8,414 100.00 District 119 District 119 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Jason Goetz 2,213 100.00 Total votes 2,213 100.00 District 120 District 120 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Adam Smith 8,120 100.00 Total votes 8,120 100.00 District 121 District 121 Party Candidate Votes % Republican John Resman 4,972 54.61 Democratic Mel Pinick 4,133 45.39 Total votes 9,105 100.00 District 122 District 122 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Bill Clifford 4,465 100.00 Total votes 4,465 100.00 District 123 District 123 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Bob Lewis 3,746 100.00 Total votes 3,746 100.00 District 124 District 124 Party Candidate Votes % Republican David Younger 5,350 100.00 Total votes 5,350 100.00 District 125 District 125 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Shannon Francis 2,859 100.00 Total votes 2,859 100.00 References ^ "Welcome | Kansas State Legislature". www.kslegislature.org. Retrieved May 23, 2022. ^ "Kansas is becoming more divided. Democrats win suburban areas and the GOP holds rural communities". KCUR - Kansas City news and NPR. January 3, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023. ^ "Kansas Secretary of State 2022 General Election Official Vote Totals" (PDF). Kansas Secretary of State. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ Jacobson, Louis (May 19, 2022). "The Battle for State Legislatures". Retrieved May 19, 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du "Kansas Secretary of State 2022 General Election Official Vote Totals" (PDF). Kansas Secretary of State. Retrieved December 1, 2022. See also Elections in Kansas vte(2021 ←)   2022 United States elections   (→ 2023)U.S.Senate Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Missouri Nevada New Hampshire New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oklahoma (special) Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Utah Vermont Washington Wisconsin U.S.House(electionratings) Alabama Alaska at-large sp American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California 22nd sp Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida 20th sp Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois 1st Indiana 2nd sp Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota 1st sp Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska 1st sp Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 19th sp 23rd sp North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 34th sp U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Lt. Gov Alaska Arizona Arkansas Lt. Gov California Lt. Gov Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Lt. Gov Guam Hawaii Idaho Lt. Gov Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada Lt. Gov New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Lt. Gov Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Lt. Gov South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Lt. Gov U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Lt. Gov Wisconsin Wyoming Attorneysgeneral Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Mexico New York North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Texas Vermont Wisconsin Secretariesof state Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Mexico North Dakota Ohio Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Vermont Washington (special) Wisconsin Wyoming Statetreasurers Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Maryland Massachusetts Nebraska Nevada New Mexico New York Ohio Oklahoma Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Utah (special) Texas Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Otherstatewideelections Arizona Corporation Commission State Superintendent Arkansas Land Commissioner Auditor California Board of Equalization Controller Insurance Commissioner State Superintendent Colorado Board of Education University Regents Connecticut Comptroller Florida Agriculture Commissioner Georgia Agriculture Commissioner Insurance Commissioner Labor Commissioner State Superintendent Illinois Comptroller Indiana Auditor Minnesota Auditor Missouri Auditor Nevada Controller New Hampshire Executive Council New Mexico Auditor Land Commissioner North Carolina Judicial Ohio Auditor Supreme Court Oklahoma Auditor Corporation Commissioner Labor Commissioner State Superintendent Oregon Labor Commissioner Texas Agriculture Commissioner Appeals Court Board of Education Land Commissioner Railroad Commissioner Supreme Court Vermont Auditor Statelegislatures Alabama House Senate Alaska House Senate Arizona House Senate Arkansas House Senate California Assembly Senate Colorado House Senate Connecticut House Senate Delaware House Senate Florida House Senate Georgia House Senate Hawaii House Senate Idaho House Senate Illinois House Senate Indiana House Senate Iowa House Senate Kansas House Kentucky House Senate Maine House Senate Maryland House Senate Massachusetts House Senate Michigan House Senate Minnesota House Senate Missouri House Senate Montana House Senate Nebraska Nevada Assembly Senate New Hampshire House Senate New Mexico House New York Assembly Senate North Carolina House Senate North Dakota House Senate Ohio House Senate Oklahoma House Senate Oregon House Senate Pennsylvania House Senate Rhode Island House Senate South Carolina House South Dakota House Senate Tennessee House Senate Texas House Senate Utah House Senate Vermont House Senate Washington House Senate West Virginia House Senate Wisconsin Assembly Senate Wyoming House Senate Mayors Anaheim, CA Auburn, AL Austin, TX Charlotte, NC Columbia, MO Denton, TX Gainesville, FL Greensboro, NC Henderson, NV Irvine, CA Laredo, TX Lexington, KY Little Rock, AR Long Beach, CA Los Angeles, CA Louisville, KY Lubbock, TX Milwaukee, WI (special) Newark, NJ Newport News, VA Norman, OK North Las Vegas, NV Oakland, CA Oklahoma City, OK Pensacola, FL Providence, RI Raleigh, NC Reno, NV San Bernardino, CA San Jose, CA Santa Ana, CA Shreveport, LA Tallahassee, FL Washington, DC Local Anne Arundel County, MD Baltimore County, MD Cook County, IL Cuyahoga County, OH Frederick County, MD Harford County, MD Hennepin County, MN Howard County, MD Los Angeles, CA Los Angeles County, CA Maricopa County, AZ Montgomery County, MD Navajo Nation Orange County, CA Board of Supervisors District Attorney Philadelphia, PA Portland, OR Prince George's County, MD San Francisco, CA Board of Education (recall) District Attorney recall special Shelby County, TN Tulsa, OK Washington, DC Wicomico County, MD Statewide Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Other ballot measures
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All 125 seats in the Kansas House of Representatives were up for re-election. Representatives serve two year terms and are not term limited.[1]Democrats gained 1 seat, decreasing the narrow Republican supermajority to 85 out of 125 seats.[2]","title":"2022 Kansas House of Representatives election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Predictions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Districts where the margin of victory was under 10%:District 28, 0.58%\nDistrict 15, 1.36%\nDistrict 49, 1.54% (flip)\nDistrict 30, 1.58%\nDistrict 88, 1.92% (flip)\nDistrict 14, 2% (flip)\nDistrict 39, 2.08%\nDistrict 48, 2.66%\nDistrict 117, 2.88%\nDistrict 41, 3.2%\nDistrict 67, 4.82%\nDistrict 102, 4.88%\nDistrict 33, 5.6% (flip)\nDistrict 78, 7%\nDistrict 121, 8.22%\nDistrict 16, 8.46%\nDistrict 8, 8.96%\nDistrict 17, 9.06%","title":"Close races"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 1","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 2","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 3","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 4","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 5","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 6","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 7","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 8","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 9","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 10","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 11","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 12","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 13","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 14","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 15","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 16","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 17","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 18","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 19","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 20","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 21","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 22","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 23","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 24","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 25","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 26","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 27","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 28","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 29","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 30","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 31","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 32","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 33","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 34","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 35","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 36","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 37","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 38","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 39","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 40","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 41","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 42","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 43","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 44","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 45","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 46","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 47","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 48","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 49","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 50","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 51","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 52","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 53","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 54","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 55","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 56","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 57","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 58","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 59","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 60","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 61","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 62","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 63","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 64","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 65","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 66","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 67","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 68","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 69","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 70","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 71","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 72","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 73","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 74","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 75","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 76","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 77","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 78","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 79","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 80","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 81","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 82","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 83","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 84","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 85","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 86","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 87","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 88","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 89","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 90","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 91","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 92","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 93","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 94","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 95","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 96","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 97","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 98","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 99","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 100","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 101","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 102","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 103","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 104","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 105","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 106","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 107","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 108","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 109","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 110","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 111","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 112","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 113","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 114","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 115","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 116","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 117","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 118","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 119","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 120","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 121","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 122","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 123","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 124","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District 125","title":"Results"}]
[]
[{"title":"Elections in Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Kansas"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2022_United_States_elections"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2022_United_States_elections"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2022_United_States_elections"},{"title":"2021 ←","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_elections"},{"title":"2022 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_elections"},{"title":"→ 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joroinen
Joroinen
["1 Some villages","2 Historic manor houses of the area [8]","3 International relations","3.1 Twin towns — sister cities","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 62°11′N 027°50′E / 62.183°N 27.833°E / 62.183; 27.833Municipality in North Savo, FinlandJoroinen JoroisMunicipalityJoroisten kuntaJorois kommunJoroinen church Coat of armsNickname: Paris of the SavoniaLocation of Joroinen in FinlandCoordinates: 62°11′N 027°50′E / 62.183°N 27.833°E / 62.183; 27.833Country FinlandRegionNorth SavoSub-regionVarkausCharter1631Government • Municipality managerJoonas HänninenArea (2018-01-01) • Total711.76 km2 (274.81 sq mi) • Land574.89 km2 (221.97 sq mi) • Water136.3 km2 (52.6 sq mi) • Rank148th largest in FinlandPopulation (2023-12-31) • Total4,590 • Rank178th largest in Finland • Density7.98/km2 (20.7/sq mi)Population by native language • Finnish93.9% (official) • Swedish0.4% • Others5.7%Population by age • 0 to 1413.4% • 15 to 6455.5% • 65 or older31.2%Time zoneUTC+02:00 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+03:00 (EEST)Websitewww.joroinen.fi Joroinen is a municipality in the North Savo region of Finland. It is located in the province of Eastern Finland and is part of the Northern Savonia sub-region. The municipality has a population of approximately 4,626 people and covers an area of 982 square kilometers. Joroinen was first mentioned in historical records in 1388, when it was part of the Kingdom of Sweden. In the 16th century, the area was briefly annexed by Russia before being returned to Sweden. During the 18th century, Joroinen became part of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, which was a satellite state of the Russian Empire. Joroinen is known for its natural beauty and is a popular destination for tourists who enjoy outdoor activities such as hiking, fishing, and skiing. The municipality is home to several lakes, including Lake Joroinen and Lake Konnevesi, which are popular destinations for boating and swimming. In the winter, the area is covered in snow and is ideal for cross-country skiing and snowshoeing. Joroinen is also home to several cultural attractions. The Joroinen Museum, which is located in the center of the municipality, offers visitors a glimpse into the history and culture of the area. The museum features exhibits on the local history, including the history of Joroinen's lakes and forests, as well as traditional crafts and folk art from the region. The municipality of Joroinen is governed by a local council, which is elected every four years. The council is responsible for the administration of local services, such as education, healthcare, and social services. Some villages Joroisniemi Järvikylä Kaitainen Katajamäki Katisenlahti Kerisalo Kerisalonsaari Kiekka Kotkatlahti Kurkela Kuvansi Koskenkylä Lahnalahti Maavesi Montola Ruokojärvi Ruokoniemi Savuniemi Tahkoranta Uumaa Historic manor houses of the area Frugård Hoviniemi Joroisniemi, Braseborg Juhanala Järvikylä Karhulahti Korhola Koskenhovi Kotkanhovi Paajala, Örnevik Pasala Puomila Räisälänranta Stendal Torstila Tuomaala Virrantalo Vättilä International relations See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland Twin towns — sister cities Joroinen is twinned with: Ülenurme, Estonia References ^ "Government decided on division into regions". Retrieved 1 Jan 2021. ^ Nykänen, Helmi. "Joroisissa on itsetunto kohdillaan: "Savon Pariisi on aika korskean komea titteli omittavaksi"". Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). ^ "Area of Finnish Municipalities 1.1.2018" (PDF). National Land Survey of Finland. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ "Population growth biggest in nearly 70 years". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 2024-04-26. ISSN 1797-5395. Retrieved 2024-04-29. ^ "Population growth biggest in nearly 70 years". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 2024-04-26. ISSN 1797-5395. Retrieved 2024-04-29. ^ "Population according to age (1-year) and sex by area and the regional division of each statistical reference year, 2003–2020". StatFin. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 2 May 2021. ^ a b "Luettelo kuntien ja seurakuntien tuloveroprosenteista vuonna 2023". Tax Administration of Finland. 14 November 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2023. ^ "Herrasväen asuinpaikat - Eteläsavon kartanot ja kartanoiksi kutsutut". kirjasto.mikkeli.fi. External links Media related to Joroinen at Wikimedia Commons Municipality of Joroinen – Official website Places adjacent to Joroinen Leppävirta, Varkaus Pieksämäki (South Savo) Joroinen Rantasalmi (South Savo) Juva (South Savo) vteMunicipalities of North SavoMunicipalities Iisalmi Joroinen Kaavi Keitele Kiuruvesi Kuopio Lapinlahti Leppävirta Pielavesi Rautalampi Rautavaara Siilinjärvi Sonkajärvi Suonenjoki Tervo Tuusniemi Varkaus Vesanto Vieremä Former municipalities Iisalmen maalaiskunta Juankoski Karttula Kuopion maalaiskunta Maaninka Muuruvesi Nilsiä Riistavesi Säyneinen Varpaisjärvi Vehmersalmi North Savo Finland Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF National Israel Finland United States Geographic MusicBrainz area This Eastern Finland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"North Savo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Savo"},{"link_name":"Eastern Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Finland_Province"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden_(Middle_Ages)"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Lake Konnevesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Konnevesi"},{"link_name":"cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing"},{"link_name":"snowshoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoe"},{"link_name":"Joroinen Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joroinen_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Municipality in North Savo, FinlandJoroinen is a municipality in the North Savo region of Finland. It is located in the province of Eastern Finland and is part of the Northern Savonia sub-region. The municipality has a population of approximately 4,626 people and covers an area of 982 square kilometers.Joroinen was first mentioned in historical records in 1388, when it was part of the Kingdom of Sweden. In the 16th century, the area was briefly annexed by Russia before being returned to Sweden. During the 18th century, Joroinen became part of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, which was a satellite state of the Russian Empire.Joroinen is known for its natural beauty and is a popular destination for tourists who enjoy outdoor activities such as hiking, fishing, and skiing. The municipality is home to several lakes, including Lake Joroinen and Lake Konnevesi, which are popular destinations for boating and swimming. In the winter, the area is covered in snow and is ideal for cross-country skiing and snowshoeing.Joroinen is also home to several cultural attractions. The Joroinen Museum, which is located in the center of the municipality, offers visitors a glimpse into the history and culture of the area. The museum features exhibits on the local history, including the history of Joroinen's lakes and forests, as well as traditional crafts and folk art from the region.The municipality of Joroinen is governed by a local council, which is elected every four years. The council is responsible for the administration of local services, such as education, healthcare, and social services.","title":"Joroinen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uumaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uumaa"}],"text":"Joroisniemi\nJärvikylä\nKaitainen\nKatajamäki\nKatisenlahti\nKerisalo\nKerisalonsaari\nKiekka\nKotkatlahti\nKurkela\nKuvansi\nKoskenkylä\nLahnalahti\nMaavesi\nMontola\nRuokojärvi\nRuokoniemi\nSavuniemi\nTahkoranta\nUumaa","title":"Some villages"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Frugård\nHoviniemi\nJoroisniemi, Braseborg\nJuhanala\nJärvikylä\nKarhulahti\nKorhola\nKoskenhovi\nKotkanhovi\nPaajala, Örnevik\nPasala\nPuomila\nRäisälänranta\nStendal\nTorstila\nTuomaala\nVirrantalo\nVättilä","title":"Historic manor houses of the area "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Finland"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Ülenurme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clenurme"}],"sub_title":"Twin towns — sister cities","text":"Joroinen is twinned with:Ülenurme, Estonia","title":"International relations"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_IBF_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles
1995 IBF World Championships – Men's singles
["1 Main stage","1.1 Section 1","1.2 Section 2","1.3 Section 3","1.4 Section 4","1.5 Section 5","1.6 Section 6","1.7 Section 7","1.8 Section 8","1.9 Section 9","1.10 Section 10","1.11 Section 11","1.12 Section 12","1.13 Section 13","1.14 Section 14","1.15 Section 15","1.16 Section 16","2 Final stage","3 External links"]
Men's singles at the 1995 IBF World ChampionshipsVenueMalley Sports CentreLocationLausanne, SwitzerlandDatesMay 22, 1995 (1995-05-22) – May 28, 1995 (1995-05-28)Medalists  Hariyanto Arbi   Indonesia Park Sung-woo   South Korea Thomas Stuer-Lauridsen   Denmark Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen   Denmark← 1993 Birmingham1997 Glasgow → Events at the 1995 IBF World ChampionshipsSinglesmenwomenDoublesmenwomenmixedvte The men's singles badminton tournament at the 1995 IBF World Championships were held in Lausanne, Switzerland, between 22 May and 28 May 1995. Following the results of the men's singles. Main stage Section 1 First round Second round Third round Fourth round Hariyanto Arbi bye Hariyanto Arbi 15 15 Euclides Freitas Euclides Freitas 2 1 bye Hariyanto Arbi 15 15 Takaaki Hayashi 15 15 Jyri Aalto 10 5 Luis Antonio Timm 4 1 Takaaki Hayashi 5 7 Tam Kai Chuen 3 18 12 Jyri Aalto 15 15 Jyri Aalto 15 15 15 Hariyanto Arbi 15 15 Vladislav Tikhomirov 12 18 15 Vladislav Tikhomirov 8 7 Roslin Hashim 15 17 11 Vladislav Tikhomirov 9 17 15 Heimo Götschl 15 15 Heimo Götschl 15 4 Joaquim Lobo 7 5 Vladislav Tikhomirov 15 15 Jan Jurka Jan Jurka 2 6 bye Jan Jurka 15 15 Andreas Pichler Andreas Pichler 9 10 bye Section 2 First round Second round Third round Fourth round Lee Gwang-jin bye Lee Gwang-jin 2 15 15 Ge Cheng Ge Cheng 15 6 13 bye Lee Gwang-jin 5 15 15 Peter Knowles 15 15 Peter Knowles 15 5 6 Alejandro Meyer 1 2 Peter Knowles 15 15 Islam Amir 15 15 Islam Amir 5 4 Wasiu Ogunseye 9 6 Lee Gwang-jin 15 18 Thomas Johansson 15 15 Thomas Johansson 13 17 Filip Vigneron 6 8 Thomas Johansson 8 15 15 Søren B. Nielsen 15 15 Søren B. Nielsen 15 6 12 Simon Hawlina 1 3 Thomas Johansson 6 17 15 Chris Bruil Chris Bruil 15 16 7 bye Chris Bruil 15 15 David Cocagne David Cocagne 1 9 bye Section 3 First round Second round Third round Fourth round Joko Suprianto bye Joko Suprianto 15 15 Pullela Gopichand Pullela Gopichand 8 4 bye Joko Suprianto 11 15 15 Yong Hock Kin 15 15 Yong Hock Kin 15 1 1 David Serrano 2 1 Yong Hock Kin 15 15 Mario Carulla 17 15 Mario Carulla 13 9 Stephan Baeriswyl 15 8 Joko Suprianto 15 15 Teodor Velkov 15 15 Teodor Velkov 10 3 Árni Þór Hallgrímson 6 5 Teodor Velkov 15 15 Detlef Poste 15 15 Detlef Poste 12 12 Miha Šepec 6 0 Teodor Velkov 15 15 Craig Booley Craig Booley 10 13 bye Craig Booley 15 15 Anton Tiajkoun Anton Tiajkoun 9 0 bye Section 4 First round Second round Third round Fourth round Dong Jiong bye Dong Jiong 15 17 Mike Beres Mike Beres 11 14 bye Dong Jiong 15 15 Robert Nock 15 15 Robert Nock 6 13 Ricardo Fernandes 2 6 Robert Nock 15 15 Afshin Bozorgzadeh 15 15 Afshin Bozorgzadeh 4 7 Adelhafid Sedk 4 2 Dong Jiong 17 15 Martin Lundgaard Hansen 15 15 Martin Lundgaard Hansen 15 7 Robert Cyprian 4 1 Martin Lundgaard Hansen 15 15 Erik Lia 15 15 Erik Lia 6 1 Niroshan Wijekoon 2 5 Martin Lundgaard Hansen 15 15 Jacek Niedźwiedzki Jacek Niedźwiedzki 11 0 bye Jacek Niedźwiedzki 15 15 Aldo Polidano Aldo Polidano 1 3 bye Section 5 First round160 Second round Third round Fourth round Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen bye   Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen 15 15 Lo Ka Lon Lo Ka Lon 1 1 bye Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen 15 15 Tomasz Mendrek 2 15 15 Tomasz Mendrek 8 3 Andrej Pohar 15 5 2 Tomasz Mendrek 6 15 18 Lee Mou-chou 15 15 Lee Mou-chou 15 12 17 Nick Hall 9 11 Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen 15 15 Henrik Bengtsson 15 15 Henrik Bengtsson 7 11 Boris Kessov 8 7 Henrik Bengtsson 15 15 Joris van Soerland 15 15 Joris van Soerland 11 9 Gianmarco La Rosa 3 1 Henrik Bengtsson 15 15 David Shaw David Shaw 8 3 bye David Shaw 15 15 Danjuma Fatauchi Danjuma Fatauchi 6 11 bye Section 6 First round Second round Third round Fourth round Chen Gang 15 15 Eugene McKenna 13 7 Chen Gang 15 15 Konstantin Tatranov 15 15 Konstantin Tatranov 11 4 Silvio Jurčić 1 4 Chen Gang 15 15 Jim Ronny Andersen Jim Ronny Andersen 7 7 bye Jim Ronny Andersen 15 15 Amir Hoshang Alboeeh Amir Hoshang Alboeeh 1 3 bye Chen Gang 15 15 Lioe Tiong Ping Lioe Tiong Ping 9 12 bye Lioe Tiong Ping 15 15 Richárd Bánhidi Richárd Bánhidi 9 8 bye Lioe Tiong Ping 15 15 Frederic D'Amours 15 15 Frederic D'Amours 4 4 Philippe Gennaux 2 6 Frederic D'Amours 15 15 Richard Vaughan 15 15 Richard Vaughan 6 7 Guilherme Kumasaka 0 4 Section 7 First round Second round Third round Fourth round Hermawan Susanto bye Hermawan Susanto 15 15 Stuart Metcalfe Stuart Metcalfe 5 2 bye Hermawan Susanto 15 15 Bruce Flockhart 15 17 Bruce Flockhart 6 10 Étienne Thobois 14 9 Bruce Flockhart 17 15 Plamen Peev 15 15 Plamen Peev 14 0 Bojan Strah 3 2 Hermawan Susanto 15 15 Thomas Wapp Thomas Wapp 2 3 bye Thomas Wapp 15 15 Boumediane Louati Boumediane Louati 1 2 bye Thomas Wapp 11 15 15 Pedro Vanneste 15 15 Pedro Vanneste 15 9 9 Vyatcheslav Roudnitski 10 4 Pedro Vanneste 15 15 Gustavo Salazar w.o. Gustavo Salazar 10 5 Konstantin Dubs Section 8 First round Second round Third round Fourth round Robert Liljequist 15 15 Nicolas Pissis 3 4 Robert Liljequist 15 15 Kusamao Suzuki 15 15 Kusamao Suzuki 9 7 Eddy Clarisse 9 2 Robert Liljequist 15 6 15 Anders Nielsen Anders Nielsen 12 15 3 bye Anders Nielsen 15 15 Guðmundur Adolfsson Guðmundur Adolfsson 2 6 bye Robert Liljequist 3 15 15 Kim Hak-kyun Kim Hak-kyun 15 9 7 bye Kim Hak-kyun 15 15 Volker Renzelmann Volker Renzelmann 7 4 bye Kim Hak-kyun 15 15 Ong Ewe Hock w.o. Ong Ewe Hock 4 0 Sompol Kukasemkij Ong Ewe Hock 15 15 Peter Kreulitsch 15 15 Peter Kreulitsch 10 3 Aivaras Kvedarauskas 1 8 Section 9 First round Second round Third round Fourth round Park Sung-woo bye Park Sung-woo w.o. Abdelhadi Kella Abdelhadi Kella bye Park Sung-woo 15 15 Paul Stevenson 15 15 Paul Stevenson 2 8 Christian Hinteregger 3 2 Paul Stevenson 15 15 Dean Galt 15 15 Dean Galt 10 7 Mirza Ali Yar Beg 5 5 Park Sung-woo 15 15 Fumihiko Machida 15 15 Fumihiko Machida 6 8 Agarawu Tunde 2 5 Fumihiko Machida 15 15 Vincent Laigle w.o. Vincent Laigle 1 2 Daryoush Eskandare Fumihiko Machida 17 15 Hans Sperre jr. Hans Sperre jr. 14 10 bye Hans Sperre jr. 15 15 Bruce Topping Bruce Topping 8 4 bye Section 10 First round Second round Third round Fourth round Peter Rasmussen 15 15 Philip Kurz 3 5 Peter Rasmussen 15 15 Leandro Santos 15 15 Leandro Santos 3 2 Kin Meng Horatius Hwang 6 12 Peter Rasmussen 15 15 Rajeev Bagga Rajeev Bagga 6 8 bye Rajeev Bagga w.o. Jeroen van Dijk Jeroen van Dijk bye Peter Rasmussen 15 17 Darren Hall 15 15 Darren Hall 4 14 Lo Ah Heng 3 6 Darren Hall 18 15 Duminda Jayakody 10 15 15 Duminda Jayakody 14 4 Chang Jeng-shyuang 15 10 7 Darren Hall 15 15 Ernesto García Ernesto García 4 3 bye Ernesto García 15 15 Dainius Lukošius 15 15 Dainius Lukošius 1 2 Serpa Pinto Horacio 6 12 Section 11 First round Second round Third round Fourth round Alan Budikusuma bye Alan Budikusuma 15 15 Luigi Dalli Cardillo Luigi Dalli Cardillo 2 1 bye Alan Budikusuma 15 15 Oliver Pongratz 15 15 Oliver Pongratz 0 4 Craig Robertson 4 1 Oliver Pongratz 15 15 Tariq Farooq 15 15 Tariq Farooq 3 1 Antonis S. Lazarou 6 1 Alan Budikusuma 15 15 Dariusz Zięba w.o. Dariusz Zięba 3 4 Ali Cheraginik Dariusz Zięba 15 15 Bertrand Gallet 3 18 15 Bertrand Gallet 12 7 Rémy Matthey de l'Etang 15 13 13 Dariusz Zięba 17 15 Igor Dmitriev Igor Dmitriev 16 7 bye Igor Dmitriev 18 15 Mihail Popov Mihail Popov 17 10 bye Section 12 First round Second round Third round Fourth round Jens Olsson bye Jens Olsson 15 15 Sašo Zrnec Sašo Zrnec 2 2 bye Jens Olsson 15 15 Peter Gade 15 15 Peter Gade 12 7 Ondřej Lubas 9 6 Peter Gade 15 15 Jaimie Dawson 15 15 Jaimie Dawson 4 10 Sam Kin Chong 0 1 Jens Olsson 15 15 Andrey Antropov 15 15 Andrey Antropov 8 2 Mert Aydogmus 2 0 Andrey Antropov 15 15 Gyula Szalai 15 15 Gyula Szalai 7 5 Gilles Allet 6 6 Andrey Antropov 13 15 15 Lin Liwen Lin Liwen 15 7 1 bye Lin Liwen 15 15 Lasse Lindelöf Lasse Lindelöf 9 4 bye Section 13 First round Second round Third round Fourth round Thomas Stuer-Lauridsen bye Thomas Stuer-Lauridsen 15 15 Fernando Silva Fernando Silva 3 8 bye Thomas Stuer-Lauridsen 15 15 Pontus Jäntti 15 15 Pontus Jäntti 7 3 Jorge Meyer 0 0 Pontus Jäntti 15 15 Rikard Magnusson 15 15 Rikard Magnusson 4 7 Jean-Frédéric Massias 13 9 Thomas Stuer-Lauridsen 15 18 Pierre Pelupessy 15 15 Pierre Pelupessy 11 14 Antonis L. Lazarou 1 1 Pierre Pelupessy 15 15 Glenn Stewart 15 15 Glenn Stewart 8 10 Juang Jinn-der 5 3 Pierre Pelupessy 17 15 15 Pavel Uvarov Pavel Uvarov 18 9 12 bye Pavel Uvarov 15 15 Jim van Bouwel Jim van Bouwel 2 3 bye Section 14 First round Second round Third round Fourth round Ahn Jae-chang 15 15 Mikhail Korshuk 10 1 Ahn Jae-chang 15 15 Christian Nyffenegger 15 15 Christian Nyffenegger 4 3 Morteza Khedmaty 5 6 Ahn Jae-chang 13 15 15 Sun Jun Sun Jun 18 12 12 bye Sun Jun 17 15 Peter Bush Peter Bush 15 4 bye Ahn Jae-chang 15 15 Vacharapan Khamthong 15 15 Vacharapan Khamthong 1 5 Broddi Kristjánsson 9 3 Vacharapan Khamthong 17 15 Kantharoopan Ponniah 15 15 Kantharoopan Ponniah 16 9 Kayode Akinsanya 3 1 Vacharapan Khamthong 15 15 Jasen Borisov Jasen Borisov 5 5 bye Jasen Borisov 15 15 Enrico La Rosa Enrico La Rosa 4 4 bye Section 15 First round Second round Third round Fourth round Rashid Sidek bye Rashid Sidek 15 15 Vladislav Druzchenko Vladislav Druzchenko 9 1 bye Rashid Sidek 15 15 Michael Helber 15 15 Michael Helber 5 9 Stojan Ivantchev 12 7 Michael Helber 15 15 Kenneth Vella 15 15 Kenneth Vella 7 10 Ales Babnik 5 6 Rashid Sidek 15 15 Xie Yangchun 15 15 Xie Yangchun 8 2 Lee Yong-sun 2 1 Xie Yangchun 15 15 Anthony Bush 15 15 Anthony Bush 5 2 Tam Lok Tin 11 5 Xie Yangchun 15 15 Sam Kai Chong Sam Kai Chong 2 3 bye Sam Kai Chong 15 17 Andrea Chiappini Andrea Chiappini 10 14 bye Section 16 First round Second round Third round Fourth round Ardy Wiranata bye Ardy Wiranata 15 15 Shinji Bito Shinji Bito 4 1 bye Ardy Wiranata 15 15 Iain Sydie 15 15 Iain Sydie 7 3 Jürgen Koch 10 7 Iain Sydie 15 15 Arturo Ruiz López 15 15 Arturo Ruiz López 3 3 Stephan Beeharry 6 5 Ardy Wiranata 15 15 Kevin Han w.o. Kevin Han 3 8 Mohammad Golkar Kevin Han 15 15 José Antonio Iturriaga 15 15 José Antonio Iturriaga 4 2 Peter Pudela 3 8 Kevin Han 15 15 John Leung John Leung 8 4 bye John Leung 15 15 Denis Dafflon Denis Dafflon 4 2 bye Final stage Fifth round Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Hariyanto Arbi 15 15 Lee Gwang-jin 12 12 Hariyanto Arbi 15 15 Joko Suprianto 15 15 Joko Suprianto 8 7 Dong Jiong 5 4 Hariyanto Arbi 15 15 Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen 15 15 Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen 10 7 Chen Gang 2 4 Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen 15 15 15 Hermawan Susanto 15 15 Hermawan Susanto 18 12 13 Robert Liljequist 5 1 Hariyanto Arbi 15 15 Park Sung-woo 15 15 Park Sung-woo 11 8 Peter Rasmussen 9 6 Park Sung-woo 18 15 Alan Budikusuma 15 15 Alan Budikusuma 15 9 Jens Olsson 5 5 Park Sung-woo 8 1 Thomas Stuer-Lauridsen 15 15 Thomas Stuer-Lauridsen 15 5 rtd Ahn Jae-chang 8 10 Thomas Stuer-Lauridsen 15 15 Rashid Sidek 6 18 15 Rashid Sidek 10 1 Ardy Wiranata 15 13 5 External links BWF Results
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[{"Link":"http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=5EA93ACA-DA23-411C-884A-BAF62783F0F4","external_links_name":"BWF Results"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Golgi_network
Golgi apparatus
["1 Discovery","2 Subcellular localization","3 Structure","4 Function","5 Vesicular transport","6 Current models of vesicular transport and trafficking","6.1 Model 1: Anterograde vesicular transport between stable compartments","6.2 Model 2: Cisternal progression/maturation","6.3 Model 3: Cisternal progression/maturation with heterotypic tubular transport","6.4 Model 4: Rapid partitioning in a mixed Golgi","6.5 Model 5: Stable compartments as cisternal model progenitors","7 Brefeldin A","8 Gallery","9 References","10 External links"]
Cell organelle that packages proteins for export Not to be confused with gyrification. For the song, see Junta (album). Diagram of a single "stack" of Golgi Cell biologyAnimal cell diagramComponents of a typical animal cell: Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome (dots as part of 5) Vesicle Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus (or, Golgi body) Cytoskeleton Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Vacuole Cytosol (fluid that contains organelles; with which, comprises cytoplasm) Lysosome Centrosome Cell membrane The Golgi apparatus (/ˈɡɒldʒi/), also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, it packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. It resides at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus. The Golgi apparatus was identified in 1898 by the Italian biologist and pathologist Camillo Golgi. The organelle was later named after him in the 1910s. Discovery Owing to its large size and distinctive structure, the Golgi apparatus was one of the first organelles to be discovered and observed in detail. It was discovered in 1898 by Italian physician Camillo Golgi during an investigation of the nervous system. After first observing it under his microscope, he termed the structure as apparato reticolare interno ("internal reticular apparatus"). Some doubted the discovery at first, arguing that the appearance of the structure was merely an optical illusion created by the observation technique used by Golgi. With the development of modern microscopes in the twentieth century, the discovery was confirmed. Early references to the Golgi apparatus referred to it by various names including the "Golgi–Holmgren apparatus", "Golgi–Holmgren ducts", and "Golgi–Kopsch apparatus". The term "Golgi apparatus" was used in 1910 and first appeared in the scientific literature in 1913, while "Golgi complex" was introduced in 1956. Subcellular localization The subcellular localization of the Golgi apparatus varies among eukaryotes. In mammals, a single Golgi apparatus is usually located near the cell nucleus, close to the centrosome. Tubular connections are responsible for linking the stacks together. Localization and tubular connections of the Golgi apparatus are dependent on microtubules. In experiments it is seen that as microtubules are depolymerized the Golgi apparatuses lose mutual connections and become individual stacks throughout the cytoplasm. In yeast, multiple Golgi apparatuses are scattered throughout the cytoplasm (as observed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In plants, Golgi stacks are not concentrated at the centrosomal region and do not form Golgi ribbons. Organization of the plant Golgi depends on actin cables and not microtubules. The common feature among Golgi is that they are adjacent to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites. Structure 3D rendering of Golgi apparatus In most eukaryotes, the Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of compartments and is a collection of fused, flattened membrane-enclosed disks known as cisternae (singular: cisterna, also called "dictyosomes"), originating from vesicular clusters that bud off the endoplasmic reticulum. A mammalian cell typically contains 40 to 100 stacks of cisternae. Between four and eight cisternae are usually present in a stack; however, in some protists as many as sixty cisternae have been observed. This collection of cisternae is broken down into cis, medial, and trans compartments, making up two main networks: the cis Golgi network (CGN) and the trans Golgi network (TGN). The CGN is the first cisternal structure, and the TGN is the final, from which proteins are packaged into vesicles destined to lysosomes, secretory vesicles, or the cell surface. The TGN is usually positioned adjacent to the stack, but can also be separate from it. The TGN may act as an early endosome in yeast and plants. There are structural and organizational differences in the Golgi apparatus among eukaryotes. In some yeasts, Golgi stacking is not observed. Pichia pastoris does have stacked Golgi, while Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not. In plants, the individual stacks of the Golgi apparatus seem to operate independently. The Golgi apparatus tends to be larger and more numerous in cells that synthesize and secrete large amounts of substances; for example, the antibody-secreting plasma B cells of the immune system have prominent Golgi complexes. In all eukaryotes, each cisternal stack has a cis entry face and a trans exit face. These faces are characterized by unique morphology and biochemistry. Within individual stacks are assortments of enzymes responsible for selectively modifying protein cargo. These modifications influence the fate of the protein. The compartmentalization of the Golgi apparatus is advantageous for separating enzymes, thereby maintaining consecutive and selective processing steps: enzymes catalyzing early modifications are gathered in the cis face cisternae, and enzymes catalyzing later modifications are found in trans face cisternae of the Golgi stacks. Function The Golgi apparatus (salmon pink) in context of the secretory pathway The Golgi apparatus is a major collection and dispatch station of protein products received from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Proteins synthesized in the ER are packaged into vesicles, which then fuse with the Golgi apparatus. These cargo proteins are modified and destined for secretion via exocytosis or for use in the cell. In this respect, the Golgi can be thought of as similar to a post office: it packages and labels items which it then sends to different parts of the cell or to the extracellular space. The Golgi apparatus is also involved in lipid transport and lysosome formation. The structure and function of the Golgi apparatus are intimately linked. Individual stacks have different assortments of enzymes, allowing for progressive processing of cargo proteins as they travel from the cisternae to the trans Golgi face. Enzymatic reactions within the Golgi stacks occur exclusively near its membrane surfaces, where enzymes are anchored. This feature is in contrast to the ER, which has soluble proteins and enzymes in its lumen. Much of the enzymatic processing is post-translational modification of proteins. For example, phosphorylation of oligosaccharides on lysosomal proteins occurs in the early CGN. Cis cisterna are associated with the removal of mannose residues. Removal of mannose residues and addition of N-acetylglucosamine occur in medial cisternae. Addition of galactose and sialic acid occurs in the trans cisternae. Sulfation of tyrosines and carbohydrates occurs within the TGN. Other general post-translational modifications of proteins include the addition of carbohydrates (glycosylation) and phosphates (phosphorylation). Protein modifications may form a signal sequence that determines the final destination of the protein. For example, the Golgi apparatus adds a mannose-6-phosphate label to proteins destined for lysosomes. Another important function of the Golgi apparatus is in the formation of proteoglycans. Enzymes in the Golgi append proteins to glycosaminoglycans, thus creating proteoglycans. Glycosaminoglycans are long unbranched polysaccharide molecules present in the extracellular matrix of animals. Vesicular transport Diagram of secretory process from endoplasmic reticulum (orange) to Golgi apparatus (magenta). 1. Nuclear membrane; 2. Nuclear pore; 3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER); 4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER); 5. Ribosome attached to RER; 6. Macromolecules; 7. Transport vesicles; 8. Golgi apparatus; 9. Cis face of Golgi apparatus; 10. Trans face of Golgi apparatus; 11. Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. The vesicles that leave the rough endoplasmic reticulum are transported to the cis face of the Golgi apparatus, where they fuse with the Golgi membrane and empty their contents into the lumen. Once inside the lumen, the molecules are modified, then sorted for transport to their next destinations. Those proteins destined for areas of the cell other than either the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus are moved through the Golgi cisternae towards the trans face, to a complex network of membranes and associated vesicles known as the trans-Golgi network (TGN). This area of the Golgi is the point at which proteins are sorted and shipped to their intended destinations by their placement into one of at least three different types of vesicles, depending upon the signal sequence they carry. Types Description Example Exocytotic vesicles (constitutive) Vesicle contains proteins destined for extracellular release. After packaging, the vesicles bud off and immediately move towards the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release the contents into the extracellular space in a process known as constitutive secretion. Antibody release by activated plasma B cells Secretory vesicles (regulated) Vesicles contain proteins destined for extracellular release. After packaging, the vesicles bud off and are stored in the cell until a signal is given for their release. When the appropriate signal is received they move toward the membrane and fuse to release their contents. This process is known as regulated secretion. Neurotransmitter release from neurons Lysosomal vesicles Vesicles contain proteins and ribosomes destined for the lysosome, a degradative organelle containing many acid hydrolases, or to lysosome-like storage organelles. These proteins include both digestive enzymes and membrane proteins. The vesicle first fuses with the late endosome, and the contents are then transferred to the lysosome via unknown mechanisms. Digestive proteases destined for the lysosome Current models of vesicular transport and trafficking Model 1: Anterograde vesicular transport between stable compartments In this model, the Golgi is viewed as a set of stable compartments that work together. Each compartment has a unique collection of enzymes that work to modify protein cargo. Proteins are delivered from the ER to the cis face using COPII-coated vesicles. Cargo then progress toward the trans face in COPI-coated vesicles. This model proposes that COPI vesicles move in two directions: anterograde vesicles carry secretory proteins, while retrograde vesicles recycle Golgi-specific trafficking proteins. Strengths: The model explains observations of compartments, polarized distribution of enzymes, and waves of moving vesicles. It also attempts to explain how Golgi-specific enzymes are recycled. Weaknesses: Since the amount of COPI vesicles varies drastically among types of cells, this model cannot easily explain high trafficking activity within the Golgi for both small and large cargoes. Additionally, there is no convincing evidence that COPI vesicles move in both the anterograde and retrograde directions. This model was widely accepted from the early 1980s until the late 1990s. Model 2: Cisternal progression/maturation In this model, the fusion of COPII vesicles from the ER begins the formation of the first cis-cisterna of the Golgi stack, which progresses later to become mature TGN cisternae. Once matured, the TGN cisternae dissolve to become secretory vesicles. While this progression occurs, COPI vesicles continually recycle Golgi-specific proteins by delivery from older to younger cisternae. Different recycling patterns may account for the differing biochemistry throughout the Golgi stack. Thus, the compartments within the Golgi are seen as discrete kinetic stages of the maturing Golgi apparatus. Strengths: The model addresses the existence of Golgi compartments, as well as differing biochemistry within the cisternae, transport of large proteins, transient formation and disintegration of the cisternae, and retrograde mobility of native Golgi proteins, and it can account for the variability seen in the structures of the Golgi. Weaknesses: This model cannot easily explain the observation of fused Golgi networks, tubular connections among cisternae, and differing kinetics of secretory cargo exit. Model 3: Cisternal progression/maturation with heterotypic tubular transport This model is an extension of the cisternal progression/maturation model. It incorporates the existence of tubular connections among the cisternae that form the Golgi ribbon, in which cisternae within a stack are linked. This model posits that the tubules are important for bidirectional traffic in the ER-Golgi system: they allow for fast anterograde traffic of small cargo and/or the retrograde traffic of native Golgi proteins. Strengths: This model encompasses the strengths of the cisternal progression/maturation model that also explains rapid trafficking of cargo, and how native Golgi proteins can recycle independently of COPI vesicles. Weaknesses: This model cannot explain the transport kinetics of large protein cargo, such as collagen. Additionally, tubular connections are not prevalent in plant cells. The roles that these connections have can be attributed to a cell-specific specialization rather than a universal trait. If the membranes are continuous, that suggests the existence of mechanisms that preserve the unique biochemical gradients observed throughout the Golgi apparatus. Model 4: Rapid partitioning in a mixed Golgi This rapid partitioning model is the most drastic alteration of the traditional vesicular trafficking point of view. Proponents of this model hypothesize that the Golgi works as a single unit, containing domains that function separately in the processing and export of protein cargo. Cargo from the ER move between these two domains, and randomly exit from any level of the Golgi to their final location. This model is supported by the observation that cargo exits the Golgi in a pattern best described by exponential kinetics. The existence of domains is supported by fluorescence microscopy data. Strengths: Notably, this model explains the exponential kinetics of cargo exit of both large and small proteins, whereas other models cannot. Weaknesses: This model cannot explain the transport kinetics of large protein cargo, such as collagen. This model falls short on explaining the observation of discrete compartments and polarized biochemistry of the Golgi cisternae. It also does not explain formation and disintegration of the Golgi network, nor the role of COPI vesicles. Model 5: Stable compartments as cisternal model progenitors This is the most recent model. In this model, the Golgi is seen as a collection of stable compartments defined by Rab (G-protein) GTPases. Strengths: This model is consistent with numerous observations and encompasses some of the strengths of the cisternal progression/maturation model. Additionally, what is known of the Rab GTPase roles in mammalian endosomes can help predict putative roles within the Golgi. This model is unique in that it can explain the observation of "megavesicle" transport intermediates. Weaknesses: This model does not explain morphological variations in the Golgi apparatus, nor define a role for COPI vesicles. This model does not apply well for plants, algae, and fungi in which individual Golgi stacks are observed (transfer of domains between stacks is not likely). Additionally, megavesicles are not established to be intra-Golgi transporters. Though there are multiple models that attempt to explain vesicular traffic throughout the Golgi, no individual model can independently explain all observations of the Golgi apparatus. Currently, the cisternal progression/maturation model is the most accepted among scientists, accommodating many observations across eukaryotes. The other models are still important in framing questions and guiding future experimentation. Among the fundamental unanswered questions are the directionality of COPI vesicles and role of Rab GTPases in modulating protein cargo traffic. Brefeldin A Brefeldin A (BFA) is a fungal metabolite used experimentally to disrupt the secretion pathway as a method of testing Golgi function. BFA blocks the activation of some ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs). ARFs are small GTPases which regulate vesicular trafficking through the binding of COPs to endosomes and the Golgi. BFA inhibits the function of several guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that mediate GTP-binding of ARFs. Treatment of cells with BFA thus disrupts the secretion pathway, promoting disassembly of the Golgi apparatus and distributing Golgi proteins to the endosomes and ER. Gallery Yeast Golgi dynamics. Green labels early Golgi, red labels late Golgi. Two Golgi stacks connected as a ribbon in a mouse cell. Taken from the movie. Three-dimensional projection of a mammalian Golgi stack imaged by confocal microscopy and volume surface rendered using Imaris software. Taken from the movie. References ^ Pavelk M, Mironov AA (2008). "Golgi apparatus inheritance". The Golgi Apparatus: State of the art 110 years after Camillo Golgi's discovery. Berlin: Springer. p. 580. doi:10.1007/978-3-211-76310-0_34. ISBN 978-3-211-76310-0. ^ a b c d e Fabene PF, Bentivoglio M (October 1998). "1898-1998: Camillo Golgi and "the Golgi": one hundred years of terminological clones". Brain Research Bulletin. 47 (3): 195–8. doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00079-3. PMID 9865849. S2CID 208785591. ^ Golgi C (1898). "Intorno alla struttura delle cellule nervose" (PDF). Bollettino della Società Medico-Chirurgica di Pavia. 13 (1): 316. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-07. ^ a b Davidson MW (2004-12-13). "The Golgi Apparatus". Molecular Expressions. Florida State University. Archived from the original on 2006-11-07. Retrieved 2010-09-20. ^ a b c d e f g h Alberts, Bruce; et al. (1994). Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8153-1619-0. ^ a b c d e Nakano A, Luini A (August 2010). "Passage through the Golgi". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 22 (4): 471–8. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2010.05.003. PMID 20605430. ^ Suda Y, Nakano A (April 2012). "The yeast Golgi apparatus". Traffic. 13 (4): 505–10. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01316.x. PMID 22132734. ^ Duran JM, Kinseth M, Bossard C, Rose DW, Polishchuk R, Wu CC, Yates J, Zimmerman T, Malhotra V (June 2008). "The role of GRASP55 in Golgi fragmentation and entry of cells into mitosis". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 19 (6): 2579–87. doi:10.1091/mbc.E07-10-0998. PMC 2397314. PMID 18385516. ^ Day, Kasey J.; Casler, Jason C.; Glick, Benjamin S. (2018). "Budding Yeast Has a Minimal Endomembrane System". Developmental Cell. 44 (1): 56–72.e4. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2017.12.014. PMC 5765772. PMID 29316441. ^ a b c d Day KJ, Staehelin LA, Glick BS (September 2013). "A three-stage model of Golgi structure and function". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 140 (3): 239–49. doi:10.1007/s00418-013-1128-3. PMC 3779436. PMID 23881164. ^ Campbell, Neil A (1996). Biology (4 ed.). Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings. pp. 122, 123. ISBN 978-0-8053-1957-6. ^ William G. Flynne (2008). Biotechnology and Bioengineering. Nova Publishers. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-1-60456-067-1. Retrieved 13 November 2010. ^ Prydz K, Dalen KT (January 2000). "Synthesis and sorting of proteoglycans". Journal of Cell Science. 113. 113 Pt 2 (2): 193–205. doi:10.1242/jcs.113.2.193. PMID 10633071. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Glick BS, Luini A (November 2011). "Models for Golgi traffic: a critical assessment". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 3 (11): a005215. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a005215. PMC 3220355. PMID 21875986. ^ Wei JH, Seemann J (November 2010). "Unraveling the Golgi ribbon". Traffic. 11 (11): 1391–400. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01114.x. PMC 4221251. PMID 21040294. ^ a b Marie M, Sannerud R, Avsnes Dale H, Saraste J (September 2008). "Take the 'A' train: on fast tracks to the cell surface". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 65 (18): 2859–74. doi:10.1007/s00018-008-8355-0. PMC 7079782. PMID 18726174. ^ a b c d D'Souza-Schorey C, Chavrier P (May 2006). "ARF proteins: roles in membrane traffic and beyond". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 7 (5): 347–58. doi:10.1038/nrm1910. PMID 16633337. S2CID 19092867. ^ Papanikou E, Day KJ, Austin J, Glick BS (2015). "COPI selectively drives maturation of the early Golgi". eLife. 4. doi:10.7554/eLife.13232. PMC 4758959. PMID 26709839. External links Scholia has a profile for Golgi apparatus (Q83181). Media related to Golgi apparatus at Wikimedia Commons vteStructures of the cell / organellesEndomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicle Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granule Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel–Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilament Intermediate filament Microtubule Prokaryotic cytoskeleton Microtubule organizing center Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Pseudopodium Lamellipodium Filopodium Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastid Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Apicoplast Nitroplast Other internal Nucleolus RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Cytosol Inclusions Proteasome Magnetosome External Cell wall Extracellular matrix Authority control databases: National Spain France BnF data Israel United States Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gyrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrification"},{"link_name":"Junta (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_(album)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golgi_apparatus_(borderless_version)-en.svg"},{"link_name":"/ˈɡɒldʒi/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"organelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle"},{"link_name":"eukaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isbn3-211-76309-0-1"},{"link_name":"endomembrane system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomembrane_system"},{"link_name":"cytoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm"},{"link_name":"packages proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_targeting"},{"link_name":"membrane-bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane-bound"},{"link_name":"vesicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)"},{"link_name":"endocytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocytosis"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"secretion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretion"},{"link_name":"glycosylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylation"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"Camillo Golgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9865849-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9865849-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with gyrification. For the song, see Junta (album).Diagram of a single \"stack\" of GolgiThe Golgi apparatus (/ˈɡɒldʒi/), also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.[1] Part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, it packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. It resides at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.The Golgi apparatus was identified in 1898 by the Italian biologist and pathologist Camillo Golgi.[2] The organelle was later named after him in the 1910s.[2]","title":"Golgi apparatus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle"},{"link_name":"Camillo Golgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi"},{"link_name":"nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9865849-2"},{"link_name":"microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-url_molexpress-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9865849-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9865849-2"}],"text":"Owing to its large size and distinctive structure, the Golgi apparatus was one of the first organelles to be discovered and observed in detail. It was discovered in 1898 by Italian physician Camillo Golgi during an investigation of the nervous system.[3][2] After first observing it under his microscope, he termed the structure as apparato reticolare interno (\"internal reticular apparatus\"). Some doubted the discovery at first, arguing that the appearance of the structure was merely an optical illusion created by the observation technique used by Golgi. With the development of modern microscopes in the twentieth century, the discovery was confirmed.[4] Early references to the Golgi apparatus referred to it by various names including the \"Golgi–Holmgren apparatus\", \"Golgi–Holmgren ducts\", and \"Golgi–Kopsch apparatus\".[2] The term \"Golgi apparatus\" was used in 1910 and first appeared in the scientific literature in 1913, while \"Golgi complex\" was introduced in 1956.[2]","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eukaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"cell nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus"},{"link_name":"centrosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosome"},{"link_name":"microtubules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule"},{"link_name":"cytoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberts-5"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20605430-6"},{"link_name":"actin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20605430-6"},{"link_name":"endoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22132734-7"}],"text":"The subcellular localization of the Golgi apparatus varies among eukaryotes. In mammals, a single Golgi apparatus is usually located near the cell nucleus, close to the centrosome. Tubular connections are responsible for linking the stacks together. Localization and tubular connections of the Golgi apparatus are dependent on microtubules. In experiments it is seen that as microtubules are depolymerized the Golgi apparatuses lose mutual connections and become individual stacks throughout the cytoplasm.[5] In yeast, multiple Golgi apparatuses are scattered throughout the cytoplasm (as observed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In plants, Golgi stacks are not concentrated at the centrosomal region and do not form Golgi ribbons.[6] Organization of the plant Golgi depends on actin cables and not microtubules.[6] The common feature among Golgi is that they are adjacent to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites.[7]","title":"Subcellular localization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.png"},{"link_name":"cisternae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternae"},{"link_name":"endoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18385516-8"},{"link_name":"protists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protists"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-url_molexpress-4"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"vesicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)"},{"link_name":"lysosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome"},{"link_name":"endosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosome"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20605430-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid29316441-9"},{"link_name":"Pichia pastoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichia_pastoris"},{"link_name":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20605430-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20605430-6"},{"link_name":"antibody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody"},{"link_name":"plasma B cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_B_cell"},{"link_name":"biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23881164-10"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberts-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23881164-10"}],"text":"3D rendering of Golgi apparatusIn most eukaryotes, the Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of compartments and is a collection of fused, flattened membrane-enclosed disks known as cisternae (singular: cisterna, also called \"dictyosomes\"), originating from vesicular clusters that bud off the endoplasmic reticulum. A mammalian cell typically contains 40 to 100 stacks of cisternae.[8] Between four and eight cisternae are usually present in a stack; however, in some protists as many as sixty cisternae have been observed.[4] This collection of cisternae is broken down into cis, medial, and trans compartments, making up two main networks: the cis Golgi network (CGN) and the trans Golgi network (TGN). The CGN is the first cisternal structure, and the TGN is the final, from which proteins are packaged into vesicles destined to lysosomes, secretory vesicles, or the cell surface. The TGN is usually positioned adjacent to the stack, but can also be separate from it. The TGN may act as an early endosome in yeast and plants.[6][9]There are structural and organizational differences in the Golgi apparatus among eukaryotes. In some yeasts, Golgi stacking is not observed. Pichia pastoris does have stacked Golgi, while Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not.[6] In plants, the individual stacks of the Golgi apparatus seem to operate independently.[6]The Golgi apparatus tends to be larger and more numerous in cells that synthesize and secrete large amounts of substances; for example, the antibody-secreting plasma B cells of the immune system have prominent Golgi complexes.In all eukaryotes, each cisternal stack has a cis entry face and a trans exit face. These faces are characterized by unique morphology and biochemistry.[10] Within individual stacks are assortments of enzymes responsible for selectively modifying protein cargo. These modifications influence the fate of the protein. The compartmentalization of the Golgi apparatus is advantageous for separating enzymes, thereby maintaining consecutive and selective processing steps: enzymes catalyzing early modifications are gathered in the cis face cisternae, and enzymes catalyzing later modifications are found in trans face cisternae of the Golgi stacks.[5][10]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0314_Golgi_Apparatus_a_en.png"},{"link_name":"endoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"vesicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)"},{"link_name":"exocytosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocytosis"},{"link_name":"extracellular space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_space"},{"link_name":"lipid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid"},{"link_name":"lysosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberts-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23881164-10"},{"link_name":"lumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"post-translational modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-translational_modification"},{"link_name":"oligosaccharides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosaccharide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberts-5"},{"link_name":"cisterna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterna"},{"link_name":"mannose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannose"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberts-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23881164-10"},{"link_name":"N-acetylglucosamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylglucosamine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberts-5"},{"link_name":"galactose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose"},{"link_name":"sialic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialic_acid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberts-5"},{"link_name":"Sulfation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfation"},{"link_name":"tyrosines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine"},{"link_name":"carbohydrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberts-5"},{"link_name":"glycosylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flynne2008-12"},{"link_name":"phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"signal sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_peptide"},{"link_name":"mannose-6-phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannose-6-phosphate"},{"link_name":"lysosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome"},{"link_name":"proteoglycans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteoglycans"},{"link_name":"glycosaminoglycans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10633071-13"},{"link_name":"polysaccharide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide"},{"link_name":"extracellular matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix"}],"text":"The Golgi apparatus (salmon pink) in context of the secretory pathwayThe Golgi apparatus is a major collection and dispatch station of protein products received from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Proteins synthesized in the ER are packaged into vesicles, which then fuse with the Golgi apparatus. These cargo proteins are modified and destined for secretion via exocytosis or for use in the cell. \nIn this respect, the Golgi can be thought of as similar to a post office: it packages and labels items which it then sends to different parts of the cell or to the extracellular space. The Golgi apparatus is also involved in lipid transport and lysosome formation.[11]The structure and function of the Golgi apparatus are intimately linked. Individual stacks have different assortments of enzymes, allowing for progressive processing of cargo proteins as they travel from the cisternae to the trans Golgi face.[5][10] Enzymatic reactions within the Golgi stacks occur exclusively near its membrane surfaces, where enzymes are anchored. This feature is in contrast to the ER, which has soluble proteins and enzymes in its lumen. Much of the enzymatic processing is post-translational modification of proteins. For example, phosphorylation of oligosaccharides on lysosomal proteins occurs in the early CGN.[5] Cis cisterna are associated with the removal of mannose residues.[5][10] Removal of mannose residues and addition of N-acetylglucosamine occur in medial cisternae.[5] Addition of galactose and sialic acid occurs in the trans cisternae.[5] Sulfation of tyrosines and carbohydrates occurs within the TGN.[5] Other general post-translational modifications of proteins include the addition of carbohydrates (glycosylation)[12] and phosphates (phosphorylation). Protein modifications may form a signal sequence that determines the final destination of the protein. For example, the Golgi apparatus adds a mannose-6-phosphate label to proteins destined for lysosomes. Another important function of the Golgi apparatus is in the formation of proteoglycans. Enzymes in the Golgi append proteins to glycosaminoglycans, thus creating proteoglycans.[13] Glycosaminoglycans are long unbranched polysaccharide molecules present in the extracellular matrix of animals.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nucleus_ER_golgi.svg"},{"link_name":"endoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"Nuclear membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_membrane"},{"link_name":"Nuclear pore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_pore"},{"link_name":"Ribosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome"},{"link_name":"Macromolecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecule"},{"link_name":"vesicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)"},{"link_name":"Cisternae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternae"},{"link_name":"vesicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)"},{"link_name":"rough endoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum#Rough_endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"lumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"endoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"cisternae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternae"},{"link_name":"signal sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_peptide"}],"text":"Diagram of secretory process from endoplasmic reticulum (orange) to Golgi apparatus (magenta). 1. Nuclear membrane; 2. Nuclear pore; 3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER); 4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER); 5. Ribosome attached to RER; 6. Macromolecules; 7. Transport vesicles; 8. Golgi apparatus; 9. Cis face of Golgi apparatus; 10. Trans face of Golgi apparatus; 11. Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus.The vesicles that leave the rough endoplasmic reticulum are transported to the cis face of the Golgi apparatus, where they fuse with the Golgi membrane and empty their contents into the lumen. Once inside the lumen, the molecules are modified, then sorted for transport to their next destinations.Those proteins destined for areas of the cell other than either the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus are moved through the Golgi cisternae towards the trans face, to a complex network of membranes and associated vesicles known as the trans-Golgi network (TGN). This area of the Golgi is the point at which proteins are sorted and shipped to their intended destinations by their placement into one of at least three different types of vesicles, depending upon the signal sequence they carry.","title":"Vesicular transport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current models of vesicular transport and trafficking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"COPII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COPII"},{"link_name":"vesicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)"},{"link_name":"COPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COPI"},{"link_name":"anterograde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axoplasmic_transport#Anterograde_transport"},{"link_name":"secretory proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_protein"},{"link_name":"retrograde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axoplasmic_transport#Retrograde_transport"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"}],"sub_title":"Model 1: Anterograde vesicular transport between stable compartments","text":"In this model, the Golgi is viewed as a set of stable compartments that work together. Each compartment has a unique collection of enzymes that work to modify protein cargo. Proteins are delivered from the ER to the cis face using COPII-coated vesicles. Cargo then progress toward the trans face in COPI-coated vesicles. This model proposes that COPI vesicles move in two directions: anterograde vesicles carry secretory proteins, while retrograde vesicles recycle Golgi-specific trafficking proteins.[14]\nStrengths: The model explains observations of compartments, polarized distribution of enzymes, and waves of moving vesicles. It also attempts to explain how Golgi-specific enzymes are recycled.[14]\nWeaknesses: Since the amount of COPI vesicles varies drastically among types of cells, this model cannot easily explain high trafficking activity within the Golgi for both small and large cargoes. Additionally, there is no convincing evidence that COPI vesicles move in both the anterograde and retrograde directions.[14]\nThis model was widely accepted from the early 1980s until the late 1990s.[14]","title":"Current models of vesicular transport and trafficking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cisterna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterna"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"}],"sub_title":"Model 2: Cisternal progression/maturation","text":"In this model, the fusion of COPII vesicles from the ER begins the formation of the first cis-cisterna of the Golgi stack, which progresses later to become mature TGN cisternae. Once matured, the TGN cisternae dissolve to become secretory vesicles. While this progression occurs, COPI vesicles continually recycle Golgi-specific proteins by delivery from older to younger cisternae. Different recycling patterns may account for the differing biochemistry throughout the Golgi stack. Thus, the compartments within the Golgi are seen as discrete kinetic stages of the maturing Golgi apparatus.[14]\nStrengths: The model addresses the existence of Golgi compartments, as well as differing biochemistry within the cisternae, transport of large proteins, transient formation and disintegration of the cisternae, and retrograde mobility of native Golgi proteins, and it can account for the variability seen in the structures of the Golgi.[14]\nWeaknesses: This model cannot easily explain the observation of fused Golgi networks, tubular connections among cisternae, and differing kinetics of secretory cargo exit.[14]","title":"Current models of vesicular transport and trafficking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wei-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"},{"link_name":"collagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"}],"sub_title":"Model 3: Cisternal progression/maturation with heterotypic tubular transport","text":"This model is an extension of the cisternal progression/maturation model. It incorporates the existence of tubular connections among the cisternae that form the Golgi ribbon, in which cisternae within a stack are linked. This model posits that the tubules are important for bidirectional traffic in the ER-Golgi system: they allow for fast anterograde traffic of small cargo and/or the retrograde traffic of native Golgi proteins.[14][15]\nStrengths: This model encompasses the strengths of the cisternal progression/maturation model that also explains rapid trafficking of cargo, and how native Golgi proteins can recycle independently of COPI vesicles.[14]\nWeaknesses: This model cannot explain the transport kinetics of large protein cargo, such as collagen. Additionally, tubular connections are not prevalent in plant cells. The roles that these connections have can be attributed to a cell-specific specialization rather than a universal trait. If the membranes are continuous, that suggests the existence of mechanisms that preserve the unique biochemical gradients observed throughout the Golgi apparatus.[14]","title":"Current models of vesicular transport and trafficking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"}],"sub_title":"Model 4: Rapid partitioning in a mixed Golgi","text":"This rapid partitioning model is the most drastic alteration of the traditional vesicular trafficking point of view. Proponents of this model hypothesize that the Golgi works as a single unit, containing domains that function separately in the processing and export of protein cargo. Cargo from the ER move between these two domains, and randomly exit from any level of the Golgi to their final location. This model is supported by the observation that cargo exits the Golgi in a pattern best described by exponential kinetics. The existence of domains is supported by fluorescence microscopy data.[14]\nStrengths: Notably, this model explains the exponential kinetics of cargo exit of both large and small proteins, whereas other models cannot.[14]\nWeaknesses: This model cannot explain the transport kinetics of large protein cargo, such as collagen. This model falls short on explaining the observation of discrete compartments and polarized biochemistry of the Golgi cisternae. It also does not explain formation and disintegration of the Golgi network, nor the role of COPI vesicles.[14]","title":"Current models of vesicular transport and trafficking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rab (G-protein)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab_(G-protein)"},{"link_name":"GTPases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTPase"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"},{"link_name":"eukaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21875986-14"}],"sub_title":"Model 5: Stable compartments as cisternal model progenitors","text":"This is the most recent model. In this model, the Golgi is seen as a collection of stable compartments defined by Rab (G-protein) GTPases.[14]\nStrengths: This model is consistent with numerous observations and encompasses some of the strengths of the cisternal progression/maturation model. Additionally, what is known of the Rab GTPase roles in mammalian endosomes can help predict putative roles within the Golgi. This model is unique in that it can explain the observation of \"megavesicle\" transport intermediates.[14]\nWeaknesses: This model does not explain morphological variations in the Golgi apparatus, nor define a role for COPI vesicles. This model does not apply well for plants, algae, and fungi in which individual Golgi stacks are observed (transfer of domains between stacks is not likely). Additionally, megavesicles are not established to be intra-Golgi transporters.[14]Though there are multiple models that attempt to explain vesicular traffic throughout the Golgi, no individual model can independently explain all observations of the Golgi apparatus. Currently, the cisternal progression/maturation model is the most accepted among scientists, accommodating many observations across eukaryotes. The other models are still important in framing questions and guiding future experimentation. Among the fundamental unanswered questions are the directionality of COPI vesicles and role of Rab GTPases in modulating protein cargo traffic.[14]","title":"Current models of vesicular transport and trafficking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brefeldin A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brefeldin_A"},{"link_name":"metabolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18726174-16"},{"link_name":"ADP-ribosylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP-ribosylation"},{"link_name":"ARFs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP_ribosylation_factor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16633337-17"},{"link_name":"GTPases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTPase"},{"link_name":"endosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosome"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16633337-17"},{"link_name":"guanine nucleotide exchange factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine_nucleotide_exchange_factor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16633337-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18726174-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16633337-17"}],"text":"Brefeldin A (BFA) is a fungal metabolite used experimentally to disrupt the secretion pathway as a method of testing Golgi function.[16] BFA blocks the activation of some ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs).[17] ARFs are small GTPases which regulate vesicular trafficking through the binding of COPs to endosomes and the Golgi.[17] BFA inhibits the function of several guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that mediate GTP-binding of ARFs.[17] Treatment of cells with BFA thus disrupts the secretion pathway, promoting disassembly of the Golgi apparatus and distributing Golgi proteins to the endosomes and ER.[16][17]","title":"Brefeldin A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid26709839-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GolgiRibbonc.jpg"},{"link_name":"the movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urothelial-Plaque-Formation-in-Post-Golgi-Compartments-pone.0023636.s002.ogv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GolgiScyl1c.jpg"},{"link_name":"confocal microscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopy"},{"link_name":"Imaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitplane#Imaris"},{"link_name":"the movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scyl1-Regulates-Golgi-Morphology-pone.0009537.s002.ogv"}],"text":"Yeast Golgi dynamics. Green labels early Golgi, red labels late Golgi.[18]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTwo Golgi stacks connected as a ribbon in a mouse cell. Taken from the movie.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThree-dimensional projection of a mammalian Golgi stack imaged by confocal microscopy and volume surface rendered using Imaris software. Taken from the movie.","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Diagram of a single \"stack\" of Golgi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Golgi_apparatus_%28borderless_version%29-en.svg/300px-Golgi_apparatus_%28borderless_version%29-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"3D rendering of Golgi apparatus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.png/220px-Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.png"},{"image_text":"The Golgi apparatus (salmon pink) in context of the secretory pathway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/0314_Golgi_Apparatus_a_en.png/400px-0314_Golgi_Apparatus_a_en.png"},{"image_text":"Diagram of secretory process from endoplasmic reticulum (orange) to Golgi apparatus (magenta). 1. Nuclear membrane; 2. Nuclear pore; 3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER); 4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER); 5. Ribosome attached to RER; 6. Macromolecules; 7. Transport vesicles; 8. Golgi apparatus; 9. Cis face of Golgi apparatus; 10. Trans face of Golgi apparatus; 11. Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Nucleus_ER_golgi.svg/315px-Nucleus_ER_golgi.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Pavelk M, Mironov AA (2008). \"Golgi apparatus inheritance\". The Golgi Apparatus: State of the art 110 years after Camillo Golgi's discovery. Berlin: Springer. p. 580. doi:10.1007/978-3-211-76310-0_34. ISBN 978-3-211-76310-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-211-76310-0_34","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-211-76310-0_34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-211-76310-0","url_text":"978-3-211-76310-0"}]},{"reference":"Fabene PF, Bentivoglio M (October 1998). \"1898-1998: Camillo Golgi and \"the Golgi\": one hundred years of terminological clones\". Brain Research Bulletin. 47 (3): 195–8. doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00079-3. PMID 9865849. S2CID 208785591.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0361-9230%2898%2900079-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00079-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9865849","url_text":"9865849"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208785591","url_text":"208785591"}]},{"reference":"Golgi C (1898). \"Intorno alla struttura delle cellule nervose\" (PDF). Bollettino della Società Medico-Chirurgica di Pavia. 13 (1): 316. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://ppp.unipv.it/camillogolgi/pdf/Intornoallastrutturadellecellulenervose.pdf","url_text":"\"Intorno alla struttura delle cellule nervose\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180407120042/http://ppp.unipv.it/camillogolgi/pdf/Intornoallastrutturadellecellulenervose.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Davidson MW (2004-12-13). \"The Golgi Apparatus\". Molecular Expressions. Florida State University. Archived from the original on 2006-11-07. Retrieved 2010-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/golgi/golgiapparatus.html","url_text":"\"The Golgi Apparatus\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061107142553/http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/golgi/golgiapparatus.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alberts, Bruce; et al. (1994). Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8153-1619-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology00albe","url_text":"Molecular Biology of the Cell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1619-0","url_text":"978-0-8153-1619-0"}]},{"reference":"Nakano A, Luini A (August 2010). \"Passage through the Golgi\". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 22 (4): 471–8. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2010.05.003. PMID 20605430.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ceb.2010.05.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.ceb.2010.05.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20605430","url_text":"20605430"}]},{"reference":"Suda Y, Nakano A (April 2012). \"The yeast Golgi apparatus\". Traffic. 13 (4): 505–10. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01316.x. PMID 22132734.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0854.2011.01316.x","url_text":"\"The yeast Golgi apparatus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0854.2011.01316.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01316.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22132734","url_text":"22132734"}]},{"reference":"Duran JM, Kinseth M, Bossard C, Rose DW, Polishchuk R, Wu CC, Yates J, Zimmerman T, Malhotra V (June 2008). \"The role of GRASP55 in Golgi fragmentation and entry of cells into mitosis\". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 19 (6): 2579–87. doi:10.1091/mbc.E07-10-0998. PMC 2397314. PMID 18385516.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2397314","url_text":"\"The role of GRASP55 in Golgi fragmentation and entry of cells into mitosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1091%2Fmbc.E07-10-0998","url_text":"10.1091/mbc.E07-10-0998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2397314","url_text":"2397314"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18385516","url_text":"18385516"}]},{"reference":"Day, Kasey J.; Casler, Jason C.; Glick, Benjamin S. (2018). \"Budding Yeast Has a Minimal Endomembrane System\". Developmental Cell. 44 (1): 56–72.e4. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2017.12.014. PMC 5765772. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bright_(historian)
William Bright (historian)
["1 Life","2 Works","3 References","4 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "William Bright" historian – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) William Bright (1824–1901) was an English ecclesiastical historian and Anglican priest. Life He was born at Doncaster on 14 December 1824. He was the only son of William Bright, town-clerk of Doncaster, Yorkshire. He was sent first to a preparatory school at Southwell, and thence, in 1837, to Rugby, he there reached the sixth form at the time of Dr. Thomas Arnold's death. He gained a scholarship at University College, Oxford, he matriculated on 20 March 1843 ; obtained first-class honours in classics in 1846 ; was awarded the Johnson theological scholarship in 1847, and the Ellerton theological essay in 1848, the subject being 'The Prophetic Office under the Mosaic Dispensation.' He graduated B.A. in 1846, proceeding M.A. in 1849, and D.D. in 1869. He was ordained deacon in 1848 and priest in 1850. He was elected fellow of University College in 1847, he retained his fellowship till 1868. He became tutor of his college in 1848, but in 1851 accepted the theological tutorship at Trinity College, Glenalmond, under the wardenship of Dr. Charles Wordsworth. In 1868, he was appointed Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Oxford, and canon of Christ Church in succession to Arthur Penrhyn Stanley. He was proctor in convocation for the chapter of Christ Church from 1878; examining chaplain to Edward King; and sub-dean of Christ Church from 1895. He died unmarried at Christ Church on 6 March 1901, and was buried in the Christ Church portion of Osney Cemetery, by Oxford. Bright wrote a number of works and hymns. He published editions of several Church Fathers. Works Ancient Collects, Selected from Various Rituals, 1857 and second edition, 1862. Athanasius and Other Poems, by a Fellow of a College, 1858. History of the Church, from the Edict of Milan to the Council of Chalcedon 1860. Sermons of St. Leo the Great on the Incarnation, 1862 (translated). Faith and Life, 1864–66 Liber Precum Publicarum: a Latin Version of the Book of Common Prayer. (With Canon Medd.) 1865. Hymns and Other Poems, 1866, 1874 A Sermon on 'The Priesthood'. 1874. The Roman Claims tested by Antiquity., 1877. Chapters of Early English Church History 1878, revised 1897. Notes on the Canons of the First Four General Councils 1882. Private Prayers for a Week. 1882. The Orations of St Athanasius against the Arians, according to the Benedictine text. 1884 Family Prayers for a Week. 1885. Iona, and other Verses. 1886. Addresses on the Seven Sayings from the Cross. 1887. Lessons from the Lives of Three Great Fathers. 1890. Socrates' Ecclesiastical History, according to the text of Hussey. second edition 1893. Waymarks in Church History. 1894. The Roman See in the Early Church 1896. The Proper Sense of the Word 'Catholic' as applied to Christian Communities or Individuals. 1897. Some Aspects of Primitive Church Life 1898. The Law of Faith. 1898. Selected letters of William Bright, D.D. References ^ a b c Clark 1912. ^ "William Bright". Hymntime.com. Retrieved 26 September 2015. Attribution  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Clark, Andrew (1912). "Bright, William". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co. External links Bibliographic directory from Project Canterbury Works by William Bright at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Christianity portal Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Italy Israel United States Australia Greece Netherlands Vatican Academics CiNii People Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"}],"text":"William Bright (1824–1901) was an English ecclesiastical historian and Anglican priest.","title":"William Bright (historian)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"University College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1912-1"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Glenalmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Glenalmond"},{"link_name":"Charles Wordsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wordsworth"},{"link_name":"Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Ecclesiastical_History"},{"link_name":"Arthur Penrhyn Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Penrhyn_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Edward King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_King_(bishop_of_Lincoln)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1912-1"},{"link_name":"Osney Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osney_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1912-1"},{"link_name":"hymns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymns"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Church Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Fathers"}],"text":"He was born at Doncaster on 14 December 1824.\nHe was the only son of William Bright, town-clerk of Doncaster, Yorkshire. He was sent first to a preparatory school at Southwell, and thence, in 1837, to Rugby, he there reached the sixth form at the time of Dr. Thomas Arnold's death. He gained a scholarship at University College, Oxford, he matriculated on 20 March 1843 ; obtained first-class honours in classics in 1846 ; was awarded the Johnson theological scholarship in 1847, and the Ellerton theological essay in 1848, the subject being 'The Prophetic Office under the Mosaic Dispensation.' He graduated B.A. in 1846, proceeding M.A. in 1849, and D.D. in 1869. He was ordained deacon in 1848 and priest in 1850.[1]He was elected fellow of University College in 1847, he retained his fellowship till 1868. He became tutor of his college in 1848, but in 1851 accepted the theological tutorship at Trinity College, Glenalmond, under the wardenship of Dr. Charles Wordsworth.\nIn 1868, he was appointed Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Oxford, and canon of Christ Church in succession to Arthur Penrhyn Stanley. He was proctor in convocation for the chapter of Christ Church from 1878; examining chaplain to Edward King; and sub-dean of Christ Church from 1895.[1]He died unmarried at Christ Church on 6 March 1901, and was buried in the Christ Church portion of Osney Cemetery, by Oxford.[1]Bright wrote a number of works and hymns.[2]\nHe published editions of several Church Fathers.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Collects, Selected from Various Rituals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ancientcollects00collgoog"},{"link_name":"History of the Church, from the Edict of Milan to the Council of Chalcedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofchurchf00brig"},{"link_name":"Sermons of St. Leo the Great on the Incarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/selectsermonssl00briggoog"},{"link_name":"Liber Precum Publicarum: a Latin Version of the Book of Common Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Latin1662/BCP_Latin1662.htm"},{"link_name":"Canon Medd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Medd"},{"link_name":"Hymns and Other Poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hymnsotherpoems00brig"},{"link_name":"Chapters of Early English Church History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/chaptersofearlye00briguoft"},{"link_name":"Notes on the Canons of the First Four General Councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/notesonthecanons00briguoft"},{"link_name":"The Orations of St Athanasius against the Arians, according to the Benedictine text.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/orationsofstatha00atha"},{"link_name":"Iona, and other Verses.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ionaandotherver01briggoog"},{"link_name":"Lessons from the Lives of Three Great Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lessonsfromlives00brig"},{"link_name":"Socrates' Ecclesiastical History, according to the text of Hussey.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ionaandotherver01briggoog"},{"link_name":"Waymarks in Church History.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/waymarksinchurch00brig"},{"link_name":"The Roman See in the Early Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/romanseeinearlyc00brig"},{"link_name":"Some Aspects of Primitive Church Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/someaspectsofpri00brig"},{"link_name":"The Law of Faith.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/MN41820ucmf_5"},{"link_name":"Selected letters of William Bright, D.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/selectedletterso00briguoft"}],"text":"Ancient Collects, Selected from Various Rituals, 1857 and second edition, 1862.\nAthanasius and Other Poems, by a Fellow of a College, 1858.\nHistory of the Church, from the Edict of Milan to the Council of Chalcedon 1860.\nSermons of St. Leo the Great on the Incarnation, 1862 (translated).\nFaith and Life, 1864–66\nLiber Precum Publicarum: a Latin Version of the Book of Common Prayer. (With Canon Medd.) 1865.\nHymns and Other Poems, 1866, 1874\nA Sermon on 'The Priesthood'. 1874.\nThe Roman Claims tested by Antiquity., 1877.\nChapters of Early English Church History 1878, revised 1897.\nNotes on the Canons of the First Four General Councils 1882.\nPrivate Prayers for a Week. 1882.\nThe Orations of St Athanasius against the Arians, according to the Benedictine text. 1884\nFamily Prayers for a Week. 1885.\nIona, and other Verses. 1886.\nAddresses on the Seven Sayings from the Cross. 1887.\nLessons from the Lives of Three Great Fathers. 1890.\nSocrates' Ecclesiastical History, according to the text of Hussey. second edition 1893.\nWaymarks in Church History. 1894.\nThe Roman See in the Early Church 1896.\nThe Proper Sense of the Word 'Catholic' as applied to Christian Communities or Individuals. 1897.\nSome Aspects of Primitive Church Life 1898.\nThe Law of Faith. 1898.\nSelected letters of William Bright, D.D.","title":"Works"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_(2003_film)
Coast to Coast (2003 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 Award nominations","5 References","6 External links"]
TV series or program Coast to CoastWritten byFrederic Raphael (based on his novel)Directed byPaul MazurskyStarringRichard DreyfussJudy DavisSelma Blair with Fred Ward and Maximilian SchellTheme music composerBill ContiCountry of originUnited States, CanadaOriginal languageEnglishProductionProducersMichael LevineJerry Leider, Richard Waltzer (Executive Producers)CinematographyJean LépineRunning time108 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkShowtimeRelease2003 (2003) Coast to Coast is 2003 American-Canadian made-for-television drama film starring Richard Dreyfuss, Judy Davis, and Selma Blair, and directed by Paul Mazursky. It is based on the 1998 novel by Frederic Raphael, who also wrote film's screenplay. Plot Barnaby and Maxine Pierce are a middle-aged couple exploring the ups and downs of a marriage that has spun out of control. They have decided to divorce, but take one last cross country road trip from Connecticut to Los Angeles to attend the wedding of their son and give him their vintage Thunderbird as a gift. By reflecting on the life they've shared together, the couple begins to re-evaluate their marriage and discover the possibility of rekindling their relationship. Cast Richard Dreyfuss as Barnaby Pierce Judy Davis as Maxine Pierce Selma Blair as Stacey Pierce David Julian Hirsh as Benjamin Pierce Kate Lynch as Nessle Carroway Paul Mazursky as Stanly Tarto Saul Rubinek as Gary Pereira John Salley as Clifford Wordsworth Maximilian Schell as Casimir Fred Ward as Hal Kressler Reception Today praised Richard Dreyfuss's performance, and described the film as "often funny, more often bittersweet. Familiar yet unpredictable. And refreshingly adult." The New York Times gave the film a positive review, calling it "very engaging". Award nominations Year Award Result Category Recipient 2005 American Cinema Editors Nominated Best Edited Miniseries or Motion Picture for Non-Commercial Television Richard Halsey References ^ Perry Seibert (2011). "Coast to Coast (2003)". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. ^ "Dreyfus Triumphs in Coast to Coast". Today. April 1, 2004. Retrieved 29 December 2019. ^ Virginia Heffernan (April 3, 2004). "TELEVISION REVIEW; A Couple on a Road Trip, Feeling Angst Amid Plenty". New York Times. External links Coast to Coast at IMDb Coast to Coast at AllMovie vteFilms directed by Paul Mazursky Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969) Alex in Wonderland (1970) Blume in Love (1973) Harry and Tonto (1974) Next Stop, Greenwich Village (1976) An Unmarried Woman (1978) Willie & Phil (1980) Tempest (1982) Moscow on the Hudson (1984) Down and Out in Beverly Hills (1986) Moon over Parador (1988) Enemies, A Love Story (1989) Scenes from a Mall (1991) The Pickle (1993) Faithful (1996) Winchell (1998) Coast to Coast (2003) Yippee (2006) This article related to an American television drama film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a 2000s comedy-drama film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to an American film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"made-for-television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Richard Dreyfuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dreyfuss"},{"link_name":"Judy Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Davis"},{"link_name":"Selma Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_Blair"},{"link_name":"Paul Mazursky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mazursky"},{"link_name":"Frederic Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Raphael"}],"text":"Coast to Coast is 2003 American-Canadian made-for-television drama film starring Richard Dreyfuss, Judy Davis, and Selma Blair, and directed by Paul Mazursky. It is based on the 1998 novel by Frederic Raphael, who also wrote film's screenplay.","title":"Coast to Coast (2003 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Thunderbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird"}],"text":"Barnaby and Maxine Pierce are a middle-aged couple exploring the ups and downs of a marriage that has spun out of control. They have decided to divorce, but take one last cross country road trip from Connecticut to Los Angeles to attend the wedding of their son and give him their vintage Thunderbird as a gift. By reflecting on the life they've shared together, the couple begins to re-evaluate their marriage and discover the possibility of rekindling their relationship.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Dreyfuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dreyfuss"},{"link_name":"Judy Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Davis"},{"link_name":"Selma Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_Blair"},{"link_name":"David Julian Hirsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Julian_Hirsh"},{"link_name":"Kate Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Lynch"},{"link_name":"Paul Mazursky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mazursky"},{"link_name":"Saul Rubinek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Rubinek"},{"link_name":"John Salley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Salley"},{"link_name":"Maximilian Schell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Schell"},{"link_name":"Fred Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Ward"}],"text":"Richard Dreyfuss as Barnaby Pierce\nJudy Davis as Maxine Pierce\nSelma Blair as Stacey Pierce\nDavid Julian Hirsh as Benjamin Pierce\nKate Lynch as Nessle Carroway\nPaul Mazursky as Stanly Tarto\nSaul Rubinek as Gary Pereira\nJohn Salley as Clifford Wordsworth\nMaximilian Schell as Casimir\nFred Ward as Hal Kressler","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Today praised Richard Dreyfuss's performance, and described the film as \"often funny, more often bittersweet. Familiar yet unpredictable. And refreshingly adult.\"[2] The New York Times gave the film a positive review, calling it \"very engaging\".[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Award nominations"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofala_Province
Sofala Province
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Geography","3.1 Districts","4 Economy","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 19°0′S 34°45′E / 19.000°S 34.750°E / -19.000; 34.750Province of Mozambique Province in MozambiqueSofalaProvinceGogogo, the highest peak of the Gorongosa mountain complexSofala, Province of MozambiqueCountryMozambiqueCapitalBeiraGovernment • GovernorLourenço Ferreira BulhaArea • Total68,018 km2 (26,262 sq mi)Population (2017 census) • Total2,259,248 • Density33/km2 (86/sq mi)Postal code21xxArea code(+258) 23HDI (2019)0.482low · 4th of 11Websitewww.sofala.gov.mz Sofala is a province of Mozambique. It has a population of 2,259,248 (2017 census). Beira is the capital of the province, named for the ruined port of Sofala which is 35 kilometres (22 mi) to the south. History Portuguese landholder and imperialist Joaquim Carlos Paiva de Andrada established a base at the river mouth at what is now Beira in 1884. Sofala Province is one of the strongholds of the RENAMO. In late 1978 RENAMO guerrillas were "ranging into Sofala Province and launching attacks along the Beira–Chimoio road and rail line, the Dondo–Inhaminga corridor". Some of the more scarcely populated areas of the province are affected by landmines; defensive rings around villages were still common in some rural areas according to mid 1990s reports by Oxfam. In March 2019, the province was severely affected by Cyclone Idai, with its capital city of Beira being largely destroyed. The flooding resulting from this storm was widespread throughout the province and the rest of Central Mozambique. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.19801,065,200—    19971,368,671+1.49%20071,685,663+2.11%20172,259,248+2.97%source: Geography Provincial map Sofala Province, in central-eastern Mozambique, covers an area of 68,018 square kilometres (26,262 sq mi). The province is bordered to the north by Tete Province, to the northeast by Zambezia Province, to the south by Inhambane Province, and to the west by Manica Province. Rivers flowing through the province include the Chiveve River, the Buzi River, the Save River, which flows along the Inhambane provincial border, and the Púnguè River, which flows into the sea at Beira. On the Urema River, a tributary of the Púnguè, the river forms the lagoon which are home to hundreds of hippopotamus. The valleys of the province are subject to flooding; in late January 2012, unusually heavy rain caused widespread flooding along the banks of the Púnguè and the Save, and other major rivers in Africa such as the Zambezi and Limpopo, leading over 100,000 people in total to be evacuated. Gorongosa National Park, at the southern end of the Great African Rift Valley, covers several thousand square kilometres, including the valley floor and parts of surrounding forested plateaus, which contain miombo and montane forests. The park contains the 1,863 metres (6,112 ft) Mount Gorongosa, a mountain which is considered sacred to the people of the country. On the eastern slope of the mountain is a number of vegetation zones according to elevation, and there are numerous limestone caves in the vicinity. Districts EN1 road crossing Save river, Inhambane/Sofala, Mozambique Sofala Province is divided into the 13 districts of: Beira District Buzi District Caia District Chemba District Cheringoma District Chibabava District Dondo District Gorongosa District Marromeu District Machanga District Maringué District Muanza District Nhamatanda District Economy Port of Beira in 1902 The city of Beira, the provincial capital and Mozambique's second-largest city and the busiest port in the country, plays a key role in the local economy. Principal exports include ores, tobacco, food products, cotton, hides and skins, with the chief imports including fertilizers, equipment and textiles, liquid fuels and wheat. The Mozambique Company had their headquarters in Beira, during the building of the railway across the country. Many buildings remain from the colonial period, it is "as famed for its seafood as for its tawdry nightlife". The Makuti Lighthouse of Beira was built in 1904. The oil trade has been important to the regional economy, with Beira connected by pipeline to Zimbabwe in 1960. The port of Beira is crucial for the trade in oil involving Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia and Congo. In the 21st century, agricultural productivity in the province has shown significant improvement, reducing poverty. The Austrian Development Cooperation has played a major role in investment in the province. References ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13. ^ "Total Population By Provinces - 2006". Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-15. ^ a b c d e Mozambique. Lonely Planet. 2010. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-74104-888-9. ^ Emerson, Stephen A. (19 February 2014). The Battle for Mozambique: The Frelimo_Renamo Struggle, 1977_1992. Helion and Company. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-909384-92-7. ^ Roberts, Shawn; Williams, Jody (1 January 1995). After the Guns Fall Silent: The Enduring Legacy of Landmines. Oxfam. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-85598-337-6. ^ Onishi, Norimitsu. "Large City in Mozambique Nearly Wiped Out as Cyclone Leaves Vast Destruction". New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2019. ^ Leahy, Steven (19 March 2019). "Why Cyclone Idai was so destructive". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 20, 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019. ^ Cameroon: Administrative Division population statistics ^ Bermudes, Fernando (1964). A ciudad da Beira, Moçambique. Editorial de Publicações Turísticas. p. 49. ^ Britannica Book of the Year 2012. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1 March 2012. p. 438. ISBN 978-1-61535-618-8. ^ a b c Wilson, Edward O. (22 April 2014). A Window on Eternity: A Biologist's Walk Through Gorongosa National Park. Simon and Schuster. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4767-4741-5. ^ a b c Johnson, Christopher C.; Demetriades, Alecos; Locutura, Juan; Rolf Tore Ottesen (11 February 2011). Mapping the Chemical Environment of Urban Areas. John Wiley & Sons. p. 548. ISBN 978-0-470-67008-8. ^ Evaluating Country Programmes: The Case of the Austrian Country Programme with Mozambique. LIT Verlag Münster. 2005. p. 61. ISBN 978-3-8258-8401-7. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sofala Province. (in Portuguese) Province of Sofala official site vteProvinces of Mozambique Cabo Delgado Gaza Inhambane Manica Maputo (city) Maputo Nampula Niassa Sofala Tete Zambezia Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area 19°0′S 34°45′E / 19.000°S 34.750°E / -19.000; 34.750
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[suˈfalɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Sofala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofala"}],"text":"Province of MozambiqueProvince in MozambiqueSofala [suˈfalɐ] is a province of Mozambique. It has a population of 2,259,248 (2017 census).[2] Beira is the capital of the province, named for the ruined port of Sofala which is 35 kilometres (22 mi) to the south.","title":"Sofala Province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joaquim Carlos Paiva de Andrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Carlos_Paiva_de_Andrada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-3"},{"link_name":"RENAMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emerson2014-4"},{"link_name":"Oxfam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RobertsWilliams1995-5"},{"link_name":"Cyclone Idai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Idai"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leahy-7"}],"text":"Portuguese landholder and imperialist Joaquim Carlos Paiva de Andrada established a base at the river mouth at what is now Beira in 1884.[3]Sofala Province is one of the strongholds of the RENAMO.[3] In late 1978 RENAMO guerrillas were \"ranging into Sofala Province and launching attacks along the Beira–Chimoio road and rail line, the Dondo–Inhaminga corridor\".[4]\nSome of the more scarcely populated areas of the province are affected by landmines; defensive rings around villages were still common in some rural areas according to mid 1990s reports by Oxfam.[5]In March 2019, the province was severely affected by Cyclone Idai, with its capital city of Beira being largely destroyed.[6] The flooding resulting from this storm was widespread throughout the province and the rest of Central Mozambique.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mo%C3%A7ambique_Sofala.gif"},{"link_name":"Tete Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tete_Province"},{"link_name":"Zambezia Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezia_Province"},{"link_name":"Inhambane Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhambane_Province"},{"link_name":"Manica Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manica_Province"},{"link_name":"Chiveve River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiveve_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buzi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzi_River_(Mozambique)"},{"link_name":"Save River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_River_(Africa)"},{"link_name":"Púnguè River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAngu%C3%A8_River"},{"link_name":"Urema River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urema_River"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bermudes1964-9"},{"link_name":"Zambezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi"},{"link_name":"Limpopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpopo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inc.2012-10"},{"link_name":"Gorongosa National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorongosa_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Great African Rift Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_African_Rift_Valley"},{"link_name":"plateaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson2014-11"},{"link_name":"miombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miombo"},{"link_name":"montane forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"},{"link_name":"Mount Gorongosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gorongosa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson2014-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson2014-11"}],"text":"Provincial mapSofala Province, in central-eastern Mozambique, covers an area of 68,018 square kilometres (26,262 sq mi). The province is bordered to the north by Tete Province, to the northeast by Zambezia Province, to the south by Inhambane Province, and to the west by Manica Province.\nRivers flowing through the province include the Chiveve River, the Buzi River, the Save River, which flows along the Inhambane provincial border, and the Púnguè River, which flows into the sea at Beira. On the Urema River, a tributary of the Púnguè, the river forms the lagoon which are home to hundreds of hippopotamus.[9] The valleys of the province are subject to flooding; in late January 2012, unusually heavy rain caused widespread flooding along the banks of the Púnguè and the Save, and other major rivers in Africa such as the Zambezi and Limpopo, leading over 100,000 people in total to be evacuated.[10]Gorongosa National Park, at the southern end of the Great African Rift Valley, covers several thousand square kilometres, including the valley floor and parts of surrounding forested plateaus,[11] which contain miombo and montane forests. The park contains the 1,863 metres (6,112 ft) Mount Gorongosa, a mountain which is considered sacred to the people of the country.[11] On the eastern slope of the mountain is a number of vegetation zones according to elevation, and there are numerous limestone caves in the vicinity.[11]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Passing_Rio_Save.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sofala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofala"},{"link_name":"Beira District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Buzi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzi_District"},{"link_name":"Caia District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caia_District"},{"link_name":"Chemba District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemba_District"},{"link_name":"Cheringoma District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheringoma_District"},{"link_name":"Chibabava District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibabava_District"},{"link_name":"Dondo District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dondo_District"},{"link_name":"Gorongosa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorongosa_District"},{"link_name":"Marromeu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marromeu_District"},{"link_name":"Machanga District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machanga_District"},{"link_name":"Maringué District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maringu%C3%A9_District"},{"link_name":"Muanza District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muanza_District"},{"link_name":"Nhamatanda District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhamatanda_District"}],"sub_title":"Districts","text":"EN1 road crossing Save river, Inhambane/Sofala, MozambiqueSofala Province is divided into the 13 districts of:Beira District\nBuzi District\nCaia District\nChemba District\nCheringoma District\nChibabava District\nDondo District\nGorongosa District\nMarromeu District\nMachanga District\nMaringué District\nMuanza District\nNhamatanda District","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_87_-_Nova_Muralha._Amassadouros.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JohnsonDemetriades2011-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-3"},{"link_name":"Makuti Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makuti_Lighthouse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JohnsonDemetriades2011-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JohnsonDemetriades2011-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Port of Beira in 1902The city of Beira, the provincial capital and Mozambique's second-largest city and the busiest port in the country, plays a key role in the local economy. Principal exports include ores, tobacco, food products, cotton, hides and skins, with the chief imports including fertilizers, equipment and textiles, liquid fuels and wheat.[12] The Mozambique Company had their headquarters in Beira, during the building of the railway across the country.[3] Many buildings remain from the colonial period, it is \"as famed for its seafood as for its tawdry nightlife\".[3] The Makuti Lighthouse of Beira was built in 1904.[3] The oil trade has been important to the regional economy, with Beira connected by pipeline to Zimbabwe in 1960. The port of Beira is crucial for the trade in oil involving Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia and Congo.[12] In the 21st century, agricultural productivity in the province has shown significant improvement, reducing poverty.[12] The Austrian Development Cooperation has played a major role in investment in the province.[13]","title":"Economy"}]
[{"image_text":"Provincial map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mo%C3%A7ambique_Sofala.gif/300px-Mo%C3%A7ambique_Sofala.gif"},{"image_text":"EN1 road crossing Save river, Inhambane/Sofala, Mozambique","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Passing_Rio_Save.jpg/300px-Passing_Rio_Save.jpg"},{"image_text":"Port of Beira in 1902","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_87_-_Nova_Muralha._Amassadouros.jpg/220px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_87_-_Nova_Muralha._Amassadouros.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","url_text":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Total Population By Provinces - 2006\". Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071124164020/http://www.ine.gov.mz/Ingles/o_pais/populacao_total_prov","url_text":"\"Total Population By Provinces - 2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instituto_Nacional_de_Estat%C3%ADstica_(Mozambique)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Instituto Nacional de Estatística"},{"url":"http://www.ine.gov.mz/Ingles/o_pais/populacao_total_prov","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mozambique. Lonely Planet. 2010. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-74104-888-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_G1-nXEv7REC&pg=PA102","url_text":"Mozambique"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-888-9","url_text":"978-1-74104-888-9"}]},{"reference":"Emerson, Stephen A. (19 February 2014). The Battle for Mozambique: The Frelimo_Renamo Struggle, 1977_1992. Helion and Company. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-909384-92-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AKlZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48","url_text":"The Battle for Mozambique: The Frelimo_Renamo Struggle, 1977_1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909384-92-7","url_text":"978-1-909384-92-7"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Shawn; Williams, Jody (1 January 1995). After the Guns Fall Silent: The Enduring Legacy of Landmines. Oxfam. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-85598-337-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tBzsZmbFrsYC&pg=PA220","url_text":"After the Guns Fall Silent: The Enduring Legacy of Landmines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85598-337-6","url_text":"978-0-85598-337-6"}]},{"reference":"Onishi, Norimitsu. \"Large City in Mozambique Nearly Wiped Out as Cyclone Leaves Vast Destruction\". New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/18/world/africa/flooding-death-toll-mozambique.html","url_text":"\"Large City in Mozambique Nearly Wiped Out as Cyclone Leaves Vast Destruction\""}]},{"reference":"Leahy, Steven (19 March 2019). \"Why Cyclone Idai was so destructive\". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 20, 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190320225200/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/03/why-mozambique-cyclone-idai-was-so-destructive/","url_text":"\"Why Cyclone Idai was so destructive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic","url_text":"National Geographic"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/03/why-mozambique-cyclone-idai-was-so-destructive/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bermudes, Fernando (1964). A ciudad da Beira, Moçambique. Editorial de Publicações Turísticas. p. 49.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pkkMAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"A ciudad da Beira, Moçambique"}]},{"reference":"Britannica Book of the Year 2012. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1 March 2012. p. 438. ISBN 978-1-61535-618-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EeqbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA438","url_text":"Britannica Book of the Year 2012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61535-618-8","url_text":"978-1-61535-618-8"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Edward O. (22 April 2014). A Window on Eternity: A Biologist's Walk Through Gorongosa National Park. Simon and Schuster. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4767-4741-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ElheAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2","url_text":"A Window on Eternity: A Biologist's Walk Through Gorongosa National Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-4741-5","url_text":"978-1-4767-4741-5"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Christopher C.; Demetriades, Alecos; Locutura, Juan; Rolf Tore Ottesen (11 February 2011). Mapping the Chemical Environment of Urban Areas. John Wiley & Sons. p. 548. ISBN 978-0-470-67008-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UTIduL47SeEC&pg=PA548","url_text":"Mapping the Chemical Environment of Urban Areas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67008-8","url_text":"978-0-470-67008-8"}]},{"reference":"Evaluating Country Programmes: The Case of the Austrian Country Programme with Mozambique. LIT Verlag Münster. 2005. p. 61. ISBN 978-3-8258-8401-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c5uOZ9buXmAC&pg=PA61","url_text":"Evaluating Country Programmes: The Case of the Austrian Country Programme with Mozambique"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-8401-7","url_text":"978-3-8258-8401-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_Odd_Foot_of_Grunts
30 Odd Foot of Grunts
["1 Discography","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Video albums","1.3 Charting singles","2 References"]
Australian Band 30 Odd Foot of GruntsOriginAustraliaGenresRockYears active1992–2005LabelsGruntlandDifrnt MusicMusical artist 30 Odd Foot of Grunts were an Australian rock group, formed in 1992, with Russell Crowe on lead vocals, Dean "Deano" Cochran on guitar, Garth Adam on bass, Dave Kelly on drums, Dave Wilkins on guitar and vocal, and Stewart Kirwan on trumpet. Discography Studio albums List of albums, with selected chart positions Title Album details Peak chartpositions AUS Gaslight Released: 1998 Format: CD Label: Gruntland (CD303) — Bastard Life or Clarity Released: February 2001 Format: CD Label: Gruntland (GRUNT005) 7 Other Ways of Speaking Released: 2003 Format: CD, 2×CD Label: Difrnt Music (DIF001) — Video albums List of video albums, with selected chart positions Title Details Peak chartpositions AUSvideo Texas Released: November 2002 Format: DVD Label: Gruntland Films (TFGDVD01) 4 Charting singles Images from July 1997 concert in Sydney, AU TOFOG in concert, Sydney Dean Cochran playing guitar with smoker shadow 30 Odd Foot of Grunts Dave Kelly and Russell Crowe in concert 30 Odd Foot of Grunts Dave Kelly drumming 30 Odd Foot of Grunts Garth Adam singing with 30 Odd Foot of Grunts References ^ a b "30 Odd Foot of Grunts on AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 November 2022. ^ "Russell Crowe Band Signs With Artemis". Billboard. September 2001. Retrieved 1 November 2022. ^ a b Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 278. ^ "Discography 30 Odd Foot of Grunts". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_constellation
Prime k-tuple
["1 Named patterns","2 Admissibility","2.1 Positions matched by inadmissible patterns","3 Prime constellations","4 Prime arithmetic progressions","5 Skewes numbers","6 References"]
Repeatable pattern of differences between prime numbers In number theory, a prime k-tuple is a finite collection of values representing a repeatable pattern of differences between prime numbers. For a k-tuple (a, b, …), the positions where the k-tuple matches a pattern in the prime numbers are given by the set of integers n such that all of the values (n + a, n + b, …) are prime. Typically the first value in the k-tuple is 0 and the rest are distinct positive even numbers. Named patterns Several of the shortest k-tuples are known by other common names: (0, 2) twin primes (0, 4) cousin primes (0, 6) sexy primes (0, 2, 6), (0, 4, 6) prime triplets (0, 6, 12) sexy prime triplets (0, 2, 6, 8) prime quadruplets, prime decade (0, 6, 12, 18) sexy prime quadruplets (0, 2, 6, 8, 12), (0, 4, 6, 10, 12) prime quintuplets (0, 4, 6, 10, 12, 16) prime sextuplets OEIS sequence OEIS: A257124 covers 7-tuples (prime septuplets) and contains an overview of related sequences, e.g. the three sequences corresponding to the three admissible 8-tuples (prime octuplets), and the union of all 8-tuples. The first term in these sequences corresponds to the first prime in the smallest prime constellation shown below. Admissibility In order for a k-tuple to have infinitely many positions at which all of its values are prime, there cannot exist a prime p such that the tuple includes every different possible value modulo p. For, if such a prime p existed, then no matter which value of n was chosen, one of the values formed by adding n to the tuple would be divisible by p, so there could only be finitely many prime placements (only those including p itself). For example, the numbers in a k-tuple cannot take on all three values 0, 1, and 2 modulo 3; otherwise the resulting numbers would always include a multiple of 3 and therefore could not all be prime unless one of the numbers is 3 itself. A k-tuple that satisfies this condition (i.e. it does not have a p for which it covers all the different values modulo p) is called admissible. It is conjectured that every admissible k-tuple matches infinitely many positions in the sequence of prime numbers. However, there is no admissible tuple for which this has been proven except the 1-tuple (0). Nevertheless, Yitang Zhang proved in 2013 that there exists at least one 2-tuple which matches infinitely many positions; subsequent work showed that such a 2-tuple exists with values differing by 246 or less that matches infinitely many positions. Positions matched by inadmissible patterns Although (0, 2, 4) is not admissible it does produce the single set of primes, (3, 5, 7). Some inadmissible k-tuples have more than one all-prime solution. This cannot happen for a k-tuple that includes all values modulo 3, so to have this property a k-tuple must cover all values modulo a larger prime, implying that there are at least five numbers in the tuple. The shortest inadmissible tuple with more than one solution is the 5-tuple (0, 2, 8, 14, 26), which has two solutions: (3, 5, 11, 17, 29) and (5, 7, 13, 19, 31), where all values mod 5 are included in both cases. Prime constellations The diameter of a k-tuple is the difference of its largest and smallest elements. An admissible prime k-tuple with the smallest possible diameter d (among all admissible k-tuples) is a prime constellation. For all n ≥ k this will always produce consecutive primes. (Recall that all n are integers for which the values (n + a, n + b, …) are prime.) This means that, for large n: p n + k − 1 − p n ≥ d {\displaystyle p_{n+k-1}-p_{n}\geq d} where pn is the nth prime number. The first few prime constellations are: k d Constellation smallest 2 2 (0, 2) (3, 5) 3 6 (0, 2, 6)(0, 4, 6) (5, 7, 11)(7, 11, 13) 4 8 (0, 2, 6, 8) (5, 7, 11, 13) 5 12 (0, 2, 6, 8, 12)(0, 4, 6, 10, 12) (5, 7, 11, 13, 17)(7, 11, 13, 17, 19) 6 16 (0, 4, 6, 10, 12, 16) (7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23) 7 20 (0, 2, 6, 8, 12, 18, 20)(0, 2, 8, 12, 14, 18, 20) (11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31)(5639, 5641, 5647, 5651, 5653, 5657, 5659) 8 26 (0, 2, 6, 8, 12, 18, 20, 26)(0, 2, 6, 12, 14, 20, 24, 26)(0, 6, 8, 14, 18, 20, 24, 26) (11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37)(17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43)(88793, 88799, 88801, 88807, 88811, 88813, 88817, 88819) 9 30 (0, 2, 6, 8, 12, 18, 20, 26, 30)(0, 4, 6, 10, 16, 18, 24, 28, 30)(0, 2, 6, 12, 14, 20, 24, 26, 30)(0, 4, 10, 12, 18, 22, 24, 28, 30) (11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41)(13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43)(17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47)(88789, 88793, 88799, 88801, 88807, 88811, 88813, 88817, 88819) The diameter d as a function of k is sequence A008407 in the OEIS. A prime constellation is sometimes referred to as a prime k-tuplet, but some authors reserve that term for instances that are not part of longer k-tuplets. The first Hardy–Littlewood conjecture predicts that the asymptotic frequency of any prime constellation can be calculated. While the conjecture is unproven it is considered likely to be true. If that is the case, it implies that the second Hardy–Littlewood conjecture, in contrast, is false. Prime arithmetic progressions Main article: Primes in arithmetic progression A prime k-tuple of the form (0, n, 2n, 3n, …, (k − 1)n) is said to be a prime arithmetic progression. In order for such a k-tuple to meet the admissibility test, n must be a multiple of the primorial of k. Skewes numbers The Skewes numbers for prime k-tuples are an extension of the definition of Skewes' number to prime k-tuples based on the first Hardy–Littlewood conjecture (Tóth (2019)). Let P = ( p ,   p + i 1 ,   p + i 2 ,   …   ,   p + i k ) {\displaystyle P=(p,\ p+i_{1},\ p+i_{2},\ \dots \ ,\ p+i_{k})} denote a prime k-tuple, π P ( x ) {\displaystyle \pi _{P}(x)} the number of primes p below x such that p ,   p + i 1 ,   p + i 2 ,   …   ,   p + i k {\displaystyle p,\ p+i_{1},\ p+i_{2},\ \dots \ ,\ p+i_{k}} are all prime, let li P ⁡ ( x ) = ∫ 2 x d t ( ln ⁡ t ) k + 1 {\textstyle \operatorname {li} _{P}(x)=\int _{2}^{x}{\frac {dt}{(\ln t)^{k+1}}}} and let C P {\displaystyle C_{P}} denote its Hardy–Littlewood constant (see first Hardy–Littlewood conjecture). Then the first prime p that violates the Hardy–Littlewood inequality for the k-tuple P, i.e., such that π P ( p ) > C P li P ⁡ ( p ) , {\displaystyle \pi _{P}(p)>C_{P}\operatorname {li} _{P}(p),} (if such a prime exists) is the Skewes number for P. The table below shows the currently known Skewes numbers for prime k-tuples: Prime k-tuple Skewes number Found by ( p ,   p + 2 ) {\displaystyle (p,\ p+2)} 1369391 Wolf (2011) ( p ,   p + 4 ) {\displaystyle (p,\ p+4)} 5206837 Tóth (2019) ( p ,   p + 2 ,   p + 6 ) {\displaystyle (p,\ p+2,\ p+6)} 87613571 Tóth (2019) ( p ,   p + 4 ,   p + 6 ) {\displaystyle (p,\ p+4,\ p+6)} 337867 Tóth (2019) ( p ,   p + 2 ,   p + 6 ,   p + 8 ) {\displaystyle (p,\ p+2,\ p+6,\ p+8)} 1172531 Tóth (2019) ( p ,   p + 4 ,   p + 6 ,   p + 10 ) {\displaystyle (p,\ p+4,\ p+6,\ p+10)} 827929093 Tóth (2019) ( p ,   p + 2 ,   p + 6 ,   p + 8 ,   p + 12 ) {\displaystyle (p,\ p+2,\ p+6,\ p+8,\ p+12)} 21432401 Tóth (2019) ( p ,   p + 4 ,   p + 6 ,   p + 10 ,   p + 12 ) {\displaystyle (p,\ p+4,\ p+6,\ p+10,\ p+12)} 216646267 Tóth (2019) ( p ,   p + 4 ,   p + 6 ,   p + 10 ,   p + 12 ,   p + 16 ) {\displaystyle (p,\ p+4,\ p+6,\ p+10,\ p+12,\ p+16)} 251331775687 Tóth (2019) ( p ,   p + 2 ,   p + 6 ,   p + 8 ,   p + 12 ,   p + 18 ,   p + 20 ) {\displaystyle (p,\ p+2,\ p+6,\ p+8,\ p+12,\ p+18,\ p+20)} 7572964186421 Pfoertner (2020) ( p ,   p + 2 ,   p + 8 ,   p + 12 ,   p + 14 ,   p + 18 ,   p + 20 ) {\displaystyle (p,\ p+2,\ p+8,\ p+12,\ p+14,\ p+18,\ p+20)} 214159878489239 Pfoertner (2020) ( p ,   p + 2 ,   p + 6 ,   p + 8 ,   p + 12 ,   p + 18 ,   p + 20 ,   p + 26 ) {\displaystyle (p,\ p+2,\ p+6,\ p+8,\ p+12,\ p+18,\ p+20,\ p+26)} 1203255673037261 Pfoertner / Luhn (2021) ( p ,   p + 2 ,   p + 6 ,   p + 12 ,   p + 14 ,   p + 20 ,   p + 24 ,   p + 26 ) {\displaystyle (p,\ p+2,\ p+6,\ p+12,\ p+14,\ p+20,\ p+24,\ p+26)} 523250002674163757 Luhn / Pfoertner (2021) ( p ,   p + 6 ,   p + 8 ,   p + 14 ,   p + 18 ,   p + 20 ,   p + 24 ,   p + 26 ) {\displaystyle (p,\ p+6,\ p+8,\ p+14,\ p+18,\ p+20,\ p+24,\ p+26)} 750247439134737983 Pfoertner / Luhn (2021) The Skewes number (if it exists) for sexy primes ( p , p + 6 ) {\displaystyle (p,\;p+6)} is still unknown. References ^ Chris Caldwell, "The Prime Glossary: k-tuple" at The Prime Pages. ^ "Bounded gaps between primes". PolyMath. Retrieved 2019-04-22. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Prime Constellation". MathWorld. ^ Norman Luhn, "The big database of 'Smallest Prime k-tuplets' ". ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Prime Arithmetic Progression". MathWorld. Tóth, László (2019), "On The Asymptotic Density Of Prime k-tuples and a Conjecture of Hardy and Littlewood" (PDF), Computational Methods in Science and Technology, 25 (3), arXiv:1910.02636, doi:10.12921/cmst.2019.0000033, S2CID 203836016. Wolf, Marek (2011), "The Skewes number for twin primes: counting sign changes of π2(x) − C2Li2(x)" (PDF), Computational Methods in Science and Technology, 17: 87–92, doi:10.12921/cmst.2011.17.01.87-92, S2CID 59578795. vtePrime number classesBy formula Fermat (22n + 1) Mersenne (2p − 1) Double Mersenne (22p−1 − 1) Wagstaff (2p + 1)/3 Proth (k·2n + 1) Factorial (n! ± 1) Primorial (pn# ± 1) Euclid (pn# + 1) Pythagorean (4n + 1) Pierpont (2m·3n + 1) Quartan (x4 + y4) Solinas (2m ± 2n ± 1) Cullen (n·2n + 1) Woodall (n·2n − 1) Cuban (x3 − y3)/(x − y) Leyland (xy + yx) Thabit (3·2n − 1) Williams ((b−1)·bn − 1) Mills (⌊A3n⌋) By integer sequence Fibonacci Lucas Pell Newman–Shanks–Williams Perrin By property Wieferich (pair) Wall–Sun–Sun Wolstenholme Wilson Lucky Fortunate Ramanujan Pillai Regular Strong Stern Supersingular (elliptic curve) Supersingular (moonshine theory) Good Super Higgs Highly cototient Unique Base-dependent Palindromic Emirp Repunit (10n − 1)/9 Permutable Circular Truncatable Minimal Delicate Primeval Full reptend Unique Happy Self Smarandache–Wellin Strobogrammatic Dihedral Tetradic Patterns Twin (p, p + 2) Bi-twin chain (n ± 1, 2n ± 1, 4n ± 1, …) Triplet (p, p + 2 or p + 4, p + 6) Quadruplet (p, p + 2, p + 6, p + 8) k-tuple Cousin (p, p + 4) Sexy (p, p + 6) Chen Sophie Germain/Safe (p, 2p + 1) Cunningham (p, 2p ± 1, 4p ± 3, 8p ± 7, ...) Arithmetic progression (p + a·n, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...) Balanced (consecutive p − n, p, p + n) By size Mega (1,000,000+ digits) Largest known list Complex numbers Eisenstein prime Gaussian prime Composite numbers Pseudoprime Catalan Elliptic Euler Euler–Jacobi Fermat Frobenius Lucas Perrin Somer–Lucas Strong Carmichael number Almost prime Semiprime Sphenic number Interprime Pernicious Related topics Probable prime Industrial-grade prime Illegal prime Formula for primes Prime gap First 60 primes 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97 101 103 107 109 113 127 131 137 139 149 151 157 163 167 173 179 181 191 193 197 199 211 223 227 229 233 239 241 251 257 263 269 271 277 281 List of prime numbers
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory"},{"link_name":"prime numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"tuple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuple"},{"link_name":"integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"even numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even_number"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In number theory, a prime k-tuple is a finite collection of values representing a repeatable pattern of differences between prime numbers. For a k-tuple (a, b, …), the positions where the k-tuple matches a pattern in the prime numbers are given by the set of integers n such that all of the values (n + a, n + b, …) are prime. Typically the first value in the k-tuple is 0 and the rest are distinct positive even numbers.[1]","title":"Prime k-tuple"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"A257124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A257124"},{"link_name":"admissible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Admissibility"},{"link_name":"prime constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Prime_constellations"}],"text":"Several of the shortest k-tuples are known by other common names:OEIS sequence OEIS: A257124 covers 7-tuples (prime septuplets) and contains an overview of related sequences, e.g. the three sequences corresponding to the three admissible 8-tuples (prime octuplets), and the union of all 8-tuples. The first term in these sequences corresponds to the first prime in the smallest prime constellation shown below.","title":"Named patterns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"conjectured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjecture"},{"link_name":"proven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof"},{"link_name":"Yitang Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitang_Zhang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In order for a k-tuple to have infinitely many positions at which all of its values are prime, there cannot exist a prime p such that the tuple includes every different possible value modulo p. For, if such a prime p existed, then no matter which value of n was chosen, one of the values formed by adding n to the tuple would be divisible by p, so there could only be finitely many prime placements (only those including p itself). For example, the numbers in a k-tuple cannot take on all three values 0, 1, and 2 modulo 3; otherwise the resulting numbers would always include a multiple of 3 and therefore could not all be prime unless one of the numbers is 3 itself. A k-tuple that satisfies this condition (i.e. it does not have a p for which it covers all the different values modulo p) is called admissible.It is conjectured that every admissible k-tuple matches infinitely many positions in the sequence of prime numbers. However, there is no admissible tuple for which this has been proven except the 1-tuple (0). Nevertheless, Yitang Zhang proved in 2013 that there exists at least one 2-tuple which matches infinitely many positions; subsequent work showed that such a 2-tuple exists with values differing by 246 or less that matches infinitely many positions.[2]","title":"Admissibility"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Positions matched by inadmissible patterns","text":"Although (0, 2, 4) is not admissible it does produce the single set of primes, (3, 5, 7).Some inadmissible k-tuples have more than one all-prime solution. This cannot happen for a k-tuple that includes all values modulo 3, so to have this property a k-tuple must cover all values modulo a larger prime, implying that there are at least five numbers in the tuple. The shortest inadmissible tuple with more than one solution is the 5-tuple (0, 2, 8, 14, 26), which has two solutions: (3, 5, 11, 17, 29) and (5, 7, 13, 19, 31), where all values mod 5 are included in both cases.","title":"Admissibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"sequence A008407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A008407"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OEIS"},{"link_name":"first Hardy–Littlewood conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood_conjecture"},{"link_name":"second Hardy–Littlewood conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood_conjecture"}],"text":"The diameter of a k-tuple is the difference of its largest and smallest elements. An admissible prime k-tuple with the smallest possible diameter d (among all admissible k-tuples) is a prime constellation. For all n ≥ k this will always produce consecutive primes.[3] (Recall that all n are integers for which the values (n + a, n + b, …) are prime.)This means that, for large n:p\n \n n\n +\n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n −\n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n ≥\n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{n+k-1}-p_{n}\\geq d}where pn is the nth prime number.The first few prime constellations are:The diameter d as a function of k is sequence A008407 in the OEIS.A prime constellation is sometimes referred to as a prime k-tuplet, but some authors reserve that term for instances that are not part of longer k-tuplets.The first Hardy–Littlewood conjecture predicts that the asymptotic frequency of any prime constellation can be calculated. While the conjecture is unproven it is considered likely to be true. If that is the case, it implies that the second Hardy–Littlewood conjecture, in contrast, is false.","title":"Prime constellations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorial"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A prime k-tuple of the form (0, n, 2n, 3n, …, (k − 1)n) is said to be a prime arithmetic progression. In order for such a k-tuple to meet the admissibility test, n must be a multiple of the primorial of k.[5]","title":"Prime arithmetic progressions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skewes numbers for prime k-tuples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewes%27s_number#Equivalent_for_prime_k-tuples"},{"link_name":"Skewes' number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewes%27_number"},{"link_name":"first Hardy–Littlewood conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood_conjecture"},{"link_name":"Tóth (2019)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFT%C3%B3th2019"},{"link_name":"first Hardy–Littlewood conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood_conjecture"},{"link_name":"sexy primes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy_prime"}],"text":"The Skewes numbers for prime k-tuples are an extension of the definition of Skewes' number to prime k-tuples based on the first Hardy–Littlewood conjecture (Tóth (2019)). Let \n \n \n \n P\n =\n (\n p\n ,\n  \n p\n +\n \n i\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n  \n p\n +\n \n i\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n  \n …\n  \n ,\n  \n p\n +\n \n i\n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P=(p,\\ p+i_{1},\\ p+i_{2},\\ \\dots \\ ,\\ p+i_{k})}\n \n denote a prime k-tuple, \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n P\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{P}(x)}\n \n the number of primes p below x such that \n \n \n \n p\n ,\n  \n p\n +\n \n i\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n  \n p\n +\n \n i\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n  \n …\n  \n ,\n  \n p\n +\n \n i\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p,\\ p+i_{1},\\ p+i_{2},\\ \\dots \\ ,\\ p+i_{k}}\n \n are all prime, let \n \n \n \n \n li\n \n P\n \n \n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n 2\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n t\n \n \n (\n ln\n ⁡\n t\n \n )\n \n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\operatorname {li} _{P}(x)=\\int _{2}^{x}{\\frac {dt}{(\\ln t)^{k+1}}}}\n \n and let \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n P\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{P}}\n \n denote its Hardy–Littlewood constant (see first Hardy–Littlewood conjecture). Then the first prime p that violates the Hardy–Littlewood inequality for the k-tuple P, i.e., such thatπ\n \n P\n \n \n (\n p\n )\n >\n \n C\n \n P\n \n \n \n li\n \n P\n \n \n ⁡\n (\n p\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{P}(p)>C_{P}\\operatorname {li} _{P}(p),}(if such a prime exists) is the Skewes number for P.The table below shows the currently known Skewes numbers for prime k-tuples:The Skewes number (if it exists) for sexy primes \n \n \n \n (\n p\n ,\n \n p\n +\n 6\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (p,\\;p+6)}\n \n is still unknown.","title":"Skewes numbers"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Bounded gaps between primes\". PolyMath. Retrieved 2019-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://michaelnielsen.org/polymath1/index.php?title=Bounded_gaps_between_primes","url_text":"\"Bounded gaps between primes\""}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Prime Constellation\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/PrimeConstellation.html","url_text":"\"Prime Constellation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Prime Arithmetic Progression\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/PrimeArithmeticProgression.html","url_text":"\"Prime Arithmetic Progression\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]},{"reference":"Tóth, László (2019), \"On The Asymptotic Density Of Prime k-tuples and a Conjecture of Hardy and Littlewood\" (PDF), Computational Methods in Science and Technology, 25 (3), arXiv:1910.02636, doi:10.12921/cmst.2019.0000033, S2CID 203836016","urls":[{"url":"http://cmst.eu/wp-content/uploads/files/10.12921_cmst.2019.0000033_TOTH.pdf","url_text":"\"On The Asymptotic Density Of Prime k-tuples and a Conjecture of Hardy and Littlewood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.02636","url_text":"1910.02636"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12921%2Fcmst.2019.0000033","url_text":"10.12921/cmst.2019.0000033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203836016","url_text":"203836016"}]},{"reference":"Wolf, Marek (2011), \"The Skewes number for twin primes: counting sign changes of π2(x) − C2Li2(x)\" (PDF), Computational Methods in Science and Technology, 17: 87–92, doi:10.12921/cmst.2011.17.01.87-92, S2CID 59578795","urls":[{"url":"http://cmst.eu/wp-content/uploads/files/10.12921_cmst.2011.17.01.87-92_Wolf_old.pdf","url_text":"\"The Skewes number for twin primes: counting sign changes of π2(x) − C2Li2(x)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12921%2Fcmst.2011.17.01.87-92","url_text":"10.12921/cmst.2011.17.01.87-92"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59578795","url_text":"59578795"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/SPG-60_Radar
AN/SPG-60
["1 References"]
AN/SPG-60 Radar The AN/SPG-60 (pronounced as "SPIG sixty") is a United States tracking radar that is part of the MK-86 Gun Fire Control System (GFCS). It is used for air tracking and on some MK-86 configurations it is also used for illumination for RIM-24 Tartar and RIM-66 Standard missiles. Though the radar is primarily an air tracking radar, the SPG-60 radar can be used for surface tracking. With the boresight mounted camera, the radar could also be used as a sight for optical tracking, optical engagement and damage assessment. When an air defense capability was required of the Mk-86 GFCS, the AN/SPG-60 was developed and incorporated in the GFCS. The SPG-60 radar was originally part of the MK-86 MOD-3, MOD-4, and MOD-5 systems and was later part of the upgraded MK-86 MOD-8, MOD-10, and MOD-12 systems. It provides a three dimensional tracking solution on an air target, meaning it provides range, bearing and altitude. The SPG-60 radar was deployed as part of the MK-86 GFCS on the Charles F. Adams, Spruance and Kidd-class destroyers, Tarawa-class amphibious assault ships, and the California and Virginia class cruisers. Aircraft tracking is achieved using a mono-pulse Doppler signal processing. On Charles F. Adams, Virginia and Kidd-class ships, the SPG-60 radar could also be used to provide illumination operations associated with missile guidance for the installed missile fire control system. The adjacent image shows the top side radars associated with the MK-86 GFCS on a Spruance Class Destroyer. The round dome at the bottom covers the AN/SPQ-9A surface search radar. The antenna above the dome is the AN/SPG-60 air track radar. The AN/SPG-60 radar below deck equipment consists of a power control, antenna control, signal data converter, receiver and transmitter units. The above deck equipment is the MK-39 MOD O antenna with a boresight mounted camera. References ^ Smith, Paul D.; Cloude, Shane R. (2007-05-08). Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics 5. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 488–. ISBN 9780306479489. Retrieved 4 February 2017. ^ Corse, Carl D. (1975). Introduction to Shipboard Weapons. Naval Institute Press. pp. 93–. ISBN 9780870217500. Retrieved 4 February 2017. ^ Capability Expanded Gun Fire Control System (GFCS) MK 86 MODS 8, 9, 10 and 12 Description and Maintenance SW235-C9-MMO-040 This United States military article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to weaponry is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MK-86 Gun Fire Control System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mk_86_Gun_Fire_Control_System"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SmithCloude2007-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corse1975-2"},{"link_name":"RIM-24 Tartar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-24_Tartar"},{"link_name":"RIM-66 Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-66_Standard"},{"link_name":"Charles F. Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Adams-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Spruance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruance-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Kidd-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidd-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Tarawa-class amphibious assault ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarawa-class_amphibious_assault_ship"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The AN/SPG-60 (pronounced as \"SPIG sixty\") is a United States tracking radar that is part of the MK-86 Gun Fire Control System (GFCS).[1][2] It is used for air tracking and on some MK-86 configurations it is also used for illumination for RIM-24 Tartar and RIM-66 Standard missiles. Though the radar is primarily an air tracking radar, the SPG-60 radar can be used for surface tracking. With the boresight mounted camera, the radar could also be used as a sight for optical tracking, optical engagement and damage assessment.When an air defense capability was required of the Mk-86 GFCS, the AN/SPG-60 was developed and incorporated in the GFCS. The SPG-60 radar was originally part of the MK-86 MOD-3, MOD-4, and MOD-5 systems and was later part of the upgraded MK-86 MOD-8, MOD-10, and MOD-12 systems. It provides a three dimensional tracking solution on an air target, meaning it provides range, bearing and altitude.The SPG-60 radar was deployed as part of the MK-86 GFCS on the Charles F. Adams, Spruance and Kidd-class destroyers, Tarawa-class amphibious assault ships, and the California and Virginia class cruisers.Aircraft tracking is achieved using a mono-pulse Doppler signal processing. On Charles F. Adams, Virginia and Kidd-class ships, the SPG-60 radar could also be used to provide illumination operations associated with missile guidance for the installed missile fire control system.The adjacent image shows the top side radars associated with the MK-86 GFCS on a Spruance Class Destroyer. The round dome at the bottom covers the AN/SPQ-9A surface search radar. The antenna above the dome is the AN/SPG-60 air track radar.The AN/SPG-60 radar below deck equipment consists of a power control, antenna control, signal data converter, receiver and transmitter units. The above deck equipment is the MK-39 MOD O antenna with a boresight mounted camera.[3]","title":"AN/SPG-60"}]
[{"image_text":"AN/SPG-60 Radar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/SPG-60_Radar_DD-985_Cushing_2005-09-21.jpg/220px-SPG-60_Radar_DD-985_Cushing_2005-09-21.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Smith, Paul D.; Cloude, Shane R. (2007-05-08). Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics 5. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 488–. ISBN 9780306479489. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JZQRBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA488","url_text":"Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics 5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306479489","url_text":"9780306479489"}]},{"reference":"Corse, Carl D. (1975). Introduction to Shipboard Weapons. Naval Institute Press. pp. 93–. ISBN 9780870217500. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u2wsAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Introduction to Shipboard Weapons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870217500","url_text":"9780870217500"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mordaunt
David Mordaunt
["1 Cricket career","2 Main career","3 Family","4 References","5 External links"]
English cricketer, teacher, and expeditioner (1937–2020) David MordauntPersonal informationFull nameDavid John MordauntBorn(1937-08-24)24 August 1937Chelsea, London, EnglandDied28 November 2020(2020-11-28) (aged 83)BattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm medium-fastRelationsGerald Mordaunt (grandfather)John Mordaunt (great-grandfather)Domestic team information YearsTeam1964Marylebone Cricket Club1964–1974Berkshire1958–1960Sussex Career statistics Competition FC LA Matches 20 4 Runs scored 599 144 Batting average 23.03 36.00 100s/50s 0/5 0/2 Top score 96 60 Balls bowled 1,083 219 Wickets 24 3 Bowling average 25.04 44.00 5 wickets in innings 1 0 10 wickets in match 0  – Best bowling 5/42 3/24 Catches/stumpings 15/ – 2/ –Source: Cricinfo, 31 May 2010 David John Mordaunt (24 August 1937 – 28 November 2020) was an English cricketer, teacher and expeditioner. Cricket career Mordaunt was educated at Wellington College, Berkshire, and was a prominent schoolboy cricketer. A right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium-fast, he made his first-class debut in 1958 for Sussex in the game against Oxford University, scoring 96 in the second innings, when he was caught trying to hit his fourth six, which would have given him a century on debut. From 1958 to 1960, Mordaunt played 19 first-class matches for Sussex as an amateur, his final match for the county coming against Gloucestershire in the 1960 County Championship. He scored 586 runs for Sussex at a batting average of 24.41, with five half-centuries and highest score of 96. With the ball he took 19 wickets at a bowling average of 28.89, with a single five wicket haul of 5 for 42. Mordaunt left Sussex at the end of the 1960 season. He played his final first-class match in 1964 for Marylebone Cricket Club against Ireland. With the MCC he also toured North America in 1959, South America in 1964–65, and North America again in 1967. In 1964 Mordaunt joined the minor county Berkshire, and made his Minor Counties Championship debut against Devon. From 1964 to 1974, he played 40 Minor Counties Championship matches for Berkshire. He made his List A debut for Berkshire against Somerset in the 1st round of the 1965 Gillette Cup, scoring 60, including four sixes off the bowling of Bill Alley, and winning the man of the match award. He played three further one-day matches for the county, against Hertfordshire in the 1st round of the 1966 Gillette Cup, against Gloucestershire in the 2nd round of the same tournament, and finally against Hertfordshire in the 1976 Gillette Cup. In his four one-day matches he scored 144 runs at an average of 36.00, with two half-centuries and a highest score of 60. With the ball he took three wickets at an average of 44.00, with best figures of 3/24. He represented Old Wellingtonians in the Cricketer Cup between 1967 and 1986. Main career Between 1955 and 1957 Mordaunt served in the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers. He became a schoolteacher in Oxford in 1958. He returned to his old school, Wellington College, in 1963 to teach mathematics. Mordaunt was also a noted expeditioner, leading three Royal Geographical Schools Expeditions to the Arctic and, in 1983, a Royal Geographical Society expedition through Nepal to the base of Annapurna. He died on 28 November 2020 at the age of 83. Family Mordaunt married Dr Catharine Hilary Mayne in 1990. His grandfather, Gerald Mordaunt, and his great-grandfather, John Mordaunt, both played first-class cricket. References ^ Booth, Lawrence (2021). Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. p. 267. ISBN 9781472975478. ^ Wisden 1956, p. 800. ^ a b Wisden 1959, p. 652. ^ First-class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by David Mordaunt ^ First-class Bowling For Each Team by David Mordaunt ^ Ireland v Marylebone Cricket Club, Marylebone Cricket Club in Ireland 1964 ^ "Miscellaneous Matches played by David Mordaunt". CricketArchive. Retrieved 16 August 2017. ^ Minor Counties Championship Matches played by David Mordaunt ^ Wisden 1966, p. 643. ^ List A Matches played by David Mordaunt ^ List-A Batting and Fielding For Each Team by David Mordaunt ^ List-A Bowling For Each Team by David Mordaunt ^ "David Mordaunt". The Cricketer Cup. Retrieved 1 December 2020. ^ The Yateley Society Newsletter No. 20, October 1984. ^ Mordaunt External links David Mordaunt at Cricinfo David Mordaunt at CricketArchive
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He scored 586 runs for Sussex at a batting average of 24.41, with five half-centuries and highest score of 96.[4] With the ball he took 19 wickets at a bowling average of 28.89, with a single five wicket haul of 5 for 42.[5]Mordaunt left Sussex at the end of the 1960 season. He played his final first-class match in 1964 for Marylebone Cricket Club against Ireland.[6] With the MCC he also toured North America in 1959, South America in 1964–65, and North America again in 1967.[7]In 1964 Mordaunt joined the minor county Berkshire, and made his Minor Counties Championship debut against Devon. From 1964 to 1974, he played 40 Minor Counties Championship matches for Berkshire.[8] He made his List A debut for Berkshire against Somerset in the 1st round of the 1965 Gillette Cup, scoring 60, including four sixes off the bowling of Bill Alley, and winning the man of the match award.[9][10] He played three further one-day matches for the county, against Hertfordshire in the 1st round of the 1966 Gillette Cup, against Gloucestershire in the 2nd round of the same tournament, and finally against Hertfordshire in the 1976 Gillette Cup. In his four one-day matches he scored 144 runs at an average of 36.00, with two half-centuries and a highest score of 60.[11] With the ball he took three wickets at an average of 44.00, with best figures of 3/24.[12] He represented Old Wellingtonians in the Cricketer Cup between 1967 and 1986.[13]","title":"Cricket career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Northumberland Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Northumberland_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W-3"},{"link_name":"expeditioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"Annapurna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Between 1955 and 1957 Mordaunt served in the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers. He became a schoolteacher in Oxford in 1958.[3] He returned to his old school, Wellington College, in 1963 to teach mathematics.Mordaunt was also a noted expeditioner, leading three Royal Geographical Schools Expeditions to the Arctic and, in 1983, a Royal Geographical Society expedition through Nepal to the base of Annapurna.[14]He died on 28 November 2020 at the age of 83.[15]","title":"Main career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerald Mordaunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Mordaunt"},{"link_name":"John Mordaunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mordaunt_(cricketer)"}],"text":"Mordaunt married Dr Catharine Hilary Mayne in 1990. His grandfather, Gerald Mordaunt, and his great-grandfather, John Mordaunt, both played first-class cricket.","title":"Family"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_the_Palestinian_territories
2011 in the Palestinian territories
["1 Incumbents","2 Events","3 Notable deaths","4 See also","5 References"]
