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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_bar	Long John (doughnut)	["1 See also","2 References"]	American and Canadian pastry like a doughnut This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Long John" doughnut – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Long John (pastry)Long John with maple frosting(maple bar doughnut)Alternative namesCream stick, filled stick, chocolate bar, maple barTypePastryMain ingredientsDough, and glaze or icingOther informationMay be called an "éclair", but has yeast-risen doughA Long John with sprinkles from Minnesota A cream-filled maple bar doughnut (filled with custard)The Long John is a bar-shaped, yeast risen doughnut either coated entirely with glaze or top-coated with cake icing. They may be filled with custard or cream. The term Long John is used in the Midwestern U.S. and Canada, and has been used in Texas. In other parts of the United States and Canada, such as the Mid-Atlantic and Central Canada, Long Johns are sometimes marketed as "éclairs"; the two pastries look similar but are created with different types of dough (steam-puffed vs. yeast-risen) and sometimes different fillings (the éclair may have chiboust cream). The éclair has (usually chocolate) fondant icing. On the American West Coast and British Columbia, Long Johns are called bars or bar doughnuts, such as the maple bar (topped with a maple glaze) and the chocolate bar. Filled Long Johns are called filled bars, or filled bar doughnuts. For example, an unfilled (or even custard-filled) Long John with maple-flavored icing is called a maple bar in California. They may also be topped with chopped bacon and called a maple bacon bar. Maple bars are prominent on the West coast of the United States; they are also known as a maple-glazed Long John, Maple-Creamstick or maple Bismarck. Some parts of the American Midwest also call this type of pastry a finger doughnut or cream stick when filled. See also Food portal List of doughnut varieties List of breakfast foods List of foods made from maple Boston cream doughnut, the round cream filled donut, topped with chocolate Cruller, the German American rectangular donut with a twisted shape Éclair (pastry) Fritter, another doughnut-like pastry References ^ Kuban, Adam (August 10, 2018). "The Serious Eats Doughnut Glossary". ^ Ulrich, Linda (August 30, 1979). "The Definitive Doughnut Study". Lincoln Journal Star. Lincoln, Nebraska. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Southern Maid Produces 'Best Donuts In East Texas'". Tyler Morning Telegraph. March 7, 1955. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com. ^ McCoy, Kimberly (June 26, 2021). "Eclair vs Long John". Miss Buttercup. ^ The No-Salt, Lowest-Sodium Baking Book - Donald A. Gazzaniga. pp. 181-182. ^ 500 Things to Eat Before It's Too Late: and the Very Best Places to Eat Them - Jane Stern, Michael Stern. p. 382. ^ Steele, Allison (March 6, 2019). "Maple bars in Philadelphia? The popular West Coast doughnut is nowhere to be found here". The Philadelphia Inquirer. ^ "Maple Bar Doughnut". TasteAtlas. ^ Galarza, Daniela (May 28, 2015). "Everything You Need to Know About the Great American Doughnut". Eater. ^ Hanke, Colleen (July 11, 2019). "Louie and the Giant Donut". The Devil Strip. Akron, Ohio. vteDoughnuts, fritters and other fried-dough foodsSweetAfrica and Asia Adhirasam Awameh Bambalouni Bamiyeh Binangkal Boortsog Buñuelo Çäkçäk Cascaron Chebakia Chiroti Chin chin Churro Gorgoria Gosh-e Fil Gulab jamun Gwaramari Imarti Jalebi Koe'sister/Koeksister Kevum Kumukunsi Lokma Lokot-lokot Maejap-gwa Mahua Maruya Mochi donuts Panyalam Pilipit Pinakufu Puff-puff Qottab Sata andagi Sel roti Sfenj Sfinz Shakoy Shankarpali Shuangbaotai Sufganiyah Sweet shells Tulumba Vetkoek Zalabiyeh Americas Bear claw Bolinho de chuva Boston cream Brown Bobby Buñuelo Churro Cider doughnut Coconut doughnut Cronut Cruller Dutchie Fried Coke Funnel cake Jelly doughnut Long John Maple bacon donut Maple bar Old-fashioned doughnut Persian Picarones Potato doughnut Sopaipilla Sour cream doughnut Tiger tail donut Timbits Touton Wonut Europe Angel wings Beignet Berliner Bombolone Buñuelo Churro Diples Fánk Fartura Fasnacht Fazuelos Filhós Fritule Fudge doughnut Klenät Knieküchle Krofne Malassada Mekitsa Oliebol Pączki Papanași Pastisset Pestiños Prusurate Rosette Schenkele Smultring Uštipci Zeppole DoughnutSavoryAfrica and Asia Balep korkun Bhaji Bhatoora Burmese fritters Ham chim peng Javanese doughnut Khuushuur Luchi Mee Siput Muar Mücver Murukku Okoy Ox-tongue pastry Pakora Papri chaat Pişi Puri Qutab Samosa Sha phaley Shelpek Vada Vetkoek Youtiao Europe and the Americas Chebureki Fleischkuekle Fritelli Frybread Funnel cake Haliva Lángos Lihapiirakka Lörtsy Pampushka Panzerotti Pastel Pasztecik szczeciński Peremech Pirozhki Companies BeaverTails Dunkin' Donuts Krispy Kreme Mister Donut Shipley Do-Nuts Tim Hortons Lists List of doughnut varieties List of fried dough foods List of deep fried foods List of doughnut shops See also National Doughnut Day Coffee and doughnuts Superior Donuts play TV series Category: Doughnuts This dessert-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Long_John_2018.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Stars_Donut_Cream_Filled_Maple_Bar_Doughnut_(37231019975).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"doughnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doughnut"},{"link_name":"glaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaze_(cooking_technique)"},{"link_name":"cake icing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icing_(food)"},{"link_name":"filled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doughnut#Filled"},{"link_name":"custard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard"},{"link_name":"cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipped_cream"},{"link_name":"Midwestern U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mid-Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Central Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Canada"},{"link_name":"éclairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89clair"},{"link_name":"chiboust cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiboust_cream"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"fondant icing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondant_icing"},{"link_name":"American West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_West_Coast"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-500Things-6"},{"link_name":"maple-flavored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_syrup"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"West coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Long John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A Long John with sprinkles from MinnesotaA cream-filled maple bar doughnut (filled with custard)The Long John is a bar-shaped, yeast risen[1] doughnut either coated entirely with glaze or top-coated with cake icing. They may be filled with custard or cream. The term Long John is used in the Midwestern U.S.[2] and Canada, and has been used in Texas.[3]In other parts of the United States and Canada, such as the Mid-Atlantic and Central Canada, Long Johns are sometimes marketed as \"éclairs\"; the two pastries look similar but are created with different types of dough (steam-puffed vs. yeast-risen) and sometimes different fillings (the éclair may have chiboust cream).[4] The éclair has (usually chocolate) fondant icing.On the American West Coast and British Columbia, Long Johns are called bars or bar doughnuts, such as the maple bar (topped with a maple glaze[5][6]) and the chocolate bar. Filled Long Johns are called filled bars, or filled bar doughnuts. For example, an unfilled (or even custard-filled) Long John with maple-flavored icing is called a maple bar in California.[7][8] They may also be topped with chopped bacon and called a maple bacon bar.[9] Maple bars are prominent on the West coast of the United States; they are also known as a maple-glazed Long John, Maple-Creamstick or maple Bismarck.Some parts of the American Midwest also call this type of pastry a finger doughnut or cream stick when filled.[10]","title":"Long John (doughnut)"}]	[{"image_text":"A Long John with sprinkles from Minnesota","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Long_John_2018.jpg/220px-Long_John_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"A cream-filled maple bar doughnut (filled with custard)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/All_Stars_Donut_Cream_Filled_Maple_Bar_Doughnut_%2837231019975%29.jpg/220px-All_Stars_Donut_Cream_Filled_Maple_Bar_Doughnut_%2837231019975%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Doughnut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glazed-Donut.jpg/60px-Glazed-Donut.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"List of doughnut varieties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_doughnut_varieties"},{"title":"List of breakfast foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_breakfast_foods"},{"title":"List of foods made from maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foods_made_from_maple"},{"title":"Boston cream doughnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_cream_doughnut"},{"title":"Cruller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruller"},{"title":"Éclair (pastry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89clair_(pastry)"},{"title":"Fritter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritter"}]	[{"reference":"Kuban, Adam (August 10, 2018). \"The Serious Eats Doughnut Glossary\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seriouseats.com/2007/05/the-serious-eats-doughnut-glos.html","url_text":"\"The Serious Eats Doughnut Glossary\""}]},{"reference":"Ulrich, Linda (August 30, 1979). \"The Definitive Doughnut Study\". 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The popular West Coast doughnut is nowhere to be found here\". The Philadelphia Inquirer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inquirer.com/food/maple-bar-philadelphia-where-to-find-20190306.html","url_text":"\"Maple bars in Philadelphia? The popular West Coast doughnut is nowhere to be found here\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer","url_text":"The Philadelphia Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"\"Maple Bar Doughnut\". TasteAtlas.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tasteatlas.com/maple-bar-doughnut","url_text":"\"Maple Bar Doughnut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TasteAtlas","url_text":"TasteAtlas"}]},{"reference":"Galarza, Daniela (May 28, 2015). \"Everything You Need to Know About the Great American Doughnut\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-tissue_laser_surgery	Laser surgery	["1 Effects","2 Equipment","3 Applications","3.1 Dermatology and plastic surgery","3.2 Eye surgery","3.3 Endovascular surgery","3.4 Foot and ankle surgery","3.5 Gastro-intestinal tract","3.6 Oral and dental surgery","3.7 Spine surgery","3.8 Thoracic surgery","3.9 Hard tissues","3.10 Other surgery","4 References"]	Medical use of laser to cut tissues Not to be confused with laser hair removal. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Laser surgery" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Laser surgeryMeSHD053685 Laser surgery is a type of surgery that uses a laser (in contrast to using a scalpel) to cut tissue. Types of surgical lasers include carbon dioxide, argon, Nd:YAG laser, and potassium titanyl phosphate, among others. Soft-tissue laser surgery is used in a variety of applications in humans (general surgery, neurosurgery, ENT, dentistry, orthodontics, and oral and maxillofacial surgery) as well as veterinary surgical fields. The primary uses of lasers in soft tissue surgery are to cut, ablate, vaporize, and coagulate. There are several different laser wavelengths used in soft tissue surgery. Different laser wavelengths and device settings (such as pulse duration and power) produce different effects on the tissue. Some commonly used lasers types in soft tissue surgery include erbium, diode, and CO2. Erbium lasers are excellent cutters, but provide minimal hemostasis. Diode lasers (hot tip) provide excellent hemostasis, but are slow cutters. CO2 lasers are both efficient at cutting and coagulating. Laser surgery is commonly used on the eye. Techniques used include LASIK, which is used to correct near and far-sightedness in vision, and photorefractive keratectomy, a procedure which permanently reshapes the cornea using an excimer laser to remove a small amount of the human tissue. Effects Photochemical effect: clinically referred to as photodynamic therapy. Photosensitizer (photophrin II) is administered which is taken up by the tumor tissue and later irradiated by laser light resulting in highly toxic substances with resultant necrosis of the tumor. Photodynamic therapy is used in palliation of oesophageal and bronchial carcinoma and ablation of mucosal cancers of Gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder. Photoablative effect: Used in eye surgeries like band keratoplasty, and endartectomy of peripheral blood vessels. Photothermal effect: this property is used for endoscopic control of bleeding e.g. Bleeding peptic ulcers, oesophageal varices Photomechanical effect: used in intraluminal lithotripsy Equipment A 40 watt CO2 laser used for soft-tissue laser surgery Surgical laser systems, sometimes called "laser scalpels", are differentiated not only by the wavelength, but also by the light delivery system: flexible fiber or articulated arm, as well as by other factors. CO2 lasers were the dominant soft-tissue surgical lasers as of 2010. Applications Dermatology and plastic surgery A range of lasers such as erbium, dye, Q switch lasers, and CO2 are used to treat various skin conditions including scars, vascular and pigmented lesions, and for photorejuvenation. The laser surgery for dermatology often bypasses the skin surface. The principle of laser surgery for dermatologic problems is based on SPTL (selective photothermolysis). The laser beam penetrates the skin until it encounters chromophore which absorbs the laser beam. After absorption of the laser beam, heat is generated to induce coagulation, necrosis of the targeted tissue, this results in the removal of unwanted tissue by laser surgery. Laser resurfacing is a technique in which covalent bonds of a material are dissolved by a laser, a technique invented by aesthetic plastic surgeon Thomas L. Roberts, III using CO2 lasers in the 1990s. Lasers are also used for laser-assisted lipectomy. Eye surgery See also: Eye surgery § Laser eye surgery Various types of laser surgery are used to treat refractive error. LASIK, in which a knife is used to cut a flap in the cornea, and a laser is used to reshape the layers underneath, is used to treat refractive error. IntraLASIK is a variant in which the flap is also cut with a laser. In photorefractive keratectomy (PRK, LASEK), the cornea is reshaped without first cutting a flap. In laser thermal keratoplasty, a ring of concentric burns is made in the cornea, which causes its surface to steepen, allowing better near vision. ReLEx SMILE is the latest advancement in laser vision correction technology. In SMILE surgery, ZEISS VisuMax femtosecond laser is used to make a small incision and to create a pre-calculated mini lens tissue (or lenticule) inside the cornea. Lasers are also used to treat non-refractive conditions, such as phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) in which opacities and surface irregularities are removed from the cornea and laser coagulation in which a laser is used to cauterize blood vessels in the eye, to treat various conditions. Lasers can be used to repair tears in the retina. Endovascular surgery Laser endarterectomy is a technique in which an entire atheromatous plaque in the artery is excised. Other applications include laser assisted angioplasties and laser-assisted vascular anastomosis. Foot and ankle surgery Lasers are used to treat several disorders in foot and ankle surgery. They are used to remove benign and malignant tumors, treat bunions, debride ulcers and burns, excise epidermal nevi, blue rubber bleb nevi, and keloids, and the removal of hypertrophic scars and tattoos. A carbon dioxide laser (CO2) is used in surgery to treat onychocryptosis (ingrown nails), onychauxis (club nails), onychogryposis (rams horn nail), and onychomycosis (fungus nail). Gastro-intestinal tract Peptic ulcer disease and oesophageal varices - Laser photoablation is done. Coagulation of vascular malformations of stomach, duodenum, and colon. Lasers can be effectively used to treat early gastric cancers provided they are less than 4 cm and without lymph node involvement. Lasers are also used in treating oral submucous fibrosis. Palliative laser therapy is given in advanced oesophageal cancers with obstruction of lumen. Recanalisation of the lumen is done which allows the patient to resume a soft diet and maintain hydration. Ablative laser therapy is used in advanced colorectal cancers to relieve obstruction and to control bleeding. Laser surgery used in hemorrhoidectomy, and is a relatively popular and non-invasive method of hemorrhoid removal. Laser-assisted liver resections have been done using carbon dioxide and Nd:YAG lasers. The ablation of liver tumors can be achieved by selective photovaporization of the tumor. Endoscopic laser lithotripsy is a safer modality compared to electrohydraulic lithotripsy. Oral and dental surgery The CO2 laser is used in oral and dental surgery for virtually all soft-tissue procedures, such as gingivectomies, vestibuloplasties, frenectomies, and operculectomies. The CO2 10,600 nm wavelength is safe around implants as it is reflected by titanium, and thus has been gaining popularity in the field of periodontology. The laser may also be effective in treating peri-implantitis. Spine surgery Laser spine surgery first began seeing clinical use in the 1980s and was primarily used within discectomy to treat lumbar disc disease under the notion that heating a bulging disc vaporized enough tissue to relieve pressure on the nerves and help alleviate pain. Since that time, laser spine surgery has become one of the most marketed forms of minimally invasive spine surgery, despite the fact that it has never been studied in a controlled clinical trial to determine its effectiveness apart from disc decompression. Evidence-based data surrounding the use of lasers in spine surgery is limited and its safety and efficacy were poorly understood as of 2017. Thoracic surgery In thoracic surgery, surgical laser applications are most often used to remove pulmonary metastases and tumors of different primary localizations. Other areas of application are surgical sectioning of the parenchyma, anatomic segmental resections, removal of tumors from the thoracic wall and abrasion of the pleura parietalis. Since the introduction of surgical lasers, the amount of potentially surgically resectable pulmonary nodules has significantly increased. Compared to laser surgery, other conventional surgical methods such as segmental or wedge resections with surgical stapling will normally lead to a bigger loss of lung tissue, especially in patients with multiple pulmonary nodules methods. Other advantages of laser surgery compared to conventional methods are that it leads to an improved postoperative lung function and that it gives the additional possibility to histologically analyze the removed material which would otherwise be destroyed through radiation or heat. Hard tissues Lasers are used to cut or ablate bones and teeth in dentistry. Other surgery The CO2 laser is also used in gynecology, genitourinary, general surgery, otorhinolaryngology, orthopedic, and neurosurgery. References ^ Shiel WC. "Medical Definition of Laser surgery". MedicineNet. Retrieved 10 May 2020. ^ Borzabadi-Farahani A (2017). "The Adjunctive Soft-Tissue Diode Laser in Orthodontics". Compend Contin Educ Dent. 37 (eBook 5): e18–e31. PMID 28509563. ^ Noel A. Berger; Peter H. Eeg (9 January 2008). Veterinary Laser Surgery: A Practical Guide. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-34412-5. ^ Strauss, Robert (2017-03-08). "24". In Fonseca, Raymond J. (ed.). Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - E-Book: 3-Volume Set. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 327–354. ISBN 9780323444422. ^ Cuscheri; et al. "Essential Surgical Practice". Basic surgical training (4 ed.). pp. 62–65. ^ Schwesinger, WH; Hunter, JG (1992). Laser in General Surgery. Surgical Clinics of North America. ^ Morris, Peter J; Wood, William C. Oxford Textbook of Surgery. Vol. 2. ^ Rosenlicht, J; Vitruk, P (2015). "Ablation and sulcular debridement utilizing the CO2 laser for denture-induced gingival hyperplasia". Implant Practice US. 8 (2): 35–38. ^ Convissar, Robert A. (2010-05-19). Principles and Practice of Laser Dentistry - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0323079891. ^ Roberts, Thomas L III. The emerging role of the CO2 laser in aesthetic plastic surgery. Presented at the XIII Congress of the International Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, New York, NY, Sept. 28-Oct. 1, 1995. ^ Roberts, Thomas L III; Lettieri, John T; Ellis, Laura B. (1996). "CO2 Laser Resurfacing: Recognizing and Minimizing Complications". Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 16 (2). American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery: 142–148. doi:10.1016/S1090-820X(96)70038-9. ^ Fakhouri, TM; El Tal, AK; Abrou, AE; Mehregan, DA; Barone, F (February 2012). "Laser-assisted lipolysis: a review". Dermatologic Surgery. 38 (2): 155–69. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02168.x. PMID 22093156. S2CID 32295300. ^ "ReLEx SMILE Surgery & Procedures in Toronto". Clearview Vision Institute. Retrieved 2020-05-06. ^ Garoufalis, Matthew G. (February 1989). "Soft Tissue Lesions". In Ballow D.P.M., Edward B. (ed.). Laser Surgery of the Foot (First ed.). International Society of Podiatric Laser Surgery. pp. 65–72. ^ Wynn D.P.M., Michael H. (October 1986). "Soft-Tissue Bunion Repair with a CO2 Surgical Laser". The Journal of Current Podiatric Medicine. 35 (10): 27–28. ^ Garoufalis, Matthew G. (February 1989). "Soft Tissue Lesions". In Ballow D.P.M., Edward B. (ed.). Laser Surgery of the Foot (First ed.). International Society of Podiatric Laser Surgery. pp. 65–72. ^ Gorman, Jack B. (February 1989). "Clinical Application of the Carbon Dioxide Laser to Podiatric Nail Pathologies: A Definitive Review of the Literature". In Ballow D.P.M., Edward B. (ed.). Laser Surgery of the Foot (First ed.). International Society of Podiatric Laser Surgery. pp. 109–110. ^ Levine, Robert; Vitruk, Peter (2015). "Laser-Assisted Operculectomy". Compend Contin Educ Dent. 36 (8): 561–567. PMID 26355439. ^ Linden, Eric; Vitruk, Peter (2015). "SuperPulse 10.6 µm CO2 laser-assisted, closed flap treatment of peri-implantitis". Implant Practice US. 8 (4): 30–34. ^ Quigley, M. R.; Maroon, J. C. (1994-01-01). "Laser discectomy: a review". Spine. 19 (1): 53–56. doi:10.1097/00007632-199401000-00010. ISSN 0362-2436. PMID 8153804. ^ Ascher, P. W.; Heppner, F. (1984). "CO2-Laser in neurosurgery". Neurosurgical Review. 7 (2–3): 123–133. doi:10.1007/bf01780695. ISSN 0344-5607. PMID 6436735. S2CID 23392627. ^ Snyder, Laura A.; O'Toole, John; Eichholz, Kurt M.; Perez-Cruet, Mick J.; Fessler, Richard (2014). "The Technological Development of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery". BioMed Research International. 2014: 293582. doi:10.1155/2014/293582. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 4055392. PMID 24967347. ^ Stern, Jack (October 2009). "Lasers in Spine Surgery: A Review" (PDF). www.Spine.org. ^ "Decompression of the Intervertebral Disc Using Laser Energy (Laser Discectomy) or Radiofrequency Coblation (Nucleoplasty)". providers.bcidaho.com. Retrieved 2017-06-21. ^ Rolle A, Thetter O, Häussinger K. et al. Einsatz des Nd:YAG-Lasers in der Thoraxchirurgie. Herz Gefäß Thorax Chir 1989; 3:85-91 ^ Inderbitzi R, Rolle A. Palliative surgery for primary and secondary thoracic malignancies. Ther Umsch 2001 Jul;58(7) 435-41 ^ Rolle A, Pereszlenyi A, Koch R et al. Is surgery for multiple lung metastases reasonable? A total of 328 consecutive patients with multiple-laser metastasectomies with a new 1318-nm :YAG laser. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 131(6): 1236-1242 ^ Mineo TC, Cristino B, Ambrogi V et al. Usefulness of the Nd: YAG laser in parenchyma-sparing resection of pulmonary nodular lesions. Tumori 1994; 80(5):365-369 ^ Donald J. Coluzzi; Robert A. Convissar (2007). Atlas of Laser Applications in Dentistry. Quintessence Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-86715-476-4. vteLasers List of laser articles List of laser types List of laser applications Laser acronyms Types of lasers Chemical laser Dye laser Bubble Liquid-crystal Gas laser Carbon dioxide Excimer Helium–neon Ion Nitrogen Free-electron laser Laser diode Solid-state laser Er:YAG Nd:YAG Raman Ruby Ti-sapphire X-ray laser Laser physics Active laser medium Amplified spontaneous emission Continuous wave Laser ablation Laser linewidth Lasing threshold Population inversion Ultrashort pulse Laser optics Beam expander Beam homogenizer Chirped pulse amplification Gain-switching Gaussian beam Injection seeder Laser beam profiler M squared Mode locking Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator Optical amplifier Optical cavity Optical isolator Output coupler Q-switching Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laser hair removal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_hair_removal"},{"link_name":"surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"scalpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalpel"},{"link_name":"tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"argon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon"},{"link_name":"Nd:YAG laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser"},{"link_name":"potassium titanyl phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_titanyl_phosphate"},{"link_name":"general surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_surgery"},{"link_name":"neurosurgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosurgery"},{"link_name":"ENT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otolaryngology"},{"link_name":"dentistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry"},{"link_name":"orthodontics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodontics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"oral and maxillofacial surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery"},{"link_name":"veterinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BergerEeg2008-3"},{"link_name":"ablate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_ablation"},{"link_name":"coagulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation"},{"link_name":"diode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_diode"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye"},{"link_name":"LASIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LASIK"},{"link_name":"photorefractive keratectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorefractive_keratectomy"},{"link_name":"excimer laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excimer_laser"},{"link_name":"tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Not to be confused with laser hair removal.Laser surgery is a type of surgery that uses a laser (in contrast to using a scalpel) to cut tissue.[1]Types of surgical lasers include carbon dioxide, argon, Nd:YAG laser, and potassium titanyl phosphate, among others.Soft-tissue laser surgery is used in a variety of applications in humans (general surgery, neurosurgery, ENT, dentistry, orthodontics,[2] and oral and maxillofacial surgery) as well as veterinary[3] surgical fields. The primary uses of lasers in soft tissue surgery are to cut, ablate, vaporize, and coagulate. There are several different laser wavelengths used in soft tissue surgery. Different laser wavelengths and device settings (such as pulse duration and power) produce different effects on the tissue. Some commonly used lasers types in soft tissue surgery include erbium, diode, and CO2. Erbium lasers are excellent cutters, but provide minimal hemostasis. Diode lasers (hot tip) provide excellent hemostasis, but are slow cutters. CO2 lasers are both efficient at cutting and coagulating.[4] Laser surgery is commonly used on the eye. Techniques used include LASIK, which is used to correct near and far-sightedness in vision, and photorefractive keratectomy, a procedure which permanently reshapes the cornea using an excimer laser to remove a small amount of the human tissue.[5][6][7]","title":"Laser surgery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Photochemical effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochemistry"},{"link_name":"Photosensitizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosensitizer"},{"link_name":"Photoablative effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_surgery"},{"link_name":"Photothermal effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photothermal_therapy"},{"link_name":"Photomechanical effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomechanical_effect"}],"text":"Photochemical effect: clinically referred to as photodynamic therapy. Photosensitizer (photophrin II) is administered which is taken up by the tumor tissue and later irradiated by laser light resulting in highly toxic substances with resultant necrosis of the tumor. Photodynamic therapy is used in palliation of oesophageal and bronchial carcinoma and ablation of mucosal cancers of Gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder.\nPhotoablative effect: Used in eye surgeries like band keratoplasty, and endartectomy of peripheral blood vessels.\nPhotothermal effect: this property is used for endoscopic control of bleeding e.g. Bleeding peptic ulcers, oesophageal varices\nPhotomechanical effect: used in intraluminal lithotripsy","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sharplan_40C.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"A 40 watt CO2 laser used for soft-tissue laser surgerySurgical laser systems, sometimes called \"laser scalpels\", are differentiated not only by the wavelength, but also by the light delivery system: flexible fiber or articulated arm, as well as by other factors.[8]CO2 lasers were the dominant soft-tissue surgical lasers as of 2010.[9]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"photorejuvenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorejuvenation"},{"link_name":"Laser resurfacing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_resurfacing"},{"link_name":"covalent bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond"},{"link_name":"Thomas L. Roberts, III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_L._Roberts,_III&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CO2 lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"lipectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipectomy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Dermatology and plastic surgery","text":"A range of lasers such as erbium, dye, Q switch lasers, and CO2 are used to treat various skin conditions including scars, vascular and pigmented lesions, and for photorejuvenation. The laser surgery for dermatology often bypasses the skin surface. The principle of laser surgery for dermatologic problems is based on SPTL (selective photothermolysis). The laser beam penetrates the skin until it encounters chromophore which absorbs the laser beam. After absorption of the laser beam, heat is generated to induce coagulation, necrosis of the targeted tissue, this results in the removal of unwanted tissue by laser surgery.Laser resurfacing is a technique in which covalent bonds of a material are dissolved by a laser, a technique invented by aesthetic plastic surgeon Thomas L. Roberts, III using CO2 lasers in the 1990s.[10][11]Lasers are also used for laser-assisted lipectomy.[12]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eye surgery § Laser eye surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_surgery#Laser_eye_surgery"},{"link_name":"refractive error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_error"},{"link_name":"LASIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LASIK"},{"link_name":"cornea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornea"},{"link_name":"IntraLASIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IntraLASIK"},{"link_name":"photorefractive keratectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorefractive_keratectomy"},{"link_name":"laser thermal keratoplasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_thermal_keratoplasty"},{"link_name":"ReLEx SMILE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ReLEx_SMILE&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"phototherapeutic keratectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototherapeutic_keratectomy"},{"link_name":"laser coagulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_coagulation"},{"link_name":"retina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina"}],"sub_title":"Eye surgery","text":"See also: Eye surgery § Laser eye surgeryVarious types of laser surgery are used to treat refractive error. LASIK, in which a knife is used to cut a flap in the cornea, and a laser is used to reshape the layers underneath, is used to treat refractive error. IntraLASIK is a variant in which the flap is also cut with a laser. In photorefractive keratectomy (PRK, LASEK), the cornea is reshaped without first cutting a flap. In laser thermal keratoplasty, a ring of concentric burns is made in the cornea, which causes its surface to steepen, allowing better near vision. ReLEx SMILE is the latest advancement in laser vision correction technology. In SMILE surgery, ZEISS VisuMax femtosecond laser is used to make a small incision and to create a pre-calculated mini lens tissue (or lenticule) inside the cornea.[13]Lasers are also used to treat non-refractive conditions, such as phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) in which opacities and surface irregularities are removed from the cornea and laser coagulation in which a laser is used to cauterize blood vessels in the eye, to treat various conditions. Lasers can be used to repair tears in the retina.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endarterectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endarterectomy"},{"link_name":"atheromatous plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheromatous_plaque"},{"link_name":"angioplasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioplasty"},{"link_name":"anastomosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastomosis"}],"sub_title":"Endovascular surgery","text":"Laser endarterectomy is a technique in which an entire atheromatous plaque in the artery is excised. Other applications include laser assisted angioplasties and laser-assisted vascular anastomosis.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foot and ankle surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_and_ankle_surgery"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"keloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keloids"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser"},{"link_name":"onychocryptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychocryptosis"},{"link_name":"onychauxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychauxis"},{"link_name":"onychogryposis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychogryposis"},{"link_name":"onychomycosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychomycosis"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Foot and ankle surgery","text":"Lasers are used to treat several disorders in foot and ankle surgery. They are used to remove benign and malignant tumors,[14] treat bunions,[15] debride ulcers and burns, excise epidermal nevi, blue rubber bleb nevi, and keloids, and the removal of hypertrophic scars and tattoos.[16]A carbon dioxide laser (CO2) is used in surgery to treat onychocryptosis (ingrown nails), onychauxis (club nails), onychogryposis (rams horn nail), and onychomycosis (fungus nail).