List of events ← 2010 2009 2008 2011 in Palestinian National Authority → 2012 2013 2014 Decades: See also: Other events of 2011 Timeline of Palestinian history Events in the year 2011 in the Palestinian territories. Incumbents Palestinian National Authority (non-state administrative authority) President – Mahmoud Abbas (PLO) Prime Minister – Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority (in the West Bank) – Salam Fayyad (Third Way) (emergency rule) Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority (in the Gaza Strip) – Ismail Haniyeh (Hamas) (in rebellion against the Palestinian National Authority) Events This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2011) January 2 – Israel extends a six-month ban on the immigration of Palestinian Arabs married to Israelis. January 3 – Israel Air Force planes bomb three targets, including two refugee camps and a weapons factory in the Gaza Strip, Palestine, injuring two people in response to the firing of a Kassam rocket from the Gaza Strip into southern Israel. January 6 – Israeli troops kill two Palestinians as they attempted to cross a border fence from the Gaza Strip. January 7 – Chile recognizes the State of Palestine. January 11 – An Israeli missile attack kills a Palestinian militant while he was riding a motorcycle in the Gaza Strip. January 11 – The Palestinian Authority states it will seek United Nations recognition through both the Security Council and the General Assembly in September. It is currently lobbying nations for recognition during the stalled peace talks with Israel. January 14 – Guyana formally recognizes Palestine as an independent state. January 18 – President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev, on his first visit to the West Bank as head of state, confirms "support the inalienable right of the Palestinian people to an independent state with its capital in East Jerusalem." January 23 – The Palestine Papers: thousands of confidential documents relating to diplomatic correspondence detailing the inner workings of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, are exposed by the Al-Jazeera news network. Following this, the Palestinian Authority condemns Al-Jazeera for releasing the documents and denies that the Palestinian Authority had agreed to make far-reaching concessions on Jerusalem as the documents purportedly reveal. January 24 – Peru recognizes Palestine "as a free and sovereign state". February 17 – Israeli troops kill three Palestinian militants near Beit Lahia, in the northern Gaza Strip, who were approaching the border apparently in an attempt to plant a bomb; the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine identified one of the men as a member of the group and said he had been killed "during a mission carried out by our military wing." February 19 – The U.S. vetoes a draft of a U.N. Security Council resolution which was critical of Israeli settlements in the West Bank. The resolution was supported by all other council members and co-sponsored by almost 120 nations. This veto resolution is the ninth U.N. resolution on the Israel-Palestine conflict to be vetoed by the U.S. since 2000. March 12 – Itamar attack: Two Palestinian teens armed with knives infiltrated the West Bank settlement of Itamar and stabbed to death five Israeli family members, including the parents and three of their children, aged 11, 3 and a month old infant. March 15 – The Israeli Navy intercepts the cargo ship "Victoria" which was carrying a long list of advanced weapons that were smuggled from Iran and were allegedly bound for the militant organizations operating in the Gaza Strip. March 16 – The Israeli Air Force attacks a training site of the Palestinian militant group Al Qassam brigades in the southern part of Gaza city in response to a rocket launched from the Gaza Strip at the Israeli southern communities in the Sdot Negev Regional Council in the southern district of Israel. Palestinians reported that three people were killed in the attack and three were wounded. April 4 – Israeli/Palestinian actor and peace activist Juliano Mer-Khamis, of both Jewish and Christian Arab origin, is gunned down in Jenin by masked militants. April 7 – 2011 Israeli school bus anti-tank missile attack: An anti-tank missile fired from the Gaza Strip hits a school bus, moderately wounding the bus driver, and critically injuring a 16-year boy who later died of his wounds. April 15 – Italian reporter, writer and pro-Palestinian activist, Vittorio Arrigoni, is kidnapped and murdered in Gaza by militants. April 27 – Rival Palestinian factions Hamas and Fatah sign a unity deal, calling for the foundation of a single government in the Gaza Strip and Palestinian Authority-controlled areas of the West Bank, presidential and legislative elections in a year, and the release of prisoners. July – Freedom Flotilla II July 19 – The French-flagged yacht Dignité Al Karama, which was to have been part of the Freedom Flotilla II, is intercepted and boarded without incident by Israeli commandos, off the coast of Gaza, and escorted to the Port of Ashdod. August 18 – Eight people were killed and dozens are injured in southern Israel after a string of terrorist attacks on a highway targeting two civilian buses and cars as well a military bus responding to the attacks. No organization took responsibility for the attacks. Nevertheless, the Israeli security establishment blamed The Popular Resistance Committees (PRC) in Gaza for carrying out the attacks and in retaliation, Israel launched an air raid on the town of Rafah in which six Palestinians militants from the Popular Resistance Committee were killed, among them Abu Oud al-Nirab, the commander of the organization's military wing and Khaled Shaath, a senior in the organization. September 23 – During the opening of the General Assembly of the United Nations, the President of the Palestinian National Authority Mahmoud Abbas makes a bid for a UN recognition in a unilateral declaration of a Palestinian state which would exist in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and have the East Jerusalem as its capital. Notable deaths This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2010) April 4 – Juliano Mer-Khamis, 52, Israeli actor, director, filmmaker and political activist of Jewish and Arab origin, murdered in Jenin. April 15 – Vittorio Arrigoni, 36, Italian reporter, writer and political activist, murdered in Gaza. August 18 – Immad Hammad, 39, Palestinian deputy, air strike. See also 2011 in Israel 2007–present blockade of the Gaza Strip List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2011 List of violent incidents in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, 2011 References ^ AFP: Israel extends ban on immigration through marriage ^ "(The Jerusalem Post)". Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ "Palestinians injured in Israeli air raid – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". ABC News. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ "(Reuters)". Reuters. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ "IDF kills 2 Palestinians on Gaza border". ynet. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ Barrionuevo, Alexei (January 7, 2011). "Chile Offers Recognition for a State of Palestine". The New York Times. ^ "Israel missile kills Islamic Jihad militant in Gaza - Reuters". Reuters. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ ^ "Russia backs Palestinian state – Middle East – Al Jazeera English". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ "'Russia won't change stance on Palestinian... JPost – Middle East". Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ Gregg Carlstrom. "Introducing The Palestine Papers – The Palestine Papers – Al Jazeera English". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ Seumas Milne. "Secret papers reveal slow death of Middle East peace process - World news - The Guardian". the Guardian. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ "'PA agreed to Israeli annexation of J'lem ... JPost – Middle East". Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ "PA: Al-Jazeera has declared war on Palesti... JPost – Middle East". Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ "Peru latest to recognize Palestinian sta... JPost – International". Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ "Peru recognizes Palestinian state - Reuters". Reuters. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ "Israel troops kill Gaza 'fishermen' – Middle East – Al Jazeera English". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ "IDF fire kills 3 in north Gaza". ynet. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ "Democratic Front claims casualties in Gaza s... JPost – Headlines". Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ "U.S. vetoes U.N. draft condemning Israeli settlements - Reuters". Reuters. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ "Palestinian envoy: U.S. veto at UN 'encourages Israeli intransigence' on settlements". Haaretz.com. 19 February 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ Greenberg, Hanan (17 April 2011). "Itamar massacre solved; 2 arrested". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011. ^ "Terror's alternate route". ynet. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ PNN – Palestine News Network – Two Palestinians Killed in Gaza Air Strikes, Two Bodies Found in Tunnels ^ In Response to Rocket Fire, IAF Targets Terror Activity Site in the Gaza Strip | Israel Defense Forces ^ "Actor Juliano Mer-Khamis gunned down in ... JPost – National News". Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ "Boy hurt in Gaza rocket attack on Israeli bus dies of his wounds – Haaretz Daily Newspaper - Israel News". Haaretz.com. 17 April 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ a b Hamas Says It Found Body of Italian Activist, The New York Times, 14 April 2011 ^ "Fatah, Hamas sign reconciliation agreement". ynet. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ "PNN – Palestine News Network – Hamas-Fatah Officials Sign Unity Deal in Cairo". Archived from the original on 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2011-04-28. ^ "BBC News – Israel troops board Gaza protest boat Dignite-al Karama". BBC News. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ "Revenge: 2 Top terrorists killed". ynet. Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ Palestinians, resisting US-led pressure, submit request for UN membership – The Washington Post ^ Palestinians Rally Amid Bid For Statehood Backing From United Nations General Assembly | World News | Sky News Archived September 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Israeli actor Juliano Mer-Khamis shot dead in Jenin Haaretz, April 4, 2011 ^ "Israel launches strikes on Gaza after attacks – Middle East – Al Jazeera English". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 16 November 2014. vteYears in the Palestinian territories 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 vte2011 in AsiaSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal
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Fayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salam_Fayyad"},{"link_name":"Third Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Way_(Palestinian_Authority)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority (in the Gaza Strip)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"Ismail Haniyeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"}],"text":"Palestinian National Authority (non-state administrative authority)President – Mahmoud Abbas (PLO)\nPrime Minister –\nPrime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority (in the West Bank) – Salam Fayyad (Third Way) (emergency rule)\nPrime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority (in the Gaza Strip) – Ismail Haniyeh (Hamas) (in rebellion against the Palestinian National Authority)","title":"Incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Arab"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Israel Air Force planes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"firing of a Kassam rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Palestinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"recognizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"State of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Israeli missile attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Israeli_attacks_on_Palestinians,_2011"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Council"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"President of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Medvedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"East Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Palestine Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Papers"},{"link_name":"Israeli-Palestinian peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_process_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict"},{"link_name":"Al-Jazeera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Authority"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"recognizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Beit Lahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Lahia"},{"link_name":"Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"vetoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetoes"},{"link_name":"U.N.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.N."},{"link_name":"Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Council"},{"link_name":"Israeli settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlements"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Itamar attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2011_Itamar_attack"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Itamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itamar_(settlement)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Israeli Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Navy"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Affair"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Israeli Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Al Qassam brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Sdot Negev Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sdot_Negev_Regional_Council"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Juliano Mer-Khamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliano_Mer-Khamis"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"Christian Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Christian"},{"link_name":"Jenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenin"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"2011 Israeli school bus anti-tank missile attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Israeli_school_bus_anti-tank_missile_attack"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Arrigoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Arrigoni"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-28"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"Fatah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Freedom Flotilla II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Flotilla_II"},{"link_name":"Freedom Flotilla II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Flotilla_II"},{"link_name":"Port of Ashdod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Ashdod"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"a string of terrorist attacks on a highway targeting two civilian buses and cars as well a military bus responding to the attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_southern_Israel_attacks"},{"link_name":"The Popular Resistance Committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Popular_Resistance_Committees"},{"link_name":"Rafah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafah"},{"link_name":"Abu Oud al-Nirab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Oud_al-Nirab&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khaled Shaath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khaled_Shaath&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"General Assembly of the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"President of the Palestinian National Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"Mahmoud Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas"},{"link_name":"Palestinian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"East Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"January 2 – Israel extends a six-month ban on the immigration of Palestinian Arabs married to Israelis.[1]\nJanuary 3 – Israel Air Force planes bomb three targets, including two refugee camps and a weapons factory in the Gaza Strip, Palestine, injuring two people in response to the firing of a Kassam rocket from the Gaza Strip into southern Israel.[2][3]\nJanuary 6 – Israeli troops kill two Palestinians as they attempted to cross a border fence from the Gaza Strip.[4][5]\nJanuary 7 – Chile recognizes the State of Palestine.[6]\nJanuary 11 – An Israeli missile attack kills a Palestinian militant while he was riding a motorcycle in the Gaza Strip.[7]\nJanuary 11 – The Palestinian Authority states it will seek United Nations recognition through both the Security Council and the General Assembly in September. It is currently lobbying nations for recognition during the stalled peace talks with Israel.[8]\nJanuary 14 – Guyana formally recognizes Palestine as an independent state.[citation needed]\nJanuary 18 – President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev, on his first visit to the West Bank as head of state, confirms \"support [for] the inalienable right of the Palestinian people to an independent state with its capital in East Jerusalem.\"[9][10]\nJanuary 23 – The Palestine Papers: thousands of confidential documents relating to diplomatic correspondence detailing the inner workings of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, are exposed by the Al-Jazeera news network.[11][12][13] Following this, the Palestinian Authority condemns Al-Jazeera for releasing the documents and denies that the Palestinian Authority had agreed to make far-reaching concessions on Jerusalem as the documents purportedly reveal.[14]\nJanuary 24 – Peru recognizes Palestine \"as a free and sovereign state\".[15][16]\nFebruary 17 – Israeli troops kill three Palestinian militants near Beit Lahia, in the northern Gaza Strip, who were approaching the border apparently in an attempt to plant a bomb; the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine identified one of the men as a member of the group and said he had been killed \"during a mission carried out by our military wing.\"[17][18][19]\nFebruary 19 – The U.S. vetoes a draft of a U.N. Security Council resolution which was critical of Israeli settlements in the West Bank. The resolution was supported by all other council members and co-sponsored by almost 120 nations. This veto resolution is the ninth U.N. resolution on the Israel-Palestine conflict to be vetoed by the U.S. since 2000.[20][21]\nMarch 12 – Itamar attack: Two Palestinian teens armed with knives infiltrated the West Bank settlement of Itamar and stabbed to death five Israeli family members, including the parents and three of their children, aged 11, 3 and a month old infant.[22]\nMarch 15 – The Israeli Navy intercepts the cargo ship \"Victoria\" which was carrying a long list of advanced weapons that were smuggled from Iran and were allegedly bound for the militant organizations operating in the Gaza Strip.[23]\nMarch 16 – The Israeli Air Force attacks a training site of the Palestinian militant group Al Qassam brigades in the southern part of Gaza city in response to a rocket launched from the Gaza Strip at the Israeli southern communities in the Sdot Negev Regional Council in the southern district of Israel. Palestinians reported that three people were killed in the attack and three were wounded.[24][25]\nApril 4 – Israeli/Palestinian actor and peace activist Juliano Mer-Khamis, of both Jewish and Christian Arab origin, is gunned down in Jenin by masked militants.[26]\nApril 7 – 2011 Israeli school bus anti-tank missile attack: An anti-tank missile fired from the Gaza Strip hits a school bus, moderately wounding the bus driver, and critically injuring a 16-year boy who later died of his wounds.[27]\nApril 15 – Italian reporter, writer and pro-Palestinian activist, Vittorio Arrigoni, is kidnapped and murdered in Gaza by militants.[28]\nApril 27 – Rival Palestinian factions Hamas and Fatah sign a unity deal, calling for the foundation of a single government in the Gaza Strip and Palestinian Authority-controlled areas of the West Bank, presidential and legislative elections in a year, and the release of prisoners.[29][30]\nJuly – Freedom Flotilla II\nJuly 19 – The French-flagged yacht Dignité Al Karama, which was to have been part of the Freedom Flotilla II, is intercepted and boarded without incident by Israeli commandos, off the coast of Gaza, and escorted to the Port of Ashdod.[31]\nAugust 18 – Eight people were killed and dozens are injured in southern Israel after a string of terrorist attacks on a highway targeting two civilian buses and cars as well a military bus responding to the attacks. No organization took responsibility for the attacks. Nevertheless, the Israeli security establishment blamed The Popular Resistance Committees (PRC) in Gaza for carrying out the attacks and in retaliation, Israel launched an air raid on the town of Rafah in which six Palestinians militants from the Popular Resistance Committee were killed, among them Abu Oud al-Nirab, the commander of the organization's military wing and Khaled Shaath, a senior in the organization.[32]\nSeptember 23 – During the opening of the General Assembly of the United Nations, the President of the Palestinian National Authority Mahmoud Abbas makes a bid for a UN recognition in a unilateral declaration of a Palestinian state which would exist in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and have the East Jerusalem as its capital.[33][34]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juliano Mer-Khamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliano_Mer-Khamis"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"filmmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaker"},{"link_name":"political activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activist"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Arrigoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Arrigoni"},{"link_name":"political activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activist"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-28"},{"link_name":"Immad Hammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immad_Hammad"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"April 4 – Juliano Mer-Khamis, 52, Israeli actor, director, filmmaker and political activist of Jewish and Arab origin, murdered in Jenin.[35]\nApril 15 – Vittorio Arrigoni, 36, Italian reporter, writer and political activist, murdered in Gaza.[28]\nAugust 18 – Immad Hammad, 39, Palestinian deputy, air strike.[36]","title":"Notable deaths"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/90px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"2011 in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_Israel"},{"title":"2007–present blockade of the Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%93present_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip"},{"title":"List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel,_2011"},{"title":"List of violent incidents in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_violent_incidents_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict,_2011"}]
[{"reference":"\"(The Jerusalem Post)\". Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=201829","url_text":"\"(The Jerusalem Post)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Palestinians injured in Israeli air raid – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)\". ABC News. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/01/03/3105148.htm","url_text":"\"Palestinians injured in Israeli air raid – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)\""}]},{"reference":"\"(Reuters)\". Reuters. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE7051IV20110106","url_text":"\"(Reuters)\""}]},{"reference":"\"IDF kills 2 Palestinians on Gaza border\". ynet. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4009853,00.html","url_text":"\"IDF kills 2 Palestinians on Gaza border\""}]},{"reference":"Barrionuevo, Alexei (January 7, 2011). \"Chile Offers Recognition for a State of Palestine\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/08/world/americas/08chile.html","url_text":"\"Chile Offers Recognition for a State of Palestine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israel missile kills Islamic Jihad militant in Gaza - Reuters\". Reuters. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE70A7G820110111","url_text":"\"Israel missile kills Islamic Jihad militant in Gaza - Reuters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia backs Palestinian state – Middle East – Al Jazeera English\". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/201111816449558559.html","url_text":"\"Russia backs Palestinian state – Middle East – Al Jazeera English\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Russia won't change stance on Palestinian... JPost – Middle East\". Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=204193","url_text":"\"'Russia won't change stance on Palestinian... JPost – Middle East\""}]},{"reference":"Gregg Carlstrom. \"Introducing The Palestine Papers – The Palestine Papers – Al Jazeera English\". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.aljazeera.net/palestinepapers/2011/01/201112214310263628.html","url_text":"\"Introducing The Palestine Papers – The Palestine Papers – Al Jazeera English\""}]},{"reference":"Seumas Milne. \"Secret papers reveal slow death of Middle East peace process - World news - The Guardian\". the Guardian. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/23/palestine-papers-expose-peace-concession","url_text":"\"Secret papers reveal slow death of Middle East peace process - World news - The Guardian\""}]},{"reference":"\"'PA agreed to Israeli annexation of J'lem ... JPost – Middle East\". Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=204914","url_text":"\"'PA agreed to Israeli annexation of J'lem ... JPost – Middle East\""}]},{"reference":"\"PA: Al-Jazeera has declared war on Palesti... JPost – Middle East\". Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=204916","url_text":"\"PA: Al-Jazeera has declared war on Palesti... JPost – Middle East\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peru latest to recognize Palestinian sta... JPost – International\". Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=205101","url_text":"\"Peru latest to recognize Palestinian sta... JPost – International\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peru recognizes Palestinian state - Reuters\". Reuters. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE70N5ZW20110124","url_text":"\"Peru recognizes Palestinian state - Reuters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israel troops kill Gaza 'fishermen' – Middle East – Al Jazeera English\". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201121775215281864.html","url_text":"\"Israel troops kill Gaza 'fishermen' – Middle East – Al Jazeera English\""}]},{"reference":"\"IDF fire kills 3 in north Gaza\". ynet. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4029953,00.html","url_text":"\"IDF fire kills 3 in north Gaza\""}]},{"reference":"\"Democratic Front claims casualties in Gaza s... JPost – Headlines\". Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=208636","url_text":"\"Democratic Front claims casualties in Gaza s... JPost – Headlines\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. vetoes U.N. draft condemning Israeli settlements - Reuters\". Reuters. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-un-vote-idUSTRE71H6W720110218","url_text":"\"U.S. vetoes U.N. draft condemning Israeli settlements - Reuters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Palestinian envoy: U.S. veto at UN 'encourages Israeli intransigence' on settlements\". Haaretz.com. 19 February 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/palestinian-envoy-u-s-veto-at-un-encourages-israeli-intransigence-on-settlements-1.344364","url_text":"\"Palestinian envoy: U.S. veto at UN 'encourages Israeli intransigence' on settlements\""}]},{"reference":"Greenberg, Hanan (17 April 2011). \"Itamar massacre solved; 2 arrested\". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4057894,00.html","url_text":"\"Itamar massacre solved; 2 arrested\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110513015407/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-4057894%2C00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Terror's alternate route\". ynet. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4042721,00.html","url_text":"\"Terror's alternate route\""}]},{"reference":"\"Actor Juliano Mer-Khamis gunned down in ... JPost – National News\". Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=215116","url_text":"\"Actor Juliano Mer-Khamis gunned down in ... JPost – National News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boy hurt in Gaza rocket attack on Israeli bus dies of his wounds – Haaretz Daily Newspaper - Israel News\". Haaretz.com. 17 April 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/boy-hurt-in-gaza-rocket-attack-on-israeli-bus-dies-of-his-wounds-1.356477","url_text":"\"Boy hurt in Gaza rocket attack on Israeli bus dies of his wounds – Haaretz Daily Newspaper - Israel News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fatah, Hamas sign reconciliation agreement\". ynet. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4061418,00.html","url_text":"\"Fatah, Hamas sign reconciliation agreement\""}]},{"reference":"\"PNN – Palestine News Network – Hamas-Fatah Officials Sign Unity Deal in Cairo\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2011-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110513172227/http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9961","url_text":"\"PNN – Palestine News Network – Hamas-Fatah Officials Sign Unity Deal in Cairo\""},{"url":"http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9961","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC News – Israel troops board Gaza protest boat Dignite-al Karama\". BBC News. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14198628","url_text":"\"BBC News – Israel troops board Gaza protest boat Dignite-al Karama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Revenge: 2 Top terrorists killed\". ynet. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4110783,00.html","url_text":"\"Revenge: 2 Top terrorists killed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israel launches strikes on Gaza after attacks – Middle East – Al Jazeera English\". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/08/201181893519247218.html","url_text":"\"Israel launches strikes on Gaza after attacks – Middle East – Al Jazeera English\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaturanga_Dandasana
Chaturanga Dandasana
["1 Etymology and origins","2 Description","3 Variations","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources","7 External links"]
Reclining posture in modern yoga Chaturanga Dandasana or Low Plank This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. Chaturanga Dandasana (Sanskrit: चतुरङ्ग दण्डासन; IAST: Caturaṅga Daṇḍāsana) or Four-Limbed Staff pose, also known as Low Plank, is an asana in modern yoga as exercise and in some forms of Surya Namaskar (Salute to the Sun), in which a straight body parallel to the ground is supported by the toes and palms, with elbows at a right angle along the body. The variation Kumbhakasana, Phalakasana, or High Plank has the arms straight. Etymology and origins The name comes from the Sanskrit: चतुर् IAST catur, "four"; अङ्ग aṅga, "limb"; दण्ड daṇḍa, "staff"; and आसन; āsana, "posture" or "seat". The pose is unknown in hatha yoga until the 20th century Light on Yoga, but the pose appears in the 1896 Vyayama Dipika, a manual of gymnastics, as part of the "very old" sequence of danda exercises. Norman Sjoman suggests that it is one of the poses adopted into modern yoga in Mysore by Krishnamacharya and forming the "primary foundation" for his vinyasas with flowing movements between poses. The pose would then have been taken up by his pupils Pattabhi Jois and B. K. S. Iyengar. Description Further information: Surya Namaskar In Chaturanga Dandasana the hands and feet are on the floor, supporting the body, which is parallel to and lowered toward, but not touching, the floor. It looks much like a push-up, but with the hands quite low (just above the pelvis), and the elbows kept in along the sides of the body. In vinyasa styles of yoga, Chaturanga Daṇḍasana is part of the Surya Namaskar (Salute to the Sun) asana sequence, performed on an exhalation. In Ashtanga vinyasa yoga's Surya Namaskar A it is the fourth asana, and in Surya Namaskar B it is the fourth, eighth and twelfth asanas. In yoga practice without vinyasas, the posture is simply held for a period of time (for instance, 30 seconds) with continuous breathing. Variations Beginners can practise with the knees on the floor, or keeping the arms straight (in Kumbhakasana, also called Phalakasana or High Plank), before attempting the full pose. High Plank too is used in some forms of the Sun Salutation. Purvottanasana, Reverse Plank, or Upward Plank, has the back straight but the front of the body facing upwards, the arms outstretched down to the floor, the fingers pointing towards the feet. Variation with straight arms (Kumbhakasana, Phalakasana, or High Plank) Purvottanasana, Reverse Plank See also Dolphin Pose - a preparation for Pincha Mayurasana List of asanas Plank (exercise) Vasishtasana - side plank pose References ^ "Yoga Journal - Four-Limbed Staff Pose". Retrieved 2011-04-09. ^ Sinha, S. C. (1 June 1996). Dictionary of Philosophy. Anmol Publications. p. 18. ISBN 978-81-7041-293-9. ^ Sjoman, Norman E. (1999) . The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace. Abhinav Publications. pp. 54–55, 100–101. ISBN 81-7017-389-2. ^ a b Iyengar 2005, p. 54-55. ^ Active Interest Media (1984). Yoga Journal. Active Interest Media. p. 19. ^ Kaminoff 2007, p. 183. ^ "Surya Namaskara A - Sun Salutation". Ashtanga Yoga. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2012-03-17. ^ John Scott (2008). Ashtanga Yoga Primary Series with John Scott DVD (NTSC) (DVD). John Scott. Event occurs at 5 min.+. ASIN B000BFHDY0. ^ Hughes, Aimee. "Sun Salutation A Versus Sun Salutation B: The Difference You Should Know". Yogapedia. ^ "Reverse Plank or Upward Plank Pose". Yoga Journal. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2022. Sources Iyengar, B. K. S. (2005). Illustrated Light On Yoga. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-81-7223-606-9. Kaminoff, Leslie (2007). Yoga Anatomy. The Breath Trust. ISBN 978-0-7360-6278-7. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chaturanga Dandasana. Step-by-Step Instruction vteAsanasAsana • Kriya • Mudra • Drishti • Pranayama • Sun Salutation • Vinyasa • Yoga as exercise • Yoga as therapy • Hatha yoga • YogaBackbends Anjaneyasana (crescent moon) Bidalasana (cat)/Bitilasana (cow) Bhujangasana (cobra) Chakrasana (wheel) or Urdhva Dhanurasana (upward bow) Viparita Dandasana (inverted staff) Kapotasana (pigeon) Eka Pada Rajakapotasana (king pigeon) Ushtrasana (camel) Arm balances Ashtavakrasana (8-angled) Bakasana (crane) or Kakasana (crow) Koundinyasana (the sage Kaundinya) Kukkutasana (cockerel) Mayurasana (peacock) Tittibhasana (firefly) Inverted Adho Mukha Svanasana (downward dog) Adho Mukha Vrkshasana (handstand) Halasana (plough) Sarvangasana (shoulderstand) Setu Bandha Sarvangasana (bridge) Shirshasana (headstand) Viparita Karani (legs up the wall) Vrischikasana (scorpion) Reclining Anantasana (Vishnu's couch) Ashtanga Namaskara (eight-limbed) Bhekasana (frog) Chaturanga Dandasana (low plank) Dhanurasana (bow) Jathara Parivartanasana (belly twist) Makarasana (crocodile) Matsyasana (fish) Shalabhasana (locust) Shavasana (corpse) Vasishtasana (side plank) Yoganidrasana (yogic sleep) SittingMeditation Baddha Konasana (cobbler) Gomukhasana (cow face) Gorakshasana (cowherd) Padmasana (lotus) Siddhasana (accomplished) Simhasana (lion) Vajrasana (thunderbolt) Twists Bharadvajasana (the sage Bharadvaja) Marichyasana (the sage Marichi) Matsyendrasana (the sage Matsyendra, lord of the fishes) Pashasana (noose) Other Akarna Dhanurasana (shooting bow) Balasana (child) Garbha Pindasana (embryo in womb) Hanumanasana (monkey) Kraunchasana (heron) Kurmasana (tortoise) Malasana (garland) Mandukasana (frog) Mulabandhasana (root lock) Navasana (boat) Paschimottanasana (seated forward bend) Samakonasana (split) Virasana (hero) StandingBoth legs Parighasana (gate) Parshvottanasana (intense side stretch) Prasarita Padottanasana (wide stance forward bend) Tadasana (mountain) Trikonasana (triangle) Utkatasana (powerful) Uttanasana (standing forward bend) Utthita Parshvakonasana (sideways) Virabhadrasana (warrior) One leg Ardha Chandrasana (half moon) Durvasasana (the sage Durvasa) Garudasana (eagle) Natarajasana (lord of the dance) Utthita Padangusthasana (standing big toe hold) Vrikshasana (tree) vteYoga as exerciseTopicsAsanas List of asanas Standing asanas Downward dog Lotus position Meditation seats Sun Salutation Tree pose Warrior Accompaniments Drishti Pranayama Vinyāsa Hasta Vinyasas Teacher training Standards British Wheel of Yoga European Union of Yoga André Van Lysebeth Yoga Alliance Therapy Yoga using props 1979 Accessible yoga 2002 Trauma-sensitive yoga 2007 Restorative Yoga 2008 Yoga nidra International Association of Yoga Therapists • Richard Miller Janice Gates Events Competitive yoga International Day of Yoga Journals Asana Journal Yoga Journal Props Yoga brick Yoga mat Angela Farmer Hugger Mugger Yoga pants Lululemon HistoryEarly Early modern yoga Vivekananda 1896 Raja Yoga Pierre Bernard Harmonial gymnastics/yoga Marguerite Agniel Mary Bagot Stack Genevieve Stebbins Physical culture B. C. Ghosh K. V. Iyer Seetharaman Sundaram Paramahansa Yogananda Autobiography of a Yogi Aspects Hot yoga Science of yoga Sexual abuse by yoga gurus Matthew Remski Yoga and cultural appropriation In advertising For children For women Geeta Iyengar Yoga tourism Hybrids 1938 Naked yoga 1990 Mindful Yoga Frank Jude Boccio Anne Cushman Janice Gates Jon Kabat-Zinn Cyndi Lee Phillip Moffitt 2003 Acroyoga Doga 2013 Paddleboard Yoga 2014 Aerial yoga Beer yoga By country America 1961 Yoga for Health 1970 Lilias, Yoga and You Britain 1976 Lyn Marshall France Germany India Italy Russia Sweden 2015 Rachel Brathen Switzerland 1941 Selvarajan Yesudian Books 1996 Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace 2004 Yoga in Modern India A History of Modern Yoga 2005 Positioning Yoga 2010 Yoga Body The Subtle Body 2015 Selling Yoga 2016 The Path of Modern Yoga 2017 Roots of Yoga 2019 Yoga in Britain 2020 The Story of Yoga Films 2006 Guru 2009 Enlighten Up! 2012 Breath of the Gods Schools(Gurus) 1918 The Yoga Institute Shri Yogendra Hansa Yogendra 1924 Kaivalyadhama Swami Kuvalayananda 1934 Viniyoga Tirumalai Krishnamacharya Yoga Makaranda T. K. V. Desikachar A. G. Mohan Indra Devi Srivatsa Ramaswami Vanda Scaravelli c. 1948 Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga K. Pattabhi Jois Mysore style Tim Miller Kino MacGregor Larry Schultz 1959 Sivananda Yoga Vishnudevananda Saraswati Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga 1963 Bihar School of Yoga Satyananda Saraswati 1965 Ananda Yoga Kriyananda 1966 Integral Yoga Satchidananda Saraswati 1966 Kripalu Yoga Amrit Desai Stephen Cope 1971 Himalayan Institute Swami Rama 1973 Bikram Yoga Bikram Choudhury 1975 Iyengar Yoga B. K. S. Iyengar Light on Yoga Yoga the Iyengar Way 1975 Dharma Mittra c. 1975 Yin Yoga Paulie Zink Paul Grilley Sarah Powers 1982 Forrest Yoga 1984 Jivamukti Yoga Sharon Gannon 1995 Power Yoga Beryl Bender Birch Bryan Kest 1997 Anusara Yoga John Friend 2006 Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga (Sadie Nardini) Related Yoga Hatha yoga Modern yoga Post-lineage yoga Asanas (template) List of yoga schools Yoga scholars (template) Yoga teachers (category) Modern Yoginis (template)
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The variation Kumbhakasana, Phalakasana, or High Plank has the arms straight.","title":"Chaturanga Dandasana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"IAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinha1996-2"},{"link_name":"hatha yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_yoga"},{"link_name":"Light on Yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_on_Yoga"},{"link_name":"gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics"},{"link_name":"Norman Sjoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Sjoman"},{"link_name":"modern yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_yoga"},{"link_name":"Krishnamacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnamacharya"},{"link_name":"vinyasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyasa"},{"link_name":"Pattabhi Jois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattabhi_Jois"},{"link_name":"B. 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It looks much like a push-up, but with the hands quite low (just above the pelvis), and the elbows kept in along the sides of the body.[4][5][6]In vinyasa styles of yoga, Chaturanga Daṇḍasana is part of the Surya Namaskar (Salute to the Sun) asana sequence, performed on an exhalation. In Ashtanga vinyasa yoga's Surya Namaskar A it is the fourth asana, and in Surya Namaskar B it is the fourth, eighth and twelfth asanas.[7][8]In yoga practice without vinyasas, the posture is simply held for a period of time (for instance, 30 seconds) with continuous breathing.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes_A_vs_B-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chaturanga-Dandasana_high_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%BChlungsborn_fr%C3%BCher_Morgen_Yoga_(detail).JPG"}],"text":"Beginners can practise with the knees on the floor, or keeping the arms straight (in Kumbhakasana, also called Phalakasana or High Plank), before attempting the full pose. High Plank too is used in some forms of the Sun Salutation.[9]Purvottanasana, Reverse Plank, or Upward Plank, has the back straight but the front of the body facing upwards, the arms outstretched down to the floor, the fingers pointing towards the feet.[10]Variation with straight arms (Kumbhakasana, Phalakasana, or High Plank)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPurvottanasana, Reverse Plank","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iyengar, B. K. 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[{"reference":"\"Yoga Journal - Four-Limbed Staff Pose\". Retrieved 2011-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yogajournal.com/poses/469","url_text":"\"Yoga Journal - Four-Limbed Staff Pose\""}]},{"reference":"Sinha, S. C. (1 June 1996). Dictionary of Philosophy. Anmol Publications. p. 18. ISBN 978-81-7041-293-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-zzRvh1fRzEC&pg=PA18","url_text":"Dictionary of Philosophy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-293-9","url_text":"978-81-7041-293-9"}]},{"reference":"Sjoman, Norman E. (1999) [1996]. The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace. Abhinav Publications. pp. 54–55, 100–101. ISBN 81-7017-389-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Sjoman","url_text":"Sjoman, Norman E."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1BU2WI8wMpcC","url_text":"The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-389-2","url_text":"81-7017-389-2"}]},{"reference":"Active Interest Media (1984). Yoga Journal. Active Interest Media. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w-sDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA19","url_text":"Yoga Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Surya Namaskara A - Sun Salutation\". Ashtanga Yoga. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2012-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311005732/http://www.ashtangayoga.info/practice/asana-vinyasa-series/surya-namaskara-a-sun-salutation/opt/vinyasa/","url_text":"\"Surya Namaskara A - Sun Salutation\""},{"url":"http://www.ashtangayoga.info/practice/asana-vinyasa-series/surya-namaskara-a-sun-salutation/opt/vinyasa/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John Scott (2008). Ashtanga Yoga Primary Series with John Scott DVD (NTSC) (DVD). John Scott. Event occurs at 5 min.+. ASIN B000BFHDY0.","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/2780936","url_text":"Ashtanga Yoga Primary Series with John Scott DVD"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000BFHDY0","url_text":"B000BFHDY0"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Aimee. \"Sun Salutation A Versus Sun Salutation B: The Difference You Should Know\". Yogapedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yogapedia.com/sun-salutation-a-versus-sun-salutation-b-the-difference-you-should-know/2/11269","url_text":"\"Sun Salutation A Versus Sun Salutation B: The Difference You Should Know\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reverse Plank or Upward Plank Pose\". Yoga Journal. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yogajournal.com/poses/upward-plank-pose-2/","url_text":"\"Reverse Plank or Upward Plank Pose\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_Journal","url_text":"Yoga Journal"}]},{"reference":"Iyengar, B. K. S. (2005). Illustrated Light On Yoga. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-81-7223-606-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar","url_text":"Iyengar, B. K. S."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pbx5AAAACAAJ","url_text":"Illustrated Light On Yoga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7223-606-9","url_text":"978-81-7223-606-9"}]},{"reference":"Kaminoff, Leslie (2007). Yoga Anatomy. The Breath Trust. ISBN 978-0-7360-6278-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Kaminoff","url_text":"Kaminoff, Leslie"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LxNrxZ4navgC&q=Terminology%20Note&pg=PA39","url_text":"Yoga Anatomy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-6278-7","url_text":"978-0-7360-6278-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocoracidae
Pseudocoracidae
["1 References"]
Extinct family of sharks PseudocoracidaeTemporal range: Cenomanian-Maastrichtian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Tooth of Pseudocorax granti Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Chondrichthyes Subclass: Elasmobranchii Subdivision: Selachimorpha Order: Lamniformes Family: †PseudocoracidaeCappetta, 2012 Genera †Galeocorax †Pseudocorax Pseudocoracidae is a family of extinct mackerel sharks that lived during the Late Cretaceous. It includes two genera, Galeocorax and Pseudocorax. References ^ a b Cappetta, H. (2012). Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Volume 3E. Chondrichthyes. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii: Teeth. Munich: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. ISBN 978-3-89937-148-2. ^ Jambura, P.L.; Stumpf, S.; Kriwet, J. (2021). "Skeletal remains of the oldest known pseudocoracid shark Pseudocorax kindlimanni sp. nov. (Chondrichthyes, Lamniformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon". Cretaceous Research. 125: 104842. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12504842J. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104842. PMC 7611798. PMID 34642522. Taxon identifiersPseudocoracidae Wikidata: Q26226437 GBIF: 9342235 IRMNG: 123209 Open Tree of Life: 7649247 This article about a prehistoric shark is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"mackerel sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamniformes"},{"link_name":"Late Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Galeocorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeocorax"},{"link_name":"Pseudocorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocorax"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cappetta_2012-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jambura_et_al._2021-2"}],"text":"Pseudocoracidae is a family of extinct mackerel sharks that lived during the Late Cretaceous. It includes two genera, Galeocorax and Pseudocorax.[1][2]","title":"Pseudocoracidae"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Cappetta, H. (2012). Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Volume 3E. Chondrichthyes. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii: Teeth. Munich: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. ISBN 978-3-89937-148-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89937-148-2","url_text":"978-3-89937-148-2"}]},{"reference":"Jambura, P.L.; Stumpf, S.; Kriwet, J. (2021). \"Skeletal remains of the oldest known pseudocoracid shark Pseudocorax kindlimanni sp. nov. (Chondrichthyes, Lamniformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon\". Cretaceous Research. 125: 104842. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12504842J. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104842. PMC 7611798. PMID 34642522.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350621218","url_text":"\"Skeletal remains of the oldest known pseudocoracid shark Pseudocorax kindlimanni sp. nov. (Chondrichthyes, Lamniformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021CrRes.12504842J","url_text":"2021CrRes.12504842J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2021.104842","url_text":"10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104842"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7611798","url_text":"7611798"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34642522","url_text":"34642522"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen_(UK_series_4)
Hell's Kitchen (British TV series) series 4
["1 Presenter","2 Head Chef","3 Celebrities","4 Format changes","4.1 Waiters","4.2 Eliminations","5 Television ratings","6 References"]
Season of television series Hell's KitchenSeason 4Presented byClaudia WinklemanNo. of days15No. of contestants8WinnerLinda EvansRunner-upAdrian Edmondson No. of episodes15ReleaseOriginal networkITVOriginal release13 April (2009-04-13) –27 April 2009 (2009-04-27) Series four of the UK version of Hell's Kitchen began on 13 April 2009 and finished on 27 April 2009. Presenter Angus Deayton did not return to present the show. The reason given for Deayton's dismissal was because he was involved in a series of disputes with head chef Marco Pierre White. Pierre White has discussed the reasons for his disagreements with Deayton, he commented that "His humour was forced, and negative. I would be working hard and he would be making jibes at where I came from and my name". In March 2009 Claudia Winkleman, whom Marco Pierre White has described as "naturally funny", was confirmed as the new host. Head Chef Marco Pierre White returns as Head Chef/teacher for the second series running. He particularly stated in the first episode that he was "the only chef to return". Celebrities The eight celebrities taking part in this year's show were confirmed in April 2009: Adrian Edmondson, an English actor, comedian, director and writer. Anthea Turner, an English journalist, television presenter and media personality, most famous for presenting Blue Peter. Bruce Grobbelaar, a former Rhodesian-Zimbabwean-British football goalkeeper. Danielle Lineker (née Bux), a Welsh model (and Gary Lineker's wife). Grant Bovey, Anthea Turner's husband and a businessman. Jody Latham, an actor best known for his work on Channel 4 show Shameless. Linda Evans, a Golden Globe-winning and Emmy nominated American actress from the 1980s ABC soap opera Dynasty. Niomi McLean-Daley (Ms. Dynamite), a double Brit Award and three time MOBO Awards winning R&B, UK garage, and hip hop singer and rapper. Format changes Unlike in past series, this year there is only one kitchen being used in the show. Waiters In another change from previous series, White decides at the end of each night's service who will be a waiter in the next night's service, based on the celebrities' performances in the kitchen that night. Below is a chart showing the waiters for each night's service: Episode Episode 1 Episode 2 Episode 3 Episode 4 Waiters Adrian Jody Danielle Bruce Linda Grant Anthea Niomi Eliminations In previous series the viewers have decided who is eliminated from the show. This year, head chef Marco Pierre White decides who is eliminated, until there are four left. The viewers decide who wins out of the top four. Key   The Winner   The Runner-Up   Third Place   Competing   Quit   Eliminated By Marco   Eliminated By Public Rank Celebrity Status 1 Linda Evans Winner (Day 15) 2 Adrian Edmondson Runner-Up (Day 15) 3 Danielle Lineker Third Place (Day 13) 4 Niomi McLean-Daley Eliminated (Day 12) 5 Anthea Turner Eliminated (Day 11) 6 Bruce Grobbelaar Quit (Day 10) 7 Grant Bovey Eliminated (Day 9) 8 Jody Latham Eliminated (Day 7) The first sacking was supposed to be on day 6 but White decided that Jody deserved 24 hours to redeem himself. Due to an outstanding performance Grobbelaar had immunity from being eliminated on day 9. On Day 10, Bruce decided to voluntarily leave the show in place of the person that was going to be sacked. In a post-show interview, Evans revealed that she chose to participate in Hell's Kitchen in preference to "I'm A Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here! (2008)". Television ratings Show Original Air Date Overnight Ratings Audience Share Peak Official ratings Source Episode 1 April 13 5.03m 20.9% — — Episode 2 April 15 2.47m 10% — — Episode 3 April 16 3.54m 15% — — Episode 4 April 17 3.92m 17.8% — — Episode 5 April 18 4.68m 21.8% — — Episode 6 April 19 4.46m 19.5% — — Episode 7 April 20 4.48m 18.6% — — Episode 8 April 21 3.58m 15.3% — — Episode 9 April 22 3.18m 13.3% — — Episode 10 April 23 4.08m 18.2% — — Episode 11 April 24 4.03m 17.9% — — Episode 12 April 25 4.67m 20.9% — — Episode 13 April 26 3.56m 14.7% — — Episode 14 April 27 3.38m 14.9% — — Episode 15 April 27 5.15m 21.3% — — "—" denotes where information currently unavailable Average: 4.014 million viewers / 17.34% viewer share References ^ "Hell's Kitchen - Monday 13 April - Programme Details - Radio Times". Archived from the original on 2009-04-16. Retrieved 2019-05-07. ^ TV – News – Deayton 'axed' from 'Hell's Kitchen'. Digital Spy (2009-02-22). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ a b TV – News – White lifts lid on 'Hell's Kitchen' feud. Digital Spy (2009-04-12). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ TV – News – Winkleman to present new 'Hell's Kitchen'. Digital Spy (2009-03-23). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ Reality | Hell's Kitchen | Daily news | New series, new presenter – ITV Entertainment. Itv.com (2009-03-24). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ TV – News – Hell's Kitchen: Meet The Contestants. Digital Spy (2009-04-09). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ TV – News – New 'Hell's Kitchen' attracts 5m. Digital Spy (2009-04-14). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ TV – News – 'Hell's Kitchen' loses half its audience. Digital Spy (2009-04-16). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ TV – News – 'Katie & Peter: Stateside' pulls in 1.3m. Digital Spy (2009-04-17). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ TV – News – 'Hell's Kitchen' wins Friday night ratings. Digital Spy (2009-04-20). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ TV – News – 'Talent' climbs to 11.9 million. Digital Spy (2009-04-20). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ TV – News – Theroux's 'Paedophiles' attracts 2.4m. Digital Spy (2009-04-20). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ TV – News – 'Ashes To Ashes' return draws 7m. Digital Spy (2009-04-21). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ TV – News – 318,000 tune in for 'Prison Break' return. Digital Spy (2009-04-22). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ TV – News – 'Apprentice' holds steady audience. Digital Spy (2009-04-23). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ TV – News – 4.1m watch Anthea Turner exit 'Hell'. Digital Spy (2009-04-24). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ TV – News – New 'Dexter' draws 194,000 for FX. Digital Spy (2009-04-27). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ TV – News – 'Talent' appeals to 12.2 million. Digital Spy (2009-04-27). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ TV – News – Bafta TV Awards audience down 1.3m. Digital Spy (2009-04-27). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. ^ a b TV – News – 5.2m watch Evans win 'Hell's Kitchen'. Digital Spy (2009-04-28). Retrieved on 2010-12-01. vteHell's KitchenUnited StatesEpisodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17: All Stars 18: Rookies vs. Veterans 19: Las Vegas 20: Young Guns 21: Battle of the Ages 22: The American Dream Winners Rock Harper Christina Machamer Christina Wilson United KingdomSeries 1 2 3 4 Other versions Albania 1 2 3 Australia Brazil Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Indonesia Italy Lithuania Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain Thailand Ukraine Video game Hell's Kitchen: The Game
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hell's Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Series four of the UK version of Hell's Kitchen began on 13 April 2009[1] and finished on 27 April 2009.","title":"Hell's Kitchen (British TV series) series 4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angus Deayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Deayton"},{"link_name":"Marco Pierre White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Pierre_White"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digitalspy1-3"},{"link_name":"Claudia Winkleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Winkleman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digitalspy1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Angus Deayton did not return to present the show. The reason given for Deayton's dismissal was because he was involved in a series of disputes with head chef Marco Pierre White.[2] Pierre White has discussed the reasons for his disagreements with Deayton, he commented that \"His humour was forced, and negative. I would be working hard and he would be making jibes at where I came from and my name\".[3]In March 2009 Claudia Winkleman, whom Marco Pierre White has described as \"naturally funny\",[3] was confirmed as the new host.[4]","title":"Presenter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marco Pierre White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Pierre_White"}],"text":"Marco Pierre White returns as Head Chef/teacher for the second series running. He particularly stated in the first episode that he was \"the only chef to return\".","title":"Head Chef"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Adrian Edmondson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ade_Edmondson"},{"link_name":"Anthea Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthea_Turner"},{"link_name":"Blue Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Peter"},{"link_name":"Bruce Grobbelaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Grobbelaar"},{"link_name":"Danielle Lineker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Lineker"},{"link_name":"Gary Lineker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Lineker"},{"link_name":"Jody Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Latham"},{"link_name":"Shameless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shameless_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Linda Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Evans"},{"link_name":"Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_(1981_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Niomi McLean-Daley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niomi_McLean-Daley"}],"text":"The eight celebrities taking part in this year's show were confirmed in April 2009:[5][6]Adrian Edmondson, an English actor, comedian, director and writer.\nAnthea Turner, an English journalist, television presenter and media personality, most famous for presenting Blue Peter.\nBruce Grobbelaar, a former Rhodesian-Zimbabwean-British football goalkeeper.\nDanielle Lineker (née Bux), a Welsh model (and Gary Lineker's wife).\nGrant Bovey, Anthea Turner's husband and a businessman.\nJody Latham, an actor best known for his work on Channel 4 show Shameless.\nLinda Evans, a Golden Globe-winning and Emmy nominated American actress from the 1980s ABC soap opera Dynasty.\nNiomi McLean-Daley (Ms. Dynamite), a double Brit Award and three time MOBO Awards winning R&B, UK garage, and hip hop singer and rapper.","title":"Celebrities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Unlike in past series, this year there is only one kitchen being used in the show.","title":"Format changes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Waiters","text":"In another change from previous series, White decides at the end of each night's service who will be a waiter in the next night's service, based on the celebrities' performances in the kitchen that night. Below is a chart showing the waiters for each night's service:","title":"Format changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I'm A Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here! (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(British_series_8)"}],"sub_title":"Eliminations","text":"In previous series the viewers have decided who is eliminated from the show. This year, head chef Marco Pierre White decides who is eliminated, until there are four left. The viewers decide who wins out of the top four.KeyThe Winner\n  The Runner-Up\n  Third Place\n  Competing\n  Quit\n  Eliminated By Marco\n  Eliminated By PublicThe first sacking was supposed to be on day 6 but White decided that Jody deserved 24 hours to redeem himself.\nDue to an outstanding performance Grobbelaar had immunity from being eliminated on day 9.\nOn Day 10, Bruce decided to voluntarily leave the show in place of the person that was going to be sacked.\nIn a post-show interview, Evans revealed that she chose to participate in Hell's Kitchen in preference to \"I'm A Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here! (2008)\".","title":"Format changes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"—\" denotes where information currently unavailableAverage: 4.014 million viewers / 17.34% viewer share","title":"Television ratings"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Playground_(1946_film)
The Devil's Playground (1946 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
1946 film by George Archainbaud This article is about the 1946 film. For other films by this title, see Devil's Playground (disambiguation). The Devil's PlaygroundTheatrical release posterDirected byGeorge ArchainbaudScreenplay byTed WilsonProduced byLewis J. RachmilStarring William Boyd Andy Clyde Rand Brooks Elaine Riley Robert Elliott CinematographyMack StenglerEdited byFred W. BergerMusic byDavid ChudnowProductioncompanyHopalong Cassidy ProductionsDistributed byUnited ArtistsRelease date November 15, 1946 (1946-11-15) Running time65 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Devil's Playground is a 1946 American Western film directed by George Archainbaud and written by Ted Wilson. The film stars William Boyd, Andy Clyde, Rand Brooks, Elaine Riley and Robert Elliott. The film was released on November 15, 1946, by United Artists. Plot Hoppy finds a wounded girl and later finds Judge Morton who claims the girl is his daughter and he is looking for her. But Hoppy soon learns the girl is looking for stolen gold she wants to return and the Judge in not her father but only wants the gold. Hoppy and the girl find the gold but the Judge and his men find Hoppy and the boys and trap them in a cabin. Cast William Boyd as Hopalong Cassidy Andy Clyde as California Carlson Rand Brooks as Lucky Jenkins Elaine Riley as Mrs. Evans Robert Elliott as Judge Morton Joseph J. Greene as Sheriff Porky Francis McDonald as Henchman Roberts Nedrick Young as Curly Evans Earle Hodgins as Deputy Daniel George Eldredge as U.S. Marshal Everett Shields as Henchman Wolfe John George as Shorty References ^ "The Devil's Playground (1946) - Overview - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved October 14, 2014. ^ "The Devil's Playground". TV Guide. Retrieved October 14, 2014. External links The Devil's Playground at IMDb The Devil's Playground at the TCM Movie Database The Devil's Playground at AllMovie The Devil's Playground at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films vteFilms directed by George Archainbaud As Man Made Her (1917) The Iron Ring (1917) The Brand of Satan (1917) Yankee Pluck (1917) A Maid of Belgium (1917) Diamonds and Pearls (1917) The Awakening (1917) The Divine Sacrifice (1918) Marooned Hearts (1920) The Shadow of Rosalie Byrnes (1920) In Walked Mary (1920) The Wonderful Chance (1920) The Pleasure Seekers (1920) The Miracle of Manhattan (1921) A Man of Stone (1921) Clay Dollars (1921) The Girl from Nowhere (1921) Handcuffs or Kisses (1921) Under Oath (1922) Evidence (1922) The Power of a Lie (1922) One Week of Love (1922) The Midnight Guest (1923) Cordelia the Magnificent (1923) The Common Law (1923) The Shadow of the Desert (1924) The Storm Daughter (1924) The Plunderer (1924) For Sale (1924) Single Wives (1924) Christine of the Hungry Heart (1924) The Mirage (1924) Enticement (1925) Scarlet Saint (1925) The Necessary Evil (1925) What Fools Men (1925) The Silent Lover (1926) Puppets (1926) Night Life (1927) The Grain of Dust (1928) The Man in Hobbles (1928) Bachelor's Paradise (1928) A Woman Against the World (1928) Ladies of the Night Club (1928) The Tragedy of Youth (1928) George Washington Cohen (1928) Two Men and a Maid (1929) The College Coquette (1929) Broadway Scandals (1929) Framed (1930) Shooting Straight (1930) The Silver Horde (1930) The Lady Refuses (1931) Three Who Loved (1931) Thirteen Women (1932) The Lost Squadron (1932) The Penguin Pool Murder (1932) Men of Chance (1932) State's Attorney (1932) After Tonight (1933) The Big Brain (1933) Murder on the Blackboard (1934) Keep 'Em Rolling (1934) Hideaway Girl (1936) My Marriage (1936) The Return of Sophie Lang (1936) Blonde Trouble (1937) Hotel Haywire (1937) Campus Confessions (1938) Her Jungle Love (1938) Thanks for the Memory (1938) Night Work (1939) Some Like It Hot (1939) Boy Trouble (1939) Comin' Round the Mountain (1940) Opened by Mistake (1940) Untamed (1940) Flying with Music (1942) False Colors (1943) The Kansan (1943) The Woman of the Town (1943) Hoppy Serves a Writ (1943) Mystery Man (1944) Texas Masquerade (1944) Girls of the Big House (1945) The Devil's Playground Dangerous Venture (1947) Fool's Gold (1947) Hoppy's Holiday (1947) King of the Wild Horses (1947) The Marauders (1947) The Millerson Case (1947) Unexpected Guest (1947) Borrowed Trouble (1948) The Dead Don't Dream (1948) Silent Conflict (1948) Sinister Journey (1948) Strange Gamble (1948) Hunt the Man Down (1950) Night Stage to Galveston (1952) Apache Country (1952) Wagon Team (1952) The Old West (1952) Blue Canadian Rockies (1952) Pack Train (1953) Saginaw Trail (1953) Goldtown Ghost Riders (1953) On Top of Old Smoky (1953) Last of the Pony Riders (1953) Winning of the West (1953) This 1940s Western film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_South_Korean_presidential_election
1972 South Korean presidential election
["1 National Conference for Unification election","2 Presidential election","3 References"]
1972 South Korean presidential election ← 1971 23 December 1972 1978 → 2,359 members of the National Conference for Unification1,180 votes needed to win   Nominee Park Chung-hee Party Democratic Republican Electoral vote 2,357 Votes of the National Conference for Unification   Park Chung-hee: 2357   Invalid/Blank: 2 President before election Park Chung-hee Democratic Republican Elected President Park Chung-hee Democratic Republican Presidential elections were held in South Korea in December 1972 following the promulgation of the Yushin Constitution, which created the National Conference for Unification, a body whose functions included being an electoral college for presidential elections. Incumbent President Park Chung-hee claimed that Western-style liberal democracy would bring more chaos to the economically struggling nation than it could afford. In contrast, he argued that the Yushin system created a "Korean-style democracy" with a strong, unchallenged presidency. He argued this system was necessary to keep the country stable. National Conference for Unification election The 2,359 members of the first National Conference for Unification were elected to their six-year term on 5 December 1972, with a voter turnout of 70%. All candidates were required to run as independents. The Constitution gave the body many powers, such as forming policies related to inter-Korean relationship, and determining the president as well as one-third of the National Assembly. However, the body was little more than a figurehead, as all of its actions were controlled by the president. Region Electorate Turnout % Valid votes Delegates Seoul 3,113,767 1,773,454 57.0 1,702,369 303 Busan 941,884 642,641 68.2 622,823 104 Gyeonggi 1,664,447 1,154,711 69.4 1,123,083 280 Gangwon 788,276 629,915 79.9 613,395 145 North Chungcheong 602,554 461,547 76.6 447,557 127 South Chungcheong 1,278,743 924,874 72.3 900,402 231 North Jeolla 1,092,516 838,211 76.7 810,011 200 South Jeolla 1,636,382 1,174,364 71.8 1,138,441 312 North Gyeongsang 1,970,647 1,507,092 76.5 1,457,409 354 South Gyeongsang 1,339,583 1,038,388 77.5 1,009,869 278 Jeju 170,818 138,596 81.1 135,242 25 Total 14,599,617 10,283,793 70.4 9,960,601 2,359 The newly sworn-in members of the National Conference for Unification convened on 23 December to elect Park to a fourth term as president. With no opposition candidates, Park was elected with the support of 2,357 out of the 2,359 delegates. The elections were regarded as a formality. Presidential election In order to be elected, a candidate had to receive the vote of over 50% of the incumbent members of the National Council for Unification. With 2,359 delegates in office, Park had to receive at least 1,180 votes to be elected. He received 2,357 votes, 99.92% of the total possible. As there was only one candidate registered, the only way the deputies could vote against Park was by casting invalid ballots. One of the two deputies who did that, Song Dong-heon from Daejeon-1 District, revealed later in his life that he purposefully wrote "박정의" (Park Chung-ee) instead of "박정희" (Park Chung-hee) on his ballot in order to protest the dictatorial regime. CandidatePartyVotes%Park Chung-heeDemocratic Republican Party2,357100.00Total2,357100.00Valid votes2,35799.92Invalid/blank votes20.08Total votes2,359100.00Registered voters/turnout2,359100.00 References ^ "주체사상과 한국적 민주주의는 왜 나왔을까 - 매일경제". Maeil Business Newspaper (in Korean). 14 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2019-03-29. ^ 김, 덕련 (2016-06-08). "99.9% 박정희 옹립한 북한식 거수기들, 그 실체는…". Pressian (in Korean). Retrieved 2019-03-29. ^ Korea Annual, 1978. Hapdong News Agency. p. 51. ^ Shelley, B. (2005) Democratic Development in East Asia. Psychology Press. p. 78. ^ Song, Seong-bin. "Stories Behind 1972 Presidential Election: Indirect Election, Told By Then-Deputy Song Dong-heon." Study of Home Province, South Chungcheong Home Province Research Association. vte Elections and referendums in South KoreaPresidential elections 1952 1956 1960 (Mar) 1963 1967 1971 1972 1978 1979 1980 1981 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 2022 2027 Legislative elections 1946 1948 1950 1954 1958 1960 1963 1967 1971 1973 1978 1981 1985 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 Local elections 1950 1952 1956 1960 1991 1995 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 By-elections 1976 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Referendums 1962 1969 1972 1975 1980 1987 This Asian election-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Cole_(weightlifter)
Jon Cole (weightlifter)
["1 Early athletics career","1.1 High school","1.2 College","1.3 After College","2 Olympic weightlifting career","2.1 Meet results","3 Powerlifting career","3.1 Meet results","4 Strongman","5 Life after competition","6 Personal Records","6.1 Powerlifting","6.2 Weightlifting","6.3 Combined Lifting Total","7 See also","8 References"]
American Olympic athlete (1943–2013) This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jon ColePersonal informationBorn(1943-04-01)April 1, 1943 Chicago, IllinoisDiedJanuary 10, 2013(2013-01-10) (aged 69)Phoenix, AZOccupation(s)discus thrower, powerlifting, Olympic weightlifting, strongman, personal trainerHeight5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) Medal record Strongman Representing  United States World's Strongest Man 6th 1977 World's Strongest Man Powerlifting Representing  United States AAU US National Powerlifting Championships 1st 1968 110kg 1st 1970 110kg 1st 1972 +110kg Jon Frederic Cole (April 1, 1943 – January 10, 2013) was a discus thrower,powerlifter, Olympic weightlifter and strongman from the United States. He competed in powerlifting just prior to the formation of the International Powerlifting Federation (IPF). Having set world records in the squat, deadlift and Total during his career, he was multiple times AAU US National Powerlifting Champion as well as an outstanding Olympic weightlifter, discus thrower and shot-putter. Being the "premier strongman" of the early 1970s for his overall excellence in powerlifting, Olympic lifting and strength-based track and field, Cole was at one time known as the "strongest man in the world" for holding the greatest combined powerlifting/weightlifting super total of all time. Jon Cole was not only officially the first man in history to total 2200 lbs, he also became the first man to squat over 900 lbs (raw with knee wraps) as well as the first to total 2300 lbs in competition on October 28, 1972 (shortly followed two weeks later by John Kuc with 905 and 2350 lbs on November 11). Today, he is enjoying legendary status in the powerlifting scene and is widely considered to be one of the all-time greatest powerlifters in the history of the sport. His lifts, which are considered as raw by today's standards, are still mostly unequaled in his weight class: He still holds the all-time greatest raw (unequipped) powerlifting totals in the 242 and the 308-pound division. While past his prime as a lifter, he competed in the first annual World's Strongest Man competition in 1977, where he finished in 6th place. Early athletics career Although born in Chicago, Illinois, Jon grew up in Arizona. At the age of 12 and weighing only 97 lbs, he bought his first weight set. From that day forward lifting weights became his passion. Aside from lifting weights, Jon Cole was an exceptionally gifted all-around athlete as well. Apart from running sprints in high school, he proved to do extraordinarily well in the throwing disciplines. High school Cole entered Glendale High School in 1959, where he was All- State in Track and Field two years and High School State Champion in the Discus throw as a junior and senior. He set the National High School Record as a junior and was named to the National High-School All-American Track and Field Team 1961 and 1962. National High School Record in Discus 178 ft. 8 in. (1961) First place in Discus at the Golden West Invitational (GWI) 1962 (GWI invites the top five athletes of the United States in each track and field event) High School Discus throw State Champion 1961 and 1962 College Cole graduated with academic and athletic honors, and accepted a four-year full scholarship from Arizona State University. While at ASU he set the School, State, and Conference Records in the Discus and Shot Put, and was named an NCAA and AAU All American in 1965 and 1966. Western Athletic Conference Discus Champion 1965 and 1966 ASU school record in Discus 199 ft. 5 ½ in. (1966) ASU school record in Shot Put 61 ft. 11 ½ in. (1966) After College After finishing College in 1969, Cole went on to compete in Track and Field, powerlifting and Olympic lifting at the same time. Besides setting numerous records in discus and shot put, his probably biggest achievement as a track athlete is his first place in the discus throw at the National AAU Track and Field Championships in 1969, where he threw the discus 208 ft 10 in (63.65 m) for a National AAU Discus record and was named the outstanding Athlete of the championships. He even defeated the great discus thrower and Olympic silver medalist Jay Silvester on that day. Some of his track records and achievements are: Holder of record for the State of Arizona in Shot Put 63 ft. 1 in. (1968) Holder of record for the State of Arizona in Discus 216 ft. 3 in. (1969) National AAU Discus record of 208 ft 10 in. (1996) National AAU Discus Champion 1969 Selected to the USA Track Team and competed in Europe 1969 Versatile and Athletic Achievements Witnessed and Verified 100-yard dash in 9.9 seconds at a body weight of 258 lbs. in AAU track meet 1969 Baseball throw of 435 ft., measured by ASU Baseball Coach Bob Winkles 1967 Place kicked a Football 68 yards, witness and measured by ASU Football Coach Frank Kush 1967 Javelin throw 241 ft. AAU track meet 1968 Discus 231 ft. 7 in. AAU track meet 1972 Shot Put 71 ft. 4 in. AAU track meet 1972 Jon Cole is also the only person in the world to win two National AAU titles in two sports -Powerlifting, Track and Field- and be named the "Outstanding Performer" in both 1969 and 1970. Cole held more than 200 marks in U.S. and European meets in discus and the shot put, according to Sports Illustrated, which ranked him No. 18 on its list of the top 50 Arizona athletes of the 20th century. Olympic weightlifting career Due to his focus on powerlifting, Cole competed in only few weightlifting competitions. Becoming a three time Arizona National Champion and totaling up to 1,200 pounds while competing in the super heavyweight division, however, he proved to be one of the best Olympic weightlifters in the United States during those days, in which Ken Patera was the most dominant American super heavyweight lifter with a total of 1,300 pounds. Meet results 1st place in the Arizona AAU State Olympic Heavyweight Championships 1967 setting four state records: Clean and Press: 375lb, Clean and Jerk: 380lb, Snatch: 300lb---Total: 1,055lb 1st place in the Arizona AAU State Olympic Heavyweight Championships 1969 setting four state records: Clean and Press: 380lb, Clean and Jerk: 400lb, Snatch: 310lb---Total: 1,090lb 1st place in the Arizona AAU State Olympic Heavyweight Championships 1972 setting four records: Clean and Clean and Press: 430lb, Clean and Jerk: 430lb, Snatch: 340lb---Total: 1,200lb Powerlifting career Cole began to compete in powerlifting during his college time and in 1968, he decided to participate in his first AAU National Power Lifting Championships. Jon, who was an unknown in the national weight lifting scene, shocked the lifting community by winning the heavyweight division instantly; and was named the meets "Outstanding Performer". He continued to show outstanding performances breaking 62 official National, American, and World Records as a Heavyweight and Super Heavyweight. Cole was not only officially the first man in history to total 2200 pounds, he was also the first man to squat more than 900 pounds and the first man to total 2300 pounds and he did it raw with only knee wraps. He deadlifted more than 800 and occasionally got close to 900 pounds – all on a frame of about 280 pounds. Lifters in the early days of the sport went largely without supportive gear, which makes Cole's lifting stats even more impressive. His greatest powerlifting total of 2364 pounds was done on October 28, 1972, when Cole weighed 283.0 pounds. Today it still stands as the greatest raw Total ever in the 308 pounds weight class. In addition to that, he also holds the all-time world record raw totals in today's 242 pound division. Cole performed most of his record-breaking lifts in rather small local meets in his hometown in Arizona. There was some rumor that he used "suspect" technique with his 885-pound deadlift. He lifted the bar to his knees, then leaned back and dragged it up his thighs, which he had rubbed with oil. Fellow competing powerlifter Jim Williams called Cole's lifting "Circus tricks" and challenged him to face him at the inaugural AAU World Powerlifting Championships 1971. The oncoming duel between these two powerlifting titans was labeled the "feud of the century". Although Cole had vowed to take the challenge, he injured himself shortly before the championships to the point, where he was physically unable to lift, and would therefore not attend. "Big" Jim Williams did not win the world championships either – it was Hugh "Huge" Cassidy, who became the first world powerlifting champion since the formation of the AAU. Meet results long standing all-time world records are bold 1st place in the AAU US National Powerlifting Championships 1968, 110 kg (242 lb) Class (Los Angeles, California) Squat: 705lb, Bench: 465lb, Deadlift: 720lb---Total: 1890lb 1st place in the AAU US National Powerlifting Championships 1970 110 kg (242 lb) Class (New Orleans, Louisiana) Squat: 760lb, Bench: 520lb, Deadlift: 780lb---Total: 2060lb 1st place in the AAU Arizona State Powerlifting Championships 1971 110 kg (242 lb) Class (Phoenix, Arizona) Squat: 800lb, Bench: 525lb, Deadlift: 815lb---Total: 2140lb (3/14/71 @240.0 lbs, which later weighed out at 2135 lbs (797/525/813)) 1st place in the AAU US National Powerlifting Championships 1972 +110 kg (+242 lb) Class (Denver, Colorado) Squat: 865lb, Bench: 570lb, Deadlift: 820lb---Total: 2255lb (09/17/72 @ 271.0 lbs, which later weighed out at 2259 lbs (869/570/820)) 1st place in the AAU Arizona State Powerlifting Championships 1972 +110 kg (+242 lb) Class (Phoenix, Arizona) Squat: 905lb, Bench: 580 lb, Deadlift: 885lb---Total: 2370lb (10/28/72 @ 283.0 lbs, which later weighed out at 2364 lbs (901.5/580/882.5)) Strongman Jon was invited to compete in the inaugural World's Strongest Man competition in 1977, finishing 6th while being past his prime. Olympic weightlifter Bruce Wilhelm won that year's as well as 1978's competition. These early WSM competitions were still a contest primarily consisting of American athletes. Life after competition In his later years, Cole used his knowledge as a strength prodigy to help others improve as well. He worked as a strength coach at ASU, helping the Sun Devil football program to prominence in the 1970s. Jon Cole became a successful businessman with his own health club called "Jon Cole Systems", based in Scottsdale. He has been strength consultant to the Phoenix Suns, Phoenix RoadRunners and many other professional athletes residing in the Phoenix area. Jon Cole died of lung failure on January 10, 2013. Personal Records Powerlifting done in official competition Squat: 901.5 lbs (408.9 kg) raw with ace-bandage knee wraps (905.0 lbs @ 283.0 lbs, which later weighed out at 901.5 lbs) Bench Press: 580.0 lbs (263.0 kg) raw Deadlift: 882.5 lbs (400.3 kg) in marathon suit (885.0 lb. @ 283.0 lb., which later weighed out at 882.5 lb.) Powerlifting Total: 2364 lbs (901.5/580/882.5) raw with marathon suit and ace-bandage wraps (2370 lbs (905/580/885) @ 283.0 lbs, which later weighed out at 2364 lbs (901.5/580/882.5)) 2364 lbs (901.5/580.0/882.5) @308 lb class (1972 Phoenix, Arizona) (AAU) 2259 lbs (869.0/570.0/820.0) @275 lb class (1972 Denver, Colorado) (AAU) 2135 lbs (797.0/525.0/813.0) @242 lb class (1971 Tolleson, Arizona) (AAU) → current all-time raw with marathon suit and ace-bandage wraps powerlifting total world records in the 308lb class (have never been surpassed since the early 1970s) Weightlifting Snatch: 155 kg (341.7 lbs) Clean and jerk: 195 kg (430 lbs) Olympic Lift Total (modern): 350 kg (771.7 lbs) (snatch + clean and jerk) Clean and press: 195 kg (430 lbs) Olympic 3-lift-Total (old): 545 kg (1201 lbs)(clean and press + snatch + clean and jerk) Combined Lifting Total combined weightlifting/powerlifting Super total: 350 kg + 1072 kg = 1422 kg* / 771lbs + 2364lbs = 3135 lbs* (originally 3141 lbs before weigh-out) 5-best-lift total: 168 kg + 195 kg + 409 kg + 276 kg + 400 kg = 1435 kg* / 370 lb + 430 lb + 901 lb + 580 lb + 882 lb = 3163 lbs*(originally 3170 lbs before weigh-out) → former all-time highest combined Supertotal as well as 5-lift-total in history for over 20 years (1972 to 1996*); still the 3rd best in history * both surpassed by Mark Henry in early 1995 6-lift total: 168 kg + 195 kg + 195 kg + 409 kg + 263 kg + 400 kg = 1630 kg* / 340 lb + 430 lb + 430 lb + 901 lb + 580 lb + 882 lb = 3593 lbs* (originally 3600 lbs before weigh-out) → all-time highest 6-lift "Superman" total in history (the third Olympic lift (clean&press) was removed as a competitive lift after the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.) See also Jim Williams John Kuc Hugh Cassidy Don Reinhoudt Paul Anderson References ^ a b c d e f g "Jon Cole Powerlifting statistics (incomplete)". en.allpowerlifting.com. Retrieved 2012-10-01. ^ "White Tanks Cemetery: Where Families Meet Heartache: Well known Powerlifter, Jon Frederic Cole, laid to rest at White Tanks". 28 August 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fernando, Ron (2011-01-30). "Jon Cole: A Forgotten Legend?". Iron Game. ditillo2.blogspot.de. Retrieved 2012-10-01. ^ http://www.thepress.org/_blog/National_News/post/John_Cole_article_in_Arizona_Star_/ ^ a b c Wangrin, Mark (February 1995). "Austinite muscles his way into powerlifting history" (PDF). Austin American-Statesman. markhenry.tv. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2012-09-25. ^ a b "York Barbell Museum & USA Weightlifting Hall of Fame (York, Pennsylvania)". Archived from the original on 2012-08-02. Retrieved 2012-10-10. ^ a b c Strauss, Bob. "Are We Really Getting Any Stronger ?". Bob Strauss. strengthplanet.com - Fitness and Exercise Resource. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-01. ^ a b c d "900 Pound Unequipped Squat Hall of Fame - All-Time Historical World Powerlifting Records & Rankings". powerliftingwatch.com. Retrieved 2007-11-03. ^ a b c d e f g h i Vasquez, Johnny. "Men's All-time Raw World Records". powerliftingwatch.com. ^ a b c d "THE HISTORY OF JON COLE & THE JON COLE SYSTEM". The Jon Cole Systems Star. joncolesystems.com. 2008-11-18. Archived from the original on November 18, 2008. Retrieved 2012-10-01. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Jon Cole Fact Sheet". The Jon Cole Systems Star. joncolesystems.com. 2008-11-18. Archived from the original on November 18, 2008. Retrieved 2012-10-01. ^ "<blank> - Arizona State University Official Athletic Site". Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2012-10-10. ^ a b c d e Pascoe, Bruce (2011-08-02). "Cole a powerhouse in powerlifting". Arizona Daily Star. azstarnet.com. Retrieved 2012-10-01. ^ "SI.com - SI 50th - Arizona - the 50 Greatest Arizona Sports Figures - Wednesday July 09, 2003 03:30 PM". Archived from the original on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2012-10-10. ^ a b c d Marty Gallagher. "Iron Icons Kuc & Williams, II" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-10-16. ^ "Jon Cole gone at 71". powerliftingwatch.com. ^ a b c d "ALL TIME HISTORICAL MEN AND WOMEN'S POWERLIFTING WORLD RECORDS" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2012-11-02. vteUS National Championship winners in men's discus throw1897–1979Amateur Athletic Union 1897–98: Charles Hennemann 1899–1900: Richard Sheldon 1901: Harry Gill (CAN) * Dick Sheridan 1902: Charles Hennemann 1903: Joseph Maddock 1904: Martin Sheridan 1905: Ralph Rose 1906–07: Martin Sheridan 1908: Marquis Horr 1909: Ralph Rose 1910: Merritt Giffin 1911: Martin Sheridan 1912–14: Emil Muller 1915–17: Arlie Mucks 1918: Emil Muller 1919: Arlie Mucks 1920–22: Gus Pope 1923–24: Thomas Lieb 1925–26: Bud Houser 1927: Eric Krenz 1928: Bud Houser 1929: Eric Krenz 1930–31: Paul Jessup 1932–33: John Anderson 1934: Robert Jones 1935–36: Ken Carpenter 1937: Phil Levy 1938: Pete Zagar 1939–40: Phil Fox 1941: Archie Harris 1942: Bob Fitch 1943–44: Hugh Cannon 1945: John Donaldson 1946: Bob Fitch 1947–50: Fortune Gordien 1951: Dick Doyle 1952: James Dillion 1953–54: Fortune Gordien 1955: Parry O'Brien 1956: Ron Drummond 1957: Al Oerter 1958: Rink Babka 1959–60: Al Oerter 1961: Jay Silvester 1962: Al Oerter 1963: Jay Silvester 1964: Al Oerter 1965: Ludvík Daněk (TCH) * Jay Silvester 1966: Al Oerter 1967: Gary Carlsen 1968: Jay Silvester 1969: Jon Cole 1970: Jay Silvester 1971: Tim Vollmer 1972: Jay Silvester 1973: Mac Wilkins 1974–75: John Powell 1976–79: Mac Wilkins 1980–1992The Athletics Congress 1980: Mac Wilkins 1981: Ben Plucknett 1982: Luis Delís (CUB) * Mac Wilkins 1983–87: John Powell 1988: Mac Wilkins 1989–90: Kamy Keshmiri 1991: Anthony Washington 1992: Kamy Keshmiri 1993-onwardsUSA Track & Field 1993: Anthony Washington 1994: Mike Gravelle 1995: Mike Buncic 1996: Anthony Washington 1997–98: John Godina 1999: Anthony Washington 2000–02: Adam Setliff 2003: Carl Brown 2004: Jarred Rome 2005–06: Ian Waltz 2007: Michael Robertson 2008: Ian Waltz 2009–10: Casey Malone 2011: Jarred Rome 2012–13: Lance Brooks 2014: Hayden Reed 2015: Jared Schuurmans 2016-7: Mason Finley 2018: Reggie Jagers 2019: Sam Mattis 20212020 OT: Mason Finley Notes The 1920, 1928, 1932, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 championships incorporated the Olympic Trials,otherwise held as a discrete event. 2020 OT: The 2020 Olympic Trials were delayed and held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"discus thrower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discus_thrower"},{"link_name":"powerlifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlifting"},{"link_name":"Olympic weightlifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting"},{"link_name":"strongman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongman_(strength_athlete)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"International Powerlifting Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Powerlifting_Federation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"squat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squat_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"deadlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlift"},{"link_name":"Total","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlifting"},{"link_name":"AAU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-en.allpowerlifting-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ditillo-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ditillo-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austine-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall_of_fame-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strengthplanet-7"},{"link_name":"John Kuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kuc"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-900_Pound_Squat_Hall_of_Fame-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powerliftingwatch-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powerliftingwatch-9"},{"link_name":"World's Strongest Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Man"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_World%27s_Strongest_Man"}],"text":"Jon Frederic Cole (April 1, 1943 – January 10, 2013) was a discus thrower,powerlifter, Olympic weightlifter and strongman from the United States. He competed in powerlifting just prior to the formation of the International Powerlifting Federation (IPF).[4] Having set world records in the squat, deadlift and Total during his career, he was multiple times AAU US National Powerlifting Champion[1] as well as an outstanding Olympic weightlifter, discus thrower and shot-putter.[3] Being the \"premier strongman\" of the early 1970s for his overall excellence in powerlifting, Olympic lifting and strength-based track and field, Cole was at one time known as the \"strongest man in the world\" for holding the greatest combined powerlifting/weightlifting super total of all time.[3][5] Jon Cole was not only officially the first man in history to total 2200 lbs,[6] he also became the first man to squat over 900 lbs (raw with knee wraps) as well as the first to total 2300 lbs in competition on October 28, 1972[7] (shortly followed two weeks later by John Kuc with 905 and 2350 lbs on November 11).[8] Today, he is enjoying legendary status in the powerlifting scene and is widely considered to be one of the all-time greatest powerlifters in the history of the sport. His lifts, which are considered as raw by today's standards, are still mostly unequaled in his weight class:[9] He still holds the all-time greatest raw (unequipped) powerlifting totals in the 242 and the 308-pound division.[9] While past his prime as a lifter, he competed in the first annual World's Strongest Man competition in 1977, where he finished in 6th place.","title":"Jon Cole (weightlifter)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JON_COLE_SYSTEM-10"}],"text":"Although born in Chicago, Illinois, Jon grew up in Arizona. At the age of 12 and weighing only 97 lbs, he bought his first weight set. From that day forward lifting weights became his passion. Aside from lifting weights, Jon Cole was an exceptionally gifted all-around athlete as well. Apart from running sprints in high school, he proved to do extraordinarily well in the throwing disciplines.[10]","title":"Early athletics career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glendale High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale_High_School_(Glendale,_Arizona)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JON_COLE_SYSTEM-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"Golden West Invitational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_West_Invitational"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"}],"sub_title":"High school","text":"Cole entered Glendale High School in 1959, where he was All- State in Track and Field two years and High School State Champion in the Discus throw as a junior and senior. He set the National High School Record as a junior and was named to the National High-School All-American Track and Field Team 1961 and 1962.[10]National High School Record in Discus 178 ft. 8 in. (1961)[11]\nFirst place in Discus at the Golden West Invitational (GWI) 1962 (GWI invites the top five athletes of the United States in each track and field event)[11]\nHigh School Discus throw State Champion 1961 and 1962[11]","title":"Early athletics career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University"},{"link_name":"ASU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JON_COLE_SYSTEM-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sundevils-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"}],"sub_title":"College","text":"Cole graduated with academic and athletic honors, and accepted a four-year full scholarship from Arizona State University. While at ASU he set the School, State, and Conference Records in the Discus and Shot Put, and was named an NCAA and AAU All American in 1965 and 1966.[10]Western Athletic Conference Discus Champion 1965 and 1966[12]\nASU school record in Discus 199 ft. 5 ½ in. (1966)[11]\nASU school record in Shot Put 61 ft. 11 ½ in. (1966)[11]","title":"Early athletics career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National AAU Track and Field Championships in 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships#Men_field_events"},{"link_name":"National AAU Discus record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_records_in_track_and_field"},{"link_name":"Jay Silvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Silvester"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arizona_Daily_Star-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arizona_Daily_Star-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"After College","text":"After finishing College in 1969, Cole went on to compete in Track and Field, powerlifting and Olympic lifting at the same time. Besides setting numerous records in discus and shot put, his probably biggest achievement as a track athlete is his first place in the discus throw at the National AAU Track and Field Championships in 1969, where he threw the discus 208 ft 10 in (63.65 m) for a National AAU Discus record and was named the outstanding Athlete of the championships. He even defeated the great discus thrower and Olympic silver medalist Jay Silvester on that day. Some of his track records and achievements are:Holder of record for the State of Arizona in Shot Put 63 ft. 1 in. (1968)[11]\nHolder of record for the State of Arizona in Discus 216 ft. 3 in. (1969)[11]\nNational AAU Discus record of 208 ft 10 in. (1996)[11]\nNational AAU Discus Champion 1969[13]\nSelected to the USA Track Team and competed in Europe 1969[11]Versatile and Athletic Achievements Witnessed and Verified[11]100-yard dash in 9.9 seconds at a body weight of 258 lbs. in AAU track meet 1969\nBaseball throw of 435 ft., measured by ASU Baseball Coach Bob Winkles 1967\nPlace kicked a Football 68 yards, witness and measured by ASU Football Coach Frank Kush 1967\nJavelin throw 241 ft. AAU track meet 1968\nDiscus 231 ft. 7 in. AAU track meet 1972\nShot Put 71 ft. 4 in. AAU track meet 1972Jon Cole is also the only person in the world to win two National AAU titles in two sports -Powerlifting, Track and Field- and be named the \"Outstanding Performer\" in both 1969 and 1970.[11] Cole held more than 200 marks in U.S. and European meets in discus and the shot put, according to Sports Illustrated, which ranked him No. 18 on its list of the top 50 Arizona athletes of the 20th century.[13][14]","title":"Early athletics career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ditillo-3"},{"link_name":"Ken Patera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Patera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ditillo-3"}],"text":"Due to his focus on powerlifting, Cole competed in only few weightlifting competitions.[3] Becoming a three time Arizona National Champion and totaling up to 1,200 pounds while competing in the super heavyweight division, however, he proved to be one of the best Olympic weightlifters in the United States during those days, in which Ken Patera was the most dominant American super heavyweight lifter with a total of 1,300 pounds.[3]","title":"Olympic weightlifting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"}],"sub_title":"Meet results","text":"1st place in the Arizona AAU State Olympic Heavyweight Championships 1967 setting four state records:Clean and Press: 375lb, Clean and Jerk: 380lb, Snatch: 300lb---Total: 1,055lb[11]1st place in the Arizona AAU State Olympic Heavyweight Championships 1969 setting four state records:Clean and Press: 380lb, Clean and Jerk: 400lb, Snatch: 310lb---Total: 1,090lb[11]1st place in the Arizona AAU State Olympic Heavyweight Championships 1972 setting four records: Clean andClean and Press: 430lb, Clean and Jerk: 430lb, Snatch: 340lb---Total: 1,200lb[11]","title":"Olympic weightlifting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JON_COLE_SYSTEM-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall_of_fame-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strengthplanet-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-900_Pound_Squat_Hall_of_Fame-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arizona_Daily_Star-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ditillo-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powerliftingwatch-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powerliftingwatch-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marty2-15"},{"link_name":"Jim Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Williams_(powerlifter)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marty2-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marty2-15"},{"link_name":"Hugh \"Huge\" Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Cassidy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marty2-15"}],"text":"Cole began to compete in powerlifting during his college time and in 1968, he decided to participate in his first AAU National Power Lifting Championships. Jon, who was an unknown in the national weight lifting scene, shocked the lifting community by winning the heavyweight division instantly; and was named the meets \"Outstanding Performer\".[10] He continued to show outstanding performances breaking 62 official National, American, and World Records as a Heavyweight and Super Heavyweight.[11] Cole was not only officially the first man in history to total 2200 pounds,[6] he was also the first man to squat more than 900 pounds[7] and the first man to total 2300 pounds and he did it raw with only knee wraps.[8] He deadlifted more than 800 and occasionally got close to 900 pounds – all on a frame of about 280 pounds.[13] Lifters in the early days of the sport went largely without supportive gear, which makes Cole's lifting stats even more impressive. His greatest powerlifting total of 2364 pounds was done on October 28, 1972, when Cole weighed 283.0 pounds.[3] Today it still stands as the greatest raw Total ever in the 308 pounds weight class.[9] In addition to that, he also holds the all-time world record raw totals in today's 242 pound division.[9] Cole performed most of his record-breaking lifts in rather small local meets in his hometown in Arizona. There was some rumor that he used \"suspect\" technique with his 885-pound deadlift.[15] He lifted the bar to his knees, then leaned back and dragged it up his thighs, which he had rubbed with oil. Fellow competing powerlifter Jim Williams called Cole's lifting \"Circus tricks\" and challenged him to face him at the inaugural AAU World Powerlifting Championships 1971.[15] The oncoming duel between these two powerlifting titans was labeled the \"feud of the century\". Although Cole had vowed to take the challenge, he injured himself shortly before the championships to the point, where he was physically unable to lift, and would therefore not attend.[15] \"Big\" Jim Williams did not win the world championships either – it was Hugh \"Huge\" Cassidy, who became the first world powerlifting champion since the formation of the AAU.[15]","title":"Powerlifting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-en.allpowerlifting-1"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-en.allpowerlifting-1"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolleson,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powerliftingwatch-9"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-en.allpowerlifting-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-en.allpowerlifting-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powerliftingwatch-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jon_Cole_Fact_Sheet-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-900_Pound_Squat_Hall_of_Fame-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powerliftingwatch-9"}],"sub_title":"Meet results","text":"long standing all-time world records are bold1st place in the AAU US National Powerlifting Championships 1968, 110 kg (242 lb) Class (Los Angeles, California)[1]Squat: 705lb, Bench: 465lb, Deadlift: 720lb---Total: 1890lb1st place in the AAU US National Powerlifting Championships 1970 110 kg (242 lb) Class (New Orleans, Louisiana)[1]Squat: 760lb, Bench: 520lb, Deadlift: 780lb---Total: 2060lb1st place in the AAU Arizona State Powerlifting Championships 1971 110 kg (242 lb) Class (Phoenix, Arizona)[11]Squat: 800lb, Bench: 525lb, Deadlift: 815lb---Total: 2140lb[11] (3/14/71 @240.0 lbs, which later weighed out at 2135 lbs (797/525/813))[9]1st place in the AAU US National Powerlifting Championships 1972 +110 kg (+242 lb) Class (Denver, Colorado)[1]Squat: 865lb, Bench: 570lb, Deadlift: 820lb---Total: 2255lb[1] (09/17/72 @ 271.0 lbs, which later weighed out at 2259 lbs (869/570/820))[9][11]1st place in the AAU Arizona State Powerlifting Championships 1972 +110 kg (+242 lb) Class (Phoenix, Arizona)[11]Squat: 905lb, Bench: 580 lb, Deadlift: 885lb---Total: 2370lb[11] (10/28/72 @ 283.0 lbs, which later weighed out at 2364 lbs (901.5/580/882.5))[8][9]","title":"Powerlifting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World's Strongest Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Man"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_World%27s_Strongest_Man"},{"link_name":"Bruce Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Wilhelm"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_World%27s_Strongest_Man"}],"text":"Jon was invited to compete in the inaugural World's Strongest Man competition in 1977, finishing 6th while being past his prime. Olympic weightlifter Bruce Wilhelm won that year's as well as 1978's competition. These early WSM competitions were still a contest primarily consisting of American athletes.","title":"Strongman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arizona_Daily_Star-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ditillo-3"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Suns"},{"link_name":"Phoenix RoadRunners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Roadrunners_(ECHL)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arizona_Daily_Star-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powerliftingwatch_death-16"}],"text":"In his later years, Cole used his knowledge as a strength prodigy to help others improve as well. He worked as a strength coach at ASU, helping the Sun Devil football program to prominence in the 1970s.[13]\nJon Cole became a successful businessman with his own health club called \"Jon Cole Systems\", based in Scottsdale.[3] He has been strength consultant to the Phoenix Suns, Phoenix RoadRunners and many other professional athletes residing in the Phoenix area.[13]Jon Cole died of lung failure on January 10, 2013.[16]","title":"Life after competition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personal Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strengthplanet-7"},{"link_name":"Squat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squat_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-900_Pound_Squat_Hall_of_Fame-8"},{"link_name":"Bench Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_Press"},{"link_name":"Deadlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlift"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powerliftingwatch-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soong-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soong-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soong-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soong-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powerliftingwatch-9"}],"sub_title":"Powerlifting","text":"done in official competition[7]Squat: 901.5 lbs (408.9 kg) raw with ace-bandage knee wraps (905.0 lbs @ 283.0 lbs, which later weighed out at 901.5 lbs)[8]\nBench Press: 580.0 lbs (263.0 kg) raw\nDeadlift: 882.5 lbs (400.3 kg) in marathon suit (885.0 lb. @ 283.0 lb., which later weighed out at 882.5 lb.)\nPowerlifting Total: 2364 lbs[9] (901.5/580/882.5) raw with marathon suit and ace-bandage wraps (2370 lbs (905/580/885) @ 283.0 lbs, which later weighed out at 2364 lbs (901.5/580/882.5))[17]\n2364 lbs (901.5/580.0/882.5) @308 lb class[17] (1972 Phoenix, Arizona) (AAU)\n2259 lbs (869.0/570.0/820.0) @275 lb class[17] (1972 Denver, Colorado) (AAU)\n2135 lbs (797.0/525.0/813.0) @242 lb class[17] (1971 Tolleson, Arizona) (AAU)→ current all-time raw with marathon suit and ace-bandage wraps powerlifting total world records in the 308lb class[9] (have never been surpassed since the early 1970s)","title":"Personal Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snatch_(weightlifting)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ditillo-3"},{"link_name":"Clean and jerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_and_jerk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ditillo-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ditillo-3"},{"link_name":"Clean and press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_and_press"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ditillo-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ditillo-3"}],"sub_title":"Weightlifting","text":"Snatch: 155 kg (341.7 lbs)[3]\nClean and jerk: 195 kg (430 lbs)[3]\nOlympic Lift Total (modern): 350 kg (771.7 lbs)[3] (snatch + clean and jerk)\nClean and press: 195 kg (430 lbs)[3]\nOlympic 3-lift-Total (old): 545 kg (1201 lbs)[3](clean and press + snatch + clean and jerk)","title":"Personal Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austine-5"},{"link_name":"Mark Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Henry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austine-5"},{"link_name":"1972 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"}],"sub_title":"Combined Lifting Total","text":"combined weightlifting/powerlifting Super total:350 kg + 1072 kg = 1422 kg* / 771lbs + 2364lbs = 3135 lbs* (originally 3141 lbs before weigh-out)5-best-lift total:168 kg + 195 kg + 409 kg + 276 kg + 400 kg = 1435 kg* / 370 lb + 430 lb + 901 lb + 580 lb + 882 lb = 3163 lbs*(originally 3170 lbs before weigh-out)→ former all-time highest combined Supertotal as well as 5-lift-total in history for over 20 years (1972 to 1996*);[5] still the 3rd best in history* both surpassed by Mark Henry in early 1995[5]6-lift total:168 kg + 195 kg + 195 kg + 409 kg + 263 kg + 400 kg = 1630 kg* / 340 lb + 430 lb + 430 lb + 901 lb + 580 lb + 882 lb = 3593 lbs* (originally 3600 lbs before weigh-out)→ all-time highest 6-lift \"Superman\" total in history (the third Olympic lift (clean&press) was removed as a competitive lift after the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.)","title":"Personal Records"}]
[]
[{"title":"Jim Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Williams_(powerlifter)"},{"title":"John Kuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kuc"},{"title":"Hugh Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Cassidy"},{"title":"Don Reinhoudt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Reinhoudt"},{"title":"Paul Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Anderson_(weightlifter)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Jon Cole Powerlifting statistics (incomplete)\". en.allpowerlifting.com. Retrieved 2012-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.allpowerlifting.com/lifters/USA/cole-jon-frederick-23644/","url_text":"\"Jon Cole Powerlifting statistics (incomplete)\""}]},{"reference":"\"White Tanks Cemetery: Where Families Meet Heartache: Well known Powerlifter, Jon Frederic Cole, laid to rest at White Tanks\". 28 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://whitetankscemeterynotwheretheybelong.blogspot.com/2013/08/husband-laid-to-rest-at-white-tanks.html","url_text":"\"White Tanks Cemetery: Where Families Meet Heartache: Well known Powerlifter, Jon Frederic Cole, laid to rest at White Tanks\""}]},{"reference":"Fernando, Ron (2011-01-30). \"Jon Cole: A Forgotten Legend?\". Iron Game. ditillo2.blogspot.de. Retrieved 2012-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://ditillo2.blogspot.de/2011/01/jon-cole-forgotten-legend-ron-fernando.html","url_text":"\"Jon Cole: A Forgotten Legend?\""}]},{"reference":"Wangrin, Mark (February 1995). \"Austinite muscles his way into powerlifting history\" (PDF). Austin American-Statesman. markhenry.tv. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2012-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131224101256/http://www.markhenry.tv/cms/press_documents/Austine.pdf","url_text":"\"Austinite muscles his way into powerlifting history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_American-Statesman","url_text":"Austin American-Statesman"},{"url":"http://www.markhenry.tv/cms/press_documents/Austine.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"York Barbell Museum & USA Weightlifting Hall of Fame (York, Pennsylvania)\". Archived from the original on 2012-08-02. Retrieved 2012-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120802003511/http://www.interestingamerica.com/2012-03-31_USA-Weightlifting-Hall-of-Fame_by_Grigonis.html","url_text":"\"York Barbell Museum & USA Weightlifting Hall of Fame (York, Pennsylvania)\""},{"url":"http://www.interestingamerica.com/2012-03-31_USA-Weightlifting-Hall-of-Fame_by_Grigonis.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Strauss, Bob. \"Are We Really Getting Any Stronger ?\". Bob Strauss. strengthplanet.com - Fitness and Exercise Resource. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120615121116/http://strengthplanet.com/powerlifting/are-we-really-getting-any-stronger.htm","url_text":"\"Are We Really Getting Any Stronger ?\""},{"url":"http://strengthplanet.com/powerlifting/are-we-really-getting-any-stronger.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"900 Pound Unequipped Squat Hall of Fame - All-Time Historical World Powerlifting Records & Rankings\". powerliftingwatch.com. Retrieved 2007-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.powerliftingwatch.com/records/900-pound-raw-squat","url_text":"\"900 Pound Unequipped Squat Hall of Fame - All-Time Historical World Powerlifting Records & Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"Vasquez, Johnny. \"Men's All-time Raw World Records\". powerliftingwatch.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.powerliftingwatch.com/records/raw/world","url_text":"\"Men's All-time Raw World Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE HISTORY OF JON COLE & THE JON COLE SYSTEM\". The Jon Cole Systems Star. joncolesystems.com. 2008-11-18. Archived from the original on November 18, 2008. Retrieved 2012-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081118194540/http://www.joncolesystems.com/page0003.html","url_text":"\"THE HISTORY OF JON COLE & THE JON COLE SYSTEM\""},{"url":"http://www.joncolesystems.com/page0003.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jon Cole Fact Sheet\". The Jon Cole Systems Star. joncolesystems.com. 2008-11-18. Archived from the original on November 18, 2008. Retrieved 2012-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081118194926/http://www.joncolesystems.com/page0012.html","url_text":"\"Jon Cole Fact Sheet\""},{"url":"http://www.joncolesystems.com/page0012.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"<blank> - Arizona State University Official Athletic Site\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2012-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120510225233/http://www.thesundevils.com/genrel/081600aal.html","url_text":"\"<blank> - Arizona State University Official Athletic Site\""},{"url":"http://www.thesundevils.com/genrel/081600aal.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pascoe, Bruce (2011-08-02). \"Cole a powerhouse in powerlifting\". Arizona Daily Star. azstarnet.com. Retrieved 2012-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://azstarnet.com/sports/article_fe8876ea-043b-505c-9c27-6a87297926c0.html","url_text":"\"Cole a powerhouse in powerlifting\""}]},{"reference":"\"SI.com - SI 50th - Arizona - the 50 Greatest Arizona Sports Figures - Wednesday July 09, 2003 03:30 PM\". Archived from the original on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2012-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121017112615/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/magazine/features/si50/states/arizona/greatest/","url_text":"\"SI.com - SI 50th - Arizona - the 50 Greatest Arizona Sports Figures - Wednesday July 09, 2003 03:30 PM\""},{"url":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/magazine/features/si50/states/arizona/greatest/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marty Gallagher. \"Iron Icons Kuc & Williams, II\" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://startingstrength.com/articles/kuc_history_gallagher2.pdf","url_text":"\"Iron Icons Kuc & Williams, II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jon Cole gone at 71\". powerliftingwatch.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.powerliftingwatch.com/node/24616","url_text":"\"Jon Cole gone at 71\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALL TIME HISTORICAL MEN AND WOMEN'S POWERLIFTING WORLD RECORDS\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2012-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130603124709/http://www.powerliftingwatch.com/files/Records-08-26-12.pdf","url_text":"\"ALL TIME HISTORICAL MEN AND WOMEN'S POWERLIFTING WORLD RECORDS\""},{"url":"http://www.powerliftingwatch.com/files/Records-08-26-12.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Men%27s_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships
2001 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships
["1 Championship","2 Division I","2.1 Group A","2.2 Group B","3 Division II","3.1 Group A","3.2 Group B","4 Citations","5 External links"]
2001 edition of the Men's World Ice Hockey Championship 2001 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships← 20002002 → The 2001 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships were the 65th such event organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation. 40 teams representing their countries participated in several levels of competition. The competition also served as qualifications for division placements in the 2002 competition. Championship Main article: 2001 IIHF World Championship Final standings  Czech Republic  Finland  Sweden  United States  Canada  Russia  Slovakia  Germany   Switzerland  Ukraine  Austria  Italy  Latvia  Belarus — relegated to Division I for 2002  Norway — relegated to Division I for 2002  Japan Division I Group A Group A was played in Grenoble, France between April 16 and April 22, 2001 Team Pld W L D GF GA GD Pts  Poland 5 4 1 0 27 9 +18 8  France 5 3 1 1 20 10 +10 7  Denmark 5 3 2 0 23 14 +9 6  Hungary 5 3 2 0 19 15 +4 6  Netherlands 5 1 3 1 10 25 −15 3  Lithuania 5 0 5 0 10 36 −26 0 Source: IIHF April 16, 200113:00Hungary 3–5 Denmark April 16, 200116:30Netherlands 0–4 Poland April 16, 200120:00Lithuania 1–7 France April 17, 200113:00Poland 3–0 Hungary April 17, 200116:30Denmark 8–1 Lithuania April 17, 200120:00France 4–4 Netherlands April 19, 200113:00Lithuania 2–3 Netherlands April 19, 200116:30Poland 5–3 Denmark April 19, 200120:00France 1–3 Hungary April 21, 200113:00Netherlands 2–8 Hungary April 21, 200116:30Poland 13–2 Lithuania April 21, 200120:00Denmark 0–4 France April 22, 200113:00Hungary 5–4 Lithuania April 22, 200116:30Denmark 7–1 Netherlands April 22, 200120:00France 4–2 Poland Group B Group B was played in Ljubljana, Slovenia between April 15 and April 21, 2001. The final day was a controversial one, with the British and Slovene teams having to decide promotion based on overall goal differential. The British beat the Kazakhs by an improbable nine goals. When coach Chris McSorley was asked how much he paid the Kazakhs, he responded, "zero, you have not much confidence in your team, I think Slovenia can beat Estonia by at least 12 goals." The medal presentation was marred by Slovenian fans throwing debris on the ice when the Brits received their silver medals, the Kazakh team did not even attend to receive their bronze. Team Pld W L D GF GA GD Pts  Slovenia 5 4 0 1 44 6 +38 9  Great Britain 5 4 0 1 42 9 +33 9  Kazakhstan 5 3 2 0 35 21 +14 6  Croatia 5 1 3 1 17 45 −28 3  China 5 1 4 0 8 39 −31 2  Estonia 5 0 4 1 13 39 −26 1 Source: IIHF April 15, 200111:00Kazakhstan 12–1 China April 15, 200114:30Great Britain 6–2 Estonia April 15, 200118:00Croatia 1–15 Slovenia April 17, 200111:00Estonia 3–8 Kazakhstan April 17, 200114:30Great Britain 10–1 Croatia April 17, 200118:00Slovenia 7–1 China April 18, 200111:00Croatia 3–12 Kazakhstan April 18, 200114:30China 3–2 Estonia April 18, 200118:00Slovenia 3–3 Great Britain April 20, 200111:00Great Britain 12–1 China April 20, 200114:30Estonia 6–6 Croatia April 20, 200118:00Kazakhstan 1–3 Slovenia April 21, 200111:00China 2–6 Croatia April 21, 200114:30Kazakhstan 2–11 Great Britain April 21, 200118:00Estonia 0–16 Slovenia  Poland and  Slovenia are promoted to the 2002 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships, while  Estonia and  Lithuania are relegated to Division II. Division II Group A Group A was played in Majadahonda, Spain between April 1 and April 7, 2001 Team Pld W L D GF GA GD Pts  South Korea 5 5 0 0 42 5 +37 10  Spain 5 4 1 0 52 8 +44 8  Australia 5 3 2 0 40 23 +17 6  South Africa 5 2 3 0 17 48 −31 4  Iceland 5 1 4 0 11 34 −23 2  New Zealand 5 0 5 0 12 56 −44 0 Source: IIHF April 1, 200113:00South Africa 0–13 Spain April 1, 200117:00New Zealand 0–13 South Korea April 1, 200121:00Iceland 2–6 Australia April 2, 200113:00South Korea 10–1 South Africa April 2, 200117:00Australia 13–3 New Zealand April 2, 200121:00Spain 14–1 Iceland April 4, 200113:00New Zealand 6–7 South Africa April 4, 200117:00South Korea 7–0 Iceland April 4, 200121:00Spain 5–3 Australia April 5, 200113:00South Africa 5–3 Iceland April 5, 200117:00Australia 2–9 South Korea April 5, 200121:00Spain 18–1 New Zealand April 7, 200113:00South Korea 3–2 Spain April 7, 200117:00Australia 16–4 South Africa April 7, 200121:00Iceland 5–2 New Zealand Group B Group B was played in Bucharest, Romania between March 26 and April 1, 2001 Team Pld W L D GF GA GD Pts  Romania 5 5 0 0 46 4 +42 10  Israel 5 4 1 0 21 11 +10 8  Yugoslavia 5 2 2 1 24 13 +11 5  Bulgaria 5 2 3 0 21 25 −4 4  Belgium 5 1 3 1 23 20 +3 3  Mexico 5 0 5 0 4 66 −62 0 Source: IIHF March 26, 200111:30Belgium 1–5 Israel March 26, 200115:00Bulgaria 1–5 Yugoslavia March 26, 200119:30Romania 19–0 Mexico March 27, 200111:30Yugoslavia 4–4 Belgium March 27, 200115:00Israel 7–1 Mexico March 27, 200119:30Romania 8–0 Bulgaria March 29, 200111:30Mexico 3–14 Bulgaria March 29, 200115:00Yugoslavia 1–2 Israel March 29, 200120:00Romania 6–1 Belgium March 31, 200110:00Bulgaria 5–4 Belgium March 31, 200113:00Israel 2–7 Romania March 31, 200117:00Yugoslavia 13–0 Mexico April 1, 200110:00Belgium 13–0 Mexico April 1, 200113:00Israel 5–1 Bulgaria April 1, 200117:00Romania 6–1 Yugoslavia  South Korea and  Romania are promoted to Division I and  Mexico and  New Zealand are relegated to Division II Qualification. Citations ^ Group B summary External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2001 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships. IIHF Website Complete results at Passionhockey.com Podnieks, Andrew (2010). IIHF Media Guide & Record Book 2011. Moydart Press. pp. 166–7. vteIce Hockey World ChampionshipsCurrent champions (2024):  Czech Republic2024 Championshipteams  Austria  Canada  Czechia  Denmark  Finland  France  Germany  Great Britain  Kazakhstan  Latvia  Norway  Poland  Slovakia  Sweden   Switzerland  United States Tournaments 1920 1924 1928 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1982 1983 1985 1986 1987 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Championships(Top Division)Editions Switzerland 1998 Norway 1999 Russia 2000 Germany 2001 Sweden 2002 Finland 2003 Czech Republic 2004 Austria 2005 Latvia 2006 Russia 2007 Canada 2008 Switzerland 2009 Germany 2010 Slovakia 2011 Finland / Sweden 2012 Sweden / Finland 2013 Belarus 2014 Czech Republic 2015 Russia 2016 Germany / France 2017 Denmark 2018 Slovakia 2019 Switzerland 2020 Latvia 2021 Finland 2022 Finland / Latvia 2023 Czechia 2024 Sweden / Denmark 2025 Switzerland 2026 Germany 2027 France 2028 Finals 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Rosters 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Division I 1998(B)/(C) 1999(B)/(C) 2000(B)/(C) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Division II 1998(D) 1999(D) 2000(D) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Division III 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Division IV 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Team appearances Medalists Attendance Awards winners
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Ice Hockey Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation"},{"link_name":"2002 competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_World_Championships"}],"text":"The 2001 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships were the 65th such event organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation. 40 teams representing their countries participated in several levels of competition. The competition also served as qualifications for division placements in the 2002 competition.","title":"2001 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"}],"text":"Final standingsCzech Republic\n Finland\n Sweden\n United States\n Canada\n Russia\n Slovakia\n Germany\n  Switzerland\n Ukraine\n Austria\n Italy\n Latvia\n Belarus — relegated to Division I for 2002\n Norway — relegated to Division I for 2002\n Japan","title":"Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Division I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"IIHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//webarchive.iihf.com/hockey/x/0001/Wsia/cs/pg000004.html"}],"sub_title":"Group A","text":"Group A was played in Grenoble, France between April 16 and April 22, 2001Source: IIHF","title":"Division I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Chris McSorley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_McSorley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"IIHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//webarchive.iihf.com/hockey/x/0001/WSIB/cs/pg000004.html"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"2002 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Men%27s_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"}],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"Group B was played in Ljubljana, Slovenia between April 15 and April 21, 2001. The final day was a controversial one, with the British and Slovene teams having to decide promotion based on overall goal differential. The British beat the Kazakhs by an improbable nine goals. When coach Chris McSorley was asked how much he paid the Kazakhs, he responded, \"zero, you have not much confidence in your team, I think Slovenia can beat Estonia by at least 12 goals.\"[1] The medal presentation was marred by Slovenian fans throwing debris on the ice when the Brits received their silver medals, the Kazakh team did not even attend to receive their bronze.Source: IIHFPoland and  Slovenia are promoted to the 2002 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships, while  Estonia and  Lithuania are relegated to Division II.","title":"Division I"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Division II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Majadahonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadahonda"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"IIHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//webarchive.iihf.com/hockey/x/0001/Wsiia/cs/pg000003.html"}],"sub_title":"Group A","text":"Group A was played in Majadahonda, Spain between April 1 and April 7, 2001Source: IIHF","title":"Division II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"IIHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//webarchive.iihf.com/hockey/x/0001/Wsiib/0001/pg000001.html"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"}],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"Group B was played in Bucharest, Romania between March 26 and April 1, 2001Source: IIHFSouth Korea and  Romania are promoted to Division I and  Mexico and  New Zealand are relegated to Division II Qualification.","title":"Division II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Group B summary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.passionhockey.com/hockeyarchives/mondial2001.htm"}],"text":"^ Group B summary","title":"Citations"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Comoros
Politics of the Comoros
["1 Precolonial and colonial political structures","2 Post-independence","3 First Constitution: Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, 1978-1989[12]","4 Second Constitution: Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, 1992 - 1999[12]","5 Third Constitution: The Union of the Comoros, 2001[12]","6 Fourth Constitution","7 Autonomous islands","8 Executive branch","9 Legislative branch","10 Judicial branch","11 Political parties and elections","12 International organization participation","13 See also","14 References","15 External links"]
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2018) Politics of the Comoros Member State of the Arab League Constitution Human rights LGBT rights Executive President Azali Assoumani Legislature Assembly of the Union President: Moustadroine Abdou Judiciary Supreme Court Elections Political parties Recent elections Presidential: 20192024 Parliamentary: 20152020 Autonomous islands Grande Comore Anjouan Mohéli Island assemblies Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Dhoihir Dhoulkamal Diplomatic missions of / in the Comoros Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Other countries vte Islands of the Union of the Comoros : Njazidja, Mwali (Moheli) and Nzwani (Anjouan) The Politics of the Union of the Comoros take place in a framework of a unitary presidential republic, whereby the President of the Comoros is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The precolonial legacies of the sultanates linger while the political situation in Comoros has been extremely fluid since the country's independence in 1975, subject to the volatility of coups and political insurrection. As of 2008, Comoros and Mauritania were considered by US-based organization Freedom House as the only real “electoral democracies” of the Arab World. Precolonial and colonial political structures Sultanates in the late nineteenth century used a cyclic age system and hierarchical lineage membership to provide the foundation for participation in the political process. In the capital, "the sultan was assisted by his ministers and by a madjelis, an advisory council composed of elders, whom he consulted regularly". Apart from local administration, the age system was used to include the population in decision making, depending on the scope of the decision being made. For example, the elders of the island of Njazidja held considerable influence on the authority of the sultan. Though sultanates granted rights to their free inhabitants, were provided with warriors during war and taxed the towns under their authority, their definition as a state is open to debate. The islands' incorporation as a province of the colony of Madagascar into the French colonial empire marked the end of the sultanates. Despite French colonization, Comorans identify first with kinship or regional ties and rarely ever with the central government. This is a lingering effect of the sovereign sultanates of pre-colonial times. French colonial administration was based on a misconception that the sultanates operated as absolute monarchs: district boundaries were the same as the sultanates', multiple new taxes forced men into wage labor on colonial plantations and was reinforced through a compulsory public labor system that had little effect on infrastructure. French policy was hampered by an absence of settlers, effective communication across islands, rough geographical terrain and hostility towards the colonial government. Policies were made to apply to Madagascar as a whole and seldom to the nuances of each province: civil servants were typically Christian, unaware of local customs and unable to speak the local language. The French established the Ouatou Akouba in 1915, a local form of governance based on "customary structures" already in place that attempted to model itself after the age system in place under the sultanates. Their understanding of the elders' council as a corporate group bypassed the reality that there were men "who had accomplished the necessary customary rituals to be accorded the status of elder and thus be eligible to participate in the political process in the village", which effectively rendered the French elders' council ineffective. Though the Ouatou Akouba was disbanded, it resulted in the consolidation and formalization of the age system as access to power in the customary and local government spheres. The French failure to establish a functioning state in the Comoros has had repercussions in the post-independence era. Post-independence At independence there were five main political parties: OUDZIMA, UMMA, the Comoro People's Democratic Rally, the Comoro National Liberation Movement and the Socialist Objective Party. The political groups previously known simply as the 'green' and 'white' party became the Rassemblement Démocratique du Peuple Comorien (RDPC) and the Union Démocratique des Comores (UDC), headed by Sayyid Muhammad Cheikh and Sayyid Ibrahim. Members from both parties later merged to form OUDZIMA under the leadership of first president Ahmad Abdallah while dissidents from both created UMMA under the leadership of future president Ali Soilih. Prince Said Ibrahim took power in 1970 but was democratically elected out of office in 1972 in favor of former French senator Ahmed Abdallah. President Abdallah declared independence for all islands, except Mayotte which remained under French administration, in 1975. The threat of renewed socioeconomic marginalization following the transfer of the capital to Ngazidja in 1962, more than social or cultural differences, underlay the island's subsequent rejection of independence. France withdrew all economic and technical support for the now independent state, which would encourage a revolutionary regime under future president Ali Soilih. French military and financial aid to mercenaries brought Prince Said Mohammed Jaffar to power after the United National Front of the Comoros (FNU) party toppled Abdallah's government. This mercenary coup was unique in that, unlike other coups on the continent, it was "uninspired by any ideological convictions". The Jaffar regime's inefficient distribution of resources and poor mismanagement was shown through the expulsion of French civil servants as well as endemic unemployment and food shortages. The regime used famine as "an opportunity to switch food patronage from France to the World Food Programme's emergency aid". President Jaffar's ousting by Minister of Defense and Justice, Ali Soilih, brought about the "periode noire" (dark period) of the country; you could vote at 14, most civil servants were dismissed and there was a ban on some Islamic customs. He implemented revolutionary social reforms such as replacing French with Shikomoro, burning down the national archives and nationalizing land. His government received support from Egypt, Iraq and Sudan. Soilih's attacks on religious and customary authority contributed to his eventual ousting through a French-backed coup consisting of mercenaries and ex-politicians who together formed the Politico Military Doctorate. Abdallah was reinstated and constructed a mercantile state by resuscitating the structures of the colonial era. His establishment of a one party state and intolerance for dissent further alienated civil society from the state. In May 1978 the Comoros were renamed the Islamic Republic of the Comoros and continued strengthening ties with the Arab world which resulted in their joining the Arab League. Abdallah's government sought to reverse Soilih's 'de-sacralization' by re-introducing the grand marriage, declaring Arabic the second official language behind French, and creating the office of the Grand Mufti. The doctorate & compromise government was dissolved, constitutional changes removed succession from a politician and neutralized the post of another possible challenger in abolishing the position of Prime Minister, which effectively cemented a client-patron network by making the civil service position dependent on Abdallah's political base. The Democratic Front's (DF) internal opposition to Abdallah was suppressed through the incarceration of over 600 people allegedly involved in a failed coup attempt. Abdallah then stocked the House of Assembly with loyal clientelist supporters through rigged parliamentary elections. All of these actions effectively consolidated Abdallah's position. Muhammed Djohar succeeded president Abdallah after his assassination in 1989 but was evacuated by French troops after a failed coup attempt in 1996. The Comoros were led by Muhammed Taki Abd al-Karim beginning in 1996 and he was followed by interim president Said Massunde who eventually gave way to Assoumani Azali. Taki's lack of Arab heritage led to his lack of understanding Nzwani's cultural differences and economic problems, as seen by the establishment of the elders council with only loyal Taki supporters. As a result, the council was ignored by the true elders of the island. After Taki's death, a military coup in 1999, the nation's eighteenth since independence in 1975, installed Azali in to power. Colonel Azali Assoumani seized power in a bloodless coup in April 1999, overthrowing Interim President Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde, who himself had held the office since the death of democratically elected President Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim in November, 1998. In May 1999, Azali decreed a constitution that gave him both executive and legislative powers. Bowing somewhat to international criticism, Azali appointed a civilian Prime Minister, Bainrifi Tarmidi, in December 1999; however, Azali retained the mantle of Head of State and army Commander. In December 2000, Azali named a new civilian Prime Minister, Hamada Madi, and formed a new civilian Cabinet. When Azali took power he also pledged to step down in April 2000 and relinquish control to a democratically elected president—a pledge with mixed results. Under Mohammed Taki and Assoumani Azali, access to the state was used to support client networks which led to crumbling infrastructure that cultivated in the islands of Nzwani and Mwali declaring independence only to be stopped by French troops. Azali lacked the social obligations required to address the elders and when combined with his gross mismanagement and increasing economic and social dependence on foreign entities, made managing daily life near nonexistent in the state. Therefore, local administrative structures began popping up and drifting away from reliance on the state, funded by remittances from the expatriate community in France. Azali Assoumani is a former army officer, first came to power in a coup in 1999. Then he won presidency in 2002 election, having power until 2006. After ten years, he was elected again in 2016 election. In March 2019, he was re-elected in the elections opposition claimed to be full of irregularities. Before the 2019 election president Azali Assoumani had arranged a constitutional referendum in 2018 that approved extending the presidential mandate from one five-year term to two. The opposition had boycotted the referendum. In January 2020, his party The Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros (CRC) won 20 out of 24 parliamentary seats in the parliamentary election. On 18 February 2023 the Comoros assumed the presidency of the African Union. In January 2024, President Azali Assoumani was re-elected with 63% of the vote in the disputed presidential election. The Comoros Islands have experienced five different constitutions. First Constitution: Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, 1978-1989 No parliamentary or popular participation Intended to provide unity and promote economic growth. Islands were known as governorates, independent entities with Island Council's and elected governor's that served four year terms, appointed commissioners, and handled the financial and social matters of the island.   Offices at the national level and positions of central government were divided among the three islands. Under this constitution, the unicameral government did not represent the islands in a chamber and gave the governors and federal government authority over the islands.   Issues under this constitution included an uneven distribution of resources between governorates and the federal government which lead to limited autonomy in the independent management of each island. Foreign aid required approval of the federal executive, further exacerbating this issue.   Revised in 1983, 1984, and 1989 which resulted in the elimination of the Prime Minister position. Second Constitution: Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, 1992 - 1999 Consulted civil society and political parties. Governors and Island Council's now elected for five year terms, with the latter in charge of the island's finances. Between 30 and 40% of taxes went to the federal budget with the rest proportionately divided among the islands.   The Central government was in charge of the armed forces and national policies and could be terminated through a vote of non-confidence in the Federal Assembly, whose members were elected for four years.   This constitution created a Senate of equal representation for the islands where members were elected for six year terms and could collectively challenge policy passed by the Federal Assembly. The Constitutional Council oversaw elections and the constitutionality of proceedings in the islands. The Council of Ulenma promoted Islam.   Judicial power was independent from the executive and legislative branches.   Third Constitution: The Union of the Comoros, 2001 Federal Assembly dissolved President of the Union elected to five year terms and appoints Prime Minister to serve as head of government. President Azali did not elect a head of government and thus was both the head of the state and government. The executive is known as the council of ministers and appointed by the president with each island having their own presidents.   Senate replaced with Assembly of the Union – 30 seats and five year terms.   Created a supreme court that was elected by the president, the Assembly of the Union, and the assembly of each island. Fourth Constitution In a separate nod to pressure to restore civilian rule, the government organized several committees to compose a new constitution, including the August 2000 National Congress and November 2000 Tripartite Commission. The opposition parties initially refused to participate in the Tripartite Commission, but on 17 February, representatives of the government, the Anjouan separatists, the political opposition, and civil society organizations signed a "Framework Accord for Reconciliation in Comoros," brokered by the Organization for African Unity The accord called for the creation of a new Tripartite Commission for National Reconciliation to develop a "New Comorian Entity" with a new constitution. The new federal Constitution came into effect in 2002; it included elements of consociationalism, including a presidency that rotates every four years among the islands and extensive autonomy for each island. Presidential elections were held in 2002, at which Azali Assoumani was elected president. In April 2004 legislative elections were held, completing the implementation of the new constitution. The new Union of the Comoros consists of three islands, Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli. Each island has a president, who shares the presidency of the Union on a rotating basis. The president and his vice-presidents are elected for a term of four years. The constitution states that, "the islands enjoy financial autonomy, freely draw up and manage their budgets". President Assoumani Azali of Grande Comore is the first Union president. President Mohamed Bacar of Anjouan formed his 13-member government at the end of April, 2003. On 15 May 2006, Ahmed Abdallah Sambi, a cleric and successful businessman educated in Iran, Saudi Arabia and Sudan, was declared the winner of elections for President of the Republic. He is considered a moderate Islamist and is called Ayatollah by his supporters. He beat out retired French air force officer Mohamed Djaanfari and long-time politician Ibrahim Halidi, whose candidacy was backed by Azali Assoumani, the outgoing president. A referendum took place on May 16, 2009, to decide whether to cut down the government's unwieldy political bureaucracy. 52.7% of those eligible voted, and 93.8% of votes were cast in approval of the referendum. The referendum would cause each island's president to become a governor and the ministers to become councilors. Autonomous islands The constitution gives Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli the right to govern most of their own affairs with their own presidents, except the activities assigned to the Union of the Comoros like Foreign Policy, Defense, Nationality, Banking and others. Comoros considers Mayotte, an overseas collectivity of France, to be part of its territory, with an autonomous status As of 2011, the three autonomous islands are subdivided into 16 prefectures, 54 communes, and 318 villes or villages. Executive branch Main office-holders Office Name Party Since President Azali Assoumani 26 May 2016 The federal presidency is rotated between the islands' presidents. The Union of the Comoros abolished the position of Prime Minister in 2002. The position of Vice-President of the Comoros was used 2002–2019. Legislative branch The Assembly of the Union has 33 seats, 24 elected in single seat constituencies and 9 representatives of the regional assemblies. Judicial branch The Supreme Court or Cour Supreme, has two members appointed by the president, two members elected by the Federal Assembly, one by the Council of each island, and former presidents of the republic. Political parties and elections For other political parties, see List of political parties in the Comoros. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Comoros. International organization participation The Comoros are member of the ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AMF, African Union, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, InOC, Interpol, IOC, ITU, LAS, NAM, OIC, OPCW (signatory), United Nations, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WMO. See also ISO 3166-2:KM References ^ "Comoros 2018". Constitute. Retrieved 30 January 2024. ^ "Freedom House Country Report 2008". Archived from the original on 2009-07-12. Retrieved 2008-08-01. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Walker, Iain (2007). "What Came First, the Nation or the State? Political Process in the Comoro Islands". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 77 (4): 582–605. doi:10.3366/afr.2007.77.4.582. ISSN 0001-9720. JSTOR 40027276. S2CID 143860412. ^ NERENBERG, KARL (2005). Handbook of Federal Countries, 2005. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2888-8. JSTOR j.ctt809gp. ^ a b c d e f Mukonoweshuro, Eliphas G. (1990). "The Politics of Squalor and Dependency: Chronic Political Instability and Economic Collapse in the Comoro Islands". African Affairs. 89 (357): 555–577. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098331. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 722174. ^ a b c d e Loimeier, Roman (2016). Islamic Reform in Twentieth-Century Africa. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-9543-0. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1g050r6. ^ "Comoros president named winner in election rejected by opposition". Reuters. 26 March 2019. ^ a b "Comoros president's party wins poll boycotted by opposition". ^ "The Dangers of Assoumani's 'Creeping Authoritarianism' in Comoros". 14 February 2020. ^ "President Azali Assoumani of the Union of Comoros, Takes Over as the New Chairperson of the African Union (AU) for 2023 | African Union". au.int. ^ "Comoros President Azali Assoumani wins fourth term in disputed poll". 17 January 2024. ^ a b c d NERENBERG, KARL (2005). Handbook of Federal Countries, 2005. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2888-8. JSTOR j.ctt809gp. ^ "Islamist elected Comoros leader". BBC News. 2006-05-16. Retrieved 2009-05-20. ^ "Comoros: Referendum Approves Downscaling of Government". AllAfrica Global Media. 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2009-05-20. ^ "CONSTITUTION of the FEDERAL ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF THE COMOROS" (PDF). ConstitutionNet. 30 October 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-17. Retrieved 20 November 2022. ^ "Decree No. 11-148/PR on the territorial organization of the Union of the Comoros" (PDF). External links "Official website of the Presidency" (in French). Archived from the original on 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2008-04-16. vteComoros articlesHistory Bantu Shirazi Sultans Slavery in the Comoros French Comoros Territory of the Comoros Colonial governors 1979–1989 Operation Azalee 2008 invasion of Anjouan Wars Coups Geography Cities Climate Regions Volcanoes Wildlife Politics Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Military Political parties President Vice-President Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Franc (currency) Mining Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Corruption Culture Demographics Education Flag Health Holidays Languages Media Music Olympics Religion OutlineIndex Category vtePolitics of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies andother territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla  (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comoros_independence_referendum.jpg"},{"link_name":"unitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"presidential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system"},{"link_name":"republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic"},{"link_name":"President of the Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Comoros"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"head of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government"},{"link_name":"multi-party system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_system"},{"link_name":"Executive power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_power"},{"link_name":"Legislative power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_power"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Freedom House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House"},{"link_name":"electoral democracies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_democracy"},{"link_name":"Arab World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_World"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Islands of the Union of the Comoros : Njazidja, Mwali (Moheli) and Nzwani (Anjouan)The Politics of the Union of the Comoros take place in a framework of a unitary[1] presidential republic, whereby the President of the Comoros is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The precolonial legacies of the sultanates linger while the political situation in Comoros has been extremely fluid since the country's independence in 1975, subject to the volatility of coups and political insurrection.As of 2008, Comoros and Mauritania were considered by US-based organization Freedom House as the only real “electoral democracies” of the Arab World.[2]","title":"Politics of the Comoros"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"Sultanates in the late nineteenth century used a cyclic age system and hierarchical lineage membership to provide the foundation for participation in the political process. In the capital, \"the sultan was assisted by his ministers and by a madjelis, an advisory council composed of elders, whom he consulted regularly\".[3] Apart from local administration, the age system was used to include the population in decision making, depending on the scope of the decision being made. For example, the elders of the island of Njazidja held considerable influence on the authority of the sultan.[3] Though sultanates granted rights to their free inhabitants, were provided with warriors during war and taxed the towns under their authority, their definition as a state is open to debate.[3] The islands' incorporation as a province of the colony of Madagascar into the French colonial empire marked the end of the sultanates.Despite French colonization, Comorans identify first with kinship or regional ties and rarely ever with the central government. This is a lingering effect of the sovereign sultanates of pre-colonial times.[4] French colonial administration was based on a misconception that the sultanates operated as absolute monarchs: district boundaries were the same as the sultanates', multiple new taxes forced men into wage labor on colonial plantations and was reinforced through a compulsory public labor system that had little effect on infrastructure.[3] French policy was hampered by an absence of settlers, effective communication across islands, rough geographical terrain and hostility towards the colonial government. Policies were made to apply to Madagascar as a whole and seldom to the nuances of each province: civil servants were typically Christian, unaware of local customs and unable to speak the local language.[3] The French established the Ouatou Akouba in 1915, a local form of governance based on \"customary structures\" already in place that attempted to model itself after the age system in place under the sultanates. Their understanding of the elders' council as a corporate group bypassed the reality that there were men \"who had accomplished the necessary customary rituals to be accorded the status of elder and thus be eligible to participate in the political process in the village\",[3] which effectively rendered the French elders' council ineffective. Though the Ouatou Akouba was disbanded, it resulted in the consolidation and formalization of the age system as access to power in the customary and local government spheres. The French failure to establish a functioning state in the Comoros has had repercussions in the post-independence era.[3]","title":"Precolonial and colonial political structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"Azali Assoumani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azali_Assoumani"},{"link_name":"Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadjidine_Ben_Said_Massounde"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Taki_Abdoulkarim"},{"link_name":"Bainrifi Tarmidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bainrifi_Tarmidi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hamada Madi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamada_Madi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Azali Assoumani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azali_Assoumani"},{"link_name":"2002 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Comorian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"2016 election.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Comorian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Comorian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Comorian_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boycotted-8"},{"link_name":"The Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_for_the_Renewal_of_the_Comoros"},{"link_name":"parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Comorian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boycotted-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"African Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Comorian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Countries-2005-12"}],"text":"At independence there were five main political parties: OUDZIMA, UMMA, the Comoro People's Democratic Rally, the Comoro National Liberation Movement and the Socialist Objective Party.[5] The political groups previously known simply as the 'green' and 'white' party became the Rassemblement Démocratique du Peuple Comorien (RDPC) and the Union Démocratique des Comores (UDC), headed by Sayyid Muhammad Cheikh and Sayyid Ibrahim. Members from both parties later merged to form OUDZIMA under the leadership of first president Ahmad Abdallah while dissidents from both created UMMA under the leadership of future president Ali Soilih.[6]Prince Said Ibrahim took power in 1970 but was democratically elected out of office in 1972 in favor of former French senator Ahmed Abdallah. President Abdallah declared independence for all islands, except Mayotte which remained under French administration, in 1975. The threat of renewed socioeconomic marginalization following the transfer of the capital to Ngazidja in 1962, more than social or cultural differences, underlay the island's subsequent rejection of independence.[3] France withdrew all economic and technical support for the now independent state, which would encourage a revolutionary regime under future president Ali Soilih.[3] French military and financial aid to mercenaries brought Prince Said Mohammed Jaffar to power after the United National Front of the Comoros (FNU) party toppled Abdallah's government. This mercenary coup was unique in that, unlike other coups on the continent, it was \"uninspired by any ideological convictions\".[5] The Jaffar regime's inefficient distribution of resources and poor mismanagement was shown through the expulsion of French civil servants as well as endemic unemployment and food shortages. The regime used famine as \"an opportunity to switch food patronage from France to the World Food Programme's emergency aid\".[5]President Jaffar's ousting by Minister of Defense and Justice, Ali Soilih, brought about the \"periode noire\" (dark period) of the country; you could vote at 14, most civil servants were dismissed and there was a ban on some Islamic customs.[5] He implemented revolutionary social reforms such as replacing French with Shikomoro, burning down the national archives and nationalizing land. His government received support from Egypt, Iraq and Sudan.[6] Soilih's attacks on religious and customary authority contributed to his eventual ousting through a French-backed coup consisting of mercenaries and ex-politicians who together formed the Politico Military Doctorate.[3][5]Abdallah was reinstated and constructed a mercantile state by resuscitating the structures of the colonial era. His establishment of a one party state and intolerance for dissent further alienated civil society from the state.[3] In May 1978 the Comoros were renamed the Islamic Republic of the Comoros and continued strengthening ties with the Arab world which resulted in their joining the Arab League. Abdallah's government sought to reverse Soilih's 'de-sacralization' by re-introducing the grand marriage, declaring Arabic the second official language behind French, and creating the office of the Grand Mufti.[6] The doctorate & compromise government was dissolved, constitutional changes removed succession from a politician and neutralized the post of another possible challenger in abolishing the position of Prime Minister, which effectively cemented a client-patron network by making the civil service position dependent on Abdallah's political base. The Democratic Front's (DF) internal opposition to Abdallah was suppressed through the incarceration of over 600 people allegedly involved in a failed coup attempt. Abdallah then stocked the House of Assembly with loyal clientelist supporters through rigged parliamentary elections. All of these actions effectively consolidated Abdallah's position.[5]Muhammed Djohar succeeded president Abdallah after his assassination in 1989 but was evacuated by French troops after a failed coup attempt in 1996. The Comoros were led by Muhammed Taki Abd al-Karim beginning in 1996 and he was followed by interim president Said Massunde who eventually gave way to Assoumani Azali.[3] Taki's lack of Arab heritage led to his lack of understanding Nzwani's cultural differences and economic problems, as seen by the establishment of the elders council with only loyal Taki supporters. As a result, the council was ignored by the true elders of the island. After Taki's death, a military coup in 1999, the nation's eighteenth since independence in 1975, installed Azali in to power.[6] Colonel Azali Assoumani seized power in a bloodless coup in April 1999, overthrowing Interim President Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde, who himself had held the office since the death of democratically elected President Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim in November, 1998. In May 1999, Azali decreed a constitution that gave him both executive and legislative powers. Bowing somewhat to international criticism, Azali appointed a civilian Prime Minister, Bainrifi Tarmidi, in December 1999; however, Azali retained the mantle of Head of State and army Commander. In December 2000, Azali named a new civilian Prime Minister, Hamada Madi, and formed a new civilian Cabinet. When Azali took power he also pledged to step down in April 2000 and relinquish control to a democratically elected president—a pledge with mixed results. Under Mohammed Taki and Assoumani Azali, access to the state was used to support client networks which led to crumbling infrastructure that cultivated in the islands of Nzwani and Mwali declaring independence only to be stopped by French troops.[6][3] Azali lacked the social obligations required to address the elders and when combined with his gross mismanagement and increasing economic and social dependence on foreign entities, made managing daily life near nonexistent in the state. Therefore, local administrative structures began popping up and drifting away from reliance on the state, funded by remittances from the expatriate community in France.[3]Azali Assoumani is a former army officer, first came to power in a coup in 1999. Then he won presidency in 2002 election, having power until 2006. After ten years, he was elected again in 2016 election. In March 2019, he was re-elected in the elections opposition claimed to be full of irregularities.[7]Before the 2019 election president Azali Assoumani had arranged a constitutional referendum in 2018 that approved extending the presidential mandate from one five-year term to two. The opposition had boycotted the referendum.[8]In January 2020, his party The Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros (CRC) won 20 out of 24 parliamentary seats in the parliamentary election.[8][9]On 18 February 2023 the Comoros assumed the presidency of the African Union.[10] In January 2024, President Azali Assoumani was re-elected with 63% of the vote in the disputed presidential election.[11]The Comoros Islands have experienced five different constitutions.[12]","title":"Post-independence"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"No parliamentary or popular participation\nIntended to provide unity and promote economic growth.\nIslands were known as governorates, independent entities with Island Council's and elected governor's that served four year terms, appointed commissioners, and handled the financial and social matters of the island.  \nOffices at the national level and positions of central government were divided among the three islands. Under this constitution, the unicameral government did not represent the islands in a chamber and gave the governors and federal government authority over the islands.  \nIssues under this constitution included an uneven distribution of resources between governorates and the federal government which lead to limited autonomy in the independent management of each island. Foreign aid required approval of the federal executive, further exacerbating this issue.  \nRevised in 1983, 1984, and 1989 which resulted in the elimination of the Prime Minister position.","title":"First Constitution: Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, 1978-1989"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Consulted civil society and political parties. Governors and Island Council's now elected for five year terms, with the latter in charge of the island's finances.\nBetween 30 and 40% of taxes went to the federal budget with the rest proportionately divided among the islands.  \nThe Central government was in charge of the armed forces and national policies and could be terminated through a vote of non-confidence in the Federal Assembly, whose members were elected for four years.  \nThis constitution created a Senate of equal representation for the islands where members were elected for six year terms and could collectively challenge policy passed by the Federal Assembly.\nThe Constitutional Council oversaw elections and the constitutionality of proceedings in the islands.\nThe Council of Ulenma promoted Islam.  \nJudicial power was independent from the executive and legislative branches.","title":"Second Constitution: Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, 1992 - 1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Federal Assembly dissolved\nPresident of the Union elected to five year terms and appoints Prime Minister to serve as head of government.\nPresident Azali did not elect a head of government and thus was both the head of the state and government. The executive is known as the council of ministers and appointed by the president with each island having their own presidents.  \nSenate replaced with Assembly of the Union – 30 seats and five year terms.  \nCreated a supreme court that was elected by the president, the Assembly of the Union, and the assembly of each island.","title":"Third Constitution: The Union of the Comoros, 2001"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Organization for African Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_African_Unity"},{"link_name":"Tripartite Commission for National Reconciliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tripartite_Commission_for_National_Reconciliation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"consociationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consociationalism"},{"link_name":"Presidential elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comoros_Presidential_elections,_2002&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"legislative elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros_legislative_election,_2004"},{"link_name":"Grande Comore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Comore"},{"link_name":"Anjouan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjouan"},{"link_name":"Mohéli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li"},{"link_name":"vice-presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Comoros"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Abdallah Sambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Abdallah_Sambi"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Islamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamist"},{"link_name":"Ayatollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatollah"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Djaanfari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Djaanfari"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Halidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Halidi"},{"link_name":"Azali Assoumani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azali_Assoumani"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allafrica20090519-14"}],"text":"In a separate nod to pressure to restore civilian rule, the government organized several committees to compose a new constitution, including the August 2000 National Congress and November 2000 Tripartite Commission. The opposition parties initially refused to participate in the Tripartite Commission, but on 17 February, representatives of the government, the Anjouan separatists, the political opposition, and civil society organizations signed a \"Framework Accord for Reconciliation in Comoros,\" brokered by the Organization for African UnityThe accord called for the creation of a new Tripartite Commission for National Reconciliation to develop a \"New Comorian Entity\" with a new constitution. The new federal Constitution came into effect in 2002; it included elements of consociationalism, including a presidency that rotates every four years among the islands and extensive autonomy for each island. Presidential elections were held in 2002, at which Azali Assoumani was elected president. In April 2004 legislative elections were held, completing the implementation of the new constitution.The new Union of the Comoros consists of three islands, Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli. Each island has a president, who shares the presidency of the Union on a rotating basis. The president and his vice-presidents are elected for a term of four years. The constitution states that, \"the islands enjoy financial autonomy, freely draw up and manage their budgets\".President Assoumani Azali of Grande Comore is the first Union president. President Mohamed Bacar of Anjouan formed his 13-member government at the end of April, 2003.On 15 May 2006, Ahmed Abdallah Sambi, a cleric and successful businessman educated in Iran, Saudi Arabia and Sudan, was declared the winner of elections for President of the Republic. He is considered a moderate Islamist and is called Ayatollah by his supporters. He beat out retired French air force officer Mohamed Djaanfari and long-time politician Ibrahim Halidi, whose candidacy was backed by Azali Assoumani, the outgoing president.[13]A referendum took place on May 16, 2009, to decide whether to cut down the government's unwieldy political bureaucracy. 52.7% of those eligible voted, and 93.8% of votes were cast in approval of the referendum. The referendum would cause each island's president to become a governor and the ministers to become councilors.[14]","title":"Fourth Constitution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grande Comore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Comore"},{"link_name":"Anjouan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjouan"},{"link_name":"Mohéli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li"},{"link_name":"Union of the Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Comoros"},{"link_name":"Mayotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The constitution gives Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli the right to govern most of their own affairs with their own presidents, except the activities assigned to the Union of the Comoros like Foreign Policy, Defense, Nationality, Banking and others. Comoros considers Mayotte, an overseas collectivity of France, to be part of its territory, with an autonomous status [15]As of 2011, the three autonomous islands are subdivided into 16 prefectures, 54 communes, and 318 villes or villages.[16]","title":"Autonomous islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_of_Government_of_the_Comoros"},{"link_name":"Vice-President of the Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Comoros"}],"text":"The federal presidency is rotated between the islands' presidents.\nThe Union of the Comoros abolished the position of Prime Minister in 2002. The position of Vice-President of the Comoros was used 2002–2019.","title":"Executive branch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assembly of the Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Union_of_the_Comoros"},{"link_name":"regional assemblies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblies_of_the_Autonomous_Islands_of_the_Comoros"}],"text":"The Assembly of the Union has 33 seats, 24 elected in single seat constituencies and 9 representatives of the regional assemblies.","title":"Legislative branch"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Supreme Court or Cour Supreme, has two members appointed by the president, two members elected by the Federal Assembly, one by the Council of each island, and former presidents of the republic.","title":"Judicial branch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of political parties in the Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Comoros"},{"link_name":"Elections in Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Comoros"}],"text":"For other political parties, see List of political parties in the Comoros. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Comoros.","title":"Political parties and elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ACCT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique"},{"link_name":"ACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACP_countries"},{"link_name":"AfDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfDB"},{"link_name":"AMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"African Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union"},{"link_name":"FAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization"},{"link_name":"G-77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77"},{"link_name":"IBRD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBRD"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO"},{"link_name":"ICCt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court"},{"link_name":"ICRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement"},{"link_name":"IDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Association"},{"link_name":"IDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bank"},{"link_name":"IFAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFAD"},{"link_name":"IFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation"},{"link_name":"IFRCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFRCS"},{"link_name":"ILO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization"},{"link_name":"IMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"InOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InOC"},{"link_name":"Interpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol_(organization)"},{"link_name":"IOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOC"},{"link_name":"ITU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union"},{"link_name":"LAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Arab_States"},{"link_name":"NAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement"},{"link_name":"OIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"OPCW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPCW"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"UNCTAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNCTAD"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"UNIDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization"},{"link_name":"UPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPU"},{"link_name":"WCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Customs_Organization"},{"link_name":"WHO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"WMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMO"}],"text":"The Comoros are member of the ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AMF, African Union, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, InOC, Interpol, IOC, ITU, LAS, NAM, OIC, OPCW (signatory), United Nations, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WMO.","title":"International organization participation"}]
[{"image_text":"Islands of the Union of the Comoros : Njazidja, Mwali (Moheli) and Nzwani (Anjouan)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Comoros_independence_referendum.jpg/220px-Comoros_independence_referendum.jpg"}]
[{"title":"ISO 3166-2:KM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:KM"}]
[{"reference":"\"Comoros 2018\". Constitute. Retrieved 30 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Comoros_2018","url_text":"\"Comoros 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freedom House Country Report 2008\". Archived from the original on 2009-07-12. Retrieved 2008-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090712051236/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22","url_text":"\"Freedom House Country Report 2008\""},{"url":"https://freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2008","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Iain (2007). \"What Came First, the Nation or the State? Political Process in the Comoro Islands\". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 77 (4): 582–605. doi:10.3366/afr.2007.77.4.582. ISSN 0001-9720. JSTOR 40027276. S2CID 143860412.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fafr.2007.77.4.582","url_text":"10.3366/afr.2007.77.4.582"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9720","url_text":"0001-9720"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40027276","url_text":"40027276"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143860412","url_text":"143860412"}]},{"reference":"NERENBERG, KARL (2005). Handbook of Federal Countries, 2005. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2888-8. JSTOR j.ctt809gp.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2888-8","url_text":"978-0-7735-2888-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt809gp","url_text":"j.ctt809gp"}]},{"reference":"Mukonoweshuro, Eliphas G. (1990). \"The Politics of Squalor and Dependency: Chronic Political Instability and Economic Collapse in the Comoro Islands\". African Affairs. 89 (357): 555–577. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098331. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 722174.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a098331","url_text":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098331"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9909","url_text":"0001-9909"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/722174","url_text":"722174"}]},{"reference":"Loimeier, Roman (2016). Islamic Reform in Twentieth-Century Africa. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-9543-0. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1g050r6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-9543-0","url_text":"978-0-7486-9543-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g050r6","url_text":"10.3366/j.ctt1g050r6"}]},{"reference":"\"Comoros president named winner in election rejected by opposition\". Reuters. 26 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-comoros-elections-idUKKCN1R72F9","url_text":"\"Comoros president named winner in election rejected by opposition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comoros president's party wins poll boycotted by opposition\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/1/21/comoros-presidents-party-wins-poll-boycotted-by-opposition","url_text":"\"Comoros president's party wins poll boycotted by opposition\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Dangers of Assoumani's 'Creeping Authoritarianism' in Comoros\". 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/28540/with-comoros-elections-azali-assoumani-cements-his-authoritarian-rule","url_text":"\"The Dangers of Assoumani's 'Creeping Authoritarianism' in Comoros\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Azali Assoumani of the Union of Comoros, Takes Over as the New Chairperson of the African Union (AU) for 2023 | African Union\". au.int.","urls":[{"url":"https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20230218/president-azali-assoumani-union-comoros-takes-over-new-chairperson","url_text":"\"President Azali Assoumani of the Union of Comoros, Takes Over as the New Chairperson of the African Union (AU) for 2023 | African Union\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comoros President Azali Assoumani wins fourth term in disputed poll\". 17 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68002934","url_text":"\"Comoros President Azali Assoumani wins fourth term in disputed poll\""}]},{"reference":"NERENBERG, KARL (2005). Handbook of Federal Countries, 2005. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2888-8. JSTOR j.ctt809gp.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2888-8","url_text":"978-0-7735-2888-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt809gp","url_text":"j.ctt809gp"}]},{"reference":"\"Islamist elected Comoros leader\". BBC News. 2006-05-16. Retrieved 2009-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4772499.stm","url_text":"\"Islamist elected Comoros leader\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comoros: Referendum Approves Downscaling of Government\". AllAfrica Global Media. 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2009-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://allafrica.com/stories/200905190777.html","url_text":"\"Comoros: Referendum Approves Downscaling of Government\""}]},{"reference":"\"CONSTITUTION of the FEDERAL ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF THE COMOROS\" (PDF). ConstitutionNet. 30 October 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-17. Retrieved 20 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/Comoros%20Constitution.pdf","url_text":"\"CONSTITUTION of the FEDERAL ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF THE COMOROS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181117063246/http://www.constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/Comoros%20Constitution.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Decree No. 11-148/PR on the territorial organization of the Union of the Comoros\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://ddata.over-blog.com/0/42/32/75/Les-lois-sur-la-decentralisation-aux-Comores-2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Decree No. 11-148/PR on the territorial organization of the Union of the Comoros\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official website of the Presidency\" (in French). Archived from the original on 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2008-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101210081335/http://www.beit-salam.km/","url_text":"\"Official website of the Presidency\""},{"url":"http://www.beit-salam.km/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Life_(Prince_song)
Pop Life (Prince song)
["1 Production","1.1 \"Throw the bum out!\"","2 Releases","3 Reception","4 Personnel","5 Charts","6 References"]
1985 single by Prince and the Revolution"Pop Life"US 7" singleSingle by Prince and the Revolutionfrom the album Around the World in a Day B-side"Hello" (US)"Girl" (UK)ReleasedJuly 10, 1985RecordedFebruary 19, 1984StudioSunset Sound, HollywoodGenrePsychedelic popfunkLength3:42 (7"/album version)6:16 (Fresh Dance Mix)9:07 (UK extended version)LabelPaisley Park, Warner Bros.Songwriter(s)PrinceProducer(s)PrincePrince and the Revolution singles chronology "Raspberry Beret" (1985) "Pop Life" (1985) "America" (1985) "Pop Life" is a song by Prince and the Revolution. It was the second US (and final UK) single from their 1985 album, Around the World in a Day, reaching number 7 in the US charts, becoming Prince's eighth top-ten hit in a two-year span. Production The song starts with a faded-in synth line and quickly starts the main tune. The easy groove is achieved with a smooth bass guitar and piano embellishments. A drum machine provides handclaps to make the song danceable. "Pop Life" was recorded before Purple Rain was completed, indicating the new direction Prince wanted to take after the success of that album and film. Lyrically, the song describes the tiresome and stressful side of the celebrity life, including the pressure that can lead to drug use ("What you putting in your nose?/Is that where all your money goes?"). "Throw the bum out!" The song includes a portion that features the sound of bell ringing for a boxing match, followed by the sound of a restless crowd with someone yelling "throw the bum out!" This was rumored to be taken from an actual concert in 1981 when Prince opened for the Rolling Stones in Los Angeles. Relatively unknown at the time, the crowd booed him off stage. He returned for the second show, getting a better reception, but with still some booing; Prince quit the tour shortly after. In reality, the bits are from a sound effects library; the same riot crowd sound effect can be heard in the 1982 horror film Alone in the Dark in the scene where a store is being looted (even the line "throw the bum out" can be heard at 35 minutes and 50 seconds into the movie). The reason for the sample's inclusion is unknown even to Prince himself; when asked about it on his online forum, Prince responded "Good ? - Me 2 :)" ("good question, me too :)"). Releases The song was released in two extended versions. The UK 12" single version is a 9-minute extension of the tune, and ends with a similar synth sound as the beginning. The US received a "Fresh Dance Mix", which is a remix (by Sheila E.) that included some portions of the longer UK version. It clocks in at 6:16, and was included on the 2006 compilation album, Ultimate. The US B-side of the track was "Hello", written quickly as a response to those who criticized Prince's lack of participation in the "We Are the World" event. The angry lyrics lambaste the prying media and false friendships, and is driven by a pulsing beat. The extended version of the song ends with a spoken word by Prince, which contain some self-humor about his high-heeled shoes. The UK B-side was "Girl", which the US had as the B-side of "America". Elvis Costello once planned to do a cover version of the song, with altered lyrics, but Prince refused. Costello later recorded the song "The Bridge I Burned", which borrows the chord sequence from "Pop Life". Reception Cashbox called it a "much more of a substantial offering — lyrically and musically — than 'Raspberry Beret,'" saying that it "takes a look at the myths of the pop world and aspirations to that world." Personnel Information taken from Duane Tudahl, Benoît Clerc, Guitarcloud, and the Prince Vault website. Prince – lead vocals, piano, Oberheim OB-8, bass guitar Sheila E. – drums, Linn LM-1 (and uncredited additional vocals on the Fresh Dance Mix) Lisa Coleman – background vocals Wendy Melvoin – background vocals Orchestral players (Segue to The Ladder) Violins – Sid Page and Marcy Dicterow-Vaj Violas – Denyse Buffum and Laury Woods Stand-up bass – Tim Barr and Annette Atkinson Charts Weekly chart performance for "Pop Life" Chart (1985–1986) Peakposition Australia (Kent Music Report) 67 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 34 Germany (Official German Charts) 65 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 44 UK Singles (OCC) 60 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Cashbox 7 2016 weekly chart performance for "Pop Life" Chart (2016) Peak position France (SNEP) 116 References ^ "Salute To The Purple One: Top 10 Prince Songs". theurbandaily.com. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2017. ^ "? Of the week - Answers". ^ Everingham, John. "The Elvis Costello Home Page - Biography". elviscostello.info. Retrieved 2 March 2017. ^ "Single Releases" (PDF). Cash Box. July 27, 1985. p. 11. Retrieved 2022-07-29. ^ Tudahl, Duane (2018). Prince and the Purple Rain Era Studio Sessions: 1983 and 1984 (Expanded Edition). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538116432. ^ Clerc, Benoît (October 2022). Prince: All the Songs. Octopus. ISBN 9781784728816. ^ "Around The World In A Day". guitarcloud.org. Retrieved 2023-04-12. ^ "Pop Life - Prince Vault". princevault.com. Retrieved 2023-04-04. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. p. 239. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "Prince & The Revolution – Pop Life" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved May 6, 2016. ^ "Prince & The Revolution – Pop Life" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved May 6, 2016. ^ "Prince & The Revolution – Pop Life". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved May 6, 2016. ^ "Prince: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 6, 2016. ^ "Prince Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved May 6, 2016. ^ "Cash Box Top 100 Singles". Retrieved November 19, 2022. ^ "Prince & The Revolution – Pop Life" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved May 9, 2016. vtePrince singles1970s "Soft and Wet" "Just as Long as We're Together" "I Wanna Be Your Lover" 1980s "Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad?" "Still Waiting" "Sexy Dancer" "Uptown" "Dirty Mind" "Do It All Night" "Gotta Stop (Messin' About)" "Controversy" "Let's Work" "Do Me, Baby" "1999" "Little Red Corvette" "Delirious" "Let's Pretend We're Married" "When Doves Cry" "Let's Go Crazy" "Purple Rain" "I Would Die 4 U" "Take Me with U" "Paisley Park" "Raspberry Beret" "Pop Life" "America" "Kiss" "Mountains" "Anotherloverholenyohead" "Girls & Boys" "Sign "O" the Times" "If I Was Your Girlfriend" "U Got the Look" "I Could Never Take the Place of Your Man" "Alphabet St." "Glam Slam" "I Wish U Heaven" "Batdance" "Partyman" "The Arms of Orion" "Scandalous!" 1990s "The Future" "Thieves in the Temple" "New Power Generation" "Gett Off" "Cream" "Diamonds and Pearls" "Money Don't Matter 2 Night" "Insatiable" "Thunder" "Sexy MF" "My Name Is Prince" "7" "Damn U" "The Morning Papers" "Pink Cashmere" "Nothing Compares 2 U" "Peach" "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" "Letitgo" "Space" "Purple Medley" "I Hate U" "Gold" "Dinner with Delores" "Betcha by Golly Wow!" "The Holy River" "The Truth" "The Greatest Romance Ever Sold" 2000s "U Make My Sun Shine" (with Angie Stone) "When Will We B Paid?" (with Audio Stepchild) "Supercute" "The Work, pt. 1" "Days of Wild" "Controversy (Live in Hawaii)" "Musicology" "Cinnamon Girl" "S.S.T." "Te Amo Corazón" "Black Sweat" "Fury" "Guitar" "F.U.N.K." "Dance 4 Me" 2010s "Rocknroll Loveaffair" "Breakfast Can Wait" "Fallinlove2nite" "Breakdown" "This Could B Us" "Free Urself" Promotional singles "When You Were Mine" "Erotic City" "Nothing Compares 2 U" "Love Sign" (with Nona Gaye) "Somebody's Somebody" "It's About That Walk" "Call My Name" "The Song of the Heart" Internet downloads "Guitar (original "demo" version)" New Power Generation "Get Wild" "The War" "Come On" EPs The Beautiful Experience NYC 1999: The New Master Other songs "I Feel for You" "Partyup" "Private Joy" "International Lover" "How Come U Don't Call Me Anymore?" "The Beautiful Ones" "Computer Blue" "Darling Nikki" "Baby I'm a Star" "17 Days" "Around the World in a Day" "Sometimes It Snows in April" "The Ballad of Dorothy Parker" "Starfish and Coffee" "Adore" "Don't Talk 2 Strangers" "I Can't Make U Love Me" "La, La, La Means I Love U" "One of Us" "Everyday Is a Winding Road" "A Case of U" "Crimson and Clover" "Moonbeam Levels" Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"the Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revolution_(band)"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Around the World in a Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around_the_World_in_a_Day"}],"text":"\"Pop Life\" is a song by Prince and the Revolution. It was the second US (and final UK) single from their 1985 album, Around the World in a Day, reaching number 7 in the US charts, becoming Prince's eighth top-ten hit in a two-year span.","title":"Pop Life (Prince song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"drum machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_machine"},{"link_name":"Purple Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Rain_(album)"}],"text":"The song starts with a faded-in synth line and quickly starts the main tune. The easy groove is achieved with a smooth bass guitar and piano embellishments. A drum machine provides handclaps to make the song danceable. \"Pop Life\" was recorded before Purple Rain was completed, indicating the new direction Prince wanted to take after the success of that album and film. Lyrically, the song describes the tiresome and stressful side of the celebrity life, including the pressure that can lead to drug use (\"What you putting in your nose?/Is that where all your money goes?\").","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"an actual concert in 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_American_Tour_1981"},{"link_name":"the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Alone in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_in_the_Dark_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"\"Throw the bum out!\"","text":"The song includes a portion that features the sound of bell ringing for a boxing match, followed by the sound of a restless crowd with someone yelling \"throw the bum out!\" This was rumored to be taken from an actual concert in 1981 when Prince opened for the Rolling Stones in Los Angeles. Relatively unknown at the time, the crowd booed him off stage. He returned for the second show, getting a better reception, but with still some booing; Prince quit the tour shortly after. In reality, the bits are from a sound effects library; the same riot crowd sound effect can be heard in the 1982 horror film Alone in the Dark in the scene where a store is being looted (even the line \"throw the bum out\" can be heard at 35 minutes and 50 seconds into the movie). The reason for the sample's inclusion is unknown even to Prince himself; when asked about it on his online forum, Prince responded \"Good ? - Me 2 :)\" (\"good question, me too :)\").[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"12\" single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-inch_single"},{"link_name":"remix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"compilation album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"Ultimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_(Prince_album)"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"We Are the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_the_World"},{"link_name":"spoken word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_word"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"The Bridge I Burned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_This_Useless_Beauty"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The song was released in two extended versions. The UK 12\" single version is a 9-minute extension of the tune, and ends with a similar synth sound as the beginning. The US received a \"Fresh Dance Mix\", which is a remix (by Sheila E.) that included some portions of the longer UK version. It clocks in at 6:16, and was included on the 2006 compilation album, Ultimate.The US B-side of the track was \"Hello\", written quickly as a response to those who criticized Prince's lack of participation in the \"We Are the World\" event. The angry lyrics lambaste the prying media and false friendships, and is driven by a pulsing beat. The extended version of the song ends with a spoken word by Prince, which contain some self-humor about his high-heeled shoes. The UK B-side was \"Girl\", which the US had as the B-side of \"America\".Elvis Costello once planned to do a cover version of the song, with altered lyrics, but Prince refused. Costello later recorded the song \"The Bridge I Burned\", which borrows the chord sequence from \"Pop Life\".[3]","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cashbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Raspberry Beret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Beret"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb-4"}],"text":"Cashbox called it a \"much more of a substantial offering — lyrically and musically — than [Prince's previous single] 'Raspberry Beret,'\" saying that it \"takes a look at the myths of the pop world and aspirations to that world.\"[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Oberheim OB-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberheim_OB-8"},{"link_name":"Sheila E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_E."},{"link_name":"Linn LM-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_LM-1"},{"link_name":"Lisa Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Coleman_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Wendy Melvoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Melvoin"}],"text":"Information taken from Duane Tudahl, Benoît Clerc, Guitarcloud, and the Prince Vault website.[5][6][7][8]Prince – lead vocals, piano, Oberheim OB-8, bass guitar\nSheila E. – drums, Linn LM-1 (and uncredited additional vocals on the Fresh Dance Mix)\nLisa Coleman – background vocals\nWendy Melvoin – background vocalsOrchestral players (Segue to The Ladder)Violins – Sid Page and Marcy Dicterow-Vaj\nViolas – Denyse Buffum and Laury Woods\nStand-up bass – Tim Barr and Annette Atkinson","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention
1936 Republican National Convention
["1 Background","2 Presidential nomination","2.1 Presidential candidates","3 Vice presidential nomination","3.1 Vice presidential candidates","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°30′14″N 81°41′35″W / 41.504°N 81.693°W / 41.504; -81.693Political convention 1936 Republican National Convention1936 presidential election Nominees Landon and KnoxConventionDate(s)June 9–12, 1936CityCleveland, OhioVenuePublic AuditoriumKeynote speakerFrederick SteiwerU.S. Senator, OregonCandidatesPresidential nomineeAlf Landon of KansasVice presidential nomineeFrank Knox of IllinoisOther candidatesWilliam Borah of IdahoResults (president)Landon 984, Borah 19‹ 1932 · 1940 › The 1936 Republican National Convention was held June 9–12 at the Public Auditorium in Cleveland, Ohio. It nominated Governor Alfred Landon of Kansas for president and Frank Knox of Illinois for vice president. The convention supported many New Deal programs, including Social Security. The keynote address was given on June 9 by Frederick Steiwer, U.S. Senator from Oregon. Background Republican primaries by state results Although many candidates sought the Republican nomination, only two, Governor Landon and Senator William Borah of Idaho, were considered to be serious candidates. Although favorite sons County Attorney Earl Warren of California, Governor Warren E. Green of South Dakota, and Stephen A. Day of Ohio won their respective primaries, the 70-year-old Borah, a well-known progressive and "insurgent," carried the Wisconsin, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Oregon primaries, while also performing quite strongly in Knox's Illinois and Green's South Dakota. However, the party machinery almost uniformly backed Landon, a wealthy businessman and centrist, who won primaries in Massachusetts and New Jersey and dominated in the caucuses and at state party conventions. Other potential candidates included Robert A. Taft, New York Representative James W. Wadsworth, Jr., Michigan Senator Arthur Vandenberg, Iowa Senator Lester Dickinson, New York Representative Hamilton Fish III, New Jersey Governor Harold Hoffman, Delaware Governor C. Douglass Buck, Supreme Court Justice Owen Roberts, Michigan auto magnate Henry Ford, aviator Charles Lindbergh, former President Herbert Hoover, Oregon Senator Frederick Steiwer, Senate Minority Leader Charles McNary, former Treasury Secretary Ogden L. Mills and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., cousin of Democratic incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt. Presidential nomination Presidential candidates GovernorAlf Landonof Kansas SenatorWilliam Borahof Idaho(Not Nominated) Newspaper PublisherFrank Knoxof Illinois(Not Nominated) SenatorFrederick Steiwerof Oregon(Not Nominated) Former PresidentHerbert Hooverof California(Not Nominated) At the start of the convention, Landon looked like the likely nominee, but faced opposition from a coalition led by Michigan Senator Arthur Vandenberg, Idaho Senator William E. Borah, and newspaper publisher Frank Knox. However, the stop-Landon movement failed. Presidential Ballot Candidate 1st Landon 984 Borah 19 Presidential Balloting / 3rd Day of Convention (June 11, 1936) 1st Presidential Ballot Vice presidential nomination Vice presidential candidates Newspaper PublisherFrank Knoxof Illinois Former Ambassador Walter Evans Edge of New Jersey(Withdrawn) PublisherArthur W. Littleof New York(Withdrawn) Governor Harry Nice of Maryland(Withdrawn) Senator Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan(Declined Consideration) The selection of a vice presidential candidate at the closing session presented some difficulties. The Landon people wanted Vandenberg but the Michigan senator refused repeatedly and firmly. Colonel Knox, former Ambassador Edge, Colonel Little, and Governor Nice were placed in nomination. It soon became evident the choice of the convention would be Knox as state after state seconded his nomination. Edge, Little, and Nice withdrew their names and the Chicago publisher became the unanimous choice for second place on the ticket. Vice Presidential Ballot Candidate 1st Knox 1,003 Vice Presidential Balloting / 4th Day of Convention (June 12, 1936) 1stVice Presidential Ballot See also History of the United States Republican Party List of Republican National Conventions List of presidential nominating conventions in the United States U.S. presidential nomination convention 1936 Republican Party presidential primaries 1936 United States presidential election 1936 Democratic National Convention References ^ a b Ferguson, Harry (June 10, 1936). "New Deal rebels wooed by G.O.P." Pittsburgh Press. United Press. p. 1. ^ a b "'Return to American system,' keynote advises G.O.P." Pittsburgh Press. United Press. June 10, 1936. p. 7. ^ Krock, Arthur (June 10, 1936). "Keynoter Denounces Roosevelt Policies, Demanding Tax Cuts and Balanced Budget; Landon Men Take Control of Convention". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2015. External links Republican Party platform of 1936 at The American Presidency Project Preceded by1932Chicago Republican National Conventions Succeeded by1940Philadelphia vteRepublican Party History National Union Party Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System Presidentialtickets,nationalconventions,andpresidentialprimaries 1856 (Philadelphia): Frémont/Dayton 1860 (Chicago): Lincoln/Hamlin 1864 (Baltimore): Lincoln/Johnson 1868 (Chicago): Grant/Colfax 1872 (Philadelphia): Grant/Wilson 1876 (Cincinnati): Hayes/Wheeler 1880 (Chicago): Garfield/Arthur 1884 (Chicago): Blaine/Logan 1888 (Chicago): Harrison/Morton 1892 (Minneapolis): Harrison/Reid 1896 (Saint Louis): McKinley/Hobart 1900 (Philadelphia): McKinley/Roosevelt 1904 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Fairbanks 1908 (Chicago): Taft/Sherman 1912 (Chicago): Taft/Sherman/Butler primaries 1916 (Chicago): Hughes/Fairbanks primaries 1920 (Chicago): Harding/Coolidge primaries 1924 (Cleveland): Coolidge/Dawes primaries 1928 (Kansas City): Hoover/Curtis primaries 1932 (Chicago): Hoover/Curtis primaries 1936 (Cleveland): Landon/Knox primaries 1940 (Philadelphia): Willkie/McNary primaries 1944 (Chicago): Dewey/Bricker primaries 1948 (Philadelphia): Dewey/Warren primaries 1952 (Chicago): Eisenhower/Nixon primaries 1956 (San Francisco): Eisenhower/Nixon primaries 1960 (Chicago): Nixon/Lodge primaries 1964 (San Francisco): Goldwater/Miller primaries 1968 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew primaries 1972 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew primaries 1976 (Kansas City): Ford/Dole primaries 1980 (Detroit): Reagan/G. H. W. Bush primaries 1984 (Dallas): Reagan/G. H. W. Bush primaries 1988 (New Orleans): G. H. W. Bush/Quayle primaries 1992 (Houston): G. H. W. Bush/Quayle primaries 1996 (San Diego): Dole/Kemp primaries 2000 (Philadelphia): G. W. Bush/Cheney primaries 2004 (New York): G. W. Bush/Cheney primaries 2008 (St. Paul): McCain/Palin primaries 2012 (Tampa): Romney/Ryan primaries 2016 (Cleveland): Trump/Pence primaries 2020 (Charlotte/other locations): Trump/Pence primaries 2024 (Milwaukee): Trump (presumptive)/TBA primaries 2028 (Houston) Presidentialadministrations Lincoln (1861–1865) Johnson (1865–1868) Grant (1869–1877) Hayes (1877–1881) Garfield (1881) Arthur (1881–1885) Harrison (1889–1893) McKinley (1897–1901) Roosevelt (1901–1909) Taft (1909–1913) Harding (1921–1923) Coolidge (1923–1929) Hoover (1929–1933) Eisenhower (1953–1961) Nixon (1969–1974) Ford (1974–1977) Reagan (1981–1989) G. H. W. Bush (1989–1993) G. W. Bush (2001–2009) Trump (2017–2021) U.S. SenateleadersandConferencechairs J. P. Hale (1859–1862) Anthony (1862–1884) Sherman (1884–1885) Edmunds (1885–1891) Sherman (1891–1897) Allison (1897–1908) E. Hale (1908–1911) Cullom (1911–1913) Gallinger (1913–1918) Lodge (1918–1924) Curtis (1924–1929) Watson (1929–1933) McNary (1933–1940) Austin (1940–1941) McNary (1941–1944) White (1944–1949) Wherry (1949–1952) Bridges (1952–1953) Taft (1953) Knowland (1953–1959) Dirksen (1959–1969) Scott (1969–1977) Baker (1977–1979) Stevens (1979–1980) Baker (1980–1985) Dole (1985–1996) Lott (1996–2003) Frist (2003–2007) McConnell (2007–) U.S. Houseleaders,Speakers,andConferencechairs Pennington (1860–1861) Grow (1861–1863) Colfax (1863–1869) Pomeroy (1869) Blaine (1869–1875) McCrary (1875–1877) Hale (1877–1879) Frye (1879–1881) Keifer (1881–1883) Cannon (1883–1889) Reed (1889–1891) T. J. Henderson (1891–1895) Reed (1895–1899) D. B. Henderson (1899–1903) Cannon (1903–1911) Mann (1911–1919) Gillett (1919–1925) Longworth (1925–1931) Snell (1931–1939) Martin (1939–1959) Halleck (1959–1965) Ford (1965–1973) Rhodes (1973–1981) Michel (1981–1995) Gingrich (1995–1999) Hastert (1999–2007) Boehner (2007–2015) Ryan (2015–2019) McCarthy (2019–2023) Johnson (2023–) RNCChairs Morgan Raymond Ward Claflin Morgan Chandler Cameron Jewell Sabin Jones Quay Clarkson Campbell Carter Hanna Payne Cortelyou New Hitchcock Hill Rosewater Hilles Wilcox Hays Adams Butler Work Huston Fess Sanders Fletcher Hamilton Martin Walsh Spangler Brownell Reece Scott Gabrielson Summerfield Roberts Hall Alcorn T. Morton Miller Burch Bliss R. Morton Dole Bush Smith Brock Richards Laxalt/Fahrenkopf Fahrenkopf Atwater Yeutter Bond Barbour Nicholson Gilmore Racicot Gillespie Mehlman Martínez/Duncan Duncan Steele Priebus McDaniel Whatley Chair elections 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2024 Parties bystate andterritoryState Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Territory American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Affiliated organizationsCongress House Conference Legislative Digest Steering and Policy Committees Senate Conference Policy Committee Factions Freedom Caucus Problem Solvers Caucus Republican Governance Group Republican Study Committee Fundraisinggroups National Republican Congressional Committee National Republican Redistricting Trust National Republican Senatorial Committee Republican Attorneys General Association Republican Governors Association Sectionalgroups College Republicans Chairmen Congressional Hispanic Conference Log Cabin Republicans Republican Jewish Coalition Republican National Hispanic Assembly Republicans Abroad Teen Age Republicans Young Republicans Republicans Overseas High School Republican National Federation Factionalgroups Republican Main Street Partnership Republican Majority for Choice Republican Liberty Caucus Republican National Coalition for Life ConservAmerica Liberty Caucus Ripon Society The Wish List Related Primaries Debates Bibliography International Democrat Union Timeline of modern American conservatism Trumpism vte(← 1932) 1936 United States presidential election (→ 1940)Democratic Party Convention Primaries Candidates Incumbent nominee: Franklin D. Roosevelt Incumbent VP nominee: John Nance Garner Other candidates: Henry S. Breckinridge Republican Party Convention Primaries Candidates Nominee: Alf Landon VP nominee: Frank Knox Other candidates: William Borah Stephen A. Day L. J. Dickinson Warren Green Frank Knox Earl Warren Frederick Steiwer Third-party and independent candidatesCommunist Party Nominee: Earl Browder VP nominee: James W. Ford Prohibition Party Nominee: D. Leigh Colvin VP nominee: Claude A. Watson Socialist Party Nominee: Norman Thomas VP nominee: George A. Nelson Union Party Nominee: William Lemke VP nominee: Thomas C. O'Brien Socialist Labor Party Nominee: John W. Aiken VP nominee: Emil F. Teichert Christian Party Nominee: William Dudley Pelley VP nominee: Willard Kemp Other 1936 elections: House Senate vte(1935←)   1936 United States elections   (→1937)President 1936 United States presidential election Democratic primaries Republican primaries Democratic convention Republican convention U.S.Senate Alabama Arkansas Colorado Delaware Florida (specials) Georgia Idaho Illinois Iowa Iowa (special) Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Louisiana (special) Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Minnesota (special) Mississippi Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New Mexico (special) North Carolina Oklahoma Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Wyoming U.S.House Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Stategovernors Arizona Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Lt. Gov Missouri Lt. Gov Montana Nebraska Lt. Gov New Hampshire New Mexico New York North Carolina Lt. Gov North Dakota Ohio Rhode Island South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Statelegislatures Iowa Senate 41°30′14″N 81°41′35″W / 41.504°N 81.693°W / 41.504; -81.693
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Public Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Governor Alfred Landon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Landon"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Frank Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Knox"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"Social Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"keynote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynote"},{"link_name":"Frederick Steiwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Steiwer"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ndrwbgop-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rttoamsys-2"}],"text":"Political conventionThe 1936 Republican National Convention was held June 9–12 at the Public Auditorium in Cleveland, Ohio. It nominated Governor Alfred Landon of Kansas for president and Frank Knox of Illinois for vice president.The convention supported many New Deal programs, including Social Security. The keynote address was given on June 9 by Frederick Steiwer, U.S. Senator from Oregon.[1][2]","title":"1936 Republican National Convention"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1936_Republican_presidential_primaries.JPG"},{"link_name":"William Borah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Borah"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Earl Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Warren E. Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_E._Green"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Stephen A. Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Day"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"centrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrism"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"caucuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus"},{"link_name":"party conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_convention"},{"link_name":"Robert A. Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Taft"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"James W. Wadsworth, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Wadsworth,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Arthur Vandenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Lester Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Fish III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_III"},{"link_name":"Harold Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"C. Douglass Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Douglass_Buck"},{"link_name":"Owen Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Henry Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford"},{"link_name":"Charles Lindbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POTUS"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Frederick Steiwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Steiwer"},{"link_name":"Charles McNary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_McNary"},{"link_name":"Ogden L. Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_L._Mills"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr."},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"}],"text":"Republican primaries by state resultsAlthough many candidates sought the Republican nomination, only two, Governor Landon and Senator William Borah of Idaho, were considered to be serious candidates. Although favorite sons County Attorney Earl Warren of California, Governor Warren E. Green of South Dakota, and Stephen A. Day of Ohio won their respective primaries, the 70-year-old Borah, a well-known progressive and \"insurgent,\" carried the Wisconsin, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Oregon primaries, while also performing quite strongly in Knox's Illinois and Green's South Dakota. However, the party machinery almost uniformly backed Landon, a wealthy businessman and centrist, who won primaries in Massachusetts and New Jersey and dominated in the caucuses and at state party conventions.Other potential candidates included Robert A. Taft, New York Representative James W. Wadsworth, Jr., Michigan Senator Arthur Vandenberg, Iowa Senator Lester Dickinson, New York Representative Hamilton Fish III, New Jersey Governor Harold Hoffman, Delaware Governor C. Douglass Buck, Supreme Court Justice Owen Roberts, Michigan auto magnate Henry Ford, aviator Charles Lindbergh, former President Herbert Hoover, Oregon Senator Frederick Steiwer, Senate Minority Leader Charles McNary, former Treasury Secretary Ogden L. Mills and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., cousin of Democratic incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Presidential nomination"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LandonPortr.jpg"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Alf Landon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Landon"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Edgar_Borah_cph.3b19589.jpg"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"William Borah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Borah"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fknox.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"Publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing"},{"link_name":"Frank Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Knox"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fredericksteiwer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Frederick Steiwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Steiwer"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Hoover_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Arthur Vandenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg"},{"link_name":"William E. Borah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Borah"},{"link_name":"Frank Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Knox"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krock-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1936RepublicanPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png"}],"sub_title":"Presidential candidates","text":"GovernorAlf Landonof Kansas\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSenatorWilliam Borahof Idaho(Not Nominated)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNewspaper PublisherFrank Knoxof Illinois(Not Nominated)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSenatorFrederick Steiwerof Oregon(Not Nominated)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFormer PresidentHerbert Hooverof California(Not Nominated)At the start of the convention, Landon looked like the likely nominee, but faced opposition from a coalition led by Michigan Senator Arthur Vandenberg, Idaho Senator William E. Borah, and newspaper publisher Frank Knox.[3] However, the stop-Landon movement failed.Presidential Balloting / 3rd Day of Convention (June 11, 1936)1st Presidential Ballot","title":"Presidential nomination"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Vice presidential nomination"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fknox.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"Publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing"},{"link_name":"Frank Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Knox"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walteredge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France"},{"link_name":"Walter Evans Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Evans_Edge"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Col._Arthur_W._Little,_5-1-29_LCCN2016843778.jpg"},{"link_name":"Publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing"},{"link_name":"Arthur W. Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_W._Little&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harry_W._Nice_circa_1918_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Harry Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Nice"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VANDENBURG,_ARTHUR_H._SENATOR_LCCN2016862580_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Arthur Vandenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1936RepublicanVicePresidentialNomination1stBallot.png"}],"sub_title":"Vice presidential candidates","text":"Newspaper PublisherFrank Knoxof Illinois\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFormer Ambassador Walter Evans Edge of New Jersey(Withdrawn)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPublisherArthur W. Littleof New York(Withdrawn)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGovernor Harry Nice of Maryland(Withdrawn)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSenator Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan(Declined Consideration)The selection of a vice presidential candidate at the closing session presented some difficulties. The Landon people wanted Vandenberg but the Michigan senator refused repeatedly and firmly.Colonel Knox, former Ambassador Edge, Colonel Little, and Governor Nice were placed in nomination. It soon became evident the choice of the convention would be Knox as state after state seconded his nomination. Edge, Little, and Nice withdrew their names and the Chicago publisher became the unanimous choice for second place on the ticket.Vice Presidential Balloting / 4th Day of Convention (June 12, 1936)1stVice Presidential Ballot","title":"Vice presidential nomination"}]
[{"image_text":"Republican primaries by state results","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/1936_Republican_presidential_primaries.JPG/300px-1936_Republican_presidential_primaries.JPG"}]
[{"title":"History of the United States Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party"},{"title":"List of Republican National Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Republican_National_Conventions"},{"title":"List of presidential nominating conventions in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_nominating_conventions_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"U.S. presidential nomination convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_nomination_convention"},{"title":"1936 Republican Party presidential primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"title":"1936 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election"},{"title":"1936 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention"}]
[{"reference":"Ferguson, Harry (June 10, 1936). \"New Deal rebels wooed by G.O.P.\" Pittsburgh Press. United Press. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BU0bAAAAIBAJ&pg=2727%2C5213289","url_text":"\"New Deal rebels wooed by G.O.P.\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Return to American system,' keynote advises G.O.P.\" Pittsburgh Press. United Press. June 10, 1936. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BU0bAAAAIBAJ&pg=2420%2C5263340","url_text":"\"'Return to American system,' keynote advises G.O.P.\""}]},{"reference":"Krock, Arthur (June 10, 1936). \"Keynoter Denounces Roosevelt Policies, Demanding Tax Cuts and Balanced Budget; Landon Men Take Control of Convention\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/360610convention-gop-ra.html","url_text":"\"Keynoter Denounces Roosevelt Policies, Demanding Tax Cuts and Balanced Budget; Landon Men Take Control of Convention\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Happy_Breed
This Happy Breed
["1 Background","2 Plot","2.1 Act 1","2.2 Act 2","2.3 Act 3","3 Original cast","4 Critical reception","5 Adaptations","6 Notes","7 References"]
For the film adaptation, see This Happy Breed (film). Coward in This Happy BreedThis Happy Breed is a play by Noël Coward. It was written in 1939 but, because of the outbreak of World War II, it was not staged until 1942, when it was performed on alternating nights with another Coward play, Present Laughter. The two plays later alternated with Coward's Blithe Spirit. The title, a reference to the English people, is a phrase from John of Gaunt's monologue in Act II, Scene 1 of Shakespeare's Richard II. The story of the play concerns the lower middle-class Gibbons family between the end of World War I and the outbreak of World War II. It anticipates the non-violent ways in which social justice issues might be incorporated into post-war national reconstruction, examines the personal trauma caused by the sudden death of sons and daughters and anticipates the forthcoming return of English men from the war. It is also an intimate portrait of the economy and politics of Great Britain in the 1920s and 1930s (such as the General Strike of 1926), as well as showing the advances in technology – the arrival of primitive crystal radio sets and telephones, home gas lights being replaced by electricity and mass broadcast radio. This Happy Breed is one of a very few Coward plays to deal entirely with domestic events outside an upper class or upper middle class setting. A number of scenes are reminiscent of previous Coward works, such as Cavalcade (1931) or the short play Fumed Oak from Tonight at 8.30 (1936). Background Coward completed the playscript for This Happy Breed (as well as that for Present Laughter) in 1939, in the months before World War II. The producer Binkie Beaumont originally wanted to stage Present Laughter on its own, but Coward insisted that, given the political situation at the time, it should be played alternately with the more sombre This Happy Breed. The original script called for the abdication speech of King Edward VIII to be heard on the radio by the Gibbons family in Act 3 scene 1, but the Lord Chamberlain (Britain's official play censor until 1968) objected to its inclusion, citing the embarrassment it would cause any member of the royal family who happened to see the play. The final dress rehearsal was held on 31 August 1939. The following day Germany invaded Poland; Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September, and the production was immediately abandoned. Coward departed for Paris to meet Jean Giraudoux, who wanted the playwright to set up a Bureau of Propaganda and serve as a liaison with the Commissariat d'Information. Coward engaged in war work in intelligence and propaganda in Europe and America for the next two years. Winston Churchill advised Coward that he could do more for the war effort by entertaining the troops and the home front than by attempts at intelligence work: "Go and sing to them when the guns are firing – that's your job!" Though disappointed, Coward followed this advice. He toured, acted and sang indefatigably in Europe, Africa, Asia and America. This Happy Breed and Present Laughter were finally staged in September 1942 in Blackpool on Coward's wartime tour of Britain after he returned to acting. The sets and costumes were designed by Gladys Calthrop. Coward later said, "I have always had a reputation for high-life, earned no doubt in the twenties with such plays as The Vortex. But, as you see, I was a suburban boy, born and bred in the suburbs of London, which I've always loved and always will." This Happy Breed, like his short play Fumed Oak, is one of his rare stage depictions of suburban life. Plot Act 1 Scene 1 – June 1919 The Gibbons family has just moved into 17 Sycamore Road in Clapham in South London. Ethel expresses her relief that her husband Frank has survived army service in World War I and her pleasure at moving into their new home. Their new next-door neighbour, Bob Mitchell, introduces himself. He turns out to be an old army colleague of Frank's, and the two reminisce. Scene 2 – December 1925 After Christmas dinner, the grown-ups (Frank and Ethel, Ethel's mother Mrs Flint, and Frank's sister Sylvia) have retired to another room to leave the young people (Frank and Ethel's children: Vi, "a pleasant nondescript-looking girl of twenty"; Queenie, "a year younger... prettier and a trifle flashy"; and Reg, aged eighteen, "a nice-looking intelligent boy", Reg's friend Sam, and Queenie's friend Phyllis) alone. Sam indulges in a spot of socialist preaching against capitalism and injustice. The young women fail to accord him the respect he thinks he deserves, and he and Reg leave. Bob Mitchell's son Billy visits the house. He is left alone with Queenie, and there is a short love scene between them. Queenie baffles him by saying that she so hates suburban life that she would not make him a good wife, and rushes out. Frank enters and encourages Billy. After Billy leaves, Ethel and Frank chat together, partly to avoid Sylvia's singing in the room next door and partly for the pleasure of each other's company. Scene 3 – May 1926 It is the time of the General Strike of 1926. The women of the household bicker. Frank and Bob are strike-breaking as volunteer driver and conductor of a London bus. Reg, encouraged by Sam, is backing the strikers and has not been seen for some days. Frank and Bob enter, singing "Rule, Britannia!" at the top of their voices, having had a few drinks to celebrate their successful strike-breaking. Sam and Reg enter, the latter slightly injured from a fracas connected with the strike. Vi confronts Sam for leading Reg astray and throws him out. Left alone together, Frank and Reg exchange views, Frank's being traditionalist and Reg's idealistic. They bid each other good night on good terms. Act 2 Scene 1 – October 1931 On Reg's wedding day, Frank gives him paternal advice. The women of the household bicker. Queenie again complains of the tedium of suburban life. The family all leave for Reg and Phyl's wedding ceremony. Scene 2 – November 1931, midnight Queenie tip-toes downstairs in street clothes, carrying a suitcase. She puts a letter on the mantelpiece and leaves. Frank and Bob arrive after a convivial evening at a regimental dinner and amiably discuss the world in general. Ethel, woken by their noise, tells them off. Bob leaves. Frank and Ethel see Queenie's letter and open it. She has been having an affair with a married man and has run off with him. Ethel disowns Queenie as a member of the family. Frank is shocked at Ethel's intransigence. They retire to bed unhappily. Scene 3 – May 1932 The older members of the family discuss a letter they have received from Queenie in France. They are interrupted by the news that Reg and his wife have been killed in a road accident. Act 3 Scene 1 – December 1936 The family have been listening to ex-king Edward VIII's abdication broadcast. In the intervening time, Mrs Flint has died, and Vi and Sam, now married, have become comfortably middle-aged. Billy enters with the news that he has run into Queenie in Menton. Her lover had left her and returned to his wife, leaving Queenie stranded. After some prevarication Billy says that Queenie is with him and indeed is now his wife. Queenie enters, and there is an awkward but loving reconciliation between her and Ethel. Scene 2 – September 1938 It is the time of Neville Chamberlain's return from Munich and the false hopes of averting war. Sylvia is as delighted by the Munich agreement as Frank is bitterly opposed to it. Bob comes in to say goodbye. He is moving to the country. He and Frank reminisce and look forward to the future anxiously. Scene 3 – June 1939 Frank and Ethel are about to move to the country. The house is now almost empty of furniture as they prepare to leave. Frank is left alone with his youngest grandchild, also called Frank. He talks to the baby philosophically, in a long monologue about what it means to be British. Ethel calls him to supper. Original cast Mrs Flint – Gwen Floyd Ethel Gibbons – Judy Campbell Sylvia Gibbons – Joyce Carey Frank Gibbons – Noël Coward Bob Mitchell – Gerald Case Reg Gibbons – Billy Thatcher Queenie Gibbons/Mitchell – Jennifer Gray Vi Gibbons/Leadbitter – Molly Johnson Sam Leadbitter – Dennis Price Edie – Beryl Measor Billy Mitchell – James Donald Critical reception The Times, noting that This Happy Breed had opened the night after the London première of Present Laughter, commented, "both plays, though widely separated in mood and kind, are successful, the one attaining to brilliant comedy, the other creating and sustaining an interest in a family of the lower middle class which may fairly be called absorbing.... Mr Coward keeps firm control of his narrative and in his own part occasionally permits himself to speak for an England which, though tired, is still possessed of an invincible stamina." The Manchester Guardian thought some of the scenes too long, but added "the author's skill is shown in each one, unabated and breaking fresh ground; the play obviously moved and excited the audience, and we must admit, once again, that Mr Coward remains one of the most remarkable men of the theatre of our time." The Daily Express wrote, "Mr Coward's Clapham cavalcade is perfectly acted. It is history dramatised in the back parlour and a most moving portrait of small people living greatly. Adaptations A 1944 film adaptation, also called This Happy Breed, was directed by David Lean and starred Robert Newton and Celia Johnson. In 1989 BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio adaptation of the play, starring John Moffatt, Rosemary Leach, Anna Cropper and Doris Hare. The audio play was released on CD in 2011, part of the Classic Radio Theatre series. Notes ^ "Haymarket Theatre", The Times, 1 May 1943, p. 2 ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Coward, unnumbered introductory page ^ Hoare, pp. 298–301 ^ Morley, p. 246 ^ "Light Entertainment", TIME magazine, 19 July 1954, accessed 4 January 2009 ^ The Observer, 20 September 1942, p. 2 ^ Koch, Stephen. "The Playboy was a Spy", The New York Times, 13 April 2008, accessed 4 January 2009 ^ "Gladys Calthrop", Who's Who in the Theatre, 10th edition (1947), Pitman ^ Castle, p. 18 ^ "Haymarket Theatre", The Times, 1 May 1943, p. 2 ^ "Opera House – This Happy Breed", G.A.H., The Manchester Guardian, 20 October 1942, p. 3 ^ The Daily Express, 1 May 1943, p. 3 ^ "BBC Radio 4 Extra - Noel Coward - This Happy Breed". ^ . ISBN 978-1408469835. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) References Castle, Charles. Noël, W. H. Allen, London, 1972. ISBN 0-491-00534-2. Coward, Noël. Plays: Four. Methuen, London, 1979. ISBN 0-413-46120-3 Hoare, Philip. Noël Coward, A Biography. Sinclair-Stevenson 1995. ISBN 1-85619-265-2. Morley, Sheridan. A Talent to Amuse. Heinemann 1969/Penguin Books, London, 1974, ISBN 0-14-003863-9. vteWorks by Noël CowardRevues London Calling! (1923) On with the Dance (1925) This Year of Grace (1928) Words and Music (1932) Set to Music (1939) Sigh No More (1945) Noël Coward's Sweet Potato (1968) Oh, Coward! (1972) Cowardy Custard (1972) Musicals Bitter Sweet (1929) Conversation Piece (1934) Operette (1938) Pacific 1860 (1946) Ace of Clubs (1950) After the Ball (1954) Sail Away (1961) The Girl Who Came to Supper (1963) Plays The Rat Trap (1918) I'll Leave It to You (1920) The Better Half (1922) The Young Idea (1923) The Vortex (1924) Hay Fever (1925) Fallen Angels (1925) Easy Virtue (1925) The Queen Was in the Parlour (1926) Semi-Monde (1926) This Was a Man (1926) Sirocco (1927) The Marquise (1927) Home Chat (1927) Private Lives (1930) Post-Mortem (1930) Cavalcade (1931) Design for Living (1932) Point Valaine (1934) Tonight at 8.30 (1936) Present Laughter (1939) This Happy Breed (1939) Blithe Spirit (1941) Peace in Our Time (1946) South Sea Bubble (1951) Quadrille (1952) Nude with Violin (1956) Look After Lulu! (1959) Waiting in the Wings (1960) Suite in Three Keys (1966) Films In Which We Serve (1942) This Happy Breed (1944) Blithe Spirit (1945) Brief Encounter (1945) The Astonished Heart (1950) Prose Pomp and Circumstance (1960) Pretty Polly and Other Stories (1964) Memoirs Present Indicative (1937) Future Indefinite (1954) The Noël Coward Diaries (1982) AdaptationsFilms The Queen Was in the Parlour (1927) The Vortex (1928) Easy Virtue (1928) Private Lives (1930) Bitter Sweet (1933) Cavalcade (1933) Tonight Is Ours (1933) Design for Living (1933) Bitter Sweet (1940) We Were Dancing (1942) Meet Me Tonight (1952) Pretty Polly (1967) Relative Values (2000) Easy Virtue (2008) Blithe Spirit (2020) TV Cavalcade (1955) Blithe Spirit (1956) South Sea Bubble (1956) Red Peppers (1962) Nude with Violin (1964) Waiting in the Wings (1965) Present Laughter (1967) Look After Lulu! (1967) Musical High Spirits (1964)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"This Happy Breed (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Happy_Breed_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:This_happy_breed.jpg"},{"link_name":"Noël Coward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward"},{"link_name":"Present Laughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_Laughter"},{"link_name":"Blithe Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_(play)"},{"link_name":"English people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"John of Gaunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"monologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monologue"},{"link_name":"Act II, Scene 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Richard_II_(play)#Act_II"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Richard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_(play)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"General Strike of 1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike"},{"link_name":"crystal radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_radio"},{"link_name":"upper middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_middle_class"},{"link_name":"Cavalcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalcade_(play)"},{"link_name":"Fumed Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumed_Oak"},{"link_name":"Tonight at 8.30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonight_at_8.30"}],"text":"For the film adaptation, see This Happy Breed (film).Coward in This Happy BreedThis Happy Breed is a play by Noël Coward. It was written in 1939 but, because of the outbreak of World War II, it was not staged until 1942, when it was performed on alternating nights with another Coward play, Present Laughter. The two plays later alternated with Coward's Blithe Spirit. The title, a reference to the English people, is a phrase from John of Gaunt's monologue in Act II, Scene 1 of Shakespeare's Richard II.The story of the play concerns the lower middle-class[1][2] Gibbons family between the end of World War I and the outbreak of World War II. It anticipates the non-violent ways in which social justice issues might be incorporated into post-war national reconstruction, examines the personal trauma caused by the sudden death of sons and daughters and anticipates the forthcoming return of English men from the war. It is also an intimate portrait of the economy and politics of Great Britain in the 1920s and 1930s (such as the General Strike of 1926), as well as showing the advances in technology – the arrival of primitive crystal radio sets and telephones, home gas lights being replaced by electricity and mass broadcast radio.This Happy Breed is one of a very few Coward plays to deal entirely with domestic events outside an upper class or upper middle class setting. A number of scenes are reminiscent of previous Coward works, such as Cavalcade (1931) or the short play Fumed Oak from Tonight at 8.30 (1936).","title":"This Happy Breed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Present Laughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_Laughter"},{"link_name":"Binkie Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binkie_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"abdication speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII_abdication_crisis"},{"link_name":"King Edward VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lord Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jean Giraudoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Giraudoux"},{"link_name":"liaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaison_officer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gladys Calthrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Calthrop"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Vortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vortex"},{"link_name":"Fumed Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumed_Oak"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Coward completed the playscript for This Happy Breed (as well as that for Present Laughter) in 1939, in the months before World War II. The producer Binkie Beaumont originally wanted to stage Present Laughter on its own, but Coward insisted that, given the political situation at the time, it should be played alternately with the more sombre This Happy Breed. The original script called for the abdication speech of King Edward VIII to be heard on the radio by the Gibbons family in Act 3 scene 1, but the Lord Chamberlain (Britain's official play censor until 1968) objected to its inclusion, citing the embarrassment it would cause any member of the royal family who happened to see the play. The final dress rehearsal was held on 31 August 1939. The following day Germany invaded Poland; Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September, and the production was immediately abandoned.[3]Coward departed for Paris to meet Jean Giraudoux, who wanted the playwright to set up a Bureau of Propaganda and serve as a liaison with the Commissariat d'Information.[4] Coward engaged in war work in intelligence and propaganda in Europe and America for the next two years. Winston Churchill advised Coward that he could do more for the war effort by entertaining the troops and the home front than by attempts at intelligence work: \"Go and sing to them when the guns are firing – that's your job!\"[5] Though disappointed, Coward followed this advice. He toured, acted and sang indefatigably in Europe, Africa, Asia and America.[6] This Happy Breed and Present Laughter were finally staged in September 1942 in Blackpool[7] on Coward's wartime tour of Britain after he returned to acting.[8] The sets and costumes were designed by Gladys Calthrop.[9]Coward later said, \"I have always had a reputation for high-life, earned no doubt in the twenties with such plays as The Vortex. But, as you see, I was a suburban boy, born and bred in the suburbs of London, which I've always loved and always will.\" This Happy Breed, like his short play Fumed Oak, is one of his rare stage depictions of suburban life.[10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clapham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham"},{"link_name":"South London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_London"},{"link_name":"General Strike of 1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike"},{"link_name":"Rule, Britannia!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule,_Britannia!"}],"sub_title":"Act 1","text":"Scene 1 – June 1919The Gibbons family has just moved into 17 Sycamore Road in Clapham in South London. Ethel expresses her relief that her husband Frank has survived army service in World War I and her pleasure at moving into their new home. Their new next-door neighbour, Bob Mitchell, introduces himself. He turns out to be an old army colleague of Frank's, and the two reminisce.Scene 2 – December 1925After Christmas dinner, the grown-ups (Frank and Ethel, Ethel's mother Mrs Flint, and Frank's sister Sylvia) have retired to another room to leave the young people (Frank and Ethel's children: Vi, \"a pleasant nondescript-looking girl of twenty\"; Queenie, \"a year younger... prettier and a trifle flashy\"; and Reg, aged eighteen, \"a nice-looking intelligent boy\", Reg's friend Sam, and Queenie's friend Phyllis) alone. Sam indulges in a spot of socialist preaching against capitalism and injustice. The young women fail to accord him the respect he thinks he deserves, and he and Reg leave. Bob Mitchell's son Billy visits the house. He is left alone with Queenie, and there is a short love scene between them. Queenie baffles him by saying that she so hates suburban life that she would not make him a good wife, and rushes out. Frank enters and encourages Billy. After Billy leaves, Ethel and Frank chat together, partly to avoid Sylvia's singing in the room next door and partly for the pleasure of each other's company.Scene 3 – May 1926It is the time of the General Strike of 1926. The women of the household bicker. Frank and Bob are strike-breaking as volunteer driver and conductor of a London bus. Reg, encouraged by Sam, is backing the strikers and has not been seen for some days. Frank and Bob enter, singing \"Rule, Britannia!\" at the top of their voices, having had a few drinks to celebrate their successful strike-breaking. Sam and Reg enter, the latter slightly injured from a fracas connected with the strike. Vi confronts Sam for leading Reg astray and throws him out. Left alone together, Frank and Reg exchange views, Frank's being traditionalist and Reg's idealistic. They bid each other good night on good terms.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Act 2","text":"Scene 1 – October 1931On Reg's wedding day, Frank gives him paternal advice. The women of the household bicker. Queenie again complains of the tedium of suburban life. The family all leave for Reg and Phyl's wedding ceremony.Scene 2 – November 1931, midnightQueenie tip-toes downstairs in street clothes, carrying a suitcase. She puts a letter on the mantelpiece and leaves. Frank and Bob arrive after a convivial evening at a regimental dinner and amiably discuss the world in general. Ethel, woken by their noise, tells them off. Bob leaves. Frank and Ethel see Queenie's letter and open it. She has been having an affair with a married man and has run off with him. Ethel disowns Queenie as a member of the family. Frank is shocked at Ethel's intransigence. They retire to bed unhappily.Scene 3 – May 1932The older members of the family discuss a letter they have received from Queenie in France. They are interrupted by the news that Reg and his wife have been killed in a road accident.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII"},{"link_name":"abdication broadcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII_abdication_crisis"},{"link_name":"Menton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menton"},{"link_name":"Neville Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Munich agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_agreement"}],"sub_title":"Act 3","text":"Scene 1 – December 1936The family have been listening to ex-king Edward VIII's abdication broadcast. In the intervening time, Mrs Flint has died, and Vi and Sam, now married, have become comfortably middle-aged. Billy enters with the news that he has run into Queenie in Menton. Her lover had left her and returned to his wife, leaving Queenie stranded. After some prevarication Billy says that Queenie is with him and indeed is now his wife. Queenie enters, and there is an awkward but loving reconciliation between her and Ethel.Scene 2 – September 1938It is the time of Neville Chamberlain's return from Munich and the false hopes of averting war. Sylvia is as delighted by the Munich agreement as Frank is bitterly opposed to it. Bob comes in to say goodbye. He is moving to the country. He and Frank reminisce and look forward to the future anxiously.Scene 3 – June 1939Frank and Ethel are about to move to the country. The house is now almost empty of furniture as they prepare to leave. Frank is left alone with his youngest grandchild, also called Frank. He talks to the baby philosophically, in a long monologue about what it means to be British. Ethel calls him to supper.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judy Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Joyce Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Carey"},{"link_name":"Gerald Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Case"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Gray_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Price"},{"link_name":"Beryl Measor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryl_Measor"},{"link_name":"James Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Donald"}],"text":"Mrs Flint – Gwen Floyd\nEthel Gibbons – Judy Campbell\nSylvia Gibbons – Joyce Carey\nFrank Gibbons – Noël Coward\nBob Mitchell – Gerald Case\nReg Gibbons – Billy Thatcher\nQueenie Gibbons/Mitchell – Jennifer Gray\nVi Gibbons/Leadbitter – Molly Johnson\nSam Leadbitter – Dennis Price\nEdie – Beryl Measor\nBilly Mitchell – James Donald","title":"Original cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Manchester Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Daily Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Express"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Times, noting that This Happy Breed had opened the night after the London première of Present Laughter, commented, \"both plays, though widely separated in mood and kind, are successful, the one attaining to brilliant comedy, the other creating and sustaining an interest in a family of the lower middle class which may fairly be called absorbing.... Mr Coward keeps firm control of his narrative and in his own part occasionally permits himself to speak for an England which, though tired, is still possessed of an invincible stamina.\"[11] The Manchester Guardian thought some of the scenes too long, but added \"the author's skill is shown in each one, unabated and breaking fresh ground; the play obviously moved and excited the audience, and we must admit, once again, that Mr Coward remains one of the most remarkable men of the theatre of our time.\"[12] The Daily Express wrote, \"Mr Coward's Clapham cavalcade is perfectly acted. It is history dramatised in the back parlour and a most moving portrait of small people living greatly.[13]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"This Happy Breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Happy_Breed_(film)"},{"link_name":"David Lean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lean"},{"link_name":"Robert Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Newton"},{"link_name":"Celia Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Johnson"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"John Moffatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moffatt_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Leach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Leach"},{"link_name":"Anna Cropper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Cropper"},{"link_name":"Doris Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Hare"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"A 1944 film adaptation, also called This Happy Breed, was directed by David Lean and starred Robert Newton and Celia Johnson.In 1989 BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio adaptation of the play, starring John Moffatt, Rosemary Leach, Anna Cropper and Doris Hare.[14] The audio play was released on CD in 2011, part of the Classic Radio Theatre series.[15]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Archived copy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200707152222/https://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8239/1/Nishimoto18PhD.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/8239/1/Nishimoto18PhD.pdf"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Light Entertainment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090123121640/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,857528-1,00.html"},{"link_name":"TIME magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIME_magazine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"The Playboy was a Spy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2008/04/13/books/review/Koch-t.html?_r=1&em&ex=1208059200&en=0bfd56b56c6f4c5b&ei=5087%0A&oref=slogin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"BBC Radio 4 Extra - Noel Coward - This Happy Breed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0081qyf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1408469835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408469835"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title"}],"text":"^ \"Haymarket Theatre\", The Times, 1 May 1943, p. 2\n\n^ \"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n\n^ Coward, unnumbered introductory page\n\n^ Hoare, pp. 298–301\n\n^ Morley, p. 246\n\n^ \"Light Entertainment\", TIME magazine, 19 July 1954, accessed 4 January 2009\n\n^ The Observer, 20 September 1942, p. 2\n\n^ Koch, Stephen. \"The Playboy was a Spy\", The New York Times, 13 April 2008, accessed 4 January 2009\n\n^ \"Gladys Calthrop\", Who's Who in the Theatre, 10th edition (1947), Pitman\n\n^ Castle, p. 18\n\n^ \"Haymarket Theatre\", The Times, 1 May 1943, p. 2\n\n^ \"Opera House – This Happy Breed\", G.A.H., The Manchester Guardian, 20 October 1942, p. 3\n\n^ The Daily Express, 1 May 1943, p. 3\n\n^ \"BBC Radio 4 Extra - Noel Coward - This Happy Breed\".\n\n^ . ISBN 978-1408469835. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Coward in This Happy Breed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ef/This_happy_breed.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_E._Griggs
Sutton E. Griggs
["1 Biography","1.1 Early years","1.2 Career","1.3 Death and legacy","2 Griggs as an author","3 Footnotes","4 Works","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
American novelist Sutton E. GriggsPortrait of Sutton E. Griggs published in 1901BornJune 19, 1872Chatfield, TexasDiedJanuary 2, 1933(1933-01-02) (aged 60)Houston, TexasOccupation Novelist minister theologian NationalityAmericanGenreAfrican American literature, western fictionSubjectSocial Justice, Racial Segregation and IntegrationNotable worksImperium in Imperio, The Hindered HandSpouseEmma WilliamsRelativesAllen R. Griggs (father), Emma Hodge Griggs (mother), Eunice Griggs (daughter) Sutton Elbert Griggs (June 19, 1872 – January 2, 1933) was an author, Baptist minister, and social activist. He is best known for his novel Imperium in Imperio, a utopian work that envisions a separate African-American state within the United States. He was African-American. Biography Early years Griggs was born Elbert Sutton Griggs (he later changed the order of his given names) in 1872 in Chatfield, Texas, to the Rev. Allen R. and Emma Hodge Griggs, the second of eight children. His grandfather was born free in Africa before transport to America as an enslaved man. His father, a former Georgia slave, became a prominent Baptist minister and founder of the first black newspaper and high school in Texas. Sutton worked closely with his father on the National Baptist Convention's Education Committee. He wrote frequently later in life of his deep respect for his parents' characters and accomplishments. Sutton Griggs attended Bishop College in Marshall, Texas and Richmond Theological Seminary. Upon graduation, he became pastor of the First Baptist Church in Berkley, Virginia. There he married Emma Williams, a teacher, in 1897. In 1899, he became pastor of Tabernacle Baptist Church in East Nashville and corresponding secretary of the National Baptist Convention. From 1894 to 1898, Griggs served as co-founder and publisher of the Virginia Baptist newspaper. Career Griggs was a prolific author, writing more than thirty books and pamphlets in his lifetime and selling them door-to-door or at the revival meetings at which he preached. His first novel, Imperium in Imperio, published in 1899, is his most famous. In 1901, Griggs founded the Orion Publishing Company to sell books to the African American market. None of his four subsequent novels achieved the success of Imperium in Imperio, but he produced a steady stream of social and religious tracts, as well as an autobiography. An admirer of W. E. B. Du Bois and a supporter of the Niagara Movement and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Griggs was strongly influenced by contemporary social theory. He believed that the practice of social virtues alone could advance a culture and lead to economic success. The more radical ideas expressed in his novels, particularly Imperium in Imperio, have led him to be sometimes characterized as a militant separatist in the mold of Marcus Garvey. During his lifetime, however, his integrationist philosophy and courting of white philanthropy earned him the scorn of self-help advocates. His 1923 nonfiction book Guide to Racial Greatness; or The Science of Collective Efficiency advocated for racial uplift through collective efficiency. Griggs's careers in both the church and social welfare sphere were active and itinerant. In Houston, he helped establish the National Civil and Religious Institute. In 1914, he founded the National Public Welfare League. From 1925 to 1926, he served as president of the American Baptist Theological Seminary, which his father helped found. His longest tenure—19 years as pastor of Tabernacle Baptist Church in Memphis—saw him act on his belief in the social mission of churches, providing the only swimming pool and gymnasium then available to African Americans in the city. Death and legacy The Wall Street Crash of 1929 stripped the Tabernacle of investment funds and led to its bankruptcy. Griggs returned to Hopewell Baptist Church in Denison, Texas, then to a brief pastorship in Houston. Shortly after resigning that post in 1933, he died in Houston, and was buried in Dallas. Griggs as an author Title page of the first edition of Imperium in Imperio Griggs's first novel follows a familiar formula: two childhood friends are separated by wealth, education, skin tone, and political outlook; one is a militant and one an integrationist. A traumatic incident galvanizes the more moderate friend into action, and the two work together to redress the injustice. Imperium in Imperio (1899) follows this plotline with a startling twist: the revelation of an African American "empire within an empire," a shadow government complete with a Congress based in Waco, Texas. The light-skinned and more militant Bernard Belgrave who has been hand-picked to serve as president advocates a takeover of the Texas state government, while the dark-skinned Belton Piedmont argues for assimilation and cooperation. Bernard reluctantly has Belton executed as a traitor only after Belton resigns from the Imperium (an act that is tantamount to suicide), leaving the potentially violent and unstable Bernard in control of the Imperium as the novel ends. The Hindered Hand, written in 1905 as a direct reply to Thomas Dixon's The Leopard's Spots, contains graphic accounts of sexual violence and lynching, and was among the most popular African-American novels of the period. In the novel's third edition, Griggs published a supplement entitled "A Hindering Hand: The Poor White and the Negro" which further criticized Dixon for instilling racism among poor whites against African Americans. With a stiff prose style and long rhetorical passages punctuated by melodramatic events, Griggs' novels are not models of "literary" styling. However, for the African-American audiences for which they were written, the novels provided a rare opportunity to read about the political and social issues that preoccupied them, including violence, racism, and the pursuit of political and economic justice. At the time of his death, his works had been largely forgotten in wider literary circles. Cover of The Hindered Hand, or, The Reign of the Repressionist Although he outsold more famous contemporaries, Griggs remained largely invisible in literary histories of the time. A re-issue of Imperium by the Arno Press in 1969 revived interest in Griggs, and the West Virginia University Press has since republished all five of his novels. Imperium has been embraced as an important addition to the history of utopian literature, western fiction, and African-American literature. Footnotes ^ a b Coleman, Finnie D. (2007). Sutton E. Griggs and the Struggle Against White Supremacy. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-1-57233-480-9. Retrieved June 12, 2010. ^ a b Coleman, Finnie D. (2007). Sutton E. Griggs and the Struggle Against White Supremacy. Univ. of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1-57233-480-9. ^ Literary Encyclopedia entry by Harish Chander, Shaw University. ^ a b "Sutton Griggs". obo. Retrieved 2021-03-05. ^ James W. Byrd and David M. Tucker, "Griggs, Sutton Elbert", Handbook of Texas Online (accessed June 23, 2008). Published by the Texas State Historical Association ^ "The Battle That Raged", Issues & Views, Fall 1996. ^ "Guide to Racial Greatness: or The Science of Collective Efficiency by Griggs, Sutton Elbert, 1872-1933 | Search for rare books | ABAA". www.abaa.org. Retrieved 2021-03-14. ^ Steven G. Kellman, "Imagining Texas as Black Utopia", The Texas Observer, February 27, 2004. ^ "The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Hindered Hand By Sutton E Griggs". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2021-03-05. Works Imperium in Imperio: A Study of the Negro Race Problem: A Novel. 1899. — HTML full text. Overshadowed: A Novel. Nashville, TN: Orion Publishing Co., 1901. Unfettered: A Novel. Nashville, TN: Orion Publishing Co., 1902. The Hindered Hand; or, The Reign of the Repressionist. Nashville, TN: Orion Publishing Co., 1905. The One Great Question: A Study of Southern Conditions at Close Range. Philadelphia, PA: Orion Publishing Co., 1907. Pointing the Way. Nashville, TN: Orion Publishing Co., 1908. Needs of the South. Nashville, TN: Orion Publishing Co., 1909. Wisdom's Call. Memphis, TN: National Sentiment Moulding Bureau, 1911. The Story of My Struggles. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1914. How to Rise. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1915. Life's Demands; or, According to Law. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, n.d. . Building Our Own: A Plea for a Parallel Civilization: An address by Sutton E. Griggs. Memphis, TN: National Sentiment Moulding Bureau, n.d. . Light on Racial Issues. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, n.d. . Meeting the Great Test: Constructive Criticism of the Negro Race. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1922. Guide to Racial Greatness; or, The Science of Collective Efficiency. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1923. Kingdom Builders' Manual: Companion Book to Guide to Racial Greatness. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1924. Triumph of the Simple Virtues; or, The Life Story of John L. Webb. Hot Springs, AR: Messenger Publishing Co., 1926. The Winning Policy. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1927. Basis of Hope for the Negro in the South. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1929. Plan for Solving the Race Problem. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1929. Proper Approach to the Race Question in the South. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1929. The Nation's New Policy Toward the Negro. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, n.d. . Friction Between the Races: Causes and Cure. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, n.d. . Why the Nation Does Not Handle the Race Question. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, n.d. . Further reading Tess Chakkalakal and Kenneth W. Warren (eds.), Jim Crow, Literature, and the Legacy of Sutton E. Griggs. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2013. Finnie D. Coleman, Sutton E. Griggs and the Struggle Against White Supremacy. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2007. Arlene A Elder, The "Hindered Hand": Cultural Implications of Early African-American Fiction. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978. M. Giulia Fabi, "Race Travel in Turn-of-the-Century African American Utopian Fiction," in Passing and the Rise of the African American Novel. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2001. John Cullen Gruesser, Black on Black: Twentieth-Century African American Writing about Africa. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2000. ---, The Empire Abroad and the Empire at Home: African American Literature and the Era of Overseas Expansion. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2012. ---, A Literary Life of Sutton E. Griggs: The Man on the Firing Line, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. ---, "Seeking Justice through Novel Writing and Book Publishing: Sutton Griggs's Commitment to Literature and Battles in Print," Baptist History & Heritage, 50.2 (Summer 2015): 4-16. Randolph Meade Walker, The Metamorphosis of Sutton E. Griggs: The Transition from Black Radical to Conservative, 1913-1933. Memphis, TN: Walker Publishing, 1991. External links "Sutton Elbert Griggs," Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Society. Sutton Griggs website Works by Sutton E. Griggs at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Sutton E. Griggs at Internet Archive Works by Sutton E. Griggs at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Other SNAC IdRef
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Allen R. and Emma Hodge Griggs, the second of eight children.[1] His grandfather was born free in Africa before transport to America as an enslaved man.[2] His father, a former Georgia slave, became a prominent Baptist minister and founder of the first black newspaper and high school in Texas. Sutton worked closely with his father on the National Baptist Convention's Education Committee. He wrote frequently later in life of his deep respect for his parents' characters and accomplishments.[3]Sutton Griggs attended Bishop College in Marshall, Texas and Richmond Theological Seminary. Upon graduation, he became pastor of the First Baptist Church in Berkley, Virginia. There he married Emma Williams, a teacher, in 1897. In 1899, he became pastor of Tabernacle Baptist Church in East Nashville and corresponding secretary of the National Baptist Convention. From 1894 to 1898, Griggs served as co-founder and publisher of the Virginia Baptist newspaper.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperium in Imperio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_in_Imperio"},{"link_name":"Orion Publishing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orion_Publishing_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"W. E. B. 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His first novel, Imperium in Imperio, published in 1899, is his most famous. In 1901, Griggs founded the Orion Publishing Company to sell books to the African American market. None of his four subsequent novels achieved the success of Imperium in Imperio, but he produced a steady stream of social and religious tracts, as well as an autobiography.An admirer of W. E. B. Du Bois and a supporter of the Niagara Movement and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Griggs was strongly influenced by contemporary social theory. He believed that the practice of social virtues alone could advance a culture and lead to economic success.[5] The more radical ideas expressed in his novels, particularly Imperium in Imperio, have led him to be sometimes characterized as a militant separatist in the mold of Marcus Garvey. During his lifetime, however, his integrationist philosophy and courting of white philanthropy earned him the scorn of self-help advocates.[6] His 1923 nonfiction book Guide to Racial Greatness; or The Science of Collective Efficiency advocated for racial uplift through collective efficiency.[7]Griggs's careers in both the church and social welfare sphere were active and itinerant. In Houston, he helped establish the National Civil and Religious Institute. In 1914, he founded the National Public Welfare League. From 1925 to 1926, he served as president of the American Baptist Theological Seminary, which his father helped found. His longest tenure—19 years as pastor of Tabernacle Baptist Church in Memphis—saw him act on his belief in the social mission of churches, providing the only swimming pool and gymnasium then available to African Americans in the city.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wall Street Crash of 1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929"},{"link_name":"Denison, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denison,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coleman-1"}],"sub_title":"Death and legacy","text":"The Wall Street Crash of 1929 stripped the Tabernacle of investment funds and led to its bankruptcy. Griggs returned to Hopewell Baptist Church in Denison, Texas, then to a brief pastorship in Houston. Shortly after resigning that post in 1933, he died in Houston, and was buried in Dallas.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperium_Title.jpg"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress"},{"link_name":"Waco, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Thomas Dixon's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dixon,_Jr."},{"link_name":"The Leopard's Spots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Leopard%27s_Spots"},{"link_name":"lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"rhetorical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"melodramatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coleman_2007-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_hindered_hand-_or,_The_reign_of_the_repressionist_(IA_hinderedhandorre00grigrich).pdf"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sutton_Griggs-4"},{"link_name":"western fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"African-American literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_literature"}],"text":"Title page of the first edition of Imperium in ImperioGriggs's first novel follows a familiar formula: two childhood friends are separated by wealth, education, skin tone, and political outlook; one is a militant and one an integrationist. A traumatic incident galvanizes the more moderate friend into action, and the two work together to redress the injustice.Imperium in Imperio (1899) follows this plotline with a startling twist: the revelation of an African American \"empire within an empire,\" a shadow government complete with a Congress based in Waco, Texas. The light-skinned and more militant Bernard Belgrave who has been hand-picked to serve as president advocates a takeover of the Texas state government, while the dark-skinned Belton Piedmont argues for assimilation and cooperation. Bernard reluctantly has Belton executed as a traitor only after Belton resigns from the Imperium (an act that is tantamount to suicide), leaving the potentially violent and unstable Bernard in control of the Imperium as the novel ends.[8]The Hindered Hand, written in 1905 as a direct reply to Thomas Dixon's The Leopard's Spots, contains graphic accounts of sexual violence and lynching, and was among the most popular African-American novels of the period. In the novel's third edition, Griggs published a supplement entitled \"A Hindering Hand: The Poor White and the Negro\" which further criticized Dixon for instilling racism among poor whites against African Americans.[9]With a stiff prose style and long rhetorical passages punctuated by melodramatic events, Griggs' novels are not models of \"literary\" styling. However, for the African-American audiences for which they were written, the novels provided a rare opportunity to read about the political and social issues that preoccupied them, including violence, racism, and the pursuit of political and economic justice. At the time of his death, his works had been largely forgotten in wider literary circles.[2]Cover of The Hindered Hand, or, The Reign of the RepressionistAlthough he outsold more famous contemporaries, Griggs remained largely invisible in literary histories of the time. A re-issue of Imperium by the Arno Press in 1969 revived interest in Griggs, and the West Virginia University Press has since republished all five of his novels.[4] Imperium has been embraced as an important addition to the history of utopian literature, western fiction, and African-American literature.","title":"Griggs as an author"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Coleman_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Coleman_1-1"},{"link_name":"Sutton E. 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Tucker, \"Griggs, Sutton Elbert\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fgr85"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"The Battle That Raged\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20010725000820/http://www.issues-views.com/index.php/sect/1000/article/1015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Guide to Racial Greatness: or The Science of Collective Efficiency by Griggs, Sutton Elbert, 1872-1933 | Search for rare books | ABAA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.abaa.org/book/288730811"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Steven G. Kellman, \"Imagining Texas as Black Utopia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.texasobserver.org/article.php?aid=1585"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Hindered Hand By Sutton E Griggs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gutenberg.org/files/24577/24577-h/24577-h.htm#chapter_XL"}],"text":"^ a b Coleman, Finnie D. (2007). Sutton E. Griggs and the Struggle Against White Supremacy. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-1-57233-480-9. Retrieved June 12, 2010.\n\n^ a b Coleman, Finnie D. (2007). Sutton E. Griggs and the Struggle Against White Supremacy. Univ. of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1-57233-480-9.\n\n^ Literary Encyclopedia entry by Harish Chander, Shaw University.\n\n^ a b \"Sutton Griggs\". obo. Retrieved 2021-03-05.\n\n^ James W. Byrd and David M. Tucker, \"Griggs, Sutton Elbert\", Handbook of Texas Online (accessed June 23, 2008). Published by the Texas State Historical Association\n\n^ \"The Battle That Raged\", Issues & Views, Fall 1996.\n\n^ \"Guide to Racial Greatness: or The Science of Collective Efficiency by Griggs, Sutton Elbert, 1872-1933 | Search for rare books | ABAA\". www.abaa.org. Retrieved 2021-03-14.\n\n^ Steven G. Kellman, \"Imagining Texas as Black Utopia\", The Texas Observer, February 27, 2004.\n\n^ \"The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Hindered Hand By Sutton E Griggs\". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2021-03-05.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperium in Imperio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_in_Imperio"},{"link_name":"HTML full text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/imperiuminimperi15454gut/15454.txt"},{"link_name":"Overshadowed: A Novel.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/overshadowednove00grigrich"},{"link_name":"Unfettered: A Novel.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/unfetterednovel00grigrich"},{"link_name":"The Hindered Hand; or, The Reign of the Repressionist.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hinderedhandorr00griggoog"},{"link_name":"The One Great Question: A Study of Southern Conditions at Close Range.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/onegreatquestion00grigrich"},{"link_name":"Pointing the Way.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/pointingway00grigrich"},{"link_name":"Wisdom's Call.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/wisdomscall00grigiala"},{"link_name":"Life's Demands; or, According to Law.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifesdemandsorac00grigiala"},{"link_name":"Light on Racial Issues.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lightonracialiss00grigrich"}],"text":"Imperium in Imperio: A Study of the Negro Race Problem: A Novel. 1899. — HTML full text.\nOvershadowed: A Novel. Nashville, TN: Orion Publishing Co., 1901.\nUnfettered: A Novel. Nashville, TN: Orion Publishing Co., 1902.\nThe Hindered Hand; or, The Reign of the Repressionist. Nashville, TN: Orion Publishing Co., 1905.\nThe One Great Question: A Study of Southern Conditions at Close Range. Philadelphia, PA: Orion Publishing Co., 1907.\nPointing the Way. Nashville, TN: Orion Publishing Co., 1908.\nNeeds of the South. Nashville, TN: Orion Publishing Co., 1909.\nWisdom's Call. Memphis, TN: National Sentiment Moulding Bureau, 1911.\nThe Story of My Struggles. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1914.\nHow to Rise. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1915.\nLife's Demands; or, According to Law. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, n.d. [c. 1916].\nBuilding Our Own: A Plea for a Parallel Civilization: An address by Sutton E. Griggs. Memphis, TN: National Sentiment Moulding Bureau, n.d. [1920s].\nLight on Racial Issues. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, n.d. [c. 1921].\nMeeting the Great Test: Constructive Criticism of the Negro Race. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1922.\nGuide to Racial Greatness; or, The Science of Collective Efficiency. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1923.\nKingdom Builders' Manual: Companion Book to Guide to Racial Greatness. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1924.\nTriumph of the Simple Virtues; or, The Life Story of John L. Webb. Hot Springs, AR: Messenger Publishing Co., 1926.\nThe Winning Policy. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1927.\nBasis of Hope for the Negro in the South. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1929.\nPlan for Solving the Race Problem. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1929.\nProper Approach to the Race Question in the South. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, 1929.\nThe Nation's New Policy Toward the Negro. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, n.d. [1920s].\nFriction Between the Races: Causes and Cure. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, n.d. [1920s].\nWhy the Nation Does Not Handle the Race Question. Memphis, TN: National Public Welfare League, n.d. [1920s].","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Tess Chakkalakal and Kenneth W. Warren (eds.), Jim Crow, Literature, and the Legacy of Sutton E. Griggs. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2013.\nFinnie D. Coleman, Sutton E. Griggs and the Struggle Against White Supremacy. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2007.\nArlene A Elder, The \"Hindered Hand\": Cultural Implications of Early African-American Fiction. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978.\nM. Giulia Fabi, \"Race Travel in Turn-of-the-Century African American Utopian Fiction,\" in Passing and the Rise of the African American Novel. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2001.\nJohn Cullen Gruesser, Black on Black: Twentieth-Century African American Writing about Africa. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2000.\n---, The Empire Abroad and the Empire at Home: African American Literature and the Era of Overseas Expansion. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2012.\n---, A Literary Life of Sutton E. Griggs: The Man on the Firing Line, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022.\n---, \"Seeking Justice through Novel Writing and Book Publishing: Sutton Griggs's Commitment to Literature and Battles in Print,\" Baptist History & Heritage, 50.2 (Summer 2015): 4-16.\nRandolph Meade Walker, The Metamorphosis of Sutton E. Griggs: The Transition from Black Radical to Conservative, 1913-1933. Memphis, TN: Walker Publishing, 1991.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Title page of the first edition of Imperium in Imperio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Imperium_Title.jpg/220px-Imperium_Title.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cover of The Hindered Hand, or, The Reign of the Repressionist","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_hindered_hand-_or%2C_The_reign_of_the_repressionist_%28IA_hinderedhandorre00grigrich%29.pdf/page1-220px-The_hindered_hand-_or%2C_The_reign_of_the_repressionist_%28IA_hinderedhandorre00grigrich%29.pdf.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_William_MacGauley
James William MacGauley
["1 Life","2 Works","3 Family","4 Notes"]
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (June 2017) James William MacGauley (c.1806–1867) was an Irish Catholic priest, physicist, and inventor. Life MacGauley was born around 1806 into a Catholic family at Kilmainham, Dublin, where his father Benjamin was a carpenter. After school in Dublin, he went to St Patrick's College, Maynooth to train for the priesthood, where the physicist Nicholas Callan gave him scientific interests. He was a priest at St. Mary's Church, Dublin He then served as professor of natural philosophy to the Board of National Education in Ireland, from 1836 to 1856. As part of his work, he ran a laboratory in Marlborough Street, Dublin, in the Board's headquarters. MacGauley emigrated to Canada about 1856, and was there to around 1865, when he settled in England. He became a member of the council of the Inventors' Institute (of London), and took an active part in the executive committee of that body, and was one of the editors as well as a contributor to their organ, the Scientific Review. At the time of his death, on 25 October 1867, he was also managing director to the Inventors' Patentright Association. Works In 1837 MacGaulay worked on an electric interrupter related to that of Charles Grafton Page. It was in a line of development of the induction coil that began with Nicholas Callan, and was taken up by Golding Bird, William Neeves and Ernst Neeff by 1840. MacGaulay's trembler interrupter became standard in the electric bell. MacGauley's major published works were: Lectures on Natural Philosophy, Dublin, 1840; 3rd edit. 1851. The Elements of Architecture, Dublin, 1846. A Key to the Treatise on Arithmetic . . . used in the Irish National Schools, Dublin, 1852. A Treatise on Algebra, Dublin, 1854. He also wrote papers on "Natural Philosophy and Chemistry", which appeared in the Reports of the British Association, the Philosophical Magazine, the Chemical News, and the Scientific Review, between 1835 and 1867. Family MacGaulay left the priesthood around 1856, and on 30 March 1857 married Julia Frances Cahill (daughter of Patrick Cahill) in Boston, Massachusetts. The marriage certificate lists him as aged 48, which implies he was born in 1807 or 1808. They had four children. Notes ^ a b c d e Lee, Sidney, ed. (1893). "M'Gauley, James William" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co. ^ a b c d Davies, Gordon L. Herries. "McGauley, James William". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17502. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Robert Bud; Deborah Jean Warner (1998). Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-8153-1561-2. ^ Massachusetts Marriages, 1695-1910 database, FamilySearch Attribution  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1893). "M'Gauley, James William". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"}],"text":"James William MacGauley (c.1806–1867) was an Irish Catholic priest, physicist, and inventor.[1]","title":"James William MacGauley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kilmainham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmainham"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's College, Maynooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_College,_Maynooth"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Callan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Callan"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Church, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Marlborough Street, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_Street,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"}],"text":"MacGauley was born around 1806 into a Catholic family at Kilmainham, Dublin, where his father Benjamin was a carpenter. After school in Dublin, he went to St Patrick's College, Maynooth to train for the priesthood, where the physicist Nicholas Callan gave him scientific interests. He was a priest at St. Mary's Church, Dublin[2] He then served as professor of natural philosophy to the Board of National Education in Ireland, from 1836 to 1856.[1] As part of his work, he ran a laboratory in Marlborough Street, Dublin, in the Board's headquarters.[2]MacGauley emigrated to Canada about 1856, and was there to around 1865, when he settled in England. He became a member of the council of the Inventors' Institute (of London), and took an active part in the executive committee of that body, and was one of the editors as well as a contributor to their organ, the Scientific Review. At the time of his death, on 25 October 1867, he was also managing director to the Inventors' Patentright Association.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Grafton Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page"},{"link_name":"induction coil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_coil"},{"link_name":"Golding Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golding_Bird"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"electric bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Philosophical Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"}],"text":"In 1837 MacGaulay worked on an electric interrupter related to that of Charles Grafton Page. It was in a line of development of the induction coil that began with Nicholas Callan, and was taken up by Golding Bird, William Neeves and Ernst Neeff by 1840.[3] MacGaulay's trembler interrupter became standard in the electric bell.[2]MacGauley's major published works were:[1]Lectures on Natural Philosophy, Dublin, 1840; 3rd edit. 1851.\nThe Elements of Architecture, Dublin, 1846.\nA Key to the Treatise on Arithmetic . . . used in the Irish National Schools, Dublin, 1852.\nA Treatise on Algebra, Dublin, 1854.He also wrote papers on \"Natural Philosophy and Chemistry\", which appeared in the Reports of the British Association, the Philosophical Magazine, the Chemical News, and the Scientific Review, between 1835 and 1867.[1]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-2"}],"text":"MacGaulay left the priesthood around 1856, and on 30 March 1857 married Julia Frances Cahill (daughter of Patrick Cahill) in Boston, Massachusetts. The marriage certificate lists him as aged 48, which implies he was born in 1807 or 1808.[4] They had four children.[2]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-4"},{"link_name":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"link_name":"\"M'Gauley, James William\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/M%27Gauley,_James_William"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_2-3"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/17502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F17502"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1AsFdUxOwu8C&pg=PA328"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8153-1561-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1561-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Marriages, 1695-1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:FCWZ-DH7"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"link_name":"M'Gauley, James William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/M%27Gauley,_James_William"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Lee, Sidney, ed. (1893). \"M'Gauley, James William\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co. \n\n^ a b c d Davies, Gordon L. Herries. \"McGauley, James William\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17502. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ Robert Bud; Deborah Jean Warner (1998). Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-8153-1561-2.\n\n^ Massachusetts Marriages, 1695-1910 database, FamilySearchAttributionThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1893). \"M'Gauley, James William\". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Lee, Sidney, ed. (1893). \"M'Gauley, James William\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/M%27Gauley,_James_William","url_text":"\"M'Gauley, James William\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Gordon L. Herries. \"McGauley, James William\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17502.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F17502","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/17502"}]},{"reference":"Robert Bud; Deborah Jean Warner (1998). Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-8153-1561-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1AsFdUxOwu8C&pg=PA328","url_text":"Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1561-2","url_text":"978-0-8153-1561-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_Northern_Football_League
1973–74 Northern Football League
["1 Clubs","1.1 League table","2 References","3 External links"]
The 1973–74 Northern Football League season was the 76th in the history of Northern Football League, a football competition in England. Clubs Football league seasonNorthern Football LeagueSeason1973–74ChampionsSpennymoor UnitedMatches played380Goals scored1,219 (3.21 per match)← 1972–73 1974–75 → Division One featured 20 clubs which competed in the league last season, no new clubs joined the division this season. League table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Promotion or relegation 1 Spennymoor United 38 30 4 4 87 37 +50 64 2 Blyth Spartans 38 30 4 4 95 32 +63 64 3 Willington 38 21 6 11 87 60 +27 48 4 Bishop Auckland 38 19 9 10 68 43 +25 47 5 Billingham Synthonia 38 20 7 11 67 50 +17 47 6 North Shields 38 17 8 13 68 52 +16 42 7 Tow Law Town 38 18 4 16 62 63 −1 40 8 Ashington 38 16 6 16 60 56 +4 38 9 Penrith 38 15 8 15 56 62 −6 38 10 Durham City 38 16 5 17 74 60 +14 37 11 Whitley Bay 38 14 8 16 48 48 0 36 12 Evenwood Town 38 13 10 15 63 65 −2 36 13 Consett 38 14 7 17 61 63 −2 35 14 Ferryhill Athletic 38 14 7 17 47 69 −22 35 15 Shildon 38 12 9 17 59 62 −3 33 16 Whitby Town 38 11 9 18 52 76 −24 31 17 Crook Town 38 9 9 20 44 75 −31 27 18 South Bank 38 8 7 23 43 77 −34 23 19 West Auckland Town 38 5 11 22 37 83 −46 21 20 Stanley United 38 4 10 24 41 86 −45 18 Resigned from the league Source: fchdRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored. References ^ "Northern Football League 1960–1992". Non League Matters. External links Northern Football League official site vteNorthern League2023–24clubsDivision One Birtley Town Bishop Auckland Boro Rangers Carlisle City Crook Town Guisborough Town Heaton Stannington Newcastle Benfield North Shields Northallerton Town Penrith Redcar Athletic Seaham Red Star Shildon Sunderland Ryhope CA Tow Law Town West Allotment Celtic West Auckland Town Whickham Whitley Bay Division Two Bedlington Terriers Billingham Synthonia Billingham Town Blyth Town Boldon Community Association Brandon United Chester-le-Street Town Chester-le-Street United Easington Colliery Esh Winning FC Hartlepool Horden Community Welfare Jarrow Newcastle Blue Star Newcastle University Prudhoe Youth Club Redcar Town Ryton & Crawcrook Albion Sunderland West End Thornaby Washington Yarm & Eaglescliffe Seasons 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 vte1973–74 in English football « 1972–73 1974–75 » National teams Alf Ramsey Home Championship 1974 FIFA World Cup (qualification) League competitionsLevels 1–4 Football League (First Division, Second Division, Third Division, Fourth Division) Levels 5–6 Isthmian League (One, Two) Northern Premier League (level 5 only) Southern League (Premier, One North, One South) Levels 7–9 Athenian League (One, Two) Cheshire County League (level 7 only) Eastern Counties League (level 7 only) Essex Senior League (level 7 only) Hellenic League (Premier, One) Kent League (level 7 only) Lancashire Combination (level 7 only) Midland Football Combination (level 7 only) Midland League (level 7 only) Northern League (level 7 only) South Midlands League (Premier, One) Spartan League (level 7 only) Sussex County League (One, Two) United Counties League (Premier, One, Two) West Midlands (Regional) League (level 7 only) Western League (level 7 only) Yorkshire League (One, Two, Three) Cup competitionsFA cups FA Cup (Qualifying rounds, Final) Charity Shield FA Trophy (Final) FA Amateur Cup Football League cups League Cup (Final) Watney Cup European competitions European Cup UEFA Cup European Cup Winners' Cup Texaco Cup Club seasonsFirst Division Arsenal Birmingham City Burnley Chelsea Coventry City Derby County Everton Ipswich Town Leeds United Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Norwich City Queens Park Rangers Sheffield United Southampton Stoke City Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Second Division Aston Villa Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bristol City Cardiff City Carlisle United Crystal Palace Fulham Hull City Luton Town Middlesbrough Millwall Nottingham Forest Notts County Orient Oxford United Portsmouth Preston North End Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town West Bromwich Albion Third Division Aldershot Blackburn Rovers Bournemouth Brighton & Hove Albion Bristol Rovers Cambridge United Charlton Athletic Chesterfield Grimsby Town Halifax Town Hereford United Huddersfield Town Oldham Athletic Plymouth Argyle Port Vale Rochdale Shrewsbury Town Southend United Southport Tranmere Rovers Walsall Watford Wrexham York City Fourth Division Barnsley Bradford City Brentford Bury Chester Colchester United Crewe Alexandra Darlington Doncaster Rovers Exeter City Gillingham Hartlepool United Lincoln City Mansfield Town Newport County Northampton Town Peterborough United Reading Rotherham United Scunthorpe United Stockport County Swansea City Torquay United Workington
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwan_(play)
Siwan (play)
["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading"]
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Siwan" play – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2011) Siwan is a play written in the Welsh language by Saunders Lewis, first produced in 1956. The first English language translation of the play (sometimes known by the alternative title The King of England’s Daughter) appeared in 1960. The play is based on historical events and centres on Joan, Lady of Wales, the illegitimate daughter of King John of England and her marriage to Llywelyn ab Iorwerth (also known as Llywelyn Fawr or Llywelyn the Great). It is set at the royal home at Abergwyngregyn, on the north coast of Gwynedd at Easter in 1230. In the play William de Braose, a young Marcher Lord, is discovered with Siwan in Llywelyn's bedchamber. De Braose is hanged for adultery. In Saunders Lewis' earlier work including the play Blodeuwedd (1948), he had been increasingly using the themes and characters of Welsh myths and historical events as the inspiration for his work. He continued the use of medieval romantic themes in Siwan which also deals with adultery, but in contrast to Blodeuwedd also involves the themes of reconciliation, forgiveness, and marital harmony. Siwan and Blodeuwedd (play) are considered as "canonical examples of Welsh language drama" and are regularly performed in Welsh theatres and on Welsh-language radio and television. See also Gwynfor Evans, Cymru O Hud, Abergwyngregyn p. 76 References ^ Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones, Trasiedi Gymraeg: Is there a Classical Tradition in Welsh Language Drama? Further reading Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones, Trasiedi Gymraeg: Is there a Classical Tradition in Welsh Language Drama? http://www.llywelyn.co.uk This article on a play from the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Gwynfor Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwynfor_Evans"},{"title":"Abergwyngregyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abergwyngregyn"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirundi
Kirundi
["1 Phonology","1.1 Consonants","1.2 Vowels","1.3 Tone","1.4 Phonotactics","1.5 Consonant harmony","2 Official use","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
Bantu language of Burundi and adjacent states RundiIkirundiNative toBurundiEthnicityHutuTutsiTwaGanwaNative speakers13 million (2021)Language familyNiger–Congo? Atlantic–CongoVolta-CongoBenue–CongoBantoidSouthern BantoidBantuNortheast BantuGreat Lakes BantuRwanda-Rundi (D62)RundiDialects Ikibo Ikirundi Ikiragane Igisoni Ikinyabweru Ikiyogoma Ikimoso Writing systemLatinOfficial statusOfficial language in BurundiLanguage codesISO 639-1rn RundiISO 639-2run RundiISO 639-3run RundiGlottologrund1242  Rundirund1241  Rundi-KitwaGuthrie codeJD.62This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. PersonUmurundiPeopleAbarundiLanguageIkirundiCountryu Burundi Kirundi, also known as Rundi, is a Bantu language and the national language of Burundi. It is a dialect of Rwanda-Rundi dialect continuum that is also spoken in Rwanda and adjacent parts of Tanzania (in regions close to Kigoma), the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, as well as in Kenya. Kirundi is mutually intelligible with Kinyarwanda, the national language of Rwanda, and the two form parts of the wider dialect continuum known as Rwanda-Rundi. Kirundi is natively spoken by the Hutu, including Bakiga and other related ethnicities, as well as Tutsi, Twa and Hima among others have adopted the language. Neighbouring dialects of Kirundi are mutually intelligible with Ha, a language spoken in western Tanzania. Kirundi is one of the languages where Meeussen's rule, a rule describing a certain pattern of tonal change in Bantu languages, is active. In 2020, the Rundi Academy was established to help standardize and promote Kirundi. The Kirundi text on the back of the truck warns cyclists not to hold on to it. Phonology See also: Rwanda-Rundi § Comparison of Kinyarwanda and Kirundi Consonants Although the literature on Rundi agrees on 5 vowels, the number of consonants can vary anywhere from 19 to 26 consonants. The table below is compiled from a survey of academic acceptance of Rundi consonants. Labial Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ɲ ŋ Plosive voiceless p t k voiced b d ɟ ɡ Affricate p͡f t͡s t͡ʃ Fricative voiceless f s ʃ h voiced v z ʒ Approximant j w Flap ɾ Trill r Vowels The table below gives the vowel sounds of Rundi. Front Back Close i u Mid e o Open a All five vowels occur in long and short forms. The distinction is phonemic. Tone Rundi is a tonal language. There are two essential tones in Rundi: high and low (or H and L). Since Rundi has phonemic distinction on vowel length, when a long vowel changes from a low tone to a high tone it is marked as a rising tone. When a long vowel changes from a high tone to a low tone, it is marked as a falling tone. Rundi is often used in phonology to illustrate examples of Meeussen's rule In addition, it has been proposed that tones can shift by a metrical or rhythmic structure. Some authors have expanded these more complex features of the tonal system noting that such properties are highly unusual for a tone system. Phonotactics Syllable structure in Rundi is considered to be CV, that is having no clusters, no coda consonants, and no complex vowel nuclei. It has been proposed that sequences that are CVV in the surface realization are actually CV in the underlying deep structure, with the consonant coalescing with the first vowel. Consonant harmony Rundi has been shown to have properties of consonant harmony particularly when it comes to sibilants. Meeussen described this harmony in his essay and it is investigated further by others. One example of this harmony is triggered by /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ and targets the set of /s/ and /z/ in preceding adjacent stem syllables. Official use The Lord's Prayer in Kirundi (Church of the Pater Noster) Kirundi was recognized an official language in Burundi by the 1962 Constitution of the Kingdom of Burundi. In accordance with the constitution, many Burundian government orders, especially those printed in the Bulletin Officiel du Burundi from 1962 to 1963, were written in both French and Kirundi. After the constitution was suspended in 1966, Kirundi remained a de facto official language in the county, though its use in government documents declined. In 1972 Kirundi was adopted as the official language of instruction in Burundian primary schools. Notes ^ Rundi at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online ^ Kirundi at Ethnologue (15th ed., 2005) ^ Rigumye, Mariette. "Longtemps attendue, l'Académie Rundi ouvre sous peu". IWACU (in French). Archived from the original on 2020-11-04. Retrieved 2021-09-10. ^ Zorc & Nibagwire 2007, p. 23. ^ Zorc & Nibagwire 2007, p. 25. ^ Meeussen 1959. ^ de Samie 2009. ^ Myers 1987. ^ Philippson 1998. ^ Goldsmith & Sabimana 1989. ^ Sagey 1986. ^ Ntihirageza 1993. ^ Verdoodt 2011, p. 515. ^ Weinstein 1976, p. 89. References Broselow, Ellen; Niyondagara, Alice (Spring 1990). "Feature geometry of Kirundi palatalization". Studies in the Linguistic Sciences. 20 (1): 71–88. ISSN 0049-2388. de Samie, Thierry (2009). Dictionnaire français-kirundi (2nd ed.). Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-09185-6. Goldsmith, John; Sabimana, Firmard (1989). "The Kirundi Verb" (PDF). Modèles en tonologie: kirundi et kinyarwanda. Paris: Editions du CNRS. ISBN 9782222043232. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-24. Meeussen, A. E. (1959). Essai de grammaire Rundi. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Série Sciences Humaines – Linguistique. Vol. 24. Tervuren.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Myers, Scott P. (1987). Tone and the structure of words in Shona (PhD dissertation). Amherst: University of Massachusetts. ProQuest 303602751. Ntihirageza, J. (1993). Kirundi Palatization and Sibilant Harmony: Implications for Feature Geometry (Master thesis). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University. Philippson, Gérard (1998). "Tone reduction vs. metrical attraction in the evolution of Eastern Bantu tone systems". In Hyman, Larry M.; Kisseberth, Charles W. (eds.). Theoretical Aspects of Bantu Tone. Cambridge University Press. pp. 315–329. ISBN 1575860953. Sagey, Elizabeth Caroline (1986). The Representation of Features and Relations in Non-Linear Phonology (PDF) (PhD dissertation). Cambridge: MIT. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-03-22. Verdoodt, A. (2011). "Social and Linguistic Structures of Burundi, a Typical 'Unimodal' Country". Language and Society: Anthropological Issues (reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 509–532. ISBN 9783110806489. Weinstein, Warren (1976). Historical Dictionary of Burundi. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810809628. Zorc, R. David; Nibagwire, Louise (2007). Kinyarwanda and Kirundi Comparative Grammar (PDF). Hyattsville, MD: Dunwoody Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-14. External links Rundi edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Online Kirundi/English dictionary, revised Free English-Kirundi Dictionary Free Kirundi selfstudy course Free Kirundi grammar study book PanAfrican L10n page on Kirundi... Learning Kirundi (in Spanish) Online Kirundi/English dictionary USA Foreign Service Institute Kirundi basic course vteLanguages of BurundiOfficial languages Kirundi French English Non-official languages Swahili Sign languages Francophone African Sign Language Immigrant languages English French Punjabi Spanish German Italian Hindi Hebrew Arabic Chinese Portuguese Japanese Russian Danish Dutch vteLanguages of the Democratic Republic of the CongoOfficial language French National languages Kongo Kituba Lingala Swahili Tshiluba Indigenouslanguages(by province)Bandundu Boma Chokwe Ding Hungana Kwese Lia-Ntomba Mbala Mpuono Nzadi Pende Sakata Sengele Shinji Sonde Suku Tiene Yaka Yansi Équateur Bala Bangi Bango Budza Central Banda Furu Losengo Mbaka Mbandja Mongo Mono Ndolo Ndunga Ngbaka Minagende Ngbandi Ngbinda Ngbundu Ngombe Pagibete Sango South Banda Yangere Kasai-Occidental Binji Bushong Chokwe Lele Lwalu Wongo Kasai-Oriental Budya Dengese Luna Nkutu Salampasu Songe Tetela Katanga Bangubangu Bemba Bwile Chokwe Hemba Kaonde Kebwe Luba-Katanga Lunda Ruund Sanga Tabwa Zela Yazi Kinshasa Mfinu Maniema Hendo Zimba Nord-Kivu Amba Havu Hunde Kinyarwanda Kirundi Nande Nyanga Talinga Tembo Vanuma Yaka Orientale Alur Asoa Avokaya Bangala Bangba Barambu Beeke Bila Budu Bwa Bwela Dongo Guru Hema Kaliko Kango (Bas-Uélé District) Kango (Tshopo District) Kari Kele Lendu Lese Lika Likile Linga Loki Logo Lombo Lugbara Ma Mangbetu Mangbutu Mayogo Mba Mbo Ndaka Ngbee Ngelima Nyali Nyanga-li Nzakara Omi Pambia Poke Soko Tagbo Zande Sud-Kivu Buyu Fuliiru Havu Kabwari Kinyarwanda Kirundi Shi Tembo Sign languages French African Sign vteLanguages of UgandaOfficial languages English Swahili Ugandan Sign Language IndigenouslanguagesBantu Amba Gungu Gwere Khayo Kiga Kinyarwanda Luganda Luhya Marachi Masaba Nkore Nkore-Kiga Nyole Nyoro Nyoro-Tooro Ruuli Samia Singa Soga Talinga Tooro Nilo-Saharan Acholi Adhola Alur Aringa Bari Elgon Ik Karamojong Kuku Lango Lugbara Nyang'i Pökoot Soo Southern Luo Teso Others Runyakitara Nubi Oropom Immigrant languages English French Punjabi Spanish German Italian Hindi Hebrew Arabic Chinese Portuguese Japanese Russian Danish Dutch vteNarrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D) (by Guthrie classification)Zone CC10 C11 Ngondi C12a Pande C12b Bogongo C13 Mbati C14 Mbomotaba C15 Bongili C16 Lobala [C101 Dibole C102 Ngando C103 Kota C104 Yaka C105 Mbenga C141 Enyele C142 Bondongo C143 Mbonzo C161 Bomboli C162 Bozaba C20 C21 Mboko C22 Akwa C23 Ngare C24 Koyo C25 Mbosi C26 Kwala C27 Kuba [C201 Bwenyi C30 C31a Loi C31b Ngiri C31c Nunu C32 Bobangi C33 Sengele C34 Sakata C35a Ntomba C35b Bolia C36a Poto C36b Mpesa C36c Mbudza C36d Mangala C36e Boloki C36f Kangana C36g Ndolo C37 Buja [C301 Doko C302 Bolondo C311 Mabaale C312 Ndoobo C313 Litoka C314 Balobo C315 Enga C321 Binza C322 Dzamba C323 Mpama C371 Tembo C372 Kunda C373 Gbuta C374 Babale C40 C41 Ngombe C42 Bwela C43 Bati C44 Boa C45 Angba [C401 Pagibete C403 Kango C411 Bomboma C412 Bamwe C413 Dzando C414 Ligendza C415 Likula C441 Bango C50 C51 Mbesa C52 So C53 Poke C54 Lombo C55 Kele C56 Foma [C501 Likile C502 Linga C60 C61a Northeast Mongo C61b Northwest Mongo C62 Lalia [C63 Ngando C611 Bafoto C70 C71 Tetela C72 Kusu C73 Nkutu C74 Yela C75 Kela C76 Ombo [C701 Langa C80 C81 Dengese C82 Songomeno C83 Busoong C84 Lele C85 Wongo Zone DD10 D11 Mbole D12 Lengola D13 Metoko D14 Enya [D141 Zura D20 D21 Bali D22 Amba D23 Komo D24 Songola D25 Lega D26 Zimba D27 Bangubangu D28a West Holoholo D28b East Holoholo [D201 Liko D211 Kango D251 Lega-Malinga D281 Tumbwe D282 Lumbwe D30 D31 Peri D32 Bira D33 Nyali [D301 Kari D302 Guru D303 Ngbinda D304 Homa D305 Nyanga-li D306 Gbati-ri D307 Mayeka D308 Bodo D311 Bila D312 Kaiku D313 Ibutu D331 Bvanuma D332 Budu D333 Ndaaka D334 Mbo D335 Beeke D336 Ngbee D40 D41 Konzo D42 Ndandi D43 Nyanga D50 D51 Hunde D52 Haavu D53 Nyabungu D54 Bembe D55 Buyi D56 Kabwari [JD501 Nyindu JD502 Yaka JD531 Tembo D60 D61 Ruanda D62 Rundi D63 Fuliiro D64 Shubi D65 Hangaza D66 Ha D67 Vinza [JD631 Vira Italics indicate extinct languages. Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. The Guthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them. Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S) vteNarrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M) (by Guthrie classification)Zone J*D40 D41 Konzo D42 Ndandi D43 Nyanga D50 D51 Hunde D52 Haavu D53 Nyabungu D54 Bembe D55 Buyi D56 Kabwari [JD501 Nyindu JD502 Yaka JD531 Tembo D60 D61 Ruanda D62 Rundi D63 Fuliiro D64 Subi D65 Hangaza D66 Ha D67 Vinza [JD631 Vira E10 E11 Nyoro E12 Tooro E13 Nyankore E14 Ciga E15 Ganda E16 Soga E17 Gwere E18 Nyala [JE101 Gungu JE102 Talinga-Bwisi JE103 Ruli JE121 Hema E20 E21 Nyambo E22 Ziba E23 Dzindza E24 Kerebe E25 Jita [JE221 Rashi JE251 Kwaya JE252 Kara JE253 Ruri E30 E31a Gisu E31b Kisu E31c Bukusu E32a Hanga E32b Tsotso E33 Nyore E34 Saamia E35 Nyuli [JE341 Xaayo JE342 Marachi JE343 Songa E40 E41 Logooli E42 Gusii E43 Koria E44 Zanaki E45 Nata E46 Sonjo [JE401 Nguruimi JE402 Ikizu JE403 Suba/Suba-Simbiti JE404 Shashi JE405 Kabwa JE406 Singa JE407 Ware JE411 Idaxo JE412 Isuxa JE413 Tiriki JE431 Simbiti JE432 Hacha JE433 Surwa JE434 Sweta F20 F21 Sukuma F22 Nyamwezi F23 Sumbwa F24 Kimbu F25 Bungu Zone KK10 K11 Chokwe K12a Luimbi K12b Nyemba K13 Lucazi K14 Lwena K15 Mbunda K16 Nyengo K17 Mbwela K18 Nkangala K20 K21 Lozi K30 K31 Luyana K32 Mbowe K33 Kwangali K34 Mashi K35 Simaa K36 Sanjo K37 Kwangwa [K321 Mbume K322 Liyuwa K332 Manyo K333 Mbukushu K334 Mbogedu K351 Mulonga K352 Mwenyi K353 Koma K354 Imilangu K371 Kwandi K40 K41 Totela K42 Subiya [K402 Fwe K411 Totela of Namibia Zone LL10 L11 Pende L12 Samba & Holu L13 Kwese [L101 Sonde L20 L21 Kete L22 Binji Mbagani L23 Songe L24 Luna [L201 Budya L202 Yazi L221 Lwalwa L231 Binji L30 L31a Luba-Kasai L31b Lulua L32 Kanyoka L33 Luba-Katanga L34 Hemba L35 Sanga [L301 Kebwe L331 Zeela L40 L41 Kaonde L50 L51 Salampasu L52 Lunda L53 Ruund [L511 Luntu L60 L61 Mbwera L62 Nkoya [L601 Kolwe L602 Lushangi L603 Shasha Zone MM10 M11 Pimbwe M12 Rungwa M13 Fipa M14 Rungu M15 Mambwe [M131 Kuulwe M20 M21 Wanda M22 Mwanga M23 Nyiha M24 Malila M25 Safwa M26 Iwa M27 Tambo [M201 Lambya M202 Sukwa M30 M31 Nyakyusa [M301 Ndali M302 Penja M40 M41 Taabwa M42 Bemba [M401 Bwile M402 Aushi M50 M51 Biisa M52 Lala M53 Swaka M54 Lamba M55 Seba [M521 Ambo M522 Luano M541 Lima M542 Temba M60 M61 Lenje M62 Soli M63 Ila M64 Tonga [M611 Lukanga Twa M631 Sala M632 Lundwe M633 Kafue Twa Italics indicate extinct languages. Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. The Guthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them. Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S) Authority control databases National France BnF data Israel United States Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bantu language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_language"},{"link_name":"national language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_language"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"Rwanda-Rundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda-Rundi"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"mutually intelligible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility"},{"link_name":"Kinyarwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinyarwanda"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"dialect continuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum"},{"link_name":"Rwanda-Rundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda-Rundi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ethn-3"},{"link_name":"Hutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutu"},{"link_name":"Bakiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakiga"},{"link_name":"Tutsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi"},{"link_name":"Twa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twa"},{"link_name":"Hima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hima_people"},{"link_name":"mutually intelligible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutually_intelligible"},{"link_name":"Ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_language"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Meeussen's rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeussen%27s_rule"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bicycles_in_Burundi.jpg"}],"text":"Kirundi, also known as Rundi, is a Bantu language and the national language of Burundi. It is a dialect of Rwanda-Rundi dialect continuum that is also spoken in Rwanda and adjacent parts of Tanzania (in regions close to Kigoma), the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, as well as in Kenya. Kirundi is mutually intelligible with Kinyarwanda, the national language of Rwanda, and the two form parts of the wider dialect continuum known as Rwanda-Rundi.[3]Kirundi is natively spoken by the Hutu, including Bakiga and other related ethnicities, as well as Tutsi, Twa and Hima among others have adopted the language. Neighbouring dialects of Kirundi are mutually intelligible with Ha, a language spoken in western Tanzania.Kirundi is one of the languages where Meeussen's rule, a rule describing a certain pattern of tonal change in Bantu languages, is active.In 2020, the Rundi Academy was established to help standardize and promote Kirundi.[4]The Kirundi text on the back of the truck warns cyclists not to hold on to it.","title":"Kirundi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rwanda-Rundi § Comparison of Kinyarwanda and Kirundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda-Rundi#Comparison_of_Kinyarwanda_and_Kirundi"}],"text":"See also: Rwanda-Rundi § Comparison of Kinyarwanda and Kirundi","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZorcNibagwire200723-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZorcNibagwire200725-6"}],"sub_title":"Consonants","text":"Although the literature on Rundi agrees on 5 vowels, the number of consonants can vary anywhere from 19 to 26 consonants.[5] The table below is compiled from a survey of academic acceptance of Rundi consonants.[6]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_vowel"},{"link_name":"short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_vowel"},{"link_name":"phonemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeussen1959-7"}],"sub_title":"Vowels","text":"The table below gives the vowel sounds of Rundi.All five vowels occur in long and short forms. The distinction is phonemic.[7]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tonal language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonal_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Samie2009-8"},{"link_name":"Meeussen's rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeussen%27s_rule"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers1987-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilippson1998-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmithSabimana1989-11"}],"sub_title":"Tone","text":"Rundi is a tonal language. There are two essential tones in Rundi: high and low (or H and L). Since Rundi has phonemic distinction on vowel length, when a long vowel changes from a low tone to a high tone it is marked as a rising tone. When a long vowel changes from a high tone to a low tone, it is marked as a falling tone.[8]Rundi is often used in phonology to illustrate examples of Meeussen's rule[9][10] In addition, it has been proposed that tones can shift by a metrical or rhythmic structure. Some authors have expanded these more complex features of the tonal system noting that such properties are highly unusual for a tone system.[11]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deep structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_structure"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagey1986-12"}],"sub_title":"Phonotactics","text":"Syllable structure in Rundi is considered to be CV, that is having no clusters, no coda consonants, and no complex vowel nuclei. It has been proposed that sequences that are CVV in the surface realization are actually CV in the underlying deep structure, with the consonant coalescing with the first vowel.[12]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"consonant harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_harmony"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENtihirageza1993-13"}],"sub_title":"Consonant harmony","text":"Rundi has been shown to have properties of consonant harmony particularly when it comes to sibilants. Meeussen described this harmony in his essay and it is investigated further by others.[13] One example of this harmony is triggered by /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ and targets the set of /s/ and /z/ in preceding adjacent stem syllables.","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Pater_Noster_rn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lord's Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer"},{"link_name":"Church of the Pater Noster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Pater_Noster"},{"link_name":"official language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the Kingdom of Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerdoodt2011515-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein197689-15"}],"text":"The Lord's Prayer in Kirundi (Church of the Pater Noster)Kirundi was recognized an official language in Burundi by the 1962 Constitution of the Kingdom of Burundi. In accordance with the constitution, many Burundian government orders, especially those printed in the Bulletin Officiel du Burundi from 1962 to 1963, were written in both French and Kirundi. After the constitution was suspended in 1966, Kirundi remained a de facto official language in the county, though its use in government documents declined.[14] In 1972 Kirundi was adopted as the official language of instruction in Burundian primary schools.[15]","title":"Official use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-e27_1-0"},{"link_name":"Rundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ethnologue.com/language/run"},{"link_name":"Ethnologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Guthrie_2-0"},{"link_name":"New Updated Guthrie List Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ethn_3-0"},{"link_name":"Kirundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ethnologue.com/15/show_language/run"},{"link_name":"Ethnologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Longtemps attendue, l'Académie Rundi ouvre sous peu\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iwacu-burundi.org/longtemps-attendue-lacademie-rundi-ouvre-sous-peu/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201104091005/https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/longtemps-attendue-lacademie-rundi-ouvre-sous-peu/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZorcNibagwire200723_5-0"},{"link_name":"Zorc & Nibagwire 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZorcNibagwire2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZorcNibagwire200725_6-0"},{"link_name":"Zorc & Nibagwire 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZorcNibagwire2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeussen1959_7-0"},{"link_name":"Meeussen 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMeeussen1959"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Samie2009_8-0"},{"link_name":"de Samie 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFde_Samie2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers1987_9-0"},{"link_name":"Myers 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMyers1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilippson1998_10-0"},{"link_name":"Philippson 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPhilippson1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmithSabimana1989_11-0"},{"link_name":"Goldsmith & Sabimana 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGoldsmithSabimana1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagey1986_12-0"},{"link_name":"Sagey 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSagey1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENtihirageza1993_13-0"},{"link_name":"Ntihirageza 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNtihirageza1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerdoodt2011515_14-0"},{"link_name":"Verdoodt 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVerdoodt2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein197689_15-0"},{"link_name":"Weinstein 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeinstein1976"}],"text":"^ Rundi at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) \n\n^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online\n\n^ Kirundi at Ethnologue (15th ed., 2005) \n\n^ Rigumye, Mariette. \"Longtemps attendue, l'Académie Rundi ouvre sous peu\". IWACU (in French). Archived from the original on 2020-11-04. Retrieved 2021-09-10.\n\n^ Zorc & Nibagwire 2007, p. 23.\n\n^ Zorc & Nibagwire 2007, p. 25.\n\n^ Meeussen 1959.\n\n^ de Samie 2009.\n\n^ Myers 1987.\n\n^ Philippson 1998.\n\n^ Goldsmith & Sabimana 1989.\n\n^ Sagey 1986.\n\n^ Ntihirageza 1993.\n\n^ Verdoodt 2011, p. 515.\n\n^ Weinstein 1976, p. 89.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The Kirundi text on the back of the truck warns cyclists not to hold on to it.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bicycles_in_Burundi.jpg/220px-Bicycles_in_Burundi.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Lord's Prayer in Kirundi (Church of the Pater Noster)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Church_of_the_Pater_Noster_rn.jpg/220px-Church_of_the_Pater_Noster_rn.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Rigumye, Mariette. \"Longtemps attendue, l'Académie Rundi ouvre sous peu\". IWACU (in French). Archived from the original on 2020-11-04. Retrieved 2021-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/longtemps-attendue-lacademie-rundi-ouvre-sous-peu/","url_text":"\"Longtemps attendue, l'Académie Rundi ouvre sous peu\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201104091005/https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/longtemps-attendue-lacademie-rundi-ouvre-sous-peu/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Broselow, Ellen; Niyondagara, Alice (Spring 1990). \"Feature geometry of Kirundi palatalization\". Studies in the Linguistic Sciences. 20 (1): 71–88. ISSN 0049-2388.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/studiesinlinguis2019901991univ","url_text":"\"Feature geometry of Kirundi palatalization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0049-2388","url_text":"0049-2388"}]},{"reference":"de Samie, Thierry (2009). Dictionnaire français-kirundi (2nd ed.). Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-09185-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-09185-6","url_text":"978-2-296-09185-6"}]},{"reference":"Goldsmith, John; Sabimana, Firmard (1989). \"The Kirundi Verb\" (PDF). Modèles en tonologie: kirundi et kinyarwanda. Paris: Editions du CNRS. ISBN 9782222043232. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.people.cs.uchicago.edu/~jagoldsm/papers/1985%20Kirundi.pdf","url_text":"\"The Kirundi Verb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782222043232","url_text":"9782222043232"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221124215856/https://people.cs.uchicago.edu/~jagoldsm/papers/1985%20Kirundi.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Meeussen, A. E. (1959). Essai de grammaire Rundi. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Série Sciences Humaines – Linguistique. Vol. 24. Tervuren.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Myers, Scott P. (1987). Tone and the structure of words in Shona (PhD dissertation). Amherst: University of Massachusetts. ProQuest 303602751.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI8805958/","url_text":"Tone and the structure of words in Shona"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/303602751","url_text":"303602751"}]},{"reference":"Ntihirageza, J. (1993). Kirundi Palatization and Sibilant Harmony: Implications for Feature Geometry (Master thesis). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Philippson, Gérard (1998). \"Tone reduction vs. metrical attraction in the evolution of Eastern Bantu tone systems\". In Hyman, Larry M.; Kisseberth, Charles W. (eds.). Theoretical Aspects of Bantu Tone. Cambridge University Press. pp. 315–329. ISBN 1575860953.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1575860953","url_text":"1575860953"}]},{"reference":"Sagey, Elizabeth Caroline (1986). The Representation of Features and Relations in Non-Linear Phonology (PDF) (PhD dissertation). Cambridge: MIT. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2005-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/dm/theses/sagey86.pdf","url_text":"The Representation of Features and Relations in Non-Linear Phonology"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050322002020/http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/dm/theses/sagey86.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Verdoodt, A. (2011). \"Social and Linguistic Structures of Burundi, a Typical 'Unimodal' Country\". Language and Society: Anthropological Issues (reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 509–532. ISBN 9783110806489.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cHgQp8SKvkgC","url_text":"Language and Society: Anthropological Issues"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110806489","url_text":"9783110806489"}]},{"reference":"Weinstein, Warren (1976). Historical Dictionary of Burundi. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810809628.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000wein_e0d2","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Burundi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810809628","url_text":"9780810809628"}]},{"reference":"Zorc, R. David; Nibagwire, Louise (2007). Kinyarwanda and Kirundi Comparative Grammar (PDF). Hyattsville, MD: Dunwoody Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://zorc.net/publications/121=Kinyarwanda&KirundiComparativeGrammar.pdf","url_text":"Kinyarwanda and Kirundi Comparative Grammar"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220714063724/https://zorc.net/publications/121=Kinyarwanda&KirundiComparativeGrammar.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_field
Field of fractions
["1 Definition","2 Examples","3 Generalizations","3.1 Localization","3.2 Semifield of fractions","4 See also","5 References"]
Abstract algebra concept "Quotient field" redirects here. Not to be confused with Quotient ring. Algebraic structure → Ring theoryRing theory Basic conceptsRings • Subrings • Ideal • Quotient ring • Fractional ideal • Total ring of fractions • Product of rings • Free product of associative algebras • Tensor product of algebras Ring homomorphisms • Kernel • Inner automorphism • Frobenius endomorphism Algebraic structures • Module • Associative algebra • Graded ring • Involutive ring • Category of rings • Initial ring Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } • Terminal ring 0 = Z / 1 Z {\displaystyle 0=\mathbb {Z} /1\mathbb {Z} } Related structures • Field • Finite field • Non-associative ring • Lie ring • Jordan ring • Semiring • Semifield Commutative algebraCommutative rings • Integral domain • Integrally closed domain • GCD domain • Unique factorization domain • Principal ideal domain • Euclidean domain • Field • Finite field • Composition ring • Polynomial ring • Formal power series ring Algebraic number theory • Algebraic number field • Ring of integers • Algebraic independence • Transcendental number theory • Transcendence degree p-adic number theory and decimals • Direct limit/Inverse limit • Zero ring Z / 1 Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /1\mathbb {Z} } • Integers modulo pn Z / p n Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /p^{n}\mathbb {Z} } • Prüfer p-ring Z ( p ∞ ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} (p^{\infty })} • Base-p circle ring T {\displaystyle \mathbb {T} } • Base-p integers Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } • p-adic rationals Z [ 1 / p ] {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } • Base-p real numbers R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } • p-adic integers Z p {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{p}} • p-adic numbers Q p {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{p}} • p-adic solenoid T p {\displaystyle \mathbb {T} _{p}} Algebraic geometry • Affine variety Noncommutative algebraNoncommutative rings • Division ring • Semiprimitive ring • Simple ring • Commutator Noncommutative algebraic geometry Free algebra Clifford algebra • Geometric algebra Operator algebra vte In abstract algebra, the field of fractions of an integral domain is the smallest field in which it can be embedded. The construction of the field of fractions is modeled on the relationship between the integral domain of integers and the field of rational numbers. Intuitively, it consists of ratios between integral domain elements. The field of fractions of an integral domain R {\displaystyle R} is sometimes denoted by Frac ⁡ ( R ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Frac} (R)} or Quot ⁡ ( R ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Quot} (R)} , and the construction is sometimes also called the fraction field, field of quotients, or quotient field of R {\displaystyle R} . All four are in common usage, but are not to be confused with the quotient of a ring by an ideal, which is a quite different concept. For a commutative ring that is not an integral domain, the analogous construction is called the localization or ring of quotients. Definition Given an integral domain R {\displaystyle R} and letting R ∗ = R ∖ { 0 } {\displaystyle R^{*}=R\setminus \{0\}} , we define an equivalence relation on R × R ∗ {\displaystyle R\times R^{*}} by letting ( n , d ) ∼ ( m , b ) {\displaystyle (n,d)\sim (m,b)} whenever n b = m d {\displaystyle nb=md} . We denote the equivalence class of ( n , d ) {\displaystyle (n,d)} by n d {\displaystyle {\frac {n}{d}}} . This notion of equivalence is motivated by the rational numbers Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } , which have the same property with respect to the underlying ring Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } of integers. Then the field of fractions is the set Frac ( R ) = ( R × R ∗ ) / ∼ {\displaystyle {\text{Frac}}(R)=(R\times R^{*})/\sim } with addition given by n d + m b = n b + m d d b {\displaystyle {\frac {n}{d}}+{\frac {m}{b}}={\frac {nb+md}{db}}} and multiplication given by n d ⋅ m b = n m d b . {\displaystyle {\frac {n}{d}}\cdot {\frac {m}{b}}={\frac {nm}{db}}.} One may check that these operations are well-defined and that, for any integral domain R {\displaystyle R} , Frac ( R ) {\displaystyle {\text{Frac}}(R)} is indeed a field. In particular, for n , d ≠ 0 {\displaystyle n,d\neq 0} , the multiplicative inverse of n d {\displaystyle {\frac {n}{d}}} is as expected: d n ⋅ n d = 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{n}}\cdot {\frac {n}{d}}=1} . The embedding of R {\displaystyle R} in Frac ⁡ ( R ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Frac} (R)} maps each n {\displaystyle n} in R {\displaystyle R} to the fraction e n e {\displaystyle {\frac {en}{e}}} for any nonzero e ∈ R {\displaystyle e\in R} (the equivalence class is independent of the choice e {\displaystyle e} ). This is modeled on the identity n 1 = n {\displaystyle {\frac {n}{1}}=n} . The field of fractions of R {\displaystyle R} is characterized by the following universal property: if h : R → F {\displaystyle h:R\to F} is an injective ring homomorphism from R {\displaystyle R} into a field F {\displaystyle F} , then there exists a unique ring homomorphism g : Frac ⁡ ( R ) → F {\displaystyle g:\operatorname {Frac} (R)\to F} that extends h {\displaystyle h} . There is a categorical interpretation of this construction. Let C {\displaystyle \mathbf {C} } be the category of integral domains and injective ring maps. The functor from C {\displaystyle \mathbf {C} } to the category of fields that takes every integral domain to its fraction field and every homomorphism to the induced map on fields (which exists by the universal property) is the left adjoint of the inclusion functor from the category of fields to C {\displaystyle \mathbf {C} } . Thus the category of fields (which is a full subcategory) is a reflective subcategory of C {\displaystyle \mathbf {C} } . A multiplicative identity is not required for the role of the integral domain; this construction can be applied to any nonzero commutative rng R {\displaystyle R} with no nonzero zero divisors. The embedding is given by r ↦ r s s {\displaystyle r\mapsto {\frac {rs}{s}}} for any nonzero s ∈ R {\displaystyle s\in R} . Examples The field of fractions of the ring of integers is the field of rationals: Q = Frac ⁡ ( Z ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} =\operatorname {Frac} (\mathbb {Z} )} . Let R := { a + b i ∣ a , b ∈ Z } {\displaystyle R:=\{a+b\mathrm {i} \mid a,b\in \mathbb {Z} \}} be the ring of Gaussian integers. Then Frac ⁡ ( R ) = { c + d i ∣ c , d ∈ Q } {\displaystyle \operatorname {Frac} (R)=\{c+d\mathrm {i} \mid c,d\in \mathbb {Q} \}} , the field of Gaussian rationals. The field of fractions of a field is canonically isomorphic to the field itself. Given a field K {\displaystyle K} , the field of fractions of the polynomial ring in one indeterminate K [ X ] {\displaystyle K} (which is an integral domain), is called the field of rational functions, field of rational fractions, or field of rational expressions and is denoted K ( X ) {\displaystyle K(X)} . The field of fractions of the convolution ring of half-line functions yields a space of operators, including the Dirac delta function, differential operator, and integral operator. This construction gives an alternate representation of the Laplace transform that does not depend explicitly on an integral transform. Generalizations Localization Main article: Localization (commutative algebra) For any commutative ring R {\displaystyle R} and any multiplicative set S {\displaystyle S} in R {\displaystyle R} , the localization S − 1 R {\displaystyle S^{-1}R} is the commutative ring consisting of fractions r s {\displaystyle {\frac {r}{s}}} with r ∈ R {\displaystyle r\in R} and s ∈ S {\displaystyle s\in S} , where now ( r , s ) {\displaystyle (r,s)} is equivalent to ( r ′ , s ′ ) {\displaystyle (r',s')} if and only if there exists t ∈ S {\displaystyle t\in S} such that t ( r s ′ − r ′ s ) = 0 {\displaystyle t(rs'-r's)=0} . Two special cases of this are notable: If S {\displaystyle S} is the complement of a prime ideal P {\displaystyle P} , then S − 1 R {\displaystyle S^{-1}R} is also denoted R P {\displaystyle R_{P}} .When R {\displaystyle R} is an integral domain and P {\displaystyle P} is the zero ideal, R P {\displaystyle R_{P}} is the field of fractions of R {\displaystyle R} . If S {\displaystyle S} is the set of non-zero-divisors in R {\displaystyle R} , then S − 1 R {\displaystyle S^{-1}R} is called the total quotient ring.The total quotient ring of an integral domain is its field of fractions, but the total quotient ring is defined for any commutative ring. Note that it is permitted for S {\displaystyle S} to contain 0, but in that case S − 1 R {\displaystyle S^{-1}R} will be the trivial ring. Semifield of fractions The semifield of fractions of a commutative semiring with no zero divisors is the smallest semifield in which it can be embedded. The elements of the semifield of fractions of the commutative semiring R {\displaystyle R} are equivalence classes written as a b {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{b}}} with a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} in R {\displaystyle R} . See also Ore condition; condition related to constructing fractions in the noncommutative case. Total ring of fractions References ^ Hungerford, Thomas W. (1980). Algebra (Revised 3rd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 142–144. ISBN 3540905189. ^ Vinberg, Ėrnest Borisovich (2003). A course in algebra. American Mathematical Society. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-8218-8394-5. ^ Foldes, Stephan (1994). Fundamental structures of algebra and discrete mathematics. Wiley. p. 128. ISBN 0-471-57180-6. ^ Grillet, Pierre Antoine (2007). "3.5 Rings: Polynomials in One Variable". Abstract algebra. Springer. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-387-71568-1. ^ Marecek, Lynn; Mathis, Andrea Honeycutt (6 May 2020). Intermediate Algebra 2e. OpenStax. §7.1. ^ Mikusiński, Jan (14 July 2014). Operational Calculus. Elsevier. ISBN 9781483278933.