[17]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peptic ulcer disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease"},{"link_name":"oesophageal varices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesophageal_varices"},{"link_name":"photoablation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoablation"},{"link_name":"vascular malformations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_malformation"},{"link_name":"duodenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum"},{"link_name":"colon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"gastric cancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_cancer"},{"link_name":"lymph node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_node"},{"link_name":"oral submucous fibrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_submucous_fibrosis"},{"link_name":"oesophageal cancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesophageal_cancer"},{"link_name":"lumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"Recanalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recanalisation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ablative laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_ablation"},{"link_name":"colorectal cancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer"},{"link_name":"hemorrhoidectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhoid#Procedures"},{"link_name":"resections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmental_resection"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser"},{"link_name":"liver tumors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_tumor"},{"link_name":"Endoscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopy"},{"link_name":"laser lithotripsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_lithotripsy"},{"link_name":"electrohydraulic lithotripsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrohydraulic_lithotripsy"}],"sub_title":"Gastro-intestinal tract","text":"Peptic ulcer disease and oesophageal varices - Laser photoablation is done.\nCoagulation of vascular malformations of stomach, duodenum, and colon.\nLasers can be effectively used to treat early gastric cancers provided they are less than 4 cm and without lymph node involvement. Lasers are also used in treating oral submucous fibrosis.\nPalliative laser therapy is given in advanced oesophageal cancers with obstruction of lumen. Recanalisation of the lumen is done which allows the patient to resume a soft diet and maintain hydration.\nAblative laser therapy is used in advanced colorectal cancers to relieve obstruction and to control bleeding.\nLaser surgery used in hemorrhoidectomy, and is a relatively popular and non-invasive method of hemorrhoid removal.\nLaser-assisted liver resections have been done using carbon dioxide and Nd:YAG lasers.\nThe ablation of liver tumors can be achieved by selective photovaporization of the tumor.\nEndoscopic laser lithotripsy is a safer modality compared to electrohydraulic lithotripsy.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dental surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_surgery"},{"link_name":"gingivectomies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivectomy"},{"link_name":"frenectomies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenectomy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"implants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implantology"},{"link_name":"periodontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontology"},{"link_name":"peri-implantitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-implantitis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Oral and dental surgery","text":"The CO2 laser is used in oral and dental surgery for virtually all soft-tissue procedures, such as gingivectomies, vestibuloplasties, frenectomies, and operculectomies.[18] The CO2 10,600 nm wavelength is safe around implants as it is reflected by titanium, and thus has been gaining popularity in the field of periodontology. The laser may also be effective in treating peri-implantitis.[19]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"discectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discectomy"},{"link_name":"lumbar disc disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_disc_disease"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"minimally invasive spine surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimally_invasive_spine_surgery"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Spine surgery","text":"Laser spine surgery first began seeing clinical use in the 1980s and was primarily used within discectomy to treat lumbar disc disease under the notion that heating a bulging disc vaporized enough tissue to relieve pressure on the nerves and help alleviate pain.[20][21]Since that time, laser spine surgery has become one of the most marketed forms of minimally invasive spine surgery, despite the fact that it has never been studied in a controlled clinical trial to determine its effectiveness apart from disc decompression.[22] Evidence-based data surrounding the use of lasers in spine surgery is limited and its safety and efficacy were poorly understood as of 2017.[23][24]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thoracic surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_surgery"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Thoracic surgery","text":"In thoracic surgery, surgical laser applications are most often used to remove pulmonary metastases and tumors of different primary localizations.[25] Other areas of application are surgical sectioning of the parenchyma, anatomic segmental resections, removal of tumors from the thoracic wall[26] and abrasion of the pleura parietalis. Since the introduction of surgical lasers, the amount of potentially surgically resectable pulmonary nodules has significantly increased.[27] Compared to laser surgery, other conventional surgical methods such as segmental or wedge resections with surgical stapling will normally lead to a bigger loss of lung tissue, especially in patients with multiple pulmonary nodules methods.[28]Other advantages of laser surgery compared to conventional methods are that it leads to an improved postoperative lung function and that it gives the additional possibility to histologically analyze the removed material which would otherwise be destroyed through radiation or heat.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_tooth"},{"link_name":"dentistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ColuzziConvissar2007-29"}],"sub_title":"Hard tissues","text":"Lasers are used to cut or ablate bones and teeth in dentistry.[29]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gynecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynaecology"},{"link_name":"genitourinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitourinary_system"},{"link_name":"general surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_surgery"},{"link_name":"otorhinolaryngology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology"},{"link_name":"orthopedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery"},{"link_name":"neurosurgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosurgery"}],"sub_title":"Other surgery","text":"The CO2 laser is also used in gynecology, genitourinary, general surgery, otorhinolaryngology, orthopedic, and neurosurgery.","title":"Applications"}]	[{"image_text":"A 40 watt CO2 laser used for soft-tissue laser surgery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sharplan_40C.jpg/300px-Sharplan_40C.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Shiel WC. \"Medical Definition of Laser surgery\". MedicineNet. Retrieved 10 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=31889","url_text":"\"Medical Definition of Laser surgery\""}]},{"reference":"Borzabadi-Farahani A (2017). \"The Adjunctive Soft-Tissue Diode Laser in Orthodontics\". Compend Contin Educ Dent. 37 (eBook 5): e18–e31. PMID 28509563.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28509563","url_text":"28509563"}]},{"reference":"Noel A. Berger; Peter H. Eeg (9 January 2008). Veterinary Laser Surgery: A Practical Guide. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-34412-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HinlPOuOS2MC","url_text":"Veterinary Laser Surgery: A Practical Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-34412-5","url_text":"978-0-470-34412-5"}]},{"reference":"Strauss, Robert (2017-03-08). \"24\". In Fonseca, Raymond J. (ed.). Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - E-Book: 3-Volume Set. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 327–354. ISBN 9780323444422.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FgRODgAAQBAJ&pg=PA349","url_text":"\"24\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323444422","url_text":"9780323444422"}]},{"reference":"Cuscheri; et al. \"Essential Surgical Practice\". Basic surgical training (4 ed.). pp. 62–65.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schwesinger, WH; Hunter, JG (1992). Laser in General Surgery. Surgical Clinics of North America.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morris, Peter J; Wood, William C. Oxford Textbook of Surgery. Vol. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rosenlicht, J; Vitruk, P (2015). \"Ablation and sulcular debridement utilizing the CO2 laser for denture-induced gingival hyperplasia\". Implant Practice US. 8 (2): 35–38.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.implantpracticeus.com/clinical/oral-soft-tissue-laser-ablative-and-coagulative-efficiencies-spectra/","url_text":"\"Ablation and sulcular debridement utilizing the CO2 laser for denture-induced gingival hyperplasia\""}]},{"reference":"Convissar, Robert A. (2010-05-19). Principles and Practice of Laser Dentistry - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0323079891.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C0weN_XdaiAC","url_text":"Principles and Practice of Laser Dentistry - E-Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0323079891","url_text":"978-0323079891"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Thomas L III; Lettieri, John T; Ellis, Laura B. (1996). \"CO2 Laser Resurfacing: Recognizing and Minimizing Complications\". Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 16 (2). American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery: 142–148. doi:10.1016/S1090-820X(96)70038-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1090-820X%2896%2970038-9","url_text":"\"CO2 Laser Resurfacing: Recognizing and Minimizing Complications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1090-820X%2896%2970038-9","url_text":"10.1016/S1090-820X(96)70038-9"}]},{"reference":"Fakhouri, TM; El Tal, AK; Abrou, AE; Mehregan, DA; Barone, F (February 2012). \"Laser-assisted lipolysis: a review\". Dermatologic Surgery. 38 (2): 155–69. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02168.x. PMID 22093156. S2CID 32295300.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1524-4725.2011.02168.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02168.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22093156","url_text":"22093156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32295300","url_text":"32295300"}]},{"reference":"\"ReLEx SMILE Surgery & Procedures in Toronto\". Clearview Vision Institute. Retrieved 2020-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clearviewinstitute.com/treatments/relex-smile/","url_text":"\"ReLEx SMILE Surgery & Procedures in Toronto\""}]},{"reference":"Garoufalis, Matthew G. (February 1989). \"Soft Tissue Lesions\". In Ballow D.P.M., Edward B. (ed.). Laser Surgery of the Foot (First ed.). International Society of Podiatric Laser Surgery. pp. 65–72.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wynn D.P.M., Michael H. (October 1986). \"Soft-Tissue Bunion Repair with a CO2 Surgical Laser\". The Journal of Current Podiatric Medicine. 35 (10): 27–28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Garoufalis, Matthew G. (February 1989). \"Soft Tissue Lesions\". In Ballow D.P.M., Edward B. (ed.). Laser Surgery of the Foot (First ed.). International Society of Podiatric Laser Surgery. pp. 65–72.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gorman, Jack B. (February 1989). \"Clinical Application of the Carbon Dioxide Laser to Podiatric Nail Pathologies: A Definitive Review of the Literature\". In Ballow D.P.M., Edward B. (ed.). Laser Surgery of the Foot (First ed.). International Society of Podiatric Laser Surgery. pp. 109–110.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Levine, Robert; Vitruk, Peter (2015). \"Laser-Assisted Operculectomy\". Compend Contin Educ Dent. 36 (8): 561–567. PMID 26355439.","urls":[{"url":"https://cced.cdeworld.com/courses/4953-Laser-Assisted_Operculectomy","url_text":"\"Laser-Assisted Operculectomy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26355439","url_text":"26355439"}]},{"reference":"Linden, Eric; Vitruk, Peter (2015). \"SuperPulse 10.6 µm CO2 laser-assisted, closed flap treatment of peri-implantitis\". Implant Practice US. 8 (4): 30–34.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.implantpracticeus.com/seeing-the-light/superpulse-10-6-%C2%B5m-co2-laser-assisted-closed-flap-treatment-of-peri-implantitis/","url_text":"\"SuperPulse 10.6 µm CO2 laser-assisted, closed flap treatment of peri-implantitis\""}]},{"reference":"Quigley, M. R.; Maroon, J. C. (1994-01-01). \"Laser discectomy: a review\". Spine. 19 (1): 53–56. doi:10.1097/00007632-199401000-00010. ISSN 0362-2436. PMID 8153804.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00007632-199401000-00010","url_text":"10.1097/00007632-199401000-00010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-2436","url_text":"0362-2436"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8153804","url_text":"8153804"}]},{"reference":"Ascher, P. W.; Heppner, F. (1984). \"CO2-Laser in neurosurgery\". Neurosurgical Review. 7 (2–3): 123–133. doi:10.1007/bf01780695. ISSN 0344-5607. PMID 6436735. S2CID 23392627.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01780695","url_text":"10.1007/bf01780695"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0344-5607","url_text":"0344-5607"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6436735","url_text":"6436735"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23392627","url_text":"23392627"}]},{"reference":"Snyder, Laura A.; O'Toole, John; Eichholz, Kurt M.; Perez-Cruet, Mick J.; Fessler, Richard (2014). \"The Technological Development of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery\". BioMed Research International. 2014: 293582. doi:10.1155/2014/293582. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 4055392. PMID 24967347.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4055392","url_text":"\"The Technological Development of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F293582","url_text":"10.1155/2014/293582"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2314-6133","url_text":"2314-6133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4055392","url_text":"4055392"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24967347","url_text":"24967347"}]},{"reference":"Stern, Jack (October 2009). \"Lasers in Spine Surgery: A Review\" (PDF). www.Spine.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spine.org/Portals/0/Documents/KnowYourBack/LaserSurgery.pdf","url_text":"\"Lasers in Spine Surgery: A Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decompression of the Intervertebral Disc Using Laser Energy (Laser Discectomy) or Radiofrequency Coblation (Nucleoplasty)\". providers.bcidaho.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongbokgung_station	Gyeongbokgung station	["1 Station layout","2 Vicinity","3 Tourism","4 References"]	Coordinates: 37°34′33″N 126°58′25″E / 37.57577°N 126.97359°E / 37.57577; 126.97359Metro station in Seoul, South Korea Not to be confused with Government Complex Gwacheon station, Government Complex Daejeon station, Administration Complex station, Sports Complex station (Seoul), or Sports Complex station (Busan). 327 경복궁 (정부서울청사)Gyeongbokgung(Government Complex-Seoul) Korean nameHangul경복궁역Hanja景福宮驛Revised RomanizationGyeongbokgungnyeokMcCune–ReischauerKyŏngbokkungnyŏk General informationLocation81-1 Jeokseon-dong, 130 Sajingno Jiha, Jongno-gu, SeoulCoordinates37°34′33″N 126°58′25″E / 37.57577°N 126.97359°E / 37.57577; 126.97359Operated bySeoul MetroLine(s) Line 3Platforms1Tracks2ConstructionStructure typeUndergroundKey datesOctober 18, 1985 Line 3 openedPassengers(Daily) Based on Jan-Dec of 2012.Line 3: 46,531 Gyeongbokgung station (Korean: 경복궁역) is a subway station on Line 3 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway. It is the subway station nearest to the Gyeongbokgung Palace. The station is also near the Government Complex–Seoul, the National Police Agency of South Korea, and other administrative buildings in the neighborhood. Station layout G Street level Exit L1Concourse Lobby Customer service, shops, vending machines, ATMs L2Platform Northbound ← Line 3 toward Daehwa (Dongnimmun) Island platform, doors will open on the left Southbound → Line 3 toward Ogeum (Anguk) → Vicinity Exit 1: Sajik Park Exit 2: Hyoja-dong Exit 3: Chinese Embassy of Korea Exit 4: Cheongwadae Exit 5: Gyeongbok Palace, Gwanghwamun Exit 6: Government Complex-Seoul, Gwanghwamun Station Exit 7: Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency Tourism The station displays artifacts from various dynasties, with walls decorated in ornate displays design to appeal to tourists. In January 2013, the Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation, which operates this line, published free guidebooks in three languages: English, Japanese and Chinese (simplified and traditional), which features eight tours as well as recommendations for accommodations, restaurants and shopping centers. The tours are designed with different themes, e.g. Korean traditional culture, which goes from Jongno 3-ga Station to Anguk Station and this station on line No 3 that showcases antique shops and art galleries of Insa-dong. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gyeongbokgung Station. ^ a b c "경복궁역" (in Korean). Doopedia. Retrieved 2017-01-20. ^ Monthly Number of Passengers between Subway Stations Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. Korea Transportation Database, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-15. ^ "Gyeongbokgug". Seoul Metro. Archived from the original on 2017-10-30. Retrieved 2017-01-20. ^ Murthy, Rishika (22 September 2011). "Seoul's 6 coolest subway stops". CNN Travel. Retrieved 26 February 2013. ^ Kwon, Sang-soo (26 January 2013). "Free guide for Seoul's subway riders". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) Preceding station Seoul Metropolitan Subway Following station Dongnimmuntowards Daehwa Line 3 Anguktowards Ogeum vteSeoul Metropolitan Subway Line 3Ilsan Line Daehwa Juyeop Jeongbalsan Madu Baekseok Daegok Hwajeong Wondang Wonheung Samsong Jichuk Seoul Subway Line 3 Jichuk Gupabal Yeonsinnae Bulgwang Nokbeon Hongje Muakjae Dongnimmun Gyeongbokgung Anguk Jongno 3(sam)-ga Euljiro 3(sam)-ga Chungmuro Dongguk Univ. Yaksu Geumho Oksu Apgujeong Sinsa Jamwon Express Bus Terminal Seoul Nat'l Univ. of Education Nambu Bus Terminal Yangjae Maebong Dogok Daechi Hangnyeoul Daecheong Irwon Suseo Garak Market National Police Hospital Ogeum	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government Complex Gwacheon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Complex_Gwacheon_station"},{"link_name":"Government Complex Daejeon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Complex_Daejeon_station"},{"link_name":"Administration Complex station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_Complex_station"},{"link_name":"Sports Complex station (Seoul)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Complex_station_(Seoul)"},{"link_name":"Sports Complex station (Busan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Complex_station_(Busan)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Line 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_3"},{"link_name":"Seoul Metropolitan Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Subway"},{"link_name":"Gyeongbokgung Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongbokgung"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sm-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doo-1"}],"text":"Metro station in Seoul, South KoreaNot to be confused with Government Complex Gwacheon station, Government Complex Daejeon station, Administration Complex station, Sports Complex station (Seoul), or Sports Complex station (Busan).Gyeongbokgung station (Korean: 경복궁역) is a subway station on Line 3 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway. It is the subway station nearest to the Gyeongbokgung Palace. The station is also near the Government Complex–Seoul, the National Police Agency of South Korea, and other administrative buildings in the neighborhood.[3][1]","title":"Gyeongbokgung station"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Cheongwadae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongwadae"},{"link_name":"Gyeongbok Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongbok_Palace"},{"link_name":"Gwanghwamun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwanghwamun"},{"link_name":"Government Complex-Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Government_Complex_(Seoul)"},{"link_name":"Gwanghwamun Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwanghwamun_Station"}],"text":"Exit 1: Sajik Park\nExit 2: Hyoja-dong\nExit 3: Chinese Embassy of Korea\nExit 4: Cheongwadae\nExit 5: Gyeongbok Palace, Gwanghwamun\nExit 6: Government Complex-Seoul, Gwanghwamun Station\nExit 7: Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency","title":"Vicinity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Rapid_Transit_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Jongno 3-ga Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongno_3-ga_Station"},{"link_name":"Anguk Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguk_Station"},{"link_name":"line No 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_3"},{"link_name":"Insa-dong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insa-dong"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The station displays artifacts from various dynasties, with walls decorated in ornate displays design to appeal to tourists.[4]In January 2013, the Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation, which operates this line, published free guidebooks in three languages: English, Japanese and Chinese (simplified and traditional), which features eight tours as well as recommendations for accommodations, restaurants and shopping centers. The tours are designed with different themes, e.g. Korean traditional culture, which goes from Jongno 3-ga Station to Anguk Station and this station on line No 3 that showcases antique shops and art galleries of Insa-dong.[5]","title":"Tourism"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"경복궁역\" (in Korean). Doopedia. Retrieved 2017-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1381627&cid=40942&categoryId=34709","url_text":"\"경복궁역\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doopedia","url_text":"Doopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Gyeongbokgug\". Seoul Metro. Archived from the original on 2017-10-30. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_Act_1580	Religion Act 1580	["1 See also","2 Notes","3 External links"]	United Kingdom legislationReligion Act 1580Act of ParliamentParliament of EnglandLong titleAn Act to retain the Queen's Majesty's Subjects in their due Obedience.Citation23 Eliz. 1. c. 1Territorial extent Kingdom of EnglandDatesRoyal assent18 March 1581Other legislationRepealed byRoman Catholics Act 1844Relates toReligion Act 1586Popish Recusants Act 1605Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791Status: RepealedText of statute as originally enacted The Religion Act 1580 or Recusancy Act 1680 (23 Eliz. 1. c. 1) was an Act of the Parliament of England during the English Reformation. The Act made it high treason to persuade English subjects to withdraw their allegiance to the Queen, or from the Church of England to Rome, or to promise obedience to a foreign authority. The Act also increased the fine for absenteeism from Church to £20 a month or imprisonment until they conformed. Finally, the Act fined and imprisoned those who celebrated the mass and attended a mass. See also Praemunire High treason in the United Kingdom Notes ^ Tomlins, Thomas Edlyne; Raithby, John (1811). Religion Act 1580 . The Statutes at Large, of England and of Great Britain: from Magna Carta to the Union of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. IV. London, Great Britain: George Eyre and Andrew Strahan. pp. 374–377. OCLC 1110419501 – via Internet Archive. ^ Dudley Julius Medley, A Student's Manual of English Constitutional History. Sixth Edition (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1925), p. 638. External links Tomlins, Thomas Edlyne; Raithby, John (1811). Religion Act 1587 . The Statutes at Large, of England and of Great Britain: from Magna Carta to the Union of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. IV. London, Great Britain: George Eyre and Andrew Strahan. pp. 442–445. OCLC 15609908 – via Internet Archive. Tomlins, Thomas Edlyne; Raithby, John (1811). An Act for the better discovering and repressing of Popish Recusants (1605) . The Statutes at Large, of England and of Great Britain: from Magna Carta to the Union of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. IV. London, Great Britain: George Eyre and Andrew Strahan. pp. 637–649. OCLC 15609908 – via Internet Archive. Frederick, George William (1794). Religion Act 1791 . The Statutes at Large, from the Thirtieth Year to Thirty-fourth Year of Reign of King George the Third. Vol. XVI. London, Great Britain: Charles Eyre and Andrew Strahan. pp. 129–134. OCLC 722388097. {{cite book}}: \|website= ignored (help) This article related to the politics of England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"23 Eliz. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_Eliz._1"},{"link_name":"Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Parliament of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"English Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"high treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_treason"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"United Kingdom legislationThe Religion Act 1580 or Recusancy Act 1680 (23 Eliz. 1. c. 1) was an Act of the Parliament of England during the English Reformation.[1]The Act made it high treason to persuade English subjects to withdraw their allegiance to the Queen, or from the Church of England to Rome, or to promise obedience to a foreign authority.The Act also increased the fine for absenteeism from Church to £20 a month or imprisonment until they conformed. Finally, the Act fined and imprisoned those who celebrated the mass and attended a mass.[2]","title":"Religion Act 1580"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Religion Act 1580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/statutesatlarge02raitgoog/page/n426/"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1110419501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1110419501"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ Tomlins, Thomas Edlyne; Raithby, John (1811). Religion Act 1580 [23 Eliz. I. - A.D. 1580 Chapter I]. The Statutes at Large, of England and of Great Britain: from Magna Carta to the Union of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. IV. London, Great Britain: George Eyre and Andrew Strahan. pp. 374–377. OCLC 1110419501 – via Internet Archive.\n\n^ Dudley Julius Medley, A Student's Manual of English Constitutional History. Sixth Edition (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1925), p. 638.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Praemunire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praemunire"},{"title":"High treason in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_treason_in_the_United_Kingdom"}]	[{"reference":"Tomlins, Thomas Edlyne; Raithby, John (1811). Religion Act 1580 [23 Eliz. I. - A.D. 1580 Chapter I]. The Statutes at Large, of England and of Great Britain: from Magna Carta to the Union of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. IV. London, Great Britain: George Eyre and Andrew Strahan. pp. 374–377. OCLC 1110419501 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/statutesatlarge02raitgoog/page/n426/","url_text":"Religion Act 1580"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1110419501","url_text":"1110419501"}]},{"reference":"Tomlins, Thomas Edlyne; Raithby, John (1811). Religion Act 1587 [29 Eliz. I. - A.D. 1587 Chapter VI]. The Statutes at Large, of England and of Great Britain: from Magna Carta to the Union of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. IV. London, Great Britain: George Eyre and Andrew Strahan. pp. 442–445. OCLC 15609908 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/statutesatlarge02raitgoog/page/n494/","url_text":"Religion Act 1587"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15609908","url_text":"15609908"}]},{"reference":"Tomlins, Thomas Edlyne; Raithby, John (1811). An Act for the better discovering and repressing of Popish Recusants (1605) [3 Jac. I. - A.D. 1605 Chapter IV]. The Statutes at Large, of England and of Great Britain: from Magna Carta to the Union of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. IV. London, Great Britain: George Eyre and Andrew Strahan. pp. 637–649. OCLC 15609908 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/statutesatlarge02raitgoog/page/n686/","url_text":"An Act for the better discovering and repressing of Popish Recusants (1605)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15609908","url_text":"15609908"}]},{"reference":"Frederick, George William (1794). Religion Act 1791 [31 Geo. III. - A.D. 1791 Chapter XXXII]. The Statutes at Large, from the Thirtieth Year to Thirty-fourth Year of Reign of King George the Third. Vol. XVI. London, Great Britain: Charles Eyre and Andrew Strahan. pp. 129–134. OCLC 722388097.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31970009469807&view=1up&seq=191","url_text":"Religion Act 1791"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/722388097","url_text":"722388097"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/statutesatlarge02raitgoog/page/n426/","external_links_name":"Text of statute as originally enacted"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/statutesatlarge02raitgoog/page/n426/","external_links_name":"Religion Act 1580"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1110419501","external_links_name":"1110419501"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/statutesatlarge02raitgoog/page/n494/","external_links_name":"Religion Act 1587"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15609908","external_links_name":"15609908"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/statutesatlarge02raitgoog/page/n686/","external_links_name":"An Act for the better discovering and repressing of Popish Recusants (1605)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15609908","external_links_name":"15609908"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31970009469807&view=1up&seq=191","external_links_name":"Religion Act 1791"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/722388097","external_links_name":"722388097"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_Act_1580&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila_ampullacea	Pila ampullacea	["1 Distribution","2 Description","3 As food","4 References","5 External links"]	Species of gastropod Pila ampullacea The shell and operculum of Pila ampullacea Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Caenogastropoda Order: Architaenioglossa Family: Ampullariidae Genus: Pila Species: P. ampullacea Binomial name Pila ampullacea(Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms Ampullaria ampullacea (Linnaeus, 1758) Ampullaria ampullacea var. javensis G. Nevill, 1885 Ampullaria celebensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 (junior synonym) Ampullaria dalyi Blanford, 1903 (junior synonym) Ampullaria fasciata Lamarck, 1822 (invalid: junior homonym of fasciata Roissy, 1805) Ampullaria gruneri Philippi, 1852 (junior synonym) Ampullaria magnifica Philippi, 1851 (junior synonym) Ampullaria sumatrensis Philippi, 1852 (junior synonym) Ampullaria turbinis I. Lea, 1856 (junior synonym) Helix ampullacea Linnaeus, 1758 (original combination) Pachylabra ampullacea (Linnaeus, 1758) Pachylabra ampullacea var. saleyerensis Kobelt, 1912 (junior synonym) Pachylabra turbinis (I. Lea, 1856) Pachylabra turbinis var. lacustris Annandale, 1920 Pomacea orbata Perry, 1811 (junior synonym) Pila ampullacea, is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Ampullariidae, the apple snails. Distribution Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia Description Five views of a shell of Pila ampullacea As food Pila ampullacea, together with Pila pesmei, are indigenous rice field snail species traditionally eaten in Thailand that have been displaced by the invasive golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata. In Indonesia, it is famous as keong sawah or tutut (from Sundanese: ᮒᮥᮒᮥᮒ᮪, romanized: Tutut) as traditional cuisine which is often boiled or grilled as satay. References ^ Sri-aroon, P.; Richter, K. (2012). "Pila ampullacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T184900A1763173. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T184900A1763173.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ Bouchet, P. (2013). Pila ampullacea (Linnaeus, 1758). In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=737456 on 2017-06-07 ^ MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Pila ampullacea (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=737456 on 2020-05-18 ^ Heavy Predation on Freshwater Bryozoans by the Golden Apple Snail, Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck, 1822 (Ampullariidae); The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University 6(1): 31-36, May 2006 External links Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata Media related to Pila ampullacea at Wikimedia Commons Applesnail.net info Taxon identifiersPila ampullacea Wikidata: Q4217116 Wikispecies: Pila ampullacea BOLD: 212347 CoL: 4HSCW GBIF: 7907674 iNaturalist: 150965 IUCN: 184900 NCBI: 500716 Open Tree of Life: 569231 WoRMS: 737456	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"freshwater snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_snail"},{"link_name":"operculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"aquatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_animal"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-3"}],"text":"Pila ampullacea, is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Ampullariidae, the apple snails. [3]","title":"Pila ampullacea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Vietnam"}],"text":"Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pila_ampullacea_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod_shell"}],"text":"Five views of a shell of Pila ampullacea","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pila pesmei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pila_pesmei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"invasive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"Pomacea canaliculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomacea_canaliculata"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Sundanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_language"},{"link_name":"satay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay"}],"text":"Pila ampullacea, together with Pila pesmei, are indigenous rice field snail species traditionally eaten in Thailand that have been displaced by the invasive golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata.[4]\nIn Indonesia, it is famous as keong sawah or tutut (from Sundanese: ᮒᮥᮒᮥᮒ᮪, romanized: Tutut) as traditional cuisine which is often boiled or grilled as satay.","title":"As food"}]	[{"image_text":"Five views of a shell of Pila ampullacea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pila_ampullacea_01.JPG/220px-Pila_ampullacea_01.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Sri-aroon, P.; Richter, K. (2012). \"Pila ampullacea\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T184900A1763173. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T184900A1763173.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/184900/1763173","url_text":"\"Pila ampullacea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T184900A1763173.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T184900A1763173.en"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/184900/1763173","external_links_name":"\"Pila ampullacea\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T184900A1763173.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T184900A1763173.en"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=737456","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=737456"},{"Link":"http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=737456","external_links_name":"http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=737456"},{"Link":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726886","external_links_name":"Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata [10th revised edition"},{"Link":"http://www.applesnail.net/content/species/pila_ampullacea.htm","external_links_name":"Applesnail.net info"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=212347","external_links_name":"212347"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4HSCW","external_links_name":"4HSCW"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7907674","external_links_name":"7907674"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/150965","external_links_name":"150965"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/184900","external_links_name":"184900"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=500716","external_links_name":"500716"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=569231","external_links_name":"569231"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=737456","external_links_name":"737456"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Continental_(Tangier)	Hotel Continental (Tangier)	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 35°47′15″N 5°48′34″W / 35.78750°N 5.80944°W / 35.78750; -5.80944 (Hotel Continental)Historic hotel in Tangier, Morocco Hotel Continentalفندق كونتيننتالGeneral informationTypeHotelAddress36 Rue Dar Baroud, Tanger 90000, MoroccoTown or cityTangierCountryMoroccoOpened1870Other informationNumber of rooms56Websitehttps://hcontinental-tanger.com/ 35°47′15″N 5°48′34″W / 35.78750°N 5.80944°W / 35.78750; -5.80944 (Hotel Continental) The Hotel Continental, built in 1870, is one of the oldest hotels in Tangier, Morocco. The yellowing pages of the 19th-century guestbook refer to notable residents, Edgar Degas, Winston Churchill, and the Beat poets among them, and Bernardo Bertolucci's The Sheltering Sky was partly filmed here. It is located in the Medina area of the city and some of the rooms overlook the harbor. References ^ Morocco. Dorling Kindersley Eyewitness Travel Guides. 2006. p. 133. ^ Many Tangier landmarks and old images of these are explained in detail, in relation to the hotel's location, in Martin Malcolm Elbl, Portuguese Tangier (1471-1662): Colonial Urban Fabric as Cross-Cultural Skeleton (Baywolf Press: Toronto and Peterborough, 2013) ISBN 978-0-921437-50-5. Portuguese Tangier (1471-1662): Colonial Urban Fabric as Cross-Cultural Skeleton and Portuguese Tangier (1471-1662): Colonial Urban Fabric as Cross-Cultural Skeleton External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hôtel Continental (Tangier). Official website vteTangierHistory History of Tangier Timeline List of European governors of Tangier Battle of Tangier (1664) English Tangier Tangier Garrison 1st Tangier Regiment 2nd Tangier Regiment Battle of Cape Spartel (1782) Treaty of Tangiers First Moroccan Crisis Tangier Protocol Tangier International Zone Administrators and Mendoubs Battle of Cape Spartel (1936) Economy Economy of Tangier Tangier Exportation Free Zone Tanger-med Districts and streets Tangier City Center Grand Socco Petit Socco Quartier du Marshan Rue Es-Siaghine Rue de la Liberté Avenue Pasteur Avenue d'Espagne Avenue Mohammed VI beach Religious buildings Grand Mosque of Tangier Kasbah Mosque Sidi Bou Abib Mosque Mohammed V Mosque Lalla Abla Mosque Church of the Immaculate Conception Anglican Church of St. Andrew French Church Roman Catholic Cathedral Palaces and museums Kasbah Palace Mendoubia Mendoub's Residence Marshan Palace Abdelhafid Palace American Legation Museum of Contemporary Art Fondation Lorin Musée de Carmen-Macein Other buildings Plaza de Toros bullring Borj en Naam Gran Teatro Cervantes Hotel Cecil Hotel Continental French Consulate General Café Hafa Tangerinn Villa Muniria Schools and colleges Tangier Anglo-Moroccan School American School of Tangier Transport Rabat-Tangier expressway Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport Sport and culture Atletico Tanger IR Tanger Stade de Tanger Stade de Marchan Cap Radio (Morocco) National Cricket Stadium Geography Bay of Tangier Parc de la Mendoubia Colline du Charf Cape Spartel Cape Malabata This article about a hotel or resort in Africa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a building or structure in Morocco is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"35°47′15″N 5°48′34″W / 35.78750°N 5.80944°W / 35.78750; -5.80944 (Hotel Continental)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hotel_Continental_(Tangier)&params=35_47_15_N_5_48_34_W_&title=Hotel+Continental"},{"link_name":"Tangier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Bertolucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci"},{"link_name":"The Sheltering Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sheltering_Sky_(film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Historic hotel in Tangier, Morocco35°47′15″N 5°48′34″W / 35.78750°N 5.80944°W / 35.78750; -5.80944 (Hotel Continental)The Hotel Continental, built in 1870, is one of the oldest hotels in Tangier, Morocco.[1] The yellowing pages of the 19th-century guestbook refer to notable residents, Edgar Degas, Winston Churchill, and the Beat poets among them, and Bernardo Bertolucci's The Sheltering Sky was partly filmed here. It is located in the Medina area of the city and some of the rooms overlook the harbor.[2]","title":"Hotel Continental (Tangier)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Morocco. Dorling Kindersley Eyewitness Travel Guides. 2006. p. 133.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hotel_Continental_(Tangier)&params=35_47_15_N_5_48_34_W_&title=Hotel+Continental","external_links_name":"35°47′15″N 5°48′34″W / 35.78750°N 5.80944°W / 35.78750; -5.80944 (Hotel Continental)"},{"Link":"https://hcontinental-tanger.com/","external_links_name":"https://hcontinental-tanger.com/"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hotel_Continental_(Tangier)&params=35_47_15_N_5_48_34_W_&title=Hotel+Continental","external_links_name":"35°47′15″N 5°48′34″W / 35.78750°N 5.80944°W / 35.78750; -5.80944 (Hotel Continental)"},{"Link":"http://www.trentu.ca/admin/publications/psr/monvol001.html","external_links_name":"Portuguese Tangier (1471-1662): Colonial Urban Fabric as Cross-Cultural Skeleton"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTBAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Portuguese Tangier (1471-1662): Colonial Urban Fabric as Cross-Cultural Skeleton"},{"Link":"https://hcontinental-tanger.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotel_Continental_(Tangier)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotel_Continental_(Tangier)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Class_Reunion	National Lampoon's Class Reunion	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 Soundtrack","6 National Lampoon history","7 Reviews","8 References","9 External links"]	1982 film by Michael Miller National Lampoon's Class ReunionTheatrical release posterDirected byMichael MillerWritten byJohn HughesProduced byMatty SimmonsStarring Gerrit Graham Fred McCarren Miriam Flynn Stephen Furst Shelley Smith Michael Lerner Chuck Berry CinematographyPhilip LathropEdited byAnn MillsRichard MeyerMusic byPeter BernsteinMark GoldenbergProductioncompanyABC Motion PicturesDistributed by20th Century-FoxRelease date October 29, 1982 (1982-10-29) Running time84 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$10.1 million Class Reunion is a 1982 American black comedy film produced by National Lampoon as the third film from the magazine. It was the second film released; although National Lampoon Goes to the Movies was filmed in 1981, it was delayed and not released until 1982. In the film, the 1972 graduating class of a high school is gathering for their class reunion. They are unaware that among the guests is an escaped mental patient, who wants revenge for a decade-old sadistic prank which had ruined his life and his sanity. After several deaths at the reunion, the surviving alumni team-up to discover who is their secret enemy. Plot Lizzie Borden High's class of 1972 is getting ready to go through the motions at their 10-year reunion when a deranged alumnus named Walter Baylor, who was driven insane by a horrible, sadistic, senior-year prank, escapes from the mental institution and decides to crash the party at his high school reunion. Guests start to disappear and are found dead; the other alumni, including the high class snooty yacht salesman Bob Spinnaker, class tease Bunny Packard, and the class zero Gary Nash, spring into action as they try to uncover the culprit and put an end to the nightmare that has become their class reunion. Cast Gerrit Graham – Bob Spinnaker Michael Lerner – Dr. Robert Young Misty Rowe – Cindy Shears Blackie Dammett – Walter Baylor Fred McCarren – Gary Nash Miriam Flynn – Bunny Packard Stephen Furst – Hubert Downs Mews Small – Iris Augen Shelly Smith – Meredith Modess Zane Buzby – Delores Salk Jim Staahl – Egon Von Stoker Jacklyn Zeman – Jane Washborn Barry Diamond – Chip Hendrix Art Evans – Carl Clapton Marla Pennington – Mary Beth McFadden Randy Powell – Jeff Barnes Anne Ramsey – Mrs. Tabazooski John Hughes – 'Girl' with bag on head (uncredited) Production John Hughes claimed he had been fired from the film. "They didn't even want me around, and I was shocked when I saw the movie", he said. "My screenplay had been completely butchered, and my name will nevertheless be on the credits forever." Release The film was released theatrically in the United States by 20th Century-Fox in October 1982. It proved to be a huge disappointment for the company, grossing only $10,054,150 at the box office. In the opening weekend for the film, it made $3,086,525. In 1982, Dell Publishing released a "photo novel" version book, adapted from John Hughes' screenplay by Sandra Choron. The film was released on VHS, Betamax and laserdisc by Vestron Video in 1983. In August 1998, Anchor Bay Entertainment re-released the film on VHS. In 2000, Anchor Bay Entertainment released the film on DVD. The film was re-released on DVD by MGM in 2005. In April 2018, Kino Lorber announced it would release the film on DVD and Blu-ray, sourced from a new 4K transfer. Soundtrack The score for the 1982 movie National Lampoons Class Reunion was composed by Peter Bernstein and Mark Goldenberg and includes a live onscreen performance by Chuck Berry, and a small scene where the actors perform the classic 1965 hit "Stop! in the Name of Love". The score was edited by Jim Harrison and Lada Productions. Songs were performed by: Gary "U.S." Bonds – "Class Reunion" (written by Peter Bernstein and Mark Goldenberg) Chuck Berry – "It Wasn't Me", "My Dingaling", and "Festival" National Lampoon history National Lampoon's Class Reunion was the second big-screen movie that was released from the Original National Lampoon Company. The movie had a huge buildup, and viewers expected it to be another hit for the National Lampoon franchise, because it was following National Lampoon's Animal House, the company's first big-screen release in 1978. The original company consisted of the writers from the National Lampoon magazine and some of the cast from the National Lampoon Radio Hour and the stage show National Lampoon's Lemmings. Reviews National Lampoon's Class Reunion suffered negative reviews on release. According to TV Guide, "this is a very unfunny film which was released after the successful National Lampoon's Animal House, and which died at the box office, focuses on the 10th reunion of a 1972 high-school graduating class. The plot combines both comedy and horror-slasher elements, a combination that doesn't work. A murderer is killing off class members, who are such dull, dreary creatures, no one could blame him. Even Chuck Berry, who makes a brief appearance singing a medley of his songs, can't save this one." Christopher Tookey states, "Very inferior follow-up to Animal House, with remarkably tasteless basis for comedy. John Hughes can be blamed for the script, a feeble spoof of a slasher movie. Songs are used to extend running length, but even Chuck Berry seems under par." Movie historian Leonard Maltin seemed to agree, citing the picture as a "BOMB" and calling it "Spectacularly unfunny... If you went to school with people like this, no jury on earth would convict you for becoming a homicidal maniac, either." References ^ Blaise, Judd. "National Lampoon's Class Reunion". AllMovie. ^ "Class Reunion (1982)" – via www.imdb.com. ^ Reich, Howard (August 21, 1983). "MOVIES: Major risks, untried talents and one cool Chicago director MOVIES". Chicago Tribune. p. 15. ^ "National Lampoon's Class Reunion". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-03-28. ^ a b "Turner Classic Movies". ^ National Lampoon Wiki link ^ "National Lampoon's Class Reunion". TVGuide.com. ^ "Movie Film Review – Chris Tookey – Tookey's Film Guide – Reviews Since 1902". www.movie-film-review.com. ^ Maltin's TV, Movie, & Video Guide External links Official website at MGM.com National Lampoon's Class Reunion at IMDb National Lampoon's Class Reunion at AllMovie National Lampoon's Class Reunion at Rotten Tomatoes vteJohn HughesWritten and directed Sixteen Candles (1984) The Breakfast Club (1985) Weird Science (1985) Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986) Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987) She's Having a Baby (1988) Uncle Buck (1989) Curly Sue (1991) Films written National Lampoon's Class Reunion (1982) Mr. Mom (1983) National Lampoon's Vacation (1983) Savage Islands (1983) National Lampoon's European Vacation (1985) Pretty in Pink (1986) Some Kind of Wonderful (1987) The Great Outdoors (1988) National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989) Home Alone (1990) Career Opportunities (1991) Dutch (1991) Beethoven (1992) Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992) Dennis the Menace (1993) Baby's Day Out (1994) Miracle on 34th Street (1994) 101 Dalmatians (1996) Flubber (1997) Home Alone 3 (1997) Reach the Rock (1998) Just Visiting (2001) Maid in Manhattan (2002, story) Drillbit Taylor (2008, original character) Produced only Only the Lonely (1991) New Port South (2001) Related John Hughes's unrealized projects Don't You Forget About Me (2009 documentary) vteNational Lampoon National Lampoon magazine (1970–1998) J2 Communications (1990–2002) National Lampoon, Inc. (2002–present) Books andspecial editions Would You Buy a Used War from This Man? Encyclopedia of Humor Letters from the Editors Comics 1964 High School Yearbook Parody This Side of Parodies The Job of Sex The Very Large Book of Comical Funnies Art Poster Book Bicentennial Calendar 1976 The Gentleman's Bathroom Companion The 199th Birthday Book The Iron On Book Songbook The Naked and the Nude Presents French Comics The Up Yourself Book Gentleman's Bathroom Companion 2 The Book of Books Animal House Book Sunday Newspaper Parody Tenth Anniversary Anthology 1970–1980 Doon Best of books No. 1 The Breast of National Lampoon No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 Books about the magazine Drunk Stoned Brilliant Dead A Futile and Stupid Gesture Going Too Far If You Don't Buy This Book, We'll Kill This Dog! Mr. Mike: The Life and Work of Michael O'Donoghue That's Not Funny, That's Sick Films Animal House Movie Madness Class Reunion Joy of Sex Loaded Weapon 1 Senior Trip Repli-Kate Blackball Gold Diggers Dorm Daze Barely Legal Going the Distance The Almost Guys Adam & Eve Cattle Call Electric Apricot Pucked The Beach Party at the Threshold of Hell Stoned Age Totally Baked: A Potumentary Bag Boy RoboDoc One, Two, Many Endless Bummer The Legend of Awesomest Maximus Ratko Transylmania Vacation series Vacation (1983) European Vacation Christmas Vacation Vegas Vacation Christmas Vacation 2 Vacation (2015) Van Wilder series Van Wilder The Rise of Taj Freshman Year Made-for-TV films Disco Beaver from Outer Space Attack of the 5 Ft. 2 In. Women Favorite Deadly Sins Dad's Week Off The Don's Analyst Men in White Golf Punks Thanksgiving Family Reunion Professor Pepper's School of Good Stuff Direct to video Last Resort Dorm Daze 2: College @ Sea Pledge This! TV: The Movie Electric Apricot: Quest for Festeroo Films about the magazine Drunk Stoned Brilliant Dead: The Story of the National Lampoon A Futile and Stupid Gesture Television Delta House Funny Money Recordings Radio Dinner The Missing White House Tapes Stereo Test and Demonstration Record Gold Turkey Goodbye Pop 1952–1976 That's Not Funny, That's Sick Greatest Hits White Album Car Stereo Test & Demonstration Tape Sex, Drugs, Rock 'N' Roll & the End of the World Buy This Box or We'll Shoot This Dog Stage shows Lemmings The National Lampoon Show National Lampoon's Class of '86 Other projects The National Lampoon Radio Hour Jake's Booty Call Related links Cheeseface Deteriorata The Harvard Lampoon O.C. and Stiggs Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_comedy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Lampoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"National Lampoon Goes to the Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Movie_Madness"},{"link_name":"class reunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_reunion"},{"link_name":"mental patient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_patient"}],"text":"Class Reunion is a 1982 American black comedy film[1] produced by National Lampoon as the third film from the magazine. It was the second film released; although National Lampoon Goes to the Movies was filmed in 1981, it was delayed and not released until 1982.In the film, the 1972 graduating class of a high school is gathering for their class reunion. They are unaware that among the guests is an escaped mental patient, who wants revenge for a decade-old sadistic prank which had ruined his life and his sanity. After several deaths at the reunion, the surviving alumni team-up to discover who is their secret enemy.","title":"National Lampoon's Class Reunion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lizzie Borden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_Borden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lizzie Borden High's class of 1972 is getting ready to go through the motions at their 10-year reunion when a deranged alumnus named Walter Baylor, who was driven insane by a horrible, sadistic, senior-year prank, escapes from the mental institution and decides to crash the party at his high school reunion. Guests start to disappear and are found dead; the other alumni, including the high class snooty yacht salesman Bob Spinnaker, class tease Bunny Packard, and the class zero Gary Nash, spring into action as they try to uncover the culprit and put an end to the nightmare that has become their class reunion.[2]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerrit Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Graham"},{"link_name":"Michael Lerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lerner_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Misty Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misty_Rowe"},{"link_name":"Blackie Dammett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackie_Dammett"},{"link_name":"Fred McCarren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_McCarren"},{"link_name":"Miriam Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Flynn"},{"link_name":"Stephen Furst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Furst"},{"link_name":"Mews Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mews_Small"},{"link_name":"Shelly Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_Smith_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Zane Buzby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Buzby"},{"link_name":"Jacklyn Zeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacklyn_Zeman"},{"link_name":"Barry Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Diamond"},{"link_name":"Art Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Evans_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Marla Pennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marla_Pennington"},{"link_name":"Randy Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Powell"},{"link_name":"Anne Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"John Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hughes_(filmmaker)"}],"text":"Gerrit Graham – Bob Spinnaker\nMichael Lerner – Dr. Robert Young\nMisty Rowe – Cindy Shears\nBlackie Dammett – Walter Baylor\nFred McCarren – Gary Nash\nMiriam Flynn – Bunny Packard\nStephen Furst – Hubert Downs\nMews Small – Iris Augen\nShelly Smith – Meredith Modess\nZane Buzby – Delores Salk\nJim Staahl – Egon Von Stoker\nJacklyn Zeman – Jane Washborn\nBarry Diamond – Chip Hendrix\nArt Evans – Carl Clapton\nMarla Pennington – Mary Beth McFadden\nRandy Powell – Jeff Barnes\nAnne Ramsey – Mrs. Tabazooski\nJohn Hughes – 'Girl' with bag on head (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"John Hughes claimed he had been fired from the film. \"They didn't even want me around, and I was shocked when I saw the movie\", he said. \"My screenplay had been completely butchered, and my name will nevertheless be on the credits forever.\"[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"20th Century-Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century-Fox"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dell Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Publishing"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"Betamax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamax"},{"link_name":"laserdisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserdisc"},{"link_name":"Vestron Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestron_Video"},{"link_name":"Anchor Bay Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_Bay_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Anchor Bay Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_Bay_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"MGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"}],"text":"The film was released theatrically in the United States by 20th Century-Fox in October 1982. It proved to be a huge disappointment for the company, grossing only $10,054,150 at the box office.[4] In the opening weekend for the film, it made $3,086,525.In 1982, Dell Publishing released a \"photo novel\" version book, adapted from John Hughes' screenplay by Sandra Choron. The film was released on VHS, Betamax and laserdisc by Vestron Video in 1983. In August 1998, Anchor Bay Entertainment re-released the film on VHS. In 2000, Anchor Bay Entertainment released the film on DVD. The film was re-released on DVD by MGM in 2005.In April 2018, Kino Lorber announced it would release the film on DVD and Blu-ray, sourced from a new 4K transfer.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bernstein_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Chuck Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry"},{"link_name":"\"Stop! in the Name of Love\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop!_In_the_Name_of_Love"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turner_Classic_Movies-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turner_Classic_Movies-5"},{"link_name":"Gary \"U.S.\" Bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_%22U.S.%22_Bonds"}],"text":"The score for the 1982 movie National Lampoons Class Reunion was composed by Peter Bernstein and Mark Goldenberg and includes a live onscreen performance by Chuck Berry, and a small scene where the actors perform the classic 1965 hit \"Stop! in the Name of Love\". The score was edited by Jim Harrison and Lada Productions.[5]Songs were performed by:[5]Gary \"U.S.\" Bonds – \"Class Reunion\" (written by Peter Bernstein and Mark Goldenberg)\nChuck Berry – \"It Wasn't Me\", \"My Dingaling\", and \"Festival\"","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Lampoon's Animal House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Animal_House"},{"link_name":"National Lampoon Radio Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon_Radio_Hour"},{"link_name":"National Lampoon's Lemmings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Lemmings"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"National Lampoon's Class Reunion was the second big-screen movie that was released from the Original National Lampoon Company. The movie had a huge buildup, and viewers expected it to be another hit for the National Lampoon franchise, because it was following National Lampoon's Animal House, the company's first big-screen release in 1978. The original company consisted of the writers from the National Lampoon magazine and some of the cast from the National Lampoon Radio Hour and the stage show National Lampoon's Lemmings.[6]","title":"National Lampoon history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Christopher Tookey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tookey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Leonard Maltin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Maltin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"National Lampoon's Class Reunion suffered negative reviews on release.According to TV Guide, \"this is a very unfunny film which was released after the successful National Lampoon's Animal House, and which died at the box office, focuses on the 10th reunion of a 1972 high-school graduating class. The plot combines both comedy and horror-slasher elements, a combination that doesn't work. A murderer is killing off class members, who are such dull, dreary creatures, no one could blame him. Even Chuck Berry, who makes a brief appearance singing a medley of his songs, can't save this one.\"[7]Christopher Tookey states, \"Very inferior follow-up to Animal House, with remarkably tasteless basis for comedy. John Hughes can be blamed for the script, a feeble spoof of a slasher movie. Songs are used to extend running length, but even Chuck Berry seems under par.\"[8]Movie historian Leonard Maltin seemed to agree, citing the picture as a \"BOMB\" and calling it \"Spectacularly unfunny... If you went to school with people like this, no jury on earth would convict you for becoming a homicidal maniac, either.\"[9]","title":"Reviews"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Blaise, Judd. \"National Lampoon's Class Reunion\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Mizzi	Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi	["1 Life","2 Pupils[4]","3 Works","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]	Syrian Islamic Scholar (1256–1341 CE) Jamāl al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥajjāj Yūsuf ibn al-Zakī ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Yūsuf al-Kalbī al-Quḍā’ī al-MizzīPersonalBorn1256 AD (654 AH)al-Mizza, now SyriaDied1341 AD (742 AH)Damascus, now SyriaReligionIslamEraMamluk EraRegionSyrian scholarDenominationSunniJurisprudenceShafi'iCreedAthariMain interest(s)Ilm ar-RijalOther namesAl-Ḥāfiẓ, Yūsuf ibn al-Zakī ʻAbd al-Raḥmān al-MizzīMuslim leader Influenced by Al-Shafi'i, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Al-Dimyati, Ibn Taymiyya Influenced Al-Dhahabī, Tāj al-Dīn al-Subkī, Ibn Kathīr Jamāl al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥajjāj Yūsuf ibn al-Zakī ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Yūsuf ibn ʻAbd al-Malik ibn Yūsuf al-Kalbī al-Quḍā’ī al-Mizzī, (Arabic: يوسف بن عبد الرحمن المزي), also called Al-Ḥāfiẓ Abī al-Ḥajjāj, was a Syrian muhaddith and the foremost `Ilm al-rijāl Islamic scholar. Life Al-Mizzī was born near Aleppo in 1256 under the reign of the last Ayyubid emir An-Nasir Yusuf. From 1260 the region was ruled by the na'ib al-saltana (viceroys) of the Mamluk Sultanate. In childhood he moved with his family to the village of al-Mizza outside Damascus, where he was educated in Qur’ān and fiqh. In his twenties he began his studies to become a muḥaddith and learned from the masters. His fellow pupil and life-long friend was Taqī al-Dīn ibn Taymiyya. It was also Taymiyya’s ideological influence, which although contrary to his own Shāfi’ī legalist inclination, that led to a stint in jail. Despite his affiliation with Ibn Taymiyya he became head of the Dār al-Ḥadīth al-Ashrafiyya, a leading ḥadīth academy in Damascus, in 1319. And although he professed the Ash’arī doctrine suspicion continued about his true beliefs. He travelled across the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, Syria (الشَّام), and Ḥijāz and became the greatest `Ilm al-rijāl (عِلْمُ الرِّجال) scholar of the Muslim world and an expert grammarian and philologist of Arabic. He died at Dar al-Hadith al-Ashrafiyyah in Damascus in 1341/2 and was buried in the Sufiyyah graveyard. Pupils Al-Dhahabī ‘Abd al-Wahhab al-Subkī Ismā‘īl ibn Kathīr – Ibn Kathir married a daughter of al-Mizzī. Ibn al-Furat Najm ad-Din al-Tufi Works Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmā’ al-rijāl; biographical lexicon and comprehensive reworking of Al-Kamal fi Asma' al-Rijal, a collection of narrator biographies of the transmitters of isnāds in the Six major Hadith collections and others, based upon the tarf (beginning segment) of the hadith. The Tahdhīb includes Ruwāt kuttub al-sitta. Al-Asqalānī and others wrote compendia of this work. Tuḥfat al-ashraf bi-Ma’rifat al-Aṭraf; alphabetically indexed encyclopaedia of the musnads of the first generation transmitters, the Companions of the Prophet. An indispensable resource for the study of Muslim tradition that comprises al-Nasā’ī's Al-Sunan al-kubrā. References Arabic Wikisource has original text related to this article: Al-Mizzi ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20061205212315/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~beh/islam_hadith_melv.html. Archived from the original on December 5, 2006. Retrieved September 22, 2006. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ Makdisi, George (1962). "Ashʿarī and the Ash'arites in Islamic Religious History I". Studia Islamica. 17 (17). Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden: Maisonneuve & Larose: 78. doi:10.2307/1595001. JSTOR 1595001 – via JSTOR. ^ Laoust, Henri (2012). ""Ibn Taymiyya." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition". BrillOnline. Retrieved 2015-01-28. ^ a b c d e f g Juynboll 1990, p. 212. ^ Al-Dimyati (2016). THE REWARDS FOR GOOD DEEDS المتجر الرابح . Dar al-Kotob al-'Ilmiyya. p. 15. ISBN 9782745176554. ^ Makdisi, George (1962). "Ashʿarī and the Ash'arites in Islamic Religious History I". Studia Islamica. 17 (17). Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden: Maisonneuve & Larose: 79. doi:10.2307/1595001. JSTOR 1595001 – via JSTOR. ^ a b c Al-Risalah al-Mustatrafah., by al-Kattani, pg. 208, Dar al-Basha'ir al-Islamiyyah, Beirut, seventh edition, 2007. ^ Ibn Kathir I, Le Gassick T (translator), Fareed M (reviewer) (2000). The Life of the Prophet Muhammad : English translation of Ibn Kathir's Al Sira Al Nabawiyya. Garnet. ISBN 9781859641422. {{cite book}}: \|author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Fozia Bora, Writing History in the Medieval Islamic World: The Value of Chronicles as Archives, The Early and Medieval Islamic World (London: I. B. Tauris, 2019), p. 38; ISBN 978-1-7845-3730-2. Bibliography Brockelmann, Carl (1902). "II". Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur. Vol. II. Berlin: E Felber. p. 64 f. ISBN 9789004104075. Dhahabī (al-), Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (2002). Kawtharī, Muḥammad Zāhid ibn al-Ḥasan; Ḥāmid, Abū Bakr ʻAbd al-Karīm; Ṭahṭāwī, Aḥmad Rāfiʻ (eds.). Tadhkirāt al-ḥuffāẓ (in Arabic). Bayrūt Lubnān: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī. p. 1498 ff. Subkī, Tāj al-Dīn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb ibn ʻAlī (1964). Ṭanāḥī, Maḥmūd Muḥammad; Ḥulw, ʻAbd al-Fattāḥ Muḥammad (eds.). al-Shāfī'iyya al-kubrā (in Arabic). Vol. X. Cairo: ʻĪsá al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī. pp. 395–430. OCLC 23510000. Asqalānī (al-), Ibn Ḥajar (1992). Darwīsh, ʻAdnān (ed.). Dhayl Al-Durar al-Kamīna. Vol. v. Al-Qāhirah: al-Munaẓẓamah al-ʻArabīyah lil-Tarbiyah wa-al-Thaqāfah wa-al-ʻUlūm, Maʻhad al-Makhṭuṭat al-ʻArabīyah. pp. 233–7. OCLC 27210371. Ḥanbalī (al-), Ibn al-‘Imād (1933) . Shadharāt al-dhahab. Vol. vi. Al-Qāhirah: Maktabat al-Qudsī. p. 136 f. OCLC 22865694. Mizzī (al-), Yūsuf ibn al-Zakī ʻAbd al-Raḥmān (1992) . Ma’rūf, Bashshār ‘Awwād (ed.). Mizzī Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmā' al-rijāl. Beirut: Muʼassasat al-Risālah. OCLC 12422024. Juynboll, Gautier H. A. (1990), "Al-Mizzī", Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pp. 212–3 External links Imam al-Mizzi, his brief incarceration and the Khalq af’al al-Ibad of Imam al-Bukhari (Archived 19 November 2023 at archive.today) vteShafi'i school by century (AH / AD) 2nd/8th Al-Shafi'i (founder of the school; 767–820) Al-Muzani (791/92–878) 3rd/9th Al-Humaydi (d. 834) Harith al-Muhasibi (781–857) Bukhari (810–870) Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (d. 875) Ibn Majah (824–887) Al-Nasai (d. 915) Ibn Khuzaymah (837–923) Ibn al-Mundhir (855–930) Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936) Fakr ad-Din 4th/10th Al-Daraqutni (918–995) Abu Talib al-Makki (d. 996) Al-Hakim Nishapuri (933–1014) Ibn Furak (d. 1015) Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad (935–1025) Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi (d. 1037) Abu Nuaym (d. 1038) Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi (1003–1083) Al-Lalika'i 5th/11th Al-Tha'labi (d. 1035) Al-Mawardi (972–1058) Al-Bayhaqi (994–1066) Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (1002–1071) Al-Qushayri (986–1072) Al-Juwayni (1028–1085) Al-Baghawi (d. 1122) Ahmad Ghazali (d. 1123/26) 6th/12th Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) Al-Shahrastani (1086–1153) Ibn `Asakir (1105–c. 1176) Abu Tahir al-Silafi (1079–1180) Ahmed al-Rifa`i (1119–1183) Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi (1154–1191) Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1150–1209) Sayf al-Din al-Amidi (1156–1233) Ibn Abi'l-Dam (1187–1244) Ibn al-Salah (1181–1245) 7th/13th Ibn Abil-Hadid (d. 1258) Izz al-Din ibn Abd al-Salam (d. 1262) Ahmad al-Badawi (1200–1276) Al-Nawawi (1230–1277) Ibn Khallikan (1211–1282) Ibn Daqiq al-Id (1228–1302) Al-Baydawi (d. 1319) Safi-ad-din Ardabili (1252/53–1334) Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi (1256–1341) Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn 8th/14th Safi al-Din al-Hindi (d. 1315/16) Al-Dhahabi (1274–1348) Taqi al-Din al-Subki (1284–1355) Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (1302–1367) Taj al-Din al-Subki (1327–1370) Ibn Kathir (d. 1373) Taftazani (1322–1390) Badr Ad-Din az-Zarkashi (1344–1392) Zain al-Din al-Iraqi (1325–1403) Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami (1335–1404) Ibn Nuhaas (d. 1411) Ibn al-Jazari (1350–1429) 9th/15th Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372–1449) Al-Mahalli (d. 1460) Al-Sakhawi (1428–1497) Al-Suyuti (1445–1505) Al-Qastallani (1448–1517) Zakariyya al-Ansari (1420–1520) Ali ibn Ahmad al-Samhudi (1466–1533) 10th/16th Al-Sha`rani (1492/93–1565) Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (1503–1566) Al-Khaṭib ash-Shirbiniy (d. 1570) 11th/17th Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad (1634–1720) 13th/19th Ibrahim al-Bajuri (1784–1860) Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla`i (1820–1882) Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (1816–1886) Shaykh Sufi (1828–1904) Uways al-Barawi (1847–1909) Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi (1860–1916) 14th/20th Yusuf al-Nabhani (1849–1932) Abdallah al-Qutbi (1879–1952) Said Nursî (1877–1960) Abd al-Malik Karim Amrullah (1908–1981) Muhammad Hamidullah (1908–2002) Ahmed Kuftaro (1915–2004) Abdullah al-Harari (1906–2008) 15th/21st Wahbah al-Zuhayli (1932–2015) Taha Jabir Alalwani (1935–2016) Cherussery Zainuddeen Musliyar (1937–2016) Hasyim Muzadi (1944–2017) Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif (1935–2022) Abdul Azeez Madani (1950–2022) Kanthapuram A. P. Abu Bakr Musliyar (b. 1931) Naqib al-Attas (b. 1931) Mohammad Salim Al-Awa (b. 1942) K. Ali Kutty Musliyar (b. 1945) Ali Gomaa (b. 1952) Nuh Ha Mim Keller (b. 1954) Zaid Shakir (b. 1956) Gibril Haddad (b. 1960) Umar bin Hafiz (b. 1963) Ibrahim Khalil al-Bukhari (b. 1964) Muhammad bin Yahya al-Ninowy (b. 1970) Ali al-Jifri (b. 1971) Afifi al-Akiti (b. 1976) Awn Al-Qaddoumi (b. 1982) Muhammad Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence Hanafi Hanbali Maliki Zahiri Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC İslâm Ansiklopedisi	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"al-Kalbī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Kalb"},{"link_name":"al-Quḍā’ī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quda%27a"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Al-Ḥāfiẓ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"muhaddith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_studies"},{"link_name":"`Ilm al-rijāl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_evaluation"},{"link_name":"Islamic scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_scholar"}],"text":"Jamāl al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥajjāj Yūsuf ibn al-Zakī ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Yūsuf ibn ʻAbd al-Malik ibn Yūsuf al-Kalbī al-Quḍā’ī al-Mizzī, (Arabic: يوسف بن عبد الرحمن المزي), also called Al-Ḥāfiẓ Abī al-Ḥajjāj, was a Syrian muhaddith and the foremost `Ilm al-rijāl Islamic scholar.","title":"Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Ayyubid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"emir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir"},{"link_name":"An-Nasir Yusuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Yusuf"},{"link_name":"Mamluk Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"al-Mizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzeh"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuynboll1990212-4"},{"link_name":"muḥaddith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_studies"},{"link_name":"Taqī al-Dīn ibn Taymiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah"},{"link_name":"Ash’arī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%CA%BFari"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuynboll1990212-4"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(region)"},{"link_name":"Ḥijāz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz"},{"link_name":"`Ilm al-rijāl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_evaluation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuynboll1990212-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Risalah_208-7"}],"text":"Al-Mizzī was born near Aleppo in 1256 under the reign of the last Ayyubid emir An-Nasir Yusuf. From 1260 the region was ruled by the na'ib al-saltana (viceroys) of the Mamluk Sultanate. In childhood he moved with his family to the village of al-Mizza outside Damascus, where he was educated in Qur’ān and fiqh. [4]\nIn his twenties he began his studies to become a muḥaddith and learned from the masters. His fellow pupil and life-long friend was Taqī al-Dīn ibn Taymiyya. It was also Taymiyya’s ideological influence, which although contrary to his own Shāfi’ī legalist inclination, that led to a stint in jail.Despite his affiliation with Ibn Taymiyya he became head of the Dār al-Ḥadīth al-Ashrafiyya, a leading ḥadīth academy in Damascus, in 1319. And although he professed the Ash’arī doctrine suspicion continued about his true beliefs.[4] He travelled across the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, Syria (الشَّام), and Ḥijāz and became the greatest `Ilm al-rijāl (عِلْمُ الرِّجال) scholar of the Muslim world and an expert grammarian and philologist of Arabic.[4] He died at Dar al-Hadith al-Ashrafiyyah in Damascus in 1341/2 and was buried in the Sufiyyah graveyard.[7]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al-Dhahabī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dhahabi"},{"link_name":"‘Abd al-Wahhab al-Subkī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Subki"},{"link_name":"Ismā‘īl ibn Kathīr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kathir"},{"link_name":"Ibn Kathir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kathir"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibn_kathir-8"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Furat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Furat"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Najm ad-Din al-Tufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najm_ad-Din_al-Tufi"}],"text":"Al-Dhahabī\n‘Abd al-Wahhab al-Subkī\nIsmā‘īl ibn Kathīr – Ibn Kathir married a daughter of al-Mizzī.[8]\nIbn al-Furat[9]\nNajm ad-Din al-Tufi","title":"Pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al-Kamal fi Asma' al-Rijal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kamal_fi_Asma%27_al-Rijal"},{"link_name":"narrator biographies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilm_ar-rijal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Risalah_208-7"},{"link_name":"isnāds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isnad"},{"link_name":"Six major Hadith collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_major_Hadith_collections"},{"link_name":"hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Risalah_208-7"},{"link_name":"Al-Asqalānī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-%E2%80%98Asqalani"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuynboll1990212-4"},{"link_name":"Companions of the Prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuynboll1990212-4"}],"text":"Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmā’ al-rijāl; biographical lexicon and comprehensive reworking of Al-Kamal fi Asma' al-Rijal, a collection of narrator biographies[7] of the transmitters of isnāds in the Six major Hadith collections and others, based upon the tarf (beginning segment) of the hadith.[7] The Tahdhīb includes Ruwāt kuttub al-sitta. Al-Asqalānī and others wrote compendia of this work.[4]\nTuḥfat al-ashraf bi-Ma’rifat al-Aṭraf; alphabetically indexed encyclopaedia of the musnads of the first generation transmitters, the Companions of the Prophet. An indispensable resource for the study of Muslim tradition that comprises al-Nasā’ī's Al-Sunan al-kubrā.[4]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brockelmann, Carl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Brockelmann"},{"link_name":"Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/geschichtederar02brocgoog/page/n81"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004104075","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004104075"},{"link_name":"Dhahabī (al-), Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dhahabi"},{"link_name":"Bayrūt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Lubnān","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Subkī, Tāj al-Dīn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb ibn ʻAlī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23510000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/23510000"},{"link_name":"Asqalānī (al-), Ibn Ḥajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani"},{"link_name":"Al-Qāhirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27210371","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/27210371"},{"link_name":"Ḥanbalī (al-), Ibn al-‘Imād","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Imad_al-Hanbali"},{"link_name":"Al-Qāhirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22865694","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/22865694"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12422024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/12422024"}],"text":"Brockelmann, Carl (1902). \"II\". Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur. Vol. II. Berlin: E Felber. p. 64 f. ISBN 9789004104075.\nDhahabī (al-), Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (2002). Kawtharī, Muḥammad Zāhid ibn al-Ḥasan; Ḥāmid, Abū Bakr ʻAbd al-Karīm; Ṭahṭāwī, Aḥmad Rāfiʻ (eds.). Tadhkirāt al-ḥuffāẓ (in Arabic). Bayrūt Lubnān: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī. p. 1498 ff.\nSubkī, Tāj al-Dīn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb ibn ʻAlī (1964). Ṭanāḥī, Maḥmūd Muḥammad; Ḥulw, ʻAbd al-Fattāḥ Muḥammad (eds.). al-Shāfī'iyya al-kubrā (in Arabic). Vol. X. Cairo: ʻĪsá al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī. pp. 395–430. OCLC 23510000.\nAsqalānī (al-), Ibn Ḥajar (1992). Darwīsh, ʻAdnān (ed.). Dhayl Al-Durar al-Kamīna. Vol. v. Al-Qāhirah: al-Munaẓẓamah al-ʻArabīyah lil-Tarbiyah wa-al-Thaqāfah wa-al-ʻUlūm, Maʻhad al-Makhṭuṭat al-ʻArabīyah. pp. 233–7. OCLC 27210371.\nḤanbalī (al-), Ibn al-‘Imād (1933) [1931]. Shadharāt al-dhahab. Vol. vi. Al-Qāhirah: Maktabat al-Qudsī. p. 136 f. OCLC 22865694.\nMizzī (al-), Yūsuf ibn al-Zakī ʻAbd al-Raḥmān (1992) [1980]. Ma’rūf, Bashshār ‘Awwād (ed.). Mizzī Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmā' al-rijāl. Beirut: Muʼassasat al-Risālah. OCLC 12422024.\nJuynboll, Gautier H. A. (1990), \"Al-Mizzī\", Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pp. 212–3","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061205212315/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~beh/islam_hadith_melv.html. Archived from the original on December 5, 2006. Retrieved September 22, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061205212315/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~beh/islam_hadith_melv.html","url_text":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061205212315/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~beh/islam_hadith_melv.html"},{"url":"http://www-personal.umich.edu/~beh/islam_hadith_melv.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Makdisi, George (1962). \"Ashʿarī and the Ash'arites in Islamic Religious History I\". Studia Islamica. 17 (17). Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden: Maisonneuve & Larose: 78. doi:10.2307/1595001. JSTOR 1595001 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/1595001","url_text":"\"Ashʿarī and the Ash'arites in Islamic Religious History I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1595001","url_text":"10.2307/1595001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595001","url_text":"1595001"}]},{"reference":"Laoust, Henri (2012). \"\"Ibn Taymiyya.\" Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition\". BrillOnline. Retrieved 2015-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ibn-taymiyya-SIM_3388","url_text":"\"\"Ibn Taymiyya.\" Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition\""}]},{"reference":"Al-Dimyati (2016). THE REWARDS FOR GOOD DEEDS المتجر الرابح [انكليزي]. Dar al-Kotob al-'Ilmiyya. p. 15. ISBN 9782745176554.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dimyati","url_text":"Al-Dimyati"},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Kotob_al-ilmiyah","url_text":"Dar al-Kotob al-'Ilmiyya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782745176554","url_text":"9782745176554"}]},{"reference":"Makdisi, George (1962). \"Ashʿarī and the Ash'arites in Islamic Religious History I\". Studia Islamica. 17 (17). Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden: Maisonneuve & Larose: 79. doi:10.2307/1595001. JSTOR 1595001 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/1595001","url_text":"\"Ashʿarī and the Ash'arites in Islamic Religious History I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1595001","url_text":"10.2307/1595001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595001","url_text":"1595001"}]},{"reference":"Ibn Kathir I, Le Gassick T (translator), Fareed M (reviewer) (2000). The Life of the Prophet Muhammad : English translation of Ibn Kathir's Al Sira Al Nabawiyya. Garnet. ISBN 9781859641422.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ul73yY_htWAC&pg=PR15","url_text":"The Life of the Prophet Muhammad : English translation of Ibn Kathir's Al Sira Al Nabawiyya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859641422","url_text":"9781859641422"}]},{"reference":"Brockelmann, Carl (1902). \"II\". Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur. Vol. II. Berlin: E Felber. p. 64 f. ISBN 9789004104075.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Brockelmann","url_text":"Brockelmann, Carl"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/geschichtederar02brocgoog/page/n81","url_text":"Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004104075","url_text":"9789004104075"}]},{"reference":"Dhahabī (al-), Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (2002). Kawtharī, Muḥammad Zāhid ibn al-Ḥasan; Ḥāmid, Abū Bakr ʻAbd al-Karīm; Ṭahṭāwī, Aḥmad Rāfiʻ (eds.). Tadhkirāt al-ḥuffāẓ (in Arabic). Bayrūt Lubnān: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī. p. 1498 ff.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dhahabi","url_text":"Dhahabī (al-), Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut","url_text":"Bayrūt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon","url_text":"Lubnān"}]},{"reference":"Subkī, Tāj al-Dīn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb ibn ʻAlī (1964). Ṭanāḥī, Maḥmūd Muḥammad; Ḥulw, ʻAbd al-Fattāḥ Muḥammad (eds.). al-Shāfī'iyya al-kubrā (in Arabic). Vol. X. Cairo: ʻĪsá al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī. pp. 395–430. OCLC 23510000.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki","url_text":"Subkī, Tāj al-Dīn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb ibn ʻAlī"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo","url_text":"Cairo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23510000","url_text":"23510000"}]},{"reference":"Asqalānī (al-), Ibn Ḥajar (1992). Darwīsh, ʻAdnān (ed.). Dhayl Al-Durar al-Kamīna. Vol. v. Al-Qāhirah: al-Munaẓẓamah al-ʻArabīyah lil-Tarbiyah wa-al-Thaqāfah wa-al-ʻUlūm, Maʻhad al-Makhṭuṭat al-ʻArabīyah. pp. 233–7. OCLC 27210371.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani","url_text":"Asqalānī (al-), Ibn Ḥajar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo","url_text":"Al-Qāhirah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27210371","url_text":"27210371"}]},{"reference":"Ḥanbalī (al-), Ibn al-‘Imād (1933) [1931]. Shadharāt al-dhahab. Vol. vi. Al-Qāhirah: Maktabat al-Qudsī. p. 136 f. OCLC 22865694.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Imad_al-Hanbali","url_text":"Ḥanbalī (al-), Ibn al-‘Imād"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo","url_text":"Al-Qāhirah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22865694","url_text":"22865694"}]},{"reference":"Mizzī (al-), Yūsuf ibn al-Zakī ʻAbd al-Raḥmān (1992) [1980]. Ma’rūf, Bashshār ‘Awwād (ed.). Mizzī Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmā' al-rijāl. Beirut: Muʼassasat al-Risālah. OCLC 12422024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12422024","url_text":"12422024"}]},{"reference":"Juynboll, Gautier H. A. (1990), \"Al-Mizzī\", Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: E. J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_World_Championships	2001 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships	["1 Championship","2 Division I","2.1 Group A","2.2 Group B","3 Division II","3.1 Group A","3.2 Group B","4 Citations","5 External links"]	2001 edition of the Men's World Ice Hockey Championship 2001 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships← 20002002 → The 2001 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships were the 65th such event organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation. 40 teams representing their countries participated in several levels of competition. The competition also served as qualifications for division placements in the 2002 competition. Championship Main article: 2001 IIHF World Championship Final standings Czech Republic Finland Sweden United States Canada Russia Slovakia Germany Switzerland Ukraine Austria Italy Latvia Belarus — relegated to Division I for 2002 Norway — relegated to Division I for 2002 Japan Division I Group A Group A was played in Grenoble, France between April 16 and April 22, 2001 Team Pld W L D GF GA GD Pts Poland 5 4 1 0 27 9 +18 8 France 5 3 1 1 20 10 +10 7 Denmark 5 3 2 0 23 14 +9 6 Hungary 5 3 2 0 19 15 +4 6 Netherlands 5 1 3 1 10 25 −15 3 Lithuania 5 0 5 0 10 36 −26 0 Source: IIHF April 16, 200113:00Hungary 3–5 Denmark April 16, 200116:30Netherlands 0–4 Poland April 16, 200120:00Lithuania 1–7 France April 17, 200113:00Poland 3–0 Hungary April 17, 200116:30Denmark 8–1 Lithuania April 17, 200120:00France 4–4 Netherlands April 19, 200113:00Lithuania 2–3 Netherlands April 19, 200116:30Poland 5–3 Denmark April 19, 200120:00France 1–3 Hungary April 21, 200113:00Netherlands 2–8 Hungary April 21, 200116:30Poland 13–2 Lithuania April 21, 200120:00Denmark 0–4 France April 22, 200113:00Hungary 5–4 Lithuania April 22, 200116:30Denmark 7–1 Netherlands April 22, 200120:00France 4–2 Poland Group B Group B was played in Ljubljana, Slovenia between April 15 and April 21, 2001. The final day was a controversial one, with the British and Slovene teams having to decide promotion based on overall goal differential. The British beat the Kazakhs by an improbable nine goals. When coach Chris McSorley was asked how much he paid the Kazakhs, he responded, "zero, you have not much confidence in your team, I think Slovenia can beat Estonia by at least 12 goals." The medal presentation was marred by Slovenian fans throwing debris on the ice when the Brits received their silver medals, the Kazakh team did not even attend to receive their bronze. Team Pld W L D GF GA GD Pts Slovenia 5 4 0 1 44 6 +38 9 Great Britain 5 4 0 1 42 9 +33 9 Kazakhstan 5 3 2 0 35 21 +14 6 Croatia 5 1 3 1 17 45 −28 3 China 5 1 4 0 8 39 −31 2 Estonia 5 0 4 1 13 39 −26 1 Source: IIHF April 15, 200111:00Kazakhstan 12–1 China April 15, 200114:30Great Britain 6–2 Estonia April 15, 200118:00Croatia 1–15 Slovenia April 17, 200111:00Estonia 3–8 Kazakhstan April 17, 200114:30Great Britain 10–1 Croatia April 17, 200118:00Slovenia 7–1 China April 18, 200111:00Croatia 3–12 Kazakhstan April 18, 200114:30China 3–2 Estonia April 18, 200118:00Slovenia 3–3 Great Britain April 20, 200111:00Great Britain 12–1 China April 20, 200114:30Estonia 6–6 Croatia April 20, 200118:00Kazakhstan 1–3 Slovenia April 21, 200111:00China 2–6 Croatia April 21, 200114:30Kazakhstan 2–11 Great Britain April 21, 200118:00Estonia 0–16 Slovenia Poland and Slovenia are promoted to the 2002 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships, while Estonia and Lithuania are relegated to Division II. Division II Group A Group A was played in Majadahonda, Spain between April 1 and April 7, 2001 Team Pld W L D GF GA GD Pts South Korea 5 5 0 0 42 5 +37 10 Spain 5 4 1 0 52 8 +44 8 Australia 5 3 2 0 40 23 +17 6 South Africa 5 2 3 0 17 48 −31 4 Iceland 5 1 4 0 11 34 −23 2 New Zealand 5 0 5 0 12 56 −44 0 Source: IIHF April 1, 200113:00South Africa 0–13 Spain April 1, 200117:00New Zealand 0–13 South Korea April 1, 200121:00Iceland 2–6 Australia April 2, 200113:00South Korea 10–1 South Africa April 2, 200117:00Australia 13–3 New Zealand April 2, 200121:00Spain 14–1 Iceland April 4, 200113:00New Zealand 6–7 South Africa April 4, 200117:00South Korea 7–0 Iceland April 4, 200121:00Spain 5–3 Australia April 5, 200113:00South Africa 5–3 Iceland April 5, 200117:00Australia 2–9 South Korea April 5, 200121:00Spain 18–1 New Zealand April 7, 200113:00South Korea 3–2 Spain April 7, 200117:00Australia 16–4 South Africa April 7, 200121:00Iceland 5–2 New Zealand Group B Group B was played in Bucharest, Romania between March 26 and April 1, 2001 Team Pld W L D GF GA GD Pts Romania 5 5 0 0 46 4 +42 10 Israel 5 4 1 0 21 11 +10 8 Yugoslavia 5 2 2 1 24 13 +11 5 Bulgaria 5 2 3 0 21 25 −4 4 Belgium 5 1 3 1 23 20 +3 3 Mexico 5 0 5 0 4 66 −62 0 Source: IIHF March 26, 200111:30Belgium 1–5 Israel March 26, 200115:00Bulgaria 1–5 Yugoslavia March 26, 200119:30Romania 19–0 Mexico March 27, 200111:30Yugoslavia 4–4 Belgium March 27, 200115:00Israel 7–1 Mexico March 27, 200119:30Romania 8–0 Bulgaria March 29, 200111:30Mexico 3–14 Bulgaria March 29, 200115:00Yugoslavia 1–2 Israel March 29, 200120:00Romania 6–1 Belgium March 31, 200110:00Bulgaria 5–4 Belgium March 31, 200113:00Israel 2–7 Romania March 31, 200117:00Yugoslavia 13–0 Mexico April 1, 200110:00Belgium 13–0 Mexico April 1, 200113:00Israel 5–1 Bulgaria April 1, 200117:00Romania 6–1 Yugoslavia South Korea and Romania are promoted to Division I and Mexico and New Zealand are relegated to Division II Qualification. Citations ^ Group B summary External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2001 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships. IIHF Website Complete results at Passionhockey.com Podnieks, Andrew (2010). IIHF Media Guide & Record Book 2011. Moydart Press. pp. 166–7. vteIce Hockey World ChampionshipsCurrent champions (2024): Czech Republic2024 Championshipteams Austria Canada Czechia Denmark Finland France Germany Great Britain Kazakhstan Latvia Norway Poland Slovakia Sweden Switzerland United States Tournaments 1920 1924 1928 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1982 1983 1985 1986 1987 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Championships(Top Division)Editions Switzerland 1998 Norway 1999 Russia 2000 Germany 2001 Sweden 2002 Finland 2003 Czech Republic 2004 Austria 2005 Latvia 2006 Russia 2007 Canada 2008 Switzerland 2009 Germany 2010 Slovakia 2011 Finland / Sweden 2012 Sweden / Finland 2013 Belarus 2014 Czech Republic 2015 Russia 2016 Germany / France 2017 Denmark 2018 Slovakia 2019 Switzerland 2020 Latvia 2021 Finland 2022 Finland / Latvia 2023 Czechia 2024 Sweden / Denmark 2025 Switzerland 2026 Germany 2027 France 2028 Finals 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Rosters 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Division I 1998(B)/(C) 1999(B)/(C) 2000(B)/(C) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Division II 1998(D) 1999(D) 2000(D) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Division III 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Division IV 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Team appearances Medalists Attendance Awards winners	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Ice Hockey Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation"},{"link_name":"2002 competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_World_Championships"}],"text":"The 2001 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships were the 65th such event organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation. 40 teams representing their countries participated in several levels of competition. The competition also served as qualifications for division placements in the 2002 competition.","title":"2001 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"}],"text":"Final standingsCzech Republic\n Finland\n Sweden\n United States\n Canada\n Russia\n Slovakia\n Germany\n Switzerland\n Ukraine\n Austria\n Italy\n Latvia\n Belarus — relegated to Division I for 2002\n Norway — relegated to Division I for 2002\n Japan","title":"Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Division I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"IIHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//webarchive.iihf.com/hockey/x/0001/Wsia/cs/pg000004.html"}],"sub_title":"Group A","text":"Group A was played in Grenoble, France between April 16 and April 22, 2001Source: IIHF","title":"Division I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Chris McSorley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_McSorley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"IIHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//webarchive.iihf.com/hockey/x/0001/WSIB/cs/pg000004.html"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"2002 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Men%27s_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"}],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"Group B was played in Ljubljana, Slovenia between April 15 and April 21, 2001. The final day was a controversial one, with the British and Slovene teams having to decide promotion based on overall goal differential. The British beat the Kazakhs by an improbable nine goals. When coach Chris McSorley was asked how much he paid the Kazakhs, he responded, \"zero, you have not much confidence in your team, I think Slovenia can beat Estonia by at least 12 goals.\"[1] The medal presentation was marred by Slovenian fans throwing debris on the ice when the Brits received their silver medals, the Kazakh team did not even attend to receive their bronze.Source: IIHFPoland and Slovenia are promoted to the 2002 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships, while Estonia and Lithuania are relegated to Division II.","title":"Division I"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Division II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Majadahonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majadahonda"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"IIHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//webarchive.iihf.com/hockey/x/0001/Wsiia/cs/pg000003.html"}],"sub_title":"Group A","text":"Group A was played in Majadahonda, Spain between April 1 and April 7, 2001Source: IIHF","title":"Division II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"IIHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//webarchive.iihf.com/hockey/x/0001/Wsiib/0001/pg000001.html"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"}],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"Group B was played in Bucharest, Romania between March 26 and April 1, 2001Source: IIHFSouth Korea and Romania are promoted to Division I and Mexico and New Zealand are relegated to Division II Qualification.","title":"Division II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Group B summary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.passionhockey.com/hockeyarchives/mondial2001.htm"}],"text":"^ Group B summary","title":"Citations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Podnieks, Andrew (2010). IIHF Media Guide & Record Book 2011. Moydart Press. pp. 166–7.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://webarchive.iihf.com/hockey/x/0001/Wsia/cs/pg000004.html","external_links_name":"IIHF"},{"Link":"https://webarchive.iihf.com/hockey/x/0001/WSIB/cs/pg000004.html","external_links_name":"IIHF"},{"Link":"https://webarchive.iihf.com/hockey/x/0001/Wsiia/cs/pg000003.html","external_links_name":"IIHF"},{"Link":"https://webarchive.iihf.com/hockey/x/0001/Wsiib/0001/pg000001.html","external_links_name":"IIHF"},{"Link":"http://www.passionhockey.com/hockeyarchives/mondial2001.htm","external_links_name":"Group B summary"},{"Link":"http://www.iihf.com/de/iihf-home/history/past-tournaments/iihf-championships-2001.html","external_links_name":"IIHF Website"},{"Link":"http://www.passionhockey.com/hockeyarchives/mondial2001.htm","external_links_name":"Complete results at Passionhockey.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tefan_Osusk%C3%BD	Štefan Osuský	["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]	Štefan OsuskýStefan Osusky (1939)Born31 March 1889Brezová pod Bradlom, Nitra County, Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (present-day Slovakia)Died27 September 1973(1973-09-27) (aged 84)Herndon, Virginia, U.S.Resting placeOak Hill CemeteryWashington, D.C., U.S.NationalitySlovakOther namesStephen Osusky, Stefan Osusky, Štěpán OsuskýOccupation(s)politician, diplomatKnown forco-founder of League of Nations, the predecessor of UN and representing newly established Czechoslovakia at post WW I conference in Trianon Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk visiting Paris in 1923, accompanied by Edvard Beneš, Ambassador Štefan Osuský a Mrs Osuská The Štefan Osuský Monument (left) in Brezová pod Bradlom Štefan Osuský (31 March 1889 – 27 September 1973) was an Austro-Hungarian born Slovak lawyer, diplomat, politician and university professor. Biography Osuský was born in March 1889 in Brezová pod Bradlom, in the Nitra County of the Austro-Hungary (present-day Slovakia). In 1902 he began his studies at the Lutheran Lyceum in Pressburg Bratislava. However, in 1905 he was expelled from school because of his Slovak patriotic feelings and banned from all schools in the territory of the Dual Monarchy Austria-Hungary on a direct order of count Apponyi, Minister of Religion and Education of Hungary. Count Apponyi asked Osuský if he was going to be a "good Hungarian"; Osuský's silence on the question was taken by Apponyi as an offence. Osuský recalls the incident in his biography: In spring of 1905 the minister of education, Count Apponyi, came to the lyceum to pay an inspection visit. He came to our class when we had Latin. Latin was my favorite subject and I was very good in it. ... After the exam Count Apponyi called me and asked me in Hungarian, "What is your name, young lad?" I answered, "My name is Osuský." "Where are you from?" "From Brezová." He replied: "Brezová, isn't it the nest that breeds all the revolts against Hungarians? You, however, are going to be a good Hungarian!" He didn't ask me whether I'd be a good Hungarian citizen, but simply if I'd be a good Hungarian. I remembered the words of my father's not to mix into politics. ... I paused a little to think about the best answer. Obviously, I could not agree to be a good Hungarian, I could not even force myself to say anything like that, so I remained silent. Therefore, in 1906, he left for the United States. In Springfield and Chicago Osuský pursued his studies of theology, natural sciences and law, receiving a JD degree in 1916. Immediately after his arrival in the United States he began working actively in expatriate organizations, at first in the Czech National Association, later in the Slovak League in the US. In 1915 he established the newspapers Slovenské slovo ("Slovak Word") and Slovenský týždenník ("Slovak Weekly"). In 1916 Osuský became the vice-president of the Slovak League, which in turn sent him to Europe to negotiate cooperation with Czecho-Slovak foreign resistance. His task was to ensure the acceptance of the Cleveland Agreement principles. In Paris he started to cooperate with the Czechoslovak National Council, whose objective was the dissolution of Austria-Hungary and the creation of a new state for Czechs and Slovaks. Between 1917 and 1918 Osuský worked as the director of a Czecho-Slovak press agency in Geneva. Between 8–10 April 1918 in Rome he was a representative, together with Milan Rastislav Štefánik, of Slovaks at the Congress of Oppressed Nations. In 1918 he helped organize the Czechoslovak Legions in Italy, established in spite of international treaties prohibiting the creation of military units out of captured enemies. After the creation of Czechoslovakia he began working in the diplomatic services of the new republic. From October 1918 he held the post of the country's diplomatic representative in the United Kingdom. As secretary general of a Czechoslovak delegation in 1919-1920 he participated in the Paris Peace Conference. On 4 June 1920 in Grand Trianon as the extraordinary and plenipotentiary envoy of Czechoslovakia he signed the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary. He later recalled: "I will never forget about one thing. When I was signing my name underneath the treaty carrying the name Trianon, at quarter to five in June 1920, I was fully aware, that I was signing for the final account of the Slovak nation to Kingdom of Hungary, accounting for the costs signed top down by blood, suffering and poverty of my nation. And this statement of account is eternal." He significantly contributed to the functioning of the newly formed League of Nations; between 1921 and 1932 he worked with the Reparations Commission, representing not only Czechoslovakia but also Poland, Yugoslavia, Romania and Greece. From 1922 he was the chairman of the Supervisory Commission - a function he held for fourteen years. He was also active in the Delimitation Commission, tasked with setting new borders in Europe. From 1921 Osuský worked as the Czechoslovak ambassador in France, contributing significantly to the development of Czechoslovak-French relations, a cornerstone of ČSR's international security. He remained at this post until the Second World War. After the breakup of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, he refused to relinquish the embassy and kept the office functioning. He began to organize Czechoslovak foreign resistance. 2 October 1939 Osuský signed an Agreement on the Reestablishment of the Czechoslovak Army in France with French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier. His activity, however, met with resistance, especially with Eduard Beneš. Although in November 1939 he became a member of the Czechoslovak National Committee founded by Beneš, and in July 1940 Osuský was designated a minister of the Czechoslovak government in exile in London, his relations with Beneš were deteriorating. The differences with Beneš lay especially in the areas of foreign policy, the organization of Czechoslovak foreign resistance, the post-war restructuring of the republic and the solution of the Slovak issue. In March 1942 Beneš removed him from all functions and Osuský retired from the active scene. He began lecturing on the history of diplomacy and international relations at Oxford. In the spring of 1945 Osuský left for the United States, becoming a professor at the Colgate University in Hamilton, New York. After the Communist takeover in February 1948 he was active in the Council of Free Czechoslovakia. He also worked as a journalist-political scientist. In his work he especially paid attention to the history and presence of Czechoslovak politics in international relations. He died in Herndon, Virginia, on 27 September 1973. Grave of Osuský at Oak Hill Cemetery He is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The epitaph on his grave reads: "And he shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water, that bringeth forth his fruit in his season; his leaf also shall not wither." In 1992 the post-Communist Czechoslovak government posthumously awarded him the Order of T. G. Masaryk I-class. In 2001 Osuský received the Order of the White Double Cross II-class in memoriam. References ^ Kirschbaum, Joseph M. Slovakia in the 19th & 20th Centuries. Toronto: Slovak World Congress, 1973, p. 97. ^ a b Michálek, Slavomír (1999). Diplomat Štefan Osuský (in Slovak). Bratislava: Veda. ISBN 80-224-0565-5. ^ "Czech Republic and Slovakia - Štefan Osuský". Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2011. ^ The treatment of prisoners of war, Chapter II of the Annex to the 1907 Hague Convention ^ Michálek, Slavomír (2002). "Hodža a Osuský, názory a pozície v rokoch 1939 - 1940". Milan Hodža - štátnik a politik. Zborník (in Slovak). Bratislava: Veda, Ústav politických vied SAV. pp. 301–318. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Štefan Osuský. External links Oak Hill Cemetery Newspaper clippings about Štefan Osuský in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osusk%C3%BD_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Edvard Beneš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Mrs Osuská","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavla_Vachkov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slovak_Republic_-_Brezova_pod_Bradlom_(5).JPG"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"}],"text":"Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk visiting Paris in 1923, accompanied by Edvard Beneš, Ambassador Štefan Osuský a Mrs OsuskáThe Štefan Osuský Monument (left) in Brezová pod BradlomŠtefan Osuský (31 March 1889 – 27 September 1973) was an Austro-Hungarian born Slovak lawyer, diplomat, politician and university professor.","title":"Štefan Osuský"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brezová pod Bradlom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezov%C3%A1_pod_Bradlom"},{"link_name":"Nitra County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitra_County&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum"},{"link_name":"Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Apponyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Apponyi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Apponyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Apponyi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diplomat_%C5%A0tefan_Osusk%C3%BD-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Apponyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Apponyi"},{"link_name":"Brezová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezov%C3%A1_pod_Bradlom"},{"link_name":"the revolts against Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Uprising_1848-1849"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"JD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Czech National Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_National_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Slovak League in the US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slovak_League_in_the_US&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Czecho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_National_Council"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Czechs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs"},{"link_name":"Slovaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Milan Rastislav Štefánik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Rastislav_%C5%A0tef%C3%A1nik"},{"link_name":"Slovaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"},{"link_name":"Congress of Oppressed Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Oppressed_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak Legions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legions"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919"},{"link_name":"Grand Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diplomat_%C5%A0tefan_Osusk%C3%BD-2"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Édouard Daladier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier"},{"link_name":"Eduard Beneš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Bene%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_National_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Colgate University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate_University"},{"link_name":"Hamilton, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Communist takeover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1948"},{"link_name":"Council of Free Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Free_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Herndon, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herndon,_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oak_Hill_Cemetery_(2895655449).jpg"},{"link_name":"Oak Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Hill_Cemetery_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Oak Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Hill_Cemetery_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Order of T. G. Masaryk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_T._G._Masaryk"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Double Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Double_Cross"}],"text":"Osuský was born in March 1889 in Brezová pod Bradlom, in the Nitra County of the Austro-Hungary (present-day Slovakia). In 1902 he began his studies at the Lutheran Lyceum in Pressburg Bratislava. However, in 1905 he was expelled from school because of his Slovak patriotic feelings and banned from all schools in the territory of the Dual Monarchy Austria-Hungary on a direct order of count Apponyi, Minister of Religion and Education of Hungary.[1] Count Apponyi asked Osuský if he was going to be a \"good Hungarian\"; Osuský's silence on the question was taken by Apponyi as an offence. Osuský recalls the incident in his biography:[2][3]In spring of 1905 the minister of education, Count Apponyi, came to the lyceum to pay an inspection visit. He came to our class when we had Latin. Latin was my favorite subject and I was very good in it. ... After the exam Count Apponyi called me and asked me in Hungarian, \"What is your name, young lad?\" I answered, \"My name is Osuský.\" \"Where are you from?\" \"From Brezová.\" He replied: \"Brezová, isn't it the nest that breeds all the revolts against Hungarians? You, however, are going to be a good Hungarian!\" He didn't ask me whether I'd be a good Hungarian citizen, but simply if I'd be a good Hungarian. I remembered the words of my father's not to mix into politics. ... I paused a little to think about the best answer. Obviously, I could not agree to be a good Hungarian, I could not even force myself to say anything like that, so I remained silent.Therefore, in 1906, he left for the United States. In Springfield and Chicago Osuský pursued his studies of theology, natural sciences and law, receiving a JD degree in 1916.Immediately after his arrival in the United States he began working actively in expatriate organizations, at first in the Czech National Association, later in the Slovak League in the US. In 1915 he established the newspapers Slovenské slovo (\"Slovak Word\") and Slovenský týždenník (\"Slovak Weekly\"). In 1916 Osuský became the vice-president of the Slovak League, which in turn sent him to Europe to negotiate cooperation with Czecho-Slovak foreign resistance. His task was to ensure the acceptance of the Cleveland Agreement principles.In Paris he started to cooperate with the Czechoslovak National Council, whose objective was the dissolution of Austria-Hungary and the creation of a new state for Czechs and Slovaks. Between 1917 and 1918 Osuský worked as the director of a Czecho-Slovak press agency in Geneva. Between 8–10 April 1918 in Rome he was a representative, together with Milan Rastislav Štefánik, of Slovaks at the Congress of Oppressed Nations. In 1918 he helped organize the Czechoslovak Legions in Italy, established in spite of international treaties prohibiting the creation of military units out of captured enemies.[4]After the creation of Czechoslovakia he began working in the diplomatic services of the new republic. From October 1918 he held the post of the country's diplomatic representative in the United Kingdom. As secretary general of a Czechoslovak delegation in 1919-1920 he participated in the Paris Peace Conference. On 4 June 1920 in Grand Trianon as the extraordinary and plenipotentiary envoy of Czechoslovakia he signed the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary. He later recalled: \"I will never forget about one thing. When I was signing my name underneath the treaty carrying the name Trianon, at quarter to five in June 1920, I was fully aware, that I was signing for the final account of the Slovak nation to Kingdom of Hungary, accounting for the costs signed top down by blood, suffering and poverty of my nation. And this statement of account is eternal.\"[2]He significantly contributed to the functioning of the newly formed League of Nations; between 1921 and 1932 he worked with the Reparations Commission, representing not only Czechoslovakia but also Poland, Yugoslavia, Romania and Greece. From 1922 he was the chairman of the Supervisory Commission - a function he held for fourteen years. He was also active in the Delimitation Commission, tasked with setting new borders in Europe.From 1921 Osuský worked as the Czechoslovak ambassador in France, contributing significantly to the development of Czechoslovak-French relations, a cornerstone of ČSR's international security. He remained at this post until the Second World War. After the breakup of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, he refused to relinquish the embassy and kept the office functioning.[5] He began to organize Czechoslovak foreign resistance. 2 October 1939 Osuský signed an Agreement on the Reestablishment of the Czechoslovak Army in France with French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier. His activity, however, met with resistance, especially with Eduard Beneš. Although in November 1939 he became a member of the Czechoslovak National Committee founded by Beneš, and in July 1940 Osuský was designated a minister of the Czechoslovak government in exile in London, his relations with Beneš were deteriorating. The differences with Beneš lay especially in the areas of foreign policy, the organization of Czechoslovak foreign resistance, the post-war restructuring of the republic and the solution of the Slovak issue. In March 1942 Beneš removed him from all functions and Osuský retired from the active scene.He began lecturing on the history of diplomacy and international relations at Oxford. In the spring of 1945 Osuský left for the United States, becoming a professor at the Colgate University in Hamilton, New York. After the Communist takeover in February 1948 he was active in the Council of Free Czechoslovakia. He also worked as a journalist-political scientist. In his work he especially paid attention to the history and presence of Czechoslovak politics in international relations. He died in Herndon, Virginia, on 27 September 1973.Grave of Osuský at Oak Hill CemeteryHe is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The epitaph on his grave reads: \"And he shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water, that bringeth forth his fruit in his season; his leaf also shall not wither.\"In 1992 the post-Communist Czechoslovak government posthumously awarded him the Order of T. G. Masaryk I-class. In 2001 Osuský received the Order of the White Double Cross II-class in memoriam.","title":"Biography"}]	[{"image_text":"Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk visiting Paris in 1923, accompanied by Edvard Beneš, Ambassador Štefan Osuský a Mrs Osuská","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Osusk%C3%BD_2.jpg/220px-Osusk%C3%BD_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Štefan Osuský Monument (left) in Brezová pod Bradlom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Slovak_Republic_-_Brezova_pod_Bradlom_%285%29.JPG/220px-Slovak_Republic_-_Brezova_pod_Bradlom_%285%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Grave of Osuský at Oak Hill Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Oak_Hill_Cemetery_%282895655449%29.jpg/220px-Oak_Hill_Cemetery_%282895655449%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Michálek, Slavomír (1999). Diplomat Štefan Osuský (in Slovak). Bratislava: Veda. ISBN 80-224-0565-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-224-0565-5","url_text":"80-224-0565-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Czech Republic and Slovakia - Štefan Osuský\". Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140420004013/http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives/collections/east-europe/czech-and-slovak/osusky","url_text":"\"Czech Republic and Slovakia - Štefan Osuský\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Institution","url_text":"Hoover Institution"},{"url":"http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives/collections/east-europe/czech-and-slovak/osusky","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michálek, Slavomír (2002). \"Hodža a Osuský, názory a pozície v rokoch 1939 - 1940\". Milan Hodža - štátnik a politik. Zborník (in Slovak). Bratislava: Veda, Ústav politických vied SAV. pp. 301–318.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140420004013/http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives/collections/east-europe/czech-and-slovak/osusky","external_links_name":"\"Czech Republic and Slovakia - Štefan Osuský\""},{"Link":"http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives/collections/east-europe/czech-and-slovak/osusky","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.oakhillcemeterydc.org/map.html","external_links_name":"Oak Hill Cemetery"},{"Link":"http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/022854","external_links_name":"Newspaper clippings about Štefan Osuský"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1839686/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110368739","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7422522","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqk47Yg43TC4q6HYpctrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12118895g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12118895g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/122038681","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007373234605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14150305","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90653808","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001922&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p24400739X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810631245505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11581889?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd122038681.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c09rjx","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029596653","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw_(War_album)	Outlaw (War album)	["1 Critical reception","2 Charts","2.1 Singles","3 Track listing","3.1 Side one","3.2 Side two","4 1995 CD re-release","5 Personnel","5.1 Technical personnel","6 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Outlaw" War album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1982 studio album by WarOutlawStudio album by WarReleased1982Length40:37LabelRCA VictorProducerJerry Goldstein, Lonnie JordanWar chronology The Music Band Live(1980) Outlaw(1982) The Music Band – Jazz(1983) Outlaw is an album by the American band War, released in 1982. The band supported the album with a North American tour. "Cinco de Mayo" became a popular seasonal standard. This was War's first album for RCA. Between this and the previous album on MCA, War released a single on LA Records, a company owned by their producer Jerry Goldstein: "Cinco de Mayo", which also appears on Outlaw, backed with "Don't Let No One Get You Down", an older track from Why Can't We Be Friends? (1975). Alice Tweed Smith (vocals) had left the band since their previous album, reducing the group to eight members, although the cover only shows seven. Pat Rizzo isn't on the cover picture. Three more singles from the album were issued on RCA Victor: "You Got the Power" backed with "Cinco de Mayo", "Outlaw" backed with "I'm About Somebody", and "Just Because" backed with "The Jungle (medley)". Also, "Baby It's Cold Outside" (not the popular 1940s song by Frank Loesser) was issued as a promotional single for seasonal music radio programming. The album was re-released on CD in 1995 with a different running order and the extended version of "Cinco de Mayo" added as a bonus track. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRobert ChristgauB Robert Christgau noted that "the pan-Afro-American groove is sharper and the tempos often approach medium fast, but the music sounds almost vintage anyway." AllMusic wrote that the album "became a triumphant trumpet, a heralding battle cry—War was returning to form." Charts Singles Year Single Chart positions, US USR&B USDance 1982 "Cinco de Mayo" 90 — "You Got the Power" 66 18 6 "Outlaw" 94 13 — Track listing Side one "You Got the Power" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Scott) – 5:41 "Outlaw" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Scott) – 5:02 "The Jungle (Medley)" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Scott) - 8:06 "Beware It's a Jungle Out There" – 2:30 "The Street of Walls" – 1:37 "The Street of Lights" – 1:59 "The Street of Now" – 2:40 Side two "Just Because" (Papa Dee Allen, Harold Brown, Ron Hammon, Lonnie Jordan, Lee Oskar, Luther Rabb, Howard E. Scott) – 4:09 "Baby It's Cold Outside" (Allen, Brown, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Pat Rizzo, Scott, Jerry Goldstein) – 5:51 "I'm About Somebody" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Scott) – 5:34 "Cinco de Mayo" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Rizzo, Scott) – 3:59 1995 CD re-release "Cinco de Mayo" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Rizzo, Scott) – 3:59 "Outlaw" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Scott) – 5:02 "The Jungle (Medley)" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Scott) - 8:06 "Just Because" (Papa Dee Allen, Harold Brown, Ron Hammon, Lonnie Jordan, Lee Oskar, Luther Rabb, Howard E. Scott) – 4:09 "Baby It's Cold Outside" (Allen, Brown, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Pat Rizzo, Scott, Jerry Goldstein) – 5:51 "I'm About Somebody" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Scott) – 5:34 "You Got the Power" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Scott) – 5:41 "Cinco de Mayo" (Extended Version) (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Rizzo, Scott) – 7:30 Personnel War Papa Dee Allen – percussion, lead and background vocals Harold Brown – drums, percussion, background vocals Ron Hammon – drums, percussion, background vocals Lonnie Jordan – organ, piano, synthesizer, percussion, lead and background vocals Lee Oskar – harmonicas Luther Rabb – bass, lead and background vocals Pat Rizzo – saxophones, flutes Howard Scott – guitar, lead and background vocals Technical personnel Jerry Goldstein and Lonnie Jordon – producers Chris Huston, John Fischbach – recording engineers Bill Ravencraft – second engineer Jef Sanders – mastering engineer Tony King – cover concept Mike Doud – art direction, design Richard Arrindell – photography References ^ Holden, Stephen (11 July 1982). "Prefunk". The New York Times. p. A38. ^ Thompson, Dave (2001). Funk. Backbeat Books. p. 193. ^ Niester, Alan (17 July 1982). "War mounts its second rock offensive". The Boston Globe. p. E9. ^ "War Biography by Steve Huey". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 July 2023. ^ a b "Outlaw Review by Amy Hanson". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 July 2023. ^ a b "War". Robert Christgau. Retrieved 11 July 2023. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 608. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Hot Dance/Disco: 1974-2003. Record Research. p. 274. vteWar Lonnie Jordan Marcos Reyes Howard E. Scott Harold Ray Brown Lee OskarMorris "B.B." Dickerson Charles Miller Eric Burdon Pat Rizzo J. B. Eckl Studio albums Eric Burdon Declares "War" (1970) The Black-Man's Burdon (1970) War (1971) All Day Music (1971) The World Is a Ghetto (1972) Deliver the Word (1973) Why Can't We Be Friends? (1975) Love Is All Around (1976) Platinum Jazz (1976) Galaxy (1977) Youngblood (1978) The Music Band (1979) The Music Band 2 (1979) Outlaw (1982) The Music Band – Jazz (1983) Life (Is So Strange) (1983) ☮ (Peace Sign) (1994) Live albums War Live (1973) Greatest Hits Live (2008) Compilation albums The Very Best of War (2003) Songs "Spill the Wine" "They Can't Take Away Our Music" "Slippin' into Darkness" "The World Is a Ghetto" "The Cisco Kid" "Gypsy Man" "Me and Baby Brother" "Why Can't We Be Friends?" "Low Rider" "Summer" Related artists Discography Lowrider Band	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Why Can't We Be Friends?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Can%27t_We_Be_Friends%3F"},{"link_name":"1940s song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby,_It%27s_Cold_Outside"},{"link_name":"Frank Loesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Loesser"}],"text":"1982 studio album by WarOutlaw is an album by the American band War, released in 1982.[1][2] The band supported the album with a North American tour.[3] \"Cinco de Mayo\" became a popular seasonal standard.[4]This was War's first album for RCA. Between this and the previous album on MCA, War released a single on LA Records, a company owned by their producer Jerry Goldstein: \"Cinco de Mayo\", which also appears on Outlaw, backed with \"Don't Let No One Get You Down\", an older track from Why Can't We Be Friends? (1975).Alice Tweed Smith (vocals) had left the band since their previous album, reducing the group to eight members, although the cover only shows seven. Pat Rizzo isn't on the cover picture.Three more singles from the album were issued on RCA Victor: \"You Got the Power\" backed with \"Cinco de Mayo\", \"Outlaw\" backed with \"I'm About Somebody\", and \"Just Because\" backed with \"The Jungle (medley)\". Also, \"Baby It's Cold Outside\" (not the popular 1940s song by Frank Loesser) was issued as a promotional single for seasonal music radio programming.The album was re-released on CD in 1995 with a different running order and the extended version of \"Cinco de Mayo\" added as a bonus track.","title":"Outlaw (War album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RC-6"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-5"}],"text":"Robert Christgau noted that \"the pan-Afro-American groove is sharper and the tempos often approach medium fast, but the music sounds almost vintage anyway.\"[6]AllMusic wrote that the album \"became a triumphant trumpet, a heralding battle cry—War was returning to form.\"[5]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Side one","text":"\"You Got the Power\" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Scott) – 5:41\n\"Outlaw\" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Scott) – 5:02\n\"The Jungle (Medley)\" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Scott) - 8:06\n\"Beware It's a Jungle Out There\" – 2:30\n\"The Street of Walls\" – 1:37\n\"The Street of Lights\" – 1:59\n\"The Street of Now\" – 2:40","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papa Dee Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Dee_Allen"},{"link_name":"Harold Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Ray_Brown"},{"link_name":"Lonnie Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Lee Oskar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Oskar"},{"link_name":"Howard E. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_E._Scott"},{"link_name":"Pat Rizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Rizzo"}],"sub_title":"Side two","text":"\"Just Because\" (Papa Dee Allen, Harold Brown, Ron Hammon, Lonnie Jordan, Lee Oskar, Luther Rabb, Howard E. Scott) – 4:09\n\"Baby It's Cold Outside\" (Allen, Brown, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Pat Rizzo, Scott, Jerry Goldstein) – 5:51\n\"I'm About Somebody\" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Scott) – 5:34\n\"Cinco de Mayo\" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Rizzo, Scott) – 3:59","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papa Dee Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Dee_Allen"},{"link_name":"Harold Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Ray_Brown"},{"link_name":"Lonnie Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Lee Oskar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Oskar"},{"link_name":"Howard E. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_E._Scott"},{"link_name":"Pat Rizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Rizzo"}],"text":"\"Cinco de Mayo\" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Rizzo, Scott) – 3:59\n\"Outlaw\" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Scott) – 5:02\n\"The Jungle (Medley)\" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Scott) - 8:06\n\"Just Because\" (Papa Dee Allen, Harold Brown, Ron Hammon, Lonnie Jordan, Lee Oskar, Luther Rabb, Howard E. Scott) – 4:09\n\"Baby It's Cold Outside\" (Allen, Brown, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Pat Rizzo, Scott, Jerry Goldstein) – 5:51\n\"I'm About Somebody\" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Scott) – 5:34\n\"You Got the Power\" (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Scott) – 5:41\n\"Cinco de Mayo\" (Extended Version) (Allen, Brown, Goldstein, Hammon, Jordan, Oskar, Rabb, Rizzo, Scott) – 7:30","title":"1995 CD re-release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papa Dee Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Dee_Allen"},{"link_name":"Harold Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Ray_Brown"},{"link_name":"Lonnie Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Lee Oskar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Oskar"},{"link_name":"Luther Rabb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Rabb"},{"link_name":"Pat Rizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Rizzo"},{"link_name":"Howard Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_E._Scott"}],"text":"WarPapa Dee Allen – percussion, lead and background vocals\nHarold Brown – drums, percussion, background vocals\nRon Hammon – drums, percussion, background vocals\nLonnie Jordan – organ, piano, synthesizer, percussion, lead and background vocals\nLee Oskar – harmonicas\nLuther Rabb – bass, lead and background vocals\nPat Rizzo – saxophones, flutes\nHoward Scott – guitar, lead and background vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Technical personnel","text":"Jerry Goldstein and Lonnie Jordon – producers\nChris Huston, John Fischbach – recording engineers\nBill Ravencraft – second engineer\nJef Sanders – mastering engineer\nTony King – cover concept\nMike Doud – art direction, design\nRichard Arrindell – photography","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Holden, Stephen (11 July 1982). \"Prefunk\". The New York Times. p. A38.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thompson, Dave (2001). Funk. Backbeat Books. p. 193.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Niester, Alan (17 July 1982). \"War mounts its second rock offensive\". The Boston Globe. p. E9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"War Biography by Steve Huey\". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/war-mn0000191947/biography","url_text":"\"War Biography by Steve Huey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Outlaw Review by Amy Hanson\". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/outlaw-mw0000171975","url_text":"\"Outlaw Review by Amy Hanson\""}]},{"reference":"\"War\". Robert Christgau. Retrieved 11 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=War","url_text":"\"War\""}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Drake-Brockman_(engineer)	Geoffrey Drake-Brockman (engineer)	["1 Family","2 References"]	Western Australian civil engineer and Australian Army officer in both World Wars For other people named Geoffrey Drake-Brockman, see Geoffrey Drake-Brockman (disambiguation). Brigadier Geoffrey Drake-Brockman MC (1885–1977) was a Western Australian civil engineer, and an Australian Army officer in both World Wars. In 1908 he was involved in mapping the route for the railway-line from Kalgoorlie, Western Australia to Port Augusta, South Australia. In 1921 he was appointed commissioner of the Department of the North-West (of Western Australia) based in Broome; as commissioner he recommended a survey of agricultural land at the Ord River, the planting of cotton and the development of the Kimberley region. In 1946 he was appointed assistant-director of public works, and in 1949 chairman of the Western Australian Transport Board, retiring in 1952. As a soldier, in World War I he was awarded the Military Cross, and commanded the 9th Field Company in 1917–18. In World War II he was posted to Army Headquarters, Melbourne; as colonel, then brigadier, he occupied senior engineering staff posts. In retirement, he wrote an autobiography, The Turning Wheel (1960). Family His parents were Frederick Slade Drake-Brockman and Grace Bussell. He had four sisters and two brothers, including Major General Edmund Drake-Brockman (1884-1949) and Lady Deborah Vernon Hackett (1887-1965). In 1917 he married Alice Annie Wardlaw Milne in Hertfordshire, England. She died in 1918. In 1921 he married Henrietta Frances York Jull (1901-1968) in Guildford, Western Australia. She became a prolific author and also wrote several plays. They had two children, a girl and a boy. A grandson, Geoffrey was named after him. References ^ a b c d e f Peter Cowan (1996) 'Drake-Brockman, Geoffrey (1885–1977)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 14, (MUP) ^ Peter Cowan (1996) 'Drake-Brockman, Henrietta Frances (1901–1968)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 14, (MUP) ^ Drake-Brockman, Geoffrey (24 April 2015). "Loneliness of survival at Lone Pine". The West Australian. p. 73. Authority control databases: People Australia 2 Trove This biographical article related to the military of Australia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geoffrey Drake-Brockman (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Drake-Brockman_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"Western Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Port Augusta, South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Augusta,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Broome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Ord River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord_River"},{"link_name":"Kimberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Military Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"}],"text":"For other people named Geoffrey Drake-Brockman, see Geoffrey Drake-Brockman (disambiguation).Brigadier Geoffrey Drake-Brockman MC (1885–1977) was a Western Australian civil engineer, and an Australian Army officer in both World Wars.In 1908 he was involved in mapping the route for the railway-line from Kalgoorlie, Western Australia to Port Augusta, South Australia. In 1921 he was appointed commissioner of the Department of the North-West (of Western Australia) based in Broome; as commissioner he recommended a survey of agricultural land at the Ord River, the planting of cotton and the development of the Kimberley region. In 1946 he was appointed assistant-director of public works, and in 1949 chairman of the Western Australian Transport Board, retiring in 1952.[1]As a soldier, in World War I he was awarded the Military Cross, and commanded the 9th Field Company in 1917–18. In World War II he was posted to Army Headquarters, Melbourne; as colonel, then brigadier, he occupied senior engineering staff posts.[1]In retirement, he wrote an autobiography, The Turning Wheel (1960).[1]","title":"Geoffrey Drake-Brockman (engineer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Slade Drake-Brockman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Slade_Drake-Brockman"},{"link_name":"Grace Bussell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Bussell"},{"link_name":"Edmund Drake-Brockman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Drake-Brockman"},{"link_name":"Deborah Vernon Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Vernon_Hackett"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Frances York Jull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Frances_York_Jull"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Drake-Brockman_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"His parents were Frederick Slade Drake-Brockman and Grace Bussell. He had four sisters and two brothers, including Major General Edmund Drake-Brockman (1884-1949) and Lady Deborah Vernon Hackett (1887-1965).[1]In 1917 he married Alice Annie Wardlaw Milne in Hertfordshire, England. She died in 1918.[1]In 1921 he married Henrietta Frances York Jull (1901-1968) in Guildford, Western Australia. She became a prolific author and also wrote several plays.[2] They had two children, a girl and a boy.[1] A grandson, Geoffrey was named after him.[3]","title":"Family"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Drake-Brockman, Geoffrey (24 April 2015). \"Loneliness of survival at Lone Pine\". The West Australian. p. 73.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/drake-brockman-geoffrey-10047","external_links_name":"'Drake-Brockman, Geoffrey (1885–1977)'"},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/drake-brockman-henrietta-frances-10683","external_links_name":"'Drake-Brockman, Henrietta Frances (1901–1968)'"},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/drake-brockman-geoffrey-10047","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/drakebrockman-geoffrey-10047","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1468273","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Drake-Brockman_(engineer)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWF_WrestleMania_2000_(video_game)	WWF WrestleMania 2000 (video game)	["1 Gameplay","2 Features","3 Signature taunts","4 Roster","4.1 Male wrestlers","4.2 Female wrestlers","4.3 Unlockables","5 Advertising and release","6 Reception","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]	1999 professional wrestling video game This article is about the video game. For the professional wrestling pay-per-view event, see WrestleMania 2000. 