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Not to be confused with Quotient ring.In abstract algebra, the field of fractions of an integral domain is the smallest field in which it can be embedded. The construction of the field of fractions is modeled on the relationship between the integral domain of integers and the field of rational numbers. Intuitively, it consists of ratios between integral domain elements.The field of fractions of an integral domain \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n is sometimes denoted by \n \n \n \n Frac\n ⁡\n (\n R\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Frac} (R)}\n \n or \n \n \n \n Quot\n ⁡\n (\n R\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Quot} (R)}\n \n, and the construction is sometimes also called the fraction field, field of quotients, or quotient field of \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n. All four are in common usage, but are not to be confused with the quotient of a ring by an ideal, which is a quite different concept. For a commutative ring that is not an integral domain, the analogous construction is called the localization or ring of quotients.","title":"Field of fractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"equivalence relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_relation"},{"link_name":"equivalence class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_class"},{"link_name":"ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"universal property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_property"},{"link_name":"injective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injective"},{"link_name":"ring homomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_homomorphism"},{"link_name":"categorical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory"},{"link_name":"category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"functor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functor"},{"link_name":"category of fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_fields"},{"link_name":"left adjoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint_functor"},{"link_name":"inclusion functor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_functor"},{"link_name":"reflective subcategory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_subcategory"},{"link_name":"multiplicative identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_identity"},{"link_name":"nonzero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_ring"},{"link_name":"rng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rng_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"zero divisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_divisor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Given an integral domain \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n and letting \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n R\n ∖\n {\n 0\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R^{*}=R\\setminus \\{0\\}}\n \n, we define an equivalence relation on \n \n \n \n R\n ×\n \n R\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R\\times R^{*}}\n \n by letting \n \n \n \n (\n n\n ,\n d\n )\n ∼\n (\n m\n ,\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (n,d)\\sim (m,b)}\n \n whenever \n \n \n \n n\n b\n =\n m\n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle nb=md}\n \n. We denote the equivalence class of \n \n \n \n (\n n\n ,\n d\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (n,d)}\n \n by \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n d\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {n}{d}}}\n \n. This notion of equivalence is motivated by the rational numbers \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} }\n \n, which have the same property with respect to the underlying ring \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n of integers.Then the field of fractions is the set \n \n \n \n \n Frac\n \n (\n R\n )\n =\n (\n R\n ×\n \n R\n \n ∗\n \n \n )\n \n /\n \n ∼\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{Frac}}(R)=(R\\times R^{*})/\\sim }\n \n with addition given byn\n d\n \n \n +\n \n \n m\n b\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n n\n b\n +\n m\n d\n \n \n d\n b\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {n}{d}}+{\\frac {m}{b}}={\\frac {nb+md}{db}}}and multiplication given byn\n d\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n m\n b\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n n\n m\n \n \n d\n b\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {n}{d}}\\cdot {\\frac {m}{b}}={\\frac {nm}{db}}.}One may check that these operations are well-defined and that, for any integral domain \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n Frac\n \n (\n R\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{Frac}}(R)}\n \n is indeed a field. In particular, for \n \n \n \n n\n ,\n d\n ≠\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n,d\\neq 0}\n \n, the multiplicative inverse of \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n d\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {n}{d}}}\n \n is as expected: \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n n\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n n\n d\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {d}{n}}\\cdot {\\frac {n}{d}}=1}\n \n.The embedding of \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n in \n \n \n \n Frac\n ⁡\n (\n R\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Frac} (R)}\n \n maps each \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n in \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n to the fraction \n \n \n \n \n \n \n e\n n\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {en}{e}}}\n \n for any nonzero \n \n \n \n e\n ∈\n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e\\in R}\n \n (the equivalence class is independent of the choice \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e}\n \n). This is modeled on the identity \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n 1\n \n \n =\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {n}{1}}=n}\n \n.The field of fractions of \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n is characterized by the following universal property:if \n \n \n \n h\n :\n R\n →\n F\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h:R\\to F}\n \n is an injective ring homomorphism from \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n into a field \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F}\n \n, then there exists a unique ring homomorphism \n \n \n \n g\n :\n Frac\n ⁡\n (\n R\n )\n →\n F\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g:\\operatorname {Frac} (R)\\to F}\n \n that extends \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h}\n \n.There is a categorical interpretation of this construction. Let \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {C} }\n \n be the category of integral domains and injective ring maps. The functor from \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {C} }\n \n to the category of fields that takes every integral domain to its fraction field and every homomorphism to the induced map on fields (which exists by the universal property) is the left adjoint of the inclusion functor from the category of fields to \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {C} }\n \n. Thus the category of fields (which is a full subcategory) is a reflective subcategory of \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {C} }\n \n.A multiplicative identity is not required for the role of the integral domain; this construction can be applied to any nonzero commutative rng \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n with no nonzero zero divisors. The embedding is given by \n \n \n \n r\n ↦\n \n \n \n r\n s\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle r\\mapsto {\\frac {rs}{s}}}\n \n for any nonzero \n \n \n \n s\n ∈\n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s\\in R}\n \n.[1]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer#Algebraic_properties"},{"link_name":"rationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number"},{"link_name":"Gaussian integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_integer"},{"link_name":"Gaussian rationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_rational"},{"link_name":"isomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism"},{"link_name":"polynomial ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_ring"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"convolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution"},{"link_name":"space of operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution_quotient"},{"link_name":"Dirac delta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function"},{"link_name":"differential operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_operator"},{"link_name":"integral operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_operator"},{"link_name":"Laplace transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_transform"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The field of fractions of the ring of integers is the field of rationals: \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n =\n Frac\n ⁡\n (\n \n Z\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} =\\operatorname {Frac} (\\mathbb {Z} )}\n \n.\nLet \n \n \n \n R\n :=\n {\n a\n +\n b\n \n i\n \n ∣\n a\n ,\n b\n ∈\n \n Z\n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R:=\\{a+b\\mathrm {i} \\mid a,b\\in \\mathbb {Z} \\}}\n \n be the ring of Gaussian integers. Then \n \n \n \n Frac\n ⁡\n (\n R\n )\n =\n {\n c\n +\n d\n \n i\n \n ∣\n c\n ,\n d\n ∈\n \n Q\n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Frac} (R)=\\{c+d\\mathrm {i} \\mid c,d\\in \\mathbb {Q} \\}}\n \n, the field of Gaussian rationals.\nThe field of fractions of a field is canonically isomorphic to the field itself.\nGiven a field \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n, the field of fractions of the polynomial ring in one indeterminate \n \n \n \n K\n [\n X\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K[X]}\n \n (which is an integral domain), is called the field of rational functions, field of rational fractions, or field of rational expressions[2][3][4][5] and is denoted \n \n \n \n K\n (\n X\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K(X)}\n \n.\nThe field of fractions of the convolution ring of half-line functions yields a space of operators, including the Dirac delta function, differential operator, and integral operator. This construction gives an alternate representation of the Laplace transform that does not depend explicitly on an integral transform.[6]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Generalizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commutative ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_ring"},{"link_name":"multiplicative set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_set"},{"link_name":"localization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization_of_a_ring"},{"link_name":"commutative ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_ring"},{"link_name":"fractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraction"},{"link_name":"prime ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_ideal"},{"link_name":"integral domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_domain"},{"link_name":"zero-divisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-divisor"},{"link_name":"total quotient ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_quotient_ring"},{"link_name":"total quotient ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_quotient_ring"},{"link_name":"integral domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_domain"},{"link_name":"total quotient ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_quotient_ring"},{"link_name":"commutative ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_ring"},{"link_name":"trivial ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial_ring"}],"sub_title":"Localization","text":"For any commutative ring \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n and any multiplicative set \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n in \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n, the localization \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{-1}R}\n \n is the commutative ring consisting of fractionsr\n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {r}{s}}}with \n \n \n \n r\n ∈\n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r\\in R}\n \n and \n \n \n \n s\n ∈\n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s\\in S}\n \n, where now \n \n \n \n (\n r\n ,\n s\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (r,s)}\n \n is equivalent to \n \n \n \n (\n \n r\n ′\n \n ,\n \n s\n ′\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (r',s')}\n \n if and only if there exists \n \n \n \n t\n ∈\n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t\\in S}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n t\n (\n r\n \n s\n ′\n \n −\n \n r\n ′\n \n s\n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t(rs'-r's)=0}\n \n.Two special cases of this are notable:If \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n is the complement of a prime ideal \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n, then \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{-1}R}\n \n is also denoted \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n P\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{P}}\n \n.When \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n is an integral domain and \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n is the zero ideal, \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n P\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{P}}\n \n is the field of fractions of \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n.\nIf \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n is the set of non-zero-divisors in \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n, then \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{-1}R}\n \n is called the total quotient ring.The total quotient ring of an integral domain is its field of fractions, but the total quotient ring is defined for any commutative ring.Note that it is permitted for \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n to contain 0, but in that case \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{-1}R}\n \n will be the trivial ring.","title":"Generalizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commutative semiring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_semiring"},{"link_name":"zero divisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_divisor"},{"link_name":"semifield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semifield"},{"link_name":"embedded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedding"},{"link_name":"semiring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiring"},{"link_name":"equivalence classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_class"}],"sub_title":"Semifield of fractions","text":"The semifield of fractions of a commutative semiring with no zero divisors is the smallest semifield in which it can be embedded.The elements of the semifield of fractions of the commutative semiring \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n are equivalence classes written asa\n b\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {a}{b}}}with \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n and \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n in \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n.","title":"Generalizations"}]
[]
[{"title":"Ore condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore_condition"},{"title":"Total ring of fractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_ring_of_fractions"}]
[{"reference":"Hungerford, Thomas W. (1980). Algebra (Revised 3rd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 142–144. ISBN 3540905189.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3540905189","url_text":"3540905189"}]},{"reference":"Vinberg, Ėrnest Borisovich (2003). A course in algebra. American Mathematical Society. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-8218-8394-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rzNq39lvNt0C&pg=PA132","url_text":"A course in algebra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-8394-5","url_text":"978-0-8218-8394-5"}]},{"reference":"Foldes, Stephan (1994). Fundamental structures of algebra and discrete mathematics. Wiley. p. 128. ISBN 0-471-57180-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fundamentalstruc0000fold","url_text":"Fundamental structures of algebra and discrete mathematics"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fundamentalstruc0000fold/page/128","url_text":"128"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-57180-6","url_text":"0-471-57180-6"}]},{"reference":"Grillet, Pierre Antoine (2007). \"3.5 Rings: Polynomials in One Variable\". Abstract algebra. Springer. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-387-71568-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LJtyhu8-xYwC&pg=PA124","url_text":"\"3.5 Rings: Polynomials in One Variable\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-71568-1","url_text":"978-0-387-71568-1"}]},{"reference":"Marecek, Lynn; Mathis, Andrea Honeycutt (6 May 2020). Intermediate Algebra 2e. OpenStax. §7.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://openstax.org/details/books/intermediate-algebra-2e","url_text":"Intermediate Algebra 2e"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStax","url_text":"OpenStax"}]},{"reference":"Mikusiński, Jan (14 July 2014). Operational Calculus. Elsevier. ISBN 9781483278933.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e8LSBQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Operational Calculus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483278933","url_text":"9781483278933"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estelle_Skidmore_Doremus
Estelle Skidmore Doremus
["1 Biography","2 Role in lineage societies","3 Family","4 References","5 External links"]
Estelle Skidmore DoremusBornEstelle Emma SkidmoreMay 6, 1830New York CityDiedMay 21, 1905 (1905-05-22) (aged 75)Resting placeGreen-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New YorkNationalityAmericanKnown forLeader of the American colony in Paris during the reign of Napoleon IIITitleRegent of the New York City Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 1892-1894Board member ofDaughters of the American Revolution, Underhill Society of AmericaSpouseRobert Ogden DoremusChildrenCharles Avery Doremus, Thomas Cornelius Doremus, Estelle E. Doremus, Arthur Lispenard DoremusParent(s)Hubbard Skidmore and Caroline Avery Estelle Emma Doremus (née Skidmore; May 6, 1830  – May 21, 1905) was the daughter of Hubbard Skidmore, who served in the American Revolutionary War, and became a charter member and honorary vice president general of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). She was a charter officer and regent of the New York City chapter of the DAR between 1892 and 1894. The wife of U.S. chemist Robert Ogden Doremus, she was a leading member of the American community in Paris during the height of the Second French Empire. Upon returning to New York City, she and her husband became important figures in society and well-known supporters of music and the arts, including the Philharmonic Society, of which her husband served as president for many years. Biography Doremus was born in New York, the daughter of Hubbard Skidmore and Caroline Avery. Hubbard Skidmore was believed to have served at a young age in the American Revolution under guidance from his father, the soldier Zophar Skidmore. On her mother's side Doremus was a granddaughter of Thaddeus Avery, a Revolutionary War soldier. On October 1, 1850 she married Dr. Robert Ogden Doremus, son of philanthropist Sarah Platt Doremus and Thomas C. Doremus, a merchant, and a Professor of Chemistry at New York City College. In the early 1860s her husband's work took them to Paris, where he advised the French government. Estelle was remembered as "the leader of the American colony in Paris during the most brilliant part of the reign of Napoleon III". Doremus returned to the United States from France following the end of the Civil War. Mrs. Doremus was a friend of many of the great singers and musicians at the time. The Doremuses formerly lived on Fourth Avenue, between 18th and 19th Streets, and later at a family home at 241 Madison Avenue that was frequented by leaders of the musical world. An issue of the New York Tribune published following her death described the creative and stimulating environment Doremus cultivated: She had brilliant conversational powers, and a charm of manner which created about her a wide circle of friends. She had a wide acquaintance throughout the country and hosts of distinguished friends abroad. There gathered at her entertainments statesmen, professional men, men of affairs, artists, musicians, actors and others of distinction. These, with their wives and daughters, formed a "salon," in which those who entertained the company with voice or instrumental music. Following her death on May 21, 1905, at age 75, she was buried in the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. A "Memorial Sketch" to Doremus was prepared by David Harris Underhill and read at the Underhill Family Reunion on October 7, 1905. Role in lineage societies Doremus went on to participate in a number of organizations including the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Colonial Dames of America, and the Underhill Society of America. She was a member of the Colonial Dames of America and the Daughters of the American Revolution. Estelle was said to be the only member of the New York Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution whose father actually served in the Revolution. She was a Regent of the New York Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution and honorary Vice President of the National Society. Doremus was influential in honoring Captain Thaddeus Avery, her maternal grandfather, by placing a plaque at the Avery Homestead in Mount Pleasant, New York. Over 100 people attended the dedication ceremony on 9 June 1900. The plaque read: Captain Thaddeus Avery was branded with hot irons in this room, and his wife threatened with death by the Hessians, when they refused to divulge the hiding place of the money of the Continental Army. Mrs. Avery baked bread in this oven for the Revolutionary soldiers. This hero and heroine were the grandparents of Mrs. R. Ogden Doremus, Second Regent of the New York City Chapter of Daughters of the American Revolution, which organization affixed this tablet June 9th, 1900. CAPTAIN THADDEUS AVERY Born October 30, 1749. Died November 16, 1836. ELIZABETH UNDERHILL AVERY Born August 8, 1762. Died May 22, 1841. "Vicit ites durum pietas" From 1898 until her death in 1905, Mrs. Doremus served as the second president of the Underhill Society of America, which had been founded in 1892 with the purpose of helping to establish a suitable monument to the memory of Captain John Underhill. Having made insufficient headway with raising the $6,000 in needed funds, her predecessor, William Wilson Underhill, resigned as President of the Underhill Society and as Chairman of the Monument Committee. Doremus took his place as the second president. Doremus made it her objective to find a Chairman for the Monument Committee, and wisely selected Colonel John Torboss Underhill to fill that role. Following Doremus's death in 1905, John Torboss Underhill succeeded her as the third president. Now as President of the Society and Chairman of the Monument Committee, he felt renewed pressure to raise the additional money needed and proceed with work on the monument. While neither Doremus nor her husband lived to see the results of their labors, a plaque at the base of the Underhill monument recognizes Mrs. Robert Ogden Doremus as one of two "Patrons" who supported erection of the monument. Family Estelle and Robert Doremus had the following children: Charles Avery Doremus (September 6, 1851 – December 2, 1925), chemist. For 22 years he served as a faculty member of the College of the City of New York. He died December 2, 1925 of heart disease. Thomas Cornelius Doremus, died of pneumonia on March 25, 1928 (aged 74). Estelle E. Doremus (died August 1937), an accomplished musician and member of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Arthur Lispenard Doremus, died April 24, 1953 (aged 84). References ^ Social Register, New York, 1895, Vol. IX, No. 1. Social Register Association. November 1894. Retrieved December 27, 2011. ^ a b c "Mrs. R.O. Doremus Dead" (PDF). The New York Times. May 22, 1905. Retrieved December 24, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g Annual report of the secretary, Volumes 12-25. Underhill Society of America. 1904. Retrieved December 24, 2011. ^ Nelson, William (1990). The Doremus family in America, 1687-1987: based on the Doremus family history in America. Gateway Press. Retrieved December 27, 2011. ^ "Deaths" (PDF). The New York Times. December 3, 1925. Retrieved December 24, 2011. ^ "Deaths" (PDF). The New York Times. March 26, 1928. Retrieved December 24, 2011. ^ "Estelle E. Doremus, D.A.R. Ex-Official" (PDF). The New York Times. August 25, 1937. Retrieved December 24, 2011. ^ "Deaths" (PDF). The New York Times. April 27, 1953. Retrieved December 24, 2011. External links New York Philharmonic The City College of New York Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) New York City Chapter, NSDAR
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Daughters of the American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Robert Ogden Doremus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ogden_Doremus"},{"link_name":"Second French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SocReg-1"},{"link_name":"Philharmonic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic"}],"text":"Estelle Emma Doremus (née Skidmore; May 6, 1830  – May 21, 1905) was the daughter of Hubbard Skidmore, who served in the American Revolutionary War, and became a charter member and honorary vice president general of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). She was a charter officer and regent of the New York City chapter of the DAR between 1892 and 1894. The wife of U.S. chemist Robert Ogden Doremus, she was a leading member of the American community in Paris during the height of the Second French Empire.Upon returning to New York City, she and her husband became important figures in society[1] and well-known supporters of music and the arts, including the Philharmonic Society, of which her husband served as president for many years.","title":"Estelle Skidmore Doremus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT12-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Robert Ogden Doremus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ogden_Doremus"},{"link_name":"Sarah Platt Doremus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Platt_Doremus"},{"link_name":"New York City College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_College"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Books3-3"},{"link_name":"Fourth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Madison Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT12-2"},{"link_name":"New York Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Tribune"},{"link_name":"salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(gathering)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Books3-3"},{"link_name":"Green-Wood Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"David Harris Underhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Harris_Underhill"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Books3-3"}],"text":"Doremus was born in New York, the daughter of Hubbard Skidmore and Caroline Avery.[2] Hubbard Skidmore was believed to have served at a young age in the American Revolution under guidance from his father, the soldier Zophar Skidmore. On her mother's side Doremus was a granddaughter of Thaddeus Avery, a Revolutionary War soldier.[citation needed]On October 1, 1850 she married Dr. Robert Ogden Doremus, son of philanthropist Sarah Platt Doremus and Thomas C. Doremus, a merchant, and a Professor of Chemistry at New York City College. In the early 1860s her husband's work took them to Paris, where he advised the French government. Estelle was remembered as \"the leader of the American colony in Paris during the most brilliant part of the reign of Napoleon III\". Doremus returned to the United States from France following the end of the Civil War.[3] Mrs. Doremus was a friend of many of the great singers and musicians at the time. The Doremuses formerly lived on Fourth Avenue, between 18th and 19th Streets, and later at a family home at 241 Madison Avenue that was frequented by leaders of the musical world.[2]An issue of the New York Tribune published following her death described the creative and stimulating environment Doremus cultivated:She had brilliant conversational powers, and a charm of manner which created about her a wide circle of friends. She had a wide acquaintance throughout the country and hosts of distinguished friends abroad. There gathered at her entertainments statesmen, professional men, men of affairs, artists, musicians, actors and others of distinction. These, with their wives and daughters, formed a \"salon,\" in which those who entertained the company with voice or instrumental music.[3]Following her death on May 21, 1905, at age 75, she was buried in the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. A \"Memorial Sketch\" to Doremus was prepared by David Harris Underhill and read at the Underhill Family Reunion on October 7, 1905.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colonial Dames of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Dames_of_America"},{"link_name":"Underhill Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underhill_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FamHis-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Books3-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT12-2"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Books3-3"},{"link_name":"Captain John Underhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_John_Underhill"},{"link_name":"William Wilson Underhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilson_Underhill"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Books3-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Books3-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Doremus went on to participate in a number of organizations including the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Colonial Dames of America, and the Underhill Society of America.[4] She was a member of the Colonial Dames of America[3] and the Daughters of the American Revolution. Estelle was said to be the only member of the New York Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution whose father actually served in the Revolution. She was a Regent of the New York Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution and honorary Vice President of the National Society.[2]Doremus was influential in honoring Captain Thaddeus Avery, her maternal grandfather, by placing a plaque at the Avery Homestead in Mount Pleasant, New York. Over 100 people attended the dedication ceremony on 9 June 1900. The plaque read:Captain Thaddeus Avery was branded with hot irons in this room, and his wife threatened with death by the Hessians, when they refused to divulge the hiding place of the money of the Continental Army. Mrs. Avery baked bread in this oven for the Revolutionary soldiers. This hero and heroine were the grandparents of Mrs. R. Ogden Doremus, Second Regent of the New York City Chapter of Daughters of the American Revolution, which organization affixed this tablet June 9th, 1900.\nCAPTAIN THADDEUS AVERY\nBorn October 30, 1749. Died November 16, 1836.\nELIZABETH UNDERHILL AVERY\nBorn August 8, 1762. Died May 22, 1841.\n\"Vicit ites durum pietas\"[3]From 1898 until her death in 1905, Mrs. Doremus served as the second president of the Underhill Society of America, which had been founded in 1892 with the purpose of helping to establish a suitable monument to the memory of Captain John Underhill. Having made insufficient headway with raising the $6,000 in needed funds, her predecessor, William Wilson Underhill, resigned as President of the Underhill Society and as Chairman of the Monument Committee. Doremus took his place as the second president.[3] Doremus made it her objective to find a Chairman for the Monument Committee, and wisely selected Colonel John Torboss Underhill to fill that role.[citation needed]Following Doremus's death in 1905, John Torboss Underhill succeeded her as the third president. Now as President of the Society and Chairman of the Monument Committee, he felt renewed pressure to raise the additional money needed and proceed with work on the monument.[3] While neither Doremus nor her husband lived to see the results of their labors, a plaque at the base of the Underhill monument recognizes Mrs. Robert Ogden Doremus as one of two \"Patrons\" who supported erection of the monument.[citation needed]","title":"Role in lineage societies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_3-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_4-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-8"}],"text":"Estelle and Robert Doremus had the following children:Charles Avery Doremus (September 6, 1851 – December 2, 1925), chemist. For 22 years he served as a faculty member of the College of the City of New York. He died December 2, 1925 of heart disease.[5]\nThomas Cornelius Doremus, died of pneumonia on March 25, 1928 (aged 74).[6]\nEstelle E. Doremus (died August 1937), an accomplished musician and member of the Daughters of the American Revolution.[7]\nArthur Lispenard Doremus, died April 24, 1953 (aged 84).[8]","title":"Family"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Social Register, New York, 1895, Vol. IX, No. 1. Social Register Association. November 1894. Retrieved December 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G_QBAAAAYAAJ&q=doremus&pg=PA95","url_text":"Social Register, New York, 1895, Vol. IX, No. 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Register","url_text":"Social Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. R.O. Doremus Dead\" (PDF). The New York Times. May 22, 1905. Retrieved December 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/05/22/101360845.pdf","url_text":"\"Mrs. R.O. Doremus Dead\""}]},{"reference":"Annual report of the secretary, Volumes 12-25. Underhill Society of America. 1904. Retrieved December 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ye8UAAAAYAAJ&q=doremus&pg=RA2-PA14","url_text":"Annual report of the secretary, Volumes 12-25"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, William (1990). The Doremus family in America, 1687-1987: based on the Doremus family history in America. Gateway Press. Retrieved December 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ye8UAAAAYAAJ&q=doremus&pg=RA2-PA14","url_text":"The Doremus family in America, 1687-1987: based on the Doremus family history in America"}]},{"reference":"\"Deaths\" (PDF). The New York Times. December 3, 1925. Retrieved December 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/12/03/119058306.pdf","url_text":"\"Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deaths\" (PDF). The New York Times. March 26, 1928. Retrieved December 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/03/26/91487373.pdf","url_text":"\"Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"\"Estelle E. Doremus, D.A.R. Ex-Official\" (PDF). The New York Times. August 25, 1937. Retrieved December 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1937/08/25/118989708.pdf","url_text":"\"Estelle E. Doremus, D.A.R. Ex-Official\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deaths\" (PDF). The New York Times. April 27, 1953. Retrieved December 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/04/27/83722095.pdf","url_text":"\"Deaths\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G_QBAAAAYAAJ&q=doremus&pg=PA95","external_links_name":"Social Register, New York, 1895, Vol. IX, No. 1"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/05/22/101360845.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mrs. R.O. Doremus Dead\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ye8UAAAAYAAJ&q=doremus&pg=RA2-PA14","external_links_name":"Annual report of the secretary, Volumes 12-25"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ye8UAAAAYAAJ&q=doremus&pg=RA2-PA14","external_links_name":"The Doremus family in America, 1687-1987: based on the Doremus family history in America"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/12/03/119058306.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Deaths\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/03/26/91487373.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Deaths\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1937/08/25/118989708.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Estelle E. Doremus, D.A.R. Ex-Official\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/04/27/83722095.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Deaths\""},{"Link":"https://nyphil.org/","external_links_name":"New York Philharmonic"},{"Link":"https://ccny.cuny.edu/","external_links_name":"The City College of New York"},{"Link":"https://dar.org/","external_links_name":"Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR)"},{"Link":"https://nycdar.org/","external_links_name":"New York City Chapter, NSDAR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic
Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
["1 History","2 Government","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
Socialist republic formed during the Latvian War of Independence (1918-20) This article is about the Soviet Latvian state in 1918–1920. For the constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1940–1991, see Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic. Latvian Socialist Soviet RepublicLatvijas Sociālistiskā Padomju Republika1918–1920 Flag Coat of arms Motto: "Visu zemju proletārieši, savienojieties!"Workers of the world, unite!Anthem: InternacionāleCapitalRiga (to 22 May 1919)Dvinsk (Daugavpils)Rezhitsa (Rezekne)Common languagesLatvian · RussianLatgalianaGovernmentSocialist stateChairman • 1918–1920 Pēteris Stučka LegislatureAll-Latvian Congress of Workers' Soviet DeputiesHistory • Established 17 December 1918• Recognized by Russian SFSR 22 December 1918• Riga captured by German Freikorps 22 May 1919• Disestablished 13 January 1920 CurrencyRuble Preceded by Succeeded by Republic of Latvia Baltic Duchy Iskolat Republic of Latvia Local languages included German, Yiddish, Lithuanian and Estonian. Part of a series on the History of Latvia Ancient Latvia Kunda culture Narva culture Corded Ware culture Amber Road / Aesti Baltic Finns (Livonians, Vends) Balts Latgalians Curonians Selonians Semigallians Middle Ages Principality of Jersika Principality of Koknese Tālava Livonian Crusade Livonian Brothers of the Sword Livonian Order Archbishopric of Riga Bishopric of Courland Terra Mariana Baltic Germans Early modern period Livonian War Kingdom of Livonia Duchy of Livonia Inflanty Voivodeship Swedish Livonia Polish–Swedish Wars (1600–1629) Second Northern War Great Northern War Duchy of Courland and Semigallia Couronian colonization National Awakening Governorate of Livonia Courland Governorate Vitebsk Governorate The First Latvian National Awakening New Current Modern Latvia Latvian Riflemen German occupation United Baltic Duchy Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic War of Independence 1934 Latvian coup d'état 1940 Soviet occupation Nazi occupation The Holocaust in Latvia 1944 Soviet re-occupation Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic Popular Front of Latvia Singing Revolution Restoration of Independence 2008 Latvian financial crisis Chronology Latvia portalvte The Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (Latvian: Latvijas Sociālistiskā Padomju Republika, LSPR) was a short-lived socialist republic formed during the Latvian War of Independence. It was proclaimed on 17 December 1918 with the political, economic, and military backing of Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik government in the Russian SFSR. The head of government was Pēteris Stučka with Jūlijs Daniševskis as his deputy. History The LSPR armed forces, which consisted of the Red Latvian Riflemen and other units of the Red Army, quickly captured most of the territory of present-day Latvia, forcing Kārlis Ulmanis's provisional government into a small pocket of territory around the city of Liepāja. Stučka's government introduced sweeping communist reforms, resuming the radical policy direction from the abortive Iskolat government. Some reforms were initially popular, such as the expropriation of property from the bourgeoisie. The decision to unilaterally nationalise all agrarian land, however, had dire economic consequences for the cities, as rural support for the regime declined drastically. The peasants no longer agreed to supply the townsfolk with foodstuffs on the government's terms, and shortages became critical. When the people in Riga and other cities began to starve, contributing to widespread discontent among the proletariat as well, a wave of Red Terror swept both rural and urban areas, seeking out alleged counter-revolutionaries supposedly responsible for the failures of the regime. Arbitrary Revolutionary Tribunals and the so-called Flintenweiber ("Gun-Women") were memorable components of this wave of terror. When the Entente-backed Ulmanis government counter-attacked with the backing of German Freikorps units in the spring of 1919, they quickly regained the lost territory. The capital, Riga, was recaptured on 22 May 1919, and the territory of the LSPR was reduced to a part of Latgale in eastern Latvia, until the final defeat in the Battle of Daugavpils by combined Latvian and Polish forces in early 1920. Historians in the USSR viewed the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 as reestablishing of power, and the 1920–1940 period of Independence was viewed just as a temporary break in Soviet-Latvian history. May 1, 1919 celebrations in Riga May 1, 1919 decorations in Riga 5 ruble note 1 ruble note Government The formation of the Soviet Latvian government was initiated by the Central Committee of the Latvian Social Democracy (LSD) in Moscow on Joseph Stalin's proposal at an extraordinary meeting of the party's Russian bureau on November 23, 1918. Special meetings were created Latvian revolutionary composition of the provisional Soviet Government. In 1919 The 1st Joint Congress of Workers', Landless and Riflemen's Councils was held in Riga on 1 January, announcing the establishment of the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic, the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat, and electing the Latvian Central Executive Committee (LCIK) with 60 members and 20 candidates. LCIK appointed 11 members of the Soviet Latvian Government or Council of Commissars: Chairman of the Council — Pēteris Stučka Deputy Chairman — Jūlijs Daniševskis, Jānis Lencmanis, Oto Kārkliņš People's Commissar of the Interior — Jānis Lencmanis Commissar of Justice — Pēteris Stučka Commissar of War — Kārlis Pētersons Commissar of Agriculture — Fricis Roziņš Commissar of Finance —Rūdolfs Endrups Commissar of Industry — Dāvids Beika (Deputy Kārlis Pečaks) Secretary of the Council — Jānis Šilfs (Jaunzems) Commissar of Construction and Public Building — Eduards Zandreiters. In April 1919, Kārlis Ziediņš, a member of the Revolutionary War Council of the Baltic Fleet, was appointed the head of the LSPR Maritime administration. Jānis Bērziņš (Ziemelis) was the Commissioner of Education and Augusts Sukuts was the Commissioner of State Control. All members of the government were also members of the LCIK presidium and the Central committee of the Latvian Social Democracy (later the Communist Party of Latvia). As a result, political power in Soviet Latvia was concentrated in the hands of a narrow circle of people. Eight economic commissions were merged into the Economic Council, while the war, home affairs and justice commissions were merged into the Revolutionary Struggle Council. See also Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic Iskolat Commune of the Working People of Estonia Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic History of Latvia Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Republics of the Soviet Union Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia References ^ (in Latvian) Decree on use of languages in official documents, 8 March 1919 ^ Purs, Aldis; Plakans, Andrejs (2017). Historical Dictionary of Latvia. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-0221-3. ^ "1919 in Latvia". ^ Latvian Soviet Encyclopedia . Volume 1. Riga: The main edition of encyclopedias . P. ^ "History of Latvia, 1914-1940". Bibliography Stuchka, P. (1919–21). Piat' mesiatsev Sotsialisticheskoi sovetskoi Latvii: Sbornik statei i dokumentov (in Russian). Pskov: Izd-vo TsK KP Latvii. pp. 2 v. OCLC 38770737. Popoff, George (1932). The City of the Red Plague: Soviet Rule in a Baltic Town. London; New York: George Allen & Unwin; E. P. Dutton & Co. OCLC 413467. Krastyn', IA. P. (Krastiņš, J.) (ed.) (1959–60). Sotsialisticheskaia Sovetskaia Respublika Latvii v 1919 g. i inostrannaia interventsiia: Dokumenty i materialy (in Russian and Latvian). Riga: Izd-vo Akademii Nauk Latviiskoi SSR. pp. 2 v. OCLC 18861284. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Zile, Zigurds L. (1977). "Legal Thought and the Formation of Law and Legal Institutions in the Socialist Soviet Republic of Latvia, 1917–1920". Journal of Baltic Studies. 8 (3): 195–204. doi:10.1080/01629777700000191. External links Latvia in the Soviet Union (early flags) Latvia at www.worldstatesmen.org. (in Latvian) Significant documents from the history of the LSPR at historia.lv. vteLatvia articlesHistory Ancient Latvia Kunda culture Narva culture Corded Ware culture Terra Mariana Kingdom of Livonia Swedish Livonia Polish Livonia Russian Livonia The First Latvian National Awakening New Current Latvian Riflemen War of Independence Occupation by the Soviet Union (1940) by Nazi Germany by the Soviet Union (1944) Holocaust Soviet deportations from Latvia Guerrilla war Latvian partisans Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 1944–1991 Independence Post independence Geography Climate Cultural regions Lakes Protected areas Rivers Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Government institutions Human rights LGBT Language policy Law enforcement Military Political parties President Prime Minister Saeima (parliament) Statistical regions Economy Agriculture Central bank Energy Latvian euro coins Stock Exchange Tourism Telecommunications Transport 2008 financial crisis Society Demographics Healthcare Education Ethnic groups Crime Illegal immigration Language Public holidays Religion Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Latvian names Literature Music Mythology Pottery Sport Television Outline Category Portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_language"},{"link_name":"socialist republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_republic"},{"link_name":"Latvian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik"},{"link_name":"Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_SFSR"},{"link_name":"Pēteris Stučka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93teris_Stu%C4%8Dka"},{"link_name":"Jūlijs Daniševskis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABlijs_Dani%C5%A1evskis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P&P-2"}],"text":"This article is about the Soviet Latvian state in 1918–1920. For the constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1940–1991, see Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic.The Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (Latvian: Latvijas Sociālistiskā Padomju Republika, LSPR) was a short-lived socialist republic formed during the Latvian War of Independence. It was proclaimed on 17 December 1918 with the political, economic, and military backing of Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik government in the Russian SFSR. The head of government was Pēteris Stučka with Jūlijs Daniševskis as his deputy.[2]","title":"Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Latvian Riflemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Latvian_Riflemen"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Kārlis Ulmanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ulmanis"},{"link_name":"provisional government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Provisional_Government"},{"link_name":"Liepāja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja"},{"link_name":"Iskolat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskolat"},{"link_name":"bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"Red Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Terror"},{"link_name":"counter-revolutionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-revolutionaries"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Tribunals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_tribunal_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Entente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Freikorps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freikorps"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"Latgale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latgale"},{"link_name":"Battle of Daugavpils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Daugavpils"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holiday_decorations_to_May_1._1919._Riga_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holiday_decorations_to_May_1._1919._Riga_(3).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5_Latvian_Roubles_1919.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latvian_ruble_1919.jpg"}],"text":"The LSPR armed forces, which consisted of the Red Latvian Riflemen and other units of the Red Army, quickly captured most of the territory of present-day Latvia, forcing Kārlis Ulmanis's provisional government into a small pocket of territory around the city of Liepāja.Stučka's government introduced sweeping communist reforms, resuming the radical policy direction from the abortive Iskolat government. Some reforms were initially popular, such as the expropriation of property from the bourgeoisie. The decision to unilaterally nationalise all agrarian land, however, had dire economic consequences for the cities, as rural support for the regime declined drastically.The peasants no longer agreed to supply the townsfolk with foodstuffs on the government's terms, and shortages became critical. When the people in Riga and other cities began to starve, contributing to widespread discontent among the proletariat as well, a wave of Red Terror swept both rural and urban areas, seeking out alleged counter-revolutionaries supposedly responsible for the failures of the regime. Arbitrary Revolutionary Tribunals and the so-called Flintenweiber (\"Gun-Women\") were memorable components of this wave of terror.When the Entente-backed Ulmanis government counter-attacked with the backing of German Freikorps units in the spring of 1919, they quickly regained the lost territory. The capital, Riga, was recaptured on 22 May 1919, and the territory of the LSPR was reduced to a part of Latgale in eastern Latvia, until the final defeat in the Battle of Daugavpils by combined Latvian and Polish forces in early 1920.Historians in the USSR viewed the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 as reestablishing of power, and the 1920–1940 period of Independence was viewed just as a temporary break in Soviet-Latvian history.May 1, 1919 celebrations in Riga\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMay 1, 1919 decorations in Riga\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t5 ruble note\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1 ruble note","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latvian Social Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_the_Latvian_Territory"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"dictatorship of the proletariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pēteris Stučka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93teris_Stu%C4%8Dka"},{"link_name":"Jūlijs Daniševskis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABlijs_Dani%C5%A1evskis"},{"link_name":"Jānis Lencmanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C4%81nis_Lencmanis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oto Kārkliņš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oto_K%C4%81rkli%C5%86%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kārlis Pētersons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Peterson"},{"link_name":"Fricis Roziņš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricis_Rozi%C5%86%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Rūdolfs Endrups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C5%ABdolfs_Endrups&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dāvids Beika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81vids_Beika"},{"link_name":"Kārlis Pečaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81rlis_Pe%C4%8Daks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jānis Šilfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C4%81nis_%C5%A0ilfs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eduards Zandreiters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduards_Zandreiters&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kārlis Ziediņš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81rlis_Ziedi%C5%86%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Military_Council"},{"link_name":"Baltic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Jānis Bērziņš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Antonovich_Berzin"},{"link_name":"Augusts Sukuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augusts_Sukuts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Latvia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The formation of the Soviet Latvian government was initiated by the Central Committee of the Latvian Social Democracy (LSD) in Moscow on Joseph Stalin's proposal at an extraordinary meeting of the party's Russian bureau on November 23, 1918. Special meetings were created Latvian revolutionary composition of the provisional Soviet Government.[3]In 1919 The 1st Joint Congress of Workers', Landless and Riflemen's Councils was held in Riga on 1 January, announcing the establishment of the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic, the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat, and electing the Latvian Central Executive Committee (LCIK) with 60 members and 20 candidates. LCIK appointed 11 members of the Soviet Latvian Government or Council of Commissars:[4]Chairman of the Council — Pēteris Stučka\nDeputy Chairman — Jūlijs Daniševskis, Jānis Lencmanis, Oto Kārkliņš\nPeople's Commissar of the Interior — Jānis Lencmanis\nCommissar of Justice — Pēteris Stučka\nCommissar of War — Kārlis Pētersons\nCommissar of Agriculture — Fricis Roziņš\nCommissar of Finance —Rūdolfs Endrups\nCommissar of Industry — Dāvids Beika (Deputy Kārlis Pečaks)\nSecretary of the Council — Jānis Šilfs (Jaunzems)\nCommissar of Construction and Public Building — Eduards Zandreiters.In April 1919, Kārlis Ziediņš, a member of the Revolutionary War Council of the Baltic Fleet, was appointed the head of the LSPR Maritime administration. Jānis Bērziņš (Ziemelis) was the Commissioner of Education and Augusts Sukuts was the Commissioner of State Control.All members of the government were also members of the LCIK presidium and the Central committee of the Latvian Social Democracy (later the Communist Party of Latvia). As a result, political power in Soviet Latvia was concentrated in the hands of a narrow circle of people. Eight economic commissions were merged into the Economic Council, while the war, home affairs and justice commissions were merged into the Revolutionary Struggle Council.[5]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stuchka, P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93teris_Stu%C4%8Dka"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"38770737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/38770737"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"413467","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/413467"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18861284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/18861284"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/01629777700000191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F01629777700000191"}],"text":"Stuchka, P. (1919–21). Piat' mesiatsev Sotsialisticheskoi sovetskoi Latvii: Sbornik statei i dokumentov (in Russian). Pskov: Izd-vo TsK KP Latvii. pp. 2 v. OCLC 38770737.\nPopoff, George (1932). The City of the Red Plague: Soviet Rule in a Baltic Town. London; New York: George Allen & Unwin; E. P. Dutton & Co. OCLC 413467.\nKrastyn', IA. P. (Krastiņš, J.) (ed.) (1959–60). Sotsialisticheskaia Sovetskaia Respublika Latvii v 1919 g. i inostrannaia interventsiia: Dokumenty i materialy (in Russian and Latvian). Riga: Izd-vo Akademii Nauk Latviiskoi SSR. pp. 2 v. OCLC 18861284. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nZile, Zigurds L. (1977). \"Legal Thought and the Formation of Law and Legal Institutions in the Socialist Soviet Republic of Latvia, 1917–1920\". Journal of Baltic Studies. 8 (3): 195–204. doi:10.1080/01629777700000191.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"title":"Iskolat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskolat"},{"title":"Commune of the Working People of Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia"},{"title":"Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic"},{"title":"History of Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Latvia"},{"title":"Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"title":"Republics of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"title":"Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia"}]
[{"reference":"Purs, Aldis; Plakans, Andrejs (2017). Historical Dictionary of Latvia. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-0221-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YbmnDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Latvia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0221-3","url_text":"978-1-5381-0221-3"}]},{"reference":"\"1919 in Latvia\".","urls":[{"url":"http://gramatas.lndb.lv/periodika2-viewer/view/index-dev.html?lang=fr#panel:pp%7Cissue:/g_001_0308054606%7Cpage:76%7CissueType:B","url_text":"\"1919 in Latvia\""}]},{"reference":"Latvian Soviet Encyclopedia . Volume 1. Riga: The main edition of encyclopedias . P.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"History of Latvia, 1914-1940\".","urls":[{"url":"http://gramatas.lndb.lv/periodika2-viewer/view/index-dev.html?lang=fr#panel:pp%7Cissue:/g_001_0305034592%7Carticle:DIVL1994%7Cpage:316%7CissueType:B","url_text":"\"History of Latvia, 1914-1940\""}]},{"reference":"Stuchka, P. (1919–21). Piat' mesiatsev Sotsialisticheskoi sovetskoi Latvii: Sbornik statei i dokumentov (in Russian). Pskov: Izd-vo TsK KP Latvii. pp. 2 v. OCLC 38770737.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93teris_Stu%C4%8Dka","url_text":"Stuchka, P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38770737","url_text":"38770737"}]},{"reference":"Popoff, George (1932). The City of the Red Plague: Soviet Rule in a Baltic Town. London; New York: George Allen & Unwin; E. P. Dutton & Co. OCLC 413467.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/413467","url_text":"413467"}]},{"reference":"Krastyn', IA. P. (Krastiņš, J.) (ed.) (1959–60). Sotsialisticheskaia Sovetskaia Respublika Latvii v 1919 g. i inostrannaia interventsiia: Dokumenty i materialy (in Russian and Latvian). Riga: Izd-vo Akademii Nauk Latviiskoi SSR. pp. 2 v. OCLC 18861284.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18861284","url_text":"18861284"}]},{"reference":"Zile, Zigurds L. (1977). \"Legal Thought and the Formation of Law and Legal Institutions in the Socialist Soviet Republic of Latvia, 1917–1920\". Journal of Baltic Studies. 8 (3): 195–204. doi:10.1080/01629777700000191.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01629777700000191","url_text":"10.1080/01629777700000191"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%93nare_K%C5%8Dhere
Hēnare Kōhere
["1 References"]
Hēnare KōhereBornHēnare Mōkena Kōhere(1880-03-10)10 March 1880Te Araroa, New ZealandDied(1916-09-16)16 September 1916FranceNationalityMāoriOther namesHenry Morgan Kōhere (literal translation)Occupation(s)soldierfarmerSpouse(s)Ngārangi Tūrei (first wife)Kararaina Goldsmith (second wife)RelativesRēweti Kōhere (brother)Mōkena Kōhere (grandfather)George Nēpia (son-in-law) Hēnare Mōkena Kōhere (10 March 1880 – 16 September 1916) was a New Zealand farmer and soldier. Of Māori, English and French descent, he identified with the Ngāti Porou iwi. He was born in Te Araroa, East Coast, New Zealand, on 10 March 1880. His parents were Hōne Hiki Kōhere and Henerata Bristow (sometimes noted as Peretō), and his grandfather was Mōkena Kōhere. His eldest brother was Rēweti Kōhere. Hēnare Kōhere fought as an officer in the First World War and died of wounds in France on 16 September 1916. References ^ Swann, Henare Kohere. "Henare Mokena Kohere". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 April 2017. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States People Commonwealth War Graves Commission This biographical article related to the military of New Zealand is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Porou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Porou"},{"link_name":"iwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwi"},{"link_name":"Te Araroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Araroa_(town)"},{"link_name":"East Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisborne_District"},{"link_name":"Mōkena Kōhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dkena_K%C5%8Dhere"},{"link_name":"Rēweti Kōhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%93weti_K%C5%8Dhere"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNZB_Kohere-1"}],"text":"Hēnare Mōkena Kōhere (10 March 1880 – 16 September 1916) was a New Zealand farmer and soldier. Of Māori, English and French descent, he identified with the Ngāti Porou iwi. He was born in Te Araroa, East Coast, New Zealand, on 10 March 1880. His parents were Hōne Hiki Kōhere and Henerata Bristow (sometimes noted as Peretō), and his grandfather was Mōkena Kōhere. His eldest brother was Rēweti Kōhere. Hēnare Kōhere fought as an officer in the First World War and died of wounds in France on 16 September 1916.[1]","title":"Hēnare Kōhere"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Swann, Henare Kohere. \"Henare Mokena Kohere\". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3k17","url_text":"\"Henare Mokena Kohere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of New Zealand Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage","url_text":"Ministry for Culture and Heritage"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Lucius_Chapin
Aaron Lucius Chapin
["1 External links"]
American minister "Aaron Chapin" redirects here. For the furniture maker, see Eliphalet Chapin. Aaron Lucius Chapin Aaron Lucius Chapin (February 6, 1817 – July 22, 1892) was an American minister and the first president of Beloit College. Chapin, second son and third child of Deacon Laertes and Laura (Colton) Chapin, of Hartford, Connecticut was born there on February 6, 1817. He graduated from Yale College in 1837. During the year after graduation he taught in a family school in Baltimore, Maryland, and from 1838 to 1843 he was a professor in the New York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb in New York City, in the meantime also completing (1839–42) the course in the Union Theological Seminary. On January 24, 1844, he was ordained at Milwaukee, in Wisconsin Territory, where for nearly six years he served as pastor of the First Presbyterian Church with signal success. In December, 1849, he was called to Beloit, Wisconsin, to fill the presidency of the College just established there, and that position he occupied from February, 1850, until his resignation in July, 1886. He retained a chair of instruction in Civil Polity until his death, although prostrated by paralysis in 1888. The degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred on him by Williams College in 1853, and that of Doctor of Laws by the Regents of the University of the State of New York in 1882. At Beloit he also served as a teacher, especially of political economy, and published one or two text-books in that science. He married on August 23, 1843, Martha, daughter of Rodolphus Colton, of Lenox, Mass., who died on December 12, 1859. He next married, on August 26, 1861, Fanny L, eldest daughter of Robert Coit, of New London, Conn., who survived him. By his first marriage he had two sons who died in infancy, and a daughter who became a missionary in China, and survived him. His children by his second marriage were a son and three daughters, all of whom survived him except one daughter who died in infancy. He died in Beloit on July 22, 1892. He was 76.  This article incorporates public domain material from the 1893 Yale Obituary Record. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States External links Aaron Lucius Chapin at Find a Grave Beloit College archives Books by Chapin
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null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie_(disambiguation)
Bogie (disambiguation)
["1 Places","1.1 Australia","1.2 United Kingdom","1.3 United States","2 People","3 Other uses","4 See also"]
A bogie is part of a railway car. Bogie may also refer to: Places Australia Bogie, Queensland, a locality in the Whitsunday Region Bogie, a river in Queensland, Australia—see Bogie River Hills United Kingdom River Bogie, Scotland United States Boca Ciega High School, a senior high school in Gulfport, Florida, colloquially called Bogie People Nickname Humphrey Bogart (1899–1957), American actor Xander Bogaerts (born 1992), Aruban professional baseball player W. A. "Bogie" Roberts, a footballer in the late 1890s Moshe "Bogie" Ya'alon, Israeli politician Surname Bogie (surname) Other uses Bogie, an attendant of Jack in the Green, a character in traditional English May Day parades and other May celebrations Bogies, a recurring feature in the Dick & Dom in da Bungalow British television show for children The Bogies, a comic strip in The Dandy 15495 Bogie, an asteroid A type of flatbed trolley for moving bulk loads See also Bogey (disambiguation) Bogy (disambiguation) Boogie (disambiguation) Bougie (disambiguation) Buggie (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Bogie.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_King_(ambassador)
Stephen B. King
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References"]
For other people named Steve King, see Stephen King (disambiguation). American diplomat and activist (born 1941) Steve KingUnited States Ambassador to the Czech RepublicIn officeDecember 6, 2017 – January 20, 2021PresidentDonald TrumpPreceded byAndrew H. SchapiroSucceeded byJennifer Bachus (acting) Personal detailsBorn (1941-07-04) July 4, 1941 (age 82)Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.Political partyRepublicanAlma materWestern Illinois UniversityOccupationBusinessman Stephen B. King (born July 4, 1941) is an American businessman and political activist who served as the United States Ambassador to the Czech Republic from 2017 to 2021. A member of the Republican Party, he is the founder of King Capital LLC, an equity investment and real estate company. He previously worked at the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as an agent and campaigned unsuccessfully in 1988 for his party's nomination for the U.S. Senate in Wisconsin. During the Nixon administration, while working for the Committee for the Re-Election of the President, King was involved in the kidnapping of Martha Mitchell, the wife of the then-Attorney General. Early life and education King was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, and was raised in Chicago, Illinois. He received a Bachelor of Arts in social science in 1963 and a master's degree in political science in 1966 from Western Illinois University. He worked as a social science teacher in Rushville, Illinois, from 1963 to 1966 and then as Assistant to the Superintendent of Schools in the same school district until 1967. Career King joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1967. He investigated civil rights violations in Jackson, Mississippi, followed by racially motivated crimes, homicide, arson, bombing and bank robbery. Three times he received special commendations for excellent performance. In 1970, King resigned to serve as legislative assistant to Republican Senator Edward Gurney of Florida. As Gurney's representative, he served on the staff of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (PSI) of the U.S. Senate Committee on Government Operations, eventually becoming an investigator. In 1972, King was named Special Assistant to Earl Butz, the US Secretary of Agriculture. In June 1972, at the time of the Watergate complex break-in, King was the security agent for the Committee for the Re-Election of the President assigned to abduct and hold Martha Mitchell, the wife of then United States Attorney General John N. Mitchell, in a hotel room in California, to prevent her from learning about the break-in. Mitchell contended that she had been held in her room against her will by King, during which time he used physical force to prevent her from speaking to the press and restrained her while she was injected with a sedative. The plot to hold Mrs. Mitchell was later confirmed by James McCord, one of the Watergate burglars. King has not denied his involvement in Mrs. Mitchell's confinement, but disputes parts of her story. In 2017, Sean Bartlett, a spokesman for the Democrats on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said King was asked about the incident involving Mitchell as part of his United States Senate confirmation process to be the next United States Ambassador to the Czech Republic. "After questioning him, and measuring his other qualifications and responses to questions on a range of issues, staff did not believe there was evidence or reason to delay his nomination," Bartlett said. King's appointment was approved by the Senate without objection in a voice vote. In 1976, King became director of development at his alma mater, Western Illinois University. A year later he started his career as a businessman. He moved to Whitewater, Wisconsin, to serve as general manager of the woodworking firm Carlson's Miniatures. In 1979, he became a part owner and manager of Tomah Products, a chemical manufacturer. In 1994, King led a management buy-out of Tomah. Since then, he has served as president and CEO of Tomah Products, Inc. He served as a delegate to Wisconsin Republican state conventions and the first congressional district Republican caucus from 1978. King was elected chairman of the Republican Party of Wisconsin in 1985. In 1988, King resigned to launch a campaign for the U.S. Senate. He lost the Republican nomination to Susan Engeleiter, who was defeated by Democrat Herb Kohl in the general election. From 1990 to 2006, King served as president of the Milton Industrial and Economic Corporation. In 2006, King founded King Capital LLC, an equity investment and real estate company. In 2007, King was elected to represent Wisconsin on the Republican National Committee, and he served until 2017. In July 2017, President Donald Trump nominated King to be the next United States Ambassador to the Czech Republic. This nomination was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on October 5, 2017. King is the chief executive officer of the host committee for the 2024 Republican National Convention planned to be held in Milwaukee. Personal life King and his wife Karen have three children. References ^ a b c d e f g "Steve King". Bucher Blog. July 12, 2005. Retrieved June 28, 2017. ^ "Steve King of Wisconsin is reported to be Trump's pick as ambassador to Czech Republic". Journal Sentinel. May 28, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017. ^ a b "RNC Chairman Reince Priebus Announces COA Chairman and Co – Chairman" (PDF). Republican National Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 17, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017. ^ a b "King Capital". King Capital. Retrieved June 28, 2017. ^ "Steven Walters: Wisconsin Republicans play key roles in nominating process". GazetteXtra. May 26, 2015. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017. ^ a b "Wisconsin's Steve King will place Ryan's name in nomination". Journal Sentinel. August 28, 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2017. ^ a b Reeves, Richard (2002). President Nixon : alone in the White House (1st Touchstone ed. 2002. ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 511. ISBN 0-7432-2719-0. ^ a b c "Scott Walker's New Government Ethics Panel Has a Very Apt Watergate Connection". Esquire. March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2017. ^ McLendon, Winzola (1979). Martha: The Life of Martha Mitchell. Random House. ISBN 9780394411248. ^ a b Cadden, Vivian (July 1973). "Martha Mitchell: The Day the Laughing Stopped" (PDF). McCall's. Archived from the original on December 7, 2011.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ McQuiston, John T. (June 1, 1976). "Martha Mitchell, 57, Dies Of Bone‐Marrow Cancer". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 4, 2017. ^ "McCord Declares That Mrs. Mitchell Was Forcibly Held". The New York Times. February 19, 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 4, 2017. ^ s.r.o., PTV Media. "Wisconsin's Steve King nominated for ambassador | Prague TV – Living Like a Local!". prague.tv. Retrieved December 5, 2017. ^ "The Xoff Files: Steve King's non-denial denial". August 19, 2016. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "One of Trump's ambassadors beat and "kidnapped" a woman as part of the Watergate cover-up: reports". Newsweek. December 11, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017. ^ "PN745 – Nomination of Stephen B. King for Department of State, 115th Congress (2017–2018)". www.congress.gov. October 5, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017. ^ a b "Steve King National Committeeman". GOP. Archived from the original on June 17, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017. ^ "RNC Chairman Reince Priebus Announces COA Chairman and Co-Chairman". January 22, 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2017. ^ Noennig, Jordyn (July 10, 2017). "Trump nominates Wisconsin's Steve King to serve as ambassador to Czech Republic". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved August 17, 2017. ^ "PN745 – Stephen B. King – Department of State". U.S. Congress. October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017. ^ Glauber, Bill (September 29, 2022). "Former U.S. Ambassador to Czech Republic Steve King named CEO of Milwaukee host committee for 2024 Republican Convention". Journal Sentinel. Retrieved April 15, 2023. ^ DaBruzzi, Anthony (March 1, 2023). "Exclusive: Host Committee CEO talks 2024 RNC preps". Spectrum News 1. Retrieved April 15, 2023. Diplomatic posts Preceded byAndrew H. Schapiro United States Ambassador to the Czech Republic 2017–2021 Succeeded byJennifer BachusChargé d´affaires vte United States Ambassadors to the Czech Republic Czechoslovakia (1919–1992) Crane Einstein Ratshesky White Wright Carr Biddle Steinhardt Jacobs Briggs Wadsworth Johnson Allison Ravndal Wailes Horsey Beam Toon Sherer Byrne Meehan Matlock Luers Niemczyk Temple Black Basora Czech Republic (1993–present) Basora Walker Shattuck Stapleton Cabaniss Graber Eisen Schapiro King Sabet
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King (born July 4, 1941)[1] is an American businessman and political activist who served as the United States Ambassador to the Czech Republic from 2017 to 2021.[2] A member of the Republican Party, he is the founder of King Capital LLC,[3] an equity investment and real estate company.[4] He previously worked at the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as an agent[5] and campaigned unsuccessfully in 1988 for his party's nomination for the U.S. Senate in Wisconsin.[6] During the Nixon administration, while working for the Committee for the Re-Election of the President, King was involved in the kidnapping of Martha Mitchell, the wife of the then-Attorney General.[7][8]","title":"Stephen B. King"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"Western Illinois University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Illinois_University"},{"link_name":"Rushville, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steve_King-1"}],"text":"King was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, and was raised in Chicago, Illinois. He received a Bachelor of Arts in social science in 1963 and a master's degree in political science in 1966 from Western Illinois University. He worked as a social science teacher in Rushville, Illinois, from 1963 to 1966 and then as Assistant to the Superintendent of Schools in the same school district until 1967.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights"},{"link_name":"Jackson, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steve_King-1"},{"link_name":"legislative assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_assistant"},{"link_name":"Edward Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigations"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate Committee on Government Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Government_Operations"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steve_King-1"},{"link_name":"Earl Butz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Butz"},{"link_name":"US Secretary of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steve_King-1"},{"link_name":"Watergate complex break-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_scandal"},{"link_name":"Committee for the Re-Election of the President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_the_Re-Election_of_the_President"},{"link_name":"Martha Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Beall_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"John N. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_N._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"James McCord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._McCord_Jr."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Senate Foreign Relations Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to the Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Western Illinois University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Illinois_University"},{"link_name":"Whitewater, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewater,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steve_King-1"},{"link_name":"congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steve_King_National_Committeeman-17"},{"link_name":"Republican Party of Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Susan Engeleiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Engeleiter"},{"link_name":"Herb Kohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Kohl"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wisconsin's_Steve_King_will_place_Ryan's_name_in_nomination-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steve_King_National_Committeeman-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King_Capital-4"},{"link_name":"Republican National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNC_Reince_Priebus_Announces_COA_and_Co-3"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to the Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"chief executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"2024 Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"King joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1967. He investigated civil rights violations in Jackson, Mississippi, followed by racially motivated crimes, homicide, arson, bombing and bank robbery.[citation needed] Three times he received special commendations for excellent performance.[1]In 1970, King resigned to serve as legislative assistant to Republican Senator Edward Gurney of Florida. As Gurney's representative, he served on the staff of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (PSI) of the U.S. Senate Committee on Government Operations, eventually becoming an investigator.[1] In 1972, King was named Special Assistant to Earl Butz, the US Secretary of Agriculture.[1]In June 1972, at the time of the Watergate complex break-in, King was the security agent for the Committee for the Re-Election of the President assigned to abduct and hold Martha Mitchell, the wife of then United States Attorney General John N. Mitchell, in a hotel room in California, to prevent her from learning about the break-in.[7][9][10] Mitchell contended that she had been held in her room against her will by King, during which time he used physical force to prevent her from speaking to the press and restrained her while she was injected with a sedative.[11][8][10] The plot to hold Mrs. Mitchell was later confirmed by James McCord, one of the Watergate burglars.[12] King has not denied his involvement in Mrs. Mitchell's confinement, but disputes parts of her story.[13][8][14] In 2017, Sean Bartlett, a spokesman for the Democrats on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said King was asked about the incident involving Mitchell as part of his United States Senate confirmation process to be the next United States Ambassador to the Czech Republic. \"After questioning him, and measuring his other qualifications and responses to questions on a range of issues, staff did not believe there was evidence or reason to delay his nomination,\" Bartlett said. King's appointment was approved by the Senate without objection in a voice vote.[15][16]In 1976, King became director of development at his alma mater, Western Illinois University. A year later he started his career as a businessman. He moved to Whitewater, Wisconsin, to serve as general manager of the woodworking firm Carlson's Miniatures. In 1979, he became a part owner and manager of Tomah Products, a chemical manufacturer. In 1994, King led a management buy-out of Tomah. Since then, he has served as president and CEO of Tomah Products, Inc.[1]He served as a delegate to Wisconsin Republican state conventions and the first congressional district Republican caucus from 1978.[17] King was elected chairman of the Republican Party of Wisconsin in 1985. In 1988, King resigned[18] to launch a campaign for the U.S. Senate. He lost the Republican nomination to Susan Engeleiter, who was defeated by Democrat Herb Kohl in the general election.[6]From 1990 to 2006, King served as president of the Milton Industrial and Economic Corporation. In 2006, King founded King Capital LLC,[17] an equity investment and real estate company.[4] In 2007, King was elected to represent Wisconsin on the Republican National Committee, and he served until 2017.[3]In July 2017, President Donald Trump nominated King to be the next United States Ambassador to the Czech Republic.[19] This nomination was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on October 5, 2017.[20]King is the chief executive officer of the host committee for the 2024 Republican National Convention planned to be held in Milwaukee.[21][22]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steve_King-1"}],"text":"King and his wife Karen have three children.[1]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Steve King\". Bucher Blog. July 12, 2005. Retrieved June 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://bucherblog.blogspot.com/2005/07/steve-king.html","url_text":"\"Steve King\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve King of Wisconsin is reported to be Trump's pick as ambassador to Czech Republic\". Journal Sentinel. May 28, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2017/05/28/steve-king-wisconsin-reported-trumps-pick-ambassador-czech-republic/351479001/","url_text":"\"Steve King of Wisconsin is reported to be Trump's pick as ambassador to Czech Republic\""}]},{"reference":"\"RNC Chairman Reince Priebus Announces COA Chairman and Co – Chairman\" (PDF). Republican National Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 17, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170817082848/https://www.2016cle.com/RNC2016/media/RNC2016/PressReleases/1-22-15_RNC_Announces_First_COA_Appointments.pdf?ext=.pdf","url_text":"\"RNC Chairman Reince Priebus Announces COA Chairman and Co – Chairman\""},{"url":"https://www.2016cle.com/RNC2016/media/RNC2016/PressReleases/1-22-15_RNC_Announces_First_COA_Appointments.pdf?ext=.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"King Capital\". King Capital. Retrieved June 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://kingequity.com/","url_text":"\"King Capital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steven Walters: Wisconsin Republicans play key roles in nominating process\". GazetteXtra. May 26, 2015. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170817080652/http://www.gazettextra.com/20150526/steven_walters_wisconsin_republicans_play_key_roles_in_nominating_process","url_text":"\"Steven Walters: Wisconsin Republicans play key roles in nominating process\""},{"url":"http://www.gazettextra.com/20150526/steven_walters_wisconsin_republicans_play_key_roles_in_nominating_process","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wisconsin's Steve King will place Ryan's name in nomination\". Journal Sentinel. August 28, 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.jsonline.com/blogs/news/167668165.html","url_text":"\"Wisconsin's Steve King will place Ryan's name in nomination\""}]},{"reference":"Reeves, Richard (2002). President Nixon : alone in the White House (1st Touchstone ed. 2002. ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 511. ISBN 0-7432-2719-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/presidentnixon00rich","url_text":"President Nixon : alone in the White House"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/presidentnixon00rich/page/511","url_text":"511"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2719-0","url_text":"0-7432-2719-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Scott Walker's New Government Ethics Panel Has a Very Apt Watergate Connection\". Esquire. March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/politics/news/a42721/scott-walker-government-ethics-board-appointees/","url_text":"\"Scott Walker's New Government Ethics Panel Has a Very Apt Watergate Connection\""}]},{"reference":"McLendon, Winzola (1979). Martha: The Life of Martha Mitchell. Random House. ISBN 9780394411248.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/marthalifeofmart00mcle","url_text":"Martha: The Life of Martha Mitchell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394411248","url_text":"9780394411248"}]},{"reference":"Cadden, Vivian (July 1973). \"Martha Mitchell: The Day the Laughing Stopped\" (PDF). McCall's. Archived from the original on December 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20Materials/Watergate/Watergate%20Items%2004357%20to%2004655/Watergate%2004358.pdf","url_text":"\"Martha Mitchell: The Day the Laughing Stopped\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCall%27s","url_text":"McCall's"}]},{"reference":"McQuiston, John T. (June 1, 1976). \"Martha Mitchell, 57, Dies Of Bone‐Marrow Cancer\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/01/archives/martha-mitchell-57-dies-of-bonemarrow-cancer-martha-mitchell-57.html","url_text":"\"Martha Mitchell, 57, Dies Of Bone‐Marrow Cancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"McCord Declares That Mrs. Mitchell Was Forcibly Held\". The New York Times. February 19, 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/19/archives/mccord-declares-that-mrs-mitchell-was-forcibly-held-comment-from.html","url_text":"\"McCord Declares That Mrs. Mitchell Was Forcibly Held\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"s.r.o., PTV Media. \"Wisconsin's Steve King nominated for ambassador | Prague TV – Living Like a Local!\". prague.tv. Retrieved December 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://prague.tv/en/s72/Directory/c214-Business/n10124-Wisconsin-s-Steve-King-nominated-for-ambassador","url_text":"\"Wisconsin's Steve King nominated for ambassador | Prague TV – Living Like a Local!\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Xoff Files: Steve King's non-denial denial\". August 19, 2016. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160819063954/http://thexofffiles.blogspot.com/2006/08/steve-kings-non-denial-denial.html","url_text":"\"The Xoff Files: Steve King's non-denial denial\""}]},{"reference":"\"One of Trump's ambassadors beat and \"kidnapped\" a woman as part of the Watergate cover-up: reports\". Newsweek. December 11, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-watergate-stephen-king-martha-mitchell-richard-nixon-john-744823","url_text":"\"One of Trump's ambassadors beat and \"kidnapped\" a woman as part of the Watergate cover-up: reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"PN745 – Nomination of Stephen B. King for Department of State, 115th Congress (2017–2018)\". www.congress.gov. October 5, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/nomination/115th-congress/745","url_text":"\"PN745 – Nomination of Stephen B. King for Department of State, 115th Congress (2017–2018)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve King National Committeeman\". GOP. Archived from the original on June 17, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170617201648/https://www.gop.com/leaders/national-committeeman-steve-king-wi","url_text":"\"Steve King National Committeeman\""},{"url":"https://www.gop.com/leaders/national-committeeman-steve-king-wi","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RNC Chairman Reince Priebus Announces COA Chairman and Co-Chairman\". January 22, 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gop.com/rnc-chairman-reince-priebus-announces-coa-chairman-and-co-chairman/","url_text":"\"RNC Chairman Reince Priebus Announces COA Chairman and Co-Chairman\""}]},{"reference":"Noennig, Jordyn (July 10, 2017). \"Trump nominates Wisconsin's Steve King to serve as ambassador to Czech Republic\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved August 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jsonline.com/story/news/2017/07/11/trump-nominates-wisconsins-steve-king-serve-ambassador-czech-republic/466914001/","url_text":"\"Trump nominates Wisconsin's Steve King to serve as ambassador to Czech Republic\""}]},{"reference":"\"PN745 – Stephen B. King – Department of State\". U.S. Congress. October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/nomination/115th-congress/745","url_text":"\"PN745 – Stephen B. King – Department of State\""}]},{"reference":"Glauber, Bill (September 29, 2022). \"Former U.S. Ambassador to Czech Republic Steve King named CEO of Milwaukee host committee for 2024 Republican Convention\". Journal Sentinel. Retrieved April 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2022/09/29/steve-king-named-milwaukee-host-committee-ceo-2024-rnc/8127305001/","url_text":"\"Former U.S. Ambassador to Czech Republic Steve King named CEO of Milwaukee host committee for 2024 Republican Convention\""}]},{"reference":"DaBruzzi, Anthony (March 1, 2023). \"Exclusive: Host Committee CEO talks 2024 RNC preps\". Spectrum News 1. Retrieved April 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/wi/milwaukee/news/2023/03/01/exclusive--host-committee-ceo-talks-2024-rnc-preps","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Host Committee CEO talks 2024 RNC preps\""}]}]
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King for Department of State, 115th Congress (2017–2018)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170617201648/https://www.gop.com/leaders/national-committeeman-steve-king-wi","external_links_name":"\"Steve King National Committeeman\""},{"Link":"https://www.gop.com/leaders/national-committeeman-steve-king-wi","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gop.com/rnc-chairman-reince-priebus-announces-coa-chairman-and-co-chairman/","external_links_name":"\"RNC Chairman Reince Priebus Announces COA Chairman and Co-Chairman\""},{"Link":"http://www.jsonline.com/story/news/2017/07/11/trump-nominates-wisconsins-steve-king-serve-ambassador-czech-republic/466914001/","external_links_name":"\"Trump nominates Wisconsin's Steve King to serve as ambassador to Czech Republic\""},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/nomination/115th-congress/745","external_links_name":"\"PN745 – Stephen B. King – Department of State\""},{"Link":"https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2022/09/29/steve-king-named-milwaukee-host-committee-ceo-2024-rnc/8127305001/","external_links_name":"\"Former U.S. Ambassador to Czech Republic Steve King named CEO of Milwaukee host committee for 2024 Republican Convention\""},{"Link":"https://spectrumnews1.com/wi/milwaukee/news/2023/03/01/exclusive--host-committee-ceo-talks-2024-rnc-preps","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: Host Committee CEO talks 2024 RNC preps\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Judenstaat
Der Judenstaat
["1 Summary","2 Outcome","3 References","4 External links"]
1896 pamphlet by Theodor Herzl "The Jewish State" redirects here. For other uses, see Jewish state (disambiguation). Der Judenstaat Title page of Der Judenstaat. 1896AuthorTheodor HerzlOriginal titleDer JudenstaatLanguageGermanPublished14 February 1896 (1896-02-14)Publication placeAustria-HungaryOriginal textDer Judenstaat at German WikisourceTranslationDer Judenstaat at Wikisource Der Judenstaat (German, lit. 'The State of the Jews', commonly rendered as The Jewish State) is a pamphlet written by Theodor Herzl and published in February 1896 in Leipzig and Vienna by M. Breitenstein's Verlags-Buchhandlung. It is subtitled with "Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage" ("Proposal of a modern solution for the Jewish question") and was originally called "Address to the Rothschilds", referring to the Rothschild family banking dynasty, as Herzl planned to deliver it as a speech to the Rothschild family. Baron Edmond de Rothschild rejected Herzl's plan, feeling that it threatened Jews in the Diaspora. He also thought it would put his own settlements at risk. It is considered one of the most important texts of modern Zionism. As expressed in this book, Herzl envisioned the founding of a future independent Jewish state during the 20th century. He argued that the best way to avoid antisemitism in Europe was to create this independent Jewish state. The book encouraged Jews to purchase land in Palestine, the historic homeland of the Jews, although the possibility of a Jewish state in Argentina is also considered as in that country's constitution Article 25 said that: the immigration of Europeans will be welcomed. Herzl popularized the term "Zionism", which was coined by Nathan Birnbaum. The nationalist movement culminated in the birth of the State of Israel in 1948, but Zionism continues to be connected with political support of Israel. Summary The book argues that after centuries of various restrictions, hostilities and frequent pogroms, the Jews of Europe had been reduced to living in ghettos. The higher class was forced to deal with angry mobs and so experienced a great deal of discomfort; the lower class lived in despair. Middle-class professionals were distrusted, and the statement "don't buy from Jews" caused much anxiety among Jewish people. It was reasonable to assume that the Jews would not be left in peace. Neither a change in the feelings of non-Jews nor a movement to merge into the surrounds of Europe offered much hope to the Jewish people: "The Jewish question persists wherever Jews live in appreciable numbers. Wherever it does not exist, it is brought in together with Jewish immigrants. We are naturally drawn into those places where we are not persecuted, and our appearance there gives rise to persecution. This is the case, and will inevitably be so, everywhere, even in highly civilised countries—see, for instance, France—so long as the Jewish question is not solved on the political level." The book concludes: Therefore I believe that a wondrous generation of Jews will spring into existence. The Maccabeans will rise again. Let me repeat once more my opening words: The Jews who wish for a State will have it. We shall live at last as free men on our own soil, and die peacefully in our own homes. The world will be freed by our liberty, enriched by our wealth, magnified by our greatness. And whatever we attempt there to accomplish for our own welfare, will react powerfully and beneficially for the good of humanity. Herzl proposed two possible regions for settlement – Argentina and Palestine – but recognized in Der Judenstaat that colonization in either would be difficult: "In both countries important experiments in colonization have been made, though on the mistaken principle of a gradual infiltration of Jews. An infiltration is bound to end badly. It continues till the inevitable moment when the native population feels itself threatened, and forces the government to stop a further influx of Jews. Immigration is consequently futile unless we have the sovereign right to continue such immigration." For that reason, Herzl, both in Der Judenstaat and in his political activity on behalf of Zionism, concentrated his efforts on securing official legal sanction from, as he put it, "the present masters of the land, putting itself under the protectorate of the European Powers, if they prove friendly to the plan." Attempts to negotiate with the Ottoman authorities failed, but with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I and the subsequent creation of Mandatory Palestine under the control of Britain, the Zionists gained success: Britain issued the Balfour Declaration that supported the creation of a Jewish "homeland" in Palestine. Outcome As pointed out by Michael Stein, Herzl accurately predicted what would actually happen next: the influx of Jews into Mandatory Palestine in the 1930s did make the native Arab population feel threatened, leading to the 1936–1939 Arab revolt – which forced the British Government to announce in the White Paper of 1939 a stop to the further influx of Jews. The instrument envisioned by Herzl was "The Jewish Company" – "partly modeled on the lines of a great land-acquisition company. It might be called a Jewish Chartered Company" – i.e., following in the footsteps of the numerous Chartered Companies which had a major role in the outward expansion of various European powers since the 16th century. The Jewish Company envisioned by Herzl would have charge of both of the properties of all Jews in their present countries and of the lands and properties in the coming Jewish State; it would dispose of the former and provide every Jew with equivalent properties in the new land. Herzl clearly stipulated that "the Jewish Company will be founded as a joint stock company subject to English jurisdiction, framed according to English laws, and under the protection of England" – the City of London being at the time recognized as the financial capital of the world. For the tasks envisioned for it, Herzl estimated that the company's capital should be about a thousand million marks (about £50,000,000 or $200,000,000). In fact, the Zionist Movement – both in Herzl's time and later – could not come anywhere close to such figures. Under Herzl's direction there was created a few years later the Jewish Colonial Trust – indeed located in London and incorporated under British law, but with the modest capital of 250,000 Pounds, about half of one percent of the envisioned Jewish Company. Even so, the "Colonial Trust" and its affiliate, the Anglo Palestine Company, had a key role in the actual implementation of the Zionist Project, and eventually became Bank Leumi, one of Israel's main banks. References ^ Sachar, Howard (2007) . History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time (3 republication ed.). New York: Random House. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-375-71132-9. ^ Overberg, Henk (2012) . The Jews' State – A Critical English Translation (1 ed.). Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 3. ISBN 978-0765759733. ^ Herzl, Theodor (1988) . "Biography, by Alex Bein". Der Judenstaat . transl. Sylvie d'Avigdor (republication ed.). New York: Courier Dover. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-486-25849-2. Retrieved 2010-09-28. ^ Pasachoff, Naomi (October 1992). Great Jewish Thinkers: Their Lives and Work. Behrman House. p. 97. ISBN 0874415292. Retrieved 2 January 2016. ^ Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2004. Print. p. 224 ^ Harper, Douglas. "Zionism". Online Etymology Dictionary. ^ Herzl, Der Judenstaat, cited by C.D. Smith, Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 2001, 4th ed., p. 53 ^ The Jewish State, by Theodor Herzl, (Courier Corporation, 27 Apr 2012), p. 157 ^ Herzl, Theodor. The Jewish State. Project Gutenberg. ^ Michael Stein, Collected Essays in the History of Zionism, Tel Aviv, 1954, pp. 46–47 External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Jewish State The Jewish State by Theodor Herzl at Project Gutenberg The Jewish State, A Century Later by Alan Dowty (1998) The Jewish State – Theodor Herzl's Program for Zionism German text on Wikisource A reading in English of The Jewish State A Jewish State public domain audiobook at LibriVox Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish state (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_state_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Theodor Herzl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Rothschild family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_family"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Baron Edmond de Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_James_de_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"Jewish state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_state"},{"link_name":"antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cleveland,_William_L._2004._p._224-5"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Nathan Birnbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Birnbaum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"State of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"}],"text":"\"The Jewish State\" redirects here. For other uses, see Jewish state (disambiguation).Der Judenstaat (German, lit. 'The State of the Jews',[1] commonly rendered[2] as The Jewish State) is a pamphlet written by Theodor Herzl and published in February 1896 in Leipzig and Vienna by M. Breitenstein's Verlags-Buchhandlung. It is subtitled with \"Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage\" (\"Proposal of a modern solution for the Jewish question\") and was originally called \"Address to the Rothschilds\", referring to the Rothschild family banking dynasty,[3] as Herzl planned to deliver it as a speech to the Rothschild family. Baron Edmond de Rothschild rejected Herzl's plan, feeling that it threatened Jews in the Diaspora. He also thought it would put his own settlements at risk.[4]It is considered one of the most important texts of modern Zionism. As expressed in this book, Herzl envisioned the founding of a future independent Jewish state during the 20th century. He argued that the best way to avoid antisemitism in Europe was to create this independent Jewish state. The book encouraged Jews to purchase land in Palestine, the historic homeland of the Jews,[5] although the possibility of a Jewish state in Argentina is also considered as in that country's constitution Article 25 said that: the immigration of Europeans will be welcomed.Herzl popularized the term \"Zionism\", which was coined by Nathan Birnbaum.[6] The nationalist movement culminated in the birth of the State of Israel in 1948, but Zionism continues to be connected with political support of Israel.","title":"Der Judenstaat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pogroms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogroms"},{"link_name":"ghettos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Balfour Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration"}],"text":"The book argues that after centuries of various restrictions, hostilities and frequent pogroms, the Jews of Europe had been reduced to living in ghettos. The higher class was forced to deal with angry mobs and so experienced a great deal of discomfort; the lower class lived in despair. Middle-class professionals were distrusted, and the statement \"don't buy from Jews\" caused much anxiety among Jewish people. It was reasonable to assume that the Jews would not be left in peace. Neither a change in the feelings of non-Jews nor a movement to merge into the surrounds of Europe offered much hope to the Jewish people:\"The Jewish question persists wherever Jews live in appreciable numbers. Wherever it does not exist, it is brought in together with Jewish immigrants. We are naturally drawn into those places where we are not persecuted, and our appearance there gives rise to persecution. This is the case, and will inevitably be so, everywhere, even in highly civilised countries—see, for instance, France—so long as the Jewish question is not solved on the political level.\"[7]The book concludes:Therefore I believe that a wondrous generation of Jews will spring into existence. The Maccabeans will rise again.\nLet me repeat once more my opening words: The Jews who wish for a State will have it.\nWe shall live at last as free men on our own soil, and die peacefully in our own homes.\nThe world will be freed by our liberty, enriched by our wealth, magnified by our greatness.\n\nAnd whatever we attempt there to accomplish for our own welfare, will react powerfully and beneficially for the good of humanity.[8]Herzl proposed two possible regions for settlement – Argentina and Palestine – but recognized in Der Judenstaat that colonization in either would be difficult: \"In both countries important experiments in colonization have been made, though on the mistaken principle of a gradual infiltration of Jews. An infiltration is bound to end badly. It continues till the inevitable moment when the native population feels itself threatened, and forces the government to stop a further influx of Jews. Immigration is consequently futile unless we have the sovereign right to continue such immigration.\"[9]For that reason, Herzl, both in Der Judenstaat and in his political activity on behalf of Zionism, concentrated his efforts on securing official legal sanction from, as he put it, \"the present masters of the land, putting itself under the protectorate of the European Powers, if they prove friendly to the plan.\" Attempts to negotiate with the Ottoman authorities failed, but with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I and the subsequent creation of Mandatory Palestine under the control of Britain, the Zionists gained success: Britain issued the Balfour Declaration that supported the creation of a Jewish \"homeland\" in Palestine.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"1936–1939 Arab revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine"},{"link_name":"White Paper of 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Chartered Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Company"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Jewish Colonial Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Colonial_Trust"},{"link_name":"Anglo Palestine Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo_Palestine_Company"},{"link_name":"Bank Leumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Leumi"}],"text":"As pointed out by Michael Stein, Herzl accurately predicted what would actually happen next: the influx of Jews into Mandatory Palestine in the 1930s did make the native Arab population feel threatened, leading to the 1936–1939 Arab revolt – which forced the British Government to announce in the White Paper of 1939 a stop to the further influx of Jews.[10]The instrument envisioned by Herzl was \"The Jewish Company\" – \"partly modeled on the lines of a great land-acquisition company. It might be called a Jewish Chartered Company\" – i.e., following in the footsteps of the numerous Chartered Companies which had a major role in the outward expansion of various European powers since the 16th century. The Jewish Company envisioned by Herzl would have charge of both of the properties of all Jews in their present countries and of the lands and properties in the coming Jewish State; it would dispose of the former and provide every Jew with equivalent properties in the new land. Herzl clearly stipulated that \"the Jewish Company will be founded as a joint stock company subject to English jurisdiction, framed according to English laws, and under the protection of England\" – the City of London being at the time recognized as the financial capital of the world.For the tasks envisioned for it, Herzl estimated that the company's capital should be about a thousand million marks (about £50,000,000 or $200,000,000). In fact, the Zionist Movement – both in Herzl's time and later – could not come anywhere close to such figures. Under Herzl's direction there was created a few years later the Jewish Colonial Trust – indeed located in London and incorporated under British law, but with the modest capital of 250,000 Pounds, about half of one percent of the envisioned Jewish Company. Even so, the \"Colonial Trust\" and its affiliate, the Anglo Palestine Company, had a key role in the actual implementation of the Zionist Project, and eventually became Bank Leumi, one of Israel's main banks.","title":"Outcome"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschato_metro_station
Moschato metro station
["1 History","2 Station Layout","3 Citations"]
Coordinates: 37°57′19″N 23°40′50″E / 37.955250°N 23.680465°E / 37.955250; 23.680465Athens Metro station This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Moschato metro station" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ΜοσχάτοMoschatoStation platformGeneral informationLocationMoschatoMoschato-TavrosGreeceCoordinates37°57′19″N 23°40′50″E / 37.955250°N 23.680465°E / 37.955250; 23.680465Managed bySTASYLine(s)Platforms2Tracks2ConstructionStructure typeAt-gradeAccessibleYesHistoryElectrified1904 (Line 1)Key dates27 February 1869Line opened9 August 1882Station opened13 June 2003Station rebuiltServices Preceding station Athens Metro Following station Falirotowards Piraeus Line 1 Kallitheatowards Kifissia Location Moschato (Greek: Μοσχάτο) is on the Athens Metro Line 1, located in the municipality of Moschato-Tavros in the regional unit of South Athens, Attica, Greece. It is marked at the 3.982 km from the starting point in Piraeus station of Line 1. The station was opened in 1882 and was renovated in 2003, it features two platforms. History In 1869 work commenced on what would be Line 1. Following the acquisition of the railroad by the Bank of Industrial Credit in 1880, development projects were carried out, and this station opened in 1882 when the line was inaugurated. The current form of that station dates back to 2003, with the inauguration on 26 June, as the then ISAP carried out upgrading projects for all line 1 station in view of the Olympic Games of 2004. The station was completely renovated, with new platforms and shelters, creating two additional entrances and new carspark spaces for staff. Station Layout LGround/Concourse Customer service Tickets/Exits LevelL1 Side platform, doors will open on the right Platform 1 ← towards Piraeus (Faliro) Platform 2 → towards Kifissia (Kallithea)→ Side platform, doors will open on the right Citations ^ "Stations". Athens Piraeus Electric Railways (in Greek). Athens. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2022. ^ "Urban Rail Transport SA (STASY SA) :Stations". Retrieved 8 October 2012. ^ "Ετοιμοι οι σταθμοί των ΗΣΑΠ σε Μοσχάτο, Πετράλωνα | Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ". ^ "O σταθμός ΗΣΑΠ του Μοσχάτου αλλάζει όψη | Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ". vte Athens MetroCurrent stations Kifissia KAT Marousi Neratziotissa Eirini Irakleio Nea Ionia Pefkakia Perissos Ano Patisia Agios Eleftherios Kato Patisia Agios Nikolaos Attiki Victoria Omonia Monastiraki Thiseio Petralona Tavros Kallithea Moschato Faliro Piraeus Anthoupoli Peristeri Agios Antonios Sepolia Attiki Larissa Station Metaxourgeio Omonia Panepistimio Syntagma Akropoli Syngrou–Fix Neos Kosmos Agios Ioannis Dafni Agios Dimitrios Ilioupoli Alimos Argyroupoli Elliniko Dimotiko Theatro Piraeus Maniatika Nikaia Korydallos Agia Varvara Agia Marina Egaleo Eleonas Kerameikos Monastiraki Syntagma Evangelismos Megaro Mousikis Ambelokipi Panormou Katechaki Ethniki Amyna Cholargos Nomismatokopio Agia Paraskevi Chalandri Doukissis Plakentias Pallini Paiania–Kantza Koropi Athens Airport Future stations Alsos Veikou Galatsi Elikonos Kypseli Dikastiria Alexandras Exarcheia Akadimia Kolonaki Evangelismos Kaisariani Panepistimioupoli Ilisia Zografou Goudi Other articles Archaeological collection Elliniko Metro (construction) Rolling stock STASY (operator) List of stations This article about a Greek railway station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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The station was opened in 1882 and was renovated in 2003, it features two platforms.","title":"Moschato metro station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Line 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_1_(Athens_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Bank of Industrial Credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Industrial_Credit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1869 work commenced on what would be Line 1. Following the acquisition of the railroad by the Bank of Industrial Credit in 1880, development projects were carried out, and this station opened in 1882 when the line was inaugurated. The current form of that station dates back to 2003, with the inauguration on 26 June, as the then ISAP carried out upgrading projects for all line 1 station in view of the Olympic Games of 2004.[3] The station was completely renovated, with new platforms and shelters, creating two additional entrances and new carspark spaces for staff.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Station Layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-isap-2012_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Stations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120117133834/http://www.isap.gr/page.asp?id=44"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.isap.gr/page.asp?id=44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Urban Rail Transport SA (STASY SA) 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Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Metro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_1_(Athens_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Kifissia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifissia_metro_station"},{"link_name":"KAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAT_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Marousi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marousi_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Neratziotissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neratziotissa_station"},{"link_name":"Eirini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirini_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Irakleio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakleio_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Nea Ionia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Ionia_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Pefkakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pefkakia_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Perissos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perissos_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Ano Patisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ano_Patisia_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Agios Eleftherios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agios_Eleftherios_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Kato Patisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_Patisia_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Agios Nikolaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agios_Nikolaos_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Attiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attiki_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_metro_station,_Athens"},{"link_name":"Omonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omonia_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Monastiraki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastiraki_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Thiseio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiseio_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Petralona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petralona_station"},{"link_name":"Tavros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavros_%E2%80%93_Eleftherios_Venizelos_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Kallithea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallithea_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Moschato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Faliro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faliro_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Piraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_2_(Athens_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Anthoupoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthoupoli_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Peristeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristeri_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Agios Antonios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agios_Antonios_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Sepolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepolia_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Attiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attiki_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Larissa Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Metaxourgeio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaxourgeio_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Omonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omonia_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Panepistimio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panepistimio_metro_station_(Athens)"},{"link_name":"Syntagma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntagma_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Akropoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akropoli_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Syngrou–Fix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngrou%E2%80%93Fix_station"},{"link_name":"Neos Kosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neos_Kosmos_station"},{"link_name":"Agios Ioannis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agios_Ioannis_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Dafni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafni_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Agios Dimitrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agios_Dimitrios_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Ilioupoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilioupoli_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Alimos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimos_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Argyroupoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyroupoli_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Elliniko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliniko_metro_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_3_(Athens_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Dimotiko Theatro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimotiko_Theatro_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Piraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus_station"},{"link_name":"Maniatika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniatika_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Nikaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikaia_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Korydallos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korydallos_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Agia Varvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agia_Varvara_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Agia Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agia_Marina_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Egaleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egaleo_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Eleonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonas_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Kerameikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerameikos_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Monastiraki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastiraki_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Syntagma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntagma_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Evangelismos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelismos_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Megaro Mousikis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaro_Mousikis_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Ambelokipi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambelokipi_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Panormou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panormou_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Katechaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katechaki_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Ethniki Amyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethniki_Amyna_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Cholargos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholargos_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Nomismatokopio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomismatokopio_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Agia Paraskevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agia_Paraskevi_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Chalandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalandri_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Doukissis Plakentias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doukissis_Plakentias_station"},{"link_name":"Pallini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallini_station"},{"link_name":"Paiania–Kantza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiania%E2%80%93Kantza_station"},{"link_name":"Koropi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koropi_station"},{"link_name":"Athens Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Airport_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_4_(Athens_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Alsos Veikou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsos_Veikou_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Galatsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_4_(Athens_Metro)#408"},{"link_name":"Elikonos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_4_(Athens_Metro)#409"},{"link_name":"Kypseli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_4_(Athens_Metro)#410"},{"link_name":"Dikastiria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_4_(Athens_Metro)#411"},{"link_name":"Alexandras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_4_(Athens_Metro)#412"},{"link_name":"Exarcheia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarcheia_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Akadimia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panepistimio_metro_station_(Athens)"},{"link_name":"Kolonaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_4_(Athens_Metro)#415"},{"link_name":"Evangelismos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelismos_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Kaisariani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisariani_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Panepistimioupoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_4_(Athens_Metro)#418"},{"link_name":"Ilisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_4_(Athens_Metro)#419"},{"link_name":"Zografou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_4_(Athens_Metro)#420"},{"link_name":"Goudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_4_(Athens_Metro)#421"},{"link_name":"Archaeological collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntagma_Metro_Station_Archaeological_Collection"},{"link_name":"Elliniko Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliniko_Metro"},{"link_name":"Rolling stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Metro_rolling_stock"},{"link_name":"STASY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STASY"},{"link_name":"List of stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Athens_Metro_stations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Train_station.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moschato_metro_station&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Greece-railstation-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Greece-railstation-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greece-railstation-stub"}],"text":"^ \"Stations\". Athens Piraeus Electric Railways (in Greek). Athens. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2022.\n\n^ \"Urban Rail Transport SA (STASY SA) :Stations\". Retrieved 8 October 2012.\n\n^ \"Ετοιμοι οι σταθμοί των ΗΣΑΠ σε Μοσχάτο, Πετράλωνα | Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ\".\n\n^ \"O σταθμός ΗΣΑΠ του Μοσχάτου αλλάζει όψη | Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ\".vte Athens MetroCurrent stations\nKifissia\nKAT\nMarousi\nNeratziotissa\nEirini\nIrakleio\nNea Ionia\nPefkakia\nPerissos\nAno Patisia\nAgios Eleftherios\nKato Patisia\nAgios Nikolaos\nAttiki\nVictoria\nOmonia\nMonastiraki\nThiseio\nPetralona\nTavros\nKallithea\nMoschato\nFaliro\nPiraeus\n\nAnthoupoli\nPeristeri\nAgios Antonios\nSepolia\nAttiki\nLarissa Station\nMetaxourgeio\nOmonia\nPanepistimio\nSyntagma\nAkropoli\nSyngrou–Fix\nNeos Kosmos\nAgios Ioannis\nDafni\nAgios Dimitrios\nIlioupoli\nAlimos\nArgyroupoli\nElliniko\n\nDimotiko Theatro\nPiraeus\nManiatika\nNikaia\nKorydallos\nAgia Varvara\nAgia Marina\nEgaleo\nEleonas\nKerameikos\nMonastiraki\nSyntagma\nEvangelismos\nMegaro Mousikis\nAmbelokipi\nPanormou\nKatechaki\nEthniki Amyna\nCholargos\nNomismatokopio\nAgia Paraskevi\nChalandri\nDoukissis Plakentias\nPallini\nPaiania–Kantza\nKoropi\nAthens Airport\nFuture stations\nAlsos Veikou\nGalatsi\nElikonos\nKypseli\nDikastiria\nAlexandras\nExarcheia\nAkadimia\nKolonaki\nEvangelismos\nKaisariani\nPanepistimioupoli\nIlisia\nZografou\nGoudi\nOther articles\nArchaeological collection\nElliniko Metro (construction)\nRolling stock\nSTASY (operator)\nList of stationsThis article about a Greek railway station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Citations"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Dew_Voltage
Mountain Dew Voltage
["1 History","2 References"]
Variant of Mountain Dew Mountain Dew VoltageTypeBlue raspberry/citrus soft drinkManufacturerPepsiCoCountry of origin United StatesIntroduced2008; 16 years ago (2008)VariantsDiet Mountain Dew VoltageRelated productsMountain Dew Mountain Dew Voltage is a variant of the carbonated soft drink Mountain Dew. It is a blue raspberry/citrus flavor with ginseng and was introduced in 2008. History In November 2007, Mountain Dew launched a campaign called "DEWmocracy" in which the public would elect on new flavors to become part of the brand line. DEWmocracy participation and voting was conducted via an online game. Voltage was one of three finalists, along with the flavors Revolution and Supernova. As part of the first DEWmocracy promotion, all three were released in stores in the summer of 2008 as limited edition flavors, while consumers voted on the variant to be added as an extension to the brand. On August 17, 2008, Voltage was announced as the winner with 42% of all votes, and it was released on December 29, 2008 as a permanent flavor. Diet Voltage was released in 2011 as a part of the "FanDEWmonium" promotion and made it to the finals with Diet Mountain Dew Supernova, meaning it had a limited release in U.S. stores while voting took place, until Diet Supernova was revealed to be the winner. It came in second against Diet Mountain Dew Supernova, with 45% out of all votes. The Mountain Dew flavor DEW-S-A, released for a limited time in 2017 and 2021, was a combination of red, white and blue Mountain Dew flavors, with Voltage serving as the blue flavor in the mix. References ^ a b Tanner, Steve (28 May 2008). "Mountain Dew Voltage". BevReview. Archived from the original on 19 March 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2023. ^ a b "Mountain Dew Voltage Wins DEWmocracy Election to Become New Brand Line Extension". BevNet. August 19, 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2023. ^ Libert, Barry (July 23, 2010). Social Nation: How to Harness the Power of Social Media to Attract Customers, Motivate Employees, and Grow Your Business. Wiley. p. 166. ISBN 978-0470599266. Retrieved 6 November 2023. ^ Gibbons, Lauren (7 November 2010). "MSU samples new Mountain Dew". State News. Archived from the original on 21 December 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2023. ^ "New Products -Mountain Dew fanDEWmonium". Walton Beverage. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2023. ^ "Mountain Dew's Patriotic "DEW-S-A" Flavor Is Back". Hypebeast. 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2024-01-04. vtePepsiCoBrands andsubsidiariesPepsi Bubly Pepsi Diet Jazz Max Next Real Sugar Twist Zero Sugar Aquafina Brisk1 Concordia Duke's Lemonade Mangola Kas Lipton1 Manzanita Sol Mirinda Mountain Dew Diet Amp Baja Blast Code Red Voltage Mug Root Beer No Fear1 Ocean Spray5 Paso de los Toros Punica Rockstar 7 Up2 Shani Sierra Mist Slice SoBe Starbucks1 Ethos Water Frappuccino Starry Sting Energy Teem Frito-Lay Bluebird Cheetos Cracker Jack Doritos Elma Chips Baconzitos Fandangos Stiksy Fritos Funyuns Gamesa Hostess Kurkure Lay's Lay's Stax Miss Vickie's Munchos Oberto3 Quaker Oats Rold Gold Ruffles Sabra4 Sabritas Smartfood Smith's Burger Rings Nobby's Toobs Twisties Stacy's Sun Chips Tostitos Uncle Chipps Walkers Monster Munch Quavers Squares Wotsits Gatorade CytoSport Propel Water Quaker Oats Cap'n Crunch Honey Ohs! King Vitaman Life Pearl Milling Quisp Rice-A-Roni Scott's Porage Oats Toddy Wimm-Bill-Dann Tropicana Copella Dole5 Naked Tropicana Tropolis Other holdings Duke and Sons Duyvis Lebedyansky Marbo Product Matutano Pioneer Foods PopCorners Sandora Simba SodaStream Wimm-Bill-Dann Former holdings California Pizza Kitchen Chevys Fresh Mex D'Angelo Grilled Sandwiches East Side Mario's Hot 'n Now Loft, Inc. North American Van Lines Wilson Sporting Goods Yum! Brands KFC‎ Pizza Hut Taco Bell People Caleb Bradham (founder) Indra Nooyi (chairman) Ramon Laguarta (CEO) Robert E. Allen Dina Dublon Alberto Ibargüen Donald M. Kendall Steven Reinemund Related articles 500 Park Avenue (Pepsi-Cola Building) 2021 Frito-Lay strike Chester Cheetah Cola wars List of assets owned by PepsiCo Pepsi Globe Pepsi Number Fever Pepsi P1 Pepsi Spire Pepsi Stuff Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc. Pepsi, Where's My Jet? Pepsi-Cola sign Pepsiman 1Produced under a partnership with Ekaterra 2Outside the U.S. 3Distributed 449% owned 5Fruit juices under license Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mountain Dew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Dew"},{"link_name":"blue raspberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_raspberry_flavor"}],"text":"Mountain Dew Voltage is a variant of the carbonated soft drink Mountain Dew. It is a blue raspberry/citrus flavor with ginseng and was introduced in 2008.","title":"Mountain Dew Voltage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Voltage10-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BN2-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Voltage10-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BN2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dietdewchallenge-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dewsupernovavoltagemarch11-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In November 2007, Mountain Dew launched a campaign called \"DEWmocracy\" in which the public would elect on new flavors to become part of the brand line. DEWmocracy participation and voting was conducted via an online game. Voltage was one of three finalists, along with the flavors Revolution and Supernova. As part of the first DEWmocracy promotion, all three were released in stores in the summer of 2008 as limited edition flavors, while consumers voted on the variant to be added as an extension to the brand.[1][2] On August 17, 2008, Voltage was announced as the winner with 42% of all votes, and it was released on December 29, 2008 as a permanent flavor.[1][2][3]Diet Voltage was released in 2011 as a part of the \"FanDEWmonium\" promotion[4] and made it to the finals with Diet Mountain Dew Supernova, meaning it had a limited release in U.S. stores while voting took place, until Diet Supernova was revealed to be the winner.[5] It came in second against Diet Mountain Dew Supernova, with 45% out of all votes.The Mountain Dew flavor DEW-S-A, released for a limited time in 2017 and 2021, was a combination of red, white and blue Mountain Dew flavors, with Voltage serving as the blue flavor in the mix.[6]","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Tanner, Steve (28 May 2008). \"Mountain Dew Voltage\". BevReview. Archived from the original on 19 March 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110319033156/http://www.bevreview.com/2008/05/28/review-mountain-dew-voltage/","url_text":"\"Mountain Dew Voltage\""},{"url":"http://www.bevreview.com/2008/05/28/review-mountain-dew-voltage/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mountain Dew Voltage Wins DEWmocracy Election to Become New Brand Line Extension\". BevNet. August 19, 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bevnet.com/news/2008/8-19-2008-mt_dew_voltage.asp","url_text":"\"Mountain Dew Voltage Wins DEWmocracy Election to Become New Brand Line Extension\""}]},{"reference":"Libert, Barry (July 23, 2010). Social Nation: How to Harness the Power of Social Media to Attract Customers, Motivate Employees, and Grow Your Business. Wiley. p. 166. ISBN 978-0470599266. Retrieved 6 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Social_Nation/7e86EYwjOTYC","url_text":"Social Nation: How to Harness the Power of Social Media to Attract Customers, Motivate Employees, and Grow Your Business"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)","url_text":"Wiley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470599266","url_text":"978-0470599266"}]},{"reference":"Gibbons, Lauren (7 November 2010). \"MSU samples new Mountain Dew\". State News. Archived from the original on 21 December 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://statenews.com/index.php/article/2010/11/msu_samples_new_mountain_dew_","url_text":"\"MSU samples new Mountain Dew\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101221130506/http://statenews.com/index.php/article/2010/11/msu_samples_new_mountain_dew_","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Products -Mountain Dew fanDEWmonium\". Walton Beverage. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110124075827/http://www.waltonbeverage.com/content/products/new_products.asp","url_text":"\"New Products -Mountain Dew fanDEWmonium\""},{"url":"http://www.waltonbeverage.com/content/products/new_products.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mountain Dew's Patriotic \"DEW-S-A\" Flavor Is Back\". Hypebeast. 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2024-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://hypebeast.com/2021/4/mountain-dews-dew-s-a-code-red-white-out-voltage-soft-drink-info","url_text":"\"Mountain Dew's Patriotic \"DEW-S-A\" Flavor Is Back\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluis-Aardenburg
Sluis-Aardenburg
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 51°18′34″N 3°23′16″E / 51.30937°N 3.38791°E / 51.30937; 3.38791Water pump in Sint Anna ter Muiden Sluis-Aardenburg was a municipality in the province of Zeeland, in the south-western part of the Netherlands. It was created from a merger of Sluis and Aardenburg in 1995, and it merged with the municipality of Oostburg, on 1 January 2003, to form the new municipality of Sluis. Sluis-Aardenburg covered an area of 83.48 km2, of which 0.89 km2 was water. The municipality comprised the following towns, villages and townships: Aardenburg Draaiburg Eede Heille Retranchement Sint Anna ter Muiden Sint Kruis Sluis Terhofstede Zwindorp References ^ "Belfort in Sluis officieel heropend". Omroep Zeeland (in Dutch). 30 September 2013. 51°18′34″N 3°23′16″E / 51.30937°N 3.38791°E / 51.30937; 3.38791
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pomp_Sint_Anna_ter_Muiden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zeeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeland"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Sluis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluis"},{"link_name":"Aardenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardenburg"},{"link_name":"Oostburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostburg"},{"link_name":"Sluis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Aardenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardenburg"},{"link_name":"Draaiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draaiburg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eede"},{"link_name":"Heille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heille"},{"link_name":"Retranchement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retranchement"},{"link_name":"Sint Anna ter Muiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Anna_ter_Muiden"},{"link_name":"Sint Kruis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Kruis"},{"link_name":"Sluis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluis"},{"link_name":"Terhofstede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terhofstede&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zwindorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zwindorp&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Water pump in Sint Anna ter MuidenSluis-Aardenburg was a municipality in the province of Zeeland, in the south-western part of the Netherlands. It was created from a merger of Sluis and Aardenburg in 1995, and it merged with the municipality of Oostburg, on 1 January 2003, to form the new municipality of Sluis.[1] Sluis-Aardenburg covered an area of 83.48 km2, of which 0.89 km2 was water.The municipality comprised the following towns, villages and townships:Aardenburg\nDraaiburg\nEede\nHeille\nRetranchement\nSint Anna ter Muiden\nSint Kruis\nSluis\nTerhofstede\nZwindorp","title":"Sluis-Aardenburg"}]
[{"image_text":"Water pump in Sint Anna ter Muiden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pomp_Sint_Anna_ter_Muiden.jpg/220px-Pomp_Sint_Anna_ter_Muiden.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Belfort in Sluis officieel heropend\". Omroep Zeeland (in Dutch). 30 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omroepzeeland.nl/nieuws/68461/Belfort-in-Sluis-officieel-heropend","url_text":"\"Belfort in Sluis officieel heropend\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine-SS_regional_commands
Allgemeine-SS regional commands
["1 Oberabschnitte Commands","2 Notes","3 References","4 Sources","5 Further reading"]
See "Waffen-SS divisions" for the Waffen-SS order of battle The Allgemeine-SS regional commands were titled SS-Oberabschnitte (SS Main Districts) and first were established on November 16, 1933. They replaced the earlier command structure composed of five SS-Gruppen and comprised the regional component of the Allgemeine-SS command structure. They reported to the SS-Amt (SS Office), in 1935 renamed the SS-Hauptamt (SS Main Office). Their commanders carried the title of SS-Oberabschnitte Führer and usually held the rank of SS-Gruppenführer or SS-Obergruppenführer. Beginning in November 1937, when the Higher SS and Police Leaders were established, the SS-Oberabschnitte were subordinated to them. However, in nearly every instance, the SS-Oberabschnitt Führer held both positions simultaneously. The Oberabschnitt Führer's staff was headed by a Stabschef (Chief of Staff) who oversaw departments encompassing administration, training, personnel, medical affairs, as well as specialty units such as signals and engineer battalions. SS-Oberabschnitte in 1944 are displayed in the third inset of the top row, right. These regional commands originally existed only in Germany and Austria and generally conformed to the existing Wehrkreis (Military Districts) of the Wehrmacht. During the Second World War, additional Oberabschnitte were established for six conquered areas (Baltic States & Byelorussia, Bohemia and Moravia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Ukraine). Other occupied territories, however, did not have Oberabschnitte established, and SS personnel there were directly under the jurisdiction of the Higher SS and Police Leader for that area. By 1944, there were a total of 23 active Oberabschnitte. Oberabschnitte Commands The following table lists, by date of formation, the existing Oberabschnitte commands that were established from November 1933 through April 1944. Final Designation Headquarters Years of Operation Last permanent commander Notes Elbe Dresden November 16, 1933 – May 8, 1945 SS-GruppenführerLudolf von Alvensleben Part of former SS-Gruppen Ost and Südost Renamed Mitte June 1934 – April 1936.Wehrkreis IV Mitte Braunschweig November 16, 1933 – May 8, 1945 SS-ObergruppenführerRudolf Querner Part of former SS-Gruppe Nord.Formed as Oberabschnitt Nordwest.Renamed Mitte April 1, 1936.Wehrkreis XI Nord Hamburg November 16, 1933 – April 1, 1936 SS-Obergruppenführer Werner Lorenz Part of former SS-Gruppe Nord.Divided into SS-Oberabschnitte Nord (later Ostsee) and Nordwest (later Nordsee).Wehrkreise II & X. Spree Berlin November 16, 1933 – May 8, 1945 SS-ObergruppenführerSepp Dietrich Part of former SS-Gruppe Ost.Formed as Oberabschnitt Ost. Renamed Spree November 14,1939.Wehrkreis III Süd Munich November 16, 1933 – April 20, 1945 SS-ObergruppenführerKarl von Eberstein Part of former SS-Gruppe Süd.Wehrkreis VII Südost Brieg;Breslau November 16, 1933 – May 8, 1945 SS-ObergruppenführerRichard Hildebrandt Former SS-Gruppe Südost.Wehrkreis VIII Südwest Stuttgart November 16, 1933 – May 8, 1945 SS-GruppenführerOtto Hofmann Part of former SS-Gruppe Süd.Wehrkreis V West Düsseldorf November 16, 1933 – May 8, 1945 SS-GruppenführerKarl Gutenberger Part of former SS-Gruppe West.Wehrkreis VI Nordost Königsberg December 15, 1933 – May 8, 1945 SS-ObergruppenführerHans-Adolf Prützmann Part of former SS-Gruppe Ost.Formed from a portion of Oberabschnitt Nord.Wehrkreis I Rhein Koblenz January 1, 1934 – September 11, 1943 SS-GruppenführerTheodor Berkelmann Part of former SS-Gruppe West.Formed from a portion of Oberabschnitt West. Merged with Westmark in September 1943 to form Oberabschnitt Rhein-Westmark.Wehrkreis XII Donau Vienna February 15, 1934 – May 8, 1945 SS-GruppenführerWalter Schimana Formed as Oberabschnitt Österreich.Renamed Donau May 1938. Wehrkreis XVII Main Nuremberg April 1, 1936 – May 8, 1945 SS-ObergruppenführerBenno Martin Formed from a portion of Oberabschnitt Süd. Wehrkreis XIII Nordsee Altona April 1, 1936 – May 8, 1945 SS-GruppenführerGeorg-Henning Graf von Bassewitz-Behr Formed from division of the first Oberabschnitt Nord and named Nordwest.Renamed Nordsee April 20, 1940.Wehrkreis X Ostsee Stettin April 1, 1936 – May 8, 1945 SS-GruppenführerEmil Mazuw Formed from division of the first Oberabschnitt Nord and also named Nord.Renamed Ostsee February 1, 1940.Wehrkreis II Fulda-Werra Arolsen January 1, 1937 – May 8, 1945 SS-ObergruppenführerJosias Erbprinz zu Waldeck-Pyrmont Formed from portions of Oberabschnitte Rhein & Elbe.Wehrkreis IX Alpenland Salzburg June 1, 1939 – May 8, 1945 SS-ObergruppenführerErwin Rösener Formed from a portion of Oberabschnitt Donau.Wehrkreis XVIII Warthe Posen October 26, 1939 – May 8, 1945 SS-GruppenführerWilly Schmelcher Oberabschnitt in Wartheland.Wehrkreis XXI Weichsel Danzig November 9, 1939 – May 8, 1945 SS-GruppenführerFritz Katzmann Oberabschnitt in Danzig-West Prussia.Wehrkreis XX Nord Oslo April 20, 1940 – May 8, 1945 SS-GruppenführerWilhelm Rediess Oberabschnitt in Reichskommissariat Norwegen.Third Oberabschittt named Nord. Nordwest The Hague May 23, 1940 – May 8, 1945 SS-ObergruppenführerHanns Albin Rauter Oberabschnitt in Reichskommissariat Niederlande. Westmark Saarbrücken; Neustadt; Metz August 1, 1940 – September 11, 1943 SS-GruppenführerTheodor Berkelmann Formed as Oberabschnitt Lothringen-Saarpfalz. Renamed Westmark October 15, 1941.Merged with Rhein in September 1943 to formOberabschnitt Rhein-Westmark.Wehrkreis XII Ostland Riga December 1, 1941 – March 3, 1945 SS-ObergruppenführerFriedrich Jeckeln Oberabschnitt in Reichskommissariat Ostland. Ukraina Kiev December 1, 1941 – April 20, 1944 SS-ObergruppenführerHans-Adolf Prützmann Oberabschnitt in Reichskommissariat Ukraine. Ost Krakau September 15, 1942 – May 8, 1945 SS-ObergruppenführerWilhelm Koppe Oberabschnitt in the General Government. Rhein-Westmark Wiesbaden September 11, 1943 – March 24, 1945 SS-GruppenführerJürgen Stroop Formed by merger of Oberabschnitte Rhein and Westmark.Wehrkreis XII Böhmen-Mähren Prague April 1, 1944 – May 8, 1945 SS-ObergruppenführerKarl Hermann Frank Oberabschnitt in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Notes ^ From November 1939, SS-Gruppenführer Max Schneller substituted for Dietrich who continued to hold titular command. ^ From December 1944, SS-Gruppenführer Otto Hellwig substituted for Prützmann who continued to hold titular command. ^ From November 1944, SS-Brigadeführer Hermann Harm substituted for Rösener who continued to hold titular command. ^ From February 1945, SS-Oberführer Emanuel Sladek substituted for Frank who continued to hold titular command. References ^ Yerger 1997, pp. 82–83. ^ McNab 2009, p. 41. ^ Yerger 1997, pp. 83–115. ^ McNab 2009, pp. 34–35. Sources McNab, Chris (2009). The SS: 1923–1945. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-90662-649-5. Yerger, Mark C. (1997). Allgemeine-SS: The Commands, Units and Leaders of the General SS. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7643-0145-4. Further reading Höhne, Heinz (2001) . The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14139-012-3. vteAllgemeine-SS regional commands of Nazi GermanyCommanders Erich von dem Bach Karl Hermann Frank Richard Hildebrandt Friedrich Jeckeln Rudolf Querner Hanns Albin Rauter Wilhelm Rediess Gustav Adolf Scheel Walter Schimana Units (Oberabschnitt) Alpenland Böhmen-Mähren Donau Elbe Fulda-Werra Lothringen-Saarpfalz Main Mitte Nord Nordost Nordsee Nordwest Ost Ostland Österreich Ostsee Rhein Rhein-Westmark Spree Süd Südost Südwest Ukraina Warthe Weichsel West Westmark See alsoSS and Police Leaders vteSchutzstaffel (SS)Branches Allgemeine SS SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV) Waffen-SS Leadership Reichsführer-SS SS and police leader SS commands Allgemeine-SS regional commands Leaders Julius Schreck Joseph Berchtold Erhard Heiden Heinrich Himmler Karl Hanke Main departments Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS Command Staff Reichsführer-SS SS Main Office SS Medical Corps Head Operational Office Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) Economics and Administration Office Office of Race and Settlement (RuSHA) Main Office for Ethnic Germans (VOMI) Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV) Courts Office Personnel Office Education Office Ideological institutions Ahnenerbe Das Schwarze Korps SS-Junker Schools Lebensborn Police and security services Uniformed police (Orpo) Schutzpolizei (Schupo) Criminal police (Kripo) Secret State Police (Gestapo) State Security Police (SiPo) SS Security Service (SD) Customs Border Guards (ZGS) Führer protection SS-Begleitkommando des Führers Reichssicherheitsdienst Waffen-SS unitsParamilitary Einsatzgruppen Schutzmannschaft Byelorussian Latvian Lithuanian Ukrainian Estonian Rollkommando Hamann Arajs Kommando Selbstschutz Volksdeutscher Trawnikis Order Police battalions Hiwi Security Battalions (Greece) Waffen-SS divisions SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT) Leibstandarte (LSSAH) SS Division Das Reich SS Division Totenkopf SS Polizei Division SS Division Wiking Foreign SS units Austrian SS Germanic-SS Germaansche SS in Nederland Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen Germanske SS Norge Schalburg Corps British Free Corps Kaminski Brigade Finnish Volunteer Battalion SS-controlled enterprises Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe German Earth and Stone Works (DEST) Ostindustrie German Equipment Works Klinker-Zement Allach porcelain Apollinaris Mattoni Sudetenquell Anton Loibl
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waffen-SS divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS_divisions"},{"link_name":"Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS"},{"link_name":"Allgemeine-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine-SS"},{"link_name":"command structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_and_commands_of_the_Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"SS-Hauptamt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Hauptamt"},{"link_name":"Gruppenführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppenf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Obergruppenführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Higher SS and Police Leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_SS_and_Police_Leader"},{"link_name":"signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signals_(military)"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_(military)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYerger199782%E2%80%9383-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NS_administrative_Gliederung_1944.png"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_under_National_Socialism"},{"link_name":"Wehrkreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrkreis"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Baltic States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_States"},{"link_name":"Byelorussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Bohemia and Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia_and_Moravia"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR"},{"link_name":"occupied territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupied_Europe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200941-2"}],"text":"See \"Waffen-SS divisions\" for the Waffen-SS order of battleThe Allgemeine-SS regional commands were titled SS-Oberabschnitte (SS Main Districts) and first were established on November 16, 1933. They replaced the earlier command structure composed of five SS-Gruppen and comprised the regional component of the Allgemeine-SS command structure. They reported to the SS-Amt (SS Office), in 1935 renamed the SS-Hauptamt (SS Main Office). Their commanders carried the title of SS-Oberabschnitte Führer and usually held the rank of SS-Gruppenführer or SS-Obergruppenführer. Beginning in November 1937, when the Higher SS and Police Leaders were established, the SS-Oberabschnitte were subordinated to them. However, in nearly every instance, the SS-Oberabschnitt Führer held both positions simultaneously. The Oberabschnitt Führer's staff was headed by a Stabschef (Chief of Staff) who oversaw departments encompassing administration, training, personnel, medical affairs, as well as specialty units such as signals and engineer battalions.[1]SS-Oberabschnitte in 1944 are displayed in the third inset of the top row, right.These regional commands originally existed only in Germany and Austria and generally conformed to the existing Wehrkreis (Military Districts) of the Wehrmacht. During the Second World War, additional Oberabschnitte were established for six conquered areas (Baltic States & Byelorussia, Bohemia and Moravia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Ukraine). Other occupied territories, however, did not have Oberabschnitte established, and SS personnel there were directly under the jurisdiction of the Higher SS and Police Leader for that area. By 1944, there were a total of 23 active Oberabschnitte.[2]","title":"Allgemeine-SS regional commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYerger199783%E2%80%93115-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200934%E2%80%9335-4"}],"text":"The following table lists, by date of formation, the existing Oberabschnitte commands that were established from November 1933 through April 1944.[3][4]","title":"Oberabschnitte Commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Max Schneller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Schneller&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Otto Hellwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hellwig"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Brigadeführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadef%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Hermann Harm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Harm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Oberführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Sladek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emanuel_Sladek&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"^ From November 1939, SS-Gruppenführer Max Schneller substituted for Dietrich who continued to hold titular command.\n\n^ From December 1944, SS-Gruppenführer Otto Hellwig substituted for Prützmann who continued to hold titular command.\n\n^ From November 1944, SS-Brigadeführer Hermann Harm substituted for Rösener who continued to hold titular command.\n\n^ From February 1945, SS-Oberführer Emanuel Sladek substituted for Frank who continued to hold titular command.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-90662-649-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90662-649-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7643-0145-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-0145-4"}],"text":"McNab, Chris (2009). The SS: 1923–1945. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-90662-649-5.\nYerger, Mark C. (1997). Allgemeine-SS: The Commands, Units and Leaders of the General SS. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7643-0145-4.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14139-012-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14139-012-3"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Allgemeine-SS"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Allgemeine-SS"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allgemeine-SS"},{"link_name":"Allgemeine-SS regional commands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Erich von dem Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_dem_Bach"},{"link_name":"Karl Hermann Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Hermann_Frank"},{"link_name":"Richard Hildebrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hildebrandt"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Jeckeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Jeckeln"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Querner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Querner"},{"link_name":"Hanns Albin Rauter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanns_Albin_Rauter"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Rediess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Rediess"},{"link_name":"Gustav Adolf Scheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_Scheel"},{"link_name":"Walter Schimana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schimana"},{"link_name":"Units (Oberabschnitt)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_and_Commands_of_the_Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"Alpenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Oberabschnitt_Alpenland"},{"link_name":"Böhmen-Mähren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Oberabschnitt_B%C3%B6hmen-M%C3%A4hren"},{"link_name":"Donau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Oberabschnitt_Donau"},{"link_name":"Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Oberabschnitt_Elbe"},{"link_name":"Fulda-Werra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_Fulda-Werra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lothringen-Saarpfalz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_Lothringen-Saarpfalz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_Main&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_Mitte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_Nord&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nordost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_Nordost&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nordsee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_Nordsee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nordwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Oberabschnitt_Nordwest"},{"link_name":"Ost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_Ost&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ostland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Oberabschnitt_Ostland"},{"link_name":"Österreich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Oberabschnitt_Donau"},{"link_name":"Ostsee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_Ostsee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_Rhein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhein-Westmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_Rhein-Westmark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_Spree&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Oberabschnitt_S%C3%BCd"},{"link_name":"Südost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Oberabschnitt_S%C3%BCdost"},{"link_name":"Südwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_S%C3%BCdwest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ukraina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_Ukraina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Warthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_Warthe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Weichsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_Weichsel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_West&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Westmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-Oberabschnitt_Westmark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SS and Police Leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_and_Police_Leaders"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:SS_organizations"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:SS_organizations"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SS_organizations"},{"link_name":"Schutzstaffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"Allgemeine SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_SS"},{"link_name":"SS-Totenkopfverbände","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde"},{"link_name":"Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg"},{"link_name":"Reichsführer-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS"},{"link_name":"SS and police leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_and_police_leader"},{"link_name":"SS commands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_and_commands_of_the_Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"Allgemeine-SS regional commands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Julius Schreck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Schreck"},{"link_name":"Joseph Berchtold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold"},{"link_name":"Erhard Heiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Heiden"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler"},{"link_name":"Karl Hanke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Hanke"},{"link_name":"Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Staff_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS"},{"link_name":"Command Staff Reichsführer-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommandostab_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS"},{"link_name":"SS Main Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Main_Office"},{"link_name":"SS Medical Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Medical_Corps"},{"link_name":"Head Operational Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_F%C3%BChrungshauptamt"},{"link_name":"Reich Security Main Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office"},{"link_name":"Economics and Administration Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office"},{"link_name":"Office of Race and Settlement (RuSHA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Race_and_Settlement_Main_Office"},{"link_name":"Main Office for Ethnic Germans (VOMI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle"},{"link_name":"Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood"},{"link_name":"Courts Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Court_Main_Office"},{"link_name":"Personnel Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Personnel_Main_Office"},{"link_name":"Education Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Education_Office"},{"link_name":"Ideological institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_of_the_SS"},{"link_name":"Ahnenerbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenerbe"},{"link_name":"Das Schwarze Korps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps"},{"link_name":"SS-Junker Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Junker_Schools"},{"link_name":"Lebensborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn"},{"link_name":"Uniformed police (Orpo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnungspolizei"},{"link_name":"Schutzpolizei (Schupo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)"},{"link_name":"Criminal police (Kripo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriminalpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)"},{"link_name":"Secret State Police (Gestapo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"State Security Police (SiPo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei"},{"link_name":"SS Security Service (SD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst"},{"link_name":"Customs Border Guards (ZGS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zollgrenzschutz"},{"link_name":"SS-Begleitkommando des Führers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Begleitkommando_des_F%C3%BChrers"},{"link_name":"Reichssicherheitsdienst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichssicherheitsdienst"},{"link_name":"Waffen-SS units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_units"},{"link_name":"Einsatzgruppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzgruppen"},{"link_name":"Schutzmannschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzmannschaft"},{"link_name":"Byelorussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Auxiliary_Police"},{"link_name":"Rollkommando Hamann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann"},{"link_name":"Arajs Kommando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arajs_Kommando"},{"link_name":"Selbstschutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selbstschutz"},{"link_name":"Volksdeutscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksdeutscher_Selbstschutz"},{"link_name":"Trawnikis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trawniki_men"},{"link_name":"Order Police battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_Police_battalions"},{"link_name":"Hiwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)"},{"link_name":"Security Battalions (Greece)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Battalions"},{"link_name":"Waffen-SS divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_divisions"},{"link_name":"SS-Verfügungstruppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Verf%C3%BCgungstruppe"},{"link_name":"Leibstandarte (LSSAH)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"SS Division Das Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_SS_Panzer_Division_Das_Reich"},{"link_name":"SS Division Totenkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_SS_Panzer_Division_Totenkopf"},{"link_name":"SS Polizei Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_SS_Polizei_Panzergrenadier_Division"},{"link_name":"SS Division Wiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division_Wiking"},{"link_name":"Foreign SS units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts"},{"link_name":"Austrian SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_SS"},{"link_name":"Germanic-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic-SS"},{"link_name":"Germaansche SS in Nederland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS"},{"link_name":"Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeene-SS_Vlaanderen"},{"link_name":"Germanske SS Norge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanske_SS_Norge"},{"link_name":"Schalburg Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schalburg_Corps"},{"link_name":"British Free Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Free_Corps"},{"link_name":"Kaminski Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaminski_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Finnish Volunteer Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Volunteer_Battalion_of_the_Waffen-SS"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Wirtschaftsbetriebe"},{"link_name":"German Earth and Stone Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Earth_and_Stone_Works"},{"link_name":"Ostindustrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostindustrie"},{"link_name":"German Equipment Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Equipment_Works"},{"link_name":"Klinker-Zement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klinker-Zement&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Allach porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)"},{"link_name":"Apollinaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollinaris_(water)"},{"link_name":"Mattoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattoni"},{"link_name":"Sudetenquell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenquell"},{"link_name":"Anton Loibl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Loibl_GmbH"}],"text":"Höhne, Heinz (2001) [1969]. The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14139-012-3.vteAllgemeine-SS regional commands of Nazi GermanyCommanders\nErich von dem Bach\nKarl Hermann Frank\nRichard Hildebrandt\nFriedrich Jeckeln\nRudolf Querner\nHanns Albin Rauter\nWilhelm Rediess\nGustav Adolf Scheel\nWalter Schimana\nUnits (Oberabschnitt)\nAlpenland\nBöhmen-Mähren\nDonau\nElbe\nFulda-Werra\nLothringen-Saarpfalz\nMain\nMitte\nNord\nNordost\nNordsee\nNordwest\nOst\nOstland\nÖsterreich\nOstsee\nRhein\nRhein-Westmark\nSpree\nSüd\nSüdost\nSüdwest\nUkraina\nWarthe\nWeichsel\nWest\nWestmark\nSee alsoSS and Police LeadersvteSchutzstaffel (SS)Branches\nAllgemeine SS\nSS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV)\nWaffen-SS\nLeadership\nReichsführer-SS\nSS and police leader\nSS commands\nAllgemeine-SS regional commands\nLeaders\nJulius Schreck\nJoseph Berchtold\nErhard Heiden\nHeinrich Himmler\nKarl Hanke\nMain departments\nPersonal Staff Reichsführer-SS\nCommand Staff Reichsführer-SS\nSS Main Office\nSS Medical Corps\nHead Operational Office\nReich Security Main Office (RSHA)\nEconomics and Administration Office\nOffice of Race and Settlement (RuSHA)\nMain Office for Ethnic Germans (VOMI)\nOffice of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV)\nCourts Office\nPersonnel Office\nEducation Office\nIdeological institutions\nAhnenerbe\nDas Schwarze Korps\nSS-Junker Schools\nLebensborn\nPolice and security services\nUniformed police (Orpo)\nSchutzpolizei (Schupo)\nCriminal police (Kripo)\nSecret State Police (Gestapo)\nState Security Police (SiPo)\nSS Security Service (SD)\nCustoms Border Guards (ZGS)\nFührer protection\nSS-Begleitkommando des Führers\nReichssicherheitsdienst\nWaffen-SS unitsParamilitary\nEinsatzgruppen\nSchutzmannschaft\nByelorussian\nLatvian\nLithuanian\nUkrainian\nEstonian\nRollkommando Hamann\nArajs Kommando\nSelbstschutz\nVolksdeutscher\nTrawnikis\nOrder Police battalions\nHiwi\nSecurity Battalions (Greece)\nWaffen-SS divisions\nSS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT)\nLeibstandarte (LSSAH)\nSS Division Das Reich\nSS Division Totenkopf\nSS Polizei Division\nSS Division Wiking\nForeign SS units\nAustrian SS\nGermanic-SS\nGermaansche SS in Nederland\nGermaansche SS in Vlaanderen\nGermanske SS Norge\nSchalburg Corps\nBritish Free Corps\nKaminski Brigade\nFinnish Volunteer Battalion\nSS-controlled enterprises\nDeutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe\nGerman Earth and Stone Works (DEST)\nOstindustrie\nGerman Equipment Works\nKlinker-Zement\nAllach porcelain\nApollinaris\nMattoni\nSudetenquell\nAnton Loibl","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"SS-Oberabschnitte in 1944 are displayed in the third inset of the top row, right.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NS_administrative_Gliederung_1944.png/380px-NS_administrative_Gliederung_1944.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"McNab, Chris (2009). The SS: 1923–1945. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-90662-649-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90662-649-5","url_text":"978-1-90662-649-5"}]},{"reference":"Yerger, Mark C. (1997). Allgemeine-SS: The Commands, Units and Leaders of the General SS. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7643-0145-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-0145-4","url_text":"0-7643-0145-4"}]},{"reference":"Höhne, Heinz (2001) [1969]. The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14139-012-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14139-012-3","url_text":"978-0-14139-012-3"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_education_in_Australia