1999 video gameWWF WrestleMania 2000European Nintendo 64 cover art featuring The Big Show, Mankind, The Rock, Triple H, and The UndertakerDeveloper(s)AKI Corporation (N64)Natsume (GBC)Publisher(s)WW: THQJP: Asmik AceDirector(s)Geta-San (N64)Shinji Kyogoku (GBC)Composer(s)Kouji Niikura (N64)Yukie Sugawara (N64)Iku Mizutani (GBC)Platform(s)Nintendo 64Game Boy ColorReleaseNintendo 64EU: October 12, 1999NA: November 18, 1999JP: September 15, 2000Game Boy ColorEU: November 1, 1999NA: November 18, 1999Genre(s)FightingMode(s)Single playermultiplayer WWF WrestleMania 2000 is a professional wrestling video game released in 1999 on the Nintendo 64 (N64) console. It was based on the World Wrestling Federation's (WWF, now WWE) annual pay-per-view, WrestleMania. Despite the fact that this game is based upon WrestleMania 2000, the game was released five months prior (and four months prior on the Game Boy Color) to the actual PPV itself, therefore resulting in the game using the stage design from the 1999 event, WrestleMania XV, instead. Released at the height of the WWF's Attitude Era, WrestleMania 2000 was the first WWF game released by THQ. The wrestling company ended its long relationship with Acclaim Entertainment after witnessing the video game success of its competitor, World Championship Wrestling (WCW), on behalf of THQ. WrestleMania 2000 shares its game engine with the Japan-only release Virtual Pro Wrestling 2: Ōdō Keishō. The game would be succeeded by WWF No Mercy in 2000. Gameplay WWF WrestleMania 2000 uses the exact same game engine previously seen in WCW/nWo Revenge, which released the previous year. More than 50 WWF wrestlers were included in the game, and, with the exception of existing superstars' move sets, all of them can be freely edited to the player's liking. Using the same system, the Create-a-Wrestler mode is extensive. Players are able to create a highly detailed wrestler with an extensive library of wrestling moves, many of which are carried over from previous AKI games in the series. Usual WWF modes such as Royal Rumble and King of the Ring modes are included, along with a pay-per-view mode, enabling the player to either recreate or create unique pay-per-views with television-style features. Players can also create up to eight championship belts and put them up for contest in Exhibition mode. The "Road To WrestleMania" mode places the player on the long road to WWF glory. Starting out as a rookie, the player gradually works their way up the ladder and earns opportunities to gain various WWF titles, win various tournaments, be challenged by various wrestlers and ultimately main-event at WrestleMania 2000. Although the story mode is long and extensive in the number of matches in which it pits the player, there are no branching storylines and if the player loses a match, it is simply recorded as a loss in their win–loss record. Throughout the mode, when the player wins a championship, they are expected to defend their title in future in-game pay-per-view events. This rule applies to all championships that the player currently holds. For example, if one holds the WWF European Championship, WWF Intercontinental Championship, WWF Tag Team Championship, and the WWF Championship, the player must defend all four titles during one single pay-per-view event. There are often feuds at different parts in the storyline, occasionally with one wrestler calling out another wrestler in the ring. Also, feuding wrestlers often interrupt matches, helping the opponent. However, the season continues whether or not the player wins or loses their matches. If the player progresses through a winning season with a created wrestler and then starts a new season as a new created wrestler, the first character will still be used in season mode. Features The Rock prepares to execute his finisher, the Rock Bottom, on Ken Shamrock. The game features several arenas at which WWF held events in 1998 and 1999. There are also arenas based on each WWF television show, such as Sunday Night Heat, Raw is War, as well as other pay-per-view venues of the time. This was the first WWF game to allow players to freely edit their favorite superstars (i.e. putting Stone Cold Steve Austin in The Rock's trunks) and also be able to create and modify alternate attires for each wrestler, as each character in the game has four templates that can be individually edited and switched between using the left and right 'C' buttons. If the player makes changes that they do not like, a default button resets the edited costume into the original costume for that slot. It was also the first THQ produced Nintendo 64 title to feature a "Create a Wrestler" mode. In addition to the numerous default and secret characters, several other realistic likenesses and movesets in the create-a-wrestler mode make it possible to add even more characters. Some examples include The Road Warriors, Hulk Hogan, Taka Michinoku, and Davey Boy Smith. Also, some taunts and move sets were carried over from WCW/nWo Revenge, allowing the player to create and include WCW wrestlers such as Goldberg, Kevin Nash, Scott Hall, Diamond Dallas Page, and Macho Man Randy Savage. The drawback to the create-a-wrestler mode, however, is the fact that there are limited slots available due to limited memory space, but players can edit the individual templates in the character models to include four different characters with separate appearances which allows a great deal of flexibility. However, wrestlers in the same template are forced to have the same moves. Additionally, by making two superstars' entrance music the same, if they are a real-life tag team they will be introduced as such; for instance, matching the Road Dogg and Mr. Ass's themes would lead to them being introduced together as The New Age Outlaws before a tag team match. Also, some features are implemented in the game that were not seen in WCW/nWo Revenge, such as a Cage Match and a First Blood mode. Reversals and counter moves were also expanded upon and made much more commonplace. A normally unselectable Computer Intelligence mode can also be accessed using a GameShark code, as well as WCW and nWo ring aprons. This game's roster is notable compared to both the preceding WWF Attitude and its successor WWF SmackDown!. It is the only THQ WWF game where Droz, Chaz (Mosh), Thrasher and Jeff Jarrett are playable, due to Droz suffering a career-ending injury and the remaining names leaving the company the same year. It is also the only game in which where Scott Taylor and Brian Christopher are featured in their earlier "Too Much" gimmick, as well as the only game where Shawn Stasiak's short-lived gimmick as "Meat" is playable (he would soon after leave for WCW and return to the company following the company's purchase in 2001). It is one of only two games in which Michael Hayes is playable (the other being WCW Wrestling from a decade prior). In addition, one of The Godfather's Hos is a playable character despite not being a wrestler. Signature taunts In WWF WrestleMania 2000, many players have their signature taunts, such as Stone Cold Steve Austin flipping off an opponent or Mr. Ass mooning another wrestler. Also, by pressing in a different direction on the joystick, a different taunt is performed. Rotating the joystick counter clock wise results in the player mimicking his opponent's taunt. Roster Male wrestlers Al Snow Big Bossman Big Show Bradshaw Brian Christopher Chaz Chris Jericho Christian D'Lo Brown Droz Edge Farooq Gangrel Gerald Brisco Godfather Hardcore Holly Jeff Hardy Jeff Jarrett Kane Ken Shamrock Mankind Mark Henry Matt Hardy Meat Michael Hayes Mideon Mr. Ass Mr. McMahon Pat Patterson Prince Albert Road Dogg Scotty 2 Hotty Shane McMahon Steve Austin Steve Blackman Test The Blue Meanie The Rock Thrasher Triple H The Undertaker Val Venis Viscera X-Pac Female wrestlers Chyna Debra Ivory Jacqueline Terri Runnels Tori Unlockables All characters are unlocked by playing the "Road to WrestleMania" mode: Cactus Jack - Defend the Hardcore Title 3 times Dude Love - Win the King of the Ring tournament and the win the WWF Title at SummerSlam Jerry "The King" Lawler - At the beginning of WrestleMania alongside Jim Ross Jim Ross - At the beginning of WrestleMania alongside Jerry "The King" Lawler Paul Bearer - Play one month as The Undertaker Shawn Michaels - Win the WWF title match at WrestleMania and he will challenge you to a match Stephanie McMahon - Play one month as Test Advertising and release In a TV commercial promoting the game, The Rock becomes furious at how the game includes his name, likeness, and move-set. At the end of the ad, he threatens to shove copies of the game up Santa Claus's "candy-ass". Some copies of WWF WrestleMania 2000 shipped with a special card containing four holograms of the in game action, such as a wrestler's entrance or finishing move. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreGBCN64GameRankings64%84%Review scoresPublicationScoreGBCN64AllGameCNET GamecenterN/A7/10Electronic Gaming Monthly6/108.25/10FamitsuN/A28/40Game Informer7.25/109/10GameFanN/A100%GameRevolutionN/AC−GameSpotN/A7.1/10IGN6/108.9/10N64 MagazineN/A90%Next GenerationN/ANintendo PowerN/A8/10The Sydney Morning HeraldN/A The N64 version of the game received "favorable" reviews, while the Game Boy Color version received "mixed" reviews, according to video game review aggregator GameRankings. Daniel Erickson of NextGen said of the former console version: "Wonderful gameplay even overshadows the lack of quality audio." Stuart Clarke of The Sydney Morning Herald said of the same console version: "The strong gameplay will even appeal to non-wrestling fans and with up to four people able to fight simultaneously it's sure to be a popular party game." In Japan, Famitsu gave the same console version a score of 28 out of 40. In one GamePro review, The Enforcer called the Nintendo 64 version "the best wrestling title this year. The king of the ring has arrived." In another review, The D-Pad Destroyer called it "a very fun game, especially for four players, and its ease of play will endear it to hardcore wrestling fans who don't want to spend months studying a list of moves. It may be new, and it may have the WWF, but in the end, it's just the revenge of Revenge." In the final edition of Nintendo Power, WWF WrestleMania 2000 was ranked number 223 in a list of the best games released on Nintendo consoles, namely for its massive roster and positive gameplay ability. The game sold more than one million units by January 2000. During the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences' 3rd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Nintendo 64 version was a finalist for the "Console Fighting Game of the Year" award, which was ultimately given to Soulcalibur. See also 1990s portalMartial arts portalUnited States portalVideo games portal Virtual Pro Wrestling List of licensed wrestling video games List of fighting games Notes ^ Two critics of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the Nintendo 64 version each a score of 8.5/10, and two others gave it each a score of 8/10. ^ GamePro gave the Nintendo 64 version two 4.5/5 scores for graphics and control, 3.5/5 for sound, and 5/5 for fun factor in one review. ^ GamePro gave the Nintendo 64 version 4/5 for graphics, 3.5/5 for sound, and two 4.5/5 scores for control and fun factor in another review. References ^ a b "PR - 11/18/99 - THQ/JAKKS PACIFIC SHIP WWF WRESTLEMANIA 2000 FOR NINTENDO 64 AND GAME BOY COLOR". August 19, 2000. Archived from the original on August 19, 2000. Retrieved March 18, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ a b "Game Informer Magazine - News Story". Game Informer. March 2, 2000. Archived from the original on March 2, 2000. Retrieved April 6, 2023.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "What a Shocker!". December 1999. Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023. ^ McLaughlin, Rus (November 12, 2008). "IGN Presents the History of Wrestling Games". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on November 3, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2022. ^ a b "WWF Wrestlemania 2000 for Game Boy Color". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2020. ^ a b "WWF Wrestlemania 2000 for Nintendo 64". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2020. ^ Ottoson, Joe. "WWF Wrestlemania 2000 (GBC) - Review". AllGame. All Media Network. Archived from the original on November 15, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2015. ^ Ottoson, Joe. "WWF Wrestlemania 2000 (N64) - Review". AllGame. All Media Network. Archived from the original on November 15, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2015. ^ Ham, Tom (December 22, 1999). "WWF WrestleMania 2000 (N64)". Gamecenter. CNET. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Retrieved June 11, 2022. ^ "WWF Wrestlemania 2000 (GBC)" (PDF). Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 125. Ziff Davis. December 1999. p. 288. Retrieved June 11, 2022. ^ Hsu, Dan "Shoe"; Hager, Dean; Johnston, Chris; Smith, Shawn (December 1999). "WWF Wrestlemania 2000 (N64)". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 125. Ziff Davis. p. 269. ^ a b "WWF レッスルマニア2000 ". Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain. Retrieved March 13, 2020. ^ Fitzloff, Jay (December 1999). "WWF WrestleMania 2000 - Game Boy Color". Game Informer. No. 80. FuncoLand. Archived from the original on October 26, 2000. Retrieved February 19, 2015. ^ McNamara, Andy; Fitzloff, Jay; Reiner, Andrew (December 1999). "WWF WrestleMania 2000 - Nintendo 64". Game Informer. No. 80. FuncoLand. Archived from the original on October 25, 2000. Retrieved February 19, 2015. ^ Mears, Rick "The Wanderer" (November 8, 1999). "REVIEW for Wrestlemania 2000 (N64)". GameFan. Shinno Media. Archived from the original on November 27, 1999. Retrieved February 19, 2015. ^ Dodson, Joe (March 2000). "WWF Wrestlemania 2000 Review (N64)". GameRevolution. CraveOnline. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2015. ^ Gerstmann, Jeff (November 12, 1999). "WWF Wrestlemania 2000 Review (N64)". GameSpot. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2015. ^ Harris, Craig (December 8, 1999). "WWF Wrestlemania 2000 (GBC)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on February 19, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2015. ^ Boulding, Aaron (November 24, 1999). "WWF Wrestlemania 2000 (N64)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on February 19, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2015. ^ Hurley, Oliver (Christmas 1999). "WWF WrestleMania 2000 (N64)". N64 Magazine. No. 36. Future Publishing. pp. 54–56. ^ a b Erickson, Daniel (December 1999). "Wrestlemania 2000 (N64)". NextGen. No. 60. Imagine Media. p. 108. Retrieved April 1, 2020. ^ "Wrestlemania 2000 (N64)". Nintendo Power. Vol. 127. Nintendo of America. December 1999. p. 155. Retrieved March 13, 2020. ^ a b Clarke, Stuart (January 29, 2000). "Wrestlemania 2000 Review (N64)". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on December 6, 2000. Retrieved March 26, 2022. ^ The Enforcer (December 1999). "WWF Wrestlemania 2000 (N64)" (PDF). GamePro. No. 135. IDG. pp. 182–83. Retrieved June 11, 2022. ^ The D-Pad Destroyer (November 18, 1999). "Wrestlemania 2000 Review for N64 on GamePro.com". GamePro. IDG Entertainment. Archived from the original on November 6, 2004. Retrieved February 19, 2015. ^ Ocampo, Jason (January 20, 2000). "WrestleMania Hits One Million". Gamecenter. CNET. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Retrieved July 13, 2019. ^ "Third Interactive Achievement Awards: Console". Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on October 11, 2000. Retrieved June 11, 2022. External links WWF WrestleMania 2000 (Nintendo 64) at MobyGames WWF WrestleMania 2000 (Game Boy Color) at MobyGames vteVideo games based on WWE List of games Main series (list)SmackDown! SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role Just Bring It Shut Your Mouth Here Comes the Pain SmackDown vs. Raw SmackDown! vs Raw 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Online (cancelled) WWE WWE '12 WWE '13 WWE 2K 2K14 2K15 2K16 2K17 2K18 2K19 2K20 2K22 2K23 2K24 WrestleMania based WrestleMania (1989) Challenge WrestleMania (1991) Super Steel Cage Challenge The Arcade Game 2000 Road to... X8 Road to X8 XIX 21 Legends Programming-based Superstars (1989) Superstars (1991) Superstars 2 Royal Rumble (1993) King of the Ring Royal Rumble pinball (1994) Raw (1994) In Your House War Zone Royal Rumble (2000) No Mercy Raw (2002) Raw 2 Survivor Series Other MicroLeague Wrestling WrestleFest European Rampage Tour Rage in the Cage Attitude With Authority! Betrayal WWE 2K Crush Hour Day of Reckoning Day of Reckoning 2 Aftershock All Stars SuperCard Immortals Fortnite Fall Guys Brawlhalla The King of Fighters All Star WWE 2K Battlegrounds Authority control databases: National France BnF data	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WrestleMania 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WrestleMania_2000"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"WrestleMania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WrestleMania"},{"link_name":"WrestleMania 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WrestleMania_2000"},{"link_name":"WrestleMania XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WrestleMania_XV"},{"link_name":"Attitude Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_Era"},{"link_name":"THQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THQ"},{"link_name":"Acclaim Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclaim_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"World Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNhistory-4"},{"link_name":"Virtual Pro Wrestling 2: Ōdō Keishō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Pro_Wrestling_2:_%C5%8Cd%C5%8D_Keish%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"WWF No Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWF_No_Mercy_(video_game)"}],"text":"This article is about the video game. For the professional wrestling pay-per-view event, see WrestleMania 2000.1999 video gameWWF WrestleMania 2000 is a professional wrestling video game released in 1999 on the Nintendo 64 (N64) console. It was based on the World Wrestling Federation's (WWF, now WWE) annual pay-per-view, WrestleMania. Despite the fact that this game is based upon WrestleMania 2000, the game was released five months prior (and four months prior on the Game Boy Color) to the actual PPV itself, therefore resulting in the game using the stage design from the 1999 event, WrestleMania XV, instead. Released at the height of the WWF's Attitude Era, WrestleMania 2000 was the first WWF game released by THQ. The wrestling company ended its long relationship with Acclaim Entertainment after witnessing the video game success of its competitor, World Championship Wrestling (WCW), on behalf of THQ.[4] WrestleMania 2000 shares its game engine with the Japan-only release Virtual Pro Wrestling 2: Ōdō Keishō.The game would be succeeded by WWF No Mercy in 2000.","title":"WWF WrestleMania 2000 (video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WCW/nWo Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCW/nWo_Revenge"},{"link_name":"Royal Rumble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Rumble"},{"link_name":"King of the Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Ring"},{"link_name":"pay-per-views","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"WrestleMania 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WrestleMania_2000"},{"link_name":"WWF European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"WWF Intercontinental Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Intercontinental_Championship"},{"link_name":"WWF Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tag_Team_Championship_(WWE)"},{"link_name":"WWF Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Championship"},{"link_name":"feuds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feud_(professional_wrestling)"}],"text":"WWF WrestleMania 2000 uses the exact same game engine previously seen in WCW/nWo Revenge, which released the previous year. More than 50 WWF wrestlers were included in the game, and, with the exception of existing superstars' move sets, all of them can be freely edited to the player's liking. Using the same system, the Create-a-Wrestler mode is extensive. Players are able to create a highly detailed wrestler with an extensive library of wrestling moves, many of which are carried over from previous AKI games in the series. Usual WWF modes such as Royal Rumble and King of the Ring modes are included, along with a pay-per-view mode, enabling the player to either recreate or create unique pay-per-views with television-style features. Players can also create up to eight championship belts and put them up for contest in Exhibition mode.The \"Road To WrestleMania\" mode places the player on the long road to WWF glory. Starting out as a rookie, the player gradually works their way up the ladder and earns opportunities to gain various WWF titles, win various tournaments, be challenged by various wrestlers and ultimately main-event at WrestleMania 2000. Although the story mode is long and extensive in the number of matches in which it pits the player, there are no branching storylines and if the player loses a match, it is simply recorded as a loss in their win–loss record. Throughout the mode, when the player wins a championship, they are expected to defend their title in future in-game pay-per-view events. This rule applies to all championships that the player currently holds. For example, if one holds the WWF European Championship, WWF Intercontinental Championship, WWF Tag Team Championship, and the WWF Championship, the player must defend all four titles during one single pay-per-view event.There are often feuds at different parts in the storyline, occasionally with one wrestler calling out another wrestler in the ring. Also, feuding wrestlers often interrupt matches, helping the opponent. However, the season continues whether or not the player wins or loses their matches. If the player progresses through a winning season with a created wrestler and then starts a new season as a new created wrestler, the first character will still be used in season mode.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wrestlemania-screen.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson"},{"link_name":"finisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finisher_(wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Rock Bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerslam#lifting_side_slam"},{"link_name":"Ken Shamrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Shamrock"},{"link_name":"Sunday Night Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Heat"},{"link_name":"Raw is War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Raw"},{"link_name":"The Road Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Hulk Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk_Hogan"},{"link_name":"Taka Michinoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taka_Michinoku"},{"link_name":"Davey Boy Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey_Boy_Smith"},{"link_name":"WCW/nWo Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCW/nWo_Revenge"},{"link_name":"Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"Kevin Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Nash"},{"link_name":"Scott Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hall_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Diamond Dallas Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Dallas_Page"},{"link_name":"Macho Man Randy Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Savage"},{"link_name":"The New Age Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Age_Outlaws"},{"link_name":"GameShark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameShark"},{"link_name":"WWF Attitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWF_Attitude"},{"link_name":"WWF SmackDown!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWF_SmackDown!_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Droz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Drozdov"},{"link_name":"Chaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaz_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Thrasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrasher_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Jarrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett"},{"link_name":"Scott Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotty_Too_Hotty"},{"link_name":"Brian Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_Sexay"},{"link_name":"Shawn Stasiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Stasiak"},{"link_name":"Michael Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hayes_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"WCW Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCW_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"The Godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Hos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whore"}],"text":"The Rock prepares to execute his finisher, the Rock Bottom, on Ken Shamrock.The game features several arenas at which WWF held events in 1998 and 1999. There are also arenas based on each WWF television show, such as Sunday Night Heat, Raw is War, as well as other pay-per-view venues of the time.This was the first WWF game to allow players to freely edit their favorite superstars (i.e. putting Stone Cold Steve Austin in The Rock's trunks) and also be able to create and modify alternate attires for each wrestler, as each character in the game has four templates that can be individually edited and switched between using the left and right 'C' buttons. If the player makes changes that they do not like, a default button resets the edited costume into the original costume for that slot. It was also the first THQ produced Nintendo 64 title to feature a \"Create a Wrestler\" mode.In addition to the numerous default and secret characters, several other realistic likenesses and movesets in the create-a-wrestler mode make it possible to add even more characters. Some examples include The Road Warriors, Hulk Hogan, Taka Michinoku, and Davey Boy Smith. Also, some taunts and move sets were carried over from WCW/nWo Revenge, allowing the player to create and include WCW wrestlers such as Goldberg, Kevin Nash, Scott Hall, Diamond Dallas Page, and Macho Man Randy Savage. The drawback to the create-a-wrestler mode, however, is the fact that there are limited slots available due to limited memory space, but players can edit the individual templates in the character models to include four different characters with separate appearances which allows a great deal of flexibility. However, wrestlers in the same template are forced to have the same moves.Additionally, by making two superstars' entrance music the same, if they are a real-life tag team they will be introduced as such; for instance, matching the Road Dogg and Mr. Ass's themes would lead to them being introduced together as The New Age Outlaws before a tag team match.Also, some features are implemented in the game that were not seen in WCW/nWo Revenge, such as a Cage Match and a First Blood mode. Reversals and counter moves were also expanded upon and made much more commonplace.A normally unselectable Computer Intelligence mode can also be accessed using a GameShark code, as well as WCW and nWo ring aprons.This game's roster is notable compared to both the preceding WWF Attitude and its successor WWF SmackDown!. It is the only THQ WWF game where Droz, Chaz (Mosh), Thrasher and Jeff Jarrett are playable, due to Droz suffering a career-ending injury and the remaining names leaving the company the same year. It is also the only game in which where Scott Taylor and Brian Christopher are featured in their earlier \"Too Much\" gimmick, as well as the only game where Shawn Stasiak's short-lived gimmick as \"Meat\" is playable (he would soon after leave for WCW and return to the company following the company's purchase in 2001). It is one of only two games in which Michael Hayes is playable (the other being WCW Wrestling from a decade prior). In addition, one of The Godfather's Hos is a playable character despite not being a wrestler.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stone Cold Steve Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin"},{"link_name":"Mr. Ass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Ass"}],"text":"In WWF WrestleMania 2000, many players have their signature taunts, such as Stone Cold Steve Austin flipping off an opponent or Mr. Ass mooning another wrestler. Also, by pressing in a different direction on the joystick, a different taunt is performed. Rotating the joystick counter clock wise results in the player mimicking his opponent's taunt.","title":"Signature taunts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Sarven"},{"link_name":"Big Bossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Traylor"},{"link_name":"Big Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Show"},{"link_name":"Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Layfield"},{"link_name":"Brian Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Lawler"},{"link_name":"Chaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Warrington"},{"link_name":"Chris Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jericho"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Cage"},{"link_name":"D'Lo Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Lo_Brown"},{"link_name":"Droz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Drozdov"},{"link_name":"Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Farooq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Gangrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrel_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Gerald Brisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Brisco"},{"link_name":"Godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wright_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Hardcore Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_Holly"},{"link_name":"Jeff Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Jeff Jarrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett"},{"link_name":"Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Ken Shamrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Shamrock"},{"link_name":"Mankind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Foley"},{"link_name":"Mark Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Henry"},{"link_name":"Matt Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Stasiak"},{"link_name":"Michael Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hayes_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Mideon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Knight"},{"link_name":"Mr. Ass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Gunn"},{"link_name":"Mr. McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_McMahon"},{"link_name":"Pat Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Patterson_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Bloom"},{"link_name":"Road Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Scotty 2 Hotty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotty_2_Hotty"},{"link_name":"Shane McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_McMahon"},{"link_name":"Steve Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin"},{"link_name":"Steve Blackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Blackman"},{"link_name":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"The Blue Meanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Heffron"},{"link_name":"The Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Thrasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrasher_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Triple H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_H"},{"link_name":"The Undertaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Undertaker"},{"link_name":"Val Venis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Venis"},{"link_name":"Viscera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscera_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"X-Pac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Waltman"}],"sub_title":"Male wrestlers","text":"Al Snow\nBig Bossman\nBig Show\nBradshaw\nBrian Christopher\nChaz\nChris Jericho\nChristian\nD'Lo Brown\nDroz\nEdge\nFarooq\nGangrel\nGerald Brisco\nGodfather\nHardcore Holly\nJeff Hardy\nJeff Jarrett\nKane\nKen Shamrock\nMankind\nMark Henry\nMatt Hardy\nMeat\nMichael Hayes\nMideon\nMr. Ass\nMr. McMahon\nPat Patterson\nPrince Albert\nRoad Dogg\nScotty 2 Hotty\nShane McMahon\nSteve Austin\nSteve Blackman\nTest\nThe Blue Meanie\nThe Rock\nThrasher\nTriple H\nThe Undertaker\nVal Venis\nViscera\nX-Pac","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyna"},{"link_name":"Debra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Moore"},{"link_name":"Terri Runnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terri_Runnels"},{"link_name":"Tori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terri_Poch"}],"sub_title":"Female wrestlers","text":"Chyna\nDebra\nIvory\nJacqueline\nTerri Runnels\nTori","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cactus Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Foley"},{"link_name":"Dude Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Foley"},{"link_name":"Jerry \"The King\" Lawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lawler"},{"link_name":"Jim Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Ross"},{"link_name":"Paul Bearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bearer"},{"link_name":"Shawn Michaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Michaels"},{"link_name":"Stephanie McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_McMahon"}],"sub_title":"Unlockables","text":"All characters are unlocked by playing the \"Road to WrestleMania\" mode:Cactus Jack - Defend the Hardcore Title 3 times\nDude Love - Win the King of the Ring tournament and the win the WWF Title at SummerSlam\nJerry \"The King\" Lawler - At the beginning of WrestleMania alongside Jim Ross\nJim Ross - At the beginning of WrestleMania alongside Jerry \"The King\" Lawler\nPaul Bearer - Play one month as The Undertaker\nShawn Michaels - Win the WWF title match at WrestleMania and he will challenge you to a match\nStephanie McMahon - Play one month as Test","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"name, likeness, and move-set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_(law)"},{"link_name":"Santa Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus"},{"link_name":"candy-ass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson"}],"text":"In a TV commercial promoting the game, The Rock becomes furious at how the game includes his name, likeness, and move-set. At the end of the ad, he threatens to shove copies of the game up Santa Claus's \"candy-ass\".Some copies of WWF WrestleMania 2000 shipped with a special card containing four holograms of the in game action, such as a wrestler's entrance or finishing move.","title":"Advertising and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Color"},{"link_name":"N64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRGBC-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRN64-6"},{"link_name":"GBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Color"},{"link_name":"N64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"AllGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"CNET Gamecenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET_Gamecenter"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fam-13"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"GameFan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameFan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"GameRevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"N64 Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen-22"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sydney-24"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRGBC-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRN64-6"},{"link_name":"NextGen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen-22"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sydney-24"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fam-13"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCW/nWo_Revenge"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Interactive_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"3rd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Annual_Interactive_Achievement_Awards"},{"link_name":"Console Fighting Game of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.I.C.E._Award_for_Fighting_Game_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Soulcalibur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulcalibur_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreGBCN64GameRankings64%[5]84%[6]Review scoresPublicationScoreGBCN64AllGame[7][8]CNET GamecenterN/A7/10[9]Electronic Gaming Monthly6/10[10]8.25/10[11][a]FamitsuN/A28/40[12]Game Informer7.25/10[13]9/10[14]GameFanN/A100%[15]GameRevolutionN/AC−[16]GameSpotN/A7.1/10[17]IGN6/10[18]8.9/10[19]N64 MagazineN/A90%[20]Next GenerationN/A[21]Nintendo PowerN/A8/10[22]The Sydney Morning HeraldN/A[23]The N64 version of the game received \"favorable\" reviews, while the Game Boy Color version received \"mixed\" reviews, according to video game review aggregator GameRankings.[5][6] Daniel Erickson of NextGen said of the former console version: \"Wonderful gameplay even overshadows the lack of quality audio.\"[21] Stuart Clarke of The Sydney Morning Herald said of the same console version: \"The strong gameplay will even appeal to non-wrestling fans and with up to four people able to fight simultaneously it's sure to be a popular party game.\"[23] In Japan, Famitsu gave the same console version a score of 28 out of 40.[12]In one GamePro review, The Enforcer called the Nintendo 64 version \"the best wrestling title this year. [...] The king of the ring has arrived.\"[24][b] In another review, The D-Pad Destroyer called it \"a very fun game, especially for four players, and its ease of play will endear it to hardcore wrestling fans who don't want to spend months studying a list of moves. It may be new, and it may have the WWF, but in the end, it's just the revenge of Revenge.\"[25][c]In the final edition of Nintendo Power, WWF WrestleMania 2000 was ranked number 223 in a list of the best games released on Nintendo consoles, namely for its massive roster and positive gameplay ability. The game sold more than one million units by January 2000.[26]During the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences' 3rd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Nintendo 64 version was a finalist for the \"Console Fighting Game of the Year\" award, which was ultimately given to Soulcalibur.