School of the Air
["1 History","2 Method","3 Awards","4 Schools of the Air","4.1 New South Wales","4.2 Northern Territory","4.3 Queensland","4.4 South Australia","4.5 Victoria","4.6 Western Australia","5 See also","6 Notes","7 External links"]
Generic term for correspondence schools in Australia For the radio program, see The American School of the Air. School of the Air's studio in Alice Springs in 2005 School of the Air is a generic term for correspondence schools catering for the primary and early secondary education of children in remote and outback Australia where some or all classes were historically conducted by radio, although this is now replaced by telephone and internet technology. In these areas, the school-age population is too small for a conventional school to be viable. History The invention of the pedal radio by Alfred Traeger around 1929, and particularly the involvement of educator Adelaide Miethke in formulating and developing the idea of using the existing Royal Flying Doctor Service of radio communications, were pivotal in the establishment of the School of the Air. The first School of the Air lessons were officially sent from the Royal Flying Doctor Service in Alice Springs on 8 June 1951. The service celebrated its 50th jubilee on 9 May 2001, ahead of the real jubilee on 8 June; and its 70th year on 8 June 2021. Each state of Australia that utilises this means of training has well-documented checks and overviews of the service. Method There are School of the Air programmes in all states except Tasmania. School classes were conducted via shortwave radio from 1951 until 2009, after which most schools switched to wireless internet technologies to deliver lessons that include live one-way video feeds and clear two-way audio. Each student has direct contact with a teacher in an inland town such as Broken Hill, Alice Springs or Meekatharra. Each student typically spends one hour per day receiving group or individual lessons from the teacher, and the rest of the day working through the assigned materials with a parent, older sibling or a hired home-stay tutor. Originally the students received their course materials and returned their written work and projects to their hub centre using either the Royal Flying Doctor Service or post office services. However the extension of Internet services into the outback now enables more rapid review of each child's homework. As the children are in isolated situations, the School of the Air is frequently their first chance of socialisation with children outside their immediate family. This is supplemented by 3 or 4 annual gatherings where the children travel to the school to spend one week with their teacher and classmates. Studies have shown that such education is on par with, if not better than, standards set by the traditional methods of schooling. Awards In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, the School of the Air was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as an iconic "innovation and invention". Schools of the Air Schools of the Air operate from: New South Wales Broken Hill Tibooburra Northern Territory Alice Springs Katherine Queensland Cairns Charleville Charters Towers Longreach Mount Isa South Australia Port Augusta – now part of Open Access College Victoria Thornbury Western Australia Carnarvon Kalgoorlie Kimberley region, located in Derby Meekatharra Port Hedland See also Alice Springs School of the Air School of Isolated and Distance Education Educational School Sound System was a common installation in South Australia. Our Rural Magazine, an example of an earlier pre-radio forms of distant education communication in Western Australia Queensland School for Travelling Show Children discusses schooling for children whose families are constantly travelling. Homeschooling and distance education in Australia discusses home schooling by choice. Notes ^ Behr, John. "Traeger, Alfred Hermann (1895–1980)". Biography – Alfred Hermann Traeger – Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 24 August 2019. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) ^ "Territory Stories: Adelaide Miethke". hdl:10070/218047. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019. ^ "World's First School Air Opened". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 9 June 1951. p. 2. Retrieved 19 July 2011 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Ashton, Jean (1978) School of the air. Adelaide : Rigby, 1978 Previously published as Out of the silence, Adelaide: Investigator Press, 1971. ISBN 0-7270-0985-0 ^ Western Australia. Education Dept & Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia. Western Australian Section (1968). In The school of the air. Govt. Pr, ^ New South Wales. Dept. of Education. Public Relations Office (1969). In School of deine mudda. Govt. Pr, [Sydney ^ "World's largest classroom turns 70". www.abc.net.au. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ Calzoni, F (1991). In The Australian School of the Air: a conceptual test of its origins, history and recent evolution, with special reference to distance training in Western Australia 1955–1990. Murdoch University ^ http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/school-of-the-air Archived 9 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine In 2005, there were more than sixteen schools of the air located around Australia, a network covering more than 1.5 million square kilometres. In fact, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory are the only states who do not have a SOA.... these schools also teach children who are travelling around Australia or who can't, for medical or other reasons, attend a regular school. ^ Some sources suggest later Students not to be taught through the Royal Flying Doctor Service. SatWeb introduced. re – the Kimberley School of the Air.Broome advertiser, 16 Dec. 2004, p.4 ^ "New wings for schools of the air". The Age. Melbourne. 11 February 2003. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2011. ^ Bond, Donald S & Publishing and Broadcasting Ltd (1978). In Satellite communications for the school of the air in Australia. Publishing and Broadcasting Ltd, Sydney ISBN 0-908522-09-6 ^ Forster, M. F & Katherine School of the Air (1981). In Domestic satellite and the School of the Air. Katherine School of the Air, Katherine, N.T ^ Crump, Stephen & Twyford, Kylie & Anderson, Alan & Towers, Lorraine & Devlin, Brian et al. (2010). Australian Research Council Linkage project on Interactive Distance eLearning : 'Opening Our Eyes' : project report. In Interactive distance learning for isolated communities : ARCL project discussion papers 2008–2010. ^ Crump, Stephen & Twyford, Kylie & Littler, Margaret (2010). Interactive distance e-learning for isolated communities : the policy footprint. In Interactive distance learning for isolated communities : ARCL project discussion papers 2008–2010. ^ Imamura, E (1987). In Conventional and nonconventional schooling: a comparison of pupil performance in rural schools and schools of the air. University of Western Australia ^ Bligh, Anna (10 June 2009). "PREMIER UNVEILS QUEENSLAND'S 150 ICONS". Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017. ^ Broken Hill School of the Air (1957). In Over to you : annual magazine of the School of the Air. The School, Broken Hill, N.S.W ^ Australia – the Royal Flying Doctor Service and the School of the Air / photographed by James H. Barr ; commentary spoken by Edmund Pegge ; notes by Winifred M. Barker and James H. Barr. St. Albans, Herts. (England) : Hugh Baddeley Productions, 1984. 34 slides, 1 sound cassette, 1 sheet ; in box 24 x 36 x 2 cm. re Broken Hill School of the Air. ^ Gibb, Phyllis (1986). In Classrooms a world apart : the story of the founding of the Broken Hill School of the Air. Spectrum, Melbourne. ISBN 0-86786-101-0 ISBN 0867861029 (pbk.) ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Alice Springs School of the Air (2001). In Alice Springs School of the Air. Alice Springs School of the Air, [Alice Springs, N.T ^ Alice Springs School of the Air (1991). In 40th birthday radio lesson booklet : week ending 8 June 1991. The School, ^ Katherine School of the Air (1981). In School of the Air, Katherine, Northern Territory of Australia. Katherine School of the Air, Katherine, N.T ^ King, Mark (1 August 2007). "Australia's school of the air". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2016. ^ "Charleville School of Distance Education". Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011. ^ "Welcome to the Charters Towers School of Distance Education". Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011. ^ http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ss/stories/s140221.htm Archived 31 October 2000 at the Wayback Machine about Longreach ^ http://www.mtisasde.eq.edu.au// Archived 12 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine School of the Air – Mount Isa ^ McKerrow, Helen & Mt. Isa School of the Air. P. & C. Association (1985). In Over to you : the first 25 years of the School-of-the-Air in North-West Queensland. Mt Isa School-of-the-Air P & C Association, ^ Lacey, LloydDistance education by satellite: the experience of the trial use of Aussat at the School of the Air, Mt Isa. -Qld-. In New Horizons: Aussat '86: Conference & Exhibition 5 & 6 November 1986. 201-210. ^ "MISOTA". Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2011. ^ Port Augusta School of the Air (1979). In Information booklet. School of the Air, Port Augusta, [Port Augusta, S. Aust ^ Lloyd, Patricia & Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia (2003). In You can't say no. Royal Flying Doctor Service, ^ Motley, Carrie & Starr, Bill (1990). In Bush tracks and radio waves : a history of Port Augusta School of the Air, 1958–1990. Tread Softly Pub, ^ "School of the Air, Port Augusta, South Australia (SOTA)". Open Access College. Government of South Australia. Dept for Education. Retrieved 4 September 2019. ^ "Distance Education Centre Victoria". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011. ^ Fitzpatrick, Jim & Western Australian Education Dept. Research Branch (1983). In The Carnarvon School of the Air : a study of the Parents and Citizens' Association and its interaction with the Education Department. Education Dept. of Western Australia, Research Branch, ^ a b c d Langford, Stephen (2015). The Leading Edge. Innovation, Technology and People in Australia's Royal Flying Doctor Service. Perth: University of WA Publishing. pp. 13–14. ISBN 9781742588148. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017. ^ "Kalgoorlie School of the Air". Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011. ^ Looking around.Kalgoorlie  : Kalgoorlie School of the Air, 1965–1976.Battye Library has part of the series only – see http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b1852139~S2 Archived 23 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ Kimberley School of the Air (2000). In School days on the airwaves : 40 years of Kimberley School of the Air. Kimberley School of the Air, ^ Kimberley School of the Air (1990). In Kimberley School of the Air, 1960–1990 : 30th anniversary magazine. The School, ^ One of the world's largest classrooms. Details of 40th birthday celebrations.of the Kimberley School of the Air. Broome Advertiser, 13 Dec. 2000, p.30-31 ^ "Welcome to Kimberley School of the Air". Kimberley School of the Air. Retrieved 10 November 2020. ^ Aerial / Meekatharra School of the Air. Also Titled Wisdom by Wireless. Meekatharra, W.A. : The School, 1959- ^ Meekatharra School of the Air (1984). In Wisdom by wireless : twenty five years, 1959–1984. Reads Printing & Pub, ^ Hobson, Valerie.(1999) Shirley Forrester, elder of the bush. Outlines her own experiences in being educated as a student from rural WA and her contributions to rural education in Meekatharra including her establishment of the Meekatharra School of the Air, and her many achievements. in Network news for rural, remote and regional women, Summer, 1999, p. 14 ^ Lewis, Jo & Penfold, Chris & Port Hedland School of the Air (1989). In School of the Air : working together – apart : 1964–1989 : a silver anniversary project. Port Hedland School of the Air, [Port Hedland, W.A External links "History for the School of the Air". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The American School of the Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_School_of_the_Air"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SchooloftheAir.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alice Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Springs"},{"link_name":"correspondence schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_school"},{"link_name":"primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education"},{"link_name":"secondary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"outback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outback"}],"text":"For the radio program, see The American School of the Air.School of the Air's studio in Alice Springs in 2005School of the Air is a generic term for correspondence schools catering for the primary and early secondary education of children in remote and outback Australia where some or all classes were historically conducted by radio, although this is now replaced by telephone and internet technology. In these areas, the school-age population is too small for a conventional school to be viable.","title":"School of the Air"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pedal radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_power#Pedal-powered_transmitter"},{"link_name":"Alfred Traeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Traeger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Miethke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Miethke"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Doctor Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Doctor_Service"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alice Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Springs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The invention of the pedal radio by Alfred Traeger around 1929,[1]\nand particularly the involvement of educator Adelaide Miethke in formulating and developing the idea of using the existing Royal Flying Doctor Service of radio communications, were pivotal in the establishment of the School of the Air.[2]The first School of the Air lessons were officially sent from the Royal Flying Doctor Service in Alice Springs on 8 June 1951.[3] The service celebrated its 50th jubilee on 9 May 2001, ahead of the real jubilee on 8 June;[4][5][6] and its 70th year on 8 June 2021.[7] Each state of Australia that utilises this means of training has well-documented checks and overviews of the service.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"shortwave radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave_radio"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Broken Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Hill"},{"link_name":"Alice Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Springs"},{"link_name":"Meekatharra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meekatharra"},{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Post"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"outback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outback"},{"link_name":"homework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homework"},{"link_name":"socialisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"There are School of the Air programmes in all states except Tasmania.[9]School classes were conducted via shortwave radio from 1951 until 2009,[10] after which most schools switched to wireless internet technologies to deliver lessons that include live one-way video feeds and clear two-way audio.[11][12][13][14][15]Each student has direct contact with a teacher in an inland town such as Broken Hill, Alice Springs or Meekatharra. Each student typically spends one hour per day receiving group or individual lessons from the teacher, and the rest of the day working through the assigned materials with a parent, older sibling or a hired home-stay tutor.Originally the students received their course materials and returned their written work and projects to their hub centre using either the Royal Flying Doctor Service or post office services. However the extension of Internet services into the outback now enables more rapid review of each child's homework.As the children are in isolated situations, the School of the Air is frequently their first chance of socialisation with children outside their immediate family. This is supplemented by 3 or 4 annual gatherings where the children travel to the school to spend one week with their teacher and classmates.Studies have shown that such education is on par with, if not better than, standards set by the traditional methods of schooling.[16]","title":"Method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Q150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q150"},{"link_name":"Q150 Icons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q150_Icons"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, the School of the Air was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as an iconic \"innovation and invention\".[17]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Schools of the Air operate from:","title":"Schools of the Air"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broken Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Hill"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Tibooburra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibooburra"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"New South Wales","text":"Broken Hill[18][19][20]\nTibooburra[21]","title":"Schools of the Air"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alice Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Springs_School_of_the_Air"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Katherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Northern Territory","text":"Alice Springs[22][23]\nKatherine[24]","title":"Schools of the Air"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairns"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Charleville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleville,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Charters Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charters_Towers"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Longreach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longreach"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Mount Isa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Isa"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Queensland","text":"Cairns[25]\nCharleville[26]\nCharters Towers[27]\nLongreach[28]\nMount Isa[29][30][31][32]","title":"Schools of the Air"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Augusta"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Open Access College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_Access_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"South Australia","text":"Port Augusta[33][34][35] – now part of Open Access College[36]","title":"Schools of the Air"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thornbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornbury,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Victoria","text":"Thornbury[37]","title":"Schools of the Air"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carnarvon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnarvon,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LE2015_SOTA-39"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LE2015_SOTA-39"},{"link_name":"Kimberley region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Meekatharra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meekatharra"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LE2015_SOTA-39"},{"link_name":"Port Hedland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Hedland"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LE2015_SOTA-39"}],"sub_title":"Western Australia","text":"Carnarvon[38][39]\nKalgoorlie[40][41][39]\nKimberley region, located in Derby[42][43][44][45]\nMeekatharra[46][47][48][39]\nPort Hedland[49][39]","title":"Schools of the Air"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Traeger, Alfred Hermann (1895–1980)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A120280b.htm"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Territory Stories: Adelaide 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Biography – Alfred Hermann Traeger – Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 24 August 2019. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)\n\n^ \"Territory Stories: Adelaide Miethke\". hdl:10070/218047. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.\n\n^ \"World's First School Air Opened\". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 9 June 1951. p. 2. Retrieved 19 July 2011 – via National Library of Australia.\n\n^ Ashton, Jean (1978) School of the air. Adelaide : Rigby, 1978 Previously published as Out of the silence, Adelaide: Investigator Press, 1971. ISBN 0-7270-0985-0\n\n^ Western Australia. Education Dept & Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia. Western Australian Section (1968). In The school of the air. Govt. Pr, [Perth]\n\n^ New South Wales. Dept. of Education. Public Relations Office (1969). In School of deine mudda. Govt. Pr, [Sydney\n\n^ \"World's largest classroom turns 70\". www.abc.net.au. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.\n\n^ Calzoni, F (1991). In The Australian School of the Air: a conceptual test of its origins, history and recent evolution, with special reference to distance training in Western Australia 1955–1990. Murdoch University\n\n^ http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/school-of-the-air Archived 9 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine In 2005, there were more than sixteen schools of the air located around Australia, a network covering more than 1.5 million square kilometres. In fact, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory are the only states who do not have a SOA.... these schools also teach children who are travelling around Australia or who can't, for medical or other reasons, attend a regular school.\n\n^ Some sources suggest later Students not to be taught through the Royal Flying Doctor Service. SatWeb introduced. re – the Kimberley School of the Air.Broome advertiser, 16 Dec. 2004, p.4\n\n^ \"New wings for schools of the air\". The Age. Melbourne. 11 February 2003. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2011.\n\n^ Bond, Donald S & Publishing and Broadcasting Ltd (1978). In Satellite communications for the school of the air in Australia. Publishing and Broadcasting Ltd, Sydney ISBN 0-908522-09-6\n\n^ Forster, M. F & Katherine School of the Air (1981). In Domestic satellite and the School of the Air. Katherine School of the Air, Katherine, N.T\n\n^ Crump, Stephen & Twyford, Kylie & Anderson, Alan & Towers, Lorraine & Devlin, Brian et al. (2010). Australian Research Council Linkage project on Interactive Distance eLearning : 'Opening Our Eyes' : project report. In Interactive distance learning for isolated communities : ARCL project discussion papers 2008–2010.\n\n^ Crump, Stephen & Twyford, Kylie & Littler, Margaret (2010). Interactive distance e-learning for isolated communities : the policy footprint. In Interactive distance learning for isolated communities : ARCL project discussion papers 2008–2010.\n\n^ Imamura, E (1987). In Conventional and nonconventional schooling: a comparison of pupil performance in rural schools and schools of the air. University of Western Australia\n\n^ Bligh, Anna (10 June 2009). \"PREMIER UNVEILS QUEENSLAND'S 150 ICONS\". Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.\n\n^ Broken Hill School of the Air (1957). In Over to you : annual magazine of the School of the Air. The School, Broken Hill, N.S.W\n\n^ Australia – the Royal Flying Doctor Service and the School of the Air [kit] / photographed by James H. Barr ; commentary spoken by Edmund Pegge ; notes by Winifred M. Barker and James H. Barr. St. Albans, Herts. (England) : Hugh Baddeley Productions, 1984. 34 slides, 1 sound cassette, 1 sheet ; in box 24 x 36 x 2 cm.\nre Broken Hill School of the Air.\n\n^ Gibb, Phyllis (1986). In Classrooms a world apart : the story of the founding of the Broken Hill School of the Air. Spectrum, Melbourne. ISBN 0-86786-101-0 ISBN 0867861029 (pbk.)\n\n^ \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n\n^ Alice Springs School of the Air (2001). In Alice Springs School of the Air. Alice Springs School of the Air, [Alice Springs, N.T\n\n^ Alice Springs School of the Air (1991). In 40th birthday radio lesson booklet : week ending 8 June 1991. The School, [Alice Springs, N.T.]\n\n^ Katherine School of the Air (1981). In School of the Air, Katherine, Northern Territory of Australia. Katherine School of the Air, Katherine, N.T\n\n^ King, Mark (1 August 2007). \"Australia's school of the air\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2016.\n\n^ \"Charleville School of Distance Education\". Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.\n\n^ \"Welcome to the Charters Towers School of Distance Education\". Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.\n\n^ http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ss/stories/s140221.htm Archived 31 October 2000 at the Wayback Machine about Longreach\n\n^ http://www.mtisasde.eq.edu.au// Archived 12 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine School of the Air – Mount Isa\n\n^ McKerrow, Helen & Mt. Isa School of the Air. P. & C. Association (1985). In Over to you : the first 25 years of the School-of-the-Air in North-West Queensland. Mt Isa School-of-the-Air P & C Association, [Mt Isa, Qld.]\n\n^ Lacey, LloydDistance education by satellite: the experience of the trial use of Aussat at the School of the Air, Mt Isa. -Qld-. In New Horizons: Aussat '86: Conference & Exhibition 5 & 6 November 1986. 201-210.\n\n^ \"MISOTA\". Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2011.\n\n^ Port Augusta School of the Air (1979). In Information booklet. School of the Air, Port Augusta, [Port Augusta, S. Aust\n\n^ Lloyd, Patricia & Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia (2003). In You can't say no. Royal Flying Doctor Service, [Adelaide]\n\n^ Motley, Carrie & Starr, Bill (1990). In Bush tracks and radio waves : a history of Port Augusta School of the Air, 1958–1990. Tread Softly Pub, [Australia]\n\n^ \"School of the Air, Port Augusta, South Australia (SOTA)\". Open Access College. Government of South Australia. Dept for Education. Retrieved 4 September 2019.\n\n^ \"Distance Education Centre Victoria\". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.\n\n^ Fitzpatrick, Jim & Western Australian Education Dept. Research Branch (1983). In The Carnarvon School of the Air : a study of the Parents and Citizens' Association and its interaction with the Education Department. Education Dept. of Western Australia, Research Branch, [Perth, W.A.]\n\n^ a b c d Langford, Stephen (2015). The Leading Edge. Innovation, Technology and People in Australia's Royal Flying Doctor Service. Perth: University of WA Publishing. pp. 13–14. ISBN 9781742588148. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.\n\n^ \"Kalgoorlie School of the Air\". Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.\n\n^ Looking around.Kalgoorlie [W.A.] : Kalgoorlie School of the Air, 1965–1976.Battye Library has part of the series only – see http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b1852139~S2 Archived 23 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Kimberley School of the Air (2000). In School days on the airwaves : 40 years of Kimberley School of the Air. Kimberley School of the Air, [Derby, W.A.]\n\n^ Kimberley School of the Air (1990). In Kimberley School of the Air, 1960–1990 : 30th anniversary magazine. The School, [Derby, W.A.?]\n\n^ One of the world's largest classrooms. Details of 40th birthday celebrations.of the Kimberley School of the Air. Broome Advertiser, 13 Dec. 2000, p.30-31\n\n^ \"Welcome to Kimberley School of the Air\". Kimberley School of the Air. Retrieved 10 November 2020.\n\n^ Aerial / Meekatharra School of the Air. Also Titled Wisdom by Wireless. Meekatharra, W.A. : The School, 1959-\n\n^ Meekatharra School of the Air (1984). In Wisdom by wireless : twenty five years, 1959–1984. Reads Printing & Pub, [Perth, W.A.]\n\n^ Hobson, Valerie.(1999) Shirley Forrester, elder of the bush. Outlines her own experiences in being educated as a student from rural WA and her contributions to rural education in Meekatharra including her establishment of the Meekatharra School of the Air, and her many achievements. in Network news for rural, remote and regional women, Summer, 1999, p. 14\n\n^ Lewis, Jo & Penfold, Chris & Port Hedland School of the Air (1989). In School of the Air : working together – apart : 1964–1989 : a silver anniversary project. Port Hedland School of the Air, [Port Hedland, W.A","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"School of the Air's studio in Alice Springs in 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SchooloftheAir.jpg/220px-SchooloftheAir.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Behr, John. \"Traeger, Alfred Hermann (1895–1980)\". Biography – Alfred Hermann Traeger – Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 24 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A120280b.htm","url_text":"\"Traeger, Alfred Hermann (1895–1980)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Territory Stories: Adelaide Miethke\". hdl:10070/218047. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190824105441/http://www.territorystories.nt.gov.au/handle/10070/218047","url_text":"\"Territory Stories: Adelaide Miethke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10070%2F218047","url_text":"10070/218047"},{"url":"http://www.territorystories.nt.gov.au/handle/10070/218047","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World's First School Air Opened\". The Advertiser. 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Retrieved 18 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/02/08/1044579986662.html?oneclick=true","url_text":"\"New wings for schools of the air\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107013532/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/02/08/1044579986662.html?oneclick=true","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bligh, Anna (10 June 2009). \"PREMIER UNVEILS QUEENSLAND'S 150 ICONS\". Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Bligh","url_text":"Bligh, Anna"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170524033717/http://statements.qld.gov.au/statement/id/64301","url_text":"\"PREMIER UNVEILS QUEENSLAND'S 150 ICONS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"http://statements.qld.gov.au/statement/id/64301","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tibooburra-d.schools.nsw.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706115309/http://www.tibooburra-d.schools.nsw.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"King, Mark (1 August 2007). \"Australia's school of the air\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/01/australia-schools","url_text":"\"Australia's school of the air\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170806063217/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/01/australia-schools","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Charleville School of Distance Education\". Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720183132/http://charlevisde.eq.edu.au/wcms/","url_text":"\"Charleville School of Distance Education\""},{"url":"http://charlevisde.eq.edu.au/wcms/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the Charters Towers School of Distance Education\". Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chartowsde.qld.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Welcome to the Charters Towers School of Distance Education\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110617000800/http://www.chartowsde.qld.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MISOTA\". Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2169
List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2100–2199)
["1 FM 2100","2 FM 2101","3 FM 2102","3.1 FM 2102 (1953)","4 FM 2103","5 FM 2104","6 FM 2105","6.1 FM 2105 (1953)","7 FM 2106","8 FM 2107","9 FM 2108","10 FM 2109","11 FM 2110","12 FM 2111","12.1 FM 2111 (1953)","13 FM 2112","14 FM 2113","15 FM 2114","16 FM 2115","17 FM 2116","17.1 FM 2116 (1953)","18 FM 2117","19 FM 2118","20 FM 2119","21 FM 2120","22 FM 2121","23 FM 2122","24 FM 2123","25 FM 2124","26 FM 2125","27 FM 2126","28 FM 2127","28.1 FM 2127 (1953)","29 FM 2128","29.1 FM 2128 (1953)","29.2 FM 2128 (1955)","30 FM 2129","30.1 FM 2129 (1953)","31 FM 2130","32 FM 2131","33 FM 2132","34 FM 2133","35 FM 2134","36 FM 2135","36.1 FM 2135 (1953)","37 FM 2136","38 FM 2137","39 FM 2138","40 RM 2139","40.1 FM 2139 (1953)","41 FM 2140","42 FM 2141","43 FM 2142","43.1 FM 2142 (1953)","44 FM 2143","45 FM 2144","46 FM 2145","47 FM 2146","48 RM 2147","48.1 FM 2147 (1953)","49 FM 2148","50 FM 2149","51 FM 2150","51.1 FM 2150 (1953)","52 FM 2151","53 FM 2152","54 FM 2153","54.1 FM 2153 (1953)","55 FM 2154","56 FM 2155","57 FM 2156","58 FM 2157","58.1 FM 2157 (1953)","59 FM 2158","60 FM 2159","61 FM 2160","61.1 FM 2160 (1953)","62 FM 2161","63 FM 2162","64 FM 2163","65 FM 2164","66 FM 2165","67 RM 2166","67.1 FM 2166","68 FM 2167","68.1 FM 2167 (1953)","68.2 FM 2167 (1963)","69 FM 2168","70 FM 2169","71 FM 2170","72 FM 2171","73 FM 2172","74 FM 2173","75 FM 2174","76 FM 2175","77 FM 2176","78 FM 2177","79 FM 2178","80 FM 2179","81 FM 2180","82 FM 2181","82.1 FM 2181 (1953)","83 FM 2182","83.1 FM 2182 (1953)","84 FM 2183","84.1 FM 2183 (1953)","85 FM 2184","86 FM 2185","87 FM 2186","87.1 FM 2186 (1953)","88 FM 2187","88.1 FM 2187 (1953)","89 FM 2188","89.1 FM 2188 (1953)","90 FM 2189","90.1 FM 2189 (1953)","90.2 RM 2189","91 FM 2190","91.1 FM 2190 (1953)","92 FM 2191","93 FM 2192","94 FM 2193","95 FM 2194","95.1 FM 2194 (1953)","96 FM 2195","97 FM 2196","98 FM 2197","99 FM 2198","100 FM 2199","101 Notes","102 References"]
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas" 2100–2199 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Texas Farm to Market Road and Ranch to Market Road markersHighway namesInterstatesInterstate Highway X (IH-X, I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Highway X (US X)StateState Highway X (SH X)Loops:Loop XSpurs:Spur XRecreational:Recreational Road X (RE X)Farm or Ranch to Market Roads:Farm to Market Road X (FM X)Ranch to Market Road X (RM X)Park Roads:Park Road X (PR X)System links Highways in Texas Interstate US State Toll Loops Spurs FM/RM Park Rec Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). FM 2100 Farm to Market Road 2100LocationHarris CountyLength14.201 mi (22.854 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2100 (FM 2100) is located in Harris County. The 14-mile-long (23 km) route has its southern terminus in Barrett at a junction with US 90 (Crosby Freeway), which also serves as the eastern terminus of Bus. US 90 and the western terminus of FM 1942. FM 2100 runs northward via Crosby to an intersection FM 1960 in Huffman. It continues northward, paralleling the eastern shore of Lake Houston, before state maintenance and the FM 2100 designation end. The roadway continues under county maintenance as Huffman-Cleveland Road, which becomes FM 1485 about 4 miles (6.4 km) to the north. FM 2100 was designated on October 28, 1953, from US 90 via Crosby to a point 6.2 miles (10.0 km) north. On September 29, 1954, the designation was extended north 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to FM 1008 (now FM 1960) at Huffman, and it was extended north an additional 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to Wolf Road on July 11, 1968. On September 29, 1977, it was extended northwest 2.1 miles (3.4 km). On June 27, 1995, the section from FM 1960 to US 90 was transferred to Urban Road 2100 (UR 2100). The designation of this segment reverted to FM 2100 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. On August 28, 2003, the designation was extended north to FM 1485, pending improvements to Huffman-Cleveland Road; however, as of 2023, this portion is not part of the state highway system. The southern segment, between US 90 and FM 1960, has long been considered one of the most dangerous roadways in the area. Construction began in 2019 to expand FM 2100 from South Diamondhead Boulevard in Crosby to FM 1960 from a two-lane undivided roadway to a four-lane divided one. Originally scheduled for completion in January 2021, the project was finished in March 2023. In 2016, TxDOT proposed widening FM 2100 from two lanes to four from the intersection with FM 1960 to the northern terminus. The project was unfunded as of August 2018. In February 2023, TxDOT completed its environmental assessment regarding the northern extension of FM 2100, which is proposed to run from the current northern terminus via Huffman-Cleveland Road before turning to the northeast along a new right of way to an interchange with SH 99 (Grand Parkway) at Plum Grove Road, east of the toll road's junction with FM 1485. FM 2101 Farm to Market Road 2101LocationHunt CountyLength14.246 mi (22.927 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2101 (FM 2101) is located in Hunt County. The southern terminus of FM 2101 is at SH 34 northeast of Quinlan. From this location, the roadway travels to the east and briefly dips southward toward Lake Tawakoni before turning northward, roughly paralleling SH 34 for its entire length. The route enters the city of Greenville and ends at FM 1570 at the western edge of Majors Airport. The southern section of FM 2101 was designated on October 28, 1953, and ran approximately 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from SH 34 along the northern shore of Lake Tawakoni. The route was extended northward, first to FM 1564 on September 27, 1960, and then to the current northern terminus at FM 1570 on May 7, 1970. Junction list The entire route is in Hunt County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​0.00.0 SH 34 – QuinlanSouthern terminus ​6.710.8 FM 2947 – Lone Oak ​9.315.0 FM 1564 Greenville14.323.0 FM 1570 (Jack Finney Blvd.)Northern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2102 Farm to Market Road 2102LocationKarnes CountyLength14.478 mi (23.300 km)ExistedSeptember 21, 1955–present Farm to Market Road 2102 (FM 2102) is located in Karnes County. FM 2102 begins at an intersection with FM 99 near Fashing. The highway travels in a mostly eastern direction and has a brief overlap with FM 626 west of Kenedy. FM 2102 continues to run in a more eastern direction before ending at an intersection with SH 72 in Kenedy. The current FM 2102 was designated on September 21, 1955, running from FM 626 near Lenz to SH 72 near Kenedy at a distance of 7.5 miles (12.1 km). The highway was extended 7.0 miles (11.3 km) from FM 626 to FM 99 on May 6, 1964. FM 2102 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2102LocationRains CountyExistedOctober 28, 1953–November 29, 1954 FM 2102 was first designated on October 28, 1953, running from US 69 at Emory westward at a distance of 5.8 miles (9.3 km). On October 26, 1954, the highway was extended west 7.4 miles (11.9 km) to the Hunt County line. The highway was cancelled and combined with FM 35 on November 29, 1954. FM 2103 Farm to Market Road 2103LocationChildress CountyLength4.724 mi (7.603 km)ExistedOctober 26, 1953–present Farm to Market Road 2103 (FM 2103) is located in southern Childress County. The western terminus is at an intersection with CR 5; the roadway west of here is CR 180. FM 2103 travels eastward, with several turns to the north, before ending at an intersection with US 62/US 83; the roadway continues east as CR 178. FM 2103 was designated on October 26, 1953, running from US 83 westward 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to a road intersection (present-day CR 202). It was extended 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to its current western terminus on November 21, 1956. FM 2104 Farm to Market Road 2104LocationBastrop CountyLength12.485 mi (20.093 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2104 (FM 2104) is located in Bastrop County. The highway travels from FM 153 near Smithville to US 290 in Paige. FM 2104 was designated on October 28, 1953, traveling from US 290 at Paige to a road intersection at a distance of 6.5 miles (10.5 km). The highway was extended 7.5 miles (12.1 km) to FM 153 on November 21, 1956. Junction list The entire route is in Bastrop County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​0.00.0 FM 153 – Smithville, Winchester ​6.911.1 FM 2239 east – Serbin Paige12.520.1 US 290 – Austin, Giddings 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2105 Farm to Market Road 2105LocationTom Green CountyLength6.952 mi (11.188 km)ExistedOctober 31, 1957–present Farm to Market Road 2105 (FM 2105) is located in Tom Green County. FM 2105 begins at US 87 between Grape Creek and San Angelo. The highway runs east just north of San Angelo and intersects SH 208 before ending at an intersection with US 277. The current FM 2105 was designated on October 31, 1957, along its current route. Despite running through more rural areas outside of the city, the entirety of the route was redesignated Urban Road 2105 (UR 2105) on June 27, 1995. The designation reverted to FM 2105 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. FM 2105 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2105LocationLubbock CountyExistedOctober 28, 1953–November 1, 1954 FM 2105 was first designated on October 28, 1953, running from US 87 in Abernathy east to a road intersection at a distance of 6.7 miles (10.8 km). The highway was cancelled on November 1, 1954, with the mileage being transferred to FM 597. FM 2106 Farm to Market Road 2106LocationGarza CountyLength4.904 mi (7.892 km)ExistedOctober 28, 1953–present Farm to Market Road 2106 (FM 2106) is located in Garza County. It begins at an intersection with CR 180 and runs north to an intersection with US 84 in Southland. FM 2106 was designated on October 28, 1953, along the current route. Junction list The entire route is in Garza County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​0.00.0County Road 180 ​1.01.6 FM 211 – Wilson Southland4.97.9 US 84 – Lubbock, Post 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2107 Farm to Market Road 2107LocationBandera CountyLength8.458 mi (13.612 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2107 (FM 2107) is located in Bandera County in the Texas Hill Country. FM 2107 begins at a point on North Prong Creek Road and runs southeast for approximately 8.5 miles (13.7 km) before ending at an intersection with SH 16 northwest of Medina. FM 2107 runs parallel to the North Prong Medina River for its entire length. FM 2107 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from SH 16 northwest at a distance of 5.0 miles (8.0 km). The highway was extended 3.2 miles (5.1 km) on October 13, 1954. FM 2108 Farm to Market Road 2108LocationAngelina CountyLength3.731 mi (6.004 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2108 (FM 2108) is located in Angelina County, traveling just south of Lufkin. FM 2108 begins at an intersection with US 59 north of Burke near the Angelina County Airport. The highway travels through an area that is mixed between rural and suburban. FM 2108 ends at an intersection with FM 58. FM 2108 was designated on October 28, 1953, along the current route. Junction list The entire route is in Angelina County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​0.00.0 US 59 (Future I-69) – Lufkin, DibollU.S. 59 is the future I-69 ​2.94.7 FM 819 – Angelina College ​3.76.0 FM 58 – Lufkin 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2109 Farm to Market Road 2109LocationAngelina CountyLength17.202 mi (27.684 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2109 (FM 2109) is located in Angelina County. FM 2109 runs from FM 1669 in Huntington to SH 147 in Zavalla. The highway travels in an eastern direction from FM 1669 to the Sam Rayburn Reservoir near County Road 198. FM 2109 then turns south and runs through the Angelina National Forest and runs closely to the lake. FM 2109 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from FM 328 in Huntington eastward at a distance of 4.1 miles (6.6 km). The highway was extended 0.1 miles (0.16 km) westward to FM 1669 on March 23, 1954. FM 2109 was extended 4.8 miles (7.7 km) to Ora on November 21, 1956. The highway was extended 3.4 miles (5.5 km) to SH 147 on September 30, 1964, absorbing FM 2662 in the process. Junction list The entire route is in Angelina County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Huntington0.00.0 FM 1669 0.10.16 FM 328 east ​10.016.1 FM 2801 east – Hooks Creek Park ​13.922.4 FM 3124 east – Monterey Park Zavalla17.227.7 SH 147 – San Augustine, Zavalla 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2110 Farm to Market Road 2110LocationHouston CountyLength8.603 mi (13.845 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2110 (FM 2110) is located in Houston County. FM 2110 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from SH 19 in Crockett southwestward at a distance of 6.0 miles (9.7 km). The highway was extended 2.1 miles (3.4 km) southwestward on September 29, 1977. Junction list The entire route is in Houston County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​0.00.0Old Huntsville Road Crockett7.812.6 Loop 304 8.613.8 SH 19 (4th Street) – Palestine, Trinity 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2111 Farm to Market Road 2111LocationRunnels CountyLength18.437 mi (29.671 km)ExistedOctober 31, 1957–present Farm to Market Road 2111 (FM 2111) is located in Runnels County. FM 2111 begins at an intersection with FM 2133. The highway crosses the Colorado River and runs just west of the Ballinger City Lake. FM 2111 intersects SH 158 northwest of Ballinger. The highway travels through more rural areas north of SH 158 and ends at an intersection with SH 153/FM 384 west of Winters. The current FM 2111 was designated on October 31, 1957, running from FM 53 (now SH 153) and FM 384 southward at a distance of 5.0 miles (8.0 km). The highway was extended 7.2 miles (11.6 km) to SH 158 on October 31, 1958. FM 2111 was extended 6.3 miles (10.1 km) to FM 2133 on May 7, 1970. FM 2111 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2111LocationNacogdoches CountyExistedOctober 28, 1953–September 30, 1955 A previous route numbered FM 2111 was designated on October 28, 1953, traveling from SH 21 in Nacogdoches southwestward to Alazan at a distance of 7.8 miles (12.6 km). The highway was extended west 6.6 miles (10.6 km) to FM 225 on August 24, 1955. The highway was cancelled on September 30, 1955, with the mileage being transferred to FM 225. FM 2112 Farm to Market Road 2112LocationNacogdoches CountyLength4.949 mi (7.965 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2112 (FM 2112) is located in Nacogdoches County. FM 2112 begins at an intersection with SH 7 east of Nacogdoches. The highway runs through wooded areas just east of the city and ends at an intersection with FM 1878. FM 2112 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from SH 7 east of Nacogdoches northward at a distance of 4.8 miles (7.7 km). The highway was extended to FM 1878 on October 13, 1954. Junction list The entire route is in Nacogdoches County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​0.00.0 SH 7 – Nacogdoches, Center ​2.03.2 FM 2713 east ​4.97.9 FM 1878 – Nacogdoches 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2113 Farm to Market Road 2113LocationMcLennan CountyLength16.097 mi (25.906 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2113 (FM 2113) is located in McLennan County, running from Moody to Hewitt. FM 2113 begins at an intersection with FM 107 in Moody and runs northeast through mostly rural farm land. The highway turns in a more eastern direction after an intersection with FM 2416 and passes by a few subdivisions near FM 2837. FM 2113 enters Hewitt and almost immediately has an interchange with FM 1695. The highway runs through suburban areas of Hewitt along Spring Valley Road before ending at a junction with I-35/FM 2063. FM 2113 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from US 81 5.0 miles (8.0 km) south of Waco to a point 3.5 miles (5.6 km) northwestward of Spring Valley at a distance of 4.6 miles (7.4 km). The highway was extended 4.0 miles (6.4 km) southwestward on October 26, 1954. The road was extended 8.4 miles (13.5 km) to FM 107 at Moody on July 28, 1955. On June 27, 1995, the section of FM 2113 between FM 1695 and I-35 was redesignated Urban Road 2113 (UR 2113). The designation reverted to FM 2113 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. Junction list The entire route is in McLennan County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Moody0.00.0 FM 107 to SH 317 – Eddy Spring Valley8.012.9 FM 2416 west – McGregor ​11.418.3 FM 2837 to US 84 – Lorena Hewitt13.521.7 FM 1695 (Hewitt Drive)Interchange 15.725.3 I-35 northInterchange; northbound exit only 16.125.9 I-35 / FM 2063 north (Sun Valley Boulevard)I-35 exit 328 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Incomplete access FM 2114 Farm to Market Road 2114LocationBosque, Hill, and McLennan countiesLength38.025 mi (61.195 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2114 (FM 2114) is located in Central Texas, running from FM 56 southeast of Laguna Park to SH 171 in Hubbard. FM 2114 begins at an intersection with FM 56 southeast of Laguna Park near Lake Whitney. The highway travels in a mostly eastern direction before turning south near Smiths Bend and turns back to the east after crossing the Brazos River. FM 2114 turns to the northeast at FM 1304 west and the two highways have a brief overlap with FM 2114 turning southeast at FM 1304 east. The highway enters into McLennan County at County Line Road and travels along T.M. West Parkway and enters West near I-35/US 77. FM 2114 travels along Oak Street through the town and turns onto Cottonwood Road at FM 2311. The highway leaves West and travels in a northeast direction to Penelope where it has a brief overlap with FM 308. After leaving Penelope, FM 2114 travels in an eastward direction to Hubbard, where it ends at an intersection with SH 171. FM 2114 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from US 81 at West northeastward to the Hill County line at a distance of 6.9 miles (11.1 km); approximately 0.2 miles (0.32 km) of the former Spur 53 was used for this highway. FM 2114 was extended eastward to FM 308 in Penelope on June 28, 1963. FM 2114 was extended westward to FM 56 and eastward to SH 171 in Hubbard on July 24, 1963; this extension replaced FM 2411 and FM 1888. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes Bosque​0.00.0 FM 56 – Valley Mills, Laguna Park Hill​6.710.8 FM 1304 westWest end of FM 1304 overlap ​6.911.1 FM 1304 east – AbbottEast end of FM 1304 overlap ​9.114.6 FM 933 – Whitney, Gholson McLennanWest17.528.2 I-35 / US 77 – Dallas, Fort Worth, WacoI-35 exit 353 18.229.3 FM 2311 south (Oak Street) – Leroy HillPenelope29.547.5 FM 308 south – LeroyWest end of FM 308 overlap 29.848.0 FM 308 north – MaloneEast end of FM 308 overlap Hubbard38.261.5 SH 171 – Hillsboro, Hubbard 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2115 Farm to Market Road 2115LocationBell CountyLength6.087 mi (9.796 km)ExistedOctober 28, 1953–present Farm to Market Road 2115 (FM 2115) is located in Bell County. It runs from FM 487 east of Jarrell northward 6 miles (9.7 km) to I-35 exit 282 south of Salado. FM 2115 was designated on October 28, 1953, along the current route. FM 2116 Farm to Market Road 2116LocationMilam CountyLength2.459 mi (3.957 km)ExistedMay 22, 1958–present Farm to Market Road 2116 (FM 2116) is located in Milam County. State maintenance and the FM 2116 designation begin along a county road near Alcoa Lake. The route travels northeast 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to an intersection with FM 487 south of Praesel. The current FM 2116 was designated on May 22, 1958, running 4 miles (6.4 km) from US 77 (now FM 487) to an Alcoa plant. The easternmost 1.5 miles (2.4 km) were returned to the county on July 25, 1960. FM 2116 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2116LocationFalls CountyExistedOctober 28, 1953–April 22, 1958 A previous route numbered FM 2116 was designated on October 28, 1953, from SH 7 at Chilton northeastward 6.5 miles (10.5 km) to Satin. FM 2116 was cancelled on April 22, 1958, and transferred to FM 434. FM 2117 Farm to Market Road 2117LocationFalls CountyLength4.739 mi (7.627 km)Existed1953–present FM 2118 Farm to Market Road 2118LocationRed River CountyLength8.967 mi (14.431 km)Existed1953–present FM 2119 Farm to Market Road 2119LocationReeves and Culberson countiesLength39.958 mi (64.306 km)Existed1953–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 2119KML is not from Wikidata Farm to Market Road 2119 (FM 2119) is located in Reeves and Culberson counties. The western terminus of FM 2119 is at Duval Rd. at Rustler Springs in unincorporated Culberson County. The route travels southeast for approximately 40 miles (64 km) and crosses into Reeves County before ending at Bus. I-20-B near Pecos. FM 2119 was established on October 28, 1953, as a 4-mile (6.4 km) road from its current southern terminus at Bus. I-20-B (then US 80) near Pecos. On January 23, 1980, the designation was extended approximately 36.7 miles (59.1 km) northwest to Rustler Springs. FM 2120 Farm to Market Road 2120LocationRed River CountyLength9.388 mi (15.109 km)Existed1953–present FM 2121 Farm to Market Road 2121LocationLamar CountyLength2.138 mi (3.441 km)Existed1953–present FM 2122 Farm to Market Road 2122LocationLamar CountyLength4.921 mi (7.920 km)Existed1953–present FM 2123 Farm to Market Road 2123LocationWise CountyLength16.001 mi (25.751 km)Existed1953–present FM 2124 Farm to Market Road 2124LocationHemphill CountyLength6.403 mi (10.305 km)Existed1953–present FM 2125 Farm to Market Road 2125LocationBrown CountyLength9.884 mi (15.907 km)Existed1953–present FM 2126 Farm to Market Road 2126LocationBrown CountyLength5.918 mi (9.524 km)ExistedOctober 28, 1953–present Farm to Market Road 2126 (FM 2126) is located in Brown County. It forms a portion of a beltway around the southeast side of Brownwood, running from FM 45 near Camp Bowie northeast to a junction with US 84/US 183 east of Early. FM 2126 was designated on October 28, 1953, along the current route. Junction list The entire route is in Brown County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Brownwood0.00.0 FM 45 – Richland SpringsSouthern terminus ​1.42.3 FM 2524 north – Brownwood ​4.47.1 FM 2525 ​5.99.5 US 84 / US 183 – Early, GoldthwaiteNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2127 Farm to Market Road 2127LocationJack, Montague, and Wise countiesLength25.604 mi (41.206 km)ExistedDecember 19, 1955–present Farm to Market Road 2127 (FM 2127) is located in northeastern Jack, far southwestern Montague, and northwestern Wise counties. FM 2127 is a two-lane route for its entire length. It begins in Jack County at a junction with SH 148 between Jacksboro and Henrietta. The route travels generally to the east, through the community of Postoak. It intersects SH 59 south of Newport before turning to the southeast. The roadway briefly enters Montague County for about a half mile before reentering Jack County. FM 2127 continues into Wise County and to Crafton before turning to the south and reaching its terminus at FM 1810 near Lake Bridgeport. The current designation of FM 2127 was established in Wise County on December 19, 1955, from SH 24 (now part of FM 1810) to Crafton. The route was extended into Jack County to FM 1125 on June 2, 1967, and further lengthened through Montague County over the western portion of FM 1125 to SH 148 on August 16, 1968. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes Jack​0.00.0 SH 148 – Henrietta, JacksboroWestern terminus ​10.817.4 SH 59 – Newport, Jacksboro Montague​No major intersections Jack​16.226.1 FM 1125 – Bowie, Lake Amon G. Carter Wise​22.736.5 FM 2265 – Alvord ​25.641.2 FM 1810 – ChicoEastern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2127 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2127LocationDelta CountyExistedOctober 28, 1953–October 15, 1954 FM 2127 was first designated on October 28, 1953, as a route in Delta County, running from FM 1528 west to a road intersection at a distance of 1.6 miles (2.6 km). The highway was cancelled on October 15, 1954, with the highway being combined with FM 2068. FM 2128 Farm to Market Road 2128LocationHidalgo CountyLength4.439 mi (7.144 km)ExistedDecember 16, 1957–present Farm to Market Road 2128 (FM 2128) is located in Hidalgo County in the Rio Grande Valley. FM 2128 begins at an intersection with Bus. US 281 (Closner Boulevard) in Edinburg. The highway travels along Schunior Street through a residential area northeast of downtown. FM 2128 has a junction with I-69C/US 281 with Schunior Street becoming Richardson Road and runs through suburban areas of Cesar Chavez before entering an unincorporated area of the county. The highway continues to run through suburban areas before ending at an intersection with SH 107. The current FM 2128 was designated on December 16, 1957, along the current route. The entire highway was internally redesignated as Urban Road 2128 (UR 2128) on June 27, 1995. The designation reverted to FM 2128 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. FM 2128 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2128LocationHoward CountyExistedOctober 28, 1953–September 30, 1954 The first route numbered FM 2128 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from RM 33 south of Big Spring southwestward at a distance of 6.0 miles (9.7 km). The highway was cancelled and combined with FM 818 on September 30, 1954. FM 2128 (1955) Farm to Market Road 2128LocationBurleson CountyExistedDecember 19, 1955–November 29, 1957 The second route numbered FM 2128 was designated on December 19, 1955, running from SH 21 southwest of Caldwell to a road intersection at a distance of 7.3 miles (11.7 km). The highway was extended 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to another road intersection near Black Jack Church on November 21, 1956. FM 2128 was cancelled on November 29, 1957, with the mileage being transferred to FM 908. FM 2129 Farm to Market Road 2129LocationSchleicher and Sutton countiesLength22.928 mi (36.899 km)ExistedAugust 24, 1955–present Farm to Market Road 2129 (FM 2129) is located in Schleicher and Sutton counties. FM 2129 begins at an intersection with RM 1312 and ends at an intersection with US 277 south of Eldorado. The current FM 2129 was designated on August 24, 1955, running from US 277 westward at a distance of 8.0 miles (12.9 km). The highway was extended 3.0 miles (4.8 km) southwestward on September 27, 1960. FM 2129 was extended 11.5 miles (18.5 km) to US 290 (now RM 1312) on June 2, 1967. FM 2129 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2129LocationHockley and Lamb countiesExistedOctober 28, 1953–December 31, 1954 FM 2129 was first designated on October 28, 1953, running from SH 290 (now SH 114) west of Levelland northward at a distance of 12.8 miles (20.6 km). The road was extended north 10.7 miles (17.2 km) to FM 54 on October 26, 1954. The designation was cancelled and the route's mileage was combined with that of FM 303 on December 31, 1954. FM 2130 Farm to Market Road 2130LocationHockley CountyLength16.265 mi (26.176 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2130 (FM 2130) is located in eastern Hockley County. FM 2130 begins at an intersection with SH 114 east of Smyer. The highway runs in a mostly northern direction and intersects FM 2641 and has an overlap with FM 1294 before intersecting US 84 in the town of Roundup. FM 2130 continues to run north before ending at an intersection with FM 597 east of Anton. FM 2130 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from FM 1175 (now FM 597) to US 84 at a distance of 2.8 miles (4.5 km). The highway was extended 13.9 miles (22.4 km) from US 84 to SH 290 (now SH 114) on October 26, 1954. Junction list The entire route is in Hockley County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​0.00.0 SH 114 – Levelland, Lubbock ​5.58.9 FM 2641 east ​7.211.6 FM 1294 westSouth end of FM 1294 overlap ​8.213.2 FM 1294 east – ShallowaterNorth end of FM 1294 overlap Roundup13.521.7 US 84 – Littlefield, Lubbock ​16.326.2 FM 597 – Anton, Abernathy 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus FM 2131 Farm to Market Road 2131LocationColeman CountyLength15.547 mi (25.020 km)Existed1953–present FM 2132 Farm to Market Road 2132LocationColeman and Runnels countiesLength8.578 mi (13.805 km)Existed1953–present FM 2133 Farm to Market Road 2133LocationRunnels CountyLength16.916 mi (27.224 km)Existed1953–present FM 2134 Farm to Market Road 2134LocationConcho and Coleman countiesLength24.922 mi (40.108 km)ExistedOctober 28, 1953–present Farm to Market Road 2134 (FM 2134) comprises two discontinuous segments in Concho and Coleman counties. The Concho County segment is 18.7 miles (30.1 km) long and begins at US 87 east of Eden. It runs northward via Millersview, where it intersects FM 765, before ending at FM 1929 near the southwestern side of O.H. Ivie Reservoir at the confluence of the Concho River and Colorado River. FM 2134 resumes in Coleman County at the eastern shore of the reservoir. It runs eastward approximately 6.3 miles (10.1 km), intersecting RE 9, before ending at FM 503 south of Voss. FM 2134 was designated October 28, 1953, from FM 765 at Millersview northward 5 miles (8.0 km). It was extended northward 3.2 miles (5.1 km) on October 26, 1954, and then northeastward 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to the Colorado River on August 24, 1955. The route was renumbered Ranch to Market Road 2134 (RM 2134) and was extended to FM 566 (now FM 503) on October 31, 1957. The southward extension to US 87 occurred on May 5, 1966 (replacing FM 2743). The roadway was divided into two segments due to the construction of the reservoir in the late 1980s; access to the Concho River shore of the reservoir is now provided by RE 11. The designation of the route reverted to FM 2134 on May 5, 1992. FM 2135 Farm to Market Road 2135LocationJohnson CountyLength5.255 mi (8.457 km)ExistedSeptember 20, 1961–present FM 2135 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2135LocationScleicher CountyExistedOctober 29, 1953–October 4, 1960 A previous route numbered FM 2135 was designated on October 29, 1953, from RM 33 (now US 190), 12.4 miles (20.0 km) west of Eldorado, to a point 5.0 miles (8.0 km) north. FM 2135 was cancelled on October 4, 1960, and transferred to FM 1828. FM 2136 Farm to Market Road 2136LocationBosque CountyLength8.806 mi (14.172 km)Existed1953–present FM 2137 Farm to Market Road 2137LocationCherokee and Smith countiesLength5.233 mi (8.422 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2137 (FM 2137) runs about 5.2 miles (8.4 km) from an intersection with FM 855 in Cherokee County northeast to an intersection with FM 344 in Smith County. FM 2137 was designated on October 28, 1953. FM 2138 Farm to Market Road 2138LocationCherokee CountyLength10.903 mi (17.547 km)Existed1953–present RM 2139 Ranch to Market Road 2139LocationSterling CountyLength12.847 mi (20.675 km)ExistedNovember 3, 1972–present Ranch to Market Road 2139 (RM 2139) is located in Sterling County. State maintenance and the RM 2139 designation begin at a point on Old Big Lake Road southwest of Sterling City. The route travels northeast 12.8 miles (20.6 km) to an intersection with SH 163. RM 2139 was designated on November 3, 1972, running from SH 163 southwestward 5 miles (8.0 km). It was extended 4 miles (6.4 km) on October 21, 1981. FM 2139 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2139LocationCherokee CountyExistedOctober 28, 1953–January 31, 1972 Farm to Market Road 2139 (FM 2139) was designated in Cherokee County on October 28, 1953, from FM 752 southeastward 6.5 miles (10.5 km) to SH 294 at Alto. FM 2139 was cancelled on January 31, 1972, and combined with FM 752. FM 2140 Farm to Market Road 2140LocationShelby CountyLength2.875 mi (4.627 km)Existed1953–present FM 2141 Farm to Market Road 2141LocationShelby CountyLength1.87 mi (3.01 km)Existed1953–present FM 2142 Farm to Market Road 2142LocationFisher and Jones countiesLength11.091 mi (17.849 km)ExistedMarch 29, 1957–present FM 2142 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2142LocationAustin CountyExistedOctober 28, 1953–October 15, 1954 The original FM 2142 as designated on October 28, 1953, from SH 36 in Sealy to a point 5.4 miles (8.7 km) northwest. On September 27, 1954, the road was extended northwest 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to FM 1088 (now FM 949). FM 2142 was cancelled on October 15, 1954, and became a portion of FM 1094. FM 2143 Farm to Market Road 2143LocationCalhoun CountyLength4.589 mi (7.385 km)Existed1953–present FM 2144 Farm to Market Road 2144LocationColorado CountyLength5.159 mi (8.303 km)Existed1953–present FM 2145 Farm to Market Road 2145LocationFayette CountyLength10.052 mi (16.177 km)Existed1953–present FM 2146 Farm to Market Road 2146LocationAtascosa CountyLength12.76 mi (20.54 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2146 (FM 2146) is located in Atascosa County. FM 2146 begins at an intersection with FM 1333 north of Charlotte. The highway travels in a more eastern direction and turns northeast at County Road 300. FM 2146 has a brief overlap with SH 173 northwest of Jourdanton and runs through the town of Amphion. The highway continues to run in a northeast direction and ends at an intersection with FM 476 northwest of Poteet. FM 2146 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from FM 476 near Poteet to SH 173 at a distance of 6.3 miles (10.1 km). The highway was extended southwestward of SH 173 on September 5, 1973, absorbing FM 3235 in the process. Junction list The entire route is in Atascosa County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​0.00.0 FM 1333 – Charlotte ​6.310.1 SH 173 north – DevineSouth end of SH 173 overlap ​6.610.6 SH 173 south – JourdantonNorth end of SH 173 overlap ​13.121.1 FM 476 – Somerset, Poteet 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus RM 2147 Ranch to Market Road 2147LocationLlano and Burnet countiesLength13.278 mi (21.369 km)ExistedSeptember 27, 1960–present Ranch to Market Road 2147 (RM 2147) is located in Llano and Burnet counties. RM 2147 begins at an intersection with SH 71 near Horseshoe Bay. The highway travels through Horseshoe Bay and Cottonwood Shores, running parallel to the Colorado River, Lake LBJ and Lake Marble Falls. RM 2147 enters the southern portion of Marble Falls and begins an overlap with US 281. The two highways travel south and RM 2147 leaves the overlap and travels in a mostly eastward direction before ending at County Road 402. RM 2147 was designated on September 27, 1960, running from US 281 to the Alvin Writz Dam at a distance of 4.7 miles (7.6 km). The highway was extended 5.1 miles (8.2 km) to RM 93 (now SH 71) on June 28, 1963. RM 2147 was extended along US 281 and 4.3 miles (6.9 km) east of US 281 on November 5, 1971. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes Llano​0.00.0 SH 71 – Llano, Austin BurnetMarble Falls9.515.3 US 281 north – BurnetWest end of US 281 overlap 11.017.7 US 281 south – Johnson CityEast end of US 281 overlap ​14.823.8County Road 402 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus FM 2147 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2147LocationFrio CountyExistedOctober 28, 1953–December 16, 1959 FM 2147 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from FM 472 at Big Foot to a road intersection at a distance of 7.0 miles (11.3 km). FM 2147 became part of FM 472 on May 18, 1954, and FM 2147 was reassigned to an 8.4 miles (13.5 km) route from FM 472 to US 81 at Moore that was a redesignation of the old route of FM 472. FM 2147 was cancelled on December 16, 1959, with the mileage being transferred to FM 462. FM 2148 Farm to Market Road 2148LocationBowie CountyLength11.893 mi (19.140 km)Existed1953–present FM 2149 Farm to Market Road 2149LocationBowie CountyLength11.768 mi (18.939 km)Existed1953–present FM 2150 Farm to Market Road 2150LocationLubbock and Crosby countiesLength5.795 mi (9.326 km)ExistedSeptember 21, 1955–present Farm to Market Road 2150 (FM 2150) is located in Lubbock and Crosby counties. FM 2150 begins at an intersection with Bus. US 84 in Slaton. The highway travels in an eastern direction through rural areas and enters Crosby County before state maintenance ends at County Road 254. The current FM 2150 was designated on September 21, 1955, running from US 84 eastward to a road intersection at a distance of 3.8 miles (6.1 km). The highway was extended 1.0 mile (1.6 km) eastward to the Crosby County line on November 24, 1959. FM 2150 was extended eastward 1.1 miles (1.8 km) on November 3, 1972. FM 2150 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2150LocationCass CountyExistedOctober 28, 1953–November 1, 1954 FM 2150 was first designated on October 28, 1953, running from SH 11 at Hughes Springs northward to a road intersection at a distance of 4.7 miles (7.6 km). The highway was cancelled and combined with FM 161 on November 1, 1954. FM 2151 Farm to Market Road 2151LocationCass CountyExistedOctober 28, 1953–June 5, 1987 Farm to Market Road 2151 (FM 2151) was located in Cass County. It was designated on October 28, 1953, running from FM 249 south of Bloomburg to SH 77 at a distance of 4.7 miles (7.6 km). The highway was cancelled on June 5, 1987, with the mileage being transferred to FM 3129. FM 2152 Farm to Market Road 2152LocationTitus CountyLength8.423 mi (13.556 km)Existed1953–present FM 2153 Farm to Market Road 2153LocationDenton CountyLength5.845 mi (9.407 km)ExistedSeptember 21, 1955–present Farm to Market Road 2153 (FM 2153) is located in Denton County, running from FM 2164 east of Sanger to FM 428 northeast of Denton. The current FM 2153 was designated on September 21, 1955, running from SH 10 (now FM 428) to a road intersection at a distance of 4.3 miles (6.9 km). The highway was extended 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to FM 2164 in 1960. FM 2153 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2153LocationMcMullen CountyExistedOctober 28, 1953–October 27, 1954 A previous route numbered FM 2153 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from FM 63 at Calliham northward at a distance of 5.5 miles (8.9 km). On October 13, 1954, the road was extended north 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to the Live Oak County line. The highway was cancelled and combined with FM 99 on October 27, 1954. FM 2154 Farm to Market Road 2154LocationBrazos CountyLength19.747 mi (31.780 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2154 (FM 2154) is located in Brazos County. It runs from SH 6, 4.5 miles (7.2 km) northwest of Navasota, northwestward via Millican and Wellborn, to FM 60 in College Station. It is known as Wellborn Road in College Station, which continues past its terminus at FM 60 into Bryan. Much of the route parallels a Union Pacific Railroad line, which serves as the dividing line between the Main Campus and the West Campus of Texas A&M University. FM 2154 was designated on October 28, 1953, from FM 60 in College Station southeast and south 6.7 miles (10.8 km) to Wellborn. On October 31, 1958, the road was extended 8.3 miles (13.4 km) to Millican. On May 6, 1964, a 5.5-mile (8.9 km) section from Millican to SH 6 was added and the currency with FM 159 in Millican was removed. On December 14, 1989, a 1.6-mile (2.6 km) section from the end of the route to FM 1179 was added. On June 1, 1991, a new one way pair was proposed between FM 2154 and FM 3518 between FM 60 and FM 1179, replacing FM 3518, but this was not included in the mileage of FM 2154 as it was a one-way pair. On June 27, 1995, the section from FM 2818 to FM 1179 was redesignated Urban Road 2154 (UR 2154); the 1989 extension was also cancelled. The designation of this segment reverted to FM 2154 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. Junction list The entire route is in Brazos County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​0.00.0 SH 6 – College Station, NavasotaInterchange; future I-14 Millican5.18.2 FM 159 College Station15.024.1 SH 40 east (William D. Fitch Parkway) 17.227.7 FM 2818 (Harvey Mitchell Parkway)Interchange 18.830.3 FM 2347 east (George Bush Drive) – Easterwood Airport, George Bush Library 19.230.9Old Main Drive – Texas A&M UniversityInterchange 19.731.7 FM 60 (University Drive, Raymond Stotzer Parkway)Interchange 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2155 Farm to Market Road 2155LocationBurleson CountyLength5.372 mi (8.645 km)Existed1953–present FM 2156 Farm to Market Road 2156LocationErath and Comanche countiesLength14.002 mi (22.534 km)Existed1953–present FM 2157 Farm to Market Road 2157LocationHoward CountyLength7.3 mi (11.7 km)ExistedAugust 30, 1988–present Farm to Market Road 2157 (FM 2157) is a proposed road from FM 700 southwestward 7.3 miles (11.7 km) to US 87 in Big Spring. FM 2157 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2157LocationErath and Hood countiesExistedOctober 28, 1953–December 20, 1984 A previous route numbered FM 2157 was designated on October 28, 1953, from US 281 in Stephenville east 4.3 miles (6.9 km) to a road intersection. On August 24, 1955, the road was extended east 7.4 miles (11.9 km) to a road intersection in Cedar Point. On May 6, 1964, the road was extended east 4.3 miles (6.9 km). On November 25, 1975, the road was extended east and north 0.4 miles (0.64 km) to the county line. On January 2, 1976, the road was extended northeast 9.3 miles (15.0 km) to US 377 west of Tolar, replacing FM 2870, but six months later this section was transferred back to FM 2870 while FM 2157 was rerouted to FM 204 near Paluxy. FM 2157 was cancelled on December 20, 1984, by district request and transferred to FM 205; at the same time, FM 204 was transferred to FM 51. FM 2158 Farm to Market Road 2158LocationMadison CountyLength5.057 mi (8.138 km)Existed1953–present FM 2159 Farm to Market Road 2159LocationRobertson CountyLength8.566 mi (13.786 km)Existed1953–present FM 2160 Farm to Market Road 2160LocationHouston CountyLength3.07 mi (4.94 km)ExistedSeptember 21, 1956–present FM 2160 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2160LocationWalker CountyExistedOctober 29, 1953–September 29, 1955 A previous route numbered FM 2160 was designated on October 29, 1953, from US 75 at New Waverly northwest 6.2 miles (10.0 km) to a road intersection. FM 2160 was cancelled on September 29, 1955, and transferred to FM 1374. FM 2161 Farm to Market Road 2161LocationCarson CountyLength12.781 mi (20.569 km)Existed1953–present FM 2162 Farm to Market Road 2162LocationDonley CountyLength9.637 mi (15.509 km)Existed1953–present FM 2163 Farm to Market Road 2163LocationHaskell CountyLength17.062 mi (27.459 km)Existed1953–present FM 2164 Farm to Market Road 2164LocationDenton CountyLength9.784 mi (15.746 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2164 (FM 2164) is located in Denton County. FM 2164 begins at an intersection with US 77 in Denton. The highway travels along N. Locust Street and travels through suburban areas of the city with the route becoming more rural north of Loop 288. FM 2164 leaves the city near FM 3163 and travels through farm land with some rural subdivisions and has a brief overlap with FM 455 in eastern Sanger near the southwestern shore of Lake Ray Roberts. The highway ends at an intersection with FM 1190 west of the lake. FM 2164 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from US 77 northward to a road intersection at a distance of 4.2 miles (6.8 km). The highway was extended 1.2 miles (1.9 km) to a road intersection north of Clear Creek on October 31, 1957. FM 2164 was extended to FM 455 on January 24, 1959. The section of highway between US 77 and Loop 288 was internally redesignated as Urban Road 2164 (UR 2164) on June 27, 1995. The designation reverted to FM 2164 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. Junction list The entire route is in Denton County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Denton0.00.0 US 77 – Denton, Gainesville 1.32.1 Loop 288 4.06.4 FM 3163 west ​7.411.9 FM 2153 east to FM 428 Sanger9.214.8 FM 455 east – Pilot PointSouth end of FM 455 overlap 9.315.0 FM 455 west – SangerNorth end of FM 455 overlap ​9.815.8 FM 1190 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2165 Farm to Market Road 2165LocationAransas CountyLength2.421 mi (3.896 km)Existed1953–present RM 2166 Ranch to Market Road 2166LocationTom Green CountyLength3.731 mi (6.004 km)ExistedJune 2, 1967–present FM 2166 Farm to Market Road 2166LocationHall and Collingsworth countiesExistedOctober 28, 1953–June 1, 1966 FM 2167 Farm to Market Road 2167 (FM 2167) is a designation that has been used twice. No highway currently uses the FM 2167 designation. FM 2167 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2167LocationWheeler CountyExistedOctober 29, 1953–June 1, 1962 The first route numbered FM 2167 was designated on October 28, 1953, from US 83 in Wheeler southwest and west 5.8 miles (9.3 km) to a road intersection. On May 26, 1954, the eastern terminus was moved to SH 152. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended west and south 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to a point across the Red River. FM 2167 was cancelled on June 1, 1962, and transferred to FM 2473. FM 2167 (1963) Farm to Market Road 2167LocationBriscoe CountyExistedMarch 21, 1963–October 27, 1994 The second route numbered FM 2167 was designated on March 21, 1963, from SH 256 9.5 miles (15.3 km) east of Silverton, south 1.3 miles (2.1 km) to the Haynes Boy Scout Camp (now Caprock Canyons State Park and Trailway). This route was formerly FM 1986 from 1954 to 1956. TxDOT stopped maintaining the road on February 3, 1982, after a locked gate was set up across the road, although it retained the FM designation. FM 2167 was cancelled and removed from the state highway system on October 27, 1994, because the road was blocked by the gate. FM 2168 Farm to Market Road 2168LocationWheeler CountyLength3.118 mi (5.018 km)Existed1953–present FM 2169 Farm to Market Road 2169LocationKimble CountyLength15.62 mi (25.14 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2169 (FM 2169) is located in Kimble County in the Texas Hill Country. FM 2169 begins at an intersection with US 377 in Junction. The highway runs south along Flatorck Lane and leaves the Junction city limits after crossing the South Llano River and turns to the east near the campus of Texas Tech University at Junction and runs through hilly terrain and intersects with Loop 481. FM 2169 has a short overlap with Loop 481 and leaves the overlap near Lake Junction before reentering Junction along Martinez Street and interchanging with I-10/US 83. The highway traverses hilly terrain, running east and south before meeting I-10 again, this time in Segovia. FM 2169 continues to run through hills and intersects with RM 479 before ending at I-10 northwest of Mountain Home. FM 2169 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from US 290 near Junction, northeastward and eastward at a distance of 2.7 miles (4.3 km). The highway was extended 7.0 miles (11.3 km) to US 290 near Segovia on October 31. 1957. FM 2169 was extended 1.5 miles (2.4 km) southwest of US 290 near Junction on October 31, 1958. The highway was extended 3.93 miles (6.32 km) over an old section of US 290 on November 31, 1969, with the construction of I-10. FM 2169 was extended 0.7 miles (1.1 km) along Flatrock Lane in Junction to US 377 on January 28, 2010. Junction list The entire route is in Kimble County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Junction0.00.0 US 377 – Rocksprings ​2.13.4 Loop 481 eastWest end of Loop 481 overlap ​2.43.9 Loop 481 west – JunctionEast end of Loop 481 overlap Junction3.35.3 I-10 / US 83 – Fort Stockton, San AntonioI-10 exit 457 Segovia12.319.8 I-10 – San AntonioI-10 exit 465 ​15.825.4 RM 479 south – Noxville ​16.526.6 I-10I-10 exit 472 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus FM 2170 Farm to Market Road 2170LocationCollin CountyLength1.63 mi (2.62 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2170 (FM 2170) is located in Collin County. FM 2170 begins at an intersection with FM 2551 (Angel Parkway) in Allen. The highway travels east and enters Lucas near Lovejoy High School. FM 2170 travels through the Lovejoy area and ends at an intersection with FM 1378 (Country Club Road). The highway is known as Main Street in Allen and Estates Parkway in Lucas. FM 2170 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from SH 121 southeastward to US 75 near Allen at a distance of 4.3 miles (6.9 km). The highway was extended 5.5 miles (8.9 km) southeastward of US 75 to a road intersection in Parker on October 26, 1954. The section of FM 2170 between SH 121 and US 75 was cancelled, as 2.3 miles (3.7 km) were renumbered as FM 2319 and FM 2170 was rerouted to continue west to the US 75 freeway. On September 27, 1957, FM 2319 was cancelled in exchange for extending FM 2448 (later became part of FM 2478, but this section was given to the city in 1988; FM 2448 was reassigned to another route) north from Bethany to SH 121. FM 2170 was rerouted again on October 31, 1958, with part of FM 2170 absorbing a section of FM 2551 with part of the old FM 2170 becoming a part of FM 1378. The highway was extended 3.3 miles (5.3 km) to FM 2478 on June 28, 1963. The entire highway was internally redesignated as Urban Road 2170 (UR 2170) on June 27, 1995. On August 28, 1997, the section west of SH 5 was given to the city of Allen. On September 30, 2004, the section west of FM 2551 as given to the city of Allen. The designation of the remaining segment of UR 2170 reverted to FM 2170 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. FM 2171 Farm to Market Road 2171LocationHutchinson CountyLength4.322 mi (6.956 km)Existed1953–present FM 2172 Farm to Market Road 2172LocationLipscomb CountyLength9.088 mi (14.626 km)Existed1953–present FM 2173 Farm to Market Road 2173LocationBexar CountyExistedOctober 28, 1953–September 4, 1973 Farm to Market Road 2173 (FM 2173) was located in southwest Bexar County. FM 2173 was designated on October 28, 1953, from US 81 (now I-35), 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of Von Ormy, north 4.4 miles (7.1 km) to Macdona. On September 21, 1955, a 4.0-mile (6.4 km) section from US 81 to FM 1518 at Somerset was added. On January 27, 1971, a section from Macdona to a point 1.32 miles (2.12 km) south was cancelled. FM 2173 was cancelled on September 4, 1973: the section from FM 1518 to a point 0.5 miles (0.80 km) north was cancelled and the section from 0.5 miles (0.80 km) north of FM 1518 to a point 6.2 miles (10.0 km) became FM 1604 (now Loop 1604). FM 2174 Farm to Market Road 2174LocationHood and Somervell countiesLength4.253 mi (6.845 km)Existed1953–present FM 2175 Farm to Market Road 2175LocationMatagorda CountyLength2.137 mi (3.439 km)Existed1953–present FM 2176 Farm to Market Road 2176LocationPotter CountyLength6.049 mi (9.735 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2176 (FM 2176) is located in Potter County, mostly traveling through more rural areas of northwestern Amarillo. FM 2176 begins at the intersection of Broadway Drive and Hughes Street. The highway travels north along Broadway Drive and runs along the western edge of the Ross Golf Course until intersecting Hastings Avenue. FM 2176 passes a vineyard and leaves the city limits at an interchange with Loop 335. The highway briefly travels through suburban areas of unincorporated Potter County and turns east onto Givens Avenue before ending at FM 1719. FM 2176 was designated on October 29, 1953, along its current route, except it extended north to US 87/US 287. The route was redesignated Urban Road 2176 (UR 2176) in 1995. On March 31, 2005, the section along Givens Avenue was transferred to FM 1719. The designation of the remaining segment of UR 2176 reverted to FM 2176 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. FM 2177 Farm to Market Road 2177LocationOrange CountyLength1.936 mi (3.116 km)Existed1953–present FM 2178 Farm to Market Road 2178LocationYoung and Archer countiesLength18.781 mi (30.225 km)Existed1953–present FM 2179 Farm to Market Road 2179LocationYoung CountyLength6.206 mi (9.988 km)Existed1953–present FM 2180 Farm to Market Road 2180LocationBaylor CountyLength4.922 mi (7.921 km)Existed1953–present FM 2181 Farm to Market Road 2181LocationDenton CountyLength8.605 mi (13.848 km)ExistedSeptember 21, 1955–present Farm to Market Road 2181 (FM 2181) is located in the northern part of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. The highway runs as a "loop" of I-35E, serving many housing developments in Corinth, Copper Canyon, and Denton. FM 2181 begins at an intersection with I-35E in southern Corinth, near Lake Dallas and Hickory. To the east of this intersection, the road continues as Swisher Road towards the Lewisville Lake Toll Bridge. FM 2181 runs as an east–west highway from I-35E to Old Alton Road, despite being signed north–south. The highway turns north, running through the southern part of Denton. At Teasley Road, the highway turns west–east again, and then turns north–south, before ending at I-35E a few miles southeast of UNT. Teasley Road continues north of I-35 as a local road. As of 2015 the stretch between I-35E in Corinth and FM 2499 is being widened to a divided highway to accommodate urban growth. The current FM 2181 was designated on September 21, 1955, from Bus. US 77 south 4.0 miles (6.4 km). On May 2, 1962, it was extended south and east 5.4 miles (8.7 km) to I-35E. On May 16, 1988, the section from US 77 south to I-35E was removed from the state highway system. In 1995, the route was redesignated Urban Road 2181 (UR 2181). The designation reverted to FM 2181 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. Junction list The entire highway is in Denton County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Corinth0.00.0 I-35E / Swisher RoadI-35E exit 458; southern terminus; continues east as Swisher Road. 3.25.1 FM 2499 (Village Parkway) – Flower Mound, CorinthBarrel Strap Road north of FM 2181 Denton8.613.8 I-35EI-35E exit 465A; northern terminus. 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2181 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2181LocationBaylor CountyExistedOctober 28, 1953–August 24, 1955 FM 2181 was designated on October 28, 1953, from SH 199 (now SH 114), 1.2 miles (1.9 km) southeast of Wendover, south and west 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to a road intersection. On April 20, 1954, the eastern terminus was relocated farther east along SH 199, lengthening the route by 0.7 miles (1.1 km). FM 2181 was cancelled on August 21, 1955, and transferred to FM 1285. FM 2182 Farm to Market Road 2182LocationCochran CountyLength2.174 mi (3.499 km)ExistedNovember 24, 1959–present FM 2182 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2182LocationWichita and Wilbarger countiesExistedOctober 29, 1953–February 2, 1959 A previous route numbered FM 2182 was designated on October 29, 1953, from SH 25, 1.1 miles (1.8 km) south of Electra, southwest 7.5 miles (12.1 km) to a road intersection. FM 2182 was cancelled on February 2, 1959, and transferred to FM 1811. FM 2183 Farm to Market Road 2183LocationMitchell and Howard countiesLength13.584 mi (21.861 km)ExistedMarch 29, 1957–present FM 2183 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2183LocationWilbarger CountyExistedOctober 29, 1953–November 1, 1955 A previous route numbered FM 2183 was designated on October 29, 1953, from US 70, northwest 1.9 miles (3.1 km) to the Foard County line. FM 2183 was cancelled on November 1, 1955, and transferred to FM 98. FM 2184 Farm to Market Road 2184LocationBell CountyLength10.412 mi (16.756 km)Existed1953–present FM 2185 Farm to Market Road 2185LocationCulberson CountyLength41.818 mi (67.300 km)Existed1953–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 2185KML is not from Wikidata Farm to Market Road 2185 (FM 2185) is located in Culberson County in West Texas. It is 81 miles (130 km) in length. The southern terminus of FM 2185 is at SH 54 in Van Horn. FM 2118 follows East 9th Street east out of Van Horn towards Culberson County Airport. It intersects FM 2809. The highway continues northward to RM 652. FM 2185 was established on October 28, 1953, as a 15.0-mile-long (24.1 km) road from its current southern terminus at SH 54 in Van Horn, northeastward to Wild Horse Farming District. On July 11, 1968, the highway was extended approximately 11.5 miles (18.5 km) northeastward. It was extended again on October 1 of that year to RM 652, a total of approximately 81.1 miles (130.5 km). On April 30, 1991, FM 2185 was split into two segments, as the central section (from 12.7 miles (20.4 km) south of RM 652 to 6.2 miles (10.0 km) south of RM 652) was removed from the state highway system and returned to the county for maintenance. On January 26, 2006, the northern section of FM 2185 was redesignated FM 3541, and the section from 42.4 miles (68.2 km) northeast of SH 54 to 12.7 miles (20.4 km) south of RM 652 was removed from the state highway system and returned to the county for maintenance. On August 27, 2020, the deleted portions of FM 2185 were restored, replacing FM 3541 and returning the road to its previous length. FM 2186 Farm to Market Road 2186LocationRanadll CountyLength7.429 mi (11.956 km)ExistedOctober 31, 1958–present Farm to Market Road 2186 (FM 2186) is located in Randall County, running southwest of Amarillo. FM 2186 begins at an intersection with Bushland Road near a rural subdivision. The highway travels east along Hollywood Road through mostly rural areas of Randall County. FM 2186 passes by a subdivision near FM 2590 and enters Amarillo before ending at an intersection with Loop 335. The current FM 2186 was designated on October 31, 1958, running from US 60/US 87 southwest of Amarillo to a road intersection at a distance of 8.5 miles (13.7 km). Part of FM 2186 was transferred to Loop 335 when that highway was extended around southern and western Amarillo in 1977. On April 26, 2018, the section of FM 2186 from Helium Road to FM 2590 (old intersection of Loop 335) was transferred to Loop 335 when it was rerouted. FM 2186 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2186LocationTom Green CountyExistedOctober 29, 1953–March 24, 1958 A previous route numbered FM 2186 was designated on October 29, 1953, running from US 87 near Water Valley southwestward and westward at a distance of 8.2 miles (13.2 km). The highway was cancelled on March 24, 1958, with the mileage being transferred to RM 2034. FM 2187 Farm to Market Road 2187LocationAustin CountyLength11.904 mi (19.158 km)ExistedJune 28, 1963–present FM 2187 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2187LocationSan Patricio CountyExistedOctober 29, 1953–July 24, 1963 A previous route numbered FM 2187 was designated on October 29, 1953, from FM 630, south 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to SH 9 (now I-37) at Edroy. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended north 5.0 miles (8.0 km) from FM 630 to a road intersection. FM 2187 was cancelled on July 24, 1963, and transferred to FM 796. FM 2188 Farm to Market Road 2188LocationMcLennan CountyLength2.232 mi (3.592 km)ExistedOctober 31, 1957–present FM 2188 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2188LocationMontague CountyExistedDecember 2, 1953–January 10, 1957 A previous route numbered FM 2188 was designated on December 2, 1953, from SH 175 in Montague northwest 4.6 miles (7.4 km) to a county road. FM 2188 was cancelled on January 10, 1957, and transferred to FM 1806. FM 2189 Farm to Market Road 2189LocationSan Augustine CountyLength1.713 mi (2.757 km)ExistedApril 25, 1978–present Farm to Market Road 2189 (FM 2189) is located in San Augustine County. It runs from FM 2390 southeastward 1.7 miles (2.7 km) before state maintenance ends. The route is located within the Angelina National Forest. FM 2189 was designated on April 25, 1978, along the current route. FM 2189 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2189LocationBailey CountyExistedDecember 2, 1953–September 19, 1968 A previous route numbered FM 2189 was designated in Bailey County on December 2, 1953, from SH 214, 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Enochs, east 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to FM 54. FM 2189 was cancelled on September 19, 1968, and became a portion of FM 37. RM 2189 Ranch to Market Road 2189LocationReeves CountyExistedAugust 4, 1971–July 31, 1974 Ranch to Market Road 2189 (RM 2189) was designated in Reeves County on August 4, 1971, from I-10, about 3.6 miles (5.8 km) south of I-20, to a point 2.5 miles (4.0 km) southeast as a replacement of a section of US 290, which was rerouted along I-10. RM 2189 was cancelled on July 31, 1974, due to low traffic counts. FM 2190 Farm to Market Road 2190LocationJack CountyLength13.105 mi (21.090 km)ExistedNovember 21, 1956–present FM 2190 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2190LocationBailey CountyExistedDecember 2, 1953–November 1, 1954 A previous route numbered FM 2190 was designated on December 2, 1953, from FM 1760, 7.5 miles (12.1 km) east of the TX/NM state line, north 2.7 miles (4.3 km) to the Palmer County line. Eleven months later FM 2190 was cancelled and transferred to FM 1731. FM 2191 Farm to Market Road 2191LocationBrooks CountyLength12.338 mi (19.856 km)Existed1953–present FM 2192 Farm to Market Road 2192LocationLubbock and Lynn countiesLength7.062 mi (11.365 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2192 (FM 2192) is located in Lubbock and Lynn counties in the South Plains region. FM 2192 begins at an intersection with FM 211 near Wilson. The highway travels in a mostly northern direction, briefly running in a western direction at Lynn County Road 2. FM 2192 enters into Lubbock County just south of County Road 7900 (210th Street). The highway ends at an intersection with FM 41, with the roadway continuing north as County Road 2730 (which eventually becomes FM 3431). FM 2192 was designated on December 2, 1953, running from FM 211 near Wilson to the Lubbock County line at a distance of 6.0 miles (9.7 km). The highway was extended 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to FM 41 on February 1, 1957. FM 2193 Farm to Market Road 2193LocationWashington CountyLength2.722 mi (4.381 km)ExistedOctober 29, 1953–present Farm to Market Road 2193 (FM 2193) is located in Washington County. It runs from SH 105 east to FM 1155. FM 2193 was designated on October 29, 1953, from SH 90 (now SH 105), 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Brenham, east 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to a road intersection. On August 24, 1955, the road was extended south 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to US 290, replacing FM 2194. On December 19, 1956, an 8.2-mile (13.2 km) section from US 290 north to FM 1155 was transferred to FM 1155. FM 2194 Farm to Market Road 2194LocationCollin and Hunt countiesLength14.216 mi (22.878 km)Existed1955–present FM 2194 (1953) Farm to Market Road 2194LocationWashington CountyExistedOctober 29, 1953–September 20, 1955 A previous route numbered FM 2194 was designated on October 29, 1953, from US 290 (now FM 1371) at Chappell Hill north 8.2 miles (13.2 km) to a road intersection. On August 24, 1954, the road was extended south 0.69 miles (1.11 km) over a former section of US 290 to new US 290. FM 2194 was cancelled on September 20, 1955, and transferred to FM 2193 (now FM 1155). FM 2195 Farm to Market Road 2195LocationCochran CountyLength5.518 mi (8.880 km)Existed1953–present FM 2196 Farm to Market Road 2196LocationTerry and Yoakum countiesLength29.206 mi (47.003 km)Existed1953–present Farm to Market Road 2196 (FM 2196) is located in Terry and Yoakum counties in the South Plains region. FM 2196 begins at an intersection with SH 214 north of Plains. The highway travels in an eastern direction through rural areas with farm and ranch land with oil pumps before ending at an intersection with US 385 north of Brownfield. FM 2196 serves as a relief route for US 82/US 380 between Plains and Brownfield, as the highway runs closely parallel to that highway between the two towns. FM 2196 was designated on December 2, 1953, running from FM 402 northward and westward at a distance of 6.0 miles (9.7 km). The highway was extended 5.6 miles (9.0 km) westward to a road intersection on October 26, 1954. FM 2196 was rerouted; the section from FM 402 northward 2.2 miles (3.5 km) was transferred to the new FM 3262, and FM 2196 was rerouted to FM 1780 on October 26, 1975, replacing the old FM 3262. The highway was extended 12.0 miles (19.3 km) from FM 1780 to SH 214 on January 30, 1989. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes Yoakum​0.00.0 SH 214 – Morton, Plains ​12.019.3 FM 1780 – Whiteface, Seagraves Terry​20.633.2 FM 3262 south ​23.537.8 FM 303 ​29.247.0 US 385 – Levelland, Brownfield 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2197 Farm to Market Road 2197LocationLamb CountyLength5.862 mi (9.434 km)Existed1953–present FM 2198 Farm to Market Road 2198LocationHarrison CountyLength4.963 mi (7.987 km)Existed1953–present FM 2199 Farm to Market Road 2199LocationHarrison CountyLength6.487 mi (10.440 km)ExistedDecember 2, 1953–present Farm to Market Road 2199 (FM 2199) is located in Harrison County. Its southern terminus is at FM 31 at Crossroads. The route runs north, crossing I-20 at exit 624 and intersecting US 80. FM 2199 enters Scottsville, crossing a Union Pacific railroad line before reaching its northern terminus at FM 1998. The roadway continues beyond this point as Harkins Lane. FM 2199 was designated on December 2, 1953, from US 80 to FM 1998. It was extended south to FM 31 on August 24, 1955. Notes ^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 2102 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 626. ^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 2114 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 308. ^ FM 2134 was designated as RM 2134 from October 31, 1957, to May 5, 1992. ^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 2146 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 173. ^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of RM 2147 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 281. ^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 2169 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with Loop 481 and the Interstate 10 frontage road. References ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2100". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1752. Retrieved July 17, 2023. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1702. Retrieved July 17, 2023. ^ a b "Minute Order 109405" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. August 28, 2003. Retrieved July 17, 2023. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1652. Retrieved July 17, 2023. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2100". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Minute Order 115371" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2020. ^ Taylor, David (October 6, 2010). "FM 2100 the most dangerous in Crosby". The Lake Houston Observer. Retrieved July 17, 2023 – via chron.com. ^ Taylor, David (March 10, 2023). "TxDOT plans tentative reopening of Crosby's FM 2100 this weekend after years of construction". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 17, 2023. ^ Feuk, Melanie (December 19, 2016). "Widening of FM2100 in Huffman proposed". The Lake Houston Observer. Retrieved July 17, 2023 – via chron.com. ^ Lapin, Elliott (August 3, 2018). "TxDOT's $50 million FM 2100 construction project remains unfunded". The Lake Houston Observer. Retrieved July 17, 2023 – via chron.com. ^ "Draft Environmental Assessment: FM 2100: Huffman-Cleveland Road (North) to SH 99 (Grand Parkway)" (PDF). Texas Department of Transportation. February 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2101". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 626. Retrieved January 28, 2022. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 584. Retrieved January 28, 2022. ^ Google (October 26, 2012). "FM 2101 Overview Map with Major Intersections" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 26, 2012. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2102". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 35". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2103". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 256. Retrieved July 17, 2023. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 257. Retrieved July 17, 2023. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2104". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Google (February 11, 2018). "Route of FM 2104" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2105". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2105". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 597". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2106". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Google (February 9, 2018). "Route of FM 2106" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2107". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2108". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Google (February 12, 2018). "Route of FM 2108" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 12, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2109". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2662". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 12, 2018. ^ Google (February 12, 2018). "Route of FM 2109" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 12, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2110". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Google (February 13, 2018). "Route of FM 2110" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2111". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 225". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2112". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Google (February 11, 2018). "Route of FM 2112" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2113". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2113". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Google (February 10, 2018). "Route of FM 2113" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2114". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 53". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 13, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2411". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 13, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1888". Highway Designation Files. 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"Farm to Market Road No. 303". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2130". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Google (February 8, 2018). "Route of FM 2130" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2131". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2132". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2133". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. 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Ivie Reservoir from the Handbook of Texas Online (May 1, 1995). Retrieved July 18, 2023. ^ "Minute Order 88109" (PDF). Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. November 29, 1988. Retrieved July 18, 2023. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Recreational Road No. 11". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 18, 2023. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2135". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2136". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2137". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. 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Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 3235". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ Google (February 11, 2018). "Route of FM 2146" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2147". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Google (February 10, 2018). "Route of RM 2147" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 462". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2148". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2149". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2150". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 161". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2151". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 3129". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2152". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2153". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 99". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 12, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2154". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 3518". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2154". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ Google (February 8, 2018). "Route of FM 2154" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 8, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2155". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2156". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2157". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2158". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2159". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2160". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2161". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2162". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2163". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2164". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2164". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 13, 2018. ^ Google (February 13, 2018). "Route of FM 2164" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 13, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2165". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2166". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2167". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2473". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2168". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2169". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Google (February 10, 2018). "Route of FM 2169" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2170". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2319". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2551". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1378". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2170". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2171". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2172". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2173". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1604". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2174". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2175". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2176". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2176". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2177". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2178". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2179". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2180". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2181". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2181". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ Google (February 10, 2018). "Route of FM 2181" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1285". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2182". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2183". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2184". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2185". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1294. Retrieved December 23, 2022. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1240. Retrieved December 23, 2022. ^ a b "Minute Order 115840" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. August 27, 2020. Retrieved December 22, 2022. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2186". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 335". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/0426/9e.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2034". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2187". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2188". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b c d e f Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2189". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1231. Retrieved July 17, 2023. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2190". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2191". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2192". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farm to Market Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm-to-market_road"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation"}],"text":"Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).","title":"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2100–2199)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harris County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bus. US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_Business_(Houston,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"FM 1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1942"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1752-2"},{"link_name":"Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1960"},{"link_name":"Huffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffman,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1702-3"},{"link_name":"Lake Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Houston"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MO_109405-4"},{"link_name":"FM 1485","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1485"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1652-5"},{"link_name":"FM 1008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1008"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-7"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Farm_to_Market_Roads_in_Texas_(2100%E2%80%932199)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2100-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MO_109405-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor_2023-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feuk2016-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lapin2018-11"},{"link_name":"right of way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-of-way_(property_access)"},{"link_name":"SH 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_99"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM2100_North_Draft_EA-12"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2100 (FM 2100) is located in Harris County. The 14-mile-long (23 km) route has its southern terminus in Barrett at a junction with US 90 (Crosby Freeway), which also serves as the eastern terminus of Bus. US 90 and the western terminus of FM 1942.[2] FM 2100 runs northward via Crosby to an intersection FM 1960 in Huffman.[3] It continues northward, paralleling the eastern shore of Lake Houston, before state maintenance and the FM 2100 designation end. The roadway continues under county maintenance as Huffman-Cleveland Road,[4] which becomes FM 1485 about 4 miles (6.4 km) to the north.[5]FM 2100 was designated on October 28, 1953, from US 90 via Crosby to a point 6.2 miles (10.0 km) north. On September 29, 1954, the designation was extended north 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to FM 1008 (now FM 1960) at Huffman, and it was extended north an additional 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to Wolf Road on July 11, 1968. On September 29, 1977, it was extended northwest 2.1 miles (3.4 km). On June 27, 1995, the section from FM 1960 to US 90 was transferred to Urban Road 2100 (UR 2100).[6] The designation of this segment reverted to FM 2100 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[7] On August 28, 2003, the designation was extended north to FM 1485, pending improvements to Huffman-Cleveland Road; however, as of 2023[update], this portion is not part of the state highway system.[1][4]The southern segment, between US 90 and FM 1960, has long been considered one of the most dangerous roadways in the area.[8] Construction began in 2019 to expand FM 2100 from South Diamondhead Boulevard in Crosby to FM 1960 from a two-lane undivided roadway to a four-lane divided one. Originally scheduled for completion in January 2021, the project was finished in March 2023.[9]In 2016, TxDOT proposed widening FM 2100 from two lanes to four from the intersection with FM 1960 to the northern terminus.[10] The project was unfunded as of August 2018.[11]In February 2023, TxDOT completed its environmental assessment regarding the northern extension of FM 2100, which is proposed to run from the current northern terminus via Huffman-Cleveland Road before turning to the northeast along a new right of way to an interchange with SH 99 (Grand Parkway) at Plum Grove Road, east of the toll road's junction with FM 1485.[12]","title":"FM 2100"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2101-13"},{"link_name":"SH 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_34"},{"link_name":"Quinlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinlan,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_626-14"},{"link_name":"Lake Tawakoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tawakoni"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_584-15"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1570","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1570"},{"link_name":"Majors Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majors_Airport"},{"link_name":"FM 1564","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1564"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2101-13"},{"link_name":"Hunt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2101 (FM 2101) is located in Hunt County.[13]The southern terminus of FM 2101 is at SH 34 northeast of Quinlan.[14] From this location, the roadway travels to the east and briefly dips southward toward Lake Tawakoni before turning northward, roughly paralleling SH 34 for its entire length.[15] The route enters the city of Greenville and ends at FM 1570 at the western edge of Majors Airport.The southern section of FM 2101 was designated on October 28, 1953, and ran approximately 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from SH 34 along the northern shore of Lake Tawakoni. The route was extended northward, first to FM 1564 on September 27, 1960, and then to the current northern terminus at FM 1570 on May 7, 1970.[13]Junction listThe entire route is in Hunt County.","title":"FM 2101"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karnes County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnes_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_99"},{"link_name":"FM 626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_626"},{"link_name":"Kenedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenedy,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_72"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2102 (FM 2102) is located in Karnes County.FM 2102 begins at an intersection with FM 99 near Fashing. The highway travels in a mostly eastern direction and has a brief overlap with FM 626 west of Kenedy. FM 2102 continues to run in a more eastern direction before ending at an intersection with SH 72 in Kenedy.The current FM 2102 was designated on September 21, 1955, running from FM 626 near Lenz to SH 72 near Kenedy at a distance of 7.5 miles (12.1 km). The highway was extended 7.0 miles (11.3 km) from FM 626 to FM 99 on May 6, 1964.","title":"FM 2102"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Emory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_35"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"FM 2102 (1953)","text":"FM 2102 was first designated on October 28, 1953, running from US 69 at Emory westward at a distance of 5.8 miles (9.3 km). On October 26, 1954, the highway was extended west 7.4 miles (11.9 km) to the Hunt County line. The highway was cancelled and combined with FM 35 on November 29, 1954.[18]","title":"FM 2102"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Childress County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childress_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_256-21"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_257-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2103-20"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2103 (FM 2103) is located in southern Childress County. The western terminus is at an intersection with CR 5; the roadway west of here is CR 180.[20] FM 2103 travels eastward, with several turns to the north, before ending at an intersection with US 62/US 83; the roadway continues east as CR 178.[21]FM 2103 was designated on October 26, 1953, running from US 83 westward 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to a road intersection (present-day CR 202). It was extended 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to its current western terminus on November 21, 1956.[19]","title":"FM 2103"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bastrop County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastrop_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_153"},{"link_name":"Smithville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_290"},{"link_name":"Paige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paige,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bastrop County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastrop_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2104 (FM 2104) is located in Bastrop County. The highway travels from FM 153 near Smithville to US 290 in Paige.FM 2104 was designated on October 28, 1953, traveling from US 290 at Paige to a road intersection at a distance of 6.5 miles (10.5 km). The highway was extended 7.5 miles (12.1 km) to FM 153 on November 21, 1956.Junction listThe entire route is in Bastrop County.","title":"FM 2104"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Green County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Green_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Grape Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_Creek,_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Angelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Angelo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_208"},{"link_name":"US 277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_277_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_2105-26"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-7"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2105 (FM 2105) is located in Tom Green County.FM 2105 begins at US 87 between Grape Creek and San Angelo. The highway runs east just north of San Angelo and intersects SH 208 before ending at an intersection with US 277.The current FM 2105 was designated on October 31, 1957, along its current route. Despite running through more rural areas outside of the city, the entirety of the route was redesignated Urban Road 2105 (UR 2105) on June 27, 1995.[25] The designation reverted to FM 2105 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[7]","title":"FM 2105"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Abernathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abernathy,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_597"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"FM 2105 (1953)","text":"FM 2105 was first designated on October 28, 1953, running from US 87 in Abernathy east to a road intersection at a distance of 6.7 miles (10.8 km). The highway was cancelled on November 1, 1954, with the mileage being transferred to FM 597.[26]","title":"FM 2105"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garza County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garza_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Southland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Garza County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garza_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2106 (FM 2106) is located in Garza County. It begins at an intersection with CR 180 and runs north to an intersection with US 84 in Southland.FM 2106 was designated on October 28, 1953, along the current route.Junction listThe entire route is in Garza County.","title":"FM 2106"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bandera County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Hill Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country"},{"link_name":"SH 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_16"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina,_Bandera_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"North Prong Medina River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_River"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2107 (FM 2107) is located in Bandera County in the Texas Hill Country.FM 2107 begins at a point on North Prong Creek Road and runs southeast for approximately 8.5 miles (13.7 km) before ending at an intersection with SH 16 northwest of Medina. FM 2107 runs parallel to the North Prong Medina River for its entire length.FM 2107 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from SH 16 northwest at a distance of 5.0 miles (8.0 km). The highway was extended 3.2 miles (5.1 km) on October 13, 1954.","title":"FM 2107"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angelina County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lufkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufkin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Angelina County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_County_Airport"},{"link_name":"FM 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_58"},{"link_name":"Angelina County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2108 (FM 2108) is located in Angelina County, traveling just south of Lufkin.FM 2108 begins at an intersection with US 59 north of Burke near the Angelina County Airport. The highway travels through an area that is mixed between rural and suburban. FM 2108 ends at an intersection with FM 58.FM 2108 was designated on October 28, 1953, along the current route.Junction listThe entire route is in Angelina County.","title":"FM 2108"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angelina County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1669","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1669"},{"link_name":"Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_147"},{"link_name":"Zavalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavalla,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sam Rayburn Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Angelina National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"FM 328","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_328"},{"link_name":"FM 2662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2662"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Angelina County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2109 (FM 2109) is located in Angelina County.FM 2109 runs from FM 1669 in Huntington to SH 147 in Zavalla. The highway travels in an eastern direction from FM 1669 to the Sam Rayburn Reservoir near County Road 198. FM 2109 then turns south and runs through the Angelina National Forest and runs closely to the lake.FM 2109 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from FM 328 in Huntington eastward at a distance of 4.1 miles (6.6 km). The highway was extended 0.1 miles (0.16 km) westward to FM 1669 on March 23, 1954. FM 2109 was extended 4.8 miles (7.7 km) to Ora on November 21, 1956. The highway was extended 3.4 miles (5.5 km) to SH 147 on September 30, 1964, absorbing FM 2662 in the process.[33]Junction listThe entire route is in Angelina County.","title":"FM 2109"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Crockett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crockett,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Houston County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2110 (FM 2110) is located in Houston County.FM 2110 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from SH 19 in Crockett southwestward at a distance of 6.0 miles (9.7 km). The highway was extended 2.1 miles (3.4 km) southwestward on September 29, 1977.Junction listThe entire route is in Houston County.","title":"FM 2110"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Runnels County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runnels_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2133"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"SH 158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_158"},{"link_name":"Ballinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinger,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_153"},{"link_name":"FM 384","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_384"},{"link_name":"Winters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winters,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2111 (FM 2111) is located in Runnels County.FM 2111 begins at an intersection with FM 2133. The highway crosses the Colorado River and runs just west of the Ballinger City Lake. FM 2111 intersects SH 158 northwest of Ballinger. The highway travels through more rural areas north of SH 158 and ends at an intersection with SH 153/FM 384 west of Winters.The current FM 2111 was designated on October 31, 1957, running from FM 53 (now SH 153) and FM 384 southward at a distance of 5.0 miles (8.0 km). The highway was extended 7.2 miles (11.6 km) to SH 158 on October 31, 1958. FM 2111 was extended 6.3 miles (10.1 km) to FM 2133 on May 7, 1970.","title":"FM 2111"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"Nacogdoches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoches,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_225"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"FM 2111 (1953)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2111 was designated on October 28, 1953, traveling from SH 21 in Nacogdoches southwestward to Alazan at a distance of 7.8 miles (12.6 km). The highway was extended west 6.6 miles (10.6 km) to FM 225 on August 24, 1955. The highway was cancelled on September 30, 1955, with the mileage being transferred to FM 225.[38]","title":"FM 2111"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nacogdoches County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoches_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_7"},{"link_name":"Nacogdoches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoches,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1878"},{"link_name":"Nacogdoches County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoches_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2112 (FM 2112) is located in Nacogdoches County.FM 2112 begins at an intersection with SH 7 east of Nacogdoches. The highway runs through wooded areas just east of the city and ends at an intersection with FM 1878.FM 2112 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from SH 7 east of Nacogdoches northward at a distance of 4.8 miles (7.7 km). The highway was extended to FM 1878 on October 13, 1954.Junction listThe entire route is in Nacogdoches County.","title":"FM 2112"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McLennan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLennan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewitt,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_107"},{"link_name":"FM 2416","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2416"},{"link_name":"FM 2837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2837"},{"link_name":"Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewitt,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1695","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1695"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2063","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2063"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Waco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-7"},{"link_name":"McLennan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLennan_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2113 (FM 2113) is located in McLennan County, running from Moody to Hewitt.FM 2113 begins at an intersection with FM 107 in Moody and runs northeast through mostly rural farm land. The highway turns in a more eastern direction after an intersection with FM 2416 and passes by a few subdivisions near FM 2837. FM 2113 enters Hewitt and almost immediately has an interchange with FM 1695. The highway runs through suburban areas of Hewitt along Spring Valley Road before ending at a junction with I-35/FM 2063.FM 2113 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from US 81 5.0 miles (8.0 km) south of Waco to a point 3.5 miles (5.6 km) northwestward of Spring Valley at a distance of 4.6 miles (7.4 km). The highway was extended 4.0 miles (6.4 km) southwestward on October 26, 1954. The road was extended 8.4 miles (13.5 km) to FM 107 at Moody on July 28, 1955. On June 27, 1995, the section of FM 2113 between FM 1695 and I-35 was redesignated Urban Road 2113 (UR 2113).[42] The designation reverted to FM 2113 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[7]Junction listThe entire route is in McLennan County.","title":"FM 2113"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_56"},{"link_name":"Laguna Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Park,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_171"},{"link_name":"Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbard,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lake Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Whitney_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Brazos River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_River"},{"link_name":"FM 1304","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1304"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2311"},{"link_name":"Penelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 308","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_308"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Spur 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_53"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"FM 2411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2411"},{"link_name":"FM 1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1888"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2114 (FM 2114) is located in Central Texas, running from FM 56 southeast of Laguna Park to SH 171 in Hubbard.FM 2114 begins at an intersection with FM 56 southeast of Laguna Park near Lake Whitney. The highway travels in a mostly eastern direction before turning south near Smiths Bend and turns back to the east after crossing the Brazos River. FM 2114 turns to the northeast at FM 1304 west and the two highways have a brief overlap with FM 2114 turning southeast at FM 1304 east. The highway enters into McLennan County at County Line Road and travels along T.M. West Parkway and enters West near I-35/US 77. FM 2114 travels along Oak Street through the town and turns onto Cottonwood Road at FM 2311. The highway leaves West and travels in a northeast direction to Penelope where it has a brief overlap with FM 308. After leaving Penelope, FM 2114 travels in an eastward direction to Hubbard, where it ends at an intersection with SH 171.FM 2114 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from US 81 at West northeastward to the Hill County line at a distance of 6.9 miles (11.1 km); approximately 0.2 miles (0.32 km) of the former Spur 53 was used for this highway.[45] FM 2114 was extended eastward to FM 308 in Penelope on June 28, 1963. FM 2114 was extended westward to FM 56 and eastward to SH 171 in Hubbard on July 24, 1963; this extension replaced FM 2411 and FM 1888.[46][47]Junction list","title":"FM 2114"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 487","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_487"},{"link_name":"Jarrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrell,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Salado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salado,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1382-52"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2115-51"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2115 (FM 2115) is located in Bell County. It runs from FM 487 east of Jarrell northward 6 miles (9.7 km) to I-35 exit 282 south of Salado.[50]FM 2115 was designated on October 28, 1953, along the current route.[49]","title":"FM 2115"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milam County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milam_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 487","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_487"},{"link_name":"Praesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praesel,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2116-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1491-54"},{"link_name":"US 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Alcoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoa"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2116-53"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2116 (FM 2116) is located in Milam County. State maintenance and the FM 2116 designation begin along a county road near Alcoa Lake. The route travels northeast 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to an intersection with FM 487 south of Praesel.[51][52]The current FM 2116 was designated on May 22, 1958, running 4 miles (6.4 km) from US 77 (now FM 487) to an Alcoa plant. The easternmost 1.5 miles (2.4 km) were returned to the county on July 25, 1960.[51]","title":"FM 2116"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_7"},{"link_name":"Chilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Satin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 434","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_434"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2116-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_434-55"}],"sub_title":"FM 2116 (1953)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2116 was designated on October 28, 1953, from SH 7 at Chilton northeastward 6.5 miles (10.5 km) to Satin. FM 2116 was cancelled on April 22, 1958, and transferred to FM 434.[51][53]","title":"FM 2116"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2117"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2118"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_2119&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_2119&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 2119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_2119"},{"link_name":"Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeves_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Culberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culberson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rustler Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rustler_Springs,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook-2018-1016-59"},{"link_name":"Bus. I-20-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Routes_of_Interstate_20_in_Texas#Pecos.E2.80.93Barstow_business_loop"},{"link_name":"Pecos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecos,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2119-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook-2018-1133-60"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2119-58"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 2119KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 2119 (FM 2119) is located in Reeves and Culberson counties.The western terminus of FM 2119 is at Duval Rd. at Rustler Springs in unincorporated Culberson County.[57] The route travels southeast for approximately 40 miles (64 km) and crosses into Reeves County before ending at Bus. I-20-B near Pecos.[56][58]FM 2119 was established on October 28, 1953, as a 4-mile (6.4 km) road from its current southern terminus at Bus. I-20-B (then US 80) near Pecos. On January 23, 1980, the designation was extended approximately 36.7 miles (59.1 km) northwest to Rustler Springs.[56]","title":"FM 2119"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2120"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2121"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2122"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2123"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2124"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2125"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brown County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brownwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownwood,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_45"},{"link_name":"Camp Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Bowie"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Early","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2126-67"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1040-68"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2126-67"},{"link_name":"Brown County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2126 (FM 2126) is located in Brown County. It forms a portion of a beltway around the southeast side of Brownwood, running from FM 45 near Camp Bowie northeast to a junction with US 84/US 183 east of Early.[65][66]FM 2126 was designated on October 28, 1953, along the current route.[65]Junction listThe entire route is in Brown County.","title":"FM 2126"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Montague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2127-70"},{"link_name":"SH 148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_148"},{"link_name":"Jacksboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksboro,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Henrietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MapBook449-71"},{"link_name":"Postoak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postoak,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_59"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MapBook450-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MapBook492-73"},{"link_name":"Crafton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crafton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1810"},{"link_name":"Lake Bridgeport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Bridgeport"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2127-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MapBook492-73"},{"link_name":"SH 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_24"},{"link_name":"FM 1125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1125"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2127-70"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1125-74"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2127 (FM 2127) is located in northeastern Jack, far southwestern Montague, and northwestern Wise counties.[68]FM 2127 is a two-lane route for its entire length. It begins in Jack County at a junction with SH 148 between Jacksboro and Henrietta.[69] The route travels generally to the east, through the community of Postoak. It intersects SH 59 south of Newport before turning to the southeast.[70] The roadway briefly enters Montague County for about a half mile before reentering Jack County.[71] FM 2127 continues into Wise County and to Crafton before turning to the south and reaching its terminus at FM 1810 near Lake Bridgeport.[68][71]The current designation of FM 2127 was established in Wise County on December 19, 1955, from SH 24 (now part of FM 1810) to Crafton. The route was extended into Jack County to FM 1125 on June 2, 1967, and further lengthened through Montague County over the western portion of FM 1125 to SH 148 on August 16, 1968.[68][72]Junction list","title":"FM 2127"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 1528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1528"},{"link_name":"FM 2068","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2068"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"FM 2127 (1953)","text":"FM 2127 was first designated on October 28, 1953, as a route in Delta County, running from FM 1528 west to a road intersection at a distance of 1.6 miles (2.6 km). The highway was cancelled on October 15, 1954, with the highway being combined with FM 2068.[74]","title":"FM 2127"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hidalgo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Edinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-69C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_69C"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cesar Chavez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Chavez,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_107"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-7"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2128 (FM 2128) is located in Hidalgo County in the Rio Grande Valley.FM 2128 begins at an intersection with Bus. US 281 (Closner Boulevard) in Edinburg. The highway travels along Schunior Street through a residential area northeast of downtown. FM 2128 has a junction with I-69C/US 281 with Schunior Street becoming Richardson Road and runs through suburban areas of Cesar Chavez before entering an unincorporated area of the county. The highway continues to run through suburban areas before ending at an intersection with SH 107.The current FM 2128 was designated on December 16, 1957, along the current route. The entire highway was internally redesignated as Urban Road 2128 (UR 2128) on June 27, 1995.[76] The designation reverted to FM 2128 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[7]","title":"FM 2128"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RM 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_33"},{"link_name":"Big Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Spring,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 818","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_818"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"FM 2128 (1953)","text":"The first route numbered FM 2128 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from RM 33 south of Big Spring southwestward at a distance of 6.0 miles (9.7 km). The highway was cancelled and combined with FM 818 on September 30, 1954.[77]","title":"FM 2128"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_908"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"FM 2128 (1955)","text":"The second route numbered FM 2128 was designated on December 19, 1955, running from SH 21 southwest of Caldwell to a road intersection at a distance of 7.3 miles (11.7 km). The highway was extended 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to another road intersection near Black Jack Church on November 21, 1956. FM 2128 was cancelled on November 29, 1957, with the mileage being transferred to FM 908.[78]","title":"FM 2128"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schleicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleicher_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 1312","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1312"},{"link_name":"US 277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_277_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Eldorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_290"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2129 (FM 2129) is located in Schleicher and Sutton counties.FM 2129 begins at an intersection with RM 1312 and ends at an intersection with US 277 south of Eldorado.The current FM 2129 was designated on August 24, 1955, running from US 277 westward at a distance of 8.0 miles (12.9 km). The highway was extended 3.0 miles (4.8 km) southwestward on September 27, 1960. FM 2129 was extended 11.5 miles (18.5 km) to US 290 (now RM 1312) on June 2, 1967.","title":"FM 2129"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_290"},{"link_name":"SH 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_114"},{"link_name":"Levelland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levelland,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_54"},{"link_name":"FM 303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_303"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"FM 2129 (1953)","text":"FM 2129 was first designated on October 28, 1953, running from SH 290 (now SH 114) west of Levelland northward at a distance of 12.8 miles (20.6 km). The road was extended north 10.7 miles (17.2 km) to FM 54 on October 26, 1954. The designation was cancelled and the route's mileage was combined with that of FM 303 on December 31, 1954.[80]","title":"FM 2129"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hockley County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockley_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_114"},{"link_name":"Smyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyer,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2641"},{"link_name":"FM 1294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1294"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Roundup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundup,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_597"},{"link_name":"Anton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1175"},{"link_name":"SH 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_290"},{"link_name":"Hockley County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockley_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2130 (FM 2130) is located in eastern Hockley County.FM 2130 begins at an intersection with SH 114 east of Smyer. The highway runs in a mostly northern direction and intersects FM 2641 and has an overlap with FM 1294 before intersecting US 84 in the town of Roundup. FM 2130 continues to run north before ending at an intersection with FM 597 east of Anton.FM 2130 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from FM 1175 (now FM 597) to US 84 at a distance of 2.8 miles (4.5 km). The highway was extended 13.9 miles (22.4 km) from US 84 to SH 290 (now SH 114) on October 26, 1954.Junction listThe entire route is in Hockley County.","title":"FM 2130"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2131"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2132"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2133"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Concho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concho_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1206-90"},{"link_name":"Millersview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millersview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 765","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_765"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1150-91"},{"link_name":"FM 1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1929"},{"link_name":"O.H. Ivie Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.H._Ivie_Lake"},{"link_name":"Concho River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concho_River"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1093-92"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1093-92"},{"link_name":"RE 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Recreational_Road_9"},{"link_name":"FM 503","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_503"},{"link_name":"Voss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voss,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1094-93"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2134-88"},{"link_name":"FM 566","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Farm_to_Market_Roads_in_Texas_(500%E2%80%93599)#FM_566_(1945)"},{"link_name":"FM 2743","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2743"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSHA_O._H._Ivie_Reservoir-94"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MO_88109-95"},{"link_name":"RE 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Recreational_Road_11"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RE_11-96"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2134-88"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2134 (FM 2134) comprises two discontinuous segments in Concho and Coleman counties. The Concho County segment is 18.7 miles (30.1 km) long and begins at US 87 east of Eden.[87] It runs northward via Millersview, where it intersects FM 765,[88] before ending at FM 1929 near the southwestern side of O.H. Ivie Reservoir at the confluence of the Concho River and Colorado River.[89] FM 2134 resumes in Coleman County at the eastern shore of the reservoir.[89] It runs eastward approximately 6.3 miles (10.1 km), intersecting RE 9, before ending at FM 503 south of Voss.[90][86]FM 2134 was designated October 28, 1953, from FM 765 at Millersview northward 5 miles (8.0 km). It was extended northward 3.2 miles (5.1 km) on October 26, 1954, and then northeastward 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to the Colorado River on August 24, 1955. The route was renumbered Ranch to Market Road 2134 (RM 2134) and was extended to FM 566 (now FM 503) on October 31, 1957. The southward extension to US 87 occurred on May 5, 1966 (replacing FM 2743). The roadway was divided into two segments due to the construction of the reservoir in the late 1980s;[91][92] access to the Concho River shore of the reservoir is now provided by RE 11.[93] The designation of the route reverted to FM 2134 on May 5, 1992.[86]","title":"FM 2134"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2135"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2135 (1953)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2135 was designated on October 29, 1953, from RM 33 (now US 190), 12.4 miles (20.0 km) west of Eldorado, to a point 5.0 miles (8.0 km) north. FM 2135 was cancelled on October 4, 1960, and transferred to FM 1828.","title":"FM 2135"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2136"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 855","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_855"},{"link_name":"Cherokee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 344","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_344"},{"link_name":"Smith County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2137 (FM 2137) runs about 5.2 miles (8.4 km) from an intersection with FM 855 in Cherokee County northeast to an intersection with FM 344 in Smith County.FM 2137 was designated on October 28, 1953.","title":"FM 2137"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2138"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sterling County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sterling City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_163"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_2139-101"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_2139-101"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 2139 (RM 2139) is located in Sterling County. State maintenance and the RM 2139 designation begin at a point on Old Big Lake Road southwest of Sterling City. The route travels northeast 12.8 miles (20.6 km) to an intersection with SH 163.[98]RM 2139 was designated on November 3, 1972, running from SH 163 southwestward 5 miles (8.0 km). It was extended 4 miles (6.4 km) on October 21, 1981.[98]","title":"RM 2139"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cherokee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 752","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_752"},{"link_name":"SH 294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_294"},{"link_name":"Alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_752-102"}],"sub_title":"FM 2139 (1953)","text":"Farm to Market Road 2139 (FM 2139) was designated in Cherokee County on October 28, 1953, from FM 752 southeastward 6.5 miles (10.5 km) to SH 294 at Alto. FM 2139 was cancelled on January 31, 1972, and combined with FM 752.[99]","title":"RM 2139"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2140"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2141"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2142"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"sub_title":"FM 2142 (1953)","text":"The original FM 2142 as designated on October 28, 1953, from SH 36 in Sealy to a point 5.4 miles (8.7 km) northwest. On September 27, 1954, the road was extended northwest 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to FM 1088 (now FM 949).[103] FM 2142 was cancelled on October 15, 1954, and became a portion of FM 1094.","title":"FM 2142"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2143"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2144"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2145"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atascosa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atascosa_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1333"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_173"},{"link_name":"Jourdanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jourdanton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Amphion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphion,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 476","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_476"},{"link_name":"Poteet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poteet,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3235"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Atascosa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atascosa_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2146 (FM 2146) is located in Atascosa County.FM 2146 begins at an intersection with FM 1333 north of Charlotte. The highway travels in a more eastern direction and turns northeast at County Road 300. FM 2146 has a brief overlap with SH 173 northwest of Jourdanton and runs through the town of Amphion. The highway continues to run in a northeast direction and ends at an intersection with FM 476 northwest of Poteet.FM 2146 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from FM 476 near Poteet to SH 173 at a distance of 6.3 miles (10.1 km). The highway was extended southwestward of SH 173 on September 5, 1973, absorbing FM 3235 in the process.[108]Junction listThe entire route is in Atascosa County.","title":"FM 2146"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Llano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llano_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Burnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnet_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_71"},{"link_name":"Horseshoe Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_Bay,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cottonwood Shores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonwood_Shores,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Lake LBJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Lake Marble Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Marble_Falls"},{"link_name":"Marble Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Falls,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_93"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 2147 (RM 2147) is located in Llano and Burnet counties.RM 2147 begins at an intersection with SH 71 near Horseshoe Bay. The highway travels through Horseshoe Bay and Cottonwood Shores, running parallel to the Colorado River, Lake LBJ and Lake Marble Falls. RM 2147 enters the southern portion of Marble Falls and begins an overlap with US 281. The two highways travel south and RM 2147 leaves the overlap and travels in a mostly eastward direction before ending at County Road 402.RM 2147 was designated on September 27, 1960, running from US 281 to the Alvin Writz Dam at a distance of 4.7 miles (7.6 km). The highway was extended 5.1 miles (8.2 km) to RM 93 (now SH 71) on June 28, 1963. RM 2147 was extended along US 281 and 4.3 miles (6.9 km) east of US 281 on November 5, 1971.Junction list","title":"RM 2147"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_472"},{"link_name":"Big Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Foot,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_462"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"sub_title":"FM 2147 (1953)","text":"FM 2147 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from FM 472 at Big Foot to a road intersection at a distance of 7.0 miles (11.3 km). FM 2147 became part of FM 472 on May 18, 1954, and FM 2147 was reassigned to an 8.4 miles (13.5 km) route from FM 472 to US 81 at Moore that was a redesignation of the old route of FM 472. FM 2147 was cancelled on December 16, 1959, with the mileage being transferred to FM 462.[112]","title":"RM 2147"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2148"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2149"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bus. US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_Business_(Slaton,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"Slaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2150 (FM 2150) is located in Lubbock and Crosby counties.FM 2150 begins at an intersection with Bus. US 84 in Slaton. The highway travels in an eastern direction through rural areas and enters Crosby County before state maintenance ends at County Road 254.The current FM 2150 was designated on September 21, 1955, running from US 84 eastward to a road intersection at a distance of 3.8 miles (6.1 km). The highway was extended 1.0 mile (1.6 km) eastward to the Crosby County line on November 24, 1959. FM 2150 was extended eastward 1.1 miles (1.8 km) on November 3, 1972.","title":"FM 2150"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Hughes Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_161"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"FM 2150 (1953)","text":"FM 2150 was first designated on October 28, 1953, running from SH 11 at Hughes Springs northward to a road intersection at a distance of 4.7 miles (7.6 km). The highway was cancelled and combined with FM 161 on November 1, 1954.[116]","title":"FM 2150"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cass County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_249"},{"link_name":"Bloomburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomburg,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_77"},{"link_name":"FM 3129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3129"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2151 (FM 2151) was located in Cass County. It was designated on October 28, 1953, running from FM 249 south of Bloomburg to SH 77 at a distance of 4.7 miles (7.6 km). The highway was cancelled on June 5, 1987, with the mileage being transferred to FM 3129.[118]","title":"FM 2151"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2152"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2164"},{"link_name":"Sanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 428","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_428"},{"link_name":"Denton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_10"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2153 (FM 2153) is located in Denton County, running from FM 2164 east of Sanger to FM 428 northeast of Denton.The current FM 2153 was designated on September 21, 1955, running from SH 10 (now FM 428) to a road intersection at a distance of 4.3 miles (6.9 km). The highway was extended 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to FM 2164 in 1960.","title":"FM 2153"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_63"},{"link_name":"Calliham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliham,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_99"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"sub_title":"FM 2153 (1953)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2153 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from FM 63 at Calliham northward at a distance of 5.5 miles (8.9 km). On October 13, 1954, the road was extended north 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to the Live Oak County line. The highway was cancelled and combined with FM 99 on October 27, 1954.[121]","title":"FM 2153"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazos County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"Navasota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navasota,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Millican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millican,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wellborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellborn,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_60"},{"link_name":"College Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Station,_Texas"},{"link_name":"College Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Station,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"FM 1179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1179"},{"link_name":"FM 3518","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3518"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_3518-128"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-7"},{"link_name":"Brazos County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2154 (FM 2154) is located in Brazos County. It runs from SH 6, 4.5 miles (7.2 km) northwest of Navasota, northwestward via Millican and Wellborn, to FM 60 in College Station. It is known as Wellborn Road in College Station, which continues past its terminus at FM 60 into Bryan. Much of the route parallels a Union Pacific Railroad line, which serves as the dividing line between the Main Campus and the West Campus of Texas A&M University.FM 2154 was designated on October 28, 1953, from FM 60 in College Station southeast and south 6.7 miles (10.8 km) to Wellborn. On October 31, 1958, the road was extended 8.3 miles (13.4 km) to Millican. On May 6, 1964, a 5.5-mile (8.9 km) section from Millican to SH 6 was added and the currency with FM 159 in Millican was removed. On December 14, 1989, a 1.6-mile (2.6 km) section from the end of the route to FM 1179 was added. On June 1, 1991, a new one way pair was proposed between FM 2154 and FM 3518 between FM 60 and FM 1179, replacing FM 3518, but this was not included in the mileage of FM 2154 as it was a one-way pair.[123] On June 27, 1995, the section from FM 2818 to FM 1179 was redesignated Urban Road 2154 (UR 2154); the 1989 extension was also cancelled.[124] The designation of this segment reverted to FM 2154 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[7]Junction listThe entire route is in Brazos County.","title":"FM 2154"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2155"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2156"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Spring,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2157 (FM 2157) is a proposed road from FM 700 southwestward 7.3 miles (11.7 km) to US 87 in Big Spring.","title":"FM 2157"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2157 (1953)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2157 was designated on October 28, 1953, from US 281 in Stephenville east 4.3 miles (6.9 km) to a road intersection. On August 24, 1955, the road was extended east 7.4 miles (11.9 km) to a road intersection in Cedar Point. On May 6, 1964, the road was extended east 4.3 miles (6.9 km). On November 25, 1975, the road was extended east and north 0.4 miles (0.64 km) to the county line. On January 2, 1976, the road was extended northeast 9.3 miles (15.0 km) to US 377 west of Tolar, replacing FM 2870, but six months later this section was transferred back to FM 2870 while FM 2157 was rerouted to FM 204 near Paluxy. FM 2157 was cancelled on December 20, 1984, by district request and transferred to FM 205; at the same time, FM 204 was transferred to FM 51.","title":"FM 2157"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2158"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2159"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2160"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2160 (1953)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2160 was designated on October 29, 1953, from US 75 at New Waverly northwest 6.2 miles (10.0 km) to a road intersection. FM 2160 was cancelled on September 29, 1955, and transferred to FM 1374.","title":"FM 2160"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2161"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2162"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2163"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Denton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 288","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_288"},{"link_name":"FM 3163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3163"},{"link_name":"FM 455","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_455"},{"link_name":"Sanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lake Ray Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ray_Roberts"},{"link_name":"FM 1190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1190"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-7"},{"link_name":"Denton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2164 (FM 2164) is located in Denton County.FM 2164 begins at an intersection with US 77 in Denton. The highway travels along N. Locust Street and travels through suburban areas of the city with the route becoming more rural north of Loop 288. FM 2164 leaves the city near FM 3163 and travels through farm land with some rural subdivisions and has a brief overlap with FM 455 in eastern Sanger near the southwestern shore of Lake Ray Roberts. The highway ends at an intersection with FM 1190 west of the lake.FM 2164 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from US 77 northward to a road intersection at a distance of 4.2 miles (6.8 km). The highway was extended 1.2 miles (1.9 km) to a road intersection north of Clear Creek on October 31, 1957. FM 2164 was extended to FM 455 on January 24, 1959. The section of highway between US 77 and Loop 288 was internally redesignated as Urban Road 2164 (UR 2164) on June 27, 1995.[136] The designation reverted to FM 2164 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[7]Junction listThe entire route is in Denton County.","title":"FM 2164"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2165"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"RM 2166"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2166","title":"RM 2166"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2167 (FM 2167) is a designation that has been used twice. No highway currently uses the FM 2167 designation.","title":"FM 2167"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_152"},{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"FM 2473","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2473"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"}],"sub_title":"FM 2167 (1953)","text":"The first route numbered FM 2167 was designated on October 28, 1953, from US 83 in Wheeler southwest and west 5.8 miles (9.3 km) to a road intersection. On May 26, 1954, the eastern terminus was moved to SH 152. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended west and south 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to a point across the Red River. FM 2167 was cancelled on June 1, 1962, and transferred to FM 2473.[141]","title":"FM 2167"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_256"},{"link_name":"Silverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Haynes Boy Scout Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Plains_Council"},{"link_name":"Caprock Canyons State Park and Trailway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprock_Canyons_State_Park_and_Trailway"}],"sub_title":"FM 2167 (1963)","text":"The second route numbered FM 2167 was designated on March 21, 1963, from SH 256 9.5 miles (15.3 km) east of Silverton, south 1.3 miles (2.1 km) to the Haynes Boy Scout Camp (now Caprock Canyons State Park and Trailway). This route was formerly FM 1986 from 1954 to 1956. TxDOT stopped maintaining the road on February 3, 1982, after a locked gate was set up across the road, although it retained the FM designation. FM 2167 was cancelled and removed from the state highway system on October 27, 1994, because the road was blocked by the gate.","title":"FM 2167"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2168"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kimble County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimble_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Hill Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country"},{"link_name":"US 377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_377_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction,_Texas"},{"link_name":"South Llano River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llano_River"},{"link_name":"Texas Tech University at Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_University_at_Junction"},{"link_name":"Loop 481","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_481"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 479","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_479"},{"link_name":"Mountain Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Home,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_290"},{"link_name":"Kimble County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimble_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2169 (FM 2169) is located in Kimble County in the Texas Hill Country.FM 2169 begins at an intersection with US 377 in Junction. The highway runs south along Flatorck Lane and leaves the Junction city limits after crossing the South Llano River and turns to the east near the campus of Texas Tech University at Junction and runs through hilly terrain and intersects with Loop 481. FM 2169 has a short overlap with Loop 481 and leaves the overlap near Lake Junction before reentering Junction along Martinez Street and interchanging with I-10/US 83. The highway traverses hilly terrain, running east and south before meeting I-10 again, this time in Segovia. FM 2169 continues to run through hills and intersects with RM 479 before ending at I-10 northwest of Mountain Home.FM 2169 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from US 290 near Junction, northeastward and eastward at a distance of 2.7 miles (4.3 km). The highway was extended 7.0 miles (11.3 km) to US 290 near Segovia on October 31. 1957. FM 2169 was extended 1.5 miles (2.4 km) southwest of US 290 near Junction on October 31, 1958. The highway was extended 3.93 miles (6.32 km) over an old section of US 290 on November 31, 1969, with the construction of I-10. FM 2169 was extended 0.7 miles (1.1 km) along Flatrock Lane in Junction to US 377 on January 28, 2010.Junction listThe entire route is in Kimble County.","title":"FM 2169"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2551","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2551"},{"link_name":"Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lovejoy High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovejoy_High_School_(Lucas,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovejoy_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"FM 1378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1378"},{"link_name":"SH 121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_121"},{"link_name":"US 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_75_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2319","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2319"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"FM 2448","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2448"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"FM 2478","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2478"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-7"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2170 (FM 2170) is located in Collin County.FM 2170 begins at an intersection with FM 2551 (Angel Parkway) in Allen. The highway travels east and enters Lucas near Lovejoy High School. FM 2170 travels through the Lovejoy area and ends at an intersection with FM 1378 (Country Club Road). The highway is known as Main Street in Allen and Estates Parkway in Lucas.FM 2170 was designated on October 28, 1953, running from SH 121 southeastward to US 75 near Allen at a distance of 4.3 miles (6.9 km). The highway was extended 5.5 miles (8.9 km) southeastward of US 75 to a road intersection in Parker on October 26, 1954. The section of FM 2170 between SH 121 and US 75 was cancelled, as 2.3 miles (3.7 km) were renumbered as FM 2319 and FM 2170 was rerouted to continue west to the US 75 freeway.[146] On September 27, 1957, FM 2319 was cancelled in exchange for extending FM 2448 (later became part of FM 2478, but this section was given to the city in 1988; FM 2448 was reassigned to another route) north from Bethany to SH 121. FM 2170 was rerouted again on October 31, 1958, with part of FM 2170 absorbing a section of FM 2551 with part of the old FM 2170 becoming a part of FM 1378.[147][148] The highway was extended 3.3 miles (5.3 km) to FM 2478 on June 28, 1963. The entire highway was internally redesignated as Urban Road 2170 (UR 2170) on June 27, 1995.[149] On August 28, 1997, the section west of SH 5 was given to the city of Allen. On September 30, 2004, the section west of FM 2551 as given to the city of Allen. The designation of the remaining segment of UR 2170 reverted to FM 2170 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[7]","title":"FM 2170"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2171"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2172"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bexar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Von Ormy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Ormy,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Macdona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macdona,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1518","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1518"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1604"},{"link_name":"Loop 1604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_1604"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2173 (FM 2173) was located in southwest Bexar County.FM 2173 was designated on October 28, 1953, from US 81 (now I-35), 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of Von Ormy, north 4.4 miles (7.1 km) to Macdona. On September 21, 1955, a 4.0-mile (6.4 km) section from US 81 to FM 1518 at Somerset was added. On January 27, 1971, a section from Macdona to a point 1.32 miles (2.12 km) south was cancelled. FM 2173 was cancelled on September 4, 1973: the section from FM 1518 to a point 0.5 miles (0.80 km) north was cancelled and the section from 0.5 miles (0.80 km) north of FM 1518 to a point 6.2 miles (10.0 km) became FM 1604 (now Loop 1604).[153]","title":"FM 2173"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2174"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2175"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Potter County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Amarillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_335"},{"link_name":"FM 1719","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1719"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-7"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2176 (FM 2176) is located in Potter County, mostly traveling through more rural areas of northwestern Amarillo.FM 2176 begins at the intersection of Broadway Drive and Hughes Street. The highway travels north along Broadway Drive and runs along the western edge of the Ross Golf Course until intersecting Hastings Avenue. FM 2176 passes a vineyard and leaves the city limits at an interchange with Loop 335. The highway briefly travels through suburban areas of unincorporated Potter County and turns east onto Givens Avenue before ending at FM 1719.FM 2176 was designated on October 29, 1953, along its current route, except it extended north to US 87/US 287. The route was redesignated Urban Road 2176 (UR 2176) in 1995.[157] On March 31, 2005, the section along Givens Avenue was transferred to FM 1719. The designation of the remaining segment of UR 2176 reverted to FM 2176 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[7]","title":"FM 2176"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2177"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2178"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2179"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2180"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas-Fort_Worth_Metroplex"},{"link_name":"I-35E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35E_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinth,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Copper Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Canyon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Denton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35E_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Lake Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hickory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickory_Creek,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lewisville Lake Toll Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisville_Lake_Toll_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Denton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"UNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-7"},{"link_name":"Denton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2181 (FM 2181) is located in the northern part of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. The highway runs as a \"loop\" of I-35E, serving many housing developments in Corinth, Copper Canyon, and Denton.FM 2181 begins at an intersection with I-35E in southern Corinth, near Lake Dallas and Hickory. To the east of this intersection, the road continues as Swisher Road towards the Lewisville Lake Toll Bridge.FM 2181 runs as an east–west highway from I-35E to Old Alton Road, despite being signed north–south. The highway turns north, running through the southern part of Denton. At Teasley Road, the highway turns west–east again, and then turns north–south, before ending at I-35E a few miles southeast of UNT. Teasley Road continues north of I-35 as a local road.As of 2015 the stretch between I-35E in Corinth and FM 2499 is being widened to a divided highway to accommodate urban growth.The current FM 2181 was designated on September 21, 1955, from Bus. US 77 south 4.0 miles (6.4 km). On May 2, 1962, it was extended south and east 5.4 miles (8.7 km) to I-35E. On May 16, 1988, the section from US 77 south to I-35E was removed from the state highway system. In 1995, the route was redesignated Urban Road 2181 (UR 2181).[163] The designation reverted to FM 2181 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[7]Junction listThe entire highway is in Denton County.","title":"FM 2181"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_199"},{"link_name":"FM 1285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1285"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"}],"sub_title":"FM 2181 (1953)","text":"FM 2181 was designated on October 28, 1953, from SH 199 (now SH 114), 1.2 miles (1.9 km) southeast of Wendover, south and west 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to a road intersection. On April 20, 1954, the eastern terminus was relocated farther east along SH 199, lengthening the route by 0.7 miles (1.1 km). FM 2181 was cancelled on August 21, 1955, and transferred to FM 1285.[165]","title":"FM 2181"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2182"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2182 (1953)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2182 was designated on October 29, 1953, from SH 25, 1.1 miles (1.8 km) south of Electra, southwest 7.5 miles (12.1 km) to a road intersection. FM 2182 was cancelled on February 2, 1959, and transferred to FM 1811.","title":"FM 2182"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2183"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2183 (1953)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2183 was designated on October 29, 1953, from US 70, northwest 1.9 miles (3.1 km) to the Foard County line. FM 2183 was cancelled on November 1, 1955, and transferred to FM 98.","title":"FM 2183"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2184"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_2185&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_2185&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 2185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_2185"},{"link_name":"Culberson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culberson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"West Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_54"},{"link_name":"Van Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Horn,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1294-176"},{"link_name":"Culberson County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culberson_County_Airport"},{"link_name":"FM 2809","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2809"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1240-177"},{"link_name":"RM 652","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_652"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minute_Order_115840-178"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2185-175"},{"link_name":"FM 3541","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3541"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2185-175"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minute_Order_115840-178"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 2185KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 2185 (FM 2185) is located in Culberson County in West Texas. It is 81 miles (130 km) in length.The southern terminus of FM 2185 is at SH 54 in Van Horn.[170] FM 2118 follows East 9th Street east out of Van Horn towards Culberson County Airport. It intersects FM 2809.[171] The highway continues northward to RM 652.[172]FM 2185 was established on October 28, 1953, as a 15.0-mile-long (24.1 km) road from its current southern terminus at SH 54 in Van Horn, northeastward to Wild Horse Farming District.[169] On July 11, 1968, the highway was extended approximately 11.5 miles (18.5 km) northeastward. It was extended again on October 1 of that year to RM 652, a total of approximately 81.1 miles (130.5 km). On April 30, 1991, FM 2185 was split into two segments, as the central section (from 12.7 miles (20.4 km) south of RM 652 to 6.2 miles (10.0 km) south of RM 652) was removed from the state highway system and returned to the county for maintenance. On January 26, 2006, the northern section of FM 2185 was redesignated FM 3541, and the section from 42.4 miles (68.2 km) northeast of SH 54 to 12.7 miles (20.4 km) south of RM 652 was removed from the state highway system and returned to the county for maintenance.[169] On August 27, 2020, the deleted portions of FM 2185 were restored, replacing FM 3541 and returning the road to its previous length.[172]","title":"FM 2185"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randall County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Amarillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2590"},{"link_name":"Loop 335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_335"},{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2186 (FM 2186) is located in Randall County, running southwest of Amarillo.FM 2186 begins at an intersection with Bushland Road near a rural subdivision. The highway travels east along Hollywood Road through mostly rural areas of Randall County. FM 2186 passes by a subdivision near FM 2590 and enters Amarillo before ending at an intersection with Loop 335.The current FM 2186 was designated on October 31, 1958, running from US 60/US 87 southwest of Amarillo to a road intersection at a distance of 8.5 miles (13.7 km). Part of FM 2186 was transferred to Loop 335 when that highway was extended around southern and western Amarillo in 1977.[174] On April 26, 2018, the section of FM 2186 from Helium Road to FM 2590 (old intersection of Loop 335) was transferred to Loop 335 when it was rerouted.[175]","title":"FM 2186"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Water Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Valley,_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 2034","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_2034"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"}],"sub_title":"FM 2186 (1953)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2186 was designated on October 29, 1953, running from US 87 near Water Valley southwestward and westward at a distance of 8.2 miles (13.2 km). The highway was cancelled on March 24, 1958, with the mileage being transferred to RM 2034.[176]","title":"FM 2186"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2187"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2187 (1953)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2187 was designated on October 29, 1953, from FM 630, south 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to SH 9 (now I-37) at Edroy. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended north 5.0 miles (8.0 km) from FM 630 to a road intersection. FM 2187 was cancelled on July 24, 1963, and transferred to FM 796.","title":"FM 2187"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2188"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2188 (1953)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2188 was designated on December 2, 1953, from SH 175 in Montague northwest 4.6 miles (7.4 km) to a county road. FM 2188 was cancelled on January 10, 1957, and transferred to FM 1806.","title":"FM 2188"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Augustine County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Augustine_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2390"},{"link_name":"Angelina National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2189-185"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1231-186"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2189-185"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2189 (FM 2189) is located in San Augustine County. It runs from FM 2390 southeastward 1.7 miles (2.7 km) before state maintenance ends. The route is located within the Angelina National Forest.[179][180]FM 2189 was designated on April 25, 1978, along the current route.[179]","title":"FM 2189"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bailey County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_214"},{"link_name":"Enochs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enochs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_54"},{"link_name":"FM 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_37"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2189-185"}],"sub_title":"FM 2189 (1953)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2189 was designated in Bailey County on December 2, 1953, from SH 214, 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Enochs, east 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to FM 54. FM 2189 was cancelled on September 19, 1968, and became a portion of FM 37.[179]","title":"FM 2189"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reeves County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeves_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_290"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2189-185"}],"sub_title":"RM 2189","text":"Ranch to Market Road 2189 (RM 2189) was designated in Reeves County on August 4, 1971, from I-10, about 3.6 miles (5.8 km) south of I-20, to a point 2.5 miles (4.0 km) southeast as a replacement of a section of US 290, which was rerouted along I-10. RM 2189 was cancelled on July 31, 1974, due to low traffic counts.[179]","title":"FM 2189"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2190"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2190 (1953)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2190 was designated on December 2, 1953, from FM 1760, 7.5 miles (12.1 km) east of the TX/NM state line, north 2.7 miles (4.3 km) to the Palmer County line. Eleven months later FM 2190 was cancelled and transferred to FM 1731.","title":"FM 2190"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2191"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"South Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Plains"},{"link_name":"FM 211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_211"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_41"},{"link_name":"FM 3431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3431"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2192 (FM 2192) is located in Lubbock and Lynn counties in the South Plains region.FM 2192 begins at an intersection with FM 211 near Wilson. The highway travels in a mostly northern direction, briefly running in a western direction at Lynn County Road 2. FM 2192 enters into Lubbock County just south of County Road 7900 (210th Street). The highway ends at an intersection with FM 41, with the roadway continuing north as County Road 2730 (which eventually becomes FM 3431).FM 2192 was designated on December 2, 1953, running from FM 211 near Wilson to the Lubbock County line at a distance of 6.0 miles (9.7 km). The highway was extended 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to FM 41 on February 1, 1957.","title":"FM 2192"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2193 (FM 2193) is located in Washington County. It runs from SH 105 east to FM 1155.FM 2193 was designated on October 29, 1953, from SH 90 (now SH 105), 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Brenham, east 3.0 miles (4.8 km) to a road intersection. On August 24, 1955, the road was extended south 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to US 290, replacing FM 2194. On December 19, 1956, an 8.2-mile (13.2 km) section from US 290 north to FM 1155 was transferred to FM 1155.","title":"FM 2193"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2194"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2194 (1953)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2194 was designated on October 29, 1953, from US 290 (now FM 1371) at Chappell Hill north 8.2 miles (13.2 km) to a road intersection. On August 24, 1954, the road was extended south 0.69 miles (1.11 km) over a former section of US 290 to new US 290. FM 2194 was cancelled on September 20, 1955, and transferred to FM 2193 (now FM 1155).","title":"FM 2194"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2195"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Yoakum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoakum_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"South Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Plains"},{"link_name":"SH 214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_214"},{"link_name":"Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brownfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownfield,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_380"},{"link_name":"FM 402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_402"},{"link_name":"FM 3262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3262"},{"link_name":"FM 1780","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1780"},{"link_name":"FM 3262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3262"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2196 (FM 2196) is located in Terry and Yoakum counties in the South Plains region.FM 2196 begins at an intersection with SH 214 north of Plains. The highway travels in an eastern direction through rural areas with farm and ranch land with oil pumps before ending at an intersection with US 385 north of Brownfield. FM 2196 serves as a relief route for US 82/US 380 between Plains and Brownfield, as the highway runs closely parallel to that highway between the two towns.FM 2196 was designated on December 2, 1953, running from FM 402 northward and westward at a distance of 6.0 miles (9.7 km). The highway was extended 5.6 miles (9.0 km) westward to a road intersection on October 26, 1954. FM 2196 was rerouted; the section from FM 402 northward 2.2 miles (3.5 km) was transferred to the new FM 3262, and FM 2196 was rerouted to FM 1780 on October 26, 1975, replacing the old FM 3262.[188] The highway was extended 12.0 miles (19.3 km) from FM 1780 to SH 214 on January 30, 1989.Junction list","title":"FM 2196"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2197"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2198"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrison County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_31"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_803-199"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_761-200"},{"link_name":"Scottsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific"},{"link_name":"FM 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1998"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2199-198"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_761-200"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2199-198"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2199 (FM 2199) is located in Harrison County. Its southern terminus is at FM 31 at Crossroads.[193] The route runs north, crossing I-20 at exit 624 and intersecting US 80.[194] FM 2199 enters Scottsville, crossing a Union Pacific railroad line before reaching its northern terminus at FM 1998. The roadway continues beyond this point as Harkins Lane.[192][194]FM 2199 was designated on December 2, 1953, from US 80 to FM 1998. It was extended south to FM 31 on August 24, 1955.[192]","title":"FM 2199"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2102-concur_18-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2114-concur_46-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RM_2134_89-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2146-concur_111-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2147-concur_115-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2169-concur_149-0"}],"text":"^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 2102 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 626.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 2114 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 308.\n\n^ FM 2134 was designated as RM 2134 from October 31, 1957, to May 5, 1992.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 2146 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 173.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of RM 2147 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 281.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the TxDOT description of FM 2169 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with Loop 481 and the Interstate 10 frontage road.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2100\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2100.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2100\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1752. Retrieved July 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1752.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1702. Retrieved July 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1702.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 109405\" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. August 28, 2003. Retrieved July 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003689523.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 109405\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1652. Retrieved July 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1652.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2100\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2100.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 115371\" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/1115/4.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 115371\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, David (October 6, 2010). \"FM 2100 the most dangerous in Crosby\". The Lake Houston Observer. Retrieved July 17, 2023 – via chron.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/lakehouston/news/article/FM-2100-the-most-dangerous-in-Crosby-9446080.php","url_text":"\"FM 2100 the most dangerous in Crosby\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, David (March 10, 2023). \"TxDOT plans tentative reopening of Crosby's FM 2100 this weekend after years of construction\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonchronicle.com/neighborhood/humble-kingwood/article/txdot-crosby-fm-2100-reopening-17832370.php","url_text":"\"TxDOT plans tentative reopening of Crosby's FM 2100 this weekend after years of construction\""}]},{"reference":"Feuk, Melanie (December 19, 2016). \"Widening of FM2100 in Huffman proposed\". The Lake Houston Observer. Retrieved July 17, 2023 – via chron.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/lakehouston/news/article/Widening-of-FM2100-in-Huffman-proposed-10807089.php","url_text":"\"Widening of FM2100 in Huffman proposed\""}]},{"reference":"Lapin, Elliott (August 3, 2018). \"TxDOT's $50 million FM 2100 construction project remains unfunded\". The Lake Houston Observer. Retrieved July 17, 2023 – via chron.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/lakehouston/news/article/TxDOT-s-50-million-FM-2100-construction-13130840.php","url_text":"\"TxDOT's $50 million FM 2100 construction project remains unfunded\""}]},{"reference":"\"Draft Environmental Assessment: FM 2100: Huffman-Cleveland Road (North) to SH 99 (Grand Parkway)\" (PDF). Texas Department of Transportation. February 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ftp.txdot.gov/pub/txdot/get-involved/hou/fm2100-huffman-cleveland/022823-draft-ea.pdf","url_text":"\"Draft Environmental Assessment: FM 2100: Huffman-Cleveland Road (North) to SH 99 (Grand Parkway)\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2101\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2101.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2101\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 626. Retrieved January 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/626.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 584. Retrieved January 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/584.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Google (October 26, 2012). \"FM 2101 Overview Map with Major Intersections\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Farm+to+Market+2101&daddr=32.9653101,-96.0578058+to:Farm+to+Market+2101+to:Farm+to+Market+2101+to:Mc+Cullough+Blvd&hl=en&ll=32.98822,-96.06102&spn=0.268391,0.528374&sll=32.954412,-96.09797&sspn=0.033562,0.066047&geocode=FYC99gEdcIVF-g%3BFb4C9wEdM0ZG-ikr0Rkf0N9LhjFOLMRTzgu1vw%3BFYcu9wEdUUVG-g%3BFRbD9wEdaD5G-g%3BFTul-AEdwvhF-g&mra=dme&mrsp=0&sz=15&via=1&t=m&z=12","url_text":"\"FM 2101 Overview Map with Major Intersections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2102\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2102.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2102\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 35\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0035.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 35\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2103\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2103.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2103\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 256. Retrieved July 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/256.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 257. Retrieved July 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/257.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2104\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2104.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2104\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 11, 2018). \"Route of FM 2104\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.0489238,-97.1163621/30.2101195,-97.1086658/@30.1290851,-97.1290156,12.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2104\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2105\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2105.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2105\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2105\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2105.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2105\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 597\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0597.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 597\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2106\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2106.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2106\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 9, 2018). \"Route of FM 2106\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.2872299,-101.556541/33.3578087,-101.5551624/@33.3220432,-101.5512745,13.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2106\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2107\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2107.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2107\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2108\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2108.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2108\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 12, 2018). \"Route of FM 2108\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.2397249,-94.7610192/31.2620404,-94.7105153/@31.2458902,-94.7417831,14.75z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2108\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2109\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2109.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2109\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2662\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2662.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2662\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 12, 2018). \"Route of FM 2109\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.286923,-94.5716794/31.1581469,-94.4125745/@31.2183514,-94.5342094,12.75z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-94.4090251!2d31.1823603!3s0x86384aa594e438fb:0x8ef93a23a4b080af!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2109\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2110\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2110.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2110\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 13, 2018). \"Route of FM 2110\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.2141831,-95.5450942/31.3039453,-95.4594207/@31.2604299,-95.5244011,13.25z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2110\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2111\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2111.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2111\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 225\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0225.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 225\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2112\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2112.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2112\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 11, 2018). \"Route of FM 2112\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.6138777,-94.5220698/31.6789739,-94.5458782/@31.637297,-94.556898,13.25z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2112\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2113\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2113.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2113\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2113\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2113.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2113\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 10, 2018). \"Route of FM 2113\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.3062238,-97.3534046/31.457915,-97.173619/@31.3932173,-97.309256,12.25z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2113\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2114\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2114.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2114\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 53\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0053.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 53\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2411\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2411.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2411\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1888\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1888.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1888\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 13, 2018). \"Route of FM 2114\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.8340881,-97.3625161/31.8555221,-96.8033235/@31.8651654,-97.1695055,11.25z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2114\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2115\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2115.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2115\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1382. Retrieved July 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1382.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2116\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2116.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2116\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1491. Retrieved July 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1491.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 434\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0434.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 434\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2117\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2117.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2117\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2118\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2118.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2118\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2119\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2119.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2119\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1016. Retrieved July 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1016.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1133. Retrieved July 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1133.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2120\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2120.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2120\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2121\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2121.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2121\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2122\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2122.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2122\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2123\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2123.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2123\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2124\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2124.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2124\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2125\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2125.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2125\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2126\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2126.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2126\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1040. Retrieved July 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1040.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Google (February 8, 2018). \"Route of FM 2126\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.6600064,-98.9581561/31.730653,-98.9202554/@31.6935677,-98.9646854,13.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2126\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2127\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2127.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2127\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 449. Retrieved January 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/449.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 450. Retrieved January 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/450.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 492. Retrieved January 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/492.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1125\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1125.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1125\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (January 12, 2011). \"Overview map of Farm to Market Road 2127 Distances Between Interchanges\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Farm+to+Market+Rd+2127&daddr=Farm+to+Market+Rd+2127+to:Farm+to+Market+Rd+2127+to:Farm+to+Market+Rd+2127+to:Farm+to+Market+Rd+2127&hl=en&geocode=FatL_gEdZaIl-g%3BFWqG_gEd2k4o-g%3BFaTj_QEdUlMp-g%3BFVYU_QEdanEq-g%3BFS5x_AEdcmwq-g&mra=mi&mrcr=3&mrsp=4&sz=17&sll=33.3203,-97.882229&sspn=0.007728,0.016512&ie=UTF8&ll=33.38874,-98.008347&spn=0.2471,0.528374&z=12","url_text":"\"Overview map of Farm to Market Road 2127 Distances Between Interchanges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2068\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2068.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2068\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2128\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2128.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2128\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2128\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2128.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2128\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 818\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0818.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 818\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 908\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0908.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 908\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2129\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2129.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2129\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 303\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0303.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 303\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2130\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2130.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2130\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 8, 2018). \"Route of FM 2130\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.5831758,-102.1267073/33.8064824,-102.103291/@33.6970834,-102.153055,11.75z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2130\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2131\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2131.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2131\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2132\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2132.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2132\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2133\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2133.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2133\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2134\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2134.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2134\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1206. Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1206.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1150. Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1150.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1093. Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1093.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1094. Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1094.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 88109\" (PDF). Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. November 29, 1988. Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/3690925.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 88109\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Recreational Road No. 11\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RE/RE0011.htm","url_text":"\"Recreational Road No. 11\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2135\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2135.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2135\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2136\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2136.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2136\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2137\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2137.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2137\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2138\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2138.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2138\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2139\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2139.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2139\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 752\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0752.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 752\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2140\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2140.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2140\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2141\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2141.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2141\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2142\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2142.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2142\""}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676459.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676459.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676459.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2143\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2143.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2143\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2144\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2144.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2144\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2145\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2145.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2145\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2146\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2146.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2146\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 3235\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM3235.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 3235\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 11, 2018). \"Route of FM 2146\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/28.9134773,-98.7193406/29.0542981,-98.6000995/@28.996793,-98.6955258,12z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2146\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2147\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2147.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2147\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 10, 2018). \"Route of RM 2147\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.5196313,-98.4097768/30.5599926,-98.2802496/30.546694,-98.2217569/@30.5553771,-98.3515625,13z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of RM 2147\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 462\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0462.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 462\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2148\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2148.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2148\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2149\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2149.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2149\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2150\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2150.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2150\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 161\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0161.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 161\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2151\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2151.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2151\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 3129\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM3000/FM3129.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 3129\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2152\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2152.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2152\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2153\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2153.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2153\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 99\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0099.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 99\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2154\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2154.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2154\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 3518\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM3500/FM3518.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 3518\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2154\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2154.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2154\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 8, 2018). \"Route of FM 2154\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.4414754,-96.1267896/30.6345876,-96.3657178/@30.5291326,-96.3148874,12z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-96.2642956!2d30.4899193!3s0x86469a38c2d94f67:0x89f60cc4f6a16d32!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2154\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2155\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2155.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2155\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2156\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2156.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2156\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2157\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2157.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2157\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2158\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2158.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2158\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2159\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2159.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2159\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2160\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2160.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2160\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2161\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2161.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2161\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2162\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2162.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2162\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2163\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2163.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2163\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2164\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2164.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2164\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2164\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2164.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2164\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 13, 2018). \"Route of FM 2164\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.2407101,-97.1318656/33.3775376,-97.1157402/@33.3150332,-97.152072,12.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2164\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2165\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2165.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2165\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2166\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2166.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2166\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2167\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2167.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2167\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2473\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2473.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2473\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2168\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2168.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2168\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2169\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2169.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2169\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 10, 2018). \"Route of FM 2169\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.4815248,-99.7779773/30.4780024,-99.776857/30.3919295,-99.6195162/@30.4230549,-99.708726,12z/data=!4m10!4m9!1m0!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-99.6748189!2d30.4520989!3s0x865909278d9d7fb3:0xd4cde9a62e41b45c!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2169\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2170\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2170.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2170\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2319\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2319.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2319\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2551\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2551.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2551\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1378\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1378.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1378\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2170\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2170.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2170\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2171\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2171.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2171\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2172\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2172.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2172\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2173\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2173.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2173\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1604\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1604.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1604\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2174\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2174.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2174\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2175\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2175.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2175\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2176\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2176.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2176\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2176\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2176.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2176\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2177\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2177.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2177\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2178\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2178.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2178\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2179\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2179.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2179\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2180\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2180.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2180\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2181\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2181.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2181\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2181\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2181.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2181\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 10, 2018). \"Route of FM 2181\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.1300437,-97.040112/33.1931149,-97.1241112/@33.1574894,-97.0974007,13.5z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-97.1121232!2d33.1704925!3s0x864dcb3fac366cd3:0x55efdd3c5afe35eb!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2181\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1285\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1285.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1285\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2182\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2182.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2182\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2183\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2183.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2183\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2184\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2184.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2184\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2185\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2185.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2185\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1294. Retrieved December 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1294.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1240. Retrieved December 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1240.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 115840\" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. August 27, 2020. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/115840.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 115840\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2186\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2186.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2186\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 335\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0335.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 335\""}]},{"reference":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/0426/9e.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/0426/9e.pdf","url_text":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/0426/9e.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2034\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2034.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2034\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2187\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2187.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2187\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2188\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2188.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2188\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2189\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2189.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2189\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1231. Retrieved July 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1231.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2190\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2190.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2190\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2191\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2191.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2191\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2192\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2192.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2192\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2193\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2193.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2193\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2194\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2194.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2194\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2195\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2195.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2195\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2196\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2196.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2196\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 3262\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM3000/FM3262.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 3262\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 8, 2018). \"Route of FM 2196\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.2701623,-102.8185076/33.2685145,-102.3142107/@33.2665247,-102.6493132,11.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2196\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2197\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2197.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2197\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2198\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2198.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2198\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2199\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2199.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2199\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 803. Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/803.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 761. Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/761.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]}]
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Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/257.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2104.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2104\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.0489238,-97.1163621/30.2101195,-97.1086658/@30.1290851,-97.1290156,12.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 2104\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2105.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2105\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2105.htm","external_links_name":"\"Urban Road No. 2105\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0597.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 597\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2106.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2106\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.2872299,-101.556541/33.3578087,-101.5551624/@33.3220432,-101.5512745,13.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 2106\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2107.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2107\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2108.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2108\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.2397249,-94.7610192/31.2620404,-94.7105153/@31.2458902,-94.7417831,14.75z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 2108\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2109.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2109\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2662.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2662\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.286923,-94.5716794/31.1581469,-94.4125745/@31.2183514,-94.5342094,12.75z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-94.4090251!2d31.1823603!3s0x86384aa594e438fb:0x8ef93a23a4b080af!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 2109\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2110.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2110\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.2141831,-95.5450942/31.3039453,-95.4594207/@31.2604299,-95.5244011,13.25z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 2110\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2111.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2111\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0225.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 225\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2112.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2112\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.6138777,-94.5220698/31.6789739,-94.5458782/@31.637297,-94.556898,13.25z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 2112\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2113.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2113\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2113.htm","external_links_name":"\"Urban Road No. 2113\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.3062238,-97.3534046/31.457915,-97.173619/@31.3932173,-97.309256,12.25z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 2113\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2114.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2114\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0053.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 53\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2411.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2411\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1888.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1888\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.8340881,-97.3625161/31.8555221,-96.8033235/@31.8651654,-97.1695055,11.25z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 2114\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2115.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2115\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1382.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2116.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2116\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1491.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0434.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 434\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2117.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2117\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2118.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2118\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2119.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2119\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1016.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1133.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2120.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2120\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2121.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2121\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2122.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2122\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2123.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2123\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2124.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2124\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2125.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2125\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2126.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2126\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1040.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.6600064,-98.9581561/31.730653,-98.9202554/@31.6935677,-98.9646854,13.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 2126\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2127.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2127\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/449.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/450.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/492.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1125.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1125\""},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Farm+to+Market+Rd+2127&daddr=Farm+to+Market+Rd+2127+to:Farm+to+Market+Rd+2127+to:Farm+to+Market+Rd+2127+to:Farm+to+Market+Rd+2127&hl=en&geocode=FatL_gEdZaIl-g%3BFWqG_gEd2k4o-g%3BFaTj_QEdUlMp-g%3BFVYU_QEdanEq-g%3BFS5x_AEdcmwq-g&mra=mi&mrcr=3&mrsp=4&sz=17&sll=33.3203,-97.882229&sspn=0.007728,0.016512&ie=UTF8&ll=33.38874,-98.008347&spn=0.2471,0.528374&z=12","external_links_name":"\"Overview map of Farm to Market Road 2127 Distances Between Interchanges\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2068.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2068\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2128.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2128\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2128.htm","external_links_name":"\"Urban Road No. 2128\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0818.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 818\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0908.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 908\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2129.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2129\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0303.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 303\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2130.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2130\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.5831758,-102.1267073/33.8064824,-102.103291/@33.6970834,-102.153055,11.75z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 2130\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2131.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2131\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2132.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2132\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2133.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2133\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2134.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2134\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1206.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1150.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1093.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1094.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ROOGH","external_links_name":"O. H. Ivie Reservoir"},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/3690925.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minute Order 88109\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RE/RE0011.htm","external_links_name":"\"Recreational Road No. 11\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2135.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2135\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2136.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2136\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2137.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2137\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2138.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2138\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2139.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2139\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0752.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 752\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2140.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2140\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2141.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2141\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2142.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2142\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676459.pdf","external_links_name":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676459.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2143.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2143\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2144.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2144\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2145.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2145\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2146.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2146\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM3235.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 3235\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/28.9134773,-98.7193406/29.0542981,-98.6000995/@28.996793,-98.6955258,12z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 2146\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2147.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2147\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.5196313,-98.4097768/30.5599926,-98.2802496/30.546694,-98.2217569/@30.5553771,-98.3515625,13z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of RM 2147\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0462.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 462\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2148.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2148\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2149.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2149\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2150.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2150\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0161.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 161\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2151.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2151\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM3000/FM3129.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 3129\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2152.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2152\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2153.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2153\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0099.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 99\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2154.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2154\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM3500/FM3518.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 3518\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2154.htm","external_links_name":"\"Urban Road No. 2154\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.4414754,-96.1267896/30.6345876,-96.3657178/@30.5291326,-96.3148874,12z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-96.2642956!2d30.4899193!3s0x86469a38c2d94f67:0x89f60cc4f6a16d32!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 2154\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2155.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2155\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2156.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2156\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2157.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2157\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2158.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2158\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2159.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2159\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2160.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2160\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2161.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2161\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2162.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2162\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2163.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2163\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2164.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2164\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2164.htm","external_links_name":"\"Urban Road No. 2164\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.2407101,-97.1318656/33.3775376,-97.1157402/@33.3150332,-97.152072,12.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 2164\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2165.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2165\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2166.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2166\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2167.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2167\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2473.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2473\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2168.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2168\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2169.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2169\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/30.4815248,-99.7779773/30.4780024,-99.776857/30.3919295,-99.6195162/@30.4230549,-99.708726,12z/data=!4m10!4m9!1m0!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-99.6748189!2d30.4520989!3s0x865909278d9d7fb3:0xd4cde9a62e41b45c!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 2169\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2170.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2170\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2319.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2319\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2551.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2551\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1378.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1378\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2170.htm","external_links_name":"\"Urban Road No. 2170\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2171.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2171\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2172.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2172\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2173.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2173\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1604.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1604\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2174.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2174\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2175.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2175\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2176.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2176\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2176.htm","external_links_name":"\"Urban Road No. 2176\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2177.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2177\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2178.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2178\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2179.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2179\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2180.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2180\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2181.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2181\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2181.htm","external_links_name":"\"Urban Road No. 2181\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.1300437,-97.040112/33.1931149,-97.1241112/@33.1574894,-97.0974007,13.5z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-97.1121232!2d33.1704925!3s0x864dcb3fac366cd3:0x55efdd3c5afe35eb!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 2181\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1285.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1285\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2182.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2182\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2183.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2183\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2184.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2184\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2185.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2185\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1294.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1240.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/115840.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minute Order 115840\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2186.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2186\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0335.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 335\""},{"Link":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/0426/9e.pdf","external_links_name":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/0426/9e.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2034.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2034\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2187.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2187\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2188.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2188\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2189.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2189\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1231.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2190.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2190\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2191.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2191\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2192.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2192\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2193.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2193\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2194.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2194\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2195.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2195\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2196.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2196\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM3000/FM3262.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 3262\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.2701623,-102.8185076/33.2685145,-102.3142107/@33.2665247,-102.6493132,11.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 2196\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2197.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2197\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2198.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2198\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2199.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2199\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/803.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/761.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessler%27s
Kessler's
["1 References"]
Kessler's logo from 1975 Kessler's was a family-owned lower-end department store chain in Georgia. The chain included a main store in downtown Atlanta and seven other locations: Smyrna, Rome, Newnan, West Point, Decatur, West Atlanta, and Canton. The first Kessler's department store opened in Macon in 1914. In 1932, the family moved to Atlanta, where Hyman and Walter H. Kessler opened a store in downtown the following year. The Kessler family closed all stores in 1998. The downtown Atlanta store has since been converted into condominiums. References ^ Lamm, Marcy, "Kessler's ready to shut its doors," Atlanta Business Chronicle, Feb 13, 1998. ^ Bond, Patti, "Kessler's closing after more than 60 years", The Atlanta Constitution, Feb 13, 1998, H-1. ^ Kessler CityLofts This United States retail business article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Kessler's logo from 1975","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kessler%27s_1975.png/220px-Kessler%27s_1975.png"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosty%C3%A1nk%C5%91
Bernstein im Burgenland
["1 Geography","2 Population","3 Politics","4 Climate","5 Sightseeing","6 Notable residents","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 47°24′N 16°15′E / 47.400°N 16.250°E / 47.400; 16.250Place in Burgenland, AustriaBernsteinAerial view of Bernstein Coat of armsLocation within Oberwart districtBernsteinLocation within AustriaCoordinates: 47°24′N 16°15′E / 47.400°N 16.250°E / 47.400; 16.250Country AustriaStateBurgenlandDistrictOberwartGovernment • MayorRenate Habetler (SPÖ)Area • Total38.99 km2 (15.05 sq mi)Population (2018-01-01) • Total2,123 • Density54/km2 (140/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code7434Websitehttp://www.bernstein.gv.at/ Bernstein (Hungarian: Borostyánkő) is a municipality in Burgenland in the district Oberwart in Austria. Geography Parts of the municipality are Dreihütten, Redlschlag, Rettenbach, and Stuben. Population Historical populationYearPop.±%18692,896—    18802,954+2.0%18902,921−1.1%19003,015+3.2%19102,909−3.5%19232,633−9.5%19342,690+2.2%19392,606−3.1%19512,465−5.4%19612,435−1.2%19712,470+1.4%19812,592+4.9%19912,493−3.8%20012,441−2.1%20112,267−7.1% Politics Of the 23 positions on the municipal council, the SPÖ has 14, and the ÖVP 9. Climate Climate data for Bernstein im Burgenland (1981–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 16.0(60.8) 19.2(66.6) 22.5(72.5) 25.3(77.5) 29.7(85.5) 34.0(93.2) 34.6(94.3) 35.2(95.4) 30.0(86.0) 23.9(75.0) 20.9(69.6) 17.0(62.6) 35.2(95.4) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.0(35.6) 4.0(39.2) 8.2(46.8) 13.6(56.5) 18.6(65.5) 21.4(70.5) 23.8(74.8) 23.3(73.9) 18.5(65.3) 13.1(55.6) 6.6(43.9) 2.5(36.5) 13.0(55.4) Daily mean °C (°F) −2.0(28.4) −0.8(30.6) 3.2(37.8) 8.1(46.6) 13.3(55.9) 16.0(60.8) 18.3(64.9) 17.9(64.2) 13.5(56.3) 8.8(47.8) 3.2(37.8) −0.9(30.4) 8.2(46.8) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.8(25.2) −2.7(27.1) 0.7(33.3) 5.0(41.0) 9.7(49.5) 12.6(54.7) 14.8(58.6) 14.7(58.5) 10.8(51.4) 6.3(43.3) 1.1(34.0) −2.8(27.0) 5.5(41.9) Record low °C (°F) −19.0(−2.2) −19.9(−3.8) −15.0(5.0) −6.5(20.3) 0.0(32.0) 2.7(36.9) 6.0(42.8) 4.7(40.5) 2.5(36.5) −6.0(21.2) −11.8(10.8) −16.7(1.9) −19.9(−3.8) Average snowfall cm (inches) 16(6.3) 20(7.9) 20(7.9) 6(2.4) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0.4) 13(5.1) 21(8.3) 96(38) Average relative humidity (%) (at 14:00) 71.1 61.8 57.9 52.7 55.7 58.0 55.1 56.5 61.0 66.6 73.7 74.8 62.1 Source: Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics Climate data for Bernstein im Burgenland (1971–2000) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 16.0(60.8) 19.2(66.6) 23.0(73.4) 25.3(77.5) 28.3(82.9) 34.0(93.2) 33.5(92.3) 34.0(93.2) 30.0(86.0) 23.3(73.9) 20.4(68.7) 16.6(61.9) 34.0(93.2) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.6(34.9) 3.7(38.7) 7.9(46.2) 12.7(54.9) 17.9(64.2) 20.7(69.3) 23.0(73.4) 22.7(72.9) 18.4(65.1) 12.5(54.5) 6.0(42.8) 2.8(37.0) 12.5(54.5) Daily mean °C (°F) −1.7(28.9) −0.1(31.8) 3.5(38.3) 7.9(46.2) 13.0(55.4) 15.9(60.6) 18.2(64.8) 17.9(64.2) 13.8(56.8) 8.5(47.3) 2.8(37.0) −0.3(31.5) 8.3(46.9) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.2(24.4) −2.8(27.0) 0.4(32.7) 4.1(39.4) 9.0(48.2) 11.9(53.4) 14.0(57.2) 14.0(57.2) 10.5(50.9) 5.7(42.3) 0.4(32.7) −2.7(27.1) 5.0(41.0) Record low °C (°F) −19.0(−2.2) −19.9(−3.8) −16.5(2.3) −5.4(22.3) −2.0(28.4) 2.0(35.6) 6.0(42.8) 6.0(42.8) 1.5(34.7) −4.7(23.5) −11.8(10.8) −16.7(1.9) −19.9(−3.8) Average precipitation mm (inches) 26.0(1.02) 26.0(1.02) 39.5(1.56) 48.0(1.89) 82.0(3.23) 114.8(4.52) 96.2(3.79) 82.5(3.25) 71.4(2.81) 47.0(1.85) 51.7(2.04) 33.2(1.31) 718.3(28.28) Average snowfall cm (inches) 16.3(6.4) 19.0(7.5) 24.9(9.8) 8.3(3.3) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.2(0.1) 13.4(5.3) 21.3(8.4) 103.4(40.7) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.9 5.0 7.3 7.6 9.6 10.1 9.4 8.7 6.7 6.1 7.9 5.8 89.1 Average relative humidity (%) (at 14:00) 73.8 65.0 60.1 55.4 57.3 58.9 57.0 57.7 62.3 66.4 73.2 74.1 63.4 Source: Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics Sightseeing Bernstein Castle Aerial photography of the castle South-southwest view Notable residents László Almásy (1895–1951): a Hungarian aristocrat, motorist, desert researcher, aviator, Scout-leader and soldier who served as the basis for the protagonist in Michael Ondaatje's 1992 novel The English Patient and the movie based on it. References ^ "Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019. ^ "Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019. ^ "Klimamittel 1981–2010: Lufttemperatur" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019. ^ "Klimamittel 1981–2010: Niederschlag" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2019. ^ "Klimamittel 1981–2010: Schnee" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2019. ^ "Klimamittel 1981–2010: Luftfeuchtigkeit" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019. ^ "Klimamittel 1981–2010: Strahlung" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2019. ^ "Klimadaten von Österreich 1971–2000 – Burgenland-Bernstein" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019. External links Aerial photography gallery Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bernstein (Burgenland). vteMunicipalities in the district of Oberwart Bad Tatzmannsdorf Badersdorf Bernstein im Burgenland Deutsch Schützen-Eisenberg Grafenschachen Großpetersdorf Hannersdorf Jabing Kemeten Kohfidisch Litzelsdorf Loipersdorf-Kitzladen Mariasdorf Markt Allhau Markt Neuhodis Mischendorf Neustift an der Lafnitz Oberdorf im Burgenland Oberschützen Oberwart Pinkafeld Rechnitz Riedlingsdorf Rotenturm an der Pinka Schachendorf Schandorf Stadtschlaining Unterkohlstätten Unterwart Weiden bei Rechnitz Wiesfleck Wolfau Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel Geographic MusicBrainz area This Burgenland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Burgenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgenland"},{"link_name":"Oberwart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberwart_(district)"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"}],"text":"Place in Burgenland, AustriaBernstein (Hungarian: Borostyánkő) is a municipality in Burgenland in the district Oberwart in Austria.","title":"Bernstein im Burgenland"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Parts of the municipality are Dreihütten, Redlschlag, Rettenbach, and Stuben.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ÖVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96VP"}],"text":"Of the 23 positions on the municipal council, the SPÖ has 14, and the ÖVP 9.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Institute_for_Meteorology_and_Geodynamics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZAMGtemp-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZAMGprecip-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZAMGsnow-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZAMGhumidity-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZAMGsun-7"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Institute_for_Meteorology_and_Geodynamics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZAMG-8"}],"text":"Climate data for Bernstein im Burgenland (1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n25.3(77.5)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n34.0(93.2)\n\n34.6(94.3)\n\n35.2(95.4)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n23.9(75.0)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n35.2(95.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n23.8(74.8)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n2.5(36.5)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−2.0(28.4)\n\n−0.8(30.6)\n\n3.2(37.8)\n\n8.1(46.6)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n17.9(64.2)\n\n13.5(56.3)\n\n8.8(47.8)\n\n3.2(37.8)\n\n−0.9(30.4)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−3.8(25.2)\n\n−2.7(27.1)\n\n0.7(33.3)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n10.8(51.4)\n\n6.3(43.3)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n−2.8(27.0)\n\n5.5(41.9)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−19.0(−2.2)\n\n−19.9(−3.8)\n\n−15.0(5.0)\n\n−6.5(20.3)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n2.7(36.9)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n4.7(40.5)\n\n2.5(36.5)\n\n−6.0(21.2)\n\n−11.8(10.8)\n\n−16.7(1.9)\n\n−19.9(−3.8)\n\n\nAverage snowfall cm (inches)\n\n16(6.3)\n\n20(7.9)\n\n20(7.9)\n\n6(2.4)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n1(0.4)\n\n13(5.1)\n\n21(8.3)\n\n96(38)\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%) (at 14:00)\n\n71.1\n\n61.8\n\n57.9\n\n52.7\n\n55.7\n\n58.0\n\n55.1\n\n56.5\n\n61.0\n\n66.6\n\n73.7\n\n74.8\n\n62.1\n\n\nSource: Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics[3][4][5][6][7]Climate data for Bernstein im Burgenland (1971–2000)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n25.3(77.5)\n\n28.3(82.9)\n\n34.0(93.2)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n34.0(93.2)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n20.4(68.7)\n\n16.6(61.9)\n\n34.0(93.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n1.6(34.9)\n\n3.7(38.7)\n\n7.9(46.2)\n\n12.7(54.9)\n\n17.9(64.2)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−1.7(28.9)\n\n−0.1(31.8)\n\n3.5(38.3)\n\n7.9(46.2)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n17.9(64.2)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n−0.3(31.5)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−4.2(24.4)\n\n−2.8(27.0)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n4.1(39.4)\n\n9.0(48.2)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n−2.7(27.1)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−19.0(−2.2)\n\n−19.9(−3.8)\n\n−16.5(2.3)\n\n−5.4(22.3)\n\n−2.0(28.4)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n1.5(34.7)\n\n−4.7(23.5)\n\n−11.8(10.8)\n\n−16.7(1.9)\n\n−19.9(−3.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n26.0(1.02)\n\n26.0(1.02)\n\n39.5(1.56)\n\n48.0(1.89)\n\n82.0(3.23)\n\n114.8(4.52)\n\n96.2(3.79)\n\n82.5(3.25)\n\n71.4(2.81)\n\n47.0(1.85)\n\n51.7(2.04)\n\n33.2(1.31)\n\n718.3(28.28)\n\n\nAverage snowfall cm (inches)\n\n16.3(6.4)\n\n19.0(7.5)\n\n24.9(9.8)\n\n8.3(3.3)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.2(0.1)\n\n13.4(5.3)\n\n21.3(8.4)\n\n103.4(40.7)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n4.9\n\n5.0\n\n7.3\n\n7.6\n\n9.6\n\n10.1\n\n9.4\n\n8.7\n\n6.7\n\n6.1\n\n7.9\n\n5.8\n\n89.1\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%) (at 14:00)\n\n73.8\n\n65.0\n\n60.1\n\n55.4\n\n57.3\n\n58.9\n\n57.0\n\n57.7\n\n62.3\n\n66.4\n\n73.2\n\n74.1\n\n63.4\n\n\nSource: Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics[8]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernstein Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernstein_-_Burg_(a).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borostyankovaracivertanlegi3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernstein_-_Burg_(c).JPG"}],"text":"Bernstein CastleAerial photography of the castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouth-southwest view","title":"Sightseeing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"László Almásy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Alm%C3%A1sy"},{"link_name":"Michael Ondaatje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje"},{"link_name":"The English Patient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_English_Patient"}],"text":"László Almásy (1895–1951): a Hungarian aristocrat, motorist, desert researcher, aviator, Scout-leader and soldier who served as the basis for the protagonist in Michael Ondaatje's 1992 novel The English Patient and the movie based on it.","title":"Notable residents"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/dauersiedlungsraum/index.html","url_text":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/gemeinden/index.html","url_text":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Klimamittel 1981–2010: Lufttemperatur\" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_ip-klimawandel/daten-download/klimamittel/klimamittel-lufttemperatur","url_text":"\"Klimamittel 1981–2010: Lufttemperatur\""},{"url":"https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_ip-klimawandel/daten-download/klimamittel-lufttemperatur","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Klimamittel 1981–2010: Niederschlag\" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141229004447/http://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_ip-klimawandel/daten-download/klimamittel/klimamittel-niederschlag","url_text":"\"Klimamittel 1981–2010: Niederschlag\""},{"url":"https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_ip-klimawandel/daten-download/klimamittel-niederschlag","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Klimamittel 1981–2010: Schnee\" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141229003014/http://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_ip-klimawandel/daten-download/klimamittel/klimamittel-schnee","url_text":"\"Klimamittel 1981–2010: Schnee\""},{"url":"https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_ip-klimawandel/daten-download/klimamittel-schnee","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Klimamittel 1981–2010: Luftfeuchtigkeit\" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191021010012/https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_ip-klimawandel/daten-download/klimamittel/klimamittel-luftfeuchtigkeit","url_text":"\"Klimamittel 1981–2010: Luftfeuchtigkeit\""},{"url":"https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_ip-klimawandel/daten-download/klimamittel/klimamittel-luftfeuchtigkeit","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Klimamittel 1981–2010: Strahlung\" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141229003006/http://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_ip-klimawandel/daten-download/klimamittel/klimamittel-strahlung","url_text":"\"Klimamittel 1981–2010: Strahlung\""},{"url":"https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_ip-klimawandel/daten-download/klimamittel-strahlung","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Klimadaten von Österreich 1971–2000 – Burgenland-Bernstein\" (in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191012234750/http://www.zamg.ac.at/fix/klima/oe71-00/klima2000/klimadaten_oesterreich_1971_frame1.htm","url_text":"\"Klimadaten von Österreich 1971–2000 – Burgenland-Bernstein\""},{"url":"http://www.zamg.ac.at/fix/klima/oe71-00/klima2000/klimadaten_oesterreich_1971_frame1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHPB-FM
CHPB-FM
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 49°03′47″N 81°01′31″W / 49.06306°N 81.02528°W / 49.06306; -81.02528Radio station in Cochrane, Ontario CHPB-FMCochrane, OntarioFrequency98.1 MHz (FM)Branding98.1 Moose FMProgrammingFormatAdult contemporaryOwnershipOwnerVista Broadcast GroupSister stationsCFIF-FMHistoryFirst air dateNovember 19, 2003Technical informationClassLPERP50 wattsHAAT19 meters (62 ft)LinksWebcastListen LiveWebsitemycochranenow.com CHPB-FM is a Canadian adult contemporary radio station broadcasting at 98.1 MHz on the FM dial in Cochrane, Ontario. The station began broadcasting in 2003 under the ownership of Tri-Tel Communications. On November 19, 2003, the Haliburton Broadcasting Group was given approval to acquire CHPB-FM from Tri-Tel. CHPB-FM is a sister station of CFIF-FM in Iroquois Falls. The station airs an adult contemporary format branded as 98.1 Moose FM. On April 23, 2012 Vista Broadcast Group, which owns a number of radio stations in western Canada, announced a deal to acquire Haliburton Broadcasting Group, in cooperation with Westerkirk Capital. The transaction was approved by the CRTC on October 19, 2012. References ^ CRTC Decision 2003-84 ^ CRTC Decision 2003-580 ^ "Westerkirk Capital Acquires Vista and Haliburton Broadcast Groups" Archived 2013-09-23 at the Wayback Machine. Broadcaster, April 26, 2012. ^ Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2012-577 Various radio programming undertakings – Acquisition of assets, CRTC, October 19, 2012 External links 98.1 Moose FM CHPB-FM at The History of Canadian Broadcasting by the Canadian Communications Foundation CHPB-FM in the REC Canadian station database vteRadio stations in Timmins and Cochrane District, OntarioTimminsAM CHIM 1710 FM CJQQ-FM 92.1 CHMT-FM 93.1 CBCJ-FM 96.1 CBON-FM-25 97.1 CKGB-FM 99.3 CHTI-FM 101.5 CHYK-FM 104.1 CJTK-FM-5 105.5 CJWT-FM 106.7 Defunct CHIM-FM 102.3 Cochrane CHPB-FM 98.1 CFCJ-FM 102.1 CFDY-FM 104.7 Hearst CBON-FM-26 90.3 CINN-FM 91.1 CBCC-FM 91.9 CHYK-FM-3 92.9 CKHT-FM 94.5 Iroquois Falls CFIF-FM 101.1 Defunct CHIM-FM-2 102.7 · CJFL 104.7 Kapuskasing CKGN-FM 89.7 CBON-FM-24 90.7 CHYX-FM 93.7 CKAP-FM 100.9 CBOK-FM 105.1 Defunct CHIM-FM-10 92.3 Moose Factory CJFI-FM 107.1 Moosonee CHMO 1450 VF2372 89.9 CBEY-FM 99.9 Smooth Rock Falls CKGN-FM-1 94.7 Radio stations in Northeastern Ontario North Bay Sault Ste. Marie Sudbury Timiskaming Timmins and Cochrane District Other nearby regions Kenora District See also List of radio stations in Ontario vteVista RadioCorporate directorsBryan Edwards (President), Gary Russell (Vice President), Joe Gabor (Director of Sales & Business), Darren Scott (Director of Creative Services)Radio stations(by call sign) CFBG CFBK CFBV CFCP CFFM CFIF CFNA CFNI CFPW CFRI CFSF CFXN CFZN CHBY CHGK CHMS CHMT CHNV CHPB CIQC CIRX CIRX-FM-1 CJCD CJCI CJCS CJFB CJJM CJSU CKAP CKAY CKBX CKCQ CKBX CKCQ CKHT CKVV CKLM CKLP CKPP CKNR CKQR CKWL CJOC CKBD CFSM CFLD CKCV CKGF CJLT Defunct: CFGM See also Haliburton Broadcasting Group 49°03′47″N 81°01′31″W / 49.06306°N 81.02528°W / 49.06306; -81.02528 This article about a radio station in Ontario is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Haliburton Broadcasting Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliburton_Broadcasting_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"CFIF-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFIF-FM"},{"link_name":"Iroquois Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_Falls,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"Vista Broadcast Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vista_Radio"},{"link_name":"Haliburton Broadcasting Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliburton_Broadcasting_Group"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Radio station in Cochrane, OntarioCHPB-FM is a Canadian adult contemporary radio station broadcasting at 98.1 MHz on the FM dial in Cochrane, Ontario.The station began broadcasting in 2003 under the ownership of Tri-Tel Communications.[1] On November 19, 2003, the Haliburton Broadcasting Group was given approval to acquire CHPB-FM from Tri-Tel.[2]CHPB-FM is a sister station of CFIF-FM in Iroquois Falls. The station airs an adult contemporary format branded as 98.1 Moose FM.On April 23, 2012 Vista Broadcast Group, which owns a number of radio stations in western Canada, announced a deal to acquire Haliburton Broadcasting Group, in cooperation with Westerkirk Capital.[3] The transaction was approved by the CRTC on October 19, 2012.[4]","title":"CHPB-FM"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-dot
İ
["1 In computing","1.1 Issues","2 Usage in other languages","3 See also","4 References"]
Latin letter I with dot above; used in Turkic languages "Dotted I" redirects here. For the Cyrillic letter, see Dotted I (Cyrillic). "I-dot" redirects here. For the state agency, see Illinois Department of Transportation. Not to be confused with i or ¡. I with dot aboveİ iUsageWriting systemLatin scriptTypealphabeticLanguage of originTurkish languagePhonetic usageUnicode codepointU+0130, U+0069HistoryDevelopment Ιι𐌉I iİ iTime period1928 to presentSistersI ıOtherWriting directionLeft-to-RightThis article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. İ, or i, called dotted I or i-dot, is a letter used in the Latin-script alphabets of Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz, Kazakh, Tatar, and Turkish. It commonly represents the close front unrounded vowel /i/ except in Kazakh in which it additionally represents the voiced palatal approximant /j/ and the diphthongs /ɪj/ and /əj/. All languages that use it use also its dotless counterpart I but not the basic Latin letter I. In computing Main article: Dotted and dotless I in computingThe dotted I is encoded into Unicode with the code point U+0130 (U+0069 for the lowercase letter) as part of the Latin Extended-A block. Character information Preview İ i Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTERI WITH DOT ABOVE LATIN SMALL LETTER I Encodings decimal hex dec hex Unicode 304 U+0130 105 U+0069 UTF-8 196 176 C4 B0 105 69 Numeric character reference &#304; &#x130; &#105; &#x69; Named character reference &Idot; ISO 8859-9 221 DD 105 69 ISO 8859-3 169 A9 105 69 Issues The dotted and dotless I characters have caused issues in computing. Languages like Turkish have four variants of the letter I (opposed to two in English). This causes problems when, instead of the original mapping of i to I, Turkish maps i to the new İ, and ı to I, frequently breaking software logic. Usage in other languages Both the dotted and dotless I can be used in transcriptions of Rusyn to allow distinguishing between the letters Ы and И, which would otherwise be both transcribed as "y", despite representing different phonemes. Under such transcription the dotted İ would represent the Cyrillic І, and the dotless I would represent either Ы or И, with the other being represented by "Y". See also Dotless I, the letter's dotless counterpart Tittle – Diacritical mark, the dot element of the letters i and j References ^ "Latin Extended-A" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2001-06-03. Retrieved 2023-11-21. ^ Texin, Tex. "Internationalization for Turkish: Dotted and Dotless Letter "I"". www.i18nguy.com. Retrieved 2023-11-21. vteLatin script History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Ligatures Alphabets (list) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet Phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA Spelling alphabet Letters (list) Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Letter I with diacritics Í í i̇́ Ì ì i̇̀ Ĭ ĭ Î î Ǐ ǐ Ï ï Ḯ ḯ Ĩ ĩ i̇̃ Į į Į́ į̇́ Į̃ į̇̃ Ī ī Ī̀ ī̀ Ỉ ỉ Ȉ ȉ I̋ i̋ Ȋ ȋ Ị ị Ꞽ ꞽ Ḭ ḭ Ɨ ɨ ᶖ 𝼚 İ i I ı Ь ь Ɪ ɪ Letters using dot sign ( ◌̇, ◌̣ ) Ȧȧ Ạạ Ḃḃ Ḅḅ Ċċ Ḋḋ Ḍḍ Ėė Ẹẹ Ḟḟ Ġġ Ḣḣ Ḥḥ İ i Ị ị Ḳḳ Ŀŀ Ḷḷ Ṁṁ Ṃṃ Ṅṅ Ṇṇ Ȯȯ O͘o͘ Ọọ Ṗṗ Ṙṙ Ṛṛ Ṡṡ Ṣṣ Ṫṫ Ṭṭ Ụụ Ṿṿ Ẇẇ Ẉẉ Ẋẋ X̣x̣ Ẏẏ Ỵỵ Żż Ẓẓ MultigraphsDigraphs Ch Dz Dž Gh IJ Lj Ll Ly Nh Nj Ny Sh Sz Th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough PentagraphstzschKeyboard layouts (list) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Dvorak Colemak BÉPO Neo Standards ISO/IEC 646 Unicode Western Latin character sets DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe Lists Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode Letters used in mathematics List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks Diacritics Palaeography
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dotted I (Cyrillic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotted_I_(Cyrillic)"},{"link_name":"Illinois Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I"},{"link_name":"¡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A1"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I"},{"link_name":"dot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"Latin-script alphabets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Crimean Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Gagauz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagauz_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_alphabet"},{"link_name":"close front unrounded vowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"voiced palatal approximant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant"},{"link_name":"dotless counterpart I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotless_I"},{"link_name":"Latin letter I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I"}],"text":"\"Dotted I\" redirects here. For the Cyrillic letter, see Dotted I (Cyrillic).\"I-dot\" redirects here. For the state agency, see Illinois Department of Transportation.Not to be confused with i or ¡.İ, or i, called dotted I or i-dot, is a letter used in the Latin-script alphabets of Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz, Kazakh, Tatar, and Turkish. It commonly represents the close front unrounded vowel /i/ except in Kazakh in which it additionally represents the voiced palatal approximant /j/ and the diphthongs /ɪj/ and /əj/. All languages that use it use also its dotless counterpart I but not the basic Latin letter I.","title":"İ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin Extended-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Extended-A"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The dotted I is encoded into Unicode with the code point U+0130 (U+0069 for the lowercase letter) as part of the Latin Extended-A block.[1]","title":"In computing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Issues","text":"The dotted and dotless I characters have caused issues in computing. Languages like Turkish have four variants of the letter I (opposed to two in English). This causes problems when, instead of the original mapping of i to I, Turkish maps i to the new İ, and ı to I, frequently breaking software logic.[2]","title":"In computing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rusyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyn_language"},{"link_name":"Ы","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB"},{"link_name":"И","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98"},{"link_name":"І","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86"}],"text":"Both the dotted and dotless I can be used in transcriptions of Rusyn to allow distinguishing between the letters Ы and И, which would otherwise be both transcribed as \"y\", despite representing different phonemes. Under such transcription the dotted İ would represent the Cyrillic І, and the dotless I would represent either Ы or И, with the other being represented by \"Y\".","title":"Usage in other languages"}]
[]
[{"title":"Dotless I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotless_I"},{"title":"Tittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tittle"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_masking
Autistic masking
["1 Terminology","2 Forms","3 Consequences","4 Research","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Suppression of autistic behaviors and compensation of social difficulties in autistic people Autistic masking, also referred to as camouflaging or neurodivergent masking, is the conscious or subconscious suppression of autistic behaviors and compensation of difficulties in social interaction by autistic people with the goal of being perceived as neurotypical. Masking is a learned coping strategy that can be successful from the perspective of autistic people, but can also lead to adverse mental health outcomes. Terminology There is no universally agreed-upon terminology for the concept.: 16–17  While some use the terms masking and camouflaging synonymously,: 16–17  others distinguish between masking (the suppression of behaviors) and compensation (of social difficulties) as the two main forms of camouflaging. Among autistic people, masking is the most commonly used umbrella term.: 16  The process of consciously giving up masking, which some autistic people see as a desirable goal, is referred to as unmasking. Motivations for unmasking include no longer hiding one's true identity and avoiding adverse mental health outcomes. Forms Typical examples of autistic masking include the suppression of stimming and reactions to sensory overload. To compensate difficulties in social interaction with neurotypical peers, autistic people might maintain eye contact despite discomfort or mirror the body language and tone of others. Autistic people with conversational difficulties may also use more complex strategies such as scripting a conversation outline, developing conscious "rules" for conversations, carefully monitoring if these are being followed. Many autistic people learn conversational rules and social behaviors by watching television shows and other media and by observing and mimicking a character's behavior. Masking may also include refraining from talking about passionate interests. Autistic people have cited social acceptance, the need to get a job, and the avoidance of ostracism or verbal or physical abuse as reasons for masking. Consequences Masking requires an exceptional effort and is a main cause of autistic burnout. It is linked with adverse mental health outcomes such as stress, anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders, loss of identity, and suicidality. Some studies find that compensation strategies are seen as contributing to leading a successful and satisfactory life. Since many studies on masking focus on autistic adults without cognitive impairments only, it is questionable whether their findings generalize across the autism spectrum. Masking may conceal the person's need for support. It can complicate a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), particularly past childhood, as relevant symptoms are suppressed or compensated for.: 60–62  The diagnostic criteria for ASD in the DSM-5 published in 2013 explicitly state that while symptoms "must be present in the early developmental period", these "may be masked by learned strategies in later life", allowing for a diagnosis even if autistic behaviors and difficulties are successfully masked.: 57  Addition of such a formulation was proposed to the workgroup drafting the criteria by representatives of the Autistic Self Advocacy Network. The diagnostic criteria for ASD in the ICD-11 (2022) contains a similar provision. It has been hypothesized that masking may play an important role in explaining why autistic women and non-binary persons are significantly less often recognized and diagnosed as autistic compared to men. This hypothesis was put forward by Lorna Wing as early as 1981: 20 : 134  and is recognized in the DSM-5-TR published in 2022.: 65  Research While masking was written about and discussed among autistic people, it has only become a focus of academic research since the 2010s.: 18  The Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q), a first self-report measure for camouflaging, was published in 2018. Across 25 items, it measures the extent to which a person utilizes strategies to actively compensate for difficulties in social situations (Compensation, 9 items), uses strategies to hide autistic characteristics or portray a non-autistic persona (Masking, 8 items), and employs strategies to fit in with others in social situations (Assimilation, 8 items). In light of rising awareness of the adverse mental health outcomes of masking and insight into the double empathy problem, therapies and interventions with implicit or explicit targets of instilling neurotypical behavior in autistic people and suppression of autistic traits are controversial. Some autistic adults subjected to applied behavior analysis therapies as children describe being forced to behave like neurotypical peers, contrary to their true identity, with detrimental effects on their mental and overall well-being. There are some research studies centering around the experiences of masking by comparing different groups of people. In 2021, researchers conducted an online survey that compares the experiences of masking in people with autism, neurodivergent people without autism, and neurotypical people. They found that the behavior of masking is shared across all types of people, but some aspects of masking are more specific to people with autism, such as sensory suppression and suppression of stimming. Researchers also situated this into a workplace context and examined workplace masking experiences for autistic, non-autistic, and neurotypical adults in the UK. They identified eight emerging themes from the survey and reported large overlap among three groups such as reasonings and perceptions of benefits and drawbacks: both neurodivergent and neurotypical people adopted masking strategies to achieve social goals, indicating that masking is more like a common rather exclusive experience. Some qualitative research focused more on the masking experiences specifically for autistic people. A study in 2022 conducted semi-structured interviews with twenty autistic teenagers and observed how masking is associated with mental health (but not necessarily in linear relationship) and how both of them are affected by social and environmental factors. They stressed the need of approaching masking, authenticity, and mental health through the context of people's identities and also the environment, additionally providing some implications to diagnostic services and interventions. Across autism spectrum, there's also an overview of masking/camouflaging characterizations which explores the analogy between camouflaging and passing and argues how masking may be further different for understudied groups across the spectrum like children and adults with linguistic disabilities. In addition to masking, researchers investigated the 'authenticity' people with autism feel while socializing and observed how supportive environments like being around people who accept and understand them can lead to their self-awareness and bring more positive socializing experiences than camouflaging. However, this doesn't imply that autistic 'masking' is equivalent to non-authenticity. Researchers proposed that the focus should not be encouraging masking, but promoting autistic authenticity which brings more positive self-image and better mental health. References ^ a b c d e f g h Petrolini, Valentina; Rodríguez-Armendariz, Ekaine; Vicente, Agustín (2023). "Autistic camouflaging across the spectrum". New Ideas in Psychology. 68: 100992. doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992. hdl:10810/59712. S2CID 253316582. ^ a b c d e f g h Pearson, Amy; Rose, Kieran (2021). "A Conceptual Analysis of Autistic Masking: Understanding the Narrative of Stigma and the Illusion of Choice". Autism in Adulthood. 3 (1): 52–60. doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0043. PMC 8992880. PMID 36601266. ^ a b c d e f g h Hull, Laura; Petrides, K. V.; Allison, Carrie; Smith, Paula; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Lai, Meng-Chuan; Mandy, William (2017). ""Putting on My Best Normal": Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 47 (8): 2519–2534. doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5. PMC 5509825. PMID 28527095. ^ Lawson, Wenn B. (2020). "Adaptive Morphing and Coping with Social Threat in Autism: An Autistic Perspective". Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment. 8 (3): 519–526. doi:10.6000/2292-2598.2020.08.03.29. ISSN 2292-2598. S2CID 224896658. ^ a b c d e f Sedgewick, Felicity; Hull, Laura; Ellis, Helen (2021). Autism and Masking: How and Why People Do It, and the Impact It Can Have. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78775-580-2. OCLC 1287133295. ^ Cook, Julia; Hull, Laura; Crane, Laura; Mandy, William (2021). "Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review". Clinical Psychology Review. 89: 102080. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102080. ISSN 0272-7358. PMID 34563942. S2CID 237942158. ^ a b Livingston, Lucy Anne; Shah, Punit; Happé, Francesca (2019). "Compensatory strategies below the behavioural surface in autism: a qualitative study". The Lancet Psychiatry. 6 (9): 766–777. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30224-x. ISSN 2215-0366. PMC 6706698. PMID 31350208. ^ a b Cassidy, Elizabeth (2018-08-16). "Autistic Adults Start Campaign to Put an End to This 'Harmful' Behavior". The Mighty. Retrieved 2023-05-08. Cited as an example in Petrolini, Valentina; Rodríguez-Armendariz, Ekaine; Vicente, Agustín (2023). "Autistic camouflaging across the spectrum". New Ideas in Psychology. 68: 100992. doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992. hdl:10810/59712. S2CID 253316582. ^ a b Price, Devon (2022). Unmasking Autism: The Power of Embracing Our Hidden Neurodiversity. London: Monoray. ISBN 978-1-80096-054-1. OCLC 1321047301. ^ Mandy, Will (2019). "Social camouflaging in autism: Is it time to lose the mask?". Autism. 23 (8): 1879–1881. doi:10.1177/1362361319878559. PMID 31552745. S2CID 202762080. ^ a b c Hull, Laura; Petrides, K. V.; Mandy, William (2020). "The Female Autism Phenotype and Camouflaging: a Narrative Review". Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 7 (4): 306–317. doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00197-9. S2CID 256402443. ^ a b Haelle, Tara (2018-04-18). "The Consequences of Compensation in Autism". Neurology Advisor. Haymarket Media Group. Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ a b Miller, Danielle; Rees, Jon; Pearson, Amy (2021-12-01). ""Masking Is Life": Experiences of Masking in Autistic and Nonautistic Adults". Autism in Adulthood. 3 (4): 330–338. doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0083. ISSN 2573-9581. PMC 8992921. PMID 36601640. ^ Deweerdt, Sarah (2020-03-30). "Autistic burnout, explained". Spectrum. Simons Foundation. doi:10.53053/bpzp2355. S2CID 251634477. Retrieved 2023-05-09. ^ Arnold, Samuel RC; Higgins, Julianne M; Weise, Janelle; Desai, Aishani; Pellicano, Elizabeth; Trollor, Julian N (2023). "Confirming the nature of autistic burnout". Autism. 27 (7): 1906–1918. doi:10.1177/13623613221147410. PMID 36637293. S2CID 255773489. ^ a b "6A02 Autism spectrum disorder". ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. World Health Organization. 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-05. ^ Russo, Francine (21 February 2018). "The Costs of Camouflaging Autism". Spectrum. Simons Foundation. Retrieved 2023-05-08. ^ a b c Radulski, Elizabeth M. (2022). "Conceptualising Autistic Masking, Camouflaging, and Neurotypical Privilege: Towards a Minority Group Model of Neurodiversity". Human Development. 66 (2): 113–127. doi:10.1159/000524122. S2CID 248864273. ^ Cassidy, Sarah; Bradley, Louise; Shaw, Rebecca; Baron-Cohen, Simon (2018). "Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults". Molecular Autism. 9 (1): 42. doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4. ISSN 2040-2392. PMC 6069847. PMID 30083306. ^ Cassidy, S. A.; Gould, K.; Townsend, E.; Pelton, M.; Robertson, A. E.; Rodgers, J. (2020). "Is Camouflaging Autistic Traits Associated with Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours? Expanding the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide in an Undergraduate Student Sample". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 50 (10): 3638–3648. doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04323-3. ISSN 1573-3432. PMC 7502035. PMID 31820344. ^ Cage, Eilidh (2017). "Experiences of Autism Acceptance and Mental Health in Autistic Adults". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 49 (2): 473–484. doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3342-7. PMC 5807490. PMID 29071566. ^ https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/women-with-autism-spectrum-disorder/202302/6-reasons-autistic-people-are-at-greater-risk-of ^ a b c American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787. ISBN 978-0-89042-575-6. S2CID 249488050. ^ a b Kapp, Steven K.; Ne'eman, Ari (2020), Kapp, Steven K. (ed.), "Lobbying Autism's Diagnostic Revision in the DSM-5" (PDF), Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement: Stories from the Frontline, Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 167–194, doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0_13, ISBN 978-981-13-8437-0, S2CID 209465381, retrieved 2023-06-08 ^ Wing, Lorna (1981). "Sex ratios in early childhood autism and related conditions". Psychiatry Research. 5 (2): 129–137. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(81)90043-3. PMID 6945608. S2CID 41912698. ^ a b Hull, Laura; Mandy, William; Lai, Meng-Chuan; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Allison, Carrie; Smith, Paula; Petrides, K. V. (2019) . "Development and Validation of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q)". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 49 (3): 819–833. doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3792-6. PMC 6394586. PMID 30361940. ^ Williams, Zachary J. (2022). "Commentary: The construct validity of 'camouflaging' in autism: psychometric considerations and recommendations for future research ‐ reflection on Lai et al. (2020)". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 63 (1): 118–121. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13468. PMC 8678389. PMID 34145574. ^ Schuck, Rachel K.; Tagavi, Daina M.; Baiden, Kaitlynn M. P.; Dwyer, Patrick; Williams, Zachary J.; Osuna, Anthony; Ferguson, Emily F.; Jimenez Muñoz, Maria; Poyser, Samantha K.; Johnson, Joy F.; Vernon, Ty W. (2022). "Neurodiversity and Autism Intervention: Reconciling Perspectives Through a Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention Framework". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 52 (10): 4625–4645. doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05316-x. PMC 9508016. PMID 34643863. ^ Dawson, Geraldine; Franz, Lauren; Brandsen, S. (2022). "At a Crossroads—Reconsidering the Goals of Autism Early Behavioral Intervention From a Neurodiversity Perspective". JAMA Pediatrics. 176 (9): 839–840. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2299. PMC 10069446. PMID 35816341. ^ McGill, Owen; Robinson, Anna (2020). ""Recalling hidden harms": autistic experiences of childhood applied behavioural analysis (ABA)" (PDF). Advances in Autism. 7 (4): 269–282. doi:10.1108/AIA-04-2020-0025. S2CID 225282499 – via Strathprints (University of Strathclyde). ^ Anderson, Laura K (2023). "Autistic experiences of applied behavior analysis". Autism. 27 (3): 737–750. doi:10.1177/13623613221118216. ISSN 1362-3613. PMID 35999706. S2CID 251766661. ^ Miller, Danielle; Rees, Jon; Pearson, Amy (2021-12-01). ""Masking Is Life": Experiences of Masking in Autistic and Nonautistic Adults". Autism in Adulthood. 3 (4): 330–338. doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0083. ISSN 2573-9581. PMC 8992921. PMID 36601640. ^ Pryke-Hobbes, Amber; Davies, Jade; Heasman, Brett; Livesey, Adam; Walker, Amy; Pellicano, Elizabeth; Remington, Anna (2023-09-06). Rosenbaum, Janet E. (ed.). "The workplace masking experiences of autistic, non-autistic neurodivergent and neurotypical adults in the UK". PLOS ONE. 18 (9): e0290001. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1890001P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290001. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 10482295. PMID 37672533. ^ a b Chapman, Louise; Rose, Kieran; Hull, Laura; Mandy, William (2022-11-01). ""I want to fit in… but I don't want to change myself fundamentally": A qualitative exploration of the relationship between masking and mental health for autistic teenagers". Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 99: 102069. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102069. ISSN 1750-9467. S2CID 253495529. ^ Petrolini, Valentina; Rodríguez-Armendariz, Ekaine; Vicente, Agustín (2023-01-01). "Autistic camouflaging across the spectrum". New Ideas in Psychology. 68: 100992. doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992. hdl:10810/59712. ISSN 0732-118X. S2CID 253316582. ^ Cook, Julia M; Crane, Laura; Mandy, William (2023-07-05). "Dropping the mask: It takes two". Autism. doi:10.1177/13623613231183059. ISSN 1362-3613. PMID 37403917. S2CID 259335250. Further reading Sedgewick, Felicity; Hull, Laura; Ellis, Helen (2021). Autism and Masking: How and Why People Do It, and the Impact It Can Have. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78775-580-2. OCLC 1287133295. Price, Devon (2022). Unmasking Autism: The Power of Embracing Our Hidden Neurodiversity. London: Monoray. ISBN 978-1-80096-054-1. OCLC 1321047301. Hull, Laura; Mandy, William (2020). "Social Camouflaging in Adults with ASD". In Volkmar, Fred R. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102389-1. ISBN 978-1-4614-6435-8. S2CID 241947187. Petrolini, Valentina; Rodríguez-Armendariz, Ekaine; Vicente, Agustín (2023). "Autistic camouflaging across the spectrum". New Ideas in Psychology. 68: 100992. doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992. hdl:10810/59712. S2CID 253316582. External links Eva Silvertant: Autism & camouflaging Embrace Autism, 2020. Francine Russo: The costs of camouflaging autism Spectrum. Simons Foundation, 2018 vteAutismMain Causes Diagnosis Epidemiology Epigenetics Heritability History Memory Pathophysiology Sex and gender Societal and cultural aspects Therapies Diagnoses Pervasive developmental disorder Classic autism Asperger syndrome Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified Childhood disintegrative disorder High-functioning autism Associated conditionsand phenomena Alexithymia Autism and LGBT identities Autistic burnout Autistic catatonia Autistic masking Autistic meltdown Hyperlexia Late talker Monotropism Nonverbal autism Pathological demand avoidance Savant syndrome Special interests Infodumping Stimming Comorbid conditions Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Anxiety disorder obsessive–compulsive disorder Developmental coordination disorder Epilepsy Intellectual disability Sensory processing disorder Global developmental delay Verbal Dyspraxia Associated syndromes 22q11.2 deletion syndrome 22q13 deletion syndrome Angelman syndrome CHARGE syndrome Cohen syndrome Cornelia de Lange syndrome Down syndrome Fetal valproate spectrum disorder Fragile X syndrome MECP2 duplication syndrome Neurofibromatosis type I Noonan syndrome PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome Rett syndrome Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome Timothy syndrome Tuberous sclerosis complex Williams syndrome Related issues Autism rights movement Critical autism studies Double empathy problem Multiple complex developmental disorder Neurodiversity TEACCH program Violence and autism Controversies Facilitated communication Lancet MMR autism fraud MMR vaccine Rapid prompting method Thiomersal Chelation Diagnostic scales Autism Diagnostic Interview Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Childhood Autism Rating Scale Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale Screening scales Autism-spectrum quotient Childhood Autism Spectrum Test Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale Lists Autism-related topics Fictional characters Schools Accommodations Autism-friendly Sensory friendly
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"autistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum"},{"link_name":"social interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_interaction"},{"link_name":"neurotypical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotypical"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-2"},{"link_name":"Masking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masking_(personality)"},{"link_name":"coping strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping_strategy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"mental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"text":"Autistic masking, also referred to as camouflaging or neurodivergent masking, is the conscious or subconscious suppression of autistic behaviors and compensation of difficulties in social interaction by autistic people with the goal of being perceived as neurotypical.[1][2] Masking is a learned coping strategy[3][4] that can be successful from the perspective of autistic people, but can also lead to adverse mental health outcomes.[1][5]","title":"Autistic masking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"umbrella term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_term"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"}],"text":"There is no universally agreed-upon terminology for the concept.[1][5]: 16–17 [6] While some use the terms masking and camouflaging synonymously,[1][2][5]: 16–17  others distinguish between masking (the suppression of behaviors) and compensation (of social difficulties) as the two main forms of camouflaging.[1][3][7] Among autistic people, masking is the most commonly used umbrella term.[5]: 16 [8]The process of consciously giving up masking, which some autistic people see as a desirable goal, is referred to as unmasking.[2][9][10] Motivations for unmasking include no longer hiding one's true identity and avoiding adverse mental health outcomes.[2][8][9]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimming"},{"link_name":"sensory overload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_overload"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"eye contact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_contact"},{"link_name":"body language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_language"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-11"},{"link_name":"passionate interests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_interest_(autism)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neurology-12"}],"text":"Typical examples of autistic masking include the suppression of stimming and reactions to sensory overload.[3] To compensate difficulties in social interaction with neurotypical peers, autistic people might maintain eye contact despite discomfort or mirror the body language and tone of others.[1][2][3][11]Autistic people with conversational difficulties may also use more complex strategies such as scripting a conversation outline, developing conscious \"rules\" for conversations, carefully monitoring if these are being followed.[3] Many autistic people learn conversational rules and social behaviors by watching television shows and other media and by observing and mimicking a character's behavior.[11] Masking may also include refraining from talking about passionate interests.[2][3]Autistic people have cited social acceptance, the need to get a job, and the avoidance of ostracism or verbal or physical abuse as reasons for masking.[12]","title":"Forms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"autistic burnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_burnout"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-15"},{"link_name":"mental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Depression"},{"link_name":"psychological disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Disorders"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"},{"link_name":"loss of identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(social_science)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-18"},{"link_name":"suicidality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidal_ideation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"cognitive impairments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_impairments"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neurology-12"},{"link_name":"autism spectrum disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism-spectrum_disorder"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-23"},{"link_name":"DSM-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-24"},{"link_name":"Autistic Self Advocacy Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_Self_Advocacy_Network"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-24"},{"link_name":"ICD-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-16"},{"link_name":"women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman"},{"link_name":"non-binary persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-binary_gender"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-11"},{"link_name":"Lorna Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Wing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"DSM-5-TR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5-TR"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-23"}],"text":"Masking requires an exceptional effort[3][13] and is a main cause of autistic burnout.[14][15] It is linked with adverse mental health outcomes[16][17] such as stress,[18] anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders,[18] loss of identity,[18] and suicidality.[19][20][21][22] Some studies find that compensation strategies are seen as contributing to leading a successful and satisfactory life.[1][7][13] Since many studies on masking focus on autistic adults without cognitive impairments only, it is questionable whether their findings generalize across the autism spectrum.[1]Masking may conceal the person's need for support.[12] It can complicate a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), particularly past childhood, as relevant symptoms are suppressed or compensated for.[23]: 60–62  The diagnostic criteria for ASD in the DSM-5 published in 2013 explicitly state that while symptoms \"must be present in the early developmental period\", these \"may be masked by learned strategies in later life\", allowing for a diagnosis even if autistic behaviors and difficulties are successfully masked.[23]: 57 [24] Addition of such a formulation was proposed to the workgroup drafting the criteria by representatives of the Autistic Self Advocacy Network.[24] The diagnostic criteria for ASD in the ICD-11 (2022) contains a similar provision.[16]It has been hypothesized that masking may play an important role in explaining why autistic women and non-binary persons[2] are significantly less often recognized and diagnosed as autistic compared to men.[2][3][11] This hypothesis was put forward by Lorna Wing as early as 1981[5]: 20 [25]: 134  and is recognized in the DSM-5-TR published in 2022.[23]: 65","title":"Consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"self-report measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-report"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-26"},{"link_name":"double empathy problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_empathy_problem"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"applied behavior analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-34"}],"text":"While masking was written about and discussed among autistic people, it has only become a focus of academic research since the 2010s.[5]: 18  The Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q), a first self-report measure for camouflaging, was published in 2018.[26][27] Across 25 items, it measures the extent to which a person utilizes strategies to actively compensate for difficulties in social situations (Compensation, 9 items), uses strategies to hide autistic characteristics or portray a non-autistic persona (Masking, 8 items), and employs strategies to fit in with others in social situations (Assimilation, 8 items).[26]In light of rising awareness of the adverse mental health outcomes of masking and insight into the double empathy problem, therapies and interventions with implicit or explicit targets of instilling neurotypical behavior in autistic people and suppression of autistic traits are controversial.[28][29] Some autistic adults subjected to applied behavior analysis therapies as children describe being forced to behave like neurotypical peers, contrary to their true identity, with detrimental effects on their mental and overall well-being.[30][31]There are some research studies centering around the experiences of masking by comparing different groups of people. In 2021, researchers conducted an online survey that compares the experiences of masking in people with autism, neurodivergent people without autism, and neurotypical people. [32] They found that the behavior of masking is shared across all types of people, but some aspects of masking are more specific to people with autism, such as sensory suppression and suppression of stimming. Researchers also situated this into a workplace context and examined workplace masking experiences for autistic, non-autistic, and neurotypical adults in the UK. They identified eight emerging themes from the survey and reported large overlap among three groups such as reasonings and perceptions of benefits and drawbacks: both neurodivergent and neurotypical people adopted masking strategies to achieve social goals, indicating that masking is more like a common rather exclusive experience. [33]Some qualitative research focused more on the masking experiences specifically for autistic people. A study in 2022 conducted semi-structured interviews with twenty autistic teenagers and observed how masking is associated with mental health (but not necessarily in linear relationship) and how both of them are affected by social and environmental factors. They stressed the need of approaching masking, authenticity, and mental health through the context of people's identities and also the environment, additionally providing some implications to diagnostic services and interventions.[34] Across autism spectrum, there's also an overview of masking/camouflaging characterizations which explores the analogy between camouflaging and passing and argues how masking may be further different for understudied groups across the spectrum like children and adults with linguistic disabilities. [35]In addition to masking, researchers investigated the 'authenticity' people with autism feel while socializing and observed how supportive environments like being around people who accept and understand them can lead to their self-awareness and bring more positive socializing experiences than camouflaging.[36] However, this doesn't imply that autistic 'masking' is equivalent to non-authenticity. Researchers proposed that the focus should not be encouraging masking, but promoting autistic authenticity which brings more positive self-image and better mental health. [34]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Autism and Masking: How and Why People Do It, and the Impact It Can Have","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1287133295"},{"link_name":"Jessica Kingsley Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78775-580-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78775-580-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1287133295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1287133295"},{"link_name":"Price, Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Price"},{"link_name":"Unmasking Autism: The Power of Embracing Our Hidden Neurodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1321047301"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-80096-054-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80096-054-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1321047301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1321047301"},{"link_name":"Volkmar, Fred R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Volkmar"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102389-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6435-8_102389-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4614-6435-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6435-8"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"241947187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241947187"},{"link_name":"\"Autistic camouflaging across the spectrum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0732118X22000629"},{"link_name":"New Ideas in Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ideas_in_Psychology"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.newideapsych.2022.100992"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10810/59712","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10810%2F59712"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"253316582","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253316582"}],"text":"Sedgewick, Felicity; Hull, Laura; Ellis, Helen (2021). Autism and Masking: How and Why People Do It, and the Impact It Can Have. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78775-580-2. OCLC 1287133295.\nPrice, Devon (2022). Unmasking Autism: The Power of Embracing Our Hidden Neurodiversity. London: Monoray. ISBN 978-1-80096-054-1. OCLC 1321047301.\nHull, Laura; Mandy, William (2020). \"Social Camouflaging in Adults with ASD\". In Volkmar, Fred R. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102389-1. ISBN 978-1-4614-6435-8. S2CID 241947187.\nPetrolini, Valentina; Rodríguez-Armendariz, Ekaine; Vicente, Agustín (2023). \"Autistic camouflaging across the spectrum\". New Ideas in Psychology. 68: 100992. doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992. hdl:10810/59712. S2CID 253316582.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Petrolini, Valentina; Rodríguez-Armendariz, Ekaine; Vicente, Agustín (2023). \"Autistic camouflaging across the spectrum\". New Ideas in Psychology. 68: 100992. doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992. hdl:10810/59712. S2CID 253316582.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X22000629","url_text":"\"Autistic camouflaging across the spectrum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ideas_in_Psychology","url_text":"New Ideas in Psychology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.newideapsych.2022.100992","url_text":"10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10810%2F59712","url_text":"10810/59712"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253316582","url_text":"253316582"}]},{"reference":"Pearson, Amy; Rose, Kieran (2021). \"A Conceptual Analysis of Autistic Masking: Understanding the Narrative of Stigma and the Illusion of Choice\". Autism in Adulthood. 3 (1): 52–60. doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0043. PMC 8992880. 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Autism and Masking: How and Why People Do It, and the Impact It Can Have. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78775-580-2. OCLC 1287133295.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1287133295","url_text":"Autism and Masking: How and Why People Do It, and the Impact It Can Have"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers","url_text":"Jessica Kingsley Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78775-580-2","url_text":"978-1-78775-580-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1287133295","url_text":"1287133295"}]},{"reference":"Cook, Julia; Hull, Laura; Crane, Laura; Mandy, William (2021). \"Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review\". Clinical Psychology Review. 89: 102080. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102080. ISSN 0272-7358. PMID 34563942. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anthony_Harris
James Anthony Harris
["1 Awards and Recognitions","2 Philosophical Work","3 Monographic studies","4 Edited volumes","5 References","6 External links"]
British philosopher James A. HarrisBorn1968EducationUniversity of Oxford (PhD)Era21st-century philosophyRegionWestern philosophyInstitutionsUniversity of St AndrewsDoctoral advisorGalen Strawson, Ralph C. S. WalkerMain interestsBritish philosophy James A. Harris, FRSE (born 1968) is a British philosopher and professor of the history of philosophy at the University of St Andrews. He is known for his works on the history of British philosophy and, in particular, on the philosophy of David Hume. Awards and Recognitions In 2019, Harris was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Harris gave the Benedict Lectures in the History of Political Philosophy at Brown University in 2018 and the British Society for the History of Philosophy Annual Lecture in 2021. Philosophical Work Harris has written the most recent intellectual biography of David Hume. His short Hume: A Very Short Introduction (2021) has superseded the previous Oxford short introduction on the same topic written by British philosopher A. J. Ayer (1980). Unlike Ayer's introduction, Harris' work focuses on morality, religion, and politics in Hume. Monographic studies James A. Harris, Of Liberty and Necessity: The Free Will Debate in Eighteenth-Century British Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0199268606. James A. Harris, Hume: An Intellectual Biography, Cambridge University Press, 2015, ISBN 9780521837255. James A. Harris, Hume: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2021, ISBN 9780191884160. Edited volumes Reid, Thomas. Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man. Edited by Knud Haakonssen and James A. Harris. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002. James A. Harris (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of British Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 9780199549023. Aaron Garrett and James A. Harris (eds.), Scottish Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century, Volume I: Morals, Politics, Art, Religion, Oxford University Press, 2015, 482pp., ISBN 9780199560677. References ^ Greenberg, Sean (3 March 2006). "Review of Of Liberty and Necessity: The Free Will Debate in Eighteenth-Century British Philosophy". NDPR. ISSN 1538-1617. ^ Russell, Paul (26 June 2016). "Review of Hume: An Intellectual Biography". NDPR. ISSN 1538-1617. ^ Jaffro, Laurent (13 July 2016). "Review of Scottish Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century, Volume I: Morals, Politics, Art, Religion". NDPR. ISSN 1538-1617. ^ Hickson, Michael W. (30 June 2010). "Review of Epicurus in the Enlightenment". NDPR. ISSN 1538-1617. ^ Copenhaver, Rebecca (22 October 2018). "Review of Common Sense in the Scottish Enlightenment". NDPR. ISSN 1538-1617. ^ https://sites.bu.edu/benedict/about/past-speakers/2018-2019-james-harris/ ^ https://bshp.org.uk/news/bshp-annual-lecture-2021/ ^ Moritz Baumstark, Review of 'Hume. A Very Short Introduction by James A. Harris' Hume Studies, Volume 47, Number 2, November 2022, pp. 315-318. External links "Prof James Harris". School of Philos Anthro and Film Studies. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics CiNii Scopus Other IdRef This biography of a British philosopher is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_parte_Quirin
Ex parte Quirin
["1 Case","1.1 Background","1.2 Military tribunal","1.3 Constitutionality of military tribunals","2 Supreme Court decision","2.1 Decision controversy","2.2 Justice Jackson's draft opinion","3 Quirin and the Guantanamo Bay military commissions","3.1 Guantanamo Bay cases","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