[27]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"}],"text":"^ Two critics of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the Nintendo 64 version each a score of 8.5/10, and two others gave it each a score of 8/10.\n\n^ GamePro gave the Nintendo 64 version two 4.5/5 scores for graphics and control, 3.5/5 for sound, and 5/5 for fun factor in one review.\n\n^ GamePro gave the Nintendo 64 version 4/5 for graphics, 3.5/5 for sound, and two 4.5/5 scores for control and fun factor in another review.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The Rock prepares to execute his finisher, the Rock Bottom, on Ken Shamrock.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Wrestlemania-screen.jpg/220px-Wrestlemania-screen.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg"},{"title":"1990s portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:1990s"},{"title":"Martial arts portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Video games portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Video_games"},{"title":"Virtual Pro Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Pro_Wrestling"},{"title":"List of licensed wrestling video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_licensed_wrestling_video_games"},{"title":"List of fighting games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fighting_games"}]	[{"reference":"\"PR - 11/18/99 - THQ/JAKKS PACIFIC SHIP WWF WRESTLEMANIA 2000 FOR NINTENDO 64 AND GAME BOY COLOR\". August 19, 2000. Archived from the original on August 19, 2000. Retrieved March 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000819140723/http://www.thq.com/About/PressReleases/press-156.asp","url_text":"\"PR - 11/18/99 - THQ/JAKKS PACIFIC SHIP WWF WRESTLEMANIA 2000 FOR NINTENDO 64 AND GAME BOY COLOR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Game Informer Magazine - News Story\". Game Informer. March 2, 2000. Archived from the original on March 2, 2000. Retrieved April 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000302052328/http://www.gameinformer.com/news/news_story.cfm?NEWS_ID=254","url_text":"\"Game Informer Magazine - News Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"}]},{"reference":"\"What a Shocker!\". December 1999. Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/1999/12/01/what-a-shocker","url_text":"\"What a Shocker!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230517041615/https://www.ign.com/articles/1999/12/01/what-a-shocker","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McLaughlin, Rus (November 12, 2008). \"IGN Presents the History of Wrestling Games\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on November 3, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/12/ign-presents-the-history-of-wrestling-games","url_text":"\"IGN Presents the History of Wrestling Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221103162326/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/12/ign-presents-the-history-of-wrestling-games","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"WWF Wrestlemania 2000 for Game Boy Color\". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190521212857/https://www.gamerankings.com/gbc/562912-wwf-wrestlemania-2000/index.html","url_text":"\"WWF Wrestlemania 2000 for Game Boy Color\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings","url_text":"GameRankings"},{"url":"https://www.gamerankings.com/gbc/562912-wwf-wrestlemania-2000/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WWF Wrestlemania 2000 for Nintendo 64\". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190512174744/https://www.gamerankings.com/n64/199352-wwf-wrestlemania-2000/index.html","url_text":"\"WWF Wrestlemania 2000 for Nintendo 64\""},{"url":"https://www.gamerankings.com/n64/199352-wwf-wrestlemania-2000/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ottoson, Joe. \"WWF Wrestlemania 2000 (GBC) - Review\". AllGame. All Media Network. Archived from the original on November 15, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141115161830/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=20330&tab=review","url_text":"\"WWF Wrestlemania 2000 (GBC) - Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame","url_text":"AllGame"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Network","url_text":"All Media Network"},{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=20330&tab=review","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ottoson, Joe. \"WWF Wrestlemania 2000 (N64) - Review\". AllGame. All Media Network. Archived from the original on November 15, 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogatories	Interrogatories	["1 Use","2 Specific jurisdictions","2.1 England and Wales","2.2 United States","3 See also","4 References"]	Civil procedure in the US Civil procedurein the United States Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Doctrines of civil procedure Jurisdiction · Venue Pleadings · Motions Service of process Complaint Answer Counterclaim Crossclaim Pretrial procedure Discovery Interrogatories Depositions Request for admissions Request for production Resolution without trial Default judgment Summary judgment Voluntary dismissal Involuntary dismissal Settlement Trial Parties Jury Burden of proof Judgment Appeal Mandamus Certiorari vte This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Interrogatories" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In law, interrogatories (also known as requests for further information) are a formal set of written questions propounded by one litigant and required to be answered by an adversary in order to clarify matters of fact and help to determine in advance what facts will be presented at any trial in the case. Use Interrogatories are used to gain information from the other party relevant to the issues in a lawsuit. The law and issues will differ depending upon the facts of a case and the laws of the jurisdiction in which a lawsuit is filed. For some types of cases there are standard sets of interrogatories available that cover the essential facts, and may be modified for the case in which they are used. When a lawsuit is filed, the pleadings filed by the parties are intended to let the other parties know what each side intends to prove at trial, and what legal case they have to answer. However, in most cases, the parties will require additional information to fully understand each other's legal and factual claims. The discovery process, including the use of interrogatories, can help the parties obtain that information from each other. For an example of how interrogatories may be used, in a motor vehicle accident lawsuit, an injured plaintiff typically asserts that the defendant driver committed the tort of negligence in causing the accident. To prove negligence, the law requires the injured plaintiff to show that the driver owed them a duty of care and breached it, causing the injury. Assuming that the defendant did not dispute driving a vehicle that was involved in the accident that injured the plaintiff, the case would come down to whether the driver drove in accordance with the standard of a reasonable driver, and whether the injured person's injuries are a foreseeable consequence of the driving. The parties may use interrogatories to seek information, including concessions as to how the accident occurred, from each other. The injured plaintiff might serve interrogatories on the defendant driver seeking information that would support the plaintiff's theory of the case. If the plaintiff is alleging that the defendant was speeding, the plaintiff might ask the defendant to state the speed of the defendant's vehicle at the time of the accident. If the plaintiff alleges that the defendant failed to control the car properly or failed to pay proper attention to the road and other vehicles, the plaintiff could ask interrogatory questions that would help prove those allegations or require disclosure of the basis of any denial of negligence by the defendant. The driver may have a defense to those allegations, perhaps if the accident occurred at low speed, and was unavoidable (maybe due to some third party intervention). The injured person may, however, argue that the driver was still responsible (perhaps the driver should have used the horn of the vehicle to alert the third party), or there may be other allegations. The defense may similarly use interrogatories to help build legal and factual defenses to the plaintiff's case. Continuing with the example of a car accident, the defendant may seek information or concessions from the plaintiff that would suggest that a different driver was partially or wholly responsible for the accident, or that under the facts the accident was unavoidable despite the proper exercise of care. Specific jurisdictions England and Wales In England and Wales, this procedure is governed by Part 18 of the Civil Procedure Rules. It is known as a Request for Further Information. In the Request for Further Information procedure, use of standard pre-printed forms is not common, and any such request would almost certainly be looked upon critically by the courts, as use of standard forms rather than requests tailored specifically to the case is likely to offend against the 'Overriding Objective' in that it is unlikely to be proportionate to the case, and instead result in the parties or their lawyers having to spend time, money and resources in answering the questions. The way the rules work, this could easily result in the party making the request having to pay both their own costs and the costs of the opponent - even if they win the case at the end. In England and Wales, firstly the person wanting to know the information requests it in writing, either in letter form or, more usually, on a blank document with the questions on one side of the page and space for the answers on the other side. A deadline is set for the opponent to answer the request. If they fail to answer, the person requesting can make an Application on Notice to the court and ask the procedural judge to make an order compelling the opponent to answer the questions. Whether the judge will make an order is discretionary and will be determined in accordance with the overriding objective, and in the context of the questions asked. In particular, the procedure is not intended to be used to ask questions that would ordinarily be dealt with at trial. United States In the United States, use of interrogatories is governed by the law where the case has been filed. All federal courts operate under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which places various limitations on the use of this device, permitting individual jurisdictions to limit interrogatories to twenty-five questions per party. Interrogatories are typically "verified", meaning that the response will include an affidavit and will therefore be under oath. The affidavit may distinguish interrogatories from requests for admission, which are not normally answered under oath. California, on the other hand, operates under the Civil Discovery Act of 1986 (a revision of an older 1957 act), which is codified in the California Code of Civil Procedure. The Discovery Act allows up to thirty-five specially prepared interrogatories per party, but this limit may be exceeded simply by executing and serving a declaration of necessity with the interrogatories. However, because the declaration of necessity must be executed under penalty of perjury, it can expose an attorney to personal sanctions for propounding an excessive number of harassing and burdensome interrogatories. In nearly all U.S. jurisdictions, interrogatories are called just that and are supposed to be custom-written, although many questions can be reused from one case to the next. In the U.S. states of California, New Jersey, and Florida, the courts have promulgated standard "form" interrogatories. In California these come on an official court form promulgated by the Judicial Council of California and a party may ask another party to answer any of them by checking the appropriate boxes. The advantage of the California form interrogatories is that they do not count against the limit of 35 (except when used in limited civil cases); the disadvantage is that they are written in a very generic fashion, so about half of the questions are useful only in the simplest cases. In turn, California calls custom-written interrogatories "specially prepared interrogatories." Because interrogatories are so heavily used in American discovery, there are two major compilations of generic interrogatories covering almost every conceivable type of legal case: Bender's Forms of Discovery: Interrogatories (published by LexisNexis) and Pattern Discovery (published by West). See also Inspection of documents Subpoena duces tecum Subpoena ad testificandum Request for admissions References ^ a b "Request for further information or CPR 18 request". Practical Law U.K. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 30 September 2017. ^ Grimm, Paul W.; Fax, Charles S.; Sandler, Paul Mark (2009). Discovery Problems and Their Solutions. American Bar Association. p. 427. ISBN 978-1604426021. Retrieved 30 September 2017. ^ "Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 33. Interrogatories". Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Retrieved 30 September 2017. ^ Feirich, John C.; Feirich, John K. (1959). "Interrogatories to Parties and Demands to Admit". University of Illinois Law Forum: 733. Retrieved 30 September 2017. ^ a b c d California Code of Civil Procedure Section 2030.030. ^ California Code of Civil Procedure Section 2030.040. ^ California Code of Civil Procedure Section 2030.050. ^ California Code of Civil Procedure Section 2033.710.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-1"},{"link_name":"litigant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litigant"},{"link_name":"trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_(law)"}],"text":"In law, interrogatories (also known as requests for further information)[1] are a formal set of written questions propounded by one litigant and required to be answered by an adversary in order to clarify matters of fact and help to determine in advance what facts will be presented at any trial in the case.","title":"Interrogatories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lawsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit"},{"link_name":"jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction#Law"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"pleadings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleadings"},{"link_name":"plaintiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintiff"},{"link_name":"defendant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defendant"},{"link_name":"tort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort"},{"link_name":"negligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence"}],"text":"Interrogatories are used to gain information from the other party relevant to the issues in a lawsuit. The law and issues will differ depending upon the facts of a case and the laws of the jurisdiction in which a lawsuit is filed. For some types of cases there are standard sets of interrogatories available that cover the essential facts, and may be modified for the case in which they are used.[2]When a lawsuit is filed, the pleadings filed by the parties are intended to let the other parties know what each side intends to prove at trial, and what legal case they have to answer. However, in most cases, the parties will require additional information to fully understand each other's legal and factual claims. The discovery process, including the use of interrogatories, can help the parties obtain that information from each other.For an example of how interrogatories may be used, in a motor vehicle accident lawsuit, an injured plaintiff typically asserts that the defendant driver committed the tort of negligence in causing the accident. To prove negligence, the law requires the injured plaintiff to show that the driver owed them a duty of care and breached it, causing the injury. Assuming that the defendant did not dispute driving a vehicle that was involved in the accident that injured the plaintiff, the case would come down to whether the driver drove in accordance with the standard of a reasonable driver, and whether the injured person's injuries are a foreseeable consequence of the driving.The parties may use interrogatories to seek information, including concessions as to how the accident occurred, from each other. The injured plaintiff might serve interrogatories on the defendant driver seeking information that would support the plaintiff's theory of the case. If the plaintiff is alleging that the defendant was speeding, the plaintiff might ask the defendant to state the speed of the defendant's vehicle at the time of the accident. If the plaintiff alleges that the defendant failed to control the car properly or failed to pay proper attention to the road and other vehicles, the plaintiff could ask interrogatory questions that would help prove those allegations or require disclosure of the basis of any denial of negligence by the defendant. The driver may have a defense to those allegations, perhaps if the accident occurred at low speed, and was unavoidable (maybe due to some third party intervention). The injured person may, however, argue that the driver was still responsible (perhaps the driver should have used the horn of the vehicle to alert the third party), or there may be other allegations.The defense may similarly use interrogatories to help build legal and factual defenses to the plaintiff's case. Continuing with the example of a car accident, the defendant may seek information or concessions from the plaintiff that would suggest that a different driver was partially or wholly responsible for the accident, or that under the facts the accident was unavoidable despite the proper exercise of care.","title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Specific jurisdictions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil Procedure Rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Procedure_Rules"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-1"},{"link_name":"Application on Notice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_(legal)"},{"link_name":"trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_(law)"}],"sub_title":"England and Wales","text":"In England and Wales, this procedure is governed by Part 18 of the Civil Procedure Rules. It is known as a Request for Further Information.[1]In the Request for Further Information procedure, use of standard pre-printed forms is not common, and any such request would almost certainly be looked upon critically by the courts, as use of standard forms rather than requests tailored specifically to the case is likely to offend against the 'Overriding Objective' in that it is unlikely to be proportionate to the case, and instead result in the parties or their lawyers having to spend time, money and resources in answering the questions. The way the rules work, this could easily result in the party making the request having to pay both their own costs and the costs of the opponent - even if they win the case at the end.In England and Wales, firstly the person wanting to know the information requests it in writing, either in letter form or, more usually, on a blank document with the questions on one side of the page and space for the answers on the other side. A deadline is set for the opponent to answer the request. If they fail to answer, the person requesting can make an Application on Notice to the court and ask the procedural judge to make an order compelling the opponent to answer the questions. Whether the judge will make an order is discretionary and will be determined in accordance with the overriding objective, and in the context of the questions asked.In particular, the procedure is not intended to be used to ask questions that would ordinarily be dealt with at trial.","title":"Specific jurisdictions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Rules of Civil Procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure"},{"link_name":"affidavit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affidavit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"requests for admission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_admission"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"California Code of Civil Procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Code_of_Civil_Procedure"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-section2030030-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"perjury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjury"},{"link_name":"Judicial Council of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Council_of_California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-section2030030-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-section2030030-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-section2030030-5"},{"link_name":"LexisNexis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LexisNexis"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_(publisher)"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"In the United States, use of interrogatories is governed by the law where the case has been filed. All federal courts operate under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which places various limitations on the use of this device, permitting individual jurisdictions to limit interrogatories to twenty-five questions per party. Interrogatories are typically \"verified\", meaning that the response will include an affidavit and will therefore be under oath.[3] The affidavit may distinguish interrogatories from requests for admission, which are not normally answered under oath.[4]California, on the other hand, operates under the Civil Discovery Act of 1986 (a revision of an older 1957 act), which is codified in the California Code of Civil Procedure. The Discovery Act allows up to thirty-five specially prepared interrogatories per party,[5] but this limit may be exceeded simply by executing and serving a declaration of necessity with the interrogatories.[6][7] However, because the declaration of necessity must be executed under penalty of perjury, it can expose an attorney to personal sanctions for propounding an excessive number of harassing and burdensome interrogatories.In nearly all U.S. jurisdictions, interrogatories are called just that and are supposed to be custom-written, although many questions can be reused from one case to the next. In the U.S. states of California, New Jersey, and Florida, the courts have promulgated standard \"form\" interrogatories. In California these come on an official court form promulgated by the Judicial Council of California[8] and a party may ask another party to answer any of them by checking the appropriate boxes.[5] The advantage of the California form interrogatories is that they do not count against the limit of 35[5] (except when used in limited civil cases); the disadvantage is that they are written in a very generic fashion, so about half of the questions are useful only in the simplest cases. In turn, California calls custom-written interrogatories \"specially prepared interrogatories.\"[5]Because interrogatories are so heavily used in American discovery, there are two major compilations of generic interrogatories covering almost every conceivable type of legal case: Bender's Forms of Discovery: Interrogatories (published by LexisNexis) and Pattern Discovery (published by West).","title":"Specific jurisdictions"}]	[]	[{"title":"Inspection of documents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspection_of_documents"},{"title":"Subpoena duces tecum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpoena_duces_tecum"},{"title":"Subpoena ad testificandum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpoena_ad_testificandum"},{"title":"Request for admissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_admissions"}]	[{"reference":"\"Request for further information or CPR 18 request\". Practical Law U.K. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/1-205-6221","url_text":"\"Request for further information or CPR 18 request\""}]},{"reference":"Grimm, Paul W.; Fax, Charles S.; Sandler, Paul Mark (2009). Discovery Problems and Their Solutions. American Bar Association. p. 427. ISBN 978-1604426021. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7v8U-dTLE9QC","url_text":"Discovery Problems and Their Solutions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604426021","url_text":"978-1604426021"}]},{"reference":"\"Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 33. Interrogatories\". Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_33","url_text":"\"Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 33. Interrogatories\""}]},{"reference":"Feirich, John C.; Feirich, John K. (1959). \"Interrogatories to Parties and Demands to Admit\". University of Illinois Law Forum: 733. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/unilllr1959&div=50&id=&page=","url_text":"\"Interrogatories to Parties and Demands to Admit\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Interrogatories%22","external_links_name":"\"Interrogatories\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Interrogatories%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Interrogatories%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Interrogatories%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Interrogatories%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Interrogatories%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interrogatories&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/1-205-6221","external_links_name":"\"Request for further information or CPR 18 request\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7v8U-dTLE9QC","external_links_name":"Discovery Problems and Their Solutions"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_33","external_links_name":"\"Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 33. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Johannesson	Markus Johannesson	["1 Career","2 Career statistics","2.1 International","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]	Swedish footballer (born 1975) Markus JohannessonPersonal informationDate of birth (1975-05-29) 29 May 1975 (age 49)Place of birth Rölanda, SwedenHeight 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s) Defender, midfielderSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1994–1996 IK Oddevold 65 (4)1997–2004 Örgryte IS 164 (11)2004–2009 Djurgårdens IF 136 (1)Total 365 (16)International career1989 Sweden U17 2 (0)1996–1998 Sweden U21 11 (0)2001–2009 Sweden 5 (1) Club domestic league appearances and goals Markus Johannesson (born 29 May 1975) is a Swedish former football defender and football commentator. Career Johannesson started his career at Rölanda IF, but moved on to Eds FF and IK Oddevold before he was signed by Örgryte IS in 1997. In 2004, Johannesson left Örgryte IS for Djurgårdens IF. He won The Double with Djurgården in 2005 and was also the captain of the team. He has been capped five times and scored one goal for the Sweden national team. He was later on the 2009 season on the bench for Kebba Ceesay. But later on he took back his place but then as a defensive midfielder where he used to play with Örgryte IS. Johannesson scored his first league goal for Djurgården in his last game against Kalmar FF, helping Djurgården to reach relegation round against Assyriska FF. Djurgården lost the first game away 2–0 but won at home in extra time, 3–0. Johannesson retired from professional football after the 2009 season. Since 2010, Johannesson works for SVT as football commentator. Career statistics International Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Sweden 2001 1 0 2002 0 0 2003 4 1 Total 5 1 Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Johannesson goal. List of international goals scored by Markus Johannesson No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition Ref. 1 22 February 2003 National Stadium, Bangkok, Thailand North Korea 3–0 4–0 2003 King's Cup Honours Djurgårdens IF Allsvenskan: 2005 Svenska Cupen : 2004, 2005 Individual Årets Järnkamin: 2009 References ^ "Djurgårdens guldtrupp". svt.se (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. 17 October 2005. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2010. ^ a b Jonas Riedel (23 March 2009). "16 Markus Johannesson". dif.se (in Swedish). Djurgårdens IF Fotboll. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010. ^ Jonas Riedel (5 July 2004). "Markus Johannesson klar för DIF". dif.se (in Swedish). Djurgårdens IF Fotboll. Archived from the original on 2 December 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010. ^ Linus Schröder (1 November 2009). "Johannesson förde Dif till kval". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 24 January 2010. ^ Lisa Edwinsson (8 November 2009). "Djurgårdskaptenens perfekta slut". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 23 January 2010. ^ "Markus Johannesson expert i Fotbollskväll". Sveriges Radio. 29 March 2010. ^ "Markus Johannesson - Spelarstatistik - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.se. (in Swedish). Retrieved 1 December 2020. ^ "Sverige - Nordkorea - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). 22 February 2003. Retrieved 1 December 2020. ^ http://www.difarkivet.se/dif_sm_guld_seniorer.pdf External links Markus Johannesson at the Swedish Football Association (in Swedish) Markus Johannesson at National-Football-Teams.com This biographical article related to an association football defender from Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(football)"}],"text":"Markus Johannesson (born 29 May 1975) is a Swedish former football defender and football commentator.","title":"Markus Johannesson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rölanda IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6landa_IF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Eds FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eds_FF"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DIF-2"},{"link_name":"IK Oddevold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Oddevold"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DIF-2"},{"link_name":"Örgryte IS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rgryte_IS"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Djurgården","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Sweden national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kebba Ceesay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebba_Ceesay"},{"link_name":"Kalmar FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_FF"},{"link_name":"Assyriska FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriska_FF"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"SVT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Television"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Johannesson started his career at Rölanda IF,[1] but moved on to Eds FF[2] and IK Oddevold[2] before he was signed by Örgryte IS in 1997. In 2004, Johannesson left Örgryte IS for Djurgårdens IF.[3] He won The Double with Djurgården in 2005 and was also the captain of the team. He has been capped five times and scored one goal for the Sweden national team. He was later on the 2009 season on the bench for Kebba Ceesay. But later on he took back his place but then as a defensive midfielder where he used to play with Örgryte IS. Johannesson scored his first league goal for Djurgården in his last game against Kalmar FF, helping Djurgården to reach relegation round against Assyriska FF.[4] Djurgården lost the first game away 2–0 but won at home in extra time, 3–0.Johannesson retired from professional football after the 2009 season.[5]Since 2010, Johannesson works for SVT as football commentator.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","text":"Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Johannesson goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Svenska Cupen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Cupen"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Svenska_Cupen"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Svenska_Cupen"},{"link_name":"Årets Järnkamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rets_J%C3%A4rnkamin"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_season"}],"text":"Djurgårdens IFAllsvenskan:[9] 2005\nSvenska Cupen : 2004, 2005IndividualÅrets Järnkamin: 2009","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Djurgårdens guldtrupp\". svt.se (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. 17 October 2005. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110612064157/http://svt.se/2.21511/1.470496/djurgardens_guldtrupp","url_text":"\"Djurgårdens guldtrupp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Television","url_text":"Sveriges Television"},{"url":"http://svt.se/2.21511/1.470496/djurgardens_guldtrupp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jonas Riedel (23 March 2009). \"16 Markus Johannesson\". dif.se (in Swedish). Djurgårdens IF Fotboll. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090327104536/http://www.dif.se/sidor/nyheter/nyheter.asp?action=view&id=9390&typ=1","url_text":"\"16 Markus Johannesson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll","url_text":"Djurgårdens IF Fotboll"},{"url":"http://www.dif.se/sidor/nyheter/nyheter.asp?action=view&id=9390&typ=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jonas Riedel (5 July 2004). \"Markus Johannesson klar för DIF\". dif.se (in Swedish). Djurgårdens IF Fotboll. Archived from the original on 2 December 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091202161402/http://www.dif.se/sidor/nyheter/nyheter.asp?action=view&id=5218&typ=1","url_text":"\"Markus Johannesson klar för DIF\""},{"url":"http://www.dif.se/sidor/nyheter/nyheter.asp?action=view&id=5218&typ=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Linus Schröder (1 November 2009). \"Johannesson förde Dif till kval\". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 24 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.svd.se/sportspel/nyheter/johannesson-forde-dif-till-kval_3738873.svd","url_text":"\"Johannesson förde Dif till kval\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet","url_text":"Svenska Dagbladet"}]},{"reference":"Lisa Edwinsson (8 November 2009). \"Djurgårdskaptenens perfekta slut\". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 23 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dn.se/sport/fotboll/djurgardskaptenens-perfekta-slut-1.990233","url_text":"\"Djurgårdskaptenens perfekta slut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter","url_text":"Dagens Nyheter"}]},{"reference":"\"Markus Johannesson expert i Fotbollskväll\". Sveriges Radio. 29 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=972&artikel=3592139","url_text":"\"Markus Johannesson expert i Fotbollskväll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Markus Johannesson - Spelarstatistik - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se. (in Swedish). Retrieved 1 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/markus-johannesson/2954d908-1e8d-484c-ba3a-a978616f8bdf","url_text":"\"Markus Johannesson - Spelarstatistik - Svensk fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sverige - Nordkorea - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). 