1942 United States Supreme Court caseEx parte QuirinSupreme Court of the United StatesArgued July 29–30, 1942Decided July 31, 1942Full case nameEx parte Richard Quirin; Ex parte Herbert Hans Haupt; Ex parte Edward John Kerling; Ex parte Ernest Peter Burger; Ex parte Heinrich Harm Heinck; Ex parte Werner Thiel; Ex parte Hermann Otto Neubauer; United States ex rel. Quirin v. Cox, Brig. Gen., U.S.A., Provost Marshal of the Military District of Washington, and 6 other cases.Citations317 U.S. 1 (more)63 S. Ct. 2; 87 L. Ed. 3; 1942 U.S. LEXIS 1119Case historyPriorMotion for leave to file petition for writs of habeas corpus denied, 47 F. Supp. 431 (D.D.C. 1942)HoldingJurisdiction of a United States military tribunal over the trial of several German saboteurs in the United States was constitutional.Court membership Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone Associate Justices Owen Roberts · Hugo BlackStanley F. Reed · Felix FrankfurterWilliam O. Douglas · Frank MurphyJames F. Byrnes · Robert H. Jackson Case opinionPer curiamMajorityStoneMurphy took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.Laws appliedU.S. Const. Ex parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1 (1942), was a case of the United States Supreme Court that during World War II upheld the jurisdiction of a United States military tribunal over the trial of eight German saboteurs, in the United States. Quirin has been cited as a precedent for the trial by military commission of unlawful combatants. It was argued July 29 and 30, and decided July 31, with an extended opinion filed October 29, 1942. This decision states in part that: ... the law of war draws a distinction between the armed forces and the peaceful populations of belligerent nations and also between those who are lawful and unlawful combatants. Lawful combatants are subject to capture and detention as prisoners of war by opposing military forces. Unlawful combatants are likewise subject to capture and detention, but in addition they are subject to trial and punishment by military tribunals for acts which render their belligerency unlawful. The spy who secretly and without uniform passes the military lines of a belligerent in time of war, seeking to gather military information and communicate it to the enemy, or an enemy combatant who without uniform comes secretly through the lines for the purpose of waging war by destruction of life or property, are familiar examples of belligerents who are generally deemed not to be entitled to the status of prisoners of war, but to be offenders against the law of war subject to trial and punishment by military tribunals. Case Background Main article: Operation Pastorius Richard Quirin The eight men involved in the case were Ernest Peter Burger, George John Dasch, Herbert Hans Haupt, Heinrich Heinck, Edward Kerling, Herman Neubauer, Richard Quirin and Werner Thiel. Burger and Haupt were U.S. citizens. (317 U.S. 1) All were born in Germany and all had lived in the United States. All returned to Germany between 1933 and 1941. After the declaration of war between the United States and Nazi Germany in December 1941 following the Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, they received training at a sabotage school near Berlin, where they were instructed in the use of explosives and in methods of secret writing. Burger, Dasch, Heinck and Quirin traveled from occupied France by U-202 to Amagansett Beach, Long Island, New York, landing in the hours of darkness, on June 13, 1942. The remaining four boarded the German submarine U-584 which carried them from France to Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida. On June 16, 1942, they came ashore during the hours of darkness. All eight wore full or partial German military uniforms so that if they were captured upon landing, they would be entitled to prisoner-of-war status rather than being treated as spies. The Long Island group was noticed by Coast Guard beach patrolman John C. Cullen, whom the saboteurs attempted to bribe with $260. Cullen returned to his station and sounded the alarm. The two groups promptly disposed of uniforms and proceeded in civilian dress to New York City and Jacksonville, Florida, respectively, and from there to other points in the United States. All had received instructions in Germany from an officer of the German High Command to destroy war industries and other key targets in the United States, for which they or their relatives in Germany were to receive salary payments from the German government. Upon landing, Dasch and Burger turned themselves in to the Federal Bureau of Investigation with some difficulty, since the FBI did not believe them immediately. They convinced the FBI that they were telling the truth and the remaining six were taken into custody in New York and Chicago, Illinois by FBI agents. The FBI had no leads until Dasch gave his exaggerated and romanticized version in Washington, D.C. Military tribunal On July 2, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Proclamation 2561 establishing a military tribunal to prosecute the Germans. Placed before a seven-member military commission, the Germans were charged with: violating the law of war; violating Article 81 of the Articles of War, defining the offense of corresponding with or giving intelligence to the enemy; violating Article 82 of the Articles of War, defining the offense of spying; conspiracy to commit the offenses alleged in the first three charges. From July 8 to August 1, 1942, the trial took place in Assembly Hall #1 on the fifth floor of the Department of Justice building in Washington D.C. On August 3, 1942, two days after the trial ended, all eight were found guilty and sentenced to death. Roosevelt later commuted the death sentence of Dasch to 30 years in prison and the sentence of Burger to life in prison, as they had both confessed and assisted in capturing the others. Indeed, it was Dasch who approached the FBI, offering to turn the men in, which he then did. Burger was part of the plot to turn on the others and cooperated with the FBI extensively. The remaining six were executed in the electric chair on the third floor of the District of Columbia jail on August 8 and buried in a potter's field called Blue Plains in the Anacostia area of Washington. In 1948, Dasch and Burger were released by President Harry S. Truman and deported to the American Zone of occupied Germany. Dasch spent the remaining years of his life trying to return to the U.S. One time, a visa application was sent to J. Edgar Hoover by the State Department on Dasch's behalf. Hoover stated that the idea of giving Dasch a visa was "outrageous" and promptly denied it. Dasch died – still in Germany – in 1992. Constitutionality of military tribunals Throughout the trial, Roosevelt's decision of creating a military tribunal to prosecute the Germans was challenged by Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth Royall, who was appointed to defend the Germans. Royall said that Roosevelt had no right to create a military tribunal to try his clients, citing Ex parte Milligan (1866), a case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could not establish military tribunals to try civilians in areas where civilian courts were functioning, even during wartime. Since civilian courts were functioning in Washington D.C., he argued that the case involving the Germans should be heard there. Attorney General Francis Biddle, who was appointed as a prosecutor of the case, responded that the clients who, acting on behalf of the German government, secretly entered into U.S. territory without proper uniforms in time of war for the purpose of committing hostile acts, were not entitled to have access to civilian courts. Biddle stated that, "This is not a trial of offenses of law of the civil courts, but is a trial of the offenses of the law of war, which is not recognizable by the civil courts. It is the trial, as alleged in the charges, of certain enemies who crossed our borders ... and who crossed in disguise and landed here ... They are exactly and precisely in the same position as armed forces invading this country." Royall asserted that there was no evidence to prove that the Germans would have followed through with their plans, claiming they had only vague contacts through which to communicate with Germany, and no plans to return home until after the war. Biddle rebutted this argument, citing the case of British Major John André, who was executed as a spy by the Continental Army for passing through American lines to meet with American officer Benedict Arnold during the American Revolutionary War. Royall, along with his clients, then petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus demanding that the Germans were entitled to trial by jury guaranteed by the U.S. Fifth and Sixth Amendments. Though the U.S. Supreme Court had been adjourned for the summer, it convened to consider the matter in a special session on July 29, 1942. Justice Frank Murphy, an Army officer at the time, recused himself. Royall argued that the German landings at New York and Florida could not be characterized as "zones of military operation" and contended that there was no combat there or plausible threat of invasion by approaching enemy forces. He argued that civilian courts were functioning, and under the circumstances, they were the appropriate venue for the case to be heard. Biddle responded that the U.S. and Germany were at war and cited the Alien Enemies Act of 1798 which stated: That whenever there is a declared war between the United States and any foreign nation or government, or any invasion or predatory incursion is perpetrated, attempted, or threatened against the territory of the United States by any foreign nation government, and the President makes public proclamation of the event, all natives, citizens, denizens, or subjects of the hostile nation or government, being of the age of fourteen years and upward, who shall be within the United States and not actually naturalized, shall be liable to be apprehended, restrained, secured, and removed as alien enemies. On July 31, the Supreme Court unanimously denied Royall's appeal, writing, "The military commission was lawfully constituted ... petitioners are held in lawful custody for trial before the military commission and have not shown cause for being discharged by writ of habeas corpus." Supreme Court decision The Supreme Court had issued its decision on July 31, 1942, but did not release a full opinion until October 29, 1942. In this decision, the Court held that (1) That the charges preferred against petitioners on which they are being tried by military commission appointed by the order of the President of July 2, 1942, allege an offense or offenses which the President is authorized to order tried before a military commission. (2) That the military commission was lawfully constituted. (3) That petitioners are held in lawful custody, for trial before the military commission, and have not shown cause for being discharged by writ of habeas corpus. The motions for leave to file petitions for writs of habeas corpus are denied. The Court ruled that the German saboteurs had no right to be given access to civilian courts because they were "plainly within the ultimate boundaries of the jurisdiction of military tribunals, and were held in good faith for trial by military commission, charged with being enemies who, with the purpose of destroying war materials and utilities, entered or after entry remained in our territory without uniform – an offense against the law of war. Those particular acts constitute an offense against the law of war which the Constitution authorizes to be tried by military commission." It held that while lawful combatants may be captured and held as prisoners of war, unlawful combatants face harsher circumstances such as being sentenced to prison terms or put to death. The Court also drew a distinction between the cases of Milligan and Quirin. In the Milligan case, Lambdin P. Milligan, although conspiring to commit sabotage in aid of the Confederate cause, was a civilian resident of Indiana, one of the many Union states engaged in a Civil War against the Confederacy, had not had a residence in a Confederate state, was not a part of or associated with the Confederate armed forces, and thus could not be tried by a military tribunal in areas where civilian courts were operating. On the other hand, in the Quirin case, the Germans were part of or associated with the German armed forces, entered into U.S. territory without proper uniforms in time of war for the purpose of gathering intelligence or waging war by destruction of life or property, and thus were liable to be tried by a military tribunal. Haupt and Burger argued that as U.S. citizens, they should not have their writs of habeas corpus suspended, but the Court ruled that "itizenship in the United States of an enemy belligerent does not relieve him from the consequences of a belligerency which is unlawful because in violation of the law of war." It also stated that "citizens who associate themselves with the military arm of an enemy government, and with its aid, guidance, and direction enter this country bent on hostile acts are enemy belligerents within the meaning of the Hague Convention and the law of war." Furthermore, the Court ruled that the president's proclamation was a lawful order because it was in fact recognized by Congress in Articles 15, 38, and 46 of the Articles of War. In explaining the role of Congress, Chief Justice Harlan Stone held that: Congress, in addition to making rules for the government of our Armed Forces, by the Articles of War has exercised its authority under Art. I, § 8, cl. 10 of the Constitution to define and punish offenses against the law of nations, of which the law of war is a part, by sanctioning, within constitutional limitations, the jurisdiction of military commissions to try persons for offenses which, according to the rules and precepts of the law of nations, and more particularly the law of war, are cognizable by such tribunals. And by Article of War 15, Congress has incorporated by reference, as within the jurisdiction of military commissions, all offenses which are defined as such by the law of war and which may constitutionally be included within that jurisdiction. Decision controversy Although the court issued a unanimous opinion in Quirin, the road to the final decision was marked by disagreement. Justice Douglas wrote that it was unfortunate that the court agreed to take the case. He stated that "while it was easy to agree on the original per curiam, we almost fell apart when it came to write the views." Chief Justice Stone, for his part, was very concerned with the court's reputation, specifically because he did not want the court to be perceived as just standing by while six men were executed. He pushed for a unanimous opinion. Despite Stone's views, Justice Robert H. Jackson wrote a concurring draft opinion, expressing his disagreement with portions of the Court's opinion. Over time, his concurring draft got longer and longer and evolved into a typewritten memorandum. This memorandum was written two years before his dissent in Korematsu v. United States and a decade before his famous concurrence in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer. It provides insight into Jackson's views on the scope of the President's constitutional war powers. The controversy has been revived, and has had legal implications during the War on Terror of the first decade of the 21st century. Justice Jackson's draft opinion In his draft opinion, Jackson attributed sweeping powers to the President. He concluded that (1) the President has the inherent authority to create military tribunals, (2) this authority could not be regulated by Congress, and (3) this power was by virtue of his power as Commander-in-Chief. Jackson stated, "I think the Court's decision of the question whether it complied with the Articles of War is uncalled for. The history and the language of the Articles are to me a plain demonstration that they are clearly inapplicable to this case and it is abundantly clear to me that it is well within the war powers of the President to create a non-statutory military tribunal of the sort here in question." He further wrote "The right to convene such an advisory committee of his staff as a 'military commission' for the discharge of his duties toward prisoners of war is one that follows from his position as commander in chief." Nonetheless, Jackson maintained that the President's power should be "discharged, of course, in the light of any obligation undertaken by our country under treaties or conventions or under customs and usages so generally accepted as to constitute the laws of warfare." More importantly, Jackson also questioned the Court's ability to review the President's actions. He concluded that dealing with enemy prisoners of war was a foreign policy issue that touched upon issues of national security and political questions that were wholly out of the province of the judiciary. Jackson also stated that granting enemy combatants individual rights against military authorities would not be reciprocated in other countries. Jackson analyzed both the history and purposes of the Articles of War to conclude that the Articles are not applicable to enemy combatants – rather, they were meant to protect U.S. civilians in times of military government. Although it would seem that his draft opinion is at odds with his later views of the President's war powers, specifically in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer in which he interpreted Congress's ability to restrict the President's powers rather generously, there are substantive differences between the two cases. Youngstown concerned an exercise of presidential power in a domestic matter against civilians in an undeclared war. It was very different from the scenario present in Quirin, in which the President seized enemy combatants and did not address the internal functioning of the government. In Quirin, Jackson ultimately believed it was a mistake for the Court to review military judgments in times of war and he solidified this position in his dissent in Korematsu v. United States. In that case, he stated "in the very nature of things military decisions are not susceptible of intelligent judicial appraisal." His dissent in Korematsu expresses his belief that bringing those affected by military orders under the protection of the constitution would be a dangerous precedent and that the court should neither execute nor review such orders. He was afraid that the "emergency that justified the classification (in Korematsu) would eventually be forgotten, leaving the constitutionality of the classification as the lesson of the case." Jackson believed the court would never be able to perform its duty if it joined the executive in making constitutional shortcuts. In the end, Justice Jackson withdrew his concurring opinion, perhaps in response to Chief Justice Stone, or perhaps in response to Justice Felix Frankfurter's Soliloquy. The Soliloquy was an unusual memo addressed to the saboteurs in which Frankfurter urged the court to issue a single opinion. Regardless of why he chose to withdraw the opinion, his memorandum offers insight into an issue which divided the Court and remains divisive today. Quirin and the Guantanamo Bay military commissions Main article: Unlawful combatant Guantanamo Bay cases The week prior to the November 13, 2001 Military Order to try suspected terrorists detained at Guantanamo Bay before military commissions, the Office of Legal Counsel relied on Ex parte Quirin as a legal basis for the President's authority to issue the order. Upon the capture of the Quirin saboteurs, President Roosevelt had issued an executive order, upon which the order issued by President Bush was putatively modeled; this authorized military commissions to try the captives for, among other offenses, violations of the laws of war, providing the enemy with intelligence, and spying. Quirin had held that extant legislation authorized the use of military commissions for the types of offenses in question. While in Quirin there had been a public law passed with the title "declaration of war" and three Articles (15, 81 and 82) of the Articles of War, President Bush's claim relied on the Authorization for Use of Military Force of 2001 and two provisions of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, the successor to the Articles of War. The validity of Quirin as a basis for the use of military tribunals in the "War on Terrorism" as permitted by the Geneva Conventions has been disputed. A report by the American Bar Association commenting on this case, states: The Quirin case, however, does not stand for the proposition that detainees may be held incommunicado and denied access to counsel; the defendants in Quirin were able to seek review and they were represented by counsel. In Quirin, "The question for decision is whether the detention of petitioners for trial by Military Commission ... is in conformity with the laws and Constitution of the United States." Quirin, 317 U.S. at 18. Since the Supreme Court has decided that even enemy aliens not lawfully within the United States are entitled to review under the circumstances of Quirin, that right could hardly be denied to U.S. citizens and other persons lawfully present in the United States, especially when held without any charges at all. Since the 1942 Quirin case, the U.S. signed and ratified the 1949 Geneva Conventions, which were thus considered to be a part of U.S. municipal law, in accordance with Article 6, paragraph 2, of the Constitution of the United States (the Supremacy Clause). On February 7, 2002, President Bush adopted the view that Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions did not protect al Qaeda prisoners because the United States-al Qaeda conflict was not "not of an international character." The Supreme Court of the United States invalidated the Bush Administration view of Common Article 3, in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, by ruling that Common Article Three of the Geneva Conventions applies to detainees in the "War on Terror", and that the Guantanamo military commission process used to try these suspects was in violation of U.S. and international law. In response to Hamdan, Congress passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006, which President Bush signed into law on October 17, 2006. The Act's stated purpose was "To authorize trial by military commission for violations of the law of war, and for other purposes." Like the Military Commissions Act of 2006, its successor the Military Commissions Act of 2009 explicitly forbids the invocation of the Geneva Conventions "as a basis for a private right of action." See also Ex parte Milligan (1866) United States ex rel. Toth v. Quarles (1955) Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004) Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006) List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 317 References ^ Ex parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1 (1942).  This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document. ^ "Proclamation 2561 – Denying Certain Enemies Access to the Courts". Archived from the original on 2016-08-09. Retrieved 2013-07-26. ^ "Nazi Saboteur Commission, 1942, Index". Soc.umn.edu. 2003. Retrieved 2017-06-18. ^ Joseph E. Persico (October 22, 2002). Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage. Random House. p. 204. ISBN 0-375-76126-8. ^ a b The Atlantic February 2002: The Keystone Kommandos ^ Wood, Lewis (August 1, 1942). "Ruling Unanimous – Supreme Bench Backs President's Power Over Invader Saboteurs – Generals Resume Task – Hear Final Pleas for Nazis – Verdict, Due Soon, to Go to Roosevelt for Review". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved July 4, 2018. ^ An Act Respecting Alien Enemies ^ Military Tribunals ^ "Judicial Review for Enemy Fighters: The Court's Fateful Turn in Ex parte Quirin, the Nazi Saboteur Case". Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine ^ Renzo, Anthony F. "A Call to Protect Civilian Justice: Beware the Creep of Military Tribunals" (PDF). American Constitution Society for Law and Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-09-07. ^ 317 U.S. 1, 37. ^ 317 U.S. 1, 38. ^ David Alan Johnson (December 3, 2007). Betrayal: The True Story of J. Edgar Hoover and the Nazi Saboteurs Captured During WWII. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-1173-6. ^ Amanda DiPaolo (September 10, 2011). The Separation of Powers: A Framework For Guiding Judicial Decision Making When The Executive Limits Individual Liberties During Armed Hostilities. ISBN 978-1-243-98480-7. ^ William O. Douglas, The Court Years, 1939–1975, at 138–39 (New York: Vintage Books,1981) ^ a b Military Tribunal: Quirin Precedent by Louis Fisher in the March 22, 2002 "Congressional Research Report" for Congress. ^ Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579, 634 (1952) (Jackson, J., concurring). ^ Brief of Legal Scholars and Historians as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioner, Salim Ahmed Hamdan, v Donald H. Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense, et al., No. 05-184 ^ a b c d "Full text of Justice Jackson's Unpublished Opinion in Ex Parte Quirin in the Spring 2006 Green Bag Law Journal, volume 9, number 3" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-05-16. ^ Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944). ^ a b Dennis J. Hutchinson, "'The Achilles Heel' of the Constitution: Justice Jackson and the Japanese Exclusion Cases", 2002 Sup. Ct. Rev. 455, 488. ^ Philbin, Patrick. "Legality of the Use of Military Commissions to Try Terrorists" (PDF). Office of Legal Counsel Opinions. Retrieved 10 February 2023. ^ Philbin, Patrick. "Legality of the Use of Military Commissions to Try Terrorists" (PDF). Office of Legal Counsel Opinions. Retrieved 10 February 2023. ^ George P. Fletcher, "War and the Constitution", Archived 2006-02-12 at the Wayback Machine The American Prospect, January 1, 2002 (alternate URL Archived 2006-02-18 at the Wayback Machine) and the response, "The Military Tribunal Debate" Archived 2005-04-28 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Revised ACLU Interested Person's Memo Urging Congress to Reject Power to Detain Suspected Terrorists Indefinitely Without Charge, Trial or a Right to Counsel". American Civil Liberties Union. ^ Nicholas Cowdery AM QC, President, International Association of Prosecutors Director of Public Prosecutions, NSW, Australia. "Terrorism and the Rule of Law". Archived 2006-05-08 at the Wayback Machine International Association of Prosecutors 8th Annual Conference, Washington, D.C., 10–14 August 2003. ^ Report by the American Bar Association in PDF (footnote omitted). ^ Ryuichi Shimoda et al. v. The State § II. Evaluation of the act of bombing according to municipal law Paragraph 2 – via Wikisource ^ Bush, George. "Humane Treatment of Taliban and al Qaeda Detainees" (PDF). Retrieved 10 February 2023. ^ Michael Isikoff and Stuart Taylor Jr. (July 17, 2006), "The Gitmo Fallout: The fight over the Hamdan ruling heats up – as fears about its reach escalate". Archived May 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Newsweek ^ 10 U.S.C. § 948a(e) Further reading Rehnquist, William H. (1998). All the Laws but One: Civil Liberties in Wartime. New York: William Morrow & Co. ISBN 0-688-05142-1. External links Works related to Ex parte Quirin at Wikisource Text of Ex parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1 (1942) is available from: CourtListener  Findlaw  Google Scholar  Justia  Library of Congress  Oyez (oral argument audio)  Story of Herbert Haupt The Facts Don't Matter Archived 2009-04-21 at the Wayback Machine An hour-long This American Life radio episode (original air date 3/12/2004) about the events leading up to Ex parte Quirin Homefront Confrontational: How the War on Terror Affects Access to Information and the Publics Right to Know Archived 2006-11-04 at the Wayback Machine a report issued by the Reporters Committee for the Freedom of the Press Fisher, Louis. Nazi Saboteurs on Trial: A Military Tribunal and American Law. 2nd ed. University Press of Kansas (2005) Nazi Saboteur Tribunal Transcript Abella, Alex & Gordon, Scott, Shadow Enemies: Hitler's Secret Terrorist Plot Against the United States, Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58574-722-X Rachlis, Eugene, They Came to Kill: The Story of Eight Nazi Saboteurs in America, New York: Random House, 1961.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ex parte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_parte"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States military tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tribunals_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"saboteurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"precedent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent"},{"link_name":"military commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_justice"},{"link_name":"unlawful combatants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_combatant"},{"link_name":"law of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_war"},{"link_name":"armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_forces"},{"link_name":"peaceful populations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian"},{"link_name":"belligerent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belligerent"},{"link_name":"lawful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combatant#Privileged_combatants"},{"link_name":"prisoners of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war"},{"link_name":"military forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_forces"},{"link_name":"spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"enemy combatant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_combatant"}],"text":"Ex parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1 (1942), was a case of the United States Supreme Court that during World War II upheld the jurisdiction of a United States military tribunal over the trial of eight German saboteurs, in the United States.[1] Quirin has been cited as a precedent for the trial by military commission of unlawful combatants.It was argued July 29 and 30, and decided July 31, with an extended opinion filed October 29, 1942.This decision states in part that:... the law of war draws a distinction between the armed forces and the peaceful populations of belligerent nations and also between those who are lawful and unlawful combatants. Lawful combatants are subject to capture and detention as prisoners of war by opposing military forces. Unlawful combatants are likewise subject to capture and detention, but in addition they are subject to trial and punishment by military tribunals for acts which render their belligerency unlawful. The spy who secretly and without uniform passes the military lines of a belligerent in time of war, seeking to gather military information and communicate it to the enemy, or an enemy combatant who without uniform comes secretly through the lines for the purpose of waging war by destruction of life or property, are familiar examples of belligerents who are generally deemed not to be entitled to the status of prisoners of war, but to be offenders against the law of war subject to trial and punishment by military tribunals.","title":"Ex parte Quirin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Case"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Quirin_-_mugshot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ernest Peter Burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Peter_Burger"},{"link_name":"George John Dasch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_John_Dasch"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hans Haupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hans_Haupt"},{"link_name":"Edward Kerling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Kerling"},{"link_name":"Richard Quirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Quirin"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"occupied France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"U-202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-202"},{"link_name":"Amagansett Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amagansett,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"U-584","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-584"},{"link_name":"Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_Vedra_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"German High Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Richard QuirinThe eight men involved in the case were Ernest Peter Burger, George John Dasch, Herbert Hans Haupt, Heinrich Heinck, Edward Kerling, Herman Neubauer, Richard Quirin and Werner Thiel. Burger and Haupt were U.S. citizens. (317 U.S. 1)All were born in Germany and all had lived in the United States. All returned to Germany between 1933 and 1941. After the declaration of war between the United States and Nazi Germany in December 1941 following the Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, they received training at a sabotage school near Berlin, where they were instructed in the use of explosives and in methods of secret writing.Burger, Dasch, Heinck and Quirin traveled from occupied France by U-202 to Amagansett Beach, Long Island, New York, landing in the hours of darkness, on June 13, 1942. The remaining four boarded the German submarine U-584 which carried them from France to Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida. On June 16, 1942, they came ashore during the hours of darkness. All eight wore full or partial German military uniforms so that if they were captured upon landing, they would be entitled to prisoner-of-war status rather than being treated as spies. The Long Island group was noticed by Coast Guard beach patrolman John C. Cullen, whom the saboteurs attempted to bribe with $260. Cullen returned to his station and sounded the alarm. The two groups promptly disposed of uniforms and proceeded in civilian dress to New York City and Jacksonville, Florida, respectively, and from there to other points in the United States. All had received instructions in Germany from an officer of the German High Command to destroy war industries and other key targets in the United States, for which they or their relatives in Germany were to receive salary payments from the German government.Upon landing, Dasch and Burger turned themselves in to the Federal Bureau of Investigation with some difficulty, since the FBI did not believe them immediately. They convinced the FBI that they were telling the truth and the remaining six were taken into custody in New York and Chicago, Illinois by FBI agents. The FBI had no leads until Dasch gave his exaggerated and romanticized version in Washington, D.C.","title":"Case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Articles of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_War#United_States"},{"link_name":"Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"electric chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chair"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"potter's field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter%27s_field"},{"link_name":"Blue Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Plains_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Anacostia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacostia"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"American Zone of occupied Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Zone_of_Occupation#American_Zone_of_Occupation"},{"link_name":"J. Edgar Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover"},{"link_name":"State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Department"}],"sub_title":"Military tribunal","text":"On July 2, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Proclamation 2561 establishing a military tribunal to prosecute the Germans.[2][3] Placed before a seven-member military commission, the Germans were charged with:violating the law of war;\nviolating Article 81 of the Articles of War, defining the offense of corresponding with or giving intelligence to the enemy;\nviolating Article 82 of the Articles of War, defining the offense of spying;\nconspiracy to commit the offenses alleged in the first three charges.From July 8 to August 1, 1942, the trial took place in Assembly Hall #1 on the fifth floor of the Department of Justice building in Washington D.C.[4] On August 3, 1942, two days after the trial ended, all eight were found guilty and sentenced to death. Roosevelt later commuted the death sentence of Dasch to 30 years in prison and the sentence of Burger to life in prison, as they had both confessed and assisted in capturing the others. Indeed, it was Dasch who approached the FBI, offering to turn the men in, which he then did. Burger was part of the plot to turn on the others and cooperated with the FBI extensively. The remaining six were executed in the electric chair on the third floor of the District of Columbia jail on August 8 and buried in a potter's field called Blue Plains in the Anacostia area of Washington.In 1948, Dasch and Burger were released by President Harry S. Truman and deported to the American Zone of occupied Germany. Dasch spent the remaining years of his life trying to return to the U.S. One time, a visa application was sent to J. Edgar Hoover by the State Department on Dasch's behalf. Hoover stated that the idea of giving Dasch a visa was \"outrageous\" and promptly denied it. Dasch died – still in Germany – in 1992.","title":"Case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Royall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall"},{"link_name":"Ex parte Milligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_parte_Milligan"},{"link_name":"federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"wartime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Francis Biddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Biddle"},{"link_name":"prosecutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"John André","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Andr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"Benedict Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Arnold"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPIES-5"},{"link_name":"habeas corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus"},{"link_name":"trial by jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_jury"},{"link_name":"U.S. Fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Sixth Amendments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Frank Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Murphy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"military operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operation"},{"link_name":"Alien Enemies Act of 1798","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPIES-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Constitutionality of military tribunals","text":"Throughout the trial, Roosevelt's decision of creating a military tribunal to prosecute the Germans was challenged by Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth Royall, who was appointed to defend the Germans. Royall said that Roosevelt had no right to create a military tribunal to try his clients, citing Ex parte Milligan (1866), a case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could not establish military tribunals to try civilians in areas where civilian courts were functioning, even during wartime. Since civilian courts were functioning in Washington D.C., he argued that the case involving the Germans should be heard there. Attorney General Francis Biddle, who was appointed as a prosecutor of the case, responded that the clients who, acting on behalf of the German government, secretly entered into U.S. territory without proper uniforms in time of war for the purpose of committing hostile acts, were not entitled to have access to civilian courts. Biddle stated that, \"This is not a trial of offenses of law of the civil courts, but is a trial of the offenses of the law of war, which is not recognizable by the civil courts. It is the trial, as alleged in the charges, of certain enemies who crossed our borders ... and who crossed in disguise and landed here ... They are exactly and precisely in the same position as armed forces invading this country.\"Royall asserted that there was no evidence to prove that the Germans would have followed through with their plans, claiming they had only vague contacts through which to communicate with Germany, and no plans to return home until after the war. Biddle rebutted this argument, citing the case of British Major John André, who was executed as a spy by the Continental Army for passing through American lines to meet with American officer Benedict Arnold during the American Revolutionary War.[5] Royall, along with his clients, then petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus demanding that the Germans were entitled to trial by jury guaranteed by the U.S. Fifth and Sixth Amendments. Though the U.S. Supreme Court had been adjourned for the summer, it convened to consider the matter in a special session on July 29, 1942. Justice Frank Murphy, an Army officer at the time, recused himself.[6]Royall argued that the German landings at New York and Florida could not be characterized as \"zones of military operation\" and contended that there was no combat there or plausible threat of invasion by approaching enemy forces. He argued that civilian courts were functioning, and under the circumstances, they were the appropriate venue for the case to be heard. Biddle responded that the U.S. and Germany were at war and cited the Alien Enemies Act of 1798 which stated:That whenever there is a declared war between the United States and any foreign nation or government, or any invasion or predatory incursion is perpetrated, attempted, or threatened against the territory of the United States by any foreign nation government, and the President makes public proclamation of the event, all natives, citizens, denizens, or subjects of the hostile nation or government, being of the age of fourteen years and upward, who shall be within the United States and not actually naturalized, shall be liable to be apprehended, restrained, secured, and removed as alien enemies.[7]On July 31, the Supreme Court unanimously denied Royall's appeal, writing, \"The military commission was lawfully constituted ... petitioners are held in lawful custody for trial before the military commission and have not shown cause for being discharged by writ of habeas corpus.\"[5][8]","title":"Case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"put to death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"Lambdin P. Milligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambdin_P._Milligan"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederate armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"German armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hague Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Harlan Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Supreme Court had issued its decision on July 31, 1942, but did not release a full opinion until October 29, 1942. In this decision, the Court held that (1) That the charges preferred against petitioners on which they are being tried by military commission appointed by the order of the President of July 2, 1942, allege an offense or offenses which the President is authorized to order tried before a military commission. (2) That the military commission was lawfully constituted. (3) That petitioners are held in lawful custody, for trial before the military commission, and have not shown cause for being discharged by writ of habeas corpus. The motions for leave to file petitions for writs of habeas corpus are denied.The Court ruled that the German saboteurs had no right to be given access to civilian courts because they were \"plainly within the ultimate boundaries of the jurisdiction of military tribunals, and were held in good faith for trial by military commission, charged with being enemies who, with the purpose of destroying war materials and utilities, entered or after entry remained in our territory without uniform – an offense against the law of war. Those particular acts constitute an offense against the law of war which the Constitution authorizes to be tried by military commission.\" It held that while lawful combatants may be captured and held as prisoners of war, unlawful combatants face harsher circumstances such as being sentenced to prison terms or put to death.The Court also drew a distinction between the cases of Milligan and Quirin. In the Milligan case, Lambdin P. Milligan, although conspiring to commit sabotage in aid of the Confederate cause, was a civilian resident of Indiana, one of the many Union states engaged in a Civil War against the Confederacy, had not had a residence in a Confederate state, was not a part of or associated with the Confederate armed forces, and thus could not be tried by a military tribunal in areas where civilian courts were operating. On the other hand, in the Quirin case, the Germans were part of or associated with the German armed forces, entered into U.S. territory without proper uniforms in time of war for the purpose of gathering intelligence or waging war by destruction of life or property, and thus were liable to be tried by a military tribunal.[9][10]Haupt and Burger argued that as U.S. citizens, they should not have their writs of habeas corpus suspended, but the Court ruled that \"[c]itizenship in the United States of an enemy belligerent does not relieve him from the consequences of a belligerency which is unlawful because in violation of the law of war.\"[11] It also stated that \"citizens who associate themselves with the military arm of an enemy government, and with its aid, guidance, and direction enter this country bent on hostile acts are enemy belligerents within the meaning of the Hague Convention and the law of war.\"[12] Furthermore, the Court ruled that the president's proclamation was a lawful order because it was in fact recognized by Congress in Articles 15, 38, and 46 of the Articles of War. In explaining the role of Congress, Chief Justice Harlan Stone held that:Congress, in addition to making rules for the government of our Armed Forces, by the Articles of War has exercised its authority under Art. I, § 8, cl. 10 of the Constitution to define and punish offenses against the law of nations, of which the law of war is a part, by sanctioning, within constitutional limitations, the jurisdiction of military commissions to try persons for offenses which, according to the rules and precepts of the law of nations, and more particularly the law of war, are cognizable by such tribunals. And by Article of War 15, Congress has incorporated by reference, as within the jurisdiction of military commissions, all offenses which are defined as such by the law of war and which may constitutionally be included within that jurisdiction.[13][14]","title":"Supreme Court decision"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O._Douglas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone"},{"link_name":"Robert H. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRSREPORT-16"},{"link_name":"Korematsu v. United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korematsu_v._United_States"},{"link_name":"Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown_Sheet_%26_Tube_Co._v._Sawyer"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"War on Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terror"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Decision controversy","text":"Although the court issued a unanimous opinion in Quirin, the road to the final decision was marked by disagreement. Justice Douglas wrote that it was unfortunate that the court agreed to take the case. He stated that \"while it was easy to agree on the original per curiam, we almost fell apart when it came to write the views.\"[15] Chief Justice Stone, for his part, was very concerned with the court's reputation, specifically because he did not want the court to be perceived as just standing by while six men were executed. He pushed for a unanimous opinion. Despite Stone's views, Justice Robert H. Jackson wrote a concurring draft opinion, expressing his disagreement with portions of the Court's opinion. Over time, his concurring draft got longer and longer and evolved into a typewritten memorandum.[16] This memorandum was written two years before his dissent in Korematsu v. United States and a decade before his famous concurrence in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer.[17] It provides insight into Jackson's views on the scope of the President's constitutional war powers.\nThe controversy has been revived, and has had legal implications during the War on Terror of the first decade of the 21st century.[18]","title":"Supreme Court decision"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military tribunals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tribunals"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jjopinion-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jjopinion-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jjopinion-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jjopinion-19"},{"link_name":"Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown_Sheet_%26_Tube_Co._v._Sawyer"},{"link_name":"Korematsu v. United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korematsu_v._United_States"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-achilles-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-achilles-21"},{"link_name":"Felix Frankfurter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRSREPORT-16"}],"sub_title":"Justice Jackson's draft opinion","text":"In his draft opinion, Jackson attributed sweeping powers to the President. He concluded that (1) the President has the inherent authority to create military tribunals, (2) this authority could not be regulated by Congress, and (3) this power was by virtue of his power as Commander-in-Chief.[19]Jackson stated, \"I think the Court's decision of the question whether it complied with the Articles of War is uncalled for. The history and the language of the Articles are to me a plain demonstration that they are clearly inapplicable to this case and it is abundantly clear to me that it is well within the war powers of the President to create a non-statutory military tribunal of the sort here in question.\"[19] He further wrote \"The right to convene such an advisory committee of his staff as a 'military commission' for the discharge of his duties toward prisoners of war is one that follows from his position as commander in chief.\"[19] Nonetheless, Jackson maintained that the President's power should be \"discharged, of course, in the light of any obligation undertaken by our country under treaties or conventions or under customs and usages so generally accepted as to constitute the laws of warfare.\"[19]More importantly, Jackson also questioned the Court's ability to review the President's actions. He concluded that dealing with enemy prisoners of war was a foreign policy issue that touched upon issues of national security and political questions that were wholly out of the province of the judiciary. Jackson also stated that granting enemy combatants individual rights against military authorities would not be reciprocated in other countries.Jackson analyzed both the history and purposes of the Articles of War to conclude that the Articles are not applicable to enemy combatants – rather, they were meant to protect U.S. civilians in times of military government. Although it would seem that his draft opinion is at odds with his later views of the President's war powers, specifically in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer in which he interpreted Congress's ability to restrict the President's powers rather generously, there are substantive differences between the two cases. Youngstown concerned an exercise of presidential power in a domestic matter against civilians in an undeclared war. It was very different from the scenario present in Quirin, in which the President seized enemy combatants and did not address the internal functioning of the government.In Quirin, Jackson ultimately believed it was a mistake for the Court to review military judgments in times of war and he solidified this position in his dissent in Korematsu v. United States. In that case, he stated \"in the very nature of things military decisions are not susceptible of intelligent judicial appraisal.\"[20] His dissent in Korematsu expresses his belief that bringing those affected by military orders under the protection of the constitution would be a dangerous precedent and that the court should neither execute nor review such orders. He was afraid that the \"emergency that justified the classification (in Korematsu) would eventually be forgotten, leaving the constitutionality of the classification as the lesson of the case.\"[21] Jackson believed the court would never be able to perform its duty if it joined the executive in making constitutional shortcuts.[21]In the end, Justice Jackson withdrew his concurring opinion, perhaps in response to Chief Justice Stone, or perhaps in response to Justice Felix Frankfurter's Soliloquy. The Soliloquy was an unusual memo addressed to the saboteurs in which Frankfurter urged the court to issue a single opinion.[16] Regardless of why he chose to withdraw the opinion, his memorandum offers insight into an issue which divided the Court and remains divisive today.","title":"Supreme Court decision"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Quirin and the Guantanamo Bay military commissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"terrorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp"},{"link_name":"military commissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_military_commission"},{"link_name":"Office of Legal Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"executive order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"President Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"laws of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_war"},{"link_name":"intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence"},{"link_name":"spying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spying"},{"link_name":"declaration of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war"},{"link_name":"Authorization for Use of Military Force of 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_of_2001"},{"link_name":"Uniform Code of Military Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"War on Terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terrorism"},{"link_name":"Geneva Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conventions"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"American Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Geneva Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conventions"},{"link_name":"Supremacy Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremacy_Clause"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"al Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaeda"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Hamdan v. Rumsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo military commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_military_commission"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Military Commissions Act of 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006"},{"link_name":"Military Commissions Act of 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006"},{"link_name":"Military Commissions Act of 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Guantanamo Bay cases","text":"The week prior to the November 13, 2001 Military Order to try suspected terrorists detained at Guantanamo Bay before military commissions, the Office of Legal Counsel relied on Ex parte Quirin as a legal basis for the President's authority to issue the order.[22] Upon the capture of the Quirin saboteurs, President Roosevelt had issued an executive order, upon which the order issued by President Bush was putatively modeled; this authorized military commissions to try the captives for, among other offenses, violations of the laws of war, providing the enemy with intelligence, and spying.Quirin had held that extant legislation authorized the use of military commissions for the types of offenses in question. While in Quirin there had been a public law passed with the title \"declaration of war\" and three Articles (15, 81 and 82) of the Articles of War, President Bush's claim relied on the Authorization for Use of Military Force of 2001 and two provisions of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, the successor to the Articles of War.[23]The validity of Quirin as a basis for the use of military tribunals in the \"War on Terrorism\" as permitted by the Geneva Conventions has been disputed.[24][25][26] A report by the American Bar Association commenting on this case, states:The Quirin case, however, does not stand for the proposition that detainees may be held incommunicado and denied access to counsel; the defendants in Quirin were able to seek review and they were represented by counsel. In Quirin, \"The question for decision is whether the detention of petitioners for trial by Military Commission ... is in conformity with the laws and Constitution of the United States.\" Quirin, 317 U.S. at 18. Since the Supreme Court has decided that even enemy aliens not lawfully within the United States are entitled to review under the circumstances of Quirin, that right could hardly be denied to U.S. citizens and other persons lawfully present in the United States, especially when held without any charges at all.[27]Since the 1942 Quirin case, the U.S. signed and ratified the 1949 Geneva Conventions, which were thus considered to be a part of U.S. municipal law, in accordance with Article 6, paragraph 2, of the Constitution of the United States (the Supremacy Clause).[28] On February 7, 2002, President Bush adopted the view that Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions did not protect al Qaeda prisoners because the United States-al Qaeda conflict was not \"not of an international character.\"[29] The Supreme Court of the United States invalidated the Bush Administration view of Common Article 3, in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, by ruling that Common Article Three of the Geneva Conventions applies to detainees in the \"War on Terror\", and that the Guantanamo military commission process used to try these suspects was in violation of U.S. and international law.[30] In response to Hamdan, Congress passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006, which President Bush signed into law on October 17, 2006. The Act's stated purpose was \"To authorize trial by military commission for violations of the law of war, and for other purposes.\" Like the Military Commissions Act of 2006, its successor the Military Commissions Act of 2009 explicitly forbids the invocation of the Geneva Conventions \"as a basis for a private right of action.\"[31]","title":"Quirin and the Guantanamo Bay military commissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rehnquist, William H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rehnquist"},{"link_name":"All the Laws but One: Civil Liberties in Wartime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/grandinquestshis00rehn_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-688-05142-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-05142-1"}],"text":"Rehnquist, William H. (1998). All the Laws but One: Civil Liberties in Wartime. New York: William Morrow & Co. ISBN 0-688-05142-1.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Richard Quirin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Richard_Quirin_-_mugshot.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Ex parte Milligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_parte_Milligan"},{"title":"United States ex rel. Toth v. Quarles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_ex_rel._Toth_v._Quarles"},{"title":"Hamdi v. Rumsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdi_v._Rumsfeld"},{"title":"Hamdan v. Rumsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld"},{"title":"List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 317","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_317"}]
[{"reference":"\"Proclamation 2561 – Denying Certain Enemies Access to the Courts\". Archived from the original on 2016-08-09. Retrieved 2013-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160809014822/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16281","url_text":"\"Proclamation 2561 – Denying Certain Enemies Access to the Courts\""},{"url":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16281","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nazi Saboteur Commission, 1942, Index\". Soc.umn.edu. 2003. Retrieved 2017-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soc.umn.edu/~samaha/nazi_saboteurs/indexnazi.htm","url_text":"\"Nazi Saboteur Commission, 1942, Index\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph E. Persico (October 22, 2002). Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage. Random House. p. 204. ISBN 0-375-76126-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House","url_text":"Random House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-76126-8","url_text":"0-375-76126-8"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Lewis (August 1, 1942). \"Ruling Unanimous – Supreme Bench Backs President's Power Over Invader Saboteurs – Generals Resume Task – Hear Final Pleas for Nazis – Verdict, Due Soon, to Go to Roosevelt for Review\". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved July 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1942/08/01/archives/ruling-unanimous-supreme-bench-backs-presidents-power-over-invader.html","url_text":"\"Ruling Unanimous – Supreme Bench Backs President's Power Over Invader Saboteurs – Generals Resume Task – Hear Final Pleas for Nazis – Verdict, Due Soon, to Go to Roosevelt for Review\""}]},{"reference":"Renzo, Anthony F. \"A Call to Protect Civilian Justice: Beware the Creep of Military Tribunals\" (PDF). American Constitution Society for Law and Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013625/https://secure.acslaw.org/files/Renzo%20Issue%20Brief_Final.pdf","url_text":"\"A Call to Protect Civilian Justice: Beware the Creep of Military Tribunals\""},{"url":"https://secure.acslaw.org/files/Renzo%20Issue%20Brief_Final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David Alan Johnson (December 3, 2007). Betrayal: The True Story of J. Edgar Hoover and the Nazi Saboteurs Captured During WWII. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-1173-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrene_Books","url_text":"Hippocrene Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1173-6","url_text":"978-0-7818-1173-6"}]},{"reference":"Amanda DiPaolo (September 10, 2011). The Separation of Powers: A Framework For Guiding Judicial Decision Making When The Executive Limits Individual Liberties During Armed Hostilities. ISBN 978-1-243-98480-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-243-98480-7","url_text":"978-1-243-98480-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Full text of Justice Jackson's Unpublished Opinion in Ex Parte Quirin in the Spring 2006 Green Bag Law Journal, volume 9, number 3\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929155855/http://www.greenbag.org/goldsmith%203-28-06.pdf","url_text":"\"Full text of Justice Jackson's Unpublished Opinion in Ex Parte Quirin in the Spring 2006 Green Bag Law Journal, volume 9, number 3\""},{"url":"http://www.greenbag.org/goldsmith%203-28-06.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Philbin, Patrick. \"Legality of the Use of Military Commissions to Try Terrorists\" (PDF). Office of Legal Counsel Opinions. Retrieved 10 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/d9/olc/opinions/2001/11/31/op-olc-v025-p0238_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Legality of the Use of Military Commissions to Try Terrorists\""}]},{"reference":"Philbin, Patrick. \"Legality of the Use of Military Commissions to Try Terrorists\" (PDF). Office of Legal Counsel Opinions. Retrieved 10 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/d9/olc/opinions/2001/11/31/op-olc-v025-p0238_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Legality of the Use of Military Commissions to Try Terrorists\""}]},{"reference":"Bush, George. \"Humane Treatment of Taliban and al Qaeda Detainees\" (PDF). Retrieved 10 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/URLs_Cited/OT2005/05-184/05-184_2.pdf","url_text":"\"Humane Treatment of Taliban and al Qaeda Detainees\""}]},{"reference":"Rehnquist, William H. (1998). All the Laws but One: Civil Liberties in Wartime. New York: William Morrow & Co. ISBN 0-688-05142-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rehnquist","url_text":"Rehnquist, William H."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/grandinquestshis00rehn_0","url_text":"All the Laws but One: Civil Liberties in Wartime"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-05142-1","url_text":"0-688-05142-1"}]}]
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Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense, et al., No. 05-184"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929155855/http://www.greenbag.org/goldsmith%203-28-06.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Full text of Justice Jackson's Unpublished Opinion in Ex Parte Quirin in the Spring 2006 Green Bag Law Journal, volume 9, number 3\""},{"Link":"http://www.greenbag.org/goldsmith%203-28-06.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/323/214/","external_links_name":"214"},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/d9/olc/opinions/2001/11/31/op-olc-v025-p0238_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Legality of the Use of Military Commissions to Try Terrorists\""},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/d9/olc/opinions/2001/11/31/op-olc-v025-p0238_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Legality of the Use of Military Commissions to Try Terrorists\""},{"Link":"http://www.prospect.org/print/V13/1/fletcher-g.html","external_links_name":"\"War and the Constitution\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060212200408/http://www.prospect.org/print/V13/1/fletcher-g.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.law.fsu.edu/faculty/2001-2002workshops/fletcher.pdf","external_links_name":"alternate URL"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060218001844/http://www.law.fsu.edu/faculty/2001-2002workshops/fletcher.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewWeb&articleId=618","external_links_name":"\"The Military Tribunal Debate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050428024611/http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewWeb&articleId=618","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aclu.org/safefree/detention/18471leg20040623.html","external_links_name":"\"Revised ACLU Interested Person's Memo Urging Congress to Reject Power to Detain Suspected Terrorists Indefinitely Without Charge, Trial or a Right to Counsel\""},{"Link":"http://www.iap.nl.com/speeches_annual_conference_2003_washington/terrorism_and_the_rule_of_law_speech_by_nicholas_cowdery.html","external_links_name":"\"Terrorism and the Rule of Law\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060508135446/http://www.iap.nl.com/speeches_annual_conference_2003_washington/terrorism_and_the_rule_of_law_speech_by_nicholas_cowdery.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/aba/abatskforce103rpt.pdf","external_links_name":"Report by the American Bar Association"},{"Link":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/URLs_Cited/OT2005/05-184/05-184_2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Humane Treatment of Taliban and al Qaeda Detainees\""},{"Link":"https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13773997/site/newsweek/","external_links_name":"\"The Gitmo Fallout: The fight over the Hamdan ruling heats up – as fears about its reach escalate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070512175803/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13773997/site/newsweek/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/grandinquestshis00rehn_0","external_links_name":"All the Laws but One: Civil Liberties in Wartime"},{"Link":"https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/103707/ex-parte-quirin/","external_links_name":"CourtListener"},{"Link":"https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/317/1.html","external_links_name":"Findlaw"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11622761329856762325","external_links_name":"Google Scholar"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/317/1/","external_links_name":"Justia"},{"Link":"http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep317/usrep317001/usrep317001.pdf","external_links_name":"Library of Congress"},{"Link":"https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/317us1","external_links_name":"Oyez (oral argument audio)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220612113533/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Lake/3234/HerbertHansHaupt.html","external_links_name":"Story of Herbert Haupt"},{"Link":"http://www.thisamericanlife.org/Radio_Episode.aspx?sched=1019","external_links_name":"The Facts Don't Matter"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090421215848/http://www.thisamericanlife.org/Radio_Episode.aspx?sched=1019","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rcfp.org/homefrontconfidential/Homefront_Confidential_6th.pdf","external_links_name":"Homefront Confrontational: How the War on Terror Affects Access to Information and the Publics Right to Know"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061104162505/http://www.rcfp.org/homefrontconfidential/Homefront_Confidential_6th.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.soc.umn.edu/~samaha/nazi_saboteurs/indexnazi.htm","external_links_name":"Nazi Saboteur Tribunal Transcript"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Somers
USS Somers
["1 See also"]
USS Somers may refer to: USS Somers (1812), was a schooner that fought on Lake Erie and Huron during the War of 1812. She was captured by the British in 1814. USS Somers (1842), was a brig launched in 1842 and sunk in 1846. The ship is known for the Somers Affair. USS Somers (TB-22), was a torpedo boat purchased in 1898 and sold in 1920 USS Somers (DD-301), was a Clemson-class destroyer launched in 1918 , commissioned in 1920 and scrapped in 1931 USS Somers (DD-381), was a Somers-class destroyer launched , commissioned in 1937 and scrapped in 1947 USS Somers (DD-947), was a Forrest Sherman-class destroyer launched in 1958 , commissioned in 1959 and sunk as target in 1998 See also Master Commandant Richard Somers, a U.S. Navy officer killed in a daring assault during the First Barbary War List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Ranzano
Pietro Ranzano
["1 Ranzano and his Works","2 History of Palermo","3 The Dominican Friar and the Jews","4 Activity in Hungary","5 Death and legacy","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 Further reading"]
15th-century Roman Catholic bishop Most ReverendPietro RanzanoBishop of LuceraItalian humanist, Pietro Ranzano before King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and Queen Beatrice (Epitome rerum Hungarorum, 1490)ChurchCatholic ChurchIn office1476–1492PredecessorLadislao DenticeSuccessorGiambattista Contestabili Pietro Ranzano (Palermo, 1428–Lucera, 1492) was an Italian Dominican friar, bishop, historian, humanist and scholar who is best known for his work, De primordiis et progressu felicis Urbis Panormi, a history of the city of Palermo from its beginnings up until the contemporary period in which Ranzano was writing. The composition is influenced to some extent by humanistic conceptions of historical research, offers glimpses into the world view of a Sicilian intellectual of the Renaissance period on Jews and Jewish culture, as well as Sicily’s past. Ranzano and his Works Ranzano would study Latin at the school of humanist Antonio Cassarino, who at the time was a teacher of young children (magister scholae parvulorum) in Palermo. Like other scholars of his era, he would study at various institutions which were headed by various masters such as Pietro Aretino in Florence, Tommaso Pontano in Perguia, and Vitaliano Borromeo and Pietro Candido Decembro in Milan and Pavia. Ranzano would go on to join the Dominican Order at the age of sixteen and by the time he was twenty-eight, he had become Provincial of the Dominicans in Sicily. Around the year 1464, Ranzano would be appointed papal nuncio in the kingdom of Sicily and he would be entrusted with the organization of the crusade against the Turks in conjunction with preaching and collecting funds for the aforementioned crusade. While in Palermo, Ranzano taught at the Dominican College. Ranzano’s personality and education influenced his work, creating a particular mixture of secular and religious learning that arguably can be perceived as the hallmark of Sicilian humanism. History of Palermo Pietro Ranzano’s works were very popular in the time in which they were written. However, his account of Palermo’s history served as a model for later Sicilian historians. The composition was written in first person and it includes various personal earmarks such as Ranzano illustrating his own ideas and spending a great deal of time on his search for ancient sources and his efforts to pursue his story by all possible means. The writing utilizes foundation legends which epitomize the way in which narratives on the origins of cities were formulated. Ranzano’s investigations with regards to attempting to learn of the origins of Palermo (circa quista origini di la mia patria), place him in the context of the prevailing quest in the Renaissance era for sources (ad fontes) and his quest would lead him to an inscription which he would assume to be "Chaldean" characters which were inscribed on a tower which stood above the Porta Patitelli in Palermo. The inscription would later be discovered to be a forgery therefore rendering Ranzano’s deduction that the city of Palermo originated from the Chaldeans as erroneous. However, the writing he composed is still important as it gives an insight as to the views held by Sicilian intellectual elite’s near the time of the expulsion of the Jews from Sicily. The Dominican Friar and the Jews If looking at Ranzano’s writings of the Jews on the surface, one would conclude that it presents an image of positive relations between Jews and Christians in Palermo. However, looking deeper into his descriptions reveals that he perceives local Jews as holding an ancestral memory of the Chaldean inscription but not having historical evidence to back up their ‘memories’ of the past; they told Ranzano about the existence of an ancient book but they had no copy of it. In contrast, a Pisan Jew, Isaac Guglielmo, who owned the book which the local Jews where referring to and showed it to Ranzano. Correlating with Augustinian tradition, Ranzano would perceive the Jews as custodians of the past who could corroborate the writings in the inscription. Activity in Hungary In 1488 he was sent to Hungary, to the court of Matthias Corvinus as the envoy of the Kingdom of Naples. The queen, Beatrice of Naples commissioned him to write a history of Hungary. Pietro Ranzano has finished the work in a year under the title Epitome rerum Hungarorum. The heroic history treated the Hungarians as the direct descendants of the Huns and the king as the second Attila. Death and legacy Ranzano’s History of Palermo remains the only Sicilian historical account which takes a significant look at the Jews as well as Jewish culture. The composition offers a look at Jews and Christians with regard to cultural encounters in fifteenth-century Sicily. The story of Palermo exhibits many of the facets of the Renaissance culture of that period. In addition, the history illustrates the sophistication of an area which was at a cultural crossroads between Italy and the Hispanic world along with facing adversity with regard to various ethnic groups presence; most notably the Muslims and the Jews. Ranzano’s death in 1492 marks the end of an era, that being of multicultural Sicily as that year would coincide with expulsion of the Jews from Sicily. References ^ Morso, Salvatore. Descrizione di Palermo antico. Ricavata sugli autori sincroni e i monumenti de’ tempi. Palermo: Lorenzo Dato, 1827. ^ Figliuolo, Bruno. La cultura a Napoli nel secondo Quattrocento. Ritratti di protagonisti. Udine: Forum, 1997. ^ Zeldes, Nadia. 2006. "The Last Multi-Cultural Encounter in Medieval Sicily: A Dominican Scholar, an Arabic Inscription, and a Jewish Legend." Mediterranean Historical Review. 21 (2): 159-91., 160. ^ Simonsohn, Shlomo. The Apostolic See and the Jews. 10 vols. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1990. ^ Bietenholz, Peter Gerard. Historia and Fabula. Myths and Legends in Historical Thought from Antiquity to the Modern Age. Leiden: Brill, 1994. ^ Fazello, Tommaso. De rebus siculis decades duae. Palermo, 1560. ^ Zeldes, 177. ^ "Galamus.hu - Galamus.hu". Bibliography Zeldes, Nadia. 2006. "The Last Multi-Cultural Encounter in Medieval Sicily: A Dominican Scholar, an Arabic Inscription, and a Jewish Legend." Mediterranean Historical Review 21 (2): 159-91., 160. Figliuolo, Bruno (2016). "RANZANO, Pietro". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 86: Querenghi–Rensi (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6. Further reading Zeldes, Nadia. 2006. "The Last Multi-Cultural Encounter in Medieval Sicily: A Dominican Scholar, an Arabic Inscription, and a Jewish Legend." Mediterranean Historical Review 21 (2): 159-91., 160. Birkenmajer, Alexander. Notes and Correspondence. Abbé A. Rome; Gino Loria; George Sarton; Edward Kremers; A. Pogo; Lynn Thorndike; Eduard Färber; F. M. Feldhaus Isis, Vol. 20, No. 2. (Jan., 1934), pp. 440–449. JSTOR 225260 Daniels, John & Daniels, Christian. The Origin of the Sugarcane Roller Mill. Technology and Culture, Vol. 29, No. 3. (Jul., 1988), pp. 493–535. JSTOR 3105272 Reynolds, Beatrice R. Latin Historiography: A Survey, 1400-1600.Studies in the Renaissance, Vol. 2. (1955), pp. 7–66. JSTOR 2856959 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Croatia Netherlands Poland Vatican 2 People Italian People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef Catholic Church titles Preceded byLadislao Dentice Bishop of Lucera 1476–1492 Succeeded byGiambattista Contestabili
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Lucera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucera"},{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Humanism"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sicilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"}],"text":"Pietro Ranzano (Palermo, 1428–Lucera, 1492) was an Italian Dominican friar, bishop, historian, humanist and scholar who is best known for his work, De primordiis et progressu felicis Urbis Panormi, a history of the city of Palermo from its beginnings up until the contemporary period in which Ranzano was writing.[1] The composition is influenced to some extent by humanistic conceptions of historical research, offers glimpses into the world view of a Sicilian intellectual of the Renaissance period on Jews and Jewish culture, as well as Sicily’s past.","title":"Pietro Ranzano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"papal nuncio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_nuncio"},{"link_name":"crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ranzano would study Latin at the school of humanist Antonio Cassarino, who at the time was a teacher of young children (magister scholae parvulorum) in Palermo.[2] Like other scholars of his era, he would study at various institutions which were headed by various masters such as Pietro Aretino in Florence, Tommaso Pontano in Perguia, and Vitaliano Borromeo and Pietro Candido Decembro in Milan and Pavia.[3] Ranzano would go on to join the Dominican Order at the age of sixteen and by the time he was twenty-eight, he had become Provincial of the Dominicans in Sicily. Around the year 1464, Ranzano would be appointed papal nuncio in the kingdom of Sicily and he would be entrusted with the organization of the crusade against the Turks in conjunction with preaching and collecting funds for the aforementioned crusade.[4] While in Palermo, Ranzano taught at the Dominican College. Ranzano’s personality and education influenced his work, creating a particular mixture of secular and religious learning that arguably can be perceived as the hallmark of Sicilian humanism.","title":"Ranzano and his Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_narrative"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chaldean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldea"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Pietro Ranzano’s works were very popular in the time in which they were written. However, his account of Palermo’s history served as a model for later Sicilian historians. The composition was written in first person and it includes various personal earmarks such as Ranzano illustrating his own ideas and spending a great deal of time on his search for ancient sources and his efforts to pursue his story by all possible means. The writing utilizes foundation legends which epitomize the way in which narratives on the origins of cities were formulated.[5] Ranzano’s investigations with regards to attempting to learn of the origins of Palermo (circa quista origini di la mia patria), place him in the context of the prevailing quest in the Renaissance era for sources (ad fontes) and his quest would lead him to an inscription which he would assume to be \"Chaldean\" characters which were inscribed on a tower which stood above the Porta Patitelli in Palermo.[6] The inscription would later be discovered to be a forgery therefore rendering Ranzano’s deduction that the city of Palermo originated from the Chaldeans as erroneous. However, the writing he composed is still important as it gives an insight as to the views held by Sicilian intellectual elite’s near the time of the expulsion of the Jews from Sicily.","title":"History of Palermo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Augustinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"}],"text":"If looking at Ranzano’s writings of the Jews on the surface, one would conclude that it presents an image of positive relations between Jews and Christians in Palermo. However, looking deeper into his descriptions reveals that he perceives local Jews as holding an ancestral memory of the Chaldean inscription but not having historical evidence to back up their ‘memories’ of the past; they told Ranzano about the existence of an ancient book but they had no copy of it. In contrast, a Pisan Jew, Isaac Guglielmo, who owned the book which the local Jews where referring to and showed it to Ranzano.[7] Correlating with Augustinian tradition, Ranzano would perceive the Jews as custodians of the past who could corroborate the writings in the inscription.","title":"The Dominican Friar and the Jews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Matthias Corvinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Beatrice of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Epitome rerum Hungarorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitome_rerum_Hungarorum"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"Attila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1488 he was sent to Hungary, to the court of Matthias Corvinus as the envoy of the Kingdom of Naples. The queen, Beatrice of Naples commissioned him to write a history of Hungary. Pietro Ranzano has finished the work in a year under the title Epitome rerum Hungarorum. The heroic history treated the Hungarians as the direct descendants of the Huns and the king as the second Attila.[8]","title":"Activity in Hungary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"multicultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicultural"},{"link_name":"expulsion of the Jews from Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_from_Sicily"}],"text":"Ranzano’s History of Palermo remains the only Sicilian historical account which takes a significant look at the Jews as well as Jewish culture. The composition offers a look at Jews and Christians with regard to cultural encounters in fifteenth-century Sicily. The story of Palermo exhibits many of the facets of the Renaissance culture of that period. In addition, the history illustrates the sophistication of an area which was at a cultural crossroads between Italy and the Hispanic world along with facing adversity with regard to various ethnic groups presence; most notably the Muslims and the Jews. Ranzano’s death in 1492 marks the end of an era, that being of multicultural Sicily as that year would coincide with expulsion of the Jews from Sicily.","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"RANZANO, Pietro\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-ranzano_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"link_name":"Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani"},{"link_name":"Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8-81200032-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6"}],"text":"Zeldes, Nadia. 2006. \"The Last Multi-Cultural Encounter in Medieval Sicily: A Dominican Scholar, an Arabic Inscription, and a Jewish Legend.\" Mediterranean Historical Review 21 (2): 159-91., 160.\nFigliuolo, Bruno (2016). \"RANZANO, Pietro\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 86: Querenghi–Rensi (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"225260","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/225260"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3105272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3105272"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2856959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2856959"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264271#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1843267/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000109163568"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/74209859"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc3Jk4CHkcvHQKmh8vrbd"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16635173b"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16635173b"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/101046278"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V011727"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007373234705171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85202774"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000255412&local_base=nsk10"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p129503428"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810645290505606"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/38191"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/251482"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-ranzano_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd101046278.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63v35z4"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/134157958"}],"text":"Zeldes, Nadia. 2006. \"The Last Multi-Cultural Encounter in Medieval Sicily: A Dominican Scholar, an Arabic Inscription, and a Jewish Legend.\" Mediterranean Historical Review 21 (2): 159-91., 160.\nBirkenmajer, Alexander. Notes and Correspondence. Abbé A. Rome; Gino Loria; George Sarton; Edward Kremers; A. Pogo; Lynn Thorndike; Eduard Färber; F. M. Feldhaus Isis, Vol. 20, No. 2. (Jan., 1934), pp. 440–449. JSTOR 225260\nDaniels, John & Daniels, Christian. The Origin of the Sugarcane Roller Mill. Technology and Culture, Vol. 29, No. 3. (Jul., 1988), pp. 493–535. JSTOR 3105272\nReynolds, Beatrice R. Latin Historiography: A Survey, 1400-1600.Studies in the Renaissance, Vol. 2. (1955), pp. 7–66. JSTOR 2856959Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCroatia\nNetherlands\nPoland\nVatican\n2\nPeople\nItalian People\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Raymon_W._Herndon_(APD-121)
USS Raymon W. Herndon
["1 Namesake","2 Construction and commissioning","3 Service history","3.1 World War II","3.2 Postwar","4 Decommissioning and disposal","5 Honors and awards","6 Republic of China Navy service","7 References"]
Raymon W. Herndon underway circa 1944 History United States NameUSS Raymon W. Herndon NamesakeRaymon W. Herndon BuilderBethlehem Steel Company, Quincy, Massachusetts Laid down12 June 1944 as Rudderow-class destroyer escort Raymon W. Herndon Launched15 July 1944 Sponsored byMrs. Raymon W. Herndon IdentificationDE-688 Commissioned3 November 1944 Decommissioned15 November 1946 ReclassifiedAPD-121, 17 July 1944 Stricken1 September 1966 Honors andawardsOne battle star for World War II service FateTransferred to the Republic of China, October 1966 Taiwan NameROCS Heng Shan AcquiredOctober 1966 IdentificationDE-39 ReclassifiedPF-39 Stricken1976 FateScrapped General characteristics Class and typeCrosley-class high speed transport Displacement2,130 long tons (2,164 t) full Length306 ft (93 m) Beam37 ft (11 m) Draft12 ft 7 in (3.84 m) Speed23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph) Troops162 Complement204 Armament 1 × 5 in (130 mm) gun 6 × 40 mm guns 6 × 20 mm guns 2 × depth charge tracks USS Raymon W. Herndon (APD-121), ex-DE-688, was a United States Navy high-speed transport in commission from 1944 to 1946. Namesake Raymon W. Herndon was born on 1 November 1918 at Walterboro, South Carolina. He reported for active duty with the United States Marine Corps on 29 April 1942 at New River, North Carolina. On 14 September 1942 Private First Class Herndon was serving with the 1st Marine Division during action against Japanese forces on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. While engaged in a hazardous reconnaissance patrol on the southern slope of a hill, Herndon was mortally wounded. With Japanese forces advancing rapidly on his position and realizing that he had no chance to survive, he asked that he be left with a weapon to cover the withdrawal of his patrol to the top of the hill. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross. Construction and commissioning Raymon W. Herndon was laid down as the Rudderow-class destroyer escort USS Raymon W. Herndon (DE-688) on 12 June 1944 by the Bethlehem Steel Company at Quincy, Massachusetts, and was launched on 15 July 1944, sponsored by Mrs. Raymon W. Herndon, the widow of the ship's namesake. Raymon W. Herndon was reclassified as a Crosley-class high speed transport and redesignated APD-121 on 17 July 1944. After conversion for her new role, she was commissioned on 3 November 1944. Service history World War II Raymon W. Herndon departed Boston, Massachusetts, on 23 November 1944 for three weeks of shakedown off Bermuda. After arriving at Norfolk, Virginia, on 13 December 1944, she stood out of Hampton Roads, Virginia, on 1 January 1945, transited the Panama Canal, and reported to the United States Pacific Fleet for World War II duty on 7 January 1945. Arriving at San Diego, California, on 16 January 1945, she departed on 25 January 1945, touched at Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii, on 31 January 1945, and acquired her first combat experience at Okinawa. Commencing 26 March 1945, Raymon W. Herndon supported her embarked Underwater Demolition Team 16 and provided antiaircraft gunnery support in the transport area off the invasion beaches. During the assault phase of the Okinawa operation, she assisted in maintaining an outer antisubmarine screen that extended completely around the Hagushi Beach transport area and the seaplane and logistics anchorage at Kerama Retto. Together with the other ships of the screen, she also provided protection from Japanese aircraft for the naval forces off the beachhead. Later she patrolled remote radar picket stations and bore the brunt of the relentless and determined attacks made by Japanese torpedo bombers, dive bombers, and kamikaze aircraft. She shot down one attacking aircraft and assisted in the destruction of two others on 6 April 1945. Raymon W. Herndon supported the Okinawa campaign through 19 June 1945, only two days before Okinawa was finally declared secured. Postwar After the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945, which brought World War II to a close, Raymon W. Herndon transported occupation forces to the coast of China and to ports in Japan. She was then directed to return to the United States. After her return, Raymon W. Herndon moved to Green Cove Springs, Florida, for inactivation. Decommissioning and disposal Raymon W. Herndon was decommissioned on 15 November 1946 at Green Cove Springs and joined the Atlantic Reserve Fleet there, later transferred the Atlantic Reserve Fleet, Norfolk. After nearly 20 years of Reserve Fleet inactivity, she was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 September 1966. Honors and awards Raymon W. Herndon received one battle star for World War II service. Republic of China Navy service In October 1966, Raymon W. Herndon was sold to the Republic of China under the Military Assistance Program. In the Republic of China Navy she served as ROCS Heng Shan until scrapped. References  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive DE-688 / APD-121 Raymon W. Herndon vteRudderow-class destroyer escortsCompleted Rudderow Day Chaffee Hodges Riley Leslie L.B. Knox McNulty Metivier George A. Johnson Charles J. Kimmel Daniel A. Joy Lough Thomas F. Nickel Peiffer Tinsman DeLong Coates Eugene E. Elmore Holt Jobb Parle Converted to Crosley-classhigh-speed transports Crosley Cread Ruchamkin Kirwin Kinzer Register Brock John Q. Roberts William M. Hobby Ray K. Edwards Arthur L. Bristol Truxtun Upham Ringness Knudson Rednour Tollberg William J. Pattison Myers Walter B. Cobb Earle B. Hall Harry L. Corl Belet Julius A. Raven Walsh Hunter Marshall Earheart Walter S. Gorka Rogers Blood Francovich Joseph M. Auman Kline Raymon W. Herndon Scribner Alex Diachenko / Diachenko Horace A. Bass Wantuck Bray Gosselin Begor Cavallaro Donald W. Wolf Cook Walter X. Young (DE-715) Balduck Burdo Kleinsmith Weiss Carpellotti Don O. Woods Beverly W. Reid Canceled Vogelgesang Weeks Sutton William M. Wood William R. Rush DE-289 (Unnamed) Williams DE-291 — DE-300 (Unnamed) DE-607 — DE-632 (Unnamed) DE-645 — DE-664 (Unnamed) Walter X. Young (DE-723) DE-724 — DE-738 (Unnamed) DE-905 — DE-1005 (Unnamed) Post-World War II operators Republic of China Navy Tai Yuan (ex-Riley) Tien Shan (ex-Kleinsmith) Yu Shan (ex-Kinzer) Hua Shan (ex-Donald W. Wolf) Fu Shan (ex-Truxtun) Shou Shan (ex-Kline) Tai Shan (ex-Register) Heng Shan (ex-Raymon W. Herndon) Unnamed (ex-Walter B. Cobb sank during transfer)  Colombian National Navy Almirante Padilla (ex-Tollberg) Córdoba (ex-Ruchamkin)  Republic of Korea Navy Chung Nam (ex-Holt) Gyeongnam (ex-Cavallaro) Asan (ex-Harry L. Corl) Ungpo (ex-Julius A. Raven) Jeju (ex-William M. Hobby)  Mexican Navy California (ex-Belet) Papaloapan (ex-Earheart) Tehuantupec (ex-Joseph M. Auman) Usumacinta / Miguel Hidalgo (ex-Don O. Woods) Chihuahua / José María Morelos y Pavón (ex-Rednour) Preceded by: Edsall class Followed by: John C. Butler class List of destroyer escorts of the United States Navy vteCrosley-class high speed transports Crosley Cread Ruchamkin Kirwin Kinzer Register Brock John Q. Roberts William M. Hobby Ray K. Edwards Arthur L. Bristol Truxtun Upham Ringness Knudson Rednour Tollberg William J. Pattison Myers Walter B. Cobb Earle B. Hall Harry L. Corl Belet Julius A. Raven Walsh Hunter Marshall Earheart Walter S. Gorka Rogers Blood Francovich Joseph M. Auman Don O. Woods Beverly W. Reid Kline Raymon W. Herndon Scribner Alex Diachenko / Diachenko Horace A. Bass Wantuck Gosselin Begor Cavallaro Donald W. Wolf Cook Walter X. Young Balduck Burdo Kleinsmith Weiss Carpellotti DeLongX CoatesX Bray X Planned conversion to high speed transport cancelled Other operators Republic of China Navy Tien Shan (ex-Kleinsmith) Yu Shan (ex-Kinzer) Hua Shan (ex-Donald W. Wolf) Fu Shan (ex-Truxtun) Shou Shan (ex-Kline) Tai Shan (ex-Register) Heng Shan (ex-Raymon W. Herndon) Unnamed (ex-Walter B. Cobb sank during transfer)  Colombian National Navy Almirante Padilla (ex-Tollberg) Córdoba (ex-Ruchamkin)  Republic of Korea Navy Gyeongnam (ex-Cavallaro) Asan (ex-Harry L. Corl) Ungpo (ex-Julius A. Raven) Jeju (ex-William M. Hobby)  Mexican Navy California (ex-Belet) Papaloapan (ex-Earheart) Tehuantupec (ex-Joseph M. Auman) Usumacinta / Miguel Hidalgo (ex-Don O. Woods) Chihuahua / José María Morelos y Pavón (ex-Rednour) Preceded by: Charles Lawrence class Followed by: None List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"high-speed transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_speed_transport"}],"text":"USS Raymon W. Herndon (APD-121), ex-DE-688, was a United States Navy high-speed transport in commission from 1944 to 1946.","title":"USS Raymon W. Herndon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walterboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walterboro,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"active duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_duty"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"New River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_New_River"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Private First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_First_Class"},{"link_name":"1st Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Navy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross_(United_States)"}],"text":"Raymon W. Herndon was born on 1 November 1918 at Walterboro, South Carolina. He reported for active duty with the United States Marine Corps on 29 April 1942 at New River, North Carolina.On 14 September 1942 Private First Class Herndon was serving with the 1st Marine Division during action against Japanese forces on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. While engaged in a hazardous reconnaissance patrol on the southern slope of a hill, Herndon was mortally wounded. With Japanese forces advancing rapidly on his position and realizing that he had no chance to survive, he asked that he be left with a weapon to cover the withdrawal of his patrol to the top of the hill. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross.","title":"Namesake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"Rudderow-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudderow-class_destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"destroyer escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem Steel Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel_Company"},{"link_name":"Quincy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"Crosley-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosley-class_high_speed_transport"},{"link_name":"high speed transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_speed_transport"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"}],"text":"Raymon W. Herndon was laid down as the Rudderow-class destroyer escort USS Raymon W. Herndon (DE-688) on 12 June 1944 by the Bethlehem Steel Company at Quincy, Massachusetts, and was launched on 15 July 1944, sponsored by Mrs. Raymon W. Herndon, the widow of the ship's namesake. Raymon W. Herndon was reclassified as a Crosley-class high speed transport and redesignated APD-121 on 17 July 1944. After conversion for her new role, she was commissioned on 3 November 1944.","title":"Construction and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"shakedown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown_cruise"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"United States Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Territory of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Underwater Demolition Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team"},{"link_name":"antiaircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiaircraft"},{"link_name":"transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_(ship)"},{"link_name":"invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion"},{"link_name":"antisubmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisubmarine"},{"link_name":"Hagushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagushi"},{"link_name":"seaplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaplane"},{"link_name":"logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics"},{"link_name":"anchorage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage_(maritime)"},{"link_name":"Kerama Retto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerama_Retto"},{"link_name":"beachhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachhead"},{"link_name":"radar picket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_picket"},{"link_name":"torpedo bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_bomber"},{"link_name":"dive bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_bomber"},{"link_name":"kamikaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze"},{"link_name":"Okinawa campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_campaign"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Raymon W. Herndon departed Boston, Massachusetts, on 23 November 1944 for three weeks of shakedown off Bermuda. After arriving at Norfolk, Virginia, on 13 December 1944, she stood out of Hampton Roads, Virginia, on 1 January 1945, transited the Panama Canal, and reported to the United States Pacific Fleet for World War II duty on 7 January 1945.Arriving at San Diego, California, on 16 January 1945, she departed on 25 January 1945, touched at Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii, on 31 January 1945, and acquired her first combat experience at Okinawa.Commencing 26 March 1945, Raymon W. Herndon supported her embarked Underwater Demolition Team 16 and provided antiaircraft gunnery support in the transport area off the invasion beaches. During the assault phase of the Okinawa operation, she assisted in maintaining an outer antisubmarine screen that extended completely around the Hagushi Beach transport area and the seaplane and logistics anchorage at Kerama Retto. Together with the other ships of the screen, she also provided protection from Japanese aircraft for the naval forces off the beachhead. Later she patrolled remote radar picket stations and bore the brunt of the relentless and determined attacks made by Japanese torpedo bombers, dive bombers, and kamikaze aircraft. She shot down one attacking aircraft and assisted in the destruction of two others on 6 April 1945.Raymon W. Herndon supported the Okinawa campaign through 19 June 1945, only two days before Okinawa was finally declared secured.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surrender of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Green Cove Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Cove_Springs,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"}],"sub_title":"Postwar","text":"After the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945, which brought World War II to a close, Raymon W. Herndon transported occupation forces to the coast of China and to ports in Japan. She was then directed to return to the United States.After her return, Raymon W. Herndon moved to Green Cove Springs, Florida, for inactivation.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Reserve Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Reserve_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Reserve Fleet, Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Reserve_Fleet,_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Reserve Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Naval Vessel Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"}],"text":"Raymon W. Herndon was decommissioned on 15 November 1946 at Green Cove Springs and joined the Atlantic Reserve Fleet there, later transferred the Atlantic Reserve Fleet, Norfolk. After nearly 20 years of Reserve Fleet inactivity, she was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 September 1966.","title":"Decommissioning and disposal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star"}],"text":"Raymon W. Herndon received one battle star for World War II service.","title":"Honors and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Military Assistance Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Assistance_Program"},{"link_name":"Republic of China Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy"},{"link_name":"ROCS Heng Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROCS_Heng_Shan"}],"text":"In October 1966, Raymon W. Herndon was sold to the Republic of China under the Military Assistance Program. In the Republic of China Navy she served as ROCS Heng Shan until scrapped.","title":"Republic of China Navy service"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/r3/raymon_w_herndon.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/04/04121.htm","external_links_name":"NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive DE-688 / APD-121 Raymon W. Herndon"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_James_Seymour
Horace James Seymour
["1 Early life and family","2 Career","3 Marriage and children","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"]
British diplomat (1885–1978) Sir Horace James Seymour GCMG CVO (26 February 1885 – 10 September 1978) was a British diplomat who served in Washington, D.C., Tehran, the Hague, Rome, and Chongqing. He was Principal Private Secretary to the British Foreign Secretary and Assistant Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign Office. His most senior appointment was as British Ambassador to China from 1942 to 1946. Early life and family The elder son of Hugh Francis Seymour and Rachel Blanche Lascelles, and the great-grandson of Col. Hugh Henry John Seymour, a grandson of Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, and a descendant of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, Seymour was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Career Lady Seymour at work in the Chongqing embassy, c.1939–1945,by Cecil Beaton Seymour entered the Foreign Office and Diplomatic Service in 1908. He was Second Secretary at the British Embassy to the United States in 1919, First Secretary in the Netherlands in 1923 and in Italy in 1925, then from 1932 to 1936 Principal Private Secretary to the Foreign Secretary. He was next British Minister ('Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary') in Tehran, from 1936 to 1939, Assistant Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign Office, 1939 to 1942, and then Ambassador to China, from 1942 to 1946. He retired in 1947. On 8 May 1944, Seymour presented the insignia of a Knight Commander of the Bath to He Yingqin, Chinese Minister of War and Chief of the General Staff, in Chongqing. Seymour's house, Washington Between April 1947 and July 1947, Seymour was a member of the Franco-Siamese Boundary Commission sitting in Washington, D.C., and in December 1947 he was appointed as chairman of the British Delegation to the Balkans Commission, based at Salonika, Greece. Marriage and children Bratton House, Wiltshire In 1917, Horace James Seymour married Violet, a daughter of Thomas Edward Erskine, and they had three daughters, Jane (who died in infancy), Joan, and Virginia, and one son, Hugh Francis Seymour (1926—2010). They lived at Bratton House, near Westbury in Wiltshire. Honours Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1927 Commander of the Royal Victorian Order, 1936 Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1939 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1946 References ^ a b c d e Burke's Peerage, volume 2 (2003), p. 1886, as cited by Darryl Lundy at Sir Horace James Seymour, The Peerage, accessed 30 November 2008 ^ a b c d e f g 'SEYMOUR, Sir Horace James', in Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2007; online edition by Oxford University Press, December 2007 (subscription required): SEYMOUR, Sir Horace James, accessed 14 Aug 2008 ^ General He Yingqin Receives Award, gettyimages.co.uk, accessed 29 December 2020 External links Sir Horace James Seymour, portrait at National Portrait Gallery, London Photos of Sir Horace Seymour, in Joseph Needham Photographs - Wartime China, 1942-1946 in the Needham Research Institute The Papers of Sir Horace Seymour held at Churchill Archives Centre Diplomatic posts Preceded bySir Walford Selby Principal Private Secretary to the Foreign Secretary 1932-1935 Succeeded byOliver, The Lord Harvey of Tasburgh Preceded byHughe Knatchbull-Hugessen British Ambassador to Iran 1936–1939 Succeeded byReader Bullard Preceded byArchibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron Inverchapel British Ambassador to China 1942–1946 Succeeded bySir Ralph Clarmont Skrine Stevenson Authority control databases: National France BnF data
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir"},{"link_name":"GCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"CVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"the Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing"},{"link_name":"British Ambassador to China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_China"}],"text":"Sir Horace James Seymour GCMG CVO (26 February 1885 – 10 September 1978) was a British diplomat who served in Washington, D.C., Tehran, the Hague, Rome, and Chongqing. He was Principal Private Secretary to the British Foreign Secretary and Assistant Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign Office. His most senior appointment was as British Ambassador to China from 1942 to 1946.","title":"Horace James Seymour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh Henry John Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Henry_John_Seymour"},{"link_name":"Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Seymour-Conway,_1st_Marquess_of_Hertford"},{"link_name":"Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peerage-1"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www-2"}],"text":"The elder son of Hugh Francis Seymour and Rachel Blanche Lascelles, and the great-grandson of Col. Hugh Henry John Seymour, a grandson of Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, and a descendant of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset,[1] Seymour was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge.[2]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:At_the_British_Embassy,_Chungking_IB2946C.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cecil Beaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Beaton"},{"link_name":"Foreign Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Office"},{"link_name":"Diplomatic Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_Service"},{"link_name":"Second Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Secretary"},{"link_name":"British Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"First Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_rank"},{"link_name":"Principal Private Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Private_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Foreign Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"Under-Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Ambassador to China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ambassador_to_China"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peerage-1"},{"link_name":"Knight Commander of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"He Yingqin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Yingqin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cypriot_ambassador%27s_residence.JPG"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Balkans Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balkans_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salonika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonika"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peerage-1"}],"text":"Lady Seymour at work in the Chongqing embassy, c.1939–1945,by Cecil BeatonSeymour entered the Foreign Office and Diplomatic Service in 1908. He was Second Secretary at the British Embassy to the United States in 1919, First Secretary in the Netherlands in 1923 and in Italy in 1925, then from 1932 to 1936 Principal Private Secretary to the Foreign Secretary. He was next British Minister ('Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary') in Tehran, from 1936 to 1939, Assistant Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign Office, 1939 to 1942, and then Ambassador to China, from 1942 to 1946. He retired in 1947.[2][1]On 8 May 1944, Seymour presented the insignia of a Knight Commander of the Bath to He Yingqin, Chinese Minister of War and Chief of the General Staff, in Chongqing.[3]Seymour's house, WashingtonBetween April 1947 and July 1947, Seymour was a member of the Franco-Siamese Boundary Commission sitting in Washington, D.C., and in December 1947 he was appointed as chairman of the British Delegation to the Balkans Commission, based at Salonika, Greece.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bratton_House,_3_July_2018_(straightened).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peerage-1"},{"link_name":"Bratton House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratton_House"},{"link_name":"Westbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbury,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www-2"}],"text":"Bratton House, WiltshireIn 1917, Horace James Seymour married Violet, a daughter of Thomas Edward Erskine, and they had three daughters, Jane (who died in infancy), Joan, and Virginia, and one son, Hugh Francis Seymour (1926—2010).[1] They lived at Bratton House, near Westbury in Wiltshire.[2]","title":"Marriage and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www-2"},{"link_name":"Commander of the Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peerage-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www-2"}],"text":"Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1927[2]\nCommander of the Royal Victorian Order, 1936[2][1]\nKnight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1939[2]\nKnight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1946[2]","title":"Honours"}]
[{"image_text":"Lady Seymour at work in the Chongqing embassy, c.1939–1945,by Cecil Beaton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/At_the_British_Embassy%2C_Chungking_IB2946C.jpg/160px-At_the_British_Embassy%2C_Chungking_IB2946C.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seymour's house, Washington","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cypriot_ambassador%27s_residence.JPG/170px-Cypriot_ambassador%27s_residence.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bratton House, Wiltshire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bratton_House%2C_3_July_2018_%28straightened%29.jpg/170px-Bratton_House%2C_3_July_2018_%28straightened%29.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.thepeerage.com/p5440.htm#i54399","external_links_name":"Sir Horace James Seymour"},{"Link":"http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U159469","external_links_name":"SEYMOUR, Sir Horace James"},{"Link":"https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/british-diplomat-horace-james-seymour-ambassador-of-the-news-photo/1256293430","external_links_name":"General He Yingqin Receives Award"},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp80041/sir-horace-james-seymour","external_links_name":"Sir Horace James Seymour"},{"Link":"https://www.nri.cam.ac.uk/JN_wartime_photos/People.htm","external_links_name":"Photos of Sir Horace Seymour, in Joseph Needham Photographs"},{"Link":"https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1836","external_links_name":"The Papers of Sir Horace Seymour"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17021261j","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17021261j","external_links_name":"BnF data"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sini%C5%A1a_Hajda%C5%A1_Don%C4%8Di%C4%87
Siniša Hajdaš Dončić
["1 Education","2 Professional career","3 References"]
Croatian politician Siniša Hajdaš DončićPrefect of the Krapina-Zagorje CountyIn office17 June 2009 – 19 April 2012Preceded bySonja BorovčakSucceeded byŽeljko KolarMinister of Maritime Affairs, Transport and InfrastructureIn office4 April 2012 – 22 January 2016Prime MinisterZoran MilanovićPreceded byZlatko KomadinaSucceeded byOleg Butković Personal detailsBorn (1974-06-29) 29 June 1974 (age 49)Zabok, SFR YugoslaviaPolitical partySocial Democratic PartyAlma materUniversity of ZagrebUniversity of Split Siniša Hajdaš Dončić (born 29 June 1974) is a Croatian politician and member of the center-left Social Democratic Party. From 17 June 2009 until 19 April 2012 he served as Prefect of the Krapina-Zagorje County, and from 19 April 2012 to 22 January 2016 as Minister of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure in the Cabinet of Zoran Milanović. Education Siniša Hajdaš Dončić graduated on Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb in 1999. He has finished postgraduate study on Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb in 2002, and defended his doctoral dissertation of faculty of Economics in Split in 2012. Professional career From 2002, he has been lecturer on Professional Business School of Higher Education LIBERTAS and college for business and management Baltazar Adam Krčelić From 2002 until 2006 he was head of department for economy, agriculture and tourism at Krapina-Zagorje County, and from 2006 until becoming perfect of Krapina-Zagorje County, he was appointed as a director of Zagorje development Agency. References ^ , vlada.gov.hr
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prefects_of_Krapina-Zagorje_County"},{"link_name":"Krapina-Zagorje County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krapina-Zagorje_County"},{"link_name":"Minister of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Maritime_Affairs,_Transport_and_Infrastructure_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Zoran Milanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Zoran_Milanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Siniša Hajdaš Dončić (born 29 June 1974) is a Croatian politician and member of the center-left Social Democratic Party. From 17 June 2009 until 19 April 2012 he served as Prefect of the Krapina-Zagorje County, and from 19 April 2012 to 22 January 2016 as Minister of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure in the Cabinet of Zoran Milanović.[1]","title":"Siniša Hajdaš Dončić"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Economics_and_Business,_University_of_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Economics_and_Business,_University_of_Zagreb"}],"text":"Siniša Hajdaš Dončić graduated on Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb in 1999. He has finished postgraduate study on Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb in 2002, and defended his doctoral dissertation of faculty of Economics in Split in 2012.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Professional Business School of Higher Education LIBERTAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Business_School_of_Higher_Education_LIBERTAS"},{"link_name":"Baltazar Adam Krčelić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltazar_Adam_Kr%C4%8Deli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Krapina-Zagorje County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krapina-Zagorje_County"},{"link_name":"Krapina-Zagorje County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krapina-Zagorje_County"}],"text":"From 2002, he has been lecturer on Professional Business School of Higher Education LIBERTAS and college for business and management Baltazar Adam Krčelić\nFrom 2002 until 2006 he was head of department for economy, agriculture and tourism at Krapina-Zagorje County, and from 2006 until becoming perfect of Krapina-Zagorje County, he was appointed as a director of Zagorje development Agency.","title":"Professional career"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://vlada.gov.hr/o-vladi/clanovi-vlade/clanovi-vlade-128/sinisa-hajdas-doncic/167","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego_(Kim_Wilde_song)
Select (album)
["1 Overview","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 Certifications and sales","6 References","7 External links"]
1982 studio album by Kim WildeSelectCover photo by Gered MankowitzStudio album by Kim WildeReleased10 May 1982 (1982-05-10)Recorded1981–82Genre Synth-pop new wave Length40:44LabelRAKProducerRicky WildeKim Wilde chronology Kim Wilde(1981) Select(1982) Catch as Catch Can(1983) Singles from Select "Cambodia" / "Watching for Shapes"Released: November 1981 "View from a Bridge"Released: April 1982 "Take Me Tonight"Released: 1983 (Japan Only) Select is the second studio album by English pop singer Kim Wilde, released on 10 May 1982 by RAK Records. The album was not released in North America, neither were the singles off the album. Overview The first single from this album, "Cambodia", was released in November 1981 and signalled a different sound from the Wilde camp, with an electronic and synth sound different from the rock sound of her previous studio album. The songs were again written by Marty and Ricky Wilde and produced by Ricky Wilde. The lyrics of the songs were similar to the first album: the second single "View from a Bridge" and the album track "Wendy Sadd" seemed to be about suicide, "Chaos at the Airport" described a nightmare about flying and "Ego" was quite the opposite of a love song. "Can You Come Over" was recorded at the Wilde's home. The cover image was a photograph from Gered Mankowitz. This sequel to Wilde's debut studio album topped the charts in a host of European countries and reached number 8 in Australia, although it did not surpass the success of its predecessor. Select has been re-released twice on CD, once in 2009 as a remastered and expanded edition and once in 2020 as a deluxe edition, including one unreleased track, a second CD with new remixes and a DVD. The original album was re-released on vinyl in 2020, including the original track list. Both 2020 CD and LP editions include new remasters. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRecord CollectorSmash Hits7/10 Select was initially received less favourably than Wilde's debut studio album. Stephen Waldon of Juke complimented Wilde's vocals and Marty and Ricky's songwriting, despite finding the production too "stylised in the current pop mode". He described "Just a Feeling" as "a beauty" and deemed "Cambodia" the album's best song. Elly McDonald from The Record critiqued Wilde's voice as "amazingly vacant" but praised Marty and Ricky for having "a wonderful sense of dramatic tension and an ear for soap operas within three verses". Track listing All songs written by Marty Wilde and Ricky Wilde, except where indicated Side one "Ego" – 4:11 "Words Fell Down" – 3:31 "Action City" – 3:25 "View from a Bridge" – 3:32 "Just a Feeling" – 4:12 Side two "Chaos at the Airport" – 3:20 "Take Me Tonight" – 3:56 "Can You Come Over" – 3:35 "Wendy Sadd" – 3:49 "Cambodia + Reprise" – 7:13 Bonus tracks (2009 remastered CD edition) "Watching for Shapes" ("Cambodia" B-side) – 3:42 "Cambodia" (Single Version) – 3:57 "Child Come Away" – 4:05 "Just Another Guy" ("Child Come Away" B-side) – 3:19 "Bitter Is Better" (Masami Tsuchiya, Bill Crunchfield) – 3:43 Track list (2020 Deluxe Edition) CD1 "Ego" "Words fell down" "Action City" "View from a Bridge" "Just a Feeling" "Chaos at the Airport" "Take Me Tonight" "Can You Come Over" "Wendy Sadd" "Cambodia" "Reprise" "Child Come Away" "Bitter Is Better" "He Will Be There" "Watching for Shapes" "Just Another Guy" "Bitter Is Better" (Instrumental) CD2 "Ego" (Rough Mix) "Words Fell Down" (Original Mix) "Action City" (Instrumental Demo) "Just a Feeling" (Rough Mix) "Chaos at the Airport" (Rough Mix) "Take Me Tonight" (Original Mix) "Cambodia" (Matt Pop Extended Version) "View from a Bridge" (Luke Mornay Remix) "Child Come Away" (Matt Pop Remix) "Cambodia" (Luke Mornay Urbantronik Mix) "View from a Bridge" (Raw Remix) "Child Come Away" (Matt Pop Instrumental) "Cambodia" (Matt Pop Instrumental) "View from a Bridge" (Luke Mornay Instrumental) "Cambodia" (Luke Mornay Urbantronik Instrumental) DVD The Videos "Cambodia" "View from a Bridge" "Child Come Away" Kim at the BBC "Cambodia" (On Top of the Pops) "View from a Bridge" (On Top of the Pops) "View from a Bridge" (On Nationwide Special: The British Rock & Pop Wards) Charts Weekly charts Chart (1982) Peakposition Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) 8 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 20 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 1 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) 1 French Albums (SNEP) 3 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 4 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 12 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 2 UK Albums (OCC) 19 Chart (2020) Peakposition Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 185 Year-end charts Chart (1982) Position Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) 85 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 47 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 50 Certifications and sales Region Certification Certified units/sales Finland (Musiikkituottajat) Gold 20,000 France (SNEP) Gold 100,000* United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 60,000^ * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ Mason, Stewart. "Select – Kim Wilde". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 February 2021. ^ Elliott, Mark (February 2020). "Kim Wilde: Kim Wilde / Select / Catch as Catch Can". Record Collector. No. 502. p. 110. ^ Hepworth, David (27 May – 9 June 1982). "Kim Wilde: Select". Smash Hits. Vol. 4, no. 11. p. 19. ^ Waldon, Stephen (4 September 1982). "Kim Wilde: Select". Juke. No. 384. Retrieved 21 October 2012. ^ McDonald, Elly. "Kim Wilde: Select". The Record. Retrieved 21 October 2012. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 337. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Kim Wilde – Select" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 November 2020. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Kim Wilde – Select" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 November 2020. ^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5. ^ "Lescharts.com – Kim Wilde – Select". Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 November 2020. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Kim Wilde – Select" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 6 November 2020. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Kim Wilde – Select". Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 November 2020. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Kim Wilde – Select". Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 November 2020. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 November 2020. ^ "Ultratop.be – Kim Wilde – Select" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 November 2020. ^ "ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – 1982". australian-charts.com. Retrieved 6 November 2020. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Jaaroverzichten – Album 1982" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 November 2020. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 1982" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 6 November 2020. ^ a b "Kim Wilde" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 22 February 2021. ^ "French album certifications – Kim Wilde – Select" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved 26 November 2019. Select KIM WILDE and click OK.  ^ "British album certifications – Kim Wilde – Select". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 22 February 2021. Select albums in the Format field. Select Silver in the Certification field. Type Select in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter. External links Select at Discogs (list of releases) vteKim WildeStudio albums Kim Wilde Select Catch as Catch Can Teases & Dares Another Step Close Love Moves Love Is Now & Forever Never Say Never Come Out and Play Snapshots Wilde Winter Songbook Here Come the Aliens Live albums Aliens Live Remix albums The Remix Collection Compilations The Very Best of Kim Wilde The Singles Collection 1981–1993 The Very Best of Kim Wilde The Hits Collection Pop Don't Stop: Greatest Hits Singles "Kids in America" "Chequered Love" "Water on Glass" "Cambodia" "View from a Bridge" "Child Come Away" "Love Blonde" "Dancing in the Dark" "House of Salome" "The Second Time" "The Touch" "Rage to Love" "Schoolgirl" "You Keep Me Hangin' On" "Another Step (Closer to You)" "Say You Really Want Me" "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" "Hey Mister Heartache" "You Came" "Never Trust a Stranger" "Four Letter Word" "Love in the Natural Way" "It's Here" "Time" "Can't Get Enough (Of Your Love)" "I Can't Say Goodbye" "World in Perfect Harmony" "Love Is Holy" "Heart over Mind" "Who Do You Think You Are" "Million Miles Away" "If I Can't Have You" "In My Life" "Kids in America 1994" "Breakin' Away" "This I Swear" "Shame" "Loved" "Born to Be Wild" "Anyplace, Anywhere, Anytime" "You Came (2006)" "Perfect Girl" "Together We Belong" "Baby Obey Me" "It's Alright" "Sleeping Satellite" "To France" "Ever Fallen in Love" "F U Kristmas!" Featured singles "Les nuits sans Kim Wilde" Related articles Discography Marty Wilde Ricky Wilde Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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The album was not released in North America, neither were the singles off the album.","title":"Select (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_(song)"},{"link_name":"synth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Marty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Ricky Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Wilde"},{"link_name":"View from a Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_a_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Gered Mankowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gered_Mankowitz"}],"text":"The first single from this album, \"Cambodia\", was released in November 1981 and signalled a different sound from the Wilde camp, with an electronic and synth sound different from the rock sound of her previous studio album. The songs were again written by Marty and Ricky Wilde and produced by Ricky Wilde. The lyrics of the songs were similar to the first album: the second single \"View from a Bridge\" and the album track \"Wendy Sadd\" seemed to be about suicide, \"Chaos at the Airport\" described a nightmare about flying and \"Ego\" was quite the opposite of a love song. \"Can You Come Over\" was recorded at the Wilde's home. The cover image was a photograph from Gered Mankowitz.This sequel to Wilde's debut studio album topped the charts in a host of European countries and reached number 8 in Australia, although it did not surpass the success of its predecessor.Select has been re-released twice on CD, once in 2009 as a remastered and expanded edition and once in 2020 as a deluxe edition, including one unreleased track, a second CD with new remixes and a DVD. The original album was re-released on vinyl in 2020, including the original track list. Both 2020 CD and LP editions include new remasters.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juke_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Select was initially received less favourably than Wilde's debut studio album. Stephen Waldon of Juke complimented Wilde's vocals and Marty and Ricky's songwriting, despite finding the production too \"stylised in the current pop mode\". He described \"Just a Feeling\" as \"a beauty\" and deemed \"Cambodia\" the album's best song.[4] Elly McDonald from The Record critiqued Wilde's voice as \"amazingly vacant\" but praised Marty and Ricky for having \"a wonderful sense of dramatic tension and an ear for soap operas within three verses\".[5]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marty Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Ricky Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Wilde"},{"link_name":"View from a Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_a_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_(song)"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_(song)"},{"link_name":"Child Come Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Come_Away"},{"link_name":"Bitter Is Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Is_Better"},{"link_name":"Masami Tsuchiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masami_Tsuchiya"},{"link_name":"View from a Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_a_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_(song)"},{"link_name":"Child Come Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Come_Away"},{"link_name":"Bitter Is Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Is_Better"},{"link_name":"Bitter Is Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Is_Better"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_(song)"},{"link_name":"View from a Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_a_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Child Come Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Come_Away"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_(song)"},{"link_name":"View from a Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_a_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Child Come Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Come_Away"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_(song)"},{"link_name":"View from a Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_a_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_(song)"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_(song)"},{"link_name":"View from a Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_a_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Child Come Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Come_Away"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_(song)"},{"link_name":"View from a Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_a_Bridge"},{"link_name":"View from a Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_from_a_Bridge"}],"text":"All songs written by Marty Wilde and Ricky Wilde, except where indicatedSide one\"Ego\" – 4:11\n\"Words Fell Down\" – 3:31\n\"Action City\" – 3:25\n\"View from a Bridge\" – 3:32\n\"Just a Feeling\" – 4:12Side two\"Chaos at the Airport\" – 3:20\n\"Take Me Tonight\" – 3:56\n\"Can You Come Over\" – 3:35\n\"Wendy Sadd\" – 3:49\n\"Cambodia + Reprise\" – 7:13Bonus tracks (2009 remastered CD edition)\"Watching for Shapes\" (\"Cambodia\" B-side) – 3:42\n\"Cambodia\" (Single Version) – 3:57\n\"Child Come Away\" – 4:05\n\"Just Another Guy\" (\"Child Come Away\" B-side) – 3:19\n\"Bitter Is Better\" (Masami Tsuchiya, Bill Crunchfield) – 3:43Track list (2020 Deluxe Edition)\nCD1\"Ego\"\n\"Words fell down\"\n\"Action City\"\n\"View from a Bridge\"\n\"Just a Feeling\"\n\"Chaos at the Airport\"\n\"Take Me Tonight\"\n\"Can You Come Over\"\n\"Wendy Sadd\"\n\"Cambodia\"\n\"Reprise\"\n\"Child Come Away\"\n\"Bitter Is Better\"\n\"He Will Be There\"\n\"Watching for Shapes\"\n\"Just Another Guy\"\n\"Bitter Is Better\" (Instrumental)CD2\"Ego\" (Rough Mix)\n\"Words Fell Down\" (Original Mix)\n\"Action City\" (Instrumental Demo)\n\"Just a Feeling\" (Rough Mix)\n\"Chaos at the Airport\" (Rough Mix)\n\"Take Me Tonight\" (Original Mix)\n\"Cambodia\" (Matt Pop Extended Version)\n\"View from a Bridge\" (Luke Mornay Remix)\n\"Child Come Away\" (Matt Pop Remix)\n\"Cambodia\" (Luke Mornay Urbantronik Mix)\n\"View from a Bridge\" (Raw Remix)\n\"Child Come Away\" (Matt Pop Instrumental)\n\"Cambodia\" (Matt Pop Instrumental)\n\"View from a Bridge\" (Luke Mornay Instrumental)\n\"Cambodia\" (Luke Mornay Urbantronik Instrumental)DVD\nThe Videos\"Cambodia\"\n\"View from a Bridge\"\n\"Child Come Away\"Kim at the BBC\"Cambodia\" (On Top of the Pops)\n\"View from a Bridge\" (On Top of the Pops)\n\"View from a Bridge\" (On Nationwide Special: The British Rock & Pop Wards)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Select_(album)&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_Kim_Wilde-7"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Kim_Wilde-8"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_Kim_Wilde-10"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_Kim_Wilde-11"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_Kim_Wilde-12"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_Kim_Wilde-13"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-14"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Wallonia_Kim_Wilde-15"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Select_(album)&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1982)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (Kent Music Report)[6]\n\n8\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[7]\n\n20\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[8]\n\n1\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[9]\n\n1\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[10]\n\n3\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[11]\n\n4\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[12]\n\n12\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[13]\n\n2\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[14]\n\n19\n\n\n\n\nChart (2020)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[15]\n\n185\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1982)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (Kent Music Report)[16]\n\n85\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[17]\n\n47\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[18]\n\n50","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications and sales"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Mason, Stewart. \"Select – Kim Wilde\". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/select-mw0000845468","url_text":"\"Select – Kim Wilde\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Mark (February 2020). \"Kim Wilde: Kim Wilde / Select / Catch as Catch Can\". Record Collector. No. 502. p. 110.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Collector","url_text":"Record Collector"}]},{"reference":"Hepworth, David (27 May – 9 June 1982). \"Kim Wilde: Select\". Smash Hits. Vol. 4, no. 11. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hepworth","url_text":"Hepworth, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Hits","url_text":"Smash Hits"}]},{"reference":"Waldon, Stephen (4 September 1982). \"Kim Wilde: Select\". Juke. No. 384. Retrieved 21 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wilde-life.com/articles/1982/review-select-7","url_text":"\"Kim Wilde: Select\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juke_Magazine","url_text":"Juke"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Elly. \"Kim Wilde: Select\". The Record. Retrieved 21 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wilde-life.com/articles/1982/review-select-5","url_text":"\"Kim Wilde: Select\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 337. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otava_(publisher)","url_text":"Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-1-21053-5","url_text":"978-951-1-21053-5"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – 1982\". australian-charts.com. Retrieved 6 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://australian-charts.com/forum.asp?todo=viewthread&id=27137&pages=6","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – 1982\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dutchcharts.nl – Jaaroverzichten – Album 1982\" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 6 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1982&cat=a","url_text":"\"Dutchcharts.nl – Jaaroverzichten – Album 1982\""}]},{"reference":"\"Offiziellecharts.de – Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 1982\" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 6 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album-jahr/for-date-1982","url_text":"\"Offiziellecharts.de – Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 1982\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_Charts","url_text":"GfK Entertainment Charts"}]},{"reference":"\"Kim Wilde\" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 22 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifpi.fi/tutkimukset-ja-tilastot/kulta-ja-platinalevyt/?ulkomaiset=1&q=Kim+Wilde","url_text":"\"Kim Wilde\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiikkituottajat_%E2%80%93_IFPI_Finland","url_text":"Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland"}]},{"reference":"\"French album certifications – Kim Wilde – Select\" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved 26 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infodisc.fr/Album_Certifications.php","url_text":"\"French album certifications – Kim Wilde – Select\""}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – Kim Wilde – Select\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 22 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/brit-certified/","url_text":"\"British album certifications – Kim Wilde – Select\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Breteuil
William of Breteuil
["1 Life","2 References","2.1 Citations","2.2 Bibliography"]
French Roman Catholic saint Saint William of BreteuilWilliam of Breteuil defending the Winchester treasury against Prince Henry at the death of William RufusDied12 January 1103Bec Abbey, Normandy, FranceVenerated inRoman Catholic ChurchFeast14 July Not to be confused with his father William FitzOsbern, sometimes also known as 'William of Breteuil' or 'William de Breteuil'. St William of Breteuil or William de Breteuil (French: Guillaume de Breteuil; d. 12 January 1103) was a Norman abbot and magnate who held extensive lands in central Normandy as the lord of Breteuil at the end of the reign of King William I and during the chaotic period afterwards when William's eldest son Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, contested with his younger brother William Rufus, king of England. Upon the death of William Rufus while hunting in the New Forest, Lord William attempted—but failed—to block Prince Henry seizing the crown jewels from the Winchester treasury and declaring himself king in preference to the crusading Robert. Lord William was later abducted and tortured by a French noble who wanted to marry his illegitimate daughter Isabel. He is venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church. Life William was the first-born son of William FitzOsbern, a companion of Duke William II of Normandy during his conquest of England in 1066. Following the conquest, the father became the 1st earl of Hereford. The son William served as Benedictine abbot at Breteuil in Oise, helping rebuild the monastery there after it had been nearly destroyed during the local struggles of the era until his father's death in 1071, whereupon he inherited extensive estates in central Normandy including the lordship of Breteuil and Pacy in Eure. During the turbulent period following the death of the new English king in 1087, his sons Robert Curthose and William Rufus contested control over Normandy and England and their vassals waged numerous local wars against one another. In the conflict between William, count of Evreux, and his half-brother Raoul II, lord of Conches, over their wives' insults towards one another, William of Breteuil and Richard of Montfort allied with Count William and joined his invasion of Raoul's lands in November 1091. Lord William's capture in 1092 doomed Count William's cause. His ransom amounted to 3000 livres (about 300 kilograms or 660 pounds of fine silver) and the recognition of Raoul's son Roger as heir to both Lord William and Count William. Roger, however, died young and the issue became moot. Lord William was present at the hunt in the New Forest (probably near Brockenhurst) where William Rufus was killed by an arrow through his lung. He attempted to defend the crown jewels in the Winchester treasury against Prince Henry in deference to the claims of his duke Robert but was forced to yield. Henry, supported by other nobles against his "foreign" brother, was crowned king shortly afterwards at London. William of Breteuil was married to Adeline of Montfort but is only known to have had two illegitimate children. His son Eustace of Breteuil (Eustace de Breteuil) succeeded him as lord of Breteuil and married Juliane de Fontevrault, the illegitimate daughter of King Henry I of England. His daughter Isabel of Breteuil (Isabel de Breteuil) was sought by Ascelin Gouel, Lord of Ivry, who captured William and tortured him until he finally permitted Isabel's marriage. William died at Bec Abbey in Normandy on 12 January 1103. He was succeeded by his son Eustace in preference to his legal heirs William of Gael and Reginald of Grancey as his Norman subjects "chose to be ruled by a fellow countryman who was a bastard rather than by a legitimate Breton or Burgundian". William of Breteuil was later canonized by the Roman Catholic Church, which venerates him as a saint with a feast day on 14 July. References Citations ^ a b "St. William of Breteuil", Catholic Online. ^ a b Moore (2017), p. 91. ^ Barlow (1983), p. 286. ^ Mason (1979), p. 125. ^ Doyle (1864), p. 125. ^ a b c Aird (2008), p. 221. ^ Palgrave, Francis, The History of Normandy and of England..., pp. 398 ff Bibliography Aird, William M. (2008), Robert Curthose Duke of Normandy (c. 1050–1134), Woodbridge: Boydell Press. Barlow, Frank (1983), William Rufus, Berkeley: University of California Press. Doyle, James E. (1864), A Chronicle of England B.C. 55–A.D. 1485, London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. Mason, Emma (1979), "Magnates, Curiales, and the Wheel of Fortune", Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies, vol. II, Woodbridge: Boydell Press. Moore, James (October 2017), The Norman Aristocracy in the Long Eleventh Century: Three Case Studies, Oxford: St Peter's College.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William FitzOsbern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_FitzOsbern"},{"link_name":"St","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_people"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigneur"},{"link_name":"Breteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breteuil,_Eure"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England"},{"link_name":"William I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Robert Curthose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Curthose"},{"link_name":"duke of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"William Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rufus"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"New Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Forest"},{"link_name":"Prince Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"crown jewels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_England"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury"},{"link_name":"crusading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_saint"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"}],"text":"Not to be confused with his father William FitzOsbern, sometimes also known as 'William of Breteuil' or 'William de Breteuil'.St William of Breteuil or William de Breteuil (French: Guillaume de Breteuil; d. 12 January 1103) was a Norman abbot and magnate who held extensive lands in central Normandy as the lord of Breteuil at the end of the reign of King William I and during the chaotic period afterwards when William's eldest son Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, contested with his younger brother William Rufus, king of England. Upon the death of William Rufus while hunting in the New Forest, Lord William attempted—but failed—to block Prince Henry seizing the crown jewels from the Winchester treasury and declaring himself king in preference to the crusading Robert. Lord William was later abducted and tortured by a French noble who wanted to marry his illegitimate daughter Isabel. He is venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church.","title":"William of Breteuil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William FitzOsbern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_FitzOsbern,_1st_Earl_of_Hereford"},{"link_name":"companion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companions_of_William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Duke William II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"link_name":"earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Hereford"},{"link_name":"Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earldom_of_Hereford"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"Breteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breteuil,_Oise"},{"link_name":"Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yerasaintbilly-1"},{"link_name":"lordship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship"},{"link_name":"Breteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breteuil,_Eure"},{"link_name":"Pacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacy-sur-Eure"},{"link_name":"Eure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure"},{"link_name":"Robert Curthose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Curthose"},{"link_name":"William Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rufus"},{"link_name":"vassals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Count_of_Evreux"},{"link_name":"count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Evreux"},{"link_name":"Evreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Evreux"},{"link_name":"Raoul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_II_of_Tosny"},{"link_name":"Conches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conches-en-Ouche"},{"link_name":"Richard of Montfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_Montfort"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore201791-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1983286-3"},{"link_name":"ransom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom"},{"link_name":"livres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_parisis"},{"link_name":"fine silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_silver"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore201791-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1979125-4"},{"link_name":"New Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Forest"},{"link_name":"Brockenhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockenhurst"},{"link_name":"William Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rufus"},{"link_name":"crown jewels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_England"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury"},{"link_name":"Prince Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle1864125-5"},{"link_name":"Montfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montfort-l%27Amaury"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-6"},{"link_name":"Juliane de Fontevrault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliane_de_Fontevrault"},{"link_name":"King Henry I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Ivry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivry-la-Bataille"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bec Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bec_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-6"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretons"},{"link_name":"Burgundian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-6"},{"link_name":"canonized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"venerates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneration_of_the_saints"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"feast day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yerasaintbilly-1"}],"text":"William was the first-born son of William FitzOsbern, a companion of Duke William II of Normandy during his conquest of England in 1066. Following the conquest, the father became the 1st earl of Hereford. The son William served as Benedictine abbot at Breteuil in Oise, helping rebuild the monastery there after it had been nearly destroyed during the local struggles of the era[1] until his father's death in 1071, whereupon he inherited extensive estates in central Normandy including the lordship of Breteuil and Pacy in Eure.During the turbulent period following the death of the new English king in 1087, his sons Robert Curthose and William Rufus contested control over Normandy and England and their vassals waged numerous local wars against one another. In the conflict between William, count of Evreux, and his half-brother Raoul II, lord of Conches, over their wives' insults towards one another, William of Breteuil and Richard of Montfort allied with Count William and joined his invasion of Raoul's lands in November 1091.[2] Lord William's capture in 1092 doomed Count William's cause.[3] His ransom amounted to 3000 livres (about 300 kilograms or 660 pounds of fine silver) and the recognition of Raoul's son Roger as heir to both Lord William and Count William.[2] Roger, however, died young and the issue became moot.[4]Lord William was present at the hunt in the New Forest (probably near Brockenhurst) where William Rufus was killed by an arrow through his lung. He attempted to defend the crown jewels in the Winchester treasury against Prince Henry in deference to the claims of his duke Robert but was forced to yield.[5] Henry, supported by other nobles against his \"foreign\" brother, was crowned king shortly afterwards at London.William of Breteuil was married to Adeline of Montfort[6] but is only known to have had two illegitimate children. His son Eustace of Breteuil (Eustace de Breteuil) succeeded him as lord of Breteuil and married Juliane de Fontevrault, the illegitimate daughter of King Henry I of England. His daughter Isabel of Breteuil (Isabel de Breteuil) was sought by Ascelin Gouel, Lord of Ivry, who captured William and tortured him until he finally permitted Isabel's marriage.[7]William died at Bec Abbey in Normandy on 12 January 1103.[6] He was succeeded by his son Eustace in preference to his legal heirs William of Gael and Reginald of Grancey as his Norman subjects \"chose to be ruled by a fellow countryman who was a bastard rather than by a legitimate Breton or Burgundian\".[6] William of Breteuil was later canonized by the Roman Catholic Church, which venerates him as a saint with a feast day on 14 July.[1]","title":"Life"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After-school_activity
After-school activity
["1 History","2 Structure and organization","2.1 Typical activities","2.2 Management","2.3 Funding","3 Case countries","3.1 India","3.2 Taiwan","3.3 United Arab Emirates","3.4 United Kingdom","3.5 United States","4 Benefits of after-school activities","4.1 Positive use of time","4.2 Academic growth","4.3 Behavioral growth","4.4 Closing the achievement gap","4.5 Summer learning loss","5 Criticisms of after-school activities","5.1 Rigid structure","5.2 Indicative of overparenting","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Type of educational activity After-school activities, also known as after-school programs or after-school care, started in the early 1900s mainly just as supervision of students after the final school bell. Today, after-school programs do much more. There is a focus on helping students with school work but can be beneficial to students in other ways. An after-school program, today, will not limit its focus on academics but with a holistic sense of helping the student population. An after-school activity is any organized program that youth or adult learner voluntary can participate in outside of the traditional school day. Some programs are run by a primary or secondary school, while others are run by externally funded non-profit or commercial organizations. After-school youth programs can occur inside a school building or elsewhere in the community, for instance at a community center, church, library, or park. After-school activities are a cornerstone of concerted cultivation, which is a style of parenting that emphasizes children gaining leadership experience and social skills through participating in organized activities. Such children are believed by proponents to be more successful in later life, while others consider too many activities to indicate overparenting. While some research has shown that structured after-school programs can lead to better test scores, improved homework completion, and higher grades, further research has questioned the effectiveness of after-school programs at improving youth outcomes such as externalizing behavior and school attendance. Additionally, certain activities or programs have made strides in closing the achievement gap, or the gap in academic performance between white students and students of color as measured by standardized tests. Though the existence of after-school activities is relatively universal, different countries implement after-school activities differently, causing after-school activities to vary on a global scale. History After World War II, the number of single parent families in the United States increased as women began to participate in the labor force. Traditional family roles and structure were tremendously altered as women began to serve as major financial contributors, increasing the average percentage of employed women from 38 percent in 1955 to 78 percent by 2004. Many women worked jobs with long hours with no one available to pick up children from school at the appropriate time. After-school programs, then, had the significant function of serving as a place where children could receive safe adult supervision after school hours, allowing parents to continue working without the worry of their child’s safety or well-being. During the World War, after-school programs served as a solution to the decline in child labor and offered supervision for families active in the working economy. The end of the war repurposed after-school activities as opportunities for developing children to receive interactive care that promoted child health and well-being that may not have been received at home. As children began to work fewer or no hours after school, they could focus more on education and participating in school, resulting in a “new outlook on childhood” that emphasized the importance of well-rounded care. A large factor contributing to the continuation and expansion of after-school activities involved growing concerns that children without this source of extra care were at an increased risk of developing social and academic problems because they would utilize learned behaviors of rejecting opportunities before they could be rejected themselves. Structure and organization Typical activities An after-school Kumon Center with students studying. There are myriad organized after-school activities, for children, youth, and adult learners. They can focus on a variety of activities or issues, such as: Reading, including book discussion club Sports, including soccer, baseball, scooter racing, hockey, swimming Performing arts, including dance, drama, ballet, choir, and band Creative arts, including painting, drawing, crafts Gifted/remedial education, including Kumon for literacy, mathematics, etc. Test preparation, including Kaplan, Princeton Review, and Sylvan Learning among others. Outdoor education, including Scouting, Girl Guides, Boys' Brigade, Camp Fire, 4-H, cadets Financial literacy, including Jumpstart, Junior Achievement, and others. Extracurricular activities in schools, including DECA, Future Business Leaders of America, and Fellowship of Christian Athletes Community outreach, including After-School All-Stars and Boys & Girls Clubs of America Management Many elementary, middle and high schools host after-school activities. Some after-school activities are provided by community centres and teen centers which are free of charge, while others are provided by for-profit businesses which charge for membership. The organization and management of after-school activities often varies from country to country and depending on cultural background. Funding The government's role in after-school activities is related to its role in public education and child support more broadly. This is a hotly debated topic in the United States. Many believe that for those earning minimum wage, the government fails to provide supplemental support to families, nor do governments provide adequate education and child support. Others see childcare as a responsibility of the family or community rather than the responsibility of the state. Lack of government funding or insufficient funding compromises the quality of after-school offerings. Programs serving low-income communities also rely on private funding from donors and family fees. Case countries India A number of players have started providing after-school support services, but the number is still very small considering India's large population and the importance of education to the Indian middle class and others. More players should be entering the market to provide quality support, which the normal schools with larger class sizes and traditional teaching techniques don't provide. From the existing set of after-school study providers the ones most sought after are the ones with individualized learning modules that complement the K-12 school syllabus. Way2Success Learning Systems is the first for-profit provider in India of academically oriented individualized after-school programs that complement the school syllabus. They operate in the New Delhi, Noida, Gurgaon and Faridabad areas. NutSpace Edtech Pvt. Ltd. uses its proprietary Inventive Thinking Methodology to build 21st Century Skills in Children. It helps children develop leadership qualities, enhance skills like: communication, critical thinking, creativity and collaboration. They currently operate from Kanpur and Lucknow. Taiwan Many after-school programs in Taiwan surround academic enrichment and test preparation. Scholars Chen and Lu researched the impact of academic after-school activities amongst secondary school students in Taiwan, and their 2009 study showed that after-school academic enrichment programs and private cram schools in Taiwan increase students’ educational achievement but have a negative effect on students’ psychological well-being. United Arab Emirates In the United Arab Emirates, Afterschool.ae is an innovative online marketplace platform that allows parents to find, plan and book children's activities, and helps kids' activity providers to get found online. United Kingdom After-school activities in Britain are typically organised commercially and paid for by parents. Many children attend several a week, and occasionally even more than one per day. Similar activities also occur at weekends. There is typically less focus on the managed "enrichment" than in the US, beyond the basic choice of activity; for example football (soccer) is physically active and develops teamwork. United States After school programs are very common today in the United States. The 40 largest national youth organizations today have a total membership of about 40 million youths. The Boys & Girls Clubs of America focus mainly on positive youth development. Their staff provides information, guidance, and emotional support regarding a wide range of issues that youths face in often high-risk neighborhoods. There are national after-school programs in place as well as national advocates for access to after-school programs, like Afterschool Alliance, but many after-school programs in the United States operate at the state level. The oldest after school program in the country, the Knickerbocker Greys, was established in 1881 and is located in New York City. In Virginia, Beans and Rice Organization is a community economic development organization that builds assets and develops capacities in low and moderate income families through economic and educational programs. Beans and Rice offers afterschool programs in Pulaski and Radford, Virginia. Volunteers serve as mentors, tutors, and teachers. All volunteers receive training and close supervision from both Beans and Rice staff and experienced volunteers. Elementary students who participate in the Beans and Rice after school programs are given a snack, tutoring, active play opportunities, and positive role models. In Texas, a statewide program exists for creating after-school programs: Texas Afterschool Centers on Education, or Texas ACE. Texas ACE is a part of the Texas Education Agency, funded by the U.S. Department of Education's 21st Century Community Learning Centers program, which sponsors afterschool enrichment programs at under-resourced schools in the U.S. In California, after-school programming at the secondary level is funded primarily with 21st Century High School ASSETS (After School Safety and Enrichment for Teens) program grants. These grants stipulate programs must include academic, enrichment, and health and nutrition components. The after-school programs at California's elementary schools are predominantly funded with ASES (After-School Education & Safety) Program grants mandated when voters statewide approved California's Proposition 49 (2002). These grants provide for much of what the ASSETS grants provide at the secondary level, though there is an added family literacy component. Throughout Southern California, non-profit providers work in partnership with school districts to provide after-school programs for k-12 students. Typically school districts apply for the grants to fund the local after-school programs. Then districts either elect to manage those program internally or outsource management to a Community-based organization (CBO), Non-governmental organization (NGO) or other local non-profit provider. Beyond the Bell is a district run and managed after-school program offered to students in the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD). THINK Together, California's largest non-profit provider, contracts with approximately 20 Southern California school district partners to run and manage academically oriented after-school programs at approximately 200 school sites located across Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties. Benefits of after-school activities Positive use of time Some working parents wish for their children to be more supervised during after-school hours, which Mahoney, Larson, and Eccles's 2005 study discovered to be a leading reason for student enrollment in structured after-school programs. Likewise, in a 2010 article, scholars Wu and Van Egeren found that some parents enroll their students in after-school programs in order to give them a supervised, safe place to spend time. Many after-school activities take place in the afternoons of school days, on the weekends, or during the summer, thereby helping working parents with childcare. While some after-school programs serve as a day-care facility for young children, other programs specifically target adolescents in middle and high schools—providing opportunities for children of all ages. Some proponents of these programs argue that if left unsupervised, children and adolescents may fall into undesirable activities such as sexual promiscuity, substance abuse, or gang-affiliated activity. Since adolescents are old enough to be left unsupervised, they have a higher risk of engaging in criminal behavior than young children do, which may increase the perceived need for constructive after-school programs, as Cook, Godfredson, and Na argue in their 2010 article in the journal Crime and Justice. In the United States, interest in utilizing after-school programs for delinquency-prevention increased dramatically after research found that juvenile arrest rates peak between 2 p.m. and 6 p.m. on school days. By keeping students involved in school related activities, it lessens the chance for them to get involved in criminal activity or abuse drugs and alcohol. Involvement with after-school programs has led to students obtaining a more negative view on drugs. A study of positive outcomes from after-school program involvement shows that there are lower uses of drugs such as "alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use" (Kraemer, et al. 2007) after being involved with an after-school program. Academic growth Students participating in an after-school program through Columbia College Chicago at Sullivan High School in Chicago, Illinois in May 2012. Studies show that afterschool programs are beneficial for both children and adolescents. A 1994 long-term study by Posner and Vandell found that children in structured, academic afterschool programs had increased academic achievement when compared to their peers. Researchers chose a pool of children who had taken part in some sort of after-school program and another pool of children who did not take part in a formal after-school program as a control group. They gave assessments to the children, their parents, and their teachers in order to determine the children's levels of academic achievement, and the results showed that students who had taken part in a structured after-school program were more likely to have better grades and to perform higher in math and reading tests than those who had not taken part in an after-school program. Similarly, a 2010 study by Durlak, Weissberg, and Pachan showed that both children and adolescents experienced significant academic gains by taking part in afterschool programs. Several other studies (e.g., Morrison, Storino, Robertson, Weissglass, & Dondero, 2000; Tucker et al., 1995) have found that after-school academic tutoring or homework assistance may not result in an improvement in academic performance, but, rather, prevent a decline in performance that is evidenced by many at-risk youth. Morrison et al. (2000) studied 350 at-risk students, half of whom participated in an after-school program that provided homework assistance, tutoring, and cultural enrichment activities. They found after 1 year that students in the program maintained their initial levels of school bonding and teacher ratings of student behavior, while a matched cohort of students who did not participate in the program showed decreases on these measures over the same period of time. Tucker et al. (1995) evaluated an afterschool tutoring program serving low-income African American students. After 2 years, participants did not show significant increases in grades, but students who were not in the program showed a significant grade decrease. Together, these studies indicate that after-school academic support may play a protective role by helping to prevent a loss of school engagement even if it doesn't result in higher levels of functioning. Minority, low income, urban settings, "at-risk", and other negative connotations labeling youth's hinder academic achievements. Effective after-school programs can try to bridge the gap between education achievement and the negatively-labeled student. In an article written by Barton J.Hirsh, he highlights studies that show children who participate in after-school programs show improvements in both their academic performance and personality development. Additionally, they learn problem solving skills and practice their artistic abilities. Behavioral growth There's mixed evidence as to whether afterschool programs positively impact youth behavioral outcomes. The Posner and Vandell study showed that students who had taken part in an after-school program also exhibited more emotional stability and signs of social adjustment than their counterparts. In particular, students in an after-school activity behaved better and adjusted more smoothly when transitioning to new grades or new schools, most notably in the transition from middle to high school. Other studies provided quantitative data in support of these behavioral benefits by showing that students who participate in an after-school program on average have less disciplinary citations, are suspended less, and are expelled less than their peers who do not participate in any activity. On the other hand, a study of after-school programs in Maryland found participants to engage in more rebellious behavior than non-participants. Closing the achievement gap After-school activities have had proven impacts on decreasing the gap in academic achievement between white students and students of color in the United States. In her 2005 study of efforts to address the racial achievement gap in urban areas, psychologist Julie Bryan noted that after-school activities can strongly benefit a student's socio-emotional health and academic performance. The students that she worked with identified extracurricular activities, after-school opportunities for academic aid, and summer enrichment programs as important contributions to their academic success and personal growth. One aspect of this success is that after-school activities give students the opportunity to deepen relationships with adult mentors, such as sports coaches, teachers, and community leaders. Research shows that having caring and supportive adult presences in the lives of students greatly increases their sense of self-worth, academic achievement, and capabilities for resiliency in the face of adverse circumstances like poverty and abuse. A 2000 study by Gutman and Migley connects the benefits of students having close relationships with caring adults with a decrease in the achievement gap. Summer learning loss After-school activities can play a role in combatting summer learning loss, which refers to the amount of academic skills that students lose during the summer holidays due to a lack of exposure to academic material. According to a series of 39 meta-analyses collected by Harris Cooper in a study on elementary and early childhood education, students' test scores drop significantly from the last day of school in the spring to the first day in the fall; on average, the summer break sets students back over a month. For primary and secondary school students, reading comprehension, in particular, is highly affected by summer learning loss. If students are able to participate in academic activities during the summer months, they are less likely to be at risk for summer learning loss. Currently, students from higher socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to have access to and participate in academic activities during the summer months, which gives them an advantage in academic achievement during the school year when compared to their peers with lower socioeconomic statuses. Criticisms of after-school activities Rigid structure One criticism of after-school activities is that they provide too much rigidity within a child's life. Advocates of slow parenting believe that children should be allowed to develop their own ideas. Getting bored is a step towards having an idea for something else to do, and having little or no adult interference allows children to express their own creativity. Proponents of this theory argue that structured after-school programs have the potential to take away avenues for such creativity and self-expression amongst children. Similarly, the Taoist concept of wu wei, literally translated as "non-action," supports spontaneity in daily life. Thus, while there may be some children that benefit from being supervised and pushed towards didactic goals through organized after-school activities, others might end up achieving more on their own, or with minimal supervision. Indicative of overparenting Another criticism of after-school activities is that participating in them has the potential to lead to increased stress and anxiety amongst students. Children participating in many organized after-school activities is one common symptom of overparenting. In overparenting, which is more common among middle or upper-class families, parents tend to heavily monitor their child's schedule for the sake of protecting their child or improving their social skills, academic development, and/or future prospects. This has the potential to lead to lasting psychological issues amongst children, such as poorly developed independence and coping skills, low self-esteem, and stress- and anxiety-related disorders. In her study The Price of Privilege, psychologist Madeline Levine examined the psychological effects of overparenting on socioeconomically privileged children, including the impact of participating in after-school activities. She found that children of wealthy families were more likely to suffer psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression. By spending so much time in organized after-school activities that their parents signed them up for, the children that Levine worked with failed to adequately develop self-management, which is a powerful precursor to both psychological inner strength and academic achievement. See also Extracurricular activity Achievement gap Summer learning loss Soccer mom Concerted cultivation Parenting styles Slow parenting AYSO YMCA YWCA After-School All-Stars Boys & Girls Clubs of America buildOn References ^ a b Park, Hyejoon; Zhan, Min (February 2017). "The impact of after-school childcare arrangements on the developmental outcomes of low-income children". Children and Youth Services Review. 73: 230–241. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.12.023. ^ Sauer, Victoria (July 2015). "Elaine Clanton Harpine: After-School Prevention Programs for At-Risk Students: Promoting Engagement and Academic Success: Springer, New York, NY, 2013, 134 pp, ISBN: 9781461474159". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 44 (7): 1468–1473. doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0290-4. S2CID 141597216. ^ a b Mahoney, Joseph L.; Larson, Reed; Eccles, Jacquelynne S. (2005). Organized activities as contexts of development: extracurricular activities, after-school and community programs. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8058-4431-3. ^ a b Levine, Madeline (2006). The Price of Privilege: How Parental Pressure and Material Advantage Are Creating a Generation of Disconnected and Unhappy Kids. HarperCollins. pp. 256. ISBN 978-0-06-059584-5. ^ a b c Hirsch, B. J. (2011). "Learning and Development in After-School Programs". Phi Delta Kappan. 92 (5): 66–69. doi:10.1177/003172171109200516. S2CID 147201171. ^ a b Kremer, Kristen P.; Maynard, Brandy R.; Polanin, Joshua R.; Vaughn, Michael G.; Sarteschi, Christine M. (March 2015). "Effects of After-School Programs with At-Risk Youth on Attendance and Externalizing Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 44 (3): 616–636. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0226-4. PMC 4597889. PMID 25416228. ^ a b Gutman, Leslie Morrison; Midgley, Carol (April 2000). "The Role of Protective Factors in Supporting the Academic Achievement of Poor African American Students During the Middle School Transition". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 29 (2): 223–249. doi:10.1023/A:1005108700243. hdl:2027.42/45287. S2CID 42171397. ^ a b Haycock, Kati (2001). "Closing the Achievement Gap". Educational Leadership. 58 (6): 6–11. ^ a b c Brewer, Alexandra (2018-01-01). "AFTER-SCHOOL PROGRAMS: BENEFITS, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES". Integrated Studies. ^ a b c Mahoney, Joseph L.; Parente, Maria E.; Zigler, Edward F. (2009-09-01). "Afterschool Programs in America: Origins, Growth, Popularity, and Politics". Journal of Youth Development. 4 (3): 23–42. doi:10.5195/jyd.2009.250. ISSN 2325-4017. ^ Durlak, Joseph A.; Mahoney, Joseph L.; Bohnert, Amy M.; Parente, Maria E. (June 2010). "Developing and Improving After-School Programs to Enhance Youth's Personal Growth and Adjustment: A Special Issue of AJCP". American Journal of Community Psychology. 45 (3–4): 285–293. doi:10.1007/s10464-010-9298-9. PMID 20358278. S2CID 13243455. ^ Bulkley, Katrina E.; Burch, Patricia (July 2011). "The Changing Nature of Private Engagement in Public Education: For-Profit and Nonprofit Organizations and Educational Reform". Peabody Journal of Education. 86 (3): 236–251. doi:10.1080/0161956X.2011.578963. ISSN 0161-956X. S2CID 154941048. ^ a b America after 3PM Special Report: Afterschool in Communities of Concentrated Poverty (PDF). Afterschool Alliance. August 2016. ^ Chen, Su Yen; Lu, Luo (2009). "After-school time use in Taiwan: Effects on educational achievement and well-being". Adolescence. 44 (176): 891–909. PMID 20432606. ^ "Afterschool.ae to Launch a Mobile Application for Android and iOS". Yahoo Finance. June 8, 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015. ^ "Afterschool Alliance". ^ Beans & Rice home page ^ Texas Education Agency (2014). "2016-2017 Strategic Plan for Expanded Learning Opportunities". Expanded Learning Opportunities Council to the Commissioner of Education. ^ Wu, Heng-Chieh Jamie; Van Egeren, Laurie A. (December 2010). "Voluntary Participation and Parents' Reasons for Enrollment in After-School Programs: Contributions of Race/Ethnicity, Program Quality, and Program Policies". Journal of Leisure Research. 42 (4): 591–620. doi:10.1080/00222216.2010.11950220. S2CID 148051494. ^ Snyder, Howard N.; Melissa Sickmund. (1999). Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report (PDF). Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. p. 65. ^ After-school fact sheet Archived March 31, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ Cook, Philip J.; Gottfredson, Denise C.; Na, Chongmin (January 2010). "School Crime Control and Prevention". Crime and Justice. 39 (1): 313–440. doi:10.1086/652387. S2CID 224796225. ProQuest 852897884. ^ Gottfredson, Denise C.; Gerstenblith, Stephanie A.; Soulé, David A.; Womer, Shannon C.; Lu, Shaoli (December 2004). "Do After School Programs Reduce Delinquency?". Prevention Science. 5 (4): 253–266. doi:10.1023/B:PREV.0000045359.41696.02. PMID 15566051. S2CID 15607844. ^ a b Tebes, Jacob Kraemer; Feinn, Richard; Vanderploeg, Jeffrey J.; Chinman, Matthew J.; Shepard, Jane; Brabham, Tamika; Genovese, Maegan; Connell, Christian (September 2007). "Impact of a Positive Youth Development Program in Urban After-School Settings on the Prevention of Adolescent Substance Use". Journal of Adolescent Health. 41 (3): 239–247. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.02.016. PMID 17707293. S2CID 33784084. ^ a b c Posner, J.K.; Vandell, D.L. (1994). "Low-Income Children's After-School Care: Are there Beneficial Effects of After-School Programs?". Child Development. 65 (2): 440–456. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00762.x. ^ a b Durlak, J.A.; Weissberg, R.P.; Pachan, M. (2010). "A meta-analysis of after-school programs that seek to promote personal and social skills in children and adolescents". American Journal of Community Psychology. 45 (3–4): 294–309. doi:10.1007/s10464-010-9300-6. PMID 20300825. S2CID 7480796. ^ McBride, Ron (Fall–Winter 2017). "Motivational Regulations Among At-Risk Students in an After School Activity Program". CHPER -- SD Journal of Research in Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport & Dance. 9: 38–46. S2CID 151120502. ERIC EJ1196936. ^ Hirsh, Barton (February 2011). "Learning and Development in After-School Programs". The Phi Delta Kappan. 92 (5): 66–69. doi:10.1177/003172171109200516. S2CID 147201171 – via JSTOR. ^ Apsler, R. (2009). "After-school programs for adolescents: A review of evaluative research". Adolescence. 44 (173): 1–19. PMID 19435164. ^ Weisman, Stephanie A.; Soulé, David A.; Gottfredson, Denise C.; Lu, Shaoli; Kellstrom, Melissa A.; Womer, Shannon C.; Bryner, Sean L. (2003). After-School Programs, Antisocial Behavior, and Positive Youth Development: An Exploration of the Relationship Between Program Implementation and Changes in Youth Behavior (Report). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.138.5586. ^ a b c Bryan, Julia (1 February 2005). "Fostering Educational Resilience and Achievement in Urban Schools Through School-Family Community Partnerships". Professional School Counseling. 8 (3): 219–227. JSTOR 42732462. ^ Laursen, Erik (2003). "Caring relationships as a protective factor for at-risk youth: An ethnographic study". Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services. 84 (2): 240–246. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.101. S2CID 143978690. ^ a b c Maríñez-Lora, Ané M; Quintana, Stephen M. (2010). "Summer Learning Loss". Encyclopedia of Cross-cultural School Psychology. pp. 962–963. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71799-9_415. ISBN 978-0-387-71798-2. ^ a b Cooper, Harris (May 2003). Summer Learning Loss: The Problem and Some Solutions (Report). ERIC ED475391. ^ Allington, Richard L.; McGill-Franzen, Anne; Camilli, Gregory; Williams, Lunetta; Graff, Jennifer; Zeig, Jacqueline; Zmach, Courtney; Nowak, Rhonda (6 October 2010). "Addressing Summer Reading Setback Among Economically Disadvantaged Elementary Students". Reading Psychology. 31 (5): 411–427. doi:10.1080/02702711.2010.505165. S2CID 59453332. ^ Honoré, Carl (2008). Under Pressure: Rescuing Our Children From The Culture Of TYPEr-Parenting. Orion. ISBN 978-0-7528-7531-6. ^ Loy, David (1985). "Wei-wu-wei: Nondual action". Philosophy East and West. 35 (1): 73–86. doi:10.2307/1398682. JSTOR 1398682. ^ a b c Bernstein, Gaia; Zvi, Triger (2010). "Over-Parenting". UC Davis Law Review. 44: 1226–1227, 1276. Further reading Lindsey, Jennifer, "Quality After School Time: An Evaluative Study of the Eastside Story After School Program in Austin, TX" (2010). Applied Research Projects. Texas State University Paper 322. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/322 External links AfterSchool.gov - US Government website for after-school programs International Research Network Extended Education Center for Afterschool Education National Institute on Out-of-School Time at the Wellesley Centers for Women Out-of-School Time at the Harvard Family Research Project vteParentingKinship terminology Parent Mother Father Adoptive Alloparenting Coparenting Extended family Foster care Kommune 1 Noncustodial Nuclear family Orphaned Shared parenting Single parent Blended family Surrogacy In loco parentis Theories · Areas Attachment theory Applied behavior analysis Behaviorism Child development Cognitive development Developmental psychology Human development Identity formation Introjection Love Maternal bond Nature versus nurture Parental investment Paternal bond Pediatrics Social emotional development Socialization Social psychology Styles Achievement ideology Atlas personality Attachment parenting Baby talk Buddha-like parenting Concerted cultivation Enmeshment Free-range parenting Gatekeeper parent Helicopter parent Nurturant parenting Slow parenting Soccer mom Strict father model Taking children seriously Theybie Tiger parenting Work at home parent Techniques After-school activity Allowance Bedtime Child care Co-sleeping Dishabituation Education Habituation Homeschooling Identification (psychology) Introjection Latchkey kid Moral development Normative social influence Parent management training Play (date) Role model Social integration Television The talk (race) The talk (sex education) Toy (educational) Positive Parenting Program Child discipline Blanket training Corporal punishment in the home Curfew Grounding Positive discipline Tactical ignoring Time-out Abuse Adverse childhood experiences Child abandonment Child abuse Child labour Child neglect Cinderella effect Codependency Dysfunctional family Effects of domestic violence Incest Narcissistic parent Parental abuse by children Stress in early childhood Legal andsocial aspects Child custody Child support Cost of raising a child Deadbeat parent Disownment Family disruption Management of domestic violence Marriage Parental alienation Parental responsibility Paternity Shared parenting Experts Mary Ainsworth John Bowlby T. Berry Brazelton Rudolf Dreikurs David Elkind Jo Frost Haim Ginott Thomas Gordon Alan E. Kazdin Truby King Annette Lareau Penelope Leach Matthew Sanders William Sears B. F. Skinner Benjamin Spock Organizations Families Need Fathers Mothers Apart from Their Children Mothers' Union National Childbirth Trust National Fatherhood Initiative National Parents Organization Parent–teacher association Parents Against Child Exploitation Authority control databases: National Israel United States Japan Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Park_230%E2%80%93241-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"community center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_center"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library"},{"link_name":"park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park"},{"link_name":"concerted cultivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerted_cultivation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-organizedcontext-3"},{"link_name":"overparenting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overparenting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hirsch,_B._J._2011-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-6"},{"link_name":"achievement gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achievement_gap_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"standardized tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_test"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"}],"text":"After-school activities, also known as after-school programs or after-school care, started in the early 1900s mainly just as supervision of students after the final school bell.[1] Today, after-school programs do much more. There is a focus on helping students with school work but can be beneficial to students in other ways. An after-school program, today, will not limit its focus on academics but with a holistic sense of helping the student population.[2] An after-school activity is any organized program that youth or adult learner voluntary can participate in outside of the traditional school day. Some programs are run by a primary or secondary school, while others are run by externally funded non-profit or commercial organizations. After-school youth programs can occur inside a school building or elsewhere in the community, for instance at a community center, church, library, or park. After-school activities are a cornerstone of concerted cultivation, which is a style of parenting that emphasizes children gaining leadership experience and social skills through participating in organized activities.[3] Such children are believed by proponents to be more successful in later life, while others consider too many activities to indicate overparenting.[4] While some research has shown that structured after-school programs can lead to better test scores, improved homework completion, and higher grades,[5] further research has questioned the effectiveness of after-school programs at improving youth outcomes such as externalizing behavior and school attendance.[6] Additionally, certain activities or programs have made strides in closing the achievement gap, or the gap in academic performance between white students and students of color as measured by standardized tests.[7][8] Though the existence of after-school activities is relatively universal, different countries implement after-school activities differently, causing after-school activities to vary on a global scale.","title":"After-school activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single parent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_parent"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-10"}],"text":"After World War II, the number of single parent families in the United States increased as women began to participate in the labor force.[9] Traditional family roles and structure were tremendously altered as women began to serve as major financial contributors, increasing the average percentage of employed women from 38 percent in 1955 to 78 percent by 2004.[10] Many women worked jobs with long hours with no one available to pick up children from school at the appropriate time. After-school programs, then, had the significant function of serving as a place where children could receive safe adult supervision after school hours, allowing parents to continue working without the worry of their child’s safety or well-being.[11]During the World War, after-school programs served as a solution to the decline in child labor and offered supervision for families active in the working economy. The end of the war repurposed after-school activities as opportunities for developing children to receive interactive care that promoted child health and well-being that may not have been received at home. As children began to work fewer or no hours after school, they could focus more on education and participating in school, resulting in a “new outlook on childhood” that emphasized the importance of well-rounded care.