22 February 2003. Retrieved 1 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-nordkorea-landskamper-herr-senior/1570223","url_text":"\"Sverige - Nordkorea - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110612064157/http://svt.se/2.21511/1.470496/djurgardens_guldtrupp","external_links_name":"\"Djurgårdens guldtrupp\""},{"Link":"http://svt.se/2.21511/1.470496/djurgardens_guldtrupp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090327104536/http://www.dif.se/sidor/nyheter/nyheter.asp?action=view&id=9390&typ=1","external_links_name":"\"16 Markus Johannesson\""},{"Link":"http://www.dif.se/sidor/nyheter/nyheter.asp?action=view&id=9390&typ=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091202161402/http://www.dif.se/sidor/nyheter/nyheter.asp?action=view&id=5218&typ=1","external_links_name":"\"Markus Johannesson klar för DIF\""},{"Link":"http://www.dif.se/sidor/nyheter/nyheter.asp?action=view&id=5218&typ=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.svd.se/sportspel/nyheter/johannesson-forde-dif-till-kval_3738873.svd","external_links_name":"\"Johannesson förde Dif till kval\""},{"Link":"http://www.dn.se/sport/fotboll/djurgardskaptenens-perfekta-slut-1.990233","external_links_name":"\"Djurgårdskaptenens perfekta slut\""},{"Link":"http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=972&artikel=3592139","external_links_name":"\"Markus Johannesson expert i Fotbollskväll\""},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/markus-johannesson/2954d908-1e8d-484c-ba3a-a978616f8bdf","external_links_name":"\"Markus Johannesson - Spelarstatistik - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-nordkorea-landskamper-herr-senior/1570223","external_links_name":"\"Sverige - Nordkorea - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"http://www.difarkivet.se/dif_sm_guld_seniorer.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.difarkivet.se/dif_sm_guld_seniorer.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/2954d908-1e8d-484c-ba3a-a978616f8bdf/","external_links_name":"Markus Johannesson"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/11349.html","external_links_name":"Markus Johannesson"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Markus_Johannesson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purbach_(crater)	Purbach (crater)	["1 Description","2 Names","3 Satellite craters","4 References","5 External links","5.1 Related article"]	Coordinates: 25°30′S 1°54′W / 25.5°S 1.9°W / -25.5; -1.9Crater on the Moon The crater area(bottom) in a Selenochromatic format Image (Si) Feature on the moonPurbachLunar Orbiter 4 imageCoordinates25°30′S 1°54′W / 25.5°S 1.9°W / -25.5; -1.9Diameter118 kmDepth3.0 kmColongitude3° at sunriseEponymGeorg von Peuerbach Purbach is a large lunar impact crater in the rugged southern highlands of the Moon. The distorted crater Regiomontanus is attached to the southern rim. To the northwest is Thebit and just to the northeast lies La Caille. The moon's terminator at Purbach and the surroundings craters, on Earth, it is the first quarter Description The outer wall of Purbach is heavily worn, with the most intact section being along the east and northeast sides. The shared rim between Purbach and Regiomontanus is incised and rugged. The wall is distorted along the western edge, giving the appearance of a double rim, with the second rim distended towards the west. The northern wall is almost completely destroyed, and somewhat irregular Purbach G lies across the northwest rim. Purbach crater and its surroundings in Weinek's Lunar Atlas (1898) - North is faced downward The crater floor is relatively smooth in the eastern half, with a low series of ridges and a partial ghost crater outline just to the west of the crater midpoint. If the crater possessed a central peak, it has either been removed or forms part of the ridges to the west. For a few hours before the first quarter, the crater's rim contributes to the "Lunar X" visual phenomenon, in which an 'X' shape briefly appears on the Moon's terminator as sunlight glances on the tops of shadowed hills. Names Purbach is named after the 15th century Austrian astronomer Georg von Peuerbach. Like many of the craters on the Moon's near side, it was named (in the Latin form, 'Purbachius') by Giovanni Riccioli, whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized. Earlier lunar cartographers had given the feature different names: Michael van Langren's 1645 map calls it "Christierni IV Reg. Daniae", after King Christian IV of Denmark, and Johannes Hevelius grouped it with Walther and Regiomontanus under the name "Mons Libanus", after Mount Lebanon. Satellite craters By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Purbach. Purbach Latitude Longitude Diameter A 26.1° S 1.9° W 8 km B 26.9° S 4.2° W 16 km C 27.7° S 4.6° W 18 km D 22.8° S 1.6° W 12 km E 21.7° S 0.7° W 23 km F 24.6° S 0.0° W 9 km G 23.9° S 2.8° W 27 km H 25.5° S 5.6° W 29 km J 27.5° S 3.9° W 12 km K 25.2° S 4.6° W 8 km L 25.1° S 5.0° W 17 km M 24.8° S 4.4° W 17 km N 26.2° S 5.4° W 7 km O 24.7° S 3.8° W 5 km P 26.4° S 3.7° W 5 km Q 25.9° S 0.0° W 4 km R 26.5° S 3.2° W 4 km S 27.3° S 2.3° W 9 km T 24.6° S 0.9° W 5 km U 27.0° S 2.0° W 15 km V 26.7° S 0.3° W 6 km W 25.5° S 2.3° W 20 km X 25.4° S 1.1° W 4 km Y 25.8° S 6.8° W 16 km References ^ "Purbach (crater)". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. ^ Ewen A. Whitaker, Mapping and Naming the Moon (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 214. ^ Ewen A. Whitaker, Mapping and Naming the Moon (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 197. ^ Ewen A. Whitaker, Mapping and Naming the Moon (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 205. Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097. Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4. Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1. McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24. Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855. Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6. Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3. Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4. Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3. Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6. Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Purbach (crater). Related article Nemiroff, Robert; Bonnell, Jerry (December 10, 2016). "The Lunar X". Astronomy Photo of the Day (APOD).	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To the northwest is Thebit and just to the northeast lies La Caille.The moon's terminator at Purbach and the surroundings craters, on Earth, it is the first quarter","title":"Purbach (crater)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weinek_Mond-Atlas_T095.jpg"},{"link_name":"ghost crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimpsest"},{"link_name":"Lunar X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_X"},{"link_name":"terminator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_terminator"}],"text":"The outer wall of Purbach is heavily worn, with the most intact section being along the east and northeast sides. The shared rim between Purbach and Regiomontanus is incised and rugged. The wall is distorted along the western edge, giving the appearance of a double rim, with the second rim distended towards the west. The northern wall is almost completely destroyed, and somewhat irregular Purbach G lies across the northwest rim.Purbach crater and its surroundings in Weinek's Lunar Atlas (1898) - North is faced downwardThe crater floor is relatively smooth in the eastern half, with a low series of ridges and a partial ghost crater outline just to the west of the crater midpoint. If the crater possessed a central peak, it has either been removed or forms part of the ridges to the west.For a few hours before the first quarter, the crater's rim contributes to the \"Lunar X\" visual phenomenon, in which an 'X' shape briefly appears on the Moon's terminator as sunlight glances on the tops of shadowed hills.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georg von Peuerbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_von_Peuerbach"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Riccioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Riccioli"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Michael van Langren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_van_Langren"},{"link_name":"Christian IV of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hevelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hevelius"},{"link_name":"Walther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Regiomontanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiomontanus_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Mount Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Purbach is named after the 15th century Austrian astronomer Georg von Peuerbach.[1] Like many of the craters on the Moon's near side, it was named (in the Latin form, 'Purbachius') by Giovanni Riccioli, whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized.[2] Earlier lunar cartographers had given the feature different names: Michael van Langren's 1645 map calls it \"Christierni IV Reg. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou-Shenzhen_Railway	Guangzhou–Shenzhen railway	["1 History","2 Guangzhou-Shenzhen intercity service","2.1 Regularly operating \"C-prefix\" trains","2.2 \"Demand-relief\" trips","2.3 Rolling stock","3 Stations","3.1 Stations with services","3.2 All existing stations","4 Cross-Line Traffic","4.1 Service heading to Guangzhou Baiyun Railway Station","4.2 Service heading to Hong Kong West Kowloon Railway Station","4.3 Service heading to other mainland cities","4.3.1 Service heading towards Chaoshan or Fujian direction","4.3.2 Service heading towards Zhejiang or Jiangsu Province direction","4.3.3 Service heading towards Ganzhou direction","4.3.4 Service heading west from Guangzhou","5 Image gallery","6 See also","7 Note","8 References","9 External links"]	Railway line in Guangdong province, China This article is about the Chinese Section of the Kowloon–Canton railway. For the British Section of the Kowloon–Canton railway, see East Rail line. For the company that operates the railway, see Guangshen Railway (company). Not to be confused with Guangzhou–Shenzhen intercity railway. Guangzhou–Shenzhen railwayCRH6A at Guangzhou-Shenzhen Railway in Guangzhou in March 2018OverviewOther name(s)Guangshen railwayKowloon–Canton railway (Chinese section)Native name广深铁路广深线StatusOperationalOwner China Railway Guangzhou GroupLine number4Locale Guangdong Province: Guangzhou, Dongguan, Shenzhen TerminiGuangzhouShenzhenStations22ServiceTypeHigher-speed railHeavy railSystem China Railway Operator(s) China Railway Guangzhou Group Guangshen Railway CompanyRolling stockCRH1A EMU，CRH6A EMU (Regular service), CR200J (Occasionally for "Demand-relief" between Guangzhou and Shenzhen station or Shenzhen East station) CRH1A-A EMU (e.g. Guangzhou East to Xiamen EMU service), CRH1E-250 EMU (e.g. Guangzhou East to Hangzhou East EMU train service), CRH2A EMU (e.g. Nanchang West to Guangzhou East EMU train service via Shenzhen city and Dongguan), CRH380A EMU (e.g. Guangzhou East to Longyan EMU train service via Xintang)HistoryOpened8 October 1911 (112 years ago) (1911-10-08)TechnicalLine length147 km (91 mi)Number of tracks Quadruple-track (Guangzhou East – Shenzhen) Double-track (Guangzhou – Guangzhou East) Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gaugeElectrification25 kV 50 Hz AC (Overhead line)Operating speed180 km/h (110 mph) (tracks 1 and 2)140 km/h (87 mph) (tracks 3 and 4)SignallingCentralized CTCS Automatic closing block system (UM-70, ZPW-2000) Route map Legend Jingguang railway, Guangmao railway Guangzhou 0 km Yunlu 4 km Guangzhou East 8 km Shipai 12 km Jishan 20 km Xiayuan 27 km Nangang 32 km Xintang 39 km Shapu 45 km Xiancun 51 km Shitan 60 km Honghai 64 km Shilong 69 km Dongguan 72 km Chashan 75 km Nanshe 78 km Hengli 84 km Changping 90 km Dongguan East Jingjiu railway Zhangmutou 103 km Ganzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway Tangtouxia 114 km Shigu 119 km Pinghu 127 km Pinghu South Pingyan railway to Yantian District in Shenzhen Pingnan railway to Shenzhen West Shenzhen East 139 km Sungang 144 km Shenzhen 147 km Lo Wu Bridge, the border between HKSAR & Shenzhen East Rail line of MTR Guangshen RailwaySimplified Chinese广深铁路Traditional Chinese廣深鐵路TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGuǎngshēn TiělùIPAYue: CantoneseJyutpinggwong2sam1 tit3lou6IPAKowloon–Canton railway, Chinese sectionSimplified Chinese广九铁路华段Traditional Chinese廣九鐵路華段TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGuǎngjiǔ Tiělù HuáduànIPAYue: CantoneseJyutpinggwong2gau2 tit3lou6 waa4dyun6IPA Guangshen railway or Guangzhou–Shenzhen railway (Chinese: 广深铁路 or 广深线), also known as the Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton railway (广九铁路华段) in 1911–1949, is a railway in Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China, between Guangzhou and Shenzhen. It is operated by Guangshen Railway Co., Ltd., a publicly traded company. With a length of 147 kilometres (91 mi), it was the first railway in the People's Republic of China to reach the speed of 220 km/h (137 mph) in some sections, though it is limited to about 180 km/h (112 mph) during commercial operation. Now it has four tracks between Guangzhou East and Shenzhen railway station. Line 1 and 2 are up-direction and down-direction 200 km/h (124 mph) (currently restricted to 180 km/h (112 mph) in operation) passenger lines for CRH EMU respectively, and Lines 3 and 4 are up-direction and down-direction 160 km/h (99 mph) (currently restricted to 140 km/h (87 mph) in operation) mixed passenger and freight line respectively. In order to reduce the interference to passenger trains in the daytime from lower-speed freight trains, most freight trains will be scheduled to run at night. Guangshen railway connects with several other important railways to different directions. It links Jingguang railway and Guangmao railway in Guangzhou, Jingjiu railway in Dongguan (with which shares two regular speed track), and the East Rail line to Hong Kong at the southern end of the railway. Besides, there are some branch lines along Guangshen Railway, such as Pingyan railway to Yantian Port, Pingnan railway to Shenzhen West railway station and also the line to Huangbu Port. Before the manifestation of COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020, traditional "Z-class" border-crossing services via the whole or part of the Guangshen Railway, serving Hong Kong and mainland destinations including Changping, Guangzhou East, Foshan and Zhaoqing, as well as to Beijing West and Shanghai, were available. However, the above-mentioned cross-border services were suspended since the on set of COVID-19 pandemic. Starting 15 January 2023, train services between Hong Kong West Kowloon Railway Station and Guangzhou East Railway Station are available, which takes Guangzhou-Shenzhen Railway as part of the route. History See also: East Rail line and Kowloon–Canton Railway The idea of constructing a railway linking Canton (now Guangzhou) and Kowloon in Hong Kong, a British crown colony germinated in the late Qing dynasty. In 1899, Britain and the Qing government agreed to construct the KCR British Section, but Britain postponed the construction as Britain was busy at the Second Boer War in Africa. In 1907, Qing government and Britain formally signed an agreement in Peking on issuing a £100-million bond as part of loan for the construction of the Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton railway. In July 1907, construction of the British Section of the KCR began. The construction of Chinese section was delayed and only started in 1909. Under the loan contract, China needed to employ the British engineers for the construction of Chinese section, but China still employed famous Chinese railway engineer, Zhan Tianyou, as a consultant. On 8 October 1911, the Chinese section of KCR with total length of 142.77 km (88.71 mi) was opened. The northern end of railway at that time was located in Dashatou (大沙頭), Guangzhou, was demolished in 1951. The through train service between Kowloon and Guangzhou also started to operate at the same time. After the establishment of People's Republic of China in October 1949, the 'Chinese section of the Canton–Kowloon railway' was renamed 'Guangshen railway', and repairs were made to sections of the railroad damaged during the war. In 1967, railway department carried out a comprehensive maintenance on Guangshen railway to improve the transport capacity. Beginning in the 1980s economic reform policies of China, the establishment of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and rapid economic development in the Pearl River Delta region has brought large volume of imported goods and increased passenger demand to the railway. Therefore, the second line of Guangshen Railway was constructed during 1984 to 1987 in order to meet the huge demand. Simultaneously Guangshen Railway Company (the predecessor of Guangshen Railway Company), which was directly subordinated to the Guangzhou Railway Bureau (now Guangzhou Railway Group), was established. This company was in charge of the construction projects and operational management of Guangshen Railway. In 1987, Guangshen railway became the first double-track railway in Guangdong province. Guangshen railway is the first place in China to carry out successfully speed-up on the existing railroad. At the beginning of the 1990s, Guangzhou Railway Bureau and the Ministry of Railways carried out the pre-feasibility research about raising the maximum speed of passenger trains to 160 km/h (99 mph). At 28 December 1991, the construction of the third line of Guangshen railway, and the speed-up improvement works of original double tracks started. In October 1994, the maximum speed of a train reached 174 km/h (108 mph) during the test. The first sub-high speed (160 km/h (99 mph)) passenger train in China started commercial operation at 22 December 1994, operating between Guangzhou and Shenzhen. Fourth track of Guangshen railway under construction In 1998 the electrification of two sub-high speed lines of Guangshen railway was finished. After the improvement the 200 km/h (124 mph) high speed trains are allowed to run on the existing sub-high speed railroad. A Swedish-built X 2000 tilting train called 'Xinshisu' began to serve intercity train service between Guangzhou and Shenzhen, as well as the through train to Hong Kong. The train are 165m long, consisting of a power car, five passenger cars, and a trailing car. The non-power cars can have a pitch of up to 8 degrees. They are noted for being very quiet (less than 65 dBA) even at 200 km/h (124 mph). Such Swedish X 2000 trains allowed the line to reach 200 km/h (124 mph) and 220 km/h (137 mph) in some sections of the Guangshen line. Construction of the fourth track was commenced at 31 December 2005, and was finished at 18 April 2007 in time for the Sixth Speed-Up Campaign. Since then Guangshen railway has been the first four-track railway in mainland China and it allows passenger trains and freight trains to run on separate lines. CRH1A running on Guangshen railway As of 2007, intercity train service between Guangzhou and Shenzhen uses 8-car CRH1A highspeed EMU. There were 100 pairs of trains operated daily. The fastest journey time was 52 minutes between Guangzhou East and Shenzhen with no stop in-between. Train numbers D7002 and D7008 had been used for such direct service. Tickets of intercity trains as of 2008 Guangzhou-Shenzhen intercity service Regularly operating "C-prefix" trains A departure using CRH6A EMU is waiting at Shenzhen railway station and heading for Guangzhou direction At the front: Information plates that one at platform of Shenzhen railway station and another at the body of the train Regularly operating service between Guangzhou and Shenzhen uses 8-car CRH1A EMU or CRH6A EMU. Currently train numbers with prefix "C" are in use. In Shenzhen, these trains regularly uses Shenzhen railway station. At Guangzhou side, all trains serve Guangzhou East railway station, and within the Guangshen line a few number of trains also serve Guangzhou railway station, mostly in a manner as an intermediate stopping before terminating at Guangzhou Baiyun railway station which is located at short distance beyond the Guangshen line. Since the extended coverage to serve Guangzhou Baiyun station, trains terminating at Guangzhou railway station become less-seen. C9418 as shown is a temporary additional "arrangement" operating during chunyun of year 2024 "Demand-relief" trips Temporally added trips for the Guangzhou-Dongguan-Shenzhen service may be numbered with prefix "Z", "C" or "D", using Shenzhen railway station or Shenzhen East railway station as the terminal station. It is possible that CR200J trains are deployed to the temporally added trips. The emergence of "D-class" trip using CR200J trains in Shenzhen railway station begins in December 2019 serving regular long-distance trains numbered D727、D728 for Beijing West while this service actually runs mainly along the Beijing-Kowloon railway which starts its multiplexes with Guangshen line in Dongguan City, meaning that the initial manifestation of CR200J trains along Guangshen line was just confined within a limited distance. For the use of CR200J trains travelling longer distance of GuangShen line for demand-relief purpose, one noteworthy example is, to start with, an internet media reported that a temporally added service was available at September 29, 30 and October 2,3,5,6 of year 2023, mentioning a pair of train service numbered D7495、D7496 although that was a cross-line traffic between Changsha railway station and Shenzhen East railway station for demand relief. Additional train D7496 as appeared in ticket-selling machine (an intermediate stop of D7496 was selected) Shorter "intercity" service between Shenzhen East railway station and Guangzhou East railway station also exists, although in a rare, temporally manner and not on a regular basis. For the example in relation to the above-mentioned D7496 service in year 2023, to start with, Guangzhou Railway Group maintains serveral Sina Weibo accounts officially where latest information about status of available tickets up-to-date, in particular for the days within peak demand period, may be posted. Previous posts in the Guangzhou Railway Group's official Weibo channels show that service between Shenzhen East railway station and Guangzhou East railway station was provided with available ticket on-sale among at least some, if not all, of the days that the above-mentioned D7495、D7496 trips were in service in year 2023. The "Shenzhen East - Guangzhou East service" as shown at the information Display in the passenger waiting area of Shenzhen East railway station The "Shenzhen East - Guangzhou East service" (at platform of Shenzhen East railway station) The arrival of "Shenzhen East - Guangzhou East service" at platform of Guangzhou East railway station Examples of temporally added "D-class" service between Guangzhou city and Shenzhen city during peak-demand holidays, at which written notice has been announced via the website of China Railway beforehand, include the added service during "Spring Festival Travel Rush" (or named as "chunyun") in year 2024 numbered D9785-D9786 serving between Shenzhen East railway station and Guangzhou East railway station, and D9791-D9796 serving between Guangzhou East railway station and Shenzhen railway station. Information Display at platform of Guangzhou East railway station, showing the final destination "Shenzhen railway station" of D9795 service Rolling stock Time Rolling stocks using by Guangshen intercity trains Before 1966 SL6 steam locomotive hauling 21 Series / 22 Series railway carriages 1966–mid-1970s SL6 steam locomotive / Dongfanghong1 / DF diesel locomotive (from 1972) hauling 21 Series / 22 Series railway carriageDongfanghong1 / DF diesel locomotive(from 1972) hauling 24 Series railway carriages with air-conditioning (91/92 Express) 1970s–late 1994 Locomotives: DF3 / ND2 / DF4B (from 1985) / DF9 diesel locomotive(from 1990s)Passenger coaches: 24 Series with air-conditioning / 25 Series / 22 Series / 22 Series railway carriages with air-conditioning Late 1994–1998 Locomotives:DF4B / DF9 / DF11 diesel locomotivePassenger coaches:22 Series / Double-deck 25B Series with air-conditioning / 25Z Series 1998–2004 DF4B diesel locomotive hauling 22 Series / Double-deck 25B Series with air-conditioning / SS8 electric locomotive / DF11 diesel locomotive hauling 25Z Series / 25C Series railway carriage DDJ1 EMU(1999–2000)Xianfenghao EMU(2001)X2000 tilting trainDJJ1 EMU (Blue Arrow)(from 2001) 2004–2006 DF4B diesel locomotive hauling Double-deck 25B Series with air-conditioning / SS8 electric locomotive / DF11 diesel locomotive hauling 25Z Series / 25C Series railway carriageX2000 tilting train / DJJ1 EMU (Blue Arrow) 2007– DF11 diesel locomotive hauling 25Z Series railway carriage (Until 25 April 2007)DF4B diesel locomotive hauling Double-deck 25B Series with air-conditioning (Until 30 June 2007)DJJ1 EMU (Blue Arrow) (Until 25 April 2007)CRH1A EMU (from 1 February 2007) CRH6A EMU (from year 2018) CR200J (from year 2023) CR200J train serving temporally added intercity trip D9757 from Guangzhou East railway station... (Destination of D9757 in Chinese would be shown in the photo below) ...to Shenzhen railway station (Photographs taken in year 2023) Stations Stations with services Most of the existing stations on the line are abandoned for passenger service, while reopening of a previously abandoned station after reconstruction or refurbishment can occur. Examples include Pinghu in year 2016 and Xintang in year 2024. As at year 2024, major stations on the line offering passengers service are, in order: StationNo. Station Name Chinese Distancekm PRD MIR (CR C-train)transfers/connections Metrotransfers/connections Location GZQ Guangzhou 广州 0 0 GFZ * GQ 2 5 Yuexiu Guangzhou GGQ Guangzhou EastGuangzhoudong 广州东 8 8 SS * 1 3 Tianhe XWQ Xintang 新塘 31 39 13 Zengcheng RTQ Dongguan 东莞 64 72 2 Shilong Dongguan DAQ Changping 常平 18 90 Changping ZOQ Zhangmutou 樟木头 13 103 Zhangmutou PHQ Pinghu 平湖 24 127 10 Longgang Shenzhen BJQ Shenzhen EastShenzhendong 深圳东 12 139 3 5 SZQ Shenzhen 深圳 8 147 1 via Luohu 9 via Renmin South East Rail line via Lo Wu Luohu All existing stations Existing stations Station NameEnglish Station NameChinese TotalDistance Transfer Location Grade Notes ● ● Guangzhou 广州 0 2 5 Yuexiu, Guangzhou T Stop station for a few number Guangzhou – Shenzhen trains (CRH) ｜｜ Yunlu 云麓 4 4 Not for passenger service. Decommissioned in 2009. ● ● Guangzhou East 广州东 8 1 3 Tianhe, Guangzhou 1 The stop and departure station for all Guangzhou–Shenzhen trains (CRH) ｜ ● Shipai 石牌 14 4 Not for passenger service. ｜｜ Huangpu 黄埔 18 2 Not for passenger service. ｜｜ Jiuyunhui 九运会 Decommissioned in 2002. ｜ ● Jishan 吉山 20 3 Not for passenger service. ● ● Xiayuan 下元 27 Huangpu, Guangzhou 3 Not for passenger service. ｜｜ Nangang 南岗 32 4 Decommissioned in 2009. ● ● Xintang 新塘 39 13 Zengcheng, Guangzhou 4 Reopened for Guanhzhou-Shenzhen passenger service since year 2024. Stopping station for some Guangzhou–Shenzhen intercity trains (CRH) ｜｜ Shapu 沙浦 45 5 Decommissioned in 2007. ｜｜ Tangmei 塘美 4 Decommissioned in 2007. ● ● Xiancun 仙村 51 4 Not for passenger service. ｜｜ Shitan 石滩 60 4 Decommissioned in 2009. ｜｜ Honghai 红海 64 4 Not for passenger service. Decommissioned in 2006. ｜｜ Shilong 石龙 69 Shilong, Dongguan 3 Decommissioned in 2014. ● ● Dongguan 东莞 72 2 2 Stopping station for Guangzhou–Shenzhen trains (CRH) ｜ ● Chashan 茶山 75 Chashan, Dongguan 4 Not for passenger service. ｜｜ Nanshe 南社 78 4 Decommissioned in 2007. ｜｜ Hengli 横沥 84 Hengli, Dongguan 4 Decommissioned in 2009. ● ● Changping 常平 90 Changping, Dongguan 2 Stopping station for Guangzhou–Shenzhen trains (CRH) ｜｜ Tutang 土塘 94 5 Decommissioned ● ● Zhangmutou 樟木头 103 Zhangmutou, Dongguan 3 Stopping station for Guangzhou–Shenzhen trains (CRH) ｜｜ Lincun 林村 Tangxia, Dongguan 4 Decommissioned in 2010. ● ● Tangtouxia 塘头厦 114 4 Not for passenger service. ｜｜ Shigu 石鼓 119 4 Decommissioned in 2007. ｜｜ Tiantangwei 天堂围 122 Fenggang, Dongguan 4 Decommissioned in 2007. ● ● Pinghu 平湖 127 10 Longgang, Shenzhen 4 Stopping station for some Guangzhou–Shenzhen intercity trains (CRH) ｜ ● Pinghu South 平湖南 131 Not for passenger service. ｜｜ Lilang 李朗 4 Decommissioned in 2007. ● ● Shenzhen East 深圳东 139 35 3 Departure station for some non-high-speed trains. Regular CRH trains normally DO NOT stop here. In very limited occasions, or for demand-relief purpose, mostly at those "ultimately most busiest" dates during peak demand periods some intercity D-class trains (160 km/hour speed maximum), may depart or terminate here. ● ● Sungang 笋岗 144 Luohu, Shenzhen 1 Not for passenger service. ● ● Shenzhen 深圳 147 1 9 1 The departure station for all regular service trains (CRH) ↓ Through-service to/from Hung Hom (Kowloon) via East Rail line ↓ Cross-Line Traffic Service heading to Guangzhou Baiyun Railway Station A regular departure stopping at Guangzhou Station, heading for Guangzhou Baiyun Railway Station As mentioned in the Stations list in the "Stations" section in above, a few number of departures, using CRH trains, provide service to Guangzhou railway station. Starting year 2024, the coverage of above-mentioned service is further extended to Guangzhou Baiyun Railway Station as the terminal station, located at a short distance beyond the Guang-shen line. Service heading to Hong Kong West Kowloon Railway Station Main article: Guangzhou–Hong Kong high-speed train This service uses Guangzhou–Shenzhen railway and Ganzhou-Shenzhen High-speed railway to Shenzhen North direction and provides service between Guangzhou East railway station and Hong Kong West Kowloon Railway Station. Service heading to other mainland cities For traffic heading to other cities, there are services of EMUs using Guangzhou–Shenzhen railway as part of the route. The completion of upgrading work in year 2020 makes the whole Guangshen line to be compatible with CTCS-2, as a result more EMUs from nationwide railway network can enter Guangshen line, and use Shenzhen railway station, Guangzhou East railway station or Guangzhou railway station as terminal station. Thus, more cross-line traffic and also more variety of types of EMUs becomes available along the Guangzhou–Shenzhen railway. On the otherhand, the construction of the Guangzhou-Zhanjiang High-speed Railway results in a disruption of some of the cross-line traffic, as trains of China Railway coming from Foshan city will not enter and leave the Guangzhou Railway Station starting from 11 October 2023. Service heading towards Chaoshan or Fujian direction Guangzhou East to Shantou service Daily trains are offered between Guangzhou East Railway Station and Chaoshan Railway Station, a few of them will continue to Shantou Railway Station; in addition, starting from 1 July 2018, one departure serving the Guangzhou East to Chaoshan service will continue to Xiamen. Since not later than 26 June 2021, more EMU trains are available for service between Xiamen (or Xiamen North Station) and Guangzhou, at which two of them (using Xiamen North Station at the time of writing in June 2023) will continue to Nanning East Station. CRH2A EMU trains are in use for service between Xiamen North and Nanning. However, with effective from 11 October 2023 the captioned trains, formerly from Fujian heading to Guangxi province, are shorten to serve only between Fujian province and Guangzhou city. Memory: D3653/D3652 train, served by CRH2A EMU, made a stop at Dongguan station, after departing from Nanpingshi (some 35km from Wuyishan) via Fuzhou, Xiamen North, and Shenzhen North stations, and after Dongguan station the train will continue to Guangzhou via Guang-Shen line, and the final destination for D3653/D3652 is Nanning East station at the time of writing in year 2023. This photo was taken in 30 June 2023. For opposite direction train number is D3651/D3654. IMPORTANT: According to the official "Train 12306" app, train number D3653/D3652 will still serve the above-mentioned stations by CRH2A train, except that the train will NOT stop at Dongguan station since 1 July 2023 Train serving Xiamen (North) - Guangzhou - Nanning (East) service. It's CRH2A EMU serving train number D3655/D3658 from Nanning (East) station... ...to Xiamenbei Station (see the final destination as shown on the display board of the train), which means Xiamen (North) station. For opposite direction train number is D3657/D3656 Starting January 2024, newly added service using CRH380A EMU running between Guangzhou East railway station and Longyan railway station becomes available. Service heading towards Zhejiang or Jiangsu Province direction Starting 11 October 2022, a pair of EMU train service between Guangzhou East railway station and Hangzhou East railway station numbered D3121/4 and D3122/3 with a stop at Shenzhen North railway station becomes available that CRH1E trains are in use. Service heading towards Ganzhou direction Train departures are available between Guangzhou East station and Ganzhou West railway station. Between 15 January 2022 to 9 January 2024, a pair of departures is available using CRH380A EMU trains, at which train G2775/G2778 departs from Guangzhou East station exists, and train G2777/G2776 departs from Ganzhou West station, as at June 2023 this service serves Dongguan railway station as well; in addition, another pair for the Guangzhou East to Ganzhou West service was added since 11 October 2022, with train number D1695/D1698 and D1697/D1696, at which CRH1E-250 train is in use as at June 2023. CRH380A EMU serving train G2775 G2775 stopping and providing passenger service at Dongguan station as at June 2023 Starting from 10 January 2024, the above-mentioned service was suspened, and the newly added service for cross-line traffic between Guangzhou East station and Ganzhou West railway station heading to JiangXi Province direction takes Guangzhou–Shanwei HSR to Ganzhou–Shenzhen HSR instead thus the new service no longer serves Dongguan railway station. Service heading west from Guangzhou A disruption of this cross-line traffic, starting 11 October 2023, occurs because of the construction of the Guangzhou-Zhanjiang High-speed Railway. Starting 10 July 2019 to 10 October 2023, there was a daily service between Shenzhen Railway Station and Huaiji Railway Station on Guiyang-Guangzhou HSR, which is the first utilizing the whole Guangzhou-Shenzhen line in full as part of the route; however, according to the new railway timetable effective from 11 October 2023, such direct train service no longer exist. In 2023, China Railway Nanning Group's CRH2A EMU train serves Shenzhen Station (by running the train number D3666 from Shenzhen to Liuzhou at that moment) China Railway Nanning Group's EMU trains running on the whole Guangzhou-Shenzhen line used to be exist that, since not later than year 2023 such EMU train service was previously available between Shenzhen railway station (the one in Luohu district near the Hong Kong border) and Liuzhou via Guangzhou, which was numbered D3665/D3666; however, with effective from 11 October 2023, train number D3665/D3666 no longer serves Shenzhen and Dongguan, and this pair of train serves Zhuhai and Zhongshan instead. Image gallery Bond agreement signed in 1907 Foundation ceremony of the Chinese Section of KCR in 1909. Group photo of both Chinese and British officials. See also Trains portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guangzhou-Shenzhen Railway. China Railway List of railway lines in China Rail transport in China Kowloon–Canton Railway Beijing-Kowloon Railway Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link Guangzhou–Shanwei high-speed railway Note ^ It was reported that "Z-class" train services between Shenzhen East and Guangzhou East, numbered Z8351-Z8354, existed temporarily in December 2019. ^ The author(s) or editor of a media report website, in Chinese, use the Chinese words「臨時」(at which the meaning equals to "temporal" in English) when reporting the Z8351-Z8354 service in December 2019. For situation in year 2024, the service period of D9785-D9786 as reported by the China Railway's official website only confined within Chunyun period. ^ Other than the mentioned temporary added trips in October 2023, another example occurred that information was released to the internet in a similar way (in Chinese language), is on 6 April 2024 ^ Top class; Chinese: 特等站 References ^ "'End of an era' for Hong Kong MTR's cross-border through-train services with Guangzhou, Beijing, Shanghai". South China Morning Post. 29 April 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2024. ^ "高鐵推出廣州東新綫．途經東莞". 港鐵. 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023. ^ "Canton-Kowloon Chinese Railway 5% Loan – 1938". Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2009. ^ a b c d Michael Molitch-Hou (14 June 2019). "How China's High-Speed Rail Zooms Past Other Countries". Retrieved 17 