[9] A large factor contributing to the continuation and expansion of after-school activities involved growing concerns that children without this source of extra care were at an increased risk of developing social and academic problems because they would utilize learned behaviors of rejecting opportunities before they could be rejected themselves.[9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Structure and organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kumon_Students.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kumon Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumon"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading"},{"link_name":"book discussion club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_discussion_club"},{"link_name":"Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"scooter racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kick_scooter"},{"link_name":"hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey"},{"link_name":"swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Performing arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance"},{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama"},{"link_name":"ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"},{"link_name":"band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ensemble"},{"link_name":"Creative arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_arts"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing"},{"link_name":"crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft"},{"link_name":"Gifted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifted_education"},{"link_name":"remedial education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remedial_education"},{"link_name":"Kumon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumon"},{"link_name":"Test preparation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_preparation"},{"link_name":"Kaplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Princeton Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princeton_Review"},{"link_name":"Sylvan Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvan_Learning"},{"link_name":"Outdoor education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_education"},{"link_name":"Scouting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting"},{"link_name":"Girl Guides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Guides"},{"link_name":"Boys' Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys%27_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Camp Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Fire_(organization)"},{"link_name":"4-H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-H"},{"link_name":"cadets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet"},{"link_name":"Financial literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_literacy"},{"link_name":"Jumpstart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump$tart_Coalition_for_Personal_Financial_Literacy"},{"link_name":"Junior Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Achievement"},{"link_name":"Extracurricular activities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracurricular_activity"},{"link_name":"DECA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECA_(organization)"},{"link_name":"Future Business Leaders of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Business_Leaders_of_America"},{"link_name":"Fellowship of Christian Athletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship_of_Christian_Athletes"},{"link_name":"Community outreach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outreach"},{"link_name":"After-School All-Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After-School_All-Stars"},{"link_name":"Boys & Girls Clubs of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_%26_Girls_Clubs_of_America"}],"sub_title":"Typical activities","text":"An after-school Kumon Center with students studying.There are myriad organized after-school activities, for children, youth, and adult learners. They can focus on a variety of activities or issues, such as:Reading, including book discussion club\nSports, including soccer, baseball, scooter racing, hockey, swimming\nPerforming arts, including dance, drama, ballet, choir, and band\nCreative arts, including painting, drawing, crafts\nGifted/remedial education, including Kumon for literacy, mathematics, etc.\nTest preparation, including Kaplan, Princeton Review, and Sylvan Learning among others.\nOutdoor education, including Scouting, Girl Guides, Boys' Brigade, Camp Fire, 4-H, cadets\nFinancial literacy, including Jumpstart, Junior Achievement, and others.\nExtracurricular activities in schools, including DECA, Future Business Leaders of America, and Fellowship of Christian Athletes\nCommunity outreach, including After-School All-Stars and Boys & Girls Clubs of America","title":"Structure and organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"teen centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_center"}],"sub_title":"Management","text":"Many elementary, middle and high schools host after-school activities. Some after-school activities are provided by community centres and teen centers which are free of charge, while others are provided by for-profit businesses which charge for membership. The organization and management of after-school activities often varies from country to country and depending on cultural background.","title":"Structure and organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-13"}],"sub_title":"Funding","text":"The government's role in after-school activities is related to its role in public education and child support more broadly. This is a hotly debated topic in the United States. Many believe that for those earning minimum wage, the government fails to provide supplemental support to families, nor do governments provide adequate education and child support. Others see childcare as a responsibility of the family or community rather than the responsibility of the state.[10][12]Lack of government funding or insufficient funding compromises the quality of after-school offerings.[13] Programs serving low-income communities also rely on private funding from donors and family fees.[13]","title":"Structure and organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Case countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Way2Success Learning Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111005224440/http://www.way2success.in/"},{"link_name":"NutSpace Edtech Pvt. Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nutspace.in"}],"sub_title":"India","text":"A number of players have started providing after-school support services, but the number is still very small considering India's large population and the importance of education to the Indian middle class and others. More players should be entering the market to provide quality support, which the normal schools with larger class sizes and traditional teaching techniques don't provide. From the existing set of after-school study providers the ones most sought after are the ones with individualized learning modules that complement the K-12 school syllabus. Way2Success Learning Systems is the first for-profit provider in India of academically oriented individualized after-school programs that complement the school syllabus. They operate in the New Delhi, Noida, Gurgaon and Faridabad areas. NutSpace Edtech Pvt. Ltd. uses its proprietary Inventive Thinking Methodology to build 21st Century Skills in Children. It helps children develop leadership qualities, enhance skills like: communication, critical thinking, creativity and collaboration. They currently operate from Kanpur and Lucknow.","title":"Case countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"cram schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cram_school"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Taiwan","text":"Many after-school programs in Taiwan surround academic enrichment and test preparation. Scholars Chen and Lu researched the impact of academic after-school activities amongst secondary school students in Taiwan, and their 2009 study showed that after-school academic enrichment programs and private cram schools in Taiwan increase students’ educational achievement but have a negative effect on students’ psychological well-being.[14]","title":"Case countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE"},{"link_name":"online marketplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_marketplace"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"United Arab Emirates","text":"In the United Arab Emirates, Afterschool.ae is an innovative online marketplace platform that allows parents to find, plan and book children's activities, and helps kids' activity providers to get found online.[15]","title":"Case countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"After-school activities in Britain are typically organised commercially and paid for by parents. Many children attend several a week, and occasionally even more than one per day. Similar activities also occur at weekends.There is typically less focus on the managed \"enrichment\" than in the US, beyond the basic choice of activity; for example football (soccer) is physically active and develops teamwork.","title":"Case countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boys & Girls Clubs of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_%26_Girls_Clubs_of_America"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hirsch,_B._J._2011-5"},{"link_name":"Afterschool Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterschool_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Knickerbocker Greys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knickerbocker_Greys"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Pulaski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaski,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Radford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radford,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Texas Education Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Education_Agency"},{"link_name":"21st Century Community Learning Centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Century_Community_Learning_Center"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"21st Century High School ASSETS (After School Safety and Enrichment for Teens)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cde.ca.gov/ls/ba/cp/"},{"link_name":"ASES (After-School Education & Safety) Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cde.ca.gov/ls/ba/as/"},{"link_name":"Proposition 49 (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_49_(2002)"},{"link_name":"Community-based organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-based_organization"},{"link_name":"Non-governmental organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"Beyond the Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100527171242/http://btb.lausd.net/home/"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"THINK Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THINK_Together"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"After school programs are very common today in the United States. The 40 largest national youth organizations today have a total membership of about 40 million youths. The Boys & Girls Clubs of America focus mainly on positive youth development. Their staff provides information, guidance, and emotional support regarding a wide range of issues that youths face in often high-risk neighborhoods.[5] There are national after-school programs in place as well as national advocates for access to after-school programs, like Afterschool Alliance, but many after-school programs in the United States operate at the state level.[16] The oldest after school program in the country, the Knickerbocker Greys, was established in 1881 and is located in New York City.In Virginia, Beans and Rice Organization is a community economic development organization that builds assets and develops capacities in low and moderate income families through economic and educational programs. Beans and Rice offers afterschool programs in Pulaski and Radford, Virginia. Volunteers serve as mentors, tutors, and teachers. All volunteers receive training and close supervision from both Beans and Rice staff and experienced volunteers. Elementary students who participate in the Beans and Rice after school programs are given a snack, tutoring, active play opportunities, and positive role models.[17]In Texas, a statewide program exists for creating after-school programs: Texas Afterschool Centers on Education, or Texas ACE. Texas ACE is a part of the Texas Education Agency, funded by the U.S. Department of Education's 21st Century Community Learning Centers program, which sponsors afterschool enrichment programs at under-resourced schools in the U.S.[18]In California, after-school programming at the secondary level is funded primarily with 21st Century High School ASSETS (After School Safety and Enrichment for Teens) program grants. These grants stipulate programs must include academic, enrichment, and health and nutrition components. The after-school programs at California's elementary schools are predominantly funded with ASES (After-School Education & Safety) Program grants mandated when voters statewide approved California's Proposition 49 (2002). These grants provide for much of what the ASSETS grants provide at the secondary level, though there is an added family literacy component. Throughout Southern California, non-profit providers work in partnership with school districts to provide after-school programs for k-12 students. Typically school districts apply for the grants to fund the local after-school programs. Then districts either elect to manage those program internally or outsource management to a Community-based organization (CBO), Non-governmental organization (NGO) or other local non-profit provider. Beyond the Bell is a district run and managed after-school program offered to students in the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD). THINK Together, California's largest non-profit provider, contracts with approximately 20 Southern California school district partners to run and manage academically oriented after-school programs at approximately 200 school sites located across Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties.","title":"Case countries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Benefits of after-school activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-organizedcontext-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"childcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childcare"},{"link_name":"sexual promiscuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promiscuity"},{"link_name":"substance abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse"},{"link_name":"gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Crime and Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Justice"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hirsch,_B._J._2011-5"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-24"}],"sub_title":"Positive use of time","text":"Some working parents wish for their children to be more supervised during after-school hours, which Mahoney, Larson, and Eccles's 2005 study discovered to be a leading reason for student enrollment in structured after-school programs.[3] Likewise, in a 2010 article, scholars Wu and Van Egeren found that some parents enroll their students in after-school programs in order to give them a supervised, safe place to spend time.[19] Many after-school activities take place in the afternoons of school days, on the weekends, or during the summer, thereby helping working parents with childcare. While some after-school programs serve as a day-care facility for young children, other programs specifically target adolescents in middle and high schools—providing opportunities for children of all ages.Some proponents of these programs argue that if left unsupervised, children and adolescents may fall into undesirable activities such as sexual promiscuity, substance abuse, or gang-affiliated activity.[20][21] Since adolescents are old enough to be left unsupervised, they have a higher risk of engaging in criminal behavior than young children do, which may increase the perceived need for constructive after-school programs, as Cook, Godfredson, and Na argue in their 2010 article in the journal Crime and Justice.[22] In the United States, interest in utilizing after-school programs for delinquency-prevention increased dramatically after research found that juvenile arrest rates peak between 2 p.m. and 6 p.m. on school days.[23] By keeping students involved in school related activities, it lessens the chance for them to get involved in criminal activity or abuse drugs and alcohol.[5] Involvement with after-school programs has led to students obtaining a more negative view on drugs. A study of positive outcomes from after-school program involvement shows that there are lower uses of drugs such as \"alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use\" (Kraemer, et al. 2007) after being involved with an after-school program.[24]","title":"Benefits of after-school activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sullivan_Tigers_at_work_after_school_with_Columbia_College_programming.jpg"},{"link_name":"Columbia College Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_College_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Sullivan High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_High_School_(Chicago,_Illinois)"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-24"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Park_230%E2%80%93241-1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Academic growth","text":"Students participating in an after-school program through Columbia College Chicago at Sullivan High School in Chicago, Illinois in May 2012.Studies show that afterschool programs are beneficial for both children and adolescents. A 1994 long-term study by Posner and Vandell found that children in structured, academic afterschool programs had increased academic achievement when compared to their peers.[25] Researchers chose a pool of children who had taken part in some sort of after-school program and another pool of children who did not take part in a formal after-school program as a control group. They gave assessments to the children, their parents, and their teachers in order to determine the children's levels of academic achievement, and the results showed that students who had taken part in a structured after-school program were more likely to have better grades and to perform higher in math and reading tests than those who had not taken part in an after-school program.[25] Similarly, a 2010 study by Durlak, Weissberg, and Pachan showed that both children and adolescents experienced significant academic gains by taking part in afterschool programs.[26]Several other studies (e.g., Morrison, Storino, Robertson, Weissglass, & Dondero, 2000; Tucker et al., 1995) have found that after-school academic tutoring or homework assistance may not result in an improvement in academic performance, but, rather, prevent a decline in performance that is evidenced by many at-risk youth. Morrison et al. (2000) studied 350 at-risk students, half of whom participated in an after-school program that provided homework assistance, tutoring, and cultural enrichment activities. They found after 1 year that students in the program maintained their initial levels of school bonding and teacher ratings of student behavior, while a matched cohort of students who did not participate in the program showed decreases on these measures over the same period of time. Tucker et al. (1995) evaluated an afterschool tutoring program serving low-income African American students. After 2 years, participants did not show significant increases in grades, but students who were not in the program showed a significant grade decrease. Together, these studies indicate that after-school academic support may play a protective role by helping to prevent a loss of school engagement even if it doesn't result in higher levels of functioning.Minority, low income, urban settings, \"at-risk\", and other negative connotations labeling youth's hinder academic achievements.[24][1][27] Effective after-school programs can try to bridge the gap between education achievement and the negatively-labeled student.In an article written by Barton J.Hirsh, he highlights studies that show children who participate in after-school programs show improvements in both their academic performance and personality development. Additionally, they learn problem solving skills and practice their artistic abilities. [28]","title":"Benefits of after-school activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-6"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-26"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Behavioral growth","text":"There's mixed evidence as to whether afterschool programs positively impact youth behavioral outcomes.[6] The Posner and Vandell study showed that students who had taken part in an after-school program also exhibited more emotional stability and signs of social adjustment than their counterparts. In particular, students in an after-school activity behaved better and adjusted more smoothly when transitioning to new grades or new schools, most notably in the transition from middle to high school.[25] Other studies provided quantitative data in support of these behavioral benefits by showing that students who participate in an after-school program on average have less disciplinary citations, are suspended less, and are expelled less than their peers who do not participate in any activity.[26][29] On the other hand, a study of after-school programs in Maryland found participants to engage in more rebellious behavior than non-participants.[30]","title":"Benefits of after-school activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gap in academic achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achievement_gap_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"students of color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_color"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"}],"sub_title":"Closing the achievement gap","text":"After-school activities have had proven impacts on decreasing the gap in academic achievement between white students and students of color in the United States.[8] In her 2005 study of efforts to address the racial achievement gap in urban areas, psychologist Julie Bryan noted that after-school activities can strongly benefit a student's socio-emotional health and academic performance.[31] The students that she worked with identified extracurricular activities, after-school opportunities for academic aid, and summer enrichment programs as important contributions to their academic success and personal growth.[31] One aspect of this success is that after-school activities give students the opportunity to deepen relationships with adult mentors, such as sports coaches, teachers, and community leaders. Research shows that having caring and supportive adult presences in the lives of students greatly increases their sense of self-worth, academic achievement, and capabilities for resiliency in the face of adverse circumstances like poverty and abuse.[31][32] A 2000 study by Gutman and Migley connects the benefits of students having close relationships with caring adults with a decrease in the achievement gap.[7]","title":"Benefits of after-school activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"summer learning loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_learning_loss"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-34"},{"link_name":"reading comprehension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_comprehension"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-34"}],"sub_title":"Summer learning loss","text":"After-school activities can play a role in combatting summer learning loss, which refers to the amount of academic skills that students lose during the summer holidays due to a lack of exposure to academic material.[33] According to a series of 39 meta-analyses collected by Harris Cooper in a study on elementary and early childhood education, students' test scores drop significantly from the last day of school in the spring to the first day in the fall; on average, the summer break sets students back over a month.[34] For primary and secondary school students, reading comprehension, in particular, is highly affected by summer learning loss.[35] If students are able to participate in academic activities during the summer months, they are less likely to be at risk for summer learning loss.[33] Currently, students from higher socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to have access to and participate in academic activities during the summer months, which gives them an advantage in academic achievement during the school year when compared to their peers with lower socioeconomic statuses.[33][34]","title":"Benefits of after-school activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Criticisms of after-school activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"slow parenting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_parenting"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-underpressure-36"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Taoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"wu wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_wei"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"didactic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didacticism"}],"sub_title":"Rigid structure","text":"One criticism of after-school activities is that they provide too much rigidity within a child's life. Advocates of slow parenting believe that children should be allowed to develop their own ideas.[36] Getting bored is a step towards having an idea for something else to do,[citation needed] and having little or no adult interference allows children to express their own creativity. Proponents of this theory argue that structured after-school programs have the potential to take away avenues for such creativity and self-expression amongst children. Similarly, the Taoist concept of wu wei, literally translated as \"non-action,\" supports spontaneity in daily life.[37] Thus, while there may be some children that benefit from being supervised and pushed towards didactic goals through organized after-school activities, others might end up achieving more on their own, or with minimal supervision.","title":"Criticisms of after-school activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"overparenting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overparenting"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-38"},{"link_name":"The Price of Privilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_of_Privilege"},{"link_name":"Madeline Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline_Levine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"sub_title":"Indicative of overparenting","text":"Another criticism of after-school activities is that participating in them has the potential to lead to increased stress and anxiety amongst students. Children participating in many organized after-school activities is one common symptom of overparenting.[38] In overparenting, which is more common among middle or upper-class families, parents tend to heavily monitor their child's schedule for the sake of protecting their child or improving their social skills, academic development, and/or future prospects.[38] This has the potential to lead to lasting psychological issues amongst children, such as poorly developed independence and coping skills, low self-esteem, and stress- and anxiety-related disorders.[38] In her study The Price of Privilege, psychologist Madeline Levine examined the psychological effects of overparenting on socioeconomically privileged children, including the impact of participating in after-school activities. She found that children of wealthy families were more likely to suffer psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression. By spending so much time in organized after-school activities that their parents signed them up for, the children that Levine worked with failed to adequately develop self-management, which is a powerful precursor to both psychological inner strength and academic achievement.[4]","title":"Criticisms of after-school activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/322","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/322"}],"text":"Lindsey, Jennifer, \"Quality After School Time: An Evaluative Study of the Eastside Story After School Program in Austin, TX\" (2010). Applied Research Projects. Texas State University Paper 322. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/322","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"An after-school Kumon Center with students studying.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kumon_Students.jpg/282px-Kumon_Students.jpg"},{"image_text":"Students participating in an after-school program through Columbia College Chicago at Sullivan High School in Chicago, Illinois in May 2012.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Sullivan_Tigers_at_work_after_school_with_Columbia_College_programming.jpg/201px-Sullivan_Tigers_at_work_after_school_with_Columbia_College_programming.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Extracurricular activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracurricular_activity"},{"title":"Achievement gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achievement_gap_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Summer learning loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_learning_loss"},{"title":"Soccer mom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_mom"},{"title":"Concerted cultivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerted_cultivation"},{"title":"Parenting styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting_styles"},{"title":"Slow parenting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_parenting"},{"title":"AYSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AYSO"},{"title":"YMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMCA"},{"title":"YWCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWCA"},{"title":"After-School All-Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After-School_All-Stars"},{"title":"Boys & Girls Clubs of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_%26_Girls_Clubs_of_America"},{"title":"buildOn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuildOn"}]
[{"reference":"Park, Hyejoon; Zhan, Min (February 2017). \"The impact of after-school childcare arrangements on the developmental outcomes of low-income children\". Children and Youth Services Review. 73: 230–241. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.12.023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.childyouth.2016.12.023","url_text":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.12.023"}]},{"reference":"Sauer, Victoria (July 2015). \"Elaine Clanton Harpine: After-School Prevention Programs for At-Risk Students: Promoting Engagement and Academic Success: Springer, New York, NY, 2013, 134 pp, ISBN: 9781461474159\". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 44 (7): 1468–1473. doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0290-4. S2CID 141597216.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10964-015-0290-4","url_text":"10.1007/s10964-015-0290-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141597216","url_text":"141597216"}]},{"reference":"Mahoney, Joseph L.; Larson, Reed; Eccles, Jacquelynne S. (2005). Organized activities as contexts of development: extracurricular activities, after-school and community programs. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8058-4431-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pQ2HAS9RmtUC&pg=RA1-PA45","url_text":"Organized activities as contexts of development: extracurricular activities, after-school and community programs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4431-3","url_text":"978-0-8058-4431-3"}]},{"reference":"Levine, Madeline (2006). The Price of Privilege: How Parental Pressure and Material Advantage Are Creating a Generation of Disconnected and Unhappy Kids. HarperCollins. pp. 256. ISBN 978-0-06-059584-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/priceofprivilege00levi/page/256","url_text":"The Price of Privilege: How Parental Pressure and Material Advantage Are Creating a Generation of Disconnected and Unhappy Kids"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/priceofprivilege00levi/page/256","url_text":"256"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-059584-5","url_text":"978-0-06-059584-5"}]},{"reference":"Hirsch, B. J. (2011). \"Learning and Development in After-School Programs\". Phi Delta Kappan. 92 (5): 66–69. doi:10.1177/003172171109200516. 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Summer Learning Loss: The Problem and Some Solutions (Report). ERIC ED475391.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERIC_(identifier)","url_text":"ERIC"},{"url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED475391","url_text":"ED475391"}]},{"reference":"Allington, Richard L.; McGill-Franzen, Anne; Camilli, Gregory; Williams, Lunetta; Graff, Jennifer; Zeig, Jacqueline; Zmach, Courtney; Nowak, Rhonda (6 October 2010). \"Addressing Summer Reading Setback Among Economically Disadvantaged Elementary Students\". Reading Psychology. 31 (5): 411–427. doi:10.1080/02702711.2010.505165. S2CID 59453332.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02702711.2010.505165","url_text":"10.1080/02702711.2010.505165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59453332","url_text":"59453332"}]},{"reference":"Honoré, Carl (2008). Under Pressure: Rescuing Our Children From The Culture Of TYPEr-Parenting. Orion. ISBN 978-0-7528-7531-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7528-7531-6","url_text":"978-0-7528-7531-6"}]},{"reference":"Loy, David (1985). \"Wei-wu-wei: Nondual action\". Philosophy East and West. 35 (1): 73–86. doi:10.2307/1398682. JSTOR 1398682.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1398682","url_text":"10.2307/1398682"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1398682","url_text":"1398682"}]},{"reference":"Bernstein, Gaia; Zvi, Triger (2010). \"Over-Parenting\". UC Davis Law Review. 44: 1226–1227, 1276.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Riminaldi
Giovanni Maria Riminaldi
["1 Biography","2 References"]
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (August 2017) Giovanni Maria Riminaldi (4 October 1718 - 11 October 1789) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal. A picture of Anton von Maron Ritratto del Cardinale Gian Maria Riminalidi Palazzo Bonacossi Biography He was born in Ferrara to an aristocratic family. He studied at the Collegio di San Carlo in Modena during 1732–1738, but returned to the University of Ferrara to study under Domenico Borsetti and Ippolito Gratiadei. He then moved to Rome and entered positions of leadership within the Vatican hierarchy by the mid 1740s, serving as Auditor of the Camerlengo from 1748 to 1759. He became auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota in 1759; later, became its dean. While living in Rome, he was named by Pope Clement XIV as President of the Pontifical University of Ferrara from 1763 to 1781. He was an avid collector of books, artworks, and antiquities; and donated his collection to institutions in the city. On February 14, 1785 he was elevated to cardinal by Pope Pius VI. He died in Perugia. He was a close friend of Anton Raphael Mengs. He is said to have played a role in 1754, while magistrate of the Camerlengo along with Cardinal Valenti Gonzaga and the painter Francesco Mancini (the then-Principe of the Academy of St Luke) in establishing an Accademia del Nudo inside the Vatican under the protection of Cardinal Girolamo Colonna during the papacy of Benedict XIV. He was the owner of a lithotheque or stone sampler, now on display in the Musei Civici di Arte Antica in Ferrara. References ^ The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Biographical Dictionary Archived 2014-02-02 at the Wayback Machine curated by Salvador Miranda (1998-2015) ^ All'eterna fama dell'eminentissimo e reverendissimo signor Cardinal Giovanni Maria Riminaldi, Contemporary obituary monograph. ^ Benedict XIV and the Enlightenment: Art, Science, and Spirituality, edited by Rebecca Messbarger, Christopher M.S. Johns, Philip Gavitt, page 355. ^ Art of the Royal Court: Treasures in Pietre Dure from the Palaces of Europe, by Wolfram Koeppe, Anna Maria Giusti, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), page 284. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Vatican People Italian People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchomimus
Suchomimus
["1 Discovery and naming","2 Description","2.1 Skull","2.2 Postcranial skeleton","3 Classification","3.1 Evolution","4 Palaeobiology","5 Palaeoecology","6 References","7 External links"]
Extinct genus of dinosaurs SuchomimusTemporal range: Early Cretaceous (Barremian to Albian), 125–112 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Reconstructed skeleton at the Chicago Children's Museum Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Saurischia Clade: Theropoda Family: †Spinosauridae Clade: †Ceratosuchopsini Genus: †SuchomimusSereno et al., 1998 Type species †Suchomimus tenerensisSereno et al., 1998 Synonyms Baryonyx tenerensis (Sereno et al., 1998) Sues et al., 2002 Suchomimus (meaning "crocodile mimic") is a genus of spinosaur dinosaur that lived between 125 and 112 million years ago in what is now Niger, north Africa, during the Aptian to early Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous period. It was named and described by paleontologist Paul Sereno and colleagues in 1998, based on a partial skeleton from the Elrhaz Formation. Suchomimus's long and shallow skull, similar to that of a crocodile, earns it its generic name, while the specific name Suchomimus tenerensis alludes to the locality of its first remains, the Ténéré Dese. Suchomimus was a relatively large theropod, reaching 9.5–11 metres (31–36 ft) in length and weighing 2.5–3.8 metric tons (2.8–4.2 short tons). However, the age of the holotype specimen is uncertain, so it is unclear whether this size estimate would have been its maximum. The narrow head of Suchomimus was perched on a short neck, and its forelimbs were powerfully built, bearing a giant claw on each thumb. Along the midline of the animal's back ran a low dorsal sail, built from the long neural spines of its vertebrae. Like other spinosaurids, it likely had a diet of fish, eels, rays and smaller prey animals. Some palaeontologists consider the genus to be an African species of the European spinosaurid Baryonyx, B. tenerensis. Suchomimus might also be a junior synonym of the contemporaneous spinosaurid Cristatusaurus lapparenti, although the latter taxon is based on much more fragmentary remains. Suchomimus lived in a fluvial environment of vast floodplains alongside many other dinosaurs, in addition to pterosaurs, crocodylomorphs, bony fishes, testudines, and bivalves. Discovery and naming Outcrops of the Erlhaz Formation, (Gadoufaoua in lower right) In 1997, American palaeontologist Paul Sereno and his team at Gadoufaoua discovered Fossils that represented about two-thirds of a large theropod dinosaur skeleton in Niger. The first find, a giant thumb claw, was made on 4 December 1997 by David Varricchio. In 1998, Sereno, Allison Beck, Didier Dutheil, Boubacar Gado, Hans Larsson, Gabrielle Lyon, Jonathan Marcot, Oliver Rauhut, Rudyard Sadleir, Christian Sidor, David Varricchio, Gregory Wilson and Jeffrey Wilson named and described the type species Suchomimus tenerensis. The generic name Suchomimus ("crocodile mimic") is derived from the Ancient Greek σοῦχος, souchos, "crocodile", and μῖμος, mimos, "mimic", after the shape of the animal's head. The specific name tenerensis is after the Ténéré Desert where the animal was found. The holotype, MNN GDF500, was found in the Tegama Beds of the Elrhaz Formation. It consists of a partial skeleton lacking the skull. It contains three neck ribs, parts of fourteen dorsal (back) vertebrae, ten dorsal ribs, gastralia (or "belly ribs"), pieces of three sacral vertebrae, parts of twelve caudal (tail) vertebrae, chevrons (bones that form the underside of the tail), a scapula (shoulder blade), a coracoid, a partial forelimb, most of the pelvis (hip bone), and parts of a hindlimb. The spinal column was largely articulated, the remainder consisted of disarticulated bones. Parts of the skeleton had been exposed on the desert surface and had suffered erosion damage. Additionally, several specimens have been assigned as paratypes: MNN GDF 501 to 508 include a snout, a quadrate from the back of the skull, three dentaries (tooth-bearing bones of the lower jaw), an axis (second neck vertebra), a rear cervical vertebra, and a rear dorsal vertebra. MNN GDF 510 to MNN GDF 511 comprise two caudal vertebrae. All of the original Suchomimus fossils are housed in the palaeontological collection of the Musée National du Niger. The initial description of Suchomimus was preliminary. In 2007, the furcula (wishbone)—found during an expedition in 2000—was described in detail. Digital skeletal reconstructions of Suchomimus showing known bones based on the holotype (red), a partial skeleton (blue), and other referred specimens (yellow) S. tenerensis is potentially a junior synonym of another spinosaurid from the Elrhaz Formation, Cristatusaurus lapparenti, named the same year based on jaw fragments and vertebrae. The skull elements were considered indistinguishable from those of Baryonyx walkeri from the Barremian of England by British paleontologists Alan Charig and Angela Milner. In 1997 while describing S. tenerensis, Sereno and colleagues agreed with this assessment and concluded that Cristatusaurus was a dubious name. In 2002, the German palaeontologist Hans-Dieter Sues and colleagues concluded that Suchomimus was identical to Cristatusaurus lapparenti, and despite Cristatusaurus having been named somewhat earlier than Suchomimus, proposed them to represent a second species of Baryonyx called Baryonyx tenerensis. In a 2003 analysis, German paleontologist Oliver Rauhut concurred with this. In a 2004 conference abstract, Hutt and Newberry supported the synonymy based on a large theropod vertebra from the Isle of Wight which they attributed to an animal closely related to Baryonyx and Suchomimus. Later studies have kept Baryonyx and Suchomimus separate, whereas Cristatusaurus has been proposed to be either a nomen dubium or possibly distinct from both. A 2017 review paper by the palaeontologist Carlos Roberto A. Candeiro and colleagues stated that this debate was more in the realm of semantics than science, as it is generally agreed that B. walkeri and S. tenerensis are distinct, related species. Barker and colleagues found Suchomimus to be closer related to the British genera Riparovenator and Ceratosuchops than to Baryonyx in 2021. Description Size comparison of various spinosaurids (Suchomimus in red, second from right) with a human The length of the type specimen of Suchomimus, with undetermined age, reached 9.5–11 metres (31–36 ft) in length and weighed 2.5–3.8 metric tons (2.8–4.2 short tons). Therrein and Henderson proposed that a 10.3 metres (34 ft) long Suchomimus would have weighed more than 5.3 metric tons (5.8 short tons) based on their ratio between skull length and body length; however, they noted that they might have overestimated the size of spinosaurids (i.e. Suchomimus and Baryonyx). The holotype of Suchomimus was considerably larger than that of Baryonyx, but the ages of the two individuals are not known. Skull Suchomimus tenerensis skull reconstruction at the Australian Museum, Sydney. Unlike most giant theropod dinosaurs, Suchomimus had a very crocodilian-like skull, with a long, low snout and narrow jaws formed by a forward expansion of the premaxillae (frontmost snout bones) and the hind branch of the maxillae (main upper jaw bone). The premaxillae had an upward branch excluding the maxillae from the external nares (bony nostrils). The jaws had about 122 conical teeth, pointed but not very sharp and curving slightly backwards, with fine serrations and wrinkled enamel. The tip of the snout was enlarged sideways and carried a "terminal rosette" of longer teeth, seven per side in the premaxillae and about the same number in the corresponding part of the lower jaw. Further back, there were at least 22 teeth per upper jaw side in the maxilla, while the entire lower jaw side carried 32 teeth in the dentary bone. Closeup of front of the snout and dentition The upper jaw had a prominent kink just behind the rosette, protruding downwards; this convexly curved part of the maxilla had the longest teeth of the entire skull. The internal bone shelves of the maxillae met each other in the midline of the skull over a long distance, forming a closed secondary palate that stiffened the snout, and setting off the internal nostrils and palatal complex (including the pterygoid, palatine and ectopterygoid) towards the back of the skull. The nostrils, unlike in most theropods, were retracted further back on the skull and behind the premaxillary teeth. The external nares were long, narrow and horizontally positioned; the same was true of the larger antorbital fenestrae, a pair of bony openings in front of the eyes. The rear of the skull is poorly known but for a short quadrate bone, which had broad condyles (round protrusions) away from the centre of attachment and—like in the spinosaurid Baryonyx—had a large foramen (opening) separating it from the quadratojugal bone. The lower jaws were greatly elongated and narrow, forming a rigid structure as their dentaries touched each other at the midline, reinforcing the mandible against torsional (bending and twisting) forces. Postcranial skeleton Life restoration The neck was relatively short but well-muscled as shown by strong epipophyses (processes to which neck muscles attached). There were about sixteen dorsal vertebrae. Suchomimus had significantly extended neural spines—blade-shaped upward extensions on the vertebrae—which were elongated at the rear back. Those of the five sacral vertebrae were the longest. The elongation of these structures continued until the middle of the tail. The spines may have held up some kind of low crest or sail of skin that was highest over its hips, lower and extending further to the back than that of Spinosaurus, in which the sail reached its highest peak over the dorsal vertebrae. This condition was more reduced in Baryonyx. Reconstructed forelimb and hand of Suchomimus, Museum of Ancient Life, Utah The furcula was V-shaped and indicates a high and narrow trunk. The scapula had a rectangular acromion, or attachment site for clavicle (collarbone). The humerus (upper arm bone) was very strongly built, only equaled in size among non-spinosaurid theropods by that of Megalosaurus and Torvosaurus, with robust upper corners. The humerus had a boss (bone overgrowth) above the condyle that contacted its hook-shaped radius (forearm bone). Accordingly, the ulna of the lower arm was well-developed with an enormous olecranon (upper process set-off from the shaft), an exceptional trait shared with Baryonyx. The heavy arm musculature powered sizable hand claws, that of the first digit (or "thumb") being the largest with a length of 19 centimetres (7.5 inches). Only the third metacarpal (long bone of the hand) is known; showing a robust morphology (form). In the pelvis, the ilium (main hip bone) was high. The pubis (pubic bone) had a front surface that was wider than the side surface, and its forward-facing lower end was flattened and rectangular, with a brief flange along the midline, in contrast to the expanded boot shape it had in other theropods. The ischium (lower and rearmost hip bone) bore a low obturator flange. The femur (thighbone) was straight and robust, with a length of 107 cm (42 in) in the holotype. Its lesser trochanter is markedly plate-like. In the ankle, the astragalus had an ascending process taller than that of Allosaurus. Classification Skeletal diagram combining several specimens (above), compared with the closely related genus Baryonyx The describers established some autapomorphies (unique derived traits) of Suchomimus to separate it from other theropods, including the expanded rear dorsal, sacral, and front caudal neural spines, the robust upper corners of the humerus, and the boss above the humerus' condyle that contacted its hook-shaped radius. Sereno and colleagues referred Suchomimus to the Spinosauridae and named two subfamilies within this clade, Baryonychinae (all spinosaurids more closely related to Baryonyx) and Spinosaurinae (all spinosaurids closer to Spinosaurus). Suchomimus was a member of the subfamily Baryonychinae. Apart from its apparently taller sail, Suchomimus was very similar to the spinosaurid Baryonyx from the Barremian of England, and shared traits with it such as the reduced size and increased amount of teeth behind the snout tip in the mandible than spinosaurines, strong forelimbs, a huge sickle-curved claw on its "thumb", and strongly keeled front dorsal vertebrae. Spinosaurines are characterized by straight, unserrated and more widely spaced teeth, and the small size of their first premaxillary teeth. Sereno and colleagues pointed out that the more retracted nostrils in Irritator and the tall sail of Spinosaurus could also be unique traits of spinosaurines, though material from other taxa is needed to know for sure. As with Suchomimus, the claw of Baryonyx had been the first discovered fossil of the animal. Sereno and colleagues in 1998 analyzed the distribution of forty-five traits to produce a cladogram that showed Suchomimus and Baryonyx to be distinct but closely related. Later, Barker and colleagues, in 2021, created a new tribe within Baryonychinae: Ceratosuchopsini, a clade that includes Ceratosuchops, Riparovenator and Suchomimus. The following phylogenetic tree shows a 2009 analysis of the Megalosauroidea. Megalosauroidea Spinosauridae Baryonyx Suchomimus Irritator Spinosaurus Megalosauridae Evolution Distribution of spinosaurids in Europe and North Africa during the Cretaceous; 9 is Suchomimus Spinosaurids appear to have been widespread from the Barremian to the Cenomanian stages of the Cretaceous period, about 130 to 95 million years ago, while the oldest known spinosaurid remains date to the Middle Jurassic. They shared features such as long, narrow, crocodile-like skulls; sub-circular teeth, with fine to no serrations; the terminal rosette of the snout; and a secondary palate that made them more resistant to torsion. In contrast, the primitive and typical condition for theropods was a tall, narrow snout with blade-like (ziphodont) teeth with serrated carinae. The skull adaptations of spinosaurids converged with those of Crocodilians; early members of the latter group had skulls similar to typical theropods, later developing elongated snouts, conical teeth, and secondary palates. These adaptations may have been the result of a dietary change from terrestrial prey to fish. Unlike crocodiles, the post-cranial skeletons of baryonychine spinosaurids do not appear to have aquatic adaptations. Sereno and colleagues proposed in 1998 that the large thumb-claw and robust forelimbs of spinosaurids evolved in the Middle Jurassic, before the elongation of the skull and other adaptations related to fish-eating, since the former features are shared with their megalosaurid relatives. They also suggested that the spinosaurines and baryonychines diverged before the Barremian age of the Early Cretaceous. Pair of Suchomimus fishing in shallow water Several hypotheses have been proposed about the biogeography of the spinosaurids. Since Suchomimus was more closely related to Baryonyx (from Europe) than to Spinosaurus—although that genus also lived in Africa—the distribution of spinosaurids cannot be explained as vicariance resulting from continental rifting. Sereno and colleagues proposed that spinosaurids were initially distributed across the supercontinent Pangea, but split with the opening of the Tethys Sea. Spinosaurines would then have evolved in the south (Africa and South America: in Gondwana) and baryonychines in the north (Europe: in Laurasia), with Suchomimus the result of a single north-to-south dispersal event. Buffetaut and the Tunisian palaeontologist Mohamed Ouaja also suggested in 2002 that baryonychines could be the ancestors of spinosaurines, which appear to have replaced the former in Africa. Milner suggested in 2003 that spinosaurids originated in Laurasia during the Jurassic, and dispersed via the Iberian land bridge into Gondwana, where they radiated. In 2007, Buffetaut pointed out that palaeogeographical studies had demonstrated that Iberia was near northern Africa during the Early Cretaceous, which he found to confirm Milner's idea that the Iberian region was a stepping stone between Europe and Africa, which is supported by the presence of baryonychines in Iberia. The direction of the dispersal between Europe and Africa is still unknown, and subsequent discoveries of spinosaurid remains in Asia and possibly Australia indicate that it may have been complex. The findings of Barker et al. (2021) are consistent with Milner's findings, where Spinosauridae arose in Europe and there were at least two migrations to Africa. Palaeobiology Mounted skeletal reconstruction at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science Charig and Milner had proposed a piscivorous (fish-eating) diet for the closely related Baryonyx in 1986. This was later confirmed in 1997 with the discovery of partially digested fish scales found in the Baryonyx holotype. In 1998 Sereno and colleagues suggested the same dietary preference for Suchomimus, based on its elongated jaws, spoon-shaped terminal rosette, and long teeth reminiscent of those of piscivorous crocodilians. American palaeontologist Thomas Holtz noted that spinosaurid teeth were adapted for grasping rather than slicing, hence their reduced serrations, which in most other theropods were more prominent. Suchomimus's extensive secondary palate, which would have made the roof of the mouth more solid, allowed it to better resist twisting forces exerted by prey. The rest of Suchomimus's body was not particularly adapted to the water. The discovery of Suchomimus revealed that spinosaurid skulls were significantly shallower, more elongated and narrow than previously thought. The use of the robust forelimbs and giant claws of spinosaurs remains a debated topic. Charig and Milner speculated in 1986 that Baryonyx may have crouched by the riverbank and used its claws to gaff fish out of the water, similarly to Grizzly bears. In 1987, British biologist Andrew Kitchener hypothesized a use in scavenging carcasses, though this has been critiqued by other researchers who pointed out that in most cases, a carcass would have already been largely emptied out by its initial predators. A 2005 study by Canadian paleontologist François Therrien and colleagues posited that spinosaur forelimbs were probably used for hunting larger prey items, given that their snouts could not resist the bending stress. In a 2017 review of the family, David Hone and Holtz also considered possible functions in digging for water sources or hard to reach prey, as well as burrowing into soil to construct nests. A 2022 study comparing the bone densities of Suchomimus, Baryonyx and Spinosaurus reveals that spinosaurids had ecologically disparate lifestyles. Suchomimus itself was more adapted to a life hunting in shallow water due to its hollow bones, while Baryonyx and Spinosaurus were capable of fully submerging underwater and diving after prey. Courtesy of denser bones, the latter two spinosaurids could hunt underwater for prey and occupy a more derived lifestyle than Suchomimus could. Palaeoecology Restoration of Suchomimus and the sauropods Nigersaurus in the environment of the Elrhaz Formation The Elrhaz Formation, part of the Tegama Group, consists mainly of fluvial sandstones with low relief, much of which is obscured by sand dunes. The sediments are coarse- to medium-grained, with almost no fine-grained horizons. Suchomimus lived in what is now Niger, during the late Aptian to early Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous, 112 million years ago. The sediment layers of the formation have been interpreted as an inland habitat of extensive freshwater floodplains and fast-moving rivers, with a tropical climate that likely experienced seasonal dry periods. This environment was home to a variety of fauna including dinosaurs, pterosaurs, turtles, fish, hybodont sharks, and freshwater bivalves. Suchomimus coexisted with other theropods like the abelisaurid Kryptops palaios, the carcharodontosaurid Eocarcharia dinops, and an unknown noasaurid. Herbivorous dinosaurs of the region included iguanodontians like Ouranosaurus nigeriensis, Elrhazosaurus nigeriensis, Lurdusaurus arenatus, and two sauropods: Nigersaurus taqueti, and an unnamed titanosaur. Crocodylomorphs were abundant; represented by the giant pholidosaur species Sarcosuchus imperator, as well as small notosuchians like Anatosuchus minor, Araripesuchus wegeneri, and Stolokrosuchus lapparenti. 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Science. 345 (6204): 1613–1616. Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1613I. doi:10.1126/science.1258750. PMID 25213375. S2CID 34421257. Supplementary Information ^ Buffetaut, E.; Ouaja, M. (2002). "A new specimen of Spinosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Tunisia, with remarks on the evolutionary history of the Spinosauridae" (PDF). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 173 (5): 415–421. doi:10.2113/173.5.415. hdl:2042/216. S2CID 53519187. ^ Milner, A. C. (2003). "Fish-eating theropods: A short review of the systematics, biology and palaeobiogeography of spinosaurs". Actas de las II Jornadas Internacionales Sobre Paleontologýa de Dinosaurios y Su Entorno: 129–138. ^ Buffetaut, E. (2007). "The spinosaurid dinosaur Baryonyx (Saurischia, Theropoda) in the Early Cretaceous of Portugal" (PDF). Geological Magazine. 144 (6): 1021–1025. Bibcode:2007GeoM..144.1021B. doi:10.1017/S0016756807003883. S2CID 130212901. ^ Mateus, O.; Araújo, R.; Natário, C.; Castanhinha, R. (2011). "A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and taxonomic validity of Suchosaurus" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2827. 2827: 54–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2827.1.3. ^ Charig, A. J.; Milner, A. C. (1986). "Baryonyx, a remarkable new theropod dinosaur". Nature. 324 (6095): 359–361. Bibcode:1986Natur.324..359C. doi:10.1038/324359a0. PMID 3785404. S2CID 4343514. ^ Kitchener, Andrew (1987). "Function of Claws' claws". Nature. 325 (6100): 114. Bibcode:1987Natur.325..114K. doi:10.1038/325114a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4264665. ^ a b Hone, David William Elliott; Holtz, Thomas Richard (2017). "A Century of Spinosaurs – A Review and Revision of the Spinosauridae with Comments on Their Ecology". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 91 (3): 1120–1132. Bibcode:2017AcGlS..91.1120H. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.13328. ISSN 1000-9515. S2CID 90952478. ^ Therrien, F.; Henderson, D.; Ruff, C. (2005). "Bite me – biomechanical models of theropod mandibles and implications for feeding behavior". In Carpenter, K. (ed.). The Carnivorous Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press. pp. 179–230. ISBN 978-0-253-34539-4. ^ Fabbri, Matteo; Navalón, Guillermo; Benson, Roger B. J.; Pol, Diego; O'Connor, Jingmai; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Norell, Mark A.; Orkney, Andrew; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Zouhri, Samir; Becker, Justine; Emke, Amanda; Dal Sasso, Cristiano; Bindellini, Gabriele; Maganuco, Simone; Auditore, Marco; Ibrahim, Nizar (23 March 2022). "Subaqueous foraging among carnivorous dinosaurs". Nature. 603 (7903): 852–857. Bibcode:2022Natur.603..852F. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04528-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 35322229. S2CID 247630374. ^ "Spinosaurus had penguin-like bones, a sign of hunting underwater". Science. 23 March 2022. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. ^ Museum, Field (23 March 2022). "Dense bones allowed Spinosaurus to hunt underwater, study shows". phys.org. ^ Sereno, P. C.; Beck, A. L.; Dutheil, D. B.; Larsson, H. C.; Lyon, G. H.; Moussa, B.; Sadleir, R. W.; Sidor, C. A.; Varricchio, D. J.; Wilson, G. P.; Wilson, J. A. (1999). "Cretaceous sauropods from the Sahara and the uneven rate of skeletal evolution among dinosaurs" (PDF). Science. 286 (5443): 1342–1347. doi:10.1126/science.286.5443.1342. PMID 10558986. ^ a b c Sereno, P. C.; Brusatte, S. L. (2008). "Basal abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods from the Lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 53 (1): 15–46. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0102. hdl:20.500.11820/5d55ed2e-52f2-4e4a-9ca1-fd1732f2f964. ^ Sereno, P. C.; Wilson, J. A.; Witmer, L. M.; Whitlock, J. A.; Maga, A.; Ide, O.; Rowe, T. A. (2007). "Structural extremes in a Cretaceous dinosaur". PLOS ONE. 2 (11): e1230. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2.1230S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001230. PMC 2077925. PMID 18030355. ^ a b c Sereno, P. C.; Wilson, J. A.; Witmer, L. M.; Whitlock, J. A.; Maga, A.; Ide, O.; Rowe, T. A. (2007). "Structural extremes in a Cretaceous dinosaur". PLOS ONE. 2 (11): e1230. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2.1230S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001230. PMC 2077925. PMID 18030355.. ^ a b Sereno, Paul C.; Larson, Hans C. E.; Sidor, Christian A.; Gado, Boubé (2001). "The Giant Crocodyliform Sarcosuchus from the Cretaceous of Africa" (PDF). Science. 294 (5546): 1516–1519. Bibcode:2001Sci...294.1516S. doi:10.1126/science.1066521. PMID 11679634. S2CID 22956704. External links Wikispecies has information related to Suchomimus. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suchomimus. Paul Sereno – Project Exploration Suchomimus Fact Sheet, at Project Exploration. Photos of Suchomimus Skeleton in Niger, at Project Exploration. Video of mounted Suchomimus skeleton in Chicago at the Field Museum vteTheropoda Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Clade: Avemetatarsalia Clade: Dinosauria Avemetatarsalia see Avemetatarsalia Theropoda see below↓ TheropodaTheropoda Chindesaurus? Daemonosaurus? Eodromaeus? Erythrovenator Guaibasaurus? Nhandumirim? Tawa? Herrerasauria? Neotheropoda Dilophosaurus Dolichosuchus? Dracovenator Gojirasaurus Lepidus Liliensternus Lophostropheus Notatesseraeraptor Sarcosaurus Shuangbaisaurus Sinosaurus Tachiraptor Velocipes? Zupaysaurus Coelophysoidea Dracoraptor? Panguraptor Pendraig Podokesaurus Powellvenator Coelophysidae Camposaurus Coelophysis Lucianovenator Megapnosaurus? Panguraptor? Procompsognathus Pterospondylus? Segisaurus Averostra see below↓ Dubious neotheropods Teinurosaurus Halticosaurus AverostraAverostra Dornraptor Lophostropheus? Ceratosauria Berberosaurus Fosterovenator? Jubbulpuria Lukousaurus? Saltriovenator Ceratosauridae Ceratosaurus Genyodectes Abelisauroidea Betasuchus? Lametasaurus? Ornithomimoides? Ozraptor? Noasauridae Afromimus? Austrocheirus? Berthasaura Compsosuchus? Dahalokely? Deltadromeus? Genusaurus? Kiyacursor Ligabueino Spinostropheus Elaphrosaurinae Elaphrosaurus Huinculsaurus Limusaurus Noasaurinae Laevisuchus Masiakasaurus Noasaurus Velocisaurus Vespersaurus Abelisauridae Chenanisaurus Dryptosauroides? Eoabelisaurus Indosuchus Kryptops Kurupi Rugops Spectrovenator Tarascosaurus Tralkasaurus Xenotarsosaurus Majungasaurinae Arcovenator Dahalokely? Genusaurus Indosaurus Majungasaurus Rahiolisaurus? Rajasaurus Carnotaurinae Majungasaurinae? Brachyrostra Dahalokely? Ekrixinatosaurus Elemgasem Guemesia Ilokelesia Llukalkan Niebla Rahiolisaurus? Skorpiovenator Thanos Furileusauria Abelisaurus Aucasaurus Carnotaurus Elemgasem? Koleken Pycnonemosaurus Quilmesaurus Viavenator Tetanurae see below↓ TetanuraeTetanurae Calamospondylus? Chienkosaurus? Chilesaurus? Chuandongocoelurus Cruxicheiros? Cryolophosaurus Kaijiangosaurus Kayentavenator Monolophosaurus Pandoravenator Sinosaurus? Szechuanosaurus Vectaerovenator OrionidesMegalosauroidea Yunyangosaurus Piatnitzkysauridae Condorraptor Marshosaurus Piatnitzkysaurus Xuanhanosaurus? Megalosauria Streptospondylus? Megalosauridae Eustreptospondylus Megalosaurinae Duriavenator Megalosaurus Torvosaurus Wiehenvenator Afrovenatorinae Afrovenator Dubreuillosaurus Leshansaurus Magnosaurus Piveteausaurus Poekilopleuron? Spinosauridae Camarillasaurus? Cristatusaurus Iberospinus Ostafrikasaurus? Baryonychinae Baryonyx Protathlitis Riojavenatrix Suchosaurus? Vallibonavenatrix? Ceratosuchopsini Ceratosuchops Riparovenator Suchomimus Spinosaurinae Camarillasaurus? Ichthyovenator Irritator Oxalaia Siamosaurus Spinosaurini Sigilmassasaurus Spinosaurus Avetheropoda see below↓ AvetheropodaAvetheropoda Gasosaurus? Lourinhanosaurus? Carnosauria Altispinax Monolophosaurus? Megalosauridae? Spinosauridae? Allosauroidea Asfaltovenator Erectopus Xuanhanosaurus? Piatnitzkysauridae? Metriacanthosauridae Xuanhanosaurus? Yangchuanosaurus Metriacanthosaurinae Metriacanthosaurus Shidaisaurus Siamotyrannus Sinraptor AllosauriaAllosauridae Allosaurus Antrodemus? Epanterias? Saurophaganax? Carcharodontosauria Datanglong Lusovenator Siamraptor Siats? Ulughbegsaurus Veterupristisaurus Neovenatoridae Chilantaisaurus? Gualicho? Neovenator Siats? Megaraptora? Carcharodontosauridae Acrocanthosaurus Altispinax? Concavenator Eocarcharia Kelmayisaurus Lajasvenator Sauroniops Shaochilong Taurovenator Veterupristisaurus Carcharodontosaurinae Carcharodontosaurus Giganotosaurini Giganotosaurus Mapusaurus Meraxes Tyrannotitan Megaraptora? Aoniraptor Bahariasaurus? Deltadromeus? Fukuiraptor Phuwiangvenator Rapator Siats? Chilantaisaurus? Megaraptoridae Aerosteon Australovenator Maip Megaraptor Murusraptor Orkoraptor Tratayenia Coelurosauria see below↓ CoelurosauriaCoelurosauria Aratasaurus Asiamericana Bahariasaurus? Bicentenaria Chilantaisaurus? Gualicho? Richardoestesia Sciurumimus? Vayuraptor Xinjiangovenator Zuolong TyrannoraptoraTyrannosauroidea Chingkankousaurus Labocania? Coeluridae? Coelurus Tanycolagreus? Proceratosauridae Guanlong Kileskus Proceratosaurus Sinotyrannus Yutyrannus Pantyrannosauria Alectrosaurus Aviatyrannis Bagaraatan? Dilong Eotyrannus Jinbeisaurus Juratyrant Moros Santanaraptor Stokesosaurus Suskityrannus Timimus? Timurlengia Xiongguanlong Megaraptora? Eutyrannosauria Appalachiosaurus Bistahieversor Dryptosaurus TyrannosauridaeAlbertosaurinae Albertosaurus Gorgosaurus Tyrannosaurinae Nanuqsaurus Alioramini Alioramus Qianzhousaurus Daspletosaurini Daspletosaurus Thanatotheristes Teratophoneini Dynamoterror Lythronax Teratophoneus Tyrannosaurini Tarbosaurus Tyrannosaurus Zhuchengtyrannus Maniraptoromorpha see below↓ Dubious coelurosaurs Iliosuchus Kakuru Phaedrolosaurus Shanyangosaurus ManiraptoromorphaManiraptoromorpha Coelurus? Juravenator Ornitholestes Neocoelurosauria Aniksosaurus Compsognathidae Aniksosaurus? Aristosuchus Beipiaognathus? Compsognathus Huaxiagnathus Mirischia Scipionyx? Sinocalliopteryx Sinosauropteryx Xunmenglong Maniraptoriformes Compsognathidae? Ornithomimosauria Arkansaurus Aviatyrannis? Calamosaurus? Hexing Kinnareemimus Nedcolbertia Nqwebasaurus Thecocoelurus? Valdoraptor Macrocheiriformes Harpymimus Pelecanimimus Shenzhousaurus Deinocheiridae Beishanlong Deinocheirus Garudimimus Harpymimus? Paraxenisaurus? Tyrannomimus Ornithomimidae Aepyornithomimus Anserimimus Archaeornithomimus "Coelosaurus" Dromiceiomimus Gallimimus Ornithomimus Qiupalong Rativates Sinornithomimus Struthiomimus Tototlmimus Maniraptora see Maniraptora includes birds Taxon identifiersSuchomimus Wikidata: Q131202 Wikispecies: Suchomimus BioLib: 125807 EoL: 4531248 GBIF: 4822934 IRMNG: 1198742 Open Tree of Life: 4130095 Paleobiology Database: 53367 Portal: Dinosaurs
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"spinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosaur"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"north Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Aptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptian"},{"link_name":"Albian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albian"},{"link_name":"stages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Early Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_(geologic_time)"},{"link_name":"paleontologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologist"},{"link_name":"Paul Sereno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sereno"},{"link_name":"Elrhaz Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elrhaz_Formation"},{"link_name":"Ténéré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"theropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropoda"},{"link_name":"holotype specimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype_specimen"},{"link_name":"dorsal sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_spine_sail"},{"link_name":"neural spines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#neural_spines"},{"link_name":"vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#vertebrae"},{"link_name":"Baryonyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx"},{"link_name":"junior synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_synonym"},{"link_name":"Cristatusaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristatusaurus"},{"link_name":"taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon"},{"link_name":"fluvial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvial_processes"},{"link_name":"floodplains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"},{"link_name":"pterosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur"},{"link_name":"crocodylomorphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodylomorpha"},{"link_name":"bony fishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_fishes"},{"link_name":"testudines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines"},{"link_name":"bivalves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalvia"}],"text":"Suchomimus (meaning \"crocodile mimic\") is a genus of spinosaur dinosaur that lived between 125 and 112 million years ago in what is now Niger, north Africa, during the Aptian to early Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous period. It was named and described by paleontologist Paul Sereno and colleagues in 1998, based on a partial skeleton from the Elrhaz Formation. Suchomimus's long and shallow skull, similar to that of a crocodile, earns it its generic name, while the specific name Suchomimus tenerensis alludes to the locality of its first remains, the Ténéré Dese.Suchomimus was a relatively large theropod, reaching 9.5–11 metres (31–36 ft) in length and weighing 2.5–3.8 metric tons (2.8–4.2 short tons). However, the age of the holotype specimen is uncertain, so it is unclear whether this size estimate would have been its maximum. The narrow head of Suchomimus was perched on a short neck, and its forelimbs were powerfully built, bearing a giant claw on each thumb. Along the midline of the animal's back ran a low dorsal sail, built from the long neural spines of its vertebrae. Like other spinosaurids, it likely had a diet of fish, eels, rays and smaller prey animals.Some palaeontologists consider the genus to be an African species of the European spinosaurid Baryonyx, B. tenerensis. Suchomimus might also be a junior synonym of the contemporaneous spinosaurid Cristatusaurus lapparenti, although the latter taxon is based on much more fragmentary remains. Suchomimus lived in a fluvial environment of vast floodplains alongside many other dinosaurs, in addition to pterosaurs, crocodylomorphs, bony fishes, testudines, and bivalves.","title":"Suchomimus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gadoufaoua.png"},{"link_name":"Erlhaz Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlhaz_Formation"},{"link_name":"Gadoufaoua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elrhaz_Formation#Gadoufaoua"},{"link_name":"palaeontologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeontologist"},{"link_name":"Paul Sereno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sereno"},{"link_name":"Gadoufaoua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadoufaoua"},{"link_name":"Fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"theropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropoda"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Christian Sidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Sidor"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"Ténéré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"Tegama Beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tegama_Beds&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elrhaz Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elrhaz_Formation"},{"link_name":"neck ribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#cervical_ribs"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#dorsals"},{"link_name":"vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#vertebrae"},{"link_name":"dorsal ribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#ribs"},{"link_name":"gastralia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#gastralia"},{"link_name":"sacral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#sacrals"},{"link_name":"caudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#caudals"},{"link_name":"chevrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#chevrons"},{"link_name":"scapula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#scapula"},{"link_name":"coracoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#coracoid"},{"link_name":"pelvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#pelvis"},{"link_name":"spinal column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_column"},{"link_name":"articulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#articulation"},{"link_name":"erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"paratypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratype"},{"link_name":"snout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"quadrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#quadrate"},{"link_name":"dentaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#dentary"},{"link_name":"axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#axis"},{"link_name":"Musée National du Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_du_Niger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"},{"link_name":"furcula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furcula"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lipkin2007-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digital_skeletal_reconstructions_of_Suchomimus.png"},{"link_name":"junior synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_synonym"},{"link_name":"Cristatusaurus lapparenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristatusaurus_lapparenti"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-3"},{"link_name":"Baryonyx walkeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx_walkeri"},{"link_name":"Barremian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barremian"},{"link_name":"Alan Charig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Charig"},{"link_name":"Angela Milner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Milner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"dubious name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubious_name"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"},{"link_name":"Hans-Dieter Sues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dieter_Sues"},{"link_name":"Baryonyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Oliver Rauhut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Rauhut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rauhut03-6"},{"link_name":"conference abstract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_abstract"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hutt&newbery2004-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mateus2011-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AXRK12-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bensonetal2010-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hendrickx-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spinosaurtaxonomy-12"},{"link_name":"review paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_paper"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biogeography-13"},{"link_name":"Riparovenator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparovenator"},{"link_name":"Ceratosuchops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosuchops"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"}],"text":"Outcrops of the Erlhaz Formation, (Gadoufaoua in lower right)In 1997, American palaeontologist Paul Sereno and his team at Gadoufaoua discovered Fossils that represented about two-thirds of a large theropod dinosaur skeleton in Niger. The first find, a giant thumb claw, was made on 4 December 1997 by David Varricchio. In 1998, Sereno, Allison Beck, Didier Dutheil, Boubacar Gado, Hans Larsson, Gabrielle Lyon, Jonathan Marcot, Oliver Rauhut, Rudyard Sadleir, Christian Sidor, David Varricchio, Gregory Wilson and Jeffrey Wilson named and described the type species Suchomimus tenerensis. The generic name Suchomimus (\"crocodile mimic\") is derived from the Ancient Greek σοῦχος, souchos, \"crocodile\", and μῖμος, mimos, \"mimic\", after the shape of the animal's head. The specific name tenerensis is after the Ténéré Desert where the animal was found.[1]The holotype, MNN GDF500, was found in the Tegama Beds of the Elrhaz Formation. It consists of a partial skeleton lacking the skull. It contains three neck ribs, parts of fourteen dorsal (back) vertebrae, ten dorsal ribs, gastralia (or \"belly ribs\"), pieces of three sacral vertebrae, parts of twelve caudal (tail) vertebrae, chevrons (bones that form the underside of the tail), a scapula (shoulder blade), a coracoid, a partial forelimb, most of the pelvis (hip bone), and parts of a hindlimb. The spinal column was largely articulated, the remainder consisted of disarticulated bones. Parts of the skeleton had been exposed on the desert surface and had suffered erosion damage. Additionally, several specimens have been assigned as paratypes: MNN GDF 501 to 508 include a snout, a quadrate from the back of the skull, three dentaries (tooth-bearing bones of the lower jaw), an axis (second neck vertebra), a rear cervical vertebra, and a rear dorsal vertebra. MNN GDF 510 to MNN GDF 511 comprise two caudal vertebrae. All of the original Suchomimus fossils are housed in the palaeontological collection of the Musée National du Niger.[1] The initial description of Suchomimus was preliminary. In 2007, the furcula (wishbone)—found during an expedition in 2000—was described in detail.[2]Digital skeletal reconstructions of Suchomimus showing known bones based on the holotype (red), a partial skeleton (blue), and other referred specimens (yellow)S. tenerensis is potentially a junior synonym of another spinosaurid from the Elrhaz Formation, Cristatusaurus lapparenti, named the same year based on jaw fragments and vertebrae.[3] The skull elements were considered indistinguishable from those of Baryonyx walkeri from the Barremian of England by British paleontologists Alan Charig and Angela Milner.[4] In 1997 while describing S. tenerensis, Sereno and colleagues agreed with this assessment and concluded that Cristatusaurus was a dubious name.[1] In 2002, the German palaeontologist Hans-Dieter Sues and colleagues concluded that Suchomimus was identical to Cristatusaurus lapparenti, and despite Cristatusaurus having been named somewhat earlier than Suchomimus, proposed them to represent a second species of Baryonyx called Baryonyx tenerensis.[5] In a 2003 analysis, German paleontologist Oliver Rauhut concurred with this.[6] In a 2004 conference abstract, Hutt and Newberry supported the synonymy based on a large theropod vertebra from the Isle of Wight which they attributed to an animal closely related to Baryonyx and Suchomimus.[7] Later studies have kept Baryonyx and Suchomimus separate, whereas Cristatusaurus has been proposed to be either a nomen dubium or possibly distinct from both.[8][9][10][11][12] A 2017 review paper by the palaeontologist Carlos Roberto A. Candeiro and colleagues stated that this debate was more in the realm of semantics than science, as it is generally agreed that B. walkeri and S. tenerensis are distinct, related species.[13] Barker and colleagues found Suchomimus to be closer related to the British genera Riparovenator and Ceratosuchops than to Baryonyx in 2021.[14]","title":"Discovery and naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosauridae_Size_Diagram_by_PaleoGeek_-_Version_2.svg"},{"link_name":"spinosaurids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosaurid"},{"link_name":"type specimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specimen"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holtz2008-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-therrien2007-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charigmilner1997-19"}],"text":"Size comparison of various spinosaurids (Suchomimus in red, second from right) with a humanThe length of the type specimen of Suchomimus, with undetermined age, reached 9.5–11 metres (31–36 ft) in length and weighed 2.5–3.8 metric tons (2.8–4.2 short tons).[15][16][17] Therrein and Henderson proposed that a 10.3 metres (34 ft) long Suchomimus would have weighed more than 5.3 metric tons (5.8 short tons) based on their ratio between skull length and body length; however, they noted that they might have overestimated the size of spinosaurids (i.e. Suchomimus and Baryonyx).[18] The holotype of Suchomimus was considerably larger than that of Baryonyx, but the ages of the two individuals are not known.[1][19]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suchomimus_skullcast_aus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Australian Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Museum"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"crocodilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilian"},{"link_name":"premaxillae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#premaxillae"},{"link_name":"maxillae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#maxillae"},{"link_name":"external nares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#external_nares"},{"link_name":"serrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#serrations"},{"link_name":"enamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#enamel"},{"link_name":"rosette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette_(design)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suchomimus_tenerensis_theropod_dinosaur_(Elrhaz_Formation,_Lower_Cretaceous;_Gadoufaoua,_Tenere_Desert,_central_Niger,_northwest-central_Africa)_3_(15414778255).jpg"},{"link_name":"dentition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentition"},{"link_name":"secondary palate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_palate"},{"link_name":"pterygoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#pterygoid"},{"link_name":"palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#palatine"},{"link_name":"ectopterygoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#ectopterygoid"},{"link_name":"antorbital fenestrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antorbital_fenestra"},{"link_name":"Baryonyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx"},{"link_name":"foramen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#foramen"},{"link_name":"quadratojugal bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratojugal_bone"},{"link_name":"mandible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"},{"link_name":"torsional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"}],"sub_title":"Skull","text":"Suchomimus tenerensis skull reconstruction at the Australian Museum, Sydney.Unlike most giant theropod dinosaurs, Suchomimus had a very crocodilian-like skull, with a long, low snout and narrow jaws formed by a forward expansion of the premaxillae (frontmost snout bones) and the hind branch of the maxillae (main upper jaw bone). The premaxillae had an upward branch excluding the maxillae from the external nares (bony nostrils). The jaws had about 122 conical teeth, pointed but not very sharp and curving slightly backwards, with fine serrations and wrinkled enamel. The tip of the snout was enlarged sideways and carried a \"terminal rosette\" of longer teeth, seven per side in the premaxillae and about the same number in the corresponding part of the lower jaw. Further back, there were at least 22 teeth per upper jaw side in the maxilla, while the entire lower jaw side carried 32 teeth in the dentary bone.[1]Closeup of front of the snout and dentitionThe upper jaw had a prominent kink just behind the rosette, protruding downwards; this convexly curved part of the maxilla had the longest teeth of the entire skull. The internal bone shelves of the maxillae met each other in the midline of the skull over a long distance, forming a closed secondary palate that stiffened the snout, and setting off the internal nostrils and palatal complex (including the pterygoid, palatine and ectopterygoid) towards the back of the skull. The nostrils, unlike in most theropods, were retracted further back on the skull and behind the premaxillary teeth. The external nares were long, narrow and horizontally positioned; the same was true of the larger antorbital fenestrae, a pair of bony openings in front of the eyes. The rear of the skull is poorly known but for a short quadrate bone, which had broad condyles (round protrusions) away from the centre of attachment and—like in the spinosaurid Baryonyx—had a large foramen (opening) separating it from the quadratojugal bone. The lower jaws were greatly elongated and narrow, forming a rigid structure as their dentaries touched each other at the midline, reinforcing the mandible against torsional (bending and twisting) forces.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suchomimus_tenerensis_by_PaleoGeek.png"},{"link_name":"Life restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoart"},{"link_name":"epipophyses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipophyses"},{"link_name":"processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_spine_sail"},{"link_name":"Spinosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosaurus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suchomimus_arm_Museum_of_Anchient_Life.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museum of Ancient Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Life"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lipkin2007-2"},{"link_name":"acromion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#acromion"},{"link_name":"clavicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#clavicle"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#humerus"},{"link_name":"Megalosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalosaurus"},{"link_name":"Torvosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torvosaurus"},{"link_name":"condyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condyle_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#radius"},{"link_name":"ulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#ulna"},{"link_name":"olecranon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olecranon"},{"link_name":"Baryonyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx"},{"link_name":"digit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"metacarpal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#metacarpal"},{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"pelvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis"},{"link_name":"ilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#ilium"},{"link_name":"pubis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#pubis"},{"link_name":"ischium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#ischium"},{"link_name":"obturator flange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#obturator_flange"},{"link_name":"femur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#femur"},{"link_name":"lesser trochanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#lesser_trochanter"},{"link_name":"astragalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#astragalus"},{"link_name":"process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"Allosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allosaurus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"}],"sub_title":"Postcranial skeleton","text":"Life restorationThe neck was relatively short but well-muscled as shown by strong epipophyses (processes to which neck muscles attached). There were about sixteen dorsal vertebrae. Suchomimus had significantly extended neural spines—blade-shaped upward extensions on the vertebrae—which were elongated at the rear back. Those of the five sacral vertebrae were the longest. The elongation of these structures continued until the middle of the tail. The spines may have held up some kind of low crest or sail of skin that was highest over its hips, lower and extending further to the back than that of Spinosaurus, in which the sail reached its highest peak over the dorsal vertebrae. This condition was more reduced in Baryonyx.[1]Reconstructed forelimb and hand of Suchomimus, Museum of Ancient Life, UtahThe furcula was V-shaped and indicates a high and narrow trunk.[2] The scapula had a rectangular acromion, or attachment site for clavicle (collarbone). The humerus (upper arm bone) was very strongly built, only equaled in size among non-spinosaurid theropods by that of Megalosaurus and Torvosaurus, with robust upper corners. The humerus had a boss (bone overgrowth) above the condyle that contacted its hook-shaped radius (forearm bone). Accordingly, the ulna of the lower arm was well-developed with an enormous olecranon (upper process set-off from the shaft), an exceptional trait shared with Baryonyx. The heavy arm musculature powered sizable hand claws, that of the first digit (or \"thumb\") being the largest with a length of 19 centimetres (7.5 inches). Only the third metacarpal (long bone of the hand) is known; showing a robust morphology (form). In the pelvis, the ilium (main hip bone) was high. The pubis (pubic bone) had a front surface that was wider than the side surface, and its forward-facing lower end was flattened and rectangular, with a brief flange along the midline, in contrast to the expanded boot shape it had in other theropods. The ischium (lower and rearmost hip bone) bore a low obturator flange. The femur (thighbone) was straight and robust, with a length of 107 cm (42 in) in the holotype. Its lesser trochanter is markedly plate-like. In the ankle, the astragalus had an ascending process taller than that of Allosaurus.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suchomimus_and_Baryonyx.jpg"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Baryonyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx"},{"link_name":"autapomorphies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autapomorphies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"subfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamily"},{"link_name":"Baryonychinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonychinae"},{"link_name":"Barremian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barremian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charigmilner1997-19"},{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"},{"link_name":"Ceratosuchops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosuchops"},{"link_name":"Riparovenator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparovenator"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree"},{"link_name":"Megalosauroidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalosauroidea"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bensonetal2010-10"},{"link_name":"Megalosauroidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalosauroidea"},{"link_name":"Spinosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosauridae"},{"link_name":"Baryonyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baryonyx_walkeri_restoration.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suchomimus_tenerensis_by_PaleoGeek.png"},{"link_name":"Irritator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irritator_challengeri_by_PaleoGeek.png"},{"link_name":"Spinosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus_by_PaleoGeek.png"},{"link_name":"Megalosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalosauridae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_(Flipped).png"}],"text":"Skeletal diagram combining several specimens (above), compared with the closely related genus BaryonyxThe describers established some autapomorphies (unique derived traits) of Suchomimus to separate it from other theropods, including the expanded rear dorsal, sacral, and front caudal neural spines, the robust upper corners of the humerus, and the boss above the humerus' condyle that contacted its hook-shaped radius.[1] Sereno and colleagues referred Suchomimus to the Spinosauridae and named two subfamilies within this clade, Baryonychinae (all spinosaurids more closely related to Baryonyx) and Spinosaurinae (all spinosaurids closer to Spinosaurus). Suchomimus was a member of the subfamily Baryonychinae. Apart from its apparently taller sail, Suchomimus was very similar to the spinosaurid Baryonyx from the Barremian of England, and shared traits with it such as the reduced size and increased amount of teeth behind the snout tip in the mandible than spinosaurines, strong forelimbs, a huge sickle-curved claw on its \"thumb\", and strongly keeled front dorsal vertebrae. Spinosaurines are characterized by straight, unserrated and more widely spaced teeth, and the small size of their first premaxillary teeth. Sereno and colleagues pointed out that the more retracted nostrils in Irritator and the tall sail of Spinosaurus could also be unique traits of spinosaurines, though material from other taxa is needed to know for sure.[1] As with Suchomimus, the claw of Baryonyx had been the first discovered fossil of the animal.[1][19] Sereno and colleagues in 1998 analyzed the distribution of forty-five traits to produce a cladogram that showed Suchomimus and Baryonyx to be distinct but closely related.[1] Later, Barker and colleagues, in 2021, created a new tribe within Baryonychinae: Ceratosuchopsini, a clade that includes Ceratosuchops, Riparovenator and Suchomimus.[14]The following phylogenetic tree shows a 2009 analysis of the Megalosauroidea.[10]Megalosauroidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSpinosauridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBaryonyx \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSuchomimus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIrritator \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSpinosaurus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMegalosauridae","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosaurid_distribution_in_Europe_and_North_Africa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Barremian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barremian"},{"link_name":"Cenomanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenomanian"},{"link_name":"stages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_stage"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_period"},{"link_name":"Middle Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JurassicTeeth-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holtz1998-21"},{"link_name":"converged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution"},{"link_name":"Crocodilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilian"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ibrahim_et_al_2014-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holtz1998-21"},{"link_name":"megalosaurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalosaurid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suchomimus_Pair_Reconstruction.jpg"},{"link_name":"biogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography"},{"link_name":"vicariance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicariance"},{"link_name":"continental rifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_rifting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"},{"link_name":"supercontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercontinent"},{"link_name":"Pangea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea"},{"link_name":"Tethys Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_Sea"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"Laurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia"},{"link_name":"dispersal event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersal_event"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"land bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_bridge"},{"link_name":"radiated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milner_2003-24"},{"link_name":"palaeogeographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeogeographical"},{"link_name":"stepping stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_hopping"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buffetaut2007-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mateus_2011-26"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"}],"sub_title":"Evolution","text":"Distribution of spinosaurids in Europe and North Africa during the Cretaceous; 9 is SuchomimusSpinosaurids appear to have been widespread from the Barremian to the Cenomanian stages of the Cretaceous period, about 130 to 95 million years ago, while the oldest known spinosaurid remains date to the Middle Jurassic.[20] They shared features such as long, narrow, crocodile-like skulls; sub-circular teeth, with fine to no serrations; the terminal rosette of the snout; and a secondary palate that made them more resistant to torsion. In contrast, the primitive and typical condition for theropods was a tall, narrow snout with blade-like (ziphodont) teeth with serrated carinae.[21] The skull adaptations of spinosaurids converged with those of Crocodilians; early members of the latter group had skulls similar to typical theropods, later developing elongated snouts, conical teeth, and secondary palates. These adaptations may have been the result of a dietary change from terrestrial prey to fish. Unlike crocodiles, the post-cranial skeletons of baryonychine spinosaurids do not appear to have aquatic adaptations.[22][21] Sereno and colleagues proposed in 1998 that the large thumb-claw and robust forelimbs of spinosaurids evolved in the Middle Jurassic, before the elongation of the skull and other adaptations related to fish-eating, since the former features are shared with their megalosaurid relatives. They also suggested that the spinosaurines and baryonychines diverged before the Barremian age of the Early Cretaceous.[1]Pair of Suchomimus fishing in shallow waterSeveral hypotheses have been proposed about the biogeography of the spinosaurids. Since Suchomimus was more closely related to Baryonyx (from Europe) than to Spinosaurus—although that genus also lived in Africa—the distribution of spinosaurids cannot be explained as vicariance resulting from continental rifting.[1] Sereno and colleagues proposed that spinosaurids were initially distributed across the supercontinent Pangea, but split with the opening of the Tethys Sea. Spinosaurines would then have evolved in the south (Africa and South America: in Gondwana) and baryonychines in the north (Europe: in Laurasia), with Suchomimus the result of a single north-to-south dispersal event.[1] Buffetaut and the Tunisian palaeontologist Mohamed Ouaja also suggested in 2002 that baryonychines could be the ancestors of spinosaurines, which appear to have replaced the former in Africa.[23] Milner suggested in 2003 that spinosaurids originated in Laurasia during the Jurassic, and dispersed via the Iberian land bridge into Gondwana, where they radiated.[24] In 2007, Buffetaut pointed out that palaeogeographical studies had demonstrated that Iberia was near northern Africa during the Early Cretaceous, which he found to confirm Milner's idea that the Iberian region was a stepping stone between Europe and Africa, which is supported by the presence of baryonychines in Iberia. The direction of the dispersal between Europe and Africa is still unknown,[25] and subsequent discoveries of spinosaurid remains in Asia and possibly Australia indicate that it may have been complex.[26] The findings of Barker et al. (2021) are consistent with Milner's findings, where Spinosauridae arose in Europe and there were at least two migrations to Africa.[14]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suchomimuscroc.png"},{"link_name":"Denver Museum of Nature and Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science"},{"link_name":"piscivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscivorous"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charigmilner1997-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Holtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Holtz"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holtz1998-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sereno1998-1"},{"link_name":"gaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaffing"},{"link_name":"Grizzly bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly_bear"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charig_Milner_1986-27"},{"link_name":"scavenging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenging"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-29"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charigmilner1997-19"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-therrien2005-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Mounted skeletal reconstruction at the Denver Museum of Nature and ScienceCharig and Milner had proposed a piscivorous (fish-eating) diet for the closely related Baryonyx in 1986. This was later confirmed in 1997 with the discovery of partially digested fish scales found in the Baryonyx holotype.[19] In 1998 Sereno and colleagues suggested the same dietary preference for Suchomimus, based on its elongated jaws, spoon-shaped terminal rosette, and long teeth reminiscent of those of piscivorous crocodilians.[1] American palaeontologist Thomas Holtz noted that spinosaurid teeth were adapted for grasping rather than slicing, hence their reduced serrations, which in most other theropods were more prominent. Suchomimus's extensive secondary palate, which would have made the roof of the mouth more solid, allowed it to better resist twisting forces exerted by prey. The rest of Suchomimus's body was not particularly adapted to the water.[21] The discovery of Suchomimus revealed that spinosaurid skulls were significantly shallower, more elongated and narrow than previously thought.[1]The use of the robust forelimbs and giant claws of spinosaurs remains a debated topic. Charig and Milner speculated in 1986 that Baryonyx may have crouched by the riverbank and used its claws to gaff fish out of the water, similarly to Grizzly bears.[27] In 1987, British biologist Andrew Kitchener hypothesized a use in scavenging carcasses,[28] though this has been critiqued by other researchers who pointed out that in most cases, a carcass would have already been largely emptied out by its initial predators.[29][19] A 2005 study by Canadian paleontologist François Therrien and colleagues posited that spinosaur forelimbs were probably used for hunting larger prey items, given that their snouts could not resist the bending stress.[30] In a 2017 review of the family, David Hone and Holtz also considered possible functions in digging for water sources or hard to reach prey, as well as burrowing into soil to construct nests.[29]A 2022 study comparing the bone densities of Suchomimus, Baryonyx and Spinosaurus reveals that spinosaurids had ecologically disparate lifestyles. Suchomimus itself was more adapted to a life hunting in shallow water due to its hollow bones, while Baryonyx and Spinosaurus were capable of fully submerging underwater and diving after prey. Courtesy of denser bones, the latter two spinosaurids could hunt underwater for prey and occupy a more derived lifestyle than Suchomimus could.[31][32][33]","title":"Palaeobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erlhaz_Formation.jpg"},{"link_name":"sauropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropods"},{"link_name":"Nigersaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigersaurus"},{"link_name":"Tegama Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tegama_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fluvial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvial"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serenoetal1999-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ecology-35"},{"link_name":"sediments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediments"},{"link_name":"horizons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serenoetal20072-36"},{"link_name":"Aptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptian"},{"link_name":"Albian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albian"},{"link_name":"Early Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serenoetal2007-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sereno_2001-38"},{"link_name":"floodplains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serenoetal2007-37"},{"link_name":"pterosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur"},{"link_name":"hybodont sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybodont_sharks"},{"link_name":"bivalves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalvia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sereno_2001-38"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ecology-35"},{"link_name":"abelisaurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelisauridae"},{"link_name":"Kryptops palaios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptops_palaios"},{"link_name":"carcharodontosaurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcharodontosauridae"},{"link_name":"Eocarcharia dinops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocarcharia_dinops"},{"link_name":"noasaurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noasauridae"},{"link_name":"iguanodontians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanodontia"},{"link_name":"Ouranosaurus nigeriensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouranosaurus_nigeriensis"},{"link_name":"Elrhazosaurus nigeriensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elrhazosaurus_nigeriensis"},{"link_name":"Lurdusaurus arenatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurdusaurus_arenatus"},{"link_name":"sauropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda"},{"link_name":"Nigersaurus taqueti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigersaurus_taqueti"},{"link_name":"titanosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanosaur"},{"link_name":"Crocodylomorphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodylomorpha"},{"link_name":"pholidosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidosauridae"},{"link_name":"Sarcosuchus imperator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcosuchus_imperator"},{"link_name":"notosuchians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notosuchians"},{"link_name":"Anatosuchus minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatosuchus_minor"},{"link_name":"Araripesuchus wegeneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araripesuchus_wegeneri"},{"link_name":"Stolokrosuchus lapparenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolokrosuchus_lapparenti"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ecology-35"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferns"},{"link_name":"horsetails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsetails"},{"link_name":"angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms"},{"link_name":"diplodocoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplodocoids"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serenoetal2007-37"}],"text":"Restoration of Suchomimus and the sauropods Nigersaurus in the environment of the Elrhaz FormationThe Elrhaz Formation, part of the Tegama Group, consists mainly of fluvial sandstones with low relief, much of which is obscured by sand dunes.[34][35] The sediments are coarse- to medium-grained, with almost no fine-grained horizons.[36] Suchomimus lived in what is now Niger, during the late Aptian to early Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous, 112 million years ago.[37][38] The sediment layers of the formation have been interpreted as an inland habitat of extensive freshwater floodplains and fast-moving rivers, with a tropical climate that likely experienced seasonal dry periods.[37]This environment was home to a variety of fauna including dinosaurs, pterosaurs, turtles, fish, hybodont sharks, and freshwater bivalves.[38][35] Suchomimus coexisted with other theropods like the abelisaurid Kryptops palaios, the carcharodontosaurid Eocarcharia dinops, and an unknown noasaurid. Herbivorous dinosaurs of the region included iguanodontians like Ouranosaurus nigeriensis, Elrhazosaurus nigeriensis, Lurdusaurus arenatus, and two sauropods: Nigersaurus taqueti, and an unnamed titanosaur. Crocodylomorphs were abundant; represented by the giant pholidosaur species Sarcosuchus imperator, as well as small notosuchians like Anatosuchus minor, Araripesuchus wegeneri, and Stolokrosuchus lapparenti.[35] The local flora probably consisted mainly of ferns, horsetails, and angiosperms, based on the dietary adaptations of the large diplodocoids that lived there.[37]","title":"Palaeoecology"}]
[{"image_text":"Outcrops of the Erlhaz Formation, (Gadoufaoua in lower right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gadoufaoua.png/220px-Gadoufaoua.png"},{"image_text":"Digital skeletal reconstructions of Suchomimus showing known bones based on the holotype (red), a partial skeleton (blue), and other referred specimens (yellow)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Digital_skeletal_reconstructions_of_Suchomimus.png/220px-Digital_skeletal_reconstructions_of_Suchomimus.png"},{"image_text":"Size comparison of various spinosaurids (Suchomimus in red, second from right) with a human","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spinosauridae_Size_Diagram_by_PaleoGeek_-_Version_2.svg/290px-Spinosauridae_Size_Diagram_by_PaleoGeek_-_Version_2.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Suchomimus tenerensis skull reconstruction at the Australian Museum, Sydney.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Suchomimus_skullcast_aus.jpg/220px-Suchomimus_skullcast_aus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Closeup of front of the snout and dentition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Suchomimus_tenerensis_theropod_dinosaur_%28Elrhaz_Formation%2C_Lower_Cretaceous%3B_Gadoufaoua%2C_Tenere_Desert%2C_central_Niger%2C_northwest-central_Africa%29_3_%2815414778255%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Life restoration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Suchomimus_tenerensis_by_PaleoGeek.png/220px-Suchomimus_tenerensis_by_PaleoGeek.png"},{"image_text":"Reconstructed forelimb and hand of Suchomimus, Museum of Ancient Life, Utah","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Suchomimus_arm_Museum_of_Anchient_Life.jpg/220px-Suchomimus_arm_Museum_of_Anchient_Life.jpg"},{"image_text":"Skeletal diagram combining several specimens (above), compared with the closely related genus Baryonyx","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Suchomimus_and_Baryonyx.jpg/220px-Suchomimus_and_Baryonyx.jpg"},{"image_text":"Distribution of spinosaurids in Europe and North Africa during the Cretaceous; 9 is Suchomimus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Spinosaurid_distribution_in_Europe_and_North_Africa.jpg/220px-Spinosaurid_distribution_in_Europe_and_North_Africa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pair of Suchomimus fishing in shallow water","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Suchomimus_Pair_Reconstruction.jpg/250px-Suchomimus_Pair_Reconstruction.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mounted skeletal reconstruction at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Suchomimuscroc.png/220px-Suchomimuscroc.png"},{"image_text":"Restoration of Suchomimus and the sauropods Nigersaurus in the environment of the Elrhaz Formation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Erlhaz_Formation.jpg/220px-Erlhaz_Formation.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Sereno, P.C.; Beck, A.L.; Dutheil, D.B.; Gado, B.; Larsson, H.C.E.; Lyon, G.H.; Marcot, J.D.; Rauhut, O.W.M.; Sadleir, R.W.; Sidor, C.A.; Varricchio, D.D.; Wilson, G.P; Wilson, J.A. (1998). \"A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids\". Science. 282 (5392): 1298–1302. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.1298S. doi:10.1126/science.282.5392.1298. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Hantu
Pulau Hantu
["1 Etymology","2 Legend","3 Current","4 Coral Reef Surveys","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 1°13′34″N 103°43′00″E / 1.22611°N 103.71667°E / 1.22611; 103.71667Place in SingaporePulau HantuName transcription(s) • Chinese韩都岛/鬼岛 • Pinyinhándū dǎo/guǐ dǎo • MalayPulau Hantu • Tamilபேய் தீவுPulau HantuLocation of Pulau Hantu within SingaporeCoordinates: 1°13′34″N 103°43′00″E / 1.22611°N 103.71667°E / 1.22611; 103.71667CountrySingapore Pulau Hantu is located to the south of the main island of Singapore, off the Straits of Singapore. Pulau Hantu is actually made up of two islets: Pulau Hantu Besar (Big Ghost Island) and Pulau Hantu Kechil (Little Ghost Island), with a total area of 12.6 hectares. At low tide, it is possible to wade across the shallow lagoon between the two islands, but not at high tide. Etymology The name of Pulau Hantu literally means "Ghost Island" in Malay. It may refer to the "disappearing" moment of the middle part of the island during the high tide. During the low tide, Pulau Hantu can be seen as one island with two large bays on its northern and southern sides. However, during the high tide, the water level in both bays would rise and the mid-section of the island (which is geographically lower than the other areas) would disappear under the rising tide and thus result in two separate and smaller islands. A map dated back to 1945 showing Pulau Hantu, plus larger islands, straits and reefs nearby. Legend Pulau Hantu was where ancient Malay warriors once had fierce duels to the death and their ghosts are said to wander on the island. In particular, there were once two great warriors locked in a ferocious battle at sea. Many people died from their savage fighting and the blue seas surrounding the area slowly turned red and became polluted with human blood, upsetting the Jinns (or spirits, in Islamic culture) at the bottom of the ocean. In anger, one specially-powerful Jinn created a large whirlpool and it sucked the two warriors into the deep sea to drown them. Not deterred, they continued on with their battle. The Jinn then sprayed water on one of the men. The other warrior, seeing his opponent blinded by the water-spray and momentarily dazed, thrust his sword into his abdomen. At the same time, the blinded and wounded warrior managed to plunge his sword into the other man, with both collapsing and dying soon after. The God, however, felt that it was wrong for the sea-spirits to interfere in human affairs. Thus, the Jinn, being repentant, transformed the two warriors into islets so that their spirits can continue to live on them. As one of the warriors was smaller than the other, his islet was known as Pulau Hantu Kecil (Small Ghost Island), while the bigger one for the larger warrior was called Pulau Hantu Besar (Big Ghost Island). Current Despite its forbidding name, Pulau Hantu is a favourite haunt for fishing, scuba diving and snorkeling enthusiasts because of its sheltered beaches, swimming lagoons and inviting waters. The islands are also popular with campers and day-trippers who prefer a unique outdoor experience. Pulau Hantu has rich reefs despite its proximity to Pulau Bukom's refineries. A wide variety of corals can be found on Pulau Hantu, and mushroom corals are particularly abundant in the waters surrounding the islands. Common sea life that can also be found include the clown fish or anemonefish, damselfishes, wrasses and angelfish. The rare giant clam and the seahorse can sometimes be seen. There is a small patch of mangroves between Pulau Hantu Kecil and Pulau Hantu Besar, where native seashore plants also line their beaches. Visibility, like most of Singapore's waters, is chronic, ranging from as low as 0.1 m to more than 3m. It was reported in the 3 June 2006 edition of The Straits Times that a plan to create a "marine sanctuary" has been dropped due to opposition from conservationists. The plan, known as Project Noah, was to install mechanical filters at the two ends of the lagoon separating Pulau Hantu Kecil and Pulau Hantu Besar, to clear the waters of excess silt and pave the way for coral growth within the lagoon. Coral Reef Surveys The National Parks Board, National Biodiversity Centre, Blue Water Volunteers and volunteers from the public started a coral reef surveying programme in 2005 to monitor the status of hard corals, mobile invertebrates and reef fish at several locations around 5 southern islands, including Pulau Hantu. Internationally recognised techniques developed by Reef Check and the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network were adopted for this programme. References ^ "Initiatives". Archived from the original on July 16, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2010. External links Library resources about Pulau Hantu Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Pulau Hantu - A celebration of marine life A non-profit, environmental awareness initiative for Pulau Hantu, an island recognised by most divers as Singapore’s most popular Southern Island, known for its sheltered and biologically diverse reefs. Hantu Blogger's photostream Hantu Bloggers Info for visitors on wildsingapore Photos of Hantu's marine life on the intertidal from wildsingapore Blog posts about Hantu's marine life from various blogs compiled on the wildsingapore google reader Pulau Hantu Coral Reef Survey Data on Coral Reefs of Singapore Project NOAH sunk Satellite image of Pulau Hantu - Google Maps vteIslands of SingaporeNatural Pedra Branca Pulau Anak Bukom Pulau Bajau Pulau Berkas Pulau Biola (Violin Island) Pulau Brani Pulau Buaya Pulau Bukom / Pulau Bukum Pulau Bukom Kechil / Pulau Bukum Kechil Pulau Buloh Pulau Busing Pulau Damar Laut Pulau Damien Pulau Hantu (Ghost Island) Pulau Jong (Junk Island) Pulau Keppel Pulau Ketam Pulau Khatib Bongsu Pulau Malang Siajar Pulau Palawan Pulau Pawai Pulau Pergam Pulau Renggis Pulau Sakijang Bendera (St. John's Island) Pulau Sakijang Pelepah (Lazarus Island) Pulau Salu Pulau Samulun Pulau Sarimbun Pulau Satumu (One Tree Island) Pulau Sebarok (Middle Island) Pulau Seletar Pulau Semakau Pulau Senang (Barn Island) Pulau Sekudu (Frog Island) Pulau Selugu (Sarong Island) Pulau Serangoon (Coney Island) Pulau Seringat Pulau Seringat Kechil Pulau Subar Darat (Sisters' Islands) Pulau Subar Laut (Sisters' Islands) Pulau Sudong Pulau Tekong Pulau Tekukor Pulau Tembakul (Kusu Island / Peak Island) Pulau Ubin Pulau Ular Pulau Unum Sentosa Singapore Island (Pulau Ujong) Sultan Shoal Artificial Chinese Garden Coral Island Dragonfly Island Japanese Garden Jurong Island Kias Island Nibong Island Paradise Island Pearl Island Pulau Punggol Barat Pulau Punggol Timor Sandy Island Treasure Island Former Anak Pulau Berhala Reping Buran Darat Pulau Ayer Chawan Pulau Ayer Merbau Pulau Bakau Pulau Merlimau Pulau Mesemut Darat Pulau Mesemut Laut Pulau Meskol Pulau Pesek Pulau Pesek Kecil Pulau Saigon Pulau Sejahat Pulau Sejahat Kechil Pulau Sakra Pulau Sanyongkong Pulau Semechek Pulau Seraya Pulau Tekong Kechil Terumbu Retan Laut
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At low tide, it is possible to wade across the shallow lagoon between the two islands, but not at high tide.","title":"Pulau Hantu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Singapore_-_Pulau_Hantu_map_1945.jpg"}],"text":"The name of Pulau Hantu literally means \"Ghost Island\" in Malay.It may refer to the \"disappearing\" moment of the middle part of the island during the high tide. During the low tide, Pulau Hantu can be seen as one island with two large bays on its northern and southern sides. However, during the high tide, the water level in both bays would rise and the mid-section of the island (which is geographically lower than the other areas) would disappear under the rising tide and thus result in two separate and smaller islands.A map dated back to 1945 showing Pulau Hantu, plus larger islands, straits and reefs nearby.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jinns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinns"},{"link_name":"whirlpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool"}],"text":"Pulau Hantu was where ancient Malay warriors once had fierce duels to the death and their ghosts are said to wander on the island.In particular, there were once two great warriors locked in a ferocious battle at sea. Many people died from their savage fighting and the blue seas surrounding the area slowly turned red and became polluted with human blood, upsetting the Jinns (or spirits, in Islamic culture) at the bottom of the ocean. In anger, one specially-powerful Jinn created a large whirlpool and it sucked the two warriors into the deep sea to drown them. Not deterred, they continued on with their battle. The Jinn then sprayed water on one of the men. The other warrior, seeing his opponent blinded by the water-spray and momentarily dazed, thrust his sword into his abdomen. At the same time, the blinded and wounded warrior managed to plunge his sword into the other man, with both collapsing and dying soon after.The God, however, felt that it was wrong for the sea-spirits to interfere in human affairs. Thus, the Jinn, being repentant, transformed the two warriors into islets so that their spirits can continue to live on them. As one of the warriors was smaller than the other, his islet was known as Pulau Hantu Kecil (Small Ghost Island), while the bigger one for the larger warrior was called Pulau Hantu Besar (Big Ghost Island).","title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefs"},{"link_name":"Pulau Bukom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Bukom"},{"link_name":"corals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral"},{"link_name":"mushroom corals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_coral"},{"link_name":"clown fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clown_fish"},{"link_name":"anemonefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemonefish"},{"link_name":"giant clam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_clam"},{"link_name":"seahorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse"},{"link_name":"mangroves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangroves"},{"link_name":"The Straits Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times"},{"link_name":"marine sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_sanctuary"},{"link_name":"conservationists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservationists"}],"text":"Despite its forbidding name, Pulau Hantu is a favourite haunt for fishing, scuba diving and snorkeling enthusiasts because of its sheltered beaches, swimming lagoons and inviting waters. The islands are also popular with campers and day-trippers who prefer a unique outdoor experience.Pulau Hantu has rich reefs despite its proximity to Pulau Bukom's refineries. A wide variety of corals can be found on Pulau Hantu, and mushroom corals are particularly abundant in the waters surrounding the islands. Common sea life that can also be found include the clown fish or anemonefish, damselfishes, wrasses and angelfish. The rare giant clam and the seahorse can sometimes be seen. There is a small patch of mangroves between Pulau Hantu Kecil and Pulau Hantu Besar, where native seashore plants also line their beaches.Visibility, like most of Singapore's waters, is chronic, ranging from as low as 0.1 m to more than 3m.It was reported in the 3 June 2006 edition of The Straits Times that a plan to create a \"marine sanctuary\" has been dropped due to opposition from conservationists. The plan, known as Project Noah, was to install mechanical filters at the two ends of the lagoon separating Pulau Hantu Kecil and Pulau Hantu Besar, to clear the waters of excess silt and pave the way for coral growth within the lagoon.","title":"Current"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Parks Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_Board"},{"link_name":"National Biodiversity Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Centre_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The National Parks Board, National Biodiversity Centre, Blue Water Volunteers and volunteers from the public started a coral reef surveying programme in 2005 to monitor the status of hard corals, mobile invertebrates and reef fish at several locations around 5 southern islands, including Pulau Hantu.[1] Internationally recognised techniques developed by Reef Check and the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network were adopted for this programme.","title":"Coral Reef Surveys"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Hawaiian
Chinese immigration to Hawaii
["1 History","2 Religion","3 List of notable Chinese people from Hawaiʻi","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Ethnic group PākēTotal population198,711 (2010) LanguagesCantonese, English, Hawaiian, HakkaReligionRoman Catholicism, Protestantism Buddhism, Confucianism, TaoismRelated ethnic groupsHakka Americans, Cantonese people The Chinese in Hawaii constitute about 4.7% of the state's population, most of whom (75%) are Cantonese people with ancestors from Zhongshan in Guangdong. This number does not include people of mixed Chinese and Hawaiian descent. If all people with Chinese ancestry in Hawaii (including the Chinese-Hawaiians) are included, they form about 1/3 of Hawaii's entire population. As United States citizens, they are a group of Chinese Americans. A minority of this group have Hakka ancestry. History Historical records indicated that the earliest presence of Chinese in Hawaii dates back to the late 18th century: a few sailors in 1778 with Captain James Cook's journey, more in 1788 with John Meares, and some in 1789 with American trader Simon Metcalfe, who reached Maui from Macau. Visiting the Sandwich Islands in 1794, Captain George Vancouver reported seeing one Chinese resident. Chinese immigrant family living in Honolulu in 1893. Encouraged by King Kamehameha I, Hawaii exported sandalwood to China from 1792 to around 1843. As a result, Chinese people dubbed the Hawaiian Islands "Tan Heung Shan" (Chinese: 檀香山), roughly "Fragrant Sandalwood Hills" in Cantonese. Between 1852 and 1899, around 46,000 Chinese immigrated to Hawaii. In 1900, the Chinese population in Hawaii was 25,767. More of these migrants were from Fukien and spoke Fukienese rather than Cantonese. An American missionary observing Maui in 1856 found that the primarily Cantonese shopkeepers and Fukienese laborers communicated in the Hawaiian language. Although many came as laborers for sugar plantations in Hawaii, they concentrated on getting education for their children. When their contracts expired, many decided to remain in Hawaii and opened businesses in areas such as Chinatown. By 1950 most Chinese American men in Hawaii were educated and held good jobs. Today 95% of Chinese Americans in Hawaii live in Honolulu. A significant minority of early Chinese immigrants to Hawaii, and even fewer to the Continental US, were Hakka, and much of the animosity between the Hakka and Punti Cantonese people carried over. In the first half of the 1800s, around 30 percent of Chinese in Hawaii were of Hakka, while only about 3 percent in the West Coast were Hakka. The largest surge of immigration in that century occurred after an 1876 treaty between the US and Kingdom of Hawaii led to an increased need for labor. The majority of marriages between Chinese men and European women in Hawaii were between Cantonese men and Portuguese women. Portuguese and other European women married Chinese men. These unions between Cantonese men and Portuguese women resulted in children of mixed Cantonese-Portuguese parentage, called Cantonese-Portuguese. For two years to June 30, 1933, 38 of these children were born, they were classified as pure Chinese because their fathers were Chinese. A large amount of mingling took place between Chinese and European, Chinese men married Portuguese, Spanish, Hawaiian, Caucasian-Hawaiian, etc. Only one Chinese man was recorded marrying an American woman. Chinese men in Hawaii also married Puerto Rican, Portuguese, Japanese, Greek, and half-white women. There was a communal ban on intermarriages between the two groups for the first generation of migrants. In the middle of the 19th century, Hakka immigrants in America were excluded from membership in the Chinese organizations. Religion Prior to the arrival of Christian missionaries in Hawaii, the early Chinese settlers were adherents of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. Some even blended aspects of native Hawaiian beliefs into their own belief systems. Today, due to the work of Christian missionaries in the late 19th century and the 20th century, many of the Chinese in Hawaii are adherents of Protestant and Roman Catholic Christianity. Still, about 100 Buddhist and ancestral temples remain. The minority who adhere to traditional Chinese religions pay pilgrimage to their ancestors annually. However, no accurate statistics of adherents within the Chinese community in Hawaiʻi are available. List of notable Chinese people from Hawaiʻi Hapa-pake (Chinese-Hawaiian) boy, 1909 Chun Afong Daniel K. Akaka Joseph Apukai Akina Chang Apana Brian Ching Madison Chock Norm Chow William K.S. Chow Sam Choy Kam-Fong Chun Gordon Pai'ea Chung-Hoon Auliʻi Cravalho Hiram L. Fong Clayton Hee Don Ho Hoku Ho Kelly Hu Jason Scott Lee Richard Loo Tai Sing Loo Agnes Lum Carissa Moore William S. Richardson Logan Tom Hinaleimoana Wong-Kalu Khalil Fong See also China portalHawaii portalTaiwan portalUnited States portal Filipinos in Hawaii Japanese in Hawaii Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii Korean immigration to Hawaii Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico References ^ U.S. Census Bureau: QT-P8: Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010 ^ Nordyke & Lee 1989, pp. 196–197. ^ a b Nordyke & Lee 1989, p. 197. ^ Takaki 1998, p. 31. ^ Glick 1980, p. 2. ^ Glick 1980, p. 18. ^ Takaki 1998, p. 38. ^ Glick 1980, p. 8. ^ McDermott, John F.; Tseng, Wen-Shing; Maretzki, Thomas W. (1980). People and Cultures of Hawaii: A Psychocultural Profile. ISBN 9780824807061. ^ Carney Smith, Jessie (1983). Ethnic Genealogy: A Research Guide. ISBN 9780313225932. ^ Romanzo Adams (2005). Interracial Marriage in Hawaii. Kessinger Publishing. p. 396. ISBN 978-1-4179-9268-3. Retrieved 2010-07-14. ^ Margaret M. Schwertfeger (1982). "Interethnic Marriage and Divorce in Hawaii A Panel Study of 1968 First Marriages". Marriage & Family Review. 5. Kessinger Publishing: 49–59. doi:10.1300/J002v05n01_05. ^ 403 Forbidden ^ David Anthony Chiriboga, Linda S. Catron (1991). Divorce: crisis, challenge, or relief?. NYU Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-8147-1450-8. Retrieved 2010-07-14. ^ Gary A. Cretser, Joseph J. Leon (1982). Intermarriage in the United States, Volume 5. Psychology Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-917724-60-2. Retrieved 2010-07-14. ^ Romanzo Adams (2005). Interracial Marriage in Hawaii. Kessinger Publishing. p. 396. ISBN 978-1-4179-9268-3. Retrieved 2010-07-14. ^ United States Bureau of Education (1921). Bulletin, Issues 13-18. U.S. G.P.O. p. 27. Retrieved 2010-07-14. ^ United States. Office of Education (1920). Bulletin, Issue 16. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education. p. 27. Retrieved 2010-07-14. ^ American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology (1920). American journal of physical anthropology, Volume 3. A. R. Liss. p. 492. Retrieved 2010-07-14. ^ Gary A. Cretser, Joseph J. Leon (1982). Intermarriage in the United States, Volume 5. Routledge. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-917724-60-2. Retrieved 2010-07-14. ^ American Genetic Association (1919). The Journal of heredity, Volume 10. American Genetic Association. p. 42. Retrieved 2010-07-14. chinese marry portuguese. ^ American Genetic Association (1919). J hered, Volume 10. American Genetic Association. p. 42. Retrieved 2010-07-14. ^ Alfred Emanuel Smith (1905). New Outlook, Volume 81. Outlook Publishing Company, Inc. p. 988. Retrieved 2010-07-14. Intermarriages also took place between Chinese men and Porto Rican, Portuguese, Japanese, Greek women. ^ The Outlook, Volume 81. Outlook Co. 1905. p. 988. Retrieved 2010-07-14. ^ Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-century America, Paul R. Spickard ^ Kiang, Clyde. THE HAKKA ODYSSEY & THEIR TAIWAN HOMELAND. Further reading Char, Tin-Yuke (1975). The Sandalwood Mountains: Readings and Stories of the Early Chinese in Hawaii. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 978-0-8248-0305-6. OCLC 1091892. Char, Tin-Yuke (1980). Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of Kauai. Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center. OCLC 6831849. Char, Tin-Yuke; Char, Wai Jane (1983). Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of the Island of Hawaii. Honolulu: Published for the Hawaii Chinese History Center by University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0863-1. OCLC 255259005. Char, Wai-Jane (1974). "Chinese Merchant-Adventurers and Sugar Masters in Hawaii: 1802–1852: General Background" (PDF). The Hawaiian Journal of History. 8. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 3–10. hdl:10524/132. OCLC 60626541. Char, Wai J.; Char, Tin-Uke (1988). Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of Rural Oahu. Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center. ISBN 978-0-8248-1113-6. OCLC 17299656. Dye, Bob (1997). Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains: Afong and the Chinese in Hawaiʻi. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1772-5. Glick, Clarence E. (1980). Sojourners and Settlers: Chinese Migrants in Hawaii. Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center and University Press of Hawaii. doi:10.2307/2067711. hdl:10125/45047. ISBN 978-0-8248-0707-8. JSTOR 2067711. OCLC 6222806. S2CID 146280723. McKeown, Adam (2001). Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, and Hawaii 1900–1936. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-56024-3. OCLC 248159623. Nordyke, Eleanor C.; Lee, Richard K.C. (1989). "The Chinese in Hawai'i: A Historical and Demographic Perspective" (PDF). The Hawaiian Journal of History. 23: 196–216. Retrieved July 4, 2021. Takaki, Ronald (1998) . Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (2nd ed.). New York: Back Bay Books. ISBN 978-0-316-83130-7. OCLC 1074009567. Young, Nancy Foon (1973). The Chinese in Hawaii: An Annotated Bibliography (PDF). Hawaii Series No. 4. Honolulu: Social Science Research Institute, University of Hawaii. hdl:10125/42156. ISBN 978-0-8248-0265-3. OCLC 858604. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinese diaspora in Hawaii. Chinese of Hawaii (1929 directory, 2 volumes, full text online) Chinese Societies in Hawaii (2008–2009, 86 society descriptions, full text online) First Chinese Church of Hawaii List of Chinese-Hawaiian surnames Miss Chinatown Hawaii vteChinese American topicsRelated groups Chinese Americans American-born Chinese Asian American Fuzhou Americans Hakka Americans Hoklo Americans Hong Kong Americans Hyphenated American History Chinese American history U.S. immigration policy toward the People's Republic of China One Hundred Years: History of the Chinese in America by location California Los Angeles San Francisco Colorado Hawaii Illinois (Chicago) Massachusetts (Boston) Michigan (Detroit) Mississippi (Mississippi Delta) Missouri (St. Louis) New York (New York City) Puerto Rico Texas Dallas-Fort Worth Houston Washington State (Seattle) Anti-Chinese discriminationLegislation Anti-Chinese legislation Anti-Coolie Act Chinese Exclusion Act Geary Act Immigration Act of 1924 Cable Act Magnuson Act Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 China Initiative Events 1867 Chinese Labor Strike Chinese massacre of 1871 San Francisco riot of 1877 Tape v. 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Wong Kim Ark (1898) Pacific Coast race riots of 1907 Bellingham riots (1907) Killing of Vincent Chin (1982) Killing of Akai Gurley (2016) Chinatowns Atlanta Austin Baltimore Boise Boston Quincy Chicago West Argyle Street Cleveland Asiatown Dallas-Fort Worth Richardson Denver Detroit Honolulu Houston East Downtown Las Vegas Locke, California Los Angeles San Gabriel Valley Florida North Miami Beach Montville, Connecticut New Jersey Edison Newark New Orleans New York City Manhattan Brooklyn Queens Oklahoma City Philadelphia Phoenix Pittsburgh Squirrel Hill Portland, Maine Portland, Oregon Providence, Rhode Island Salem, Oregon St. Louis Salt Lake City San Diego San Francisco Bay San Francisco Chinatown Oakland Richmond District Sunset District San Jose Seattle-Tacoma Seattle Tacoma Spokane, Washington Washington, D.C. Rockville, Maryland Winnemucca, Nevada Culture Food American Chinese cuisine Film American Chinese films Terminology Chinaman's chance Jook-sing Events Love boat Education Chinese school Confucius Institute Transportation Chinatown bus lines Museums Museum of Chinese in America Chinese American Museum (Los Angeles) Chinese American Museum DC Chinese Historical Society of America Kam Wah Chung & Co. Museum Wing Luke Museum Wo Hing Museum Organizations List of Chinese American associations Chinese American Citizens Alliance Chinese American church Chinese Community Centre Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association Chinese Historical Society of Southern California Chinese Society Halls on Maui Ying On Association Chinese Staff and Workers' Association Chinese for Affirmative Action Committee of 100 Organization of Chinese Americans Bing Kong Tong Hip Sing Association Banks Cathay Bank United International Bank Global Commerce Bank East West Bank Others Lists List of Chinese Americans List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations vteEthnic groups in HawaiiAfrica African Americas Puerto Rican Mexicans Asia Asian Chinese Filipino Japanese Korean Taiwan Europe Haole White and European British French German Greek Italian Portuguese Spanish Oceania Hawaiian Marshallese Samoan Tahitian Tongan vteOverseas ChineseAfricaNorth Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco West Cape Verde Ghana Mali Nigeria Senegal East Ethiopia Kenya Tanzania Uganda Central Cameroon Democratic Republic of Congo Republic of Congo Southern Angola Botswana Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Réunion1 Seychelles South Africa Johannesburg Zambia Zimbabwe AmericasCaribbean Belize Cuba Dominican Republic Guyana Haiti Jamaica Puerto Rico Suriname Trinidad and Tobago North Canada from Hong Kong from Taiwan British Columbia (Vancouver) Toronto Mexico United States from Hong Kong from Taiwan by city and state Central Costa Rica Nicaragua Panama South Argentina Brazil Chile Guyana Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela AsiaCentral Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan East Japan Korea Mongolia Southeast Brunei Cambodia Hokkien East Timor Indonesia Benteng Chinese Peranakan Chinese Bangka-Belitung Laos Malaysia Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese Sino-Native Myanmar Kokang Panthay Pashu Philippines Sangley Singapore Chinese nationals Straits-Born Chinese Thailand Chin Haw Phuket Baba Vietnam Minh Hương Ngái Nùng San Diu South Bangladesh India Pakistan Sri Lanka West Iran Israel Turkey United Arab Emirates EuropeNorthern Denmark Finland Sweden Western Belgium France Paris Germany Hungary Ireland Netherlands United Kingdom from Hong Kong London Southern Italy Portugal Spain Eastern Bulgaria Czech Republic Romania Russia Serbia Turkey Oceania Australia (from Hong Kong) Fiji Hawaii Palau New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga 1 An overseas department of France in the western Indian Ocean. See also: Hong Kong Diaspora
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cantonese people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_people"},{"link_name":"Zhongshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongshan"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Hawaiians"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chinese Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americans"},{"link_name":"Hakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_people"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe Chinese in Hawaii constitute about 4.7% of the state's population, most of whom (75%) are Cantonese people with ancestors from Zhongshan in Guangdong. This number does not include people of mixed Chinese and Hawaiian descent. If all people with Chinese ancestry in Hawaii (including the Chinese-Hawaiians) are included, they form about 1/3 of Hawaii's entire population. As United States citizens, they are a group of Chinese Americans. A minority of this group have Hakka ancestry.","title":"Chinese immigration to Hawaii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook"},{"link_name":"John Meares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Meares"},{"link_name":"Simon Metcalfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Metcalfe"},{"link_name":"Maui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordykeLee1989196%E2%80%93197-2"},{"link_name":"Sandwich Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich_Islands"},{"link_name":"George Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordykeLee1989197-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_Family_in_Hawaii_1893.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_I"},{"link_name":"sandalwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalwood"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordykeLee1989197-3"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"檀香山","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AA%80%E9%A6%99%E5%B1%B1"},{"link_name":"Sandalwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalwood"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakaki199831-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlick19802-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlick198018-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakaki199838-7"},{"link_name":"Fukien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian"},{"link_name":"Fukienese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlick19808-8"},{"link_name":"sugar plantations in Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Continental US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_US"},{"link_name":"Punti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punti"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Historical records indicated that the earliest presence of Chinese in Hawaii dates back to the late 18th century: a few sailors in 1778 with Captain James Cook's journey, more in 1788 with John Meares, and some in 1789 with American trader Simon Metcalfe, who reached Maui from Macau.[2] Visiting the Sandwich Islands in 1794, Captain George Vancouver reported seeing one Chinese resident.[3]Chinese immigrant family living in Honolulu in 1893.Encouraged by King Kamehameha I, Hawaii exported sandalwood to China from 1792 to around 1843.[3] As a result, Chinese people dubbed the Hawaiian Islands \"Tan Heung Shan\" (Chinese: 檀香山), roughly \"Fragrant Sandalwood Hills\" in Cantonese.[4][5] Between 1852 and 1899, around 46,000 Chinese immigrated to Hawaii.[6] In 1900, the Chinese population in Hawaii was 25,767.[7] More of these migrants were from Fukien and spoke Fukienese rather than Cantonese. An American missionary observing Maui in 1856 found that the primarily Cantonese shopkeepers and Fukienese laborers communicated in the Hawaiian language.[8]Although many came as laborers for sugar plantations in Hawaii, they concentrated on getting education for their children. When their contracts expired, many decided to remain in Hawaii and opened businesses in areas such as Chinatown. By 1950 most Chinese American men in Hawaii were educated and held good jobs. Today 95% of Chinese Americans in Hawaii live in Honolulu.A significant minority of early Chinese immigrants to Hawaii, and even fewer to the Continental US, were Hakka, and much of the animosity between the Hakka and Punti Cantonese people carried over.[9] In the first half of the 1800s, around 30 percent of Chinese in Hawaii were of Hakka, while only about 3 percent in the West Coast were Hakka.[10] The largest surge of immigration in that century occurred after an 1876 treaty between the US and Kingdom of Hawaii led to an increased need for labor.The majority of marriages between Chinese men and European women in Hawaii were between Cantonese men and Portuguese women.[11][12][13] Portuguese and other European women married Chinese men.[14][15] These unions between Cantonese men and Portuguese women resulted in children of mixed Cantonese-Portuguese parentage, called Cantonese-Portuguese. For two years to June 30, 1933, 38 of these children were born, they were classified as pure Chinese because their fathers were Chinese.[16] A large amount of mingling took place between Chinese and European, Chinese men married Portuguese, Spanish, Hawaiian, Caucasian-Hawaiian, etc.[17][18][19][20] Only one Chinese man was recorded marrying an American woman.[21][22] Chinese men in Hawaii also married Puerto Rican, Portuguese, Japanese, Greek, and half-white women.[23][24] There was a communal ban on intermarriages between the two groups for the first generation of migrants.[25] In the middle of the 19th century, Hakka immigrants in America were excluded from membership in the Chinese organizations.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian missionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Missionaries_to_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Taoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"Confucianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"}],"text":"Prior to the arrival of Christian missionaries in Hawaii, the early Chinese settlers were adherents of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. Some even blended aspects of native Hawaiian beliefs into their own belief systems.Today, due to the work of Christian missionaries in the late 19th century and the 20th century, many of the Chinese in Hawaii are adherents of Protestant and Roman Catholic Christianity. Still, about 100 Buddhist and ancestral temples remain. The minority who adhere to traditional Chinese religions pay pilgrimage to their ancestors annually. However, no accurate statistics of adherents within the Chinese community in Hawaiʻi are available.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Chinese-Hawaiian_boy,_titled_%27The_Fisher_Boy%27_(front_view)_1909.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chun Afong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chun_Afong"},{"link_name":"Daniel K. Akaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_K._Akaka"},{"link_name":"Joseph Apukai Akina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Apukai_Akina"},{"link_name":"Chang Apana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Apana"},{"link_name":"Brian Ching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Ching"},{"link_name":"Madison Chock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Chock"},{"link_name":"Norm Chow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Chow"},{"link_name":"William K.S. Chow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_K.S._Chow"},{"link_name":"Sam Choy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Choy"},{"link_name":"Kam-Fong Chun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam-Fong_Chun"},{"link_name":"Gordon Pai'ea Chung-Hoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Pai%27ea_Chung-Hoon"},{"link_name":"Auliʻi Cravalho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auli%CA%BBi_Cravalho"},{"link_name":"Hiram L. Fong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_L._Fong"},{"link_name":"Clayton Hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Hee"},{"link_name":"Don Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Ho"},{"link_name":"Hoku Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoku_Ho"},{"link_name":"Kelly Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Hu"},{"link_name":"Jason Scott Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Scott_Lee"},{"link_name":"Richard Loo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Loo"},{"link_name":"Tai Sing Loo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Sing_Loo"},{"link_name":"Agnes Lum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Lum"},{"link_name":"Carissa Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carissa_Moore"},{"link_name":"William S. Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Richardson"},{"link_name":"Logan Tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Tom"},{"link_name":"Hinaleimoana Wong-Kalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinaleimoana_Wong-Kalu"},{"link_name":"Khalil Fong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_Fong"}],"text":"Hapa-pake (Chinese-Hawaiian) boy, 1909Chun Afong\nDaniel K. Akaka\nJoseph Apukai Akina\nChang Apana\nBrian Ching\nMadison Chock\nNorm Chow\nWilliam K.S. Chow\nSam Choy\nKam-Fong Chun\nGordon Pai'ea Chung-Hoon\nAuliʻi Cravalho\nHiram L. Fong\nClayton Hee\nDon Ho\nHoku Ho\nKelly Hu\nJason Scott Lee\nRichard Loo\nTai Sing Loo\nAgnes Lum\nCarissa Moore\nWilliam S. Richardson\nLogan Tom\nHinaleimoana Wong-Kalu\nKhalil Fong","title":"List of notable Chinese people from Hawaiʻi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Char, Tin-Yuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin-Yuke_Char"},{"link_name":"The Sandalwood Mountains: Readings and Stories of the Early Chinese in Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HBVzAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8248-0305-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0305-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1091892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1091892"},{"link_name":"Char, Tin-Yuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin-Yuke_Char"},{"link_name":"Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of Kauai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=u2LxAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6831849","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/6831849"},{"link_name":"Char, Tin-Yuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin-Yuke_Char"},{"link_name":"Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of the Island of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ERZzAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8248-0863-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0863-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"255259005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/255259005"},{"link_name":"\"Chinese Merchant-Adventurers and Sugar Masters in Hawaii: 1802–1852: General Background\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/132/1/JL08005.pdf"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10524/132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10524%2F132"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"60626541","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/60626541"},{"link_name":"Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of Rural Oahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FaUvAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8248-1113-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1113-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17299656","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/17299656"},{"link_name":"Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains: Afong and the Chinese in Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NETf7njQoocC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8248-1772-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1772-5"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2067711","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2067711"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10125/45047","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10125%2F45047"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8248-0707-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0707-8"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2067711","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2067711"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6222806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/6222806"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"146280723","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146280723"},{"link_name":"Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, and Hawaii 1900–1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dlEjyFHGt84C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-226-56024-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56024-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"248159623","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/248159623"},{"link_name":"\"The Chinese in Hawai'i: A Historical and Demographic Perspective\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5014586.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-316-83130-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-83130-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1074009567","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1074009567"},{"link_name":"The Chinese in Hawaii: An Annotated Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/42156/1/The%20Chinese%20in%20Hawaii.pdf"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10125/42156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10125%2F42156"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8248-0265-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0265-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"858604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/858604"}],"text":"Char, Tin-Yuke (1975). The Sandalwood Mountains: Readings and Stories of the Early Chinese in Hawaii. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 978-0-8248-0305-6. OCLC 1091892.\nChar, Tin-Yuke (1980). Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of Kauai. Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center. OCLC 6831849.\nChar, Tin-Yuke; Char, Wai Jane (1983). Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of the Island of Hawaii. Honolulu: Published for the Hawaii Chinese History Center by University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0863-1. OCLC 255259005.\nChar, Wai-Jane (1974). \"Chinese Merchant-Adventurers and Sugar Masters in Hawaii: 1802–1852: General Background\" (PDF). The Hawaiian Journal of History. 8. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 3–10. hdl:10524/132. OCLC 60626541.\nChar, Wai J.; Char, Tin-Uke (1988). Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of Rural Oahu. Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center. ISBN 978-0-8248-1113-6. OCLC 17299656.\nDye, Bob (1997). Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains: Afong and the Chinese in Hawaiʻi. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1772-5.\nGlick, Clarence E. (1980). Sojourners and Settlers: Chinese Migrants in Hawaii. Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center and University Press of Hawaii. doi:10.2307/2067711. hdl:10125/45047. ISBN 978-0-8248-0707-8. JSTOR 2067711. OCLC 6222806. S2CID 146280723.\nMcKeown, Adam (2001). Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, and Hawaii 1900–1936. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-56024-3. OCLC 248159623.\nNordyke, Eleanor C.; Lee, Richard K.C. (1989). \"The Chinese in Hawai'i: A Historical and Demographic Perspective\" (PDF). The Hawaiian Journal of History. 23: 196–216. Retrieved July 4, 2021.\nTakaki, Ronald (1998) [1989]. Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (2nd ed.). New York: Back Bay Books. ISBN 978-0-316-83130-7. OCLC 1074009567.\nYoung, Nancy Foon (1973). The Chinese in Hawaii: An Annotated Bibliography (PDF). Hawaii Series No. 4. Honolulu: Social Science Research Institute, University of Hawaii. hdl:10125/42156. ISBN 978-0-8248-0265-3. OCLC 858604.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Chinese immigrant family living in Honolulu in 1893.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chinese_Family_in_Hawaii_1893.jpg/220px-Chinese_Family_in_Hawaii_1893.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hapa-pake (Chinese-Hawaiian) boy, 1909","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Portrait_of_Chinese-Hawaiian_boy%2C_titled_%27The_Fisher_Boy%27_%28front_view%29_1909.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Chinese-Hawaiian_boy%2C_titled_%27The_Fisher_Boy%27_%28front_view%29_1909.jpg"}]
[{"title":"China portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China"},{"title":"Hawaii portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hawaii"},{"title":"Taiwan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Taiwan"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Filipinos in Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos_in_Hawaii"},{"title":"Japanese in Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii"},{"title":"Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_immigration_to_Hawaii"},{"title":"Korean immigration to Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_immigration_to_Hawaii"},{"title":"Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico"}]
[{"reference":"McDermott, John F.; Tseng, Wen-Shing; Maretzki, Thomas W. (1980). People and Cultures of Hawaii: A Psychocultural Profile. ISBN 9780824807061.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/peopleculturesof00john","url_text":"People and Cultures of Hawaii: A Psychocultural Profile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824807061","url_text":"9780824807061"}]},{"reference":"Carney Smith, Jessie (1983). Ethnic Genealogy: A Research Guide. ISBN 9780313225932.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ethnicgenealogyr00smit","url_text":"Ethnic Genealogy: A Research Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313225932","url_text":"9780313225932"}]},{"reference":"Romanzo Adams (2005). Interracial Marriage in Hawaii. Kessinger Publishing. p. 396. ISBN 978-1-4179-9268-3. Retrieved 2010-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GrvXiBNOsO0C&q=portuguese%20women%20marry%20chinese&pg=PA154","url_text":"Interracial Marriage in Hawaii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-9268-3","url_text":"978-1-4179-9268-3"}]},{"reference":"Margaret M. Schwertfeger (1982). \"Interethnic Marriage and Divorce in Hawaii A Panel Study of 1968 First Marriages\". Marriage & Family Review. 5. Kessinger Publishing: 49–59. doi:10.1300/J002v05n01_05.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ002v05n01_05","url_text":"10.1300/J002v05n01_05"}]},{"reference":"David Anthony Chiriboga, Linda S. Catron (1991). Divorce: crisis, challenge, or relief?. NYU Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-8147-1450-8. Retrieved 2010-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_j2lXoxMIiAC&q=pattern+and+Portuguese+women+marrying+Chinese+males&pg=PA254","url_text":"Divorce: crisis, challenge, or relief?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1450-8","url_text":"978-0-8147-1450-8"}]},{"reference":"Gary A. Cretser, Joseph J. Leon (1982). Intermarriage in the United States, Volume 5. Psychology Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-917724-60-2. Retrieved 2010-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AUL3iXlwKQgC&q=and+Portuguese+women+marrying+Chinese+males+pattern&pg=PA58","url_text":"Intermarriage in the United States, Volume 5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-917724-60-2","url_text":"978-0-917724-60-2"}]},{"reference":"Romanzo Adams (2005). Interracial Marriage in Hawaii. Kessinger Publishing. p. 396. ISBN 978-1-4179-9268-3. Retrieved 2010-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GrvXiBNOsO0C&q=38%20children%20portuguese%20chinese%20parentage&pg=PA32","url_text":"Interracial Marriage in Hawaii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-9268-3","url_text":"978-1-4179-9268-3"}]},{"reference":"United States Bureau of Education (1921). Bulletin, Issues 13-18. U.S. G.P.O. p. 27. Retrieved 2010-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hzoXAAAAYAAJ&q=portuguese%20women%20marry%20chinese&pg=RA2-PA27","url_text":"Bulletin, Issues 13-18"}]},{"reference":"United States. Office of Education (1920). Bulletin, Issue 16. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education. p. 27. Retrieved 2010-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0hSmD_8bhpwC&q=portuguese%20women%20marry%20chinese&pg=PA27","url_text":"Bulletin, Issue 16"}]},{"reference":"American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology (1920). American journal of physical anthropology, Volume 3. A. R. Liss. p. 492. Retrieved 2010-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dewAAAAAYAAJ&q=portuguese%20women%20marry%20chinese&pg=PA492","url_text":"American journal of physical anthropology, Volume 3"}]},{"reference":"Gary A. Cretser, Joseph J. Leon (1982). Intermarriage in the United States, Volume 5. Routledge. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-917724-60-2. Retrieved 2010-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AUL3iXlwKQgC&q=portuguese%20women%20marry%20chinese&pg=PA53","url_text":"Intermarriage in the United States, Volume 5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-917724-60-2","url_text":"978-0-917724-60-2"}]},{"reference":"American Genetic Association (1919). The Journal of heredity, Volume 10. American Genetic Association. p. 42. Retrieved 2010-07-14. chinese marry portuguese.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/journalheredity10assogoog","url_text":"The Journal of heredity, Volume 10"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/journalheredity10assogoog/page/n52","url_text":"42"}]},{"reference":"American Genetic Association (1919). J hered, Volume 10. American Genetic Association. p. 42. Retrieved 2010-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf_zAAAAMAAJ&q=chinese%20marry%20portuguese&pg=PA42","url_text":"J hered, Volume 10"}]},{"reference":"Alfred Emanuel Smith (1905). New Outlook, Volume 81. Outlook Publishing Company, Inc. p. 988. Retrieved 2010-07-14. Intermarriages also took place between Chinese men and Porto Rican, Portuguese, Japanese, Greek women.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newoutlookvolum08smitgoog","url_text":"New Outlook, Volume 81"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newoutlookvolum08smitgoog/page/n1106","url_text":"988"}]},{"reference":"The Outlook, Volume 81. Outlook Co. 1905. p. 988. Retrieved 2010-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=57_QAAAAMAAJ&q=Intermarriages+also+took+place+between+Chinese+men+and+Porto+Rican,+Portuguese,+Japanese,+Greek+women","url_text":"The Outlook, Volume 81"}]},{"reference":"Kiang, Clyde. THE HAKKA ODYSSEY & THEIR TAIWAN HOMELAND.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Char, Tin-Yuke (1975). The Sandalwood Mountains: Readings and Stories of the Early Chinese in Hawaii. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 978-0-8248-0305-6. OCLC 1091892.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin-Yuke_Char","url_text":"Char, Tin-Yuke"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HBVzAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Sandalwood Mountains: Readings and Stories of the Early Chinese in Hawaii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0305-6","url_text":"978-0-8248-0305-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1091892","url_text":"1091892"}]},{"reference":"Char, Tin-Yuke (1980). Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of Kauai. Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center. OCLC 6831849.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin-Yuke_Char","url_text":"Char, Tin-Yuke"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u2LxAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of Kauai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6831849","url_text":"6831849"}]},{"reference":"Char, Tin-Yuke; Char, Wai Jane (1983). Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of the Island of Hawaii. Honolulu: Published for the Hawaii Chinese History Center by University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0863-1. OCLC 255259005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin-Yuke_Char","url_text":"Char, Tin-Yuke"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ERZzAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of the Island of Hawaii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0863-1","url_text":"978-0-8248-0863-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255259005","url_text":"255259005"}]},{"reference":"Char, Wai-Jane (1974). \"Chinese Merchant-Adventurers and Sugar Masters in Hawaii: 1802–1852: General Background\" (PDF). The Hawaiian Journal of History. 8. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 3–10. hdl:10524/132. OCLC 60626541.","urls":[{"url":"https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/132/1/JL08005.pdf","url_text":"\"Chinese Merchant-Adventurers and Sugar Masters in Hawaii: 1802–1852: General Background\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F132","url_text":"10524/132"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60626541","url_text":"60626541"}]},{"reference":"Char, Wai J.; Char, Tin-Uke (1988). Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of Rural Oahu. Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center. ISBN 978-0-8248-1113-6. OCLC 17299656.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FaUvAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of Rural Oahu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1113-6","url_text":"978-0-8248-1113-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17299656","url_text":"17299656"}]},{"reference":"Dye, Bob (1997). Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains: Afong and the Chinese in Hawaiʻi. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1772-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NETf7njQoocC","url_text":"Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains: Afong and the Chinese in Hawaiʻi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1772-5","url_text":"978-0-8248-1772-5"}]},{"reference":"Glick, Clarence E. (1980). Sojourners and Settlers: Chinese Migrants in Hawaii. Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center and University Press of Hawaii. doi:10.2307/2067711. hdl:10125/45047. ISBN 978-0-8248-0707-8. JSTOR 2067711. OCLC 6222806. S2CID 146280723.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2067711","url_text":"10.2307/2067711"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F45047","url_text":"10125/45047"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0707-8","url_text":"978-0-8248-0707-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2067711","url_text":"2067711"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6222806","url_text":"6222806"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146280723","url_text":"146280723"}]},{"reference":"McKeown, Adam (2001). Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, and Hawaii 1900–1936. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-56024-3. OCLC 248159623.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dlEjyFHGt84C","url_text":"Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, and Hawaii 1900–1936"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56024-3","url_text":"978-0-226-56024-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/248159623","url_text":"248159623"}]},{"reference":"Nordyke, Eleanor C.; Lee, Richard K.C. (1989). \"The Chinese in Hawai'i: A Historical and Demographic Perspective\" (PDF). The Hawaiian Journal of History. 23: 196–216. 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OCLC 858604.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/42156/1/The%20Chinese%20in%20Hawaii.pdf","url_text":"The Chinese in Hawaii: An Annotated Bibliography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F42156","url_text":"10125/42156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0265-3","url_text":"978-0-8248-0265-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858604","url_text":"858604"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korday_District
Korday District
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 43°19′48″N 75°04′12″E / 43.33000°N 75.07000°E / 43.33000; 75.07000 District in south-eastern Kazakhstan District in Jambyl Region, KazakhstanKorday ҚордайQordai AudanyDistrictҚордай ауданыThe Chu-Ili Range on the Korday-Almaty Highway, above KordayLocation of Korday District in KazakhstanCountry KazakhstanRegionJambyl RegionAdministrative centerKordayGovernment • AkimBekzat BolatbekovPopulation (2013) • Total132,483Time zoneUTC+6 (East) Korday (Kazakh: Қордай ауданы, Qordai audany) is a district of Jambyl Region in south-eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the auyl of Korday. See also 2020 Dungan–Kazakh ethnic clashes Otar (village) References ^ "Руководителя Кордайского района назначили в Жамбылской области". www.inform.kz (in Russian). 2022-12-20. ^ "www.geonames.de Subdivisions of Kazakhstan in local languages". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-05-07. vteJambyl RegionCapital: TarazDistricts Bayzak Jambyl Korday Merki Moiynkum Sarysu Shu Talas Turar Ryskulov Zhualy Major cities Janatas Karatau Shu Taraz 43°19′48″N 75°04′12″E / 43.33000°N 75.07000°E / 43.33000; 75.07000 This Kazakhstan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"title":"2020 Dungan–Kazakh ethnic clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Dungan%E2%80%93Kazakh_ethnic_clashes"},{"title":"Otar (village)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otar_(village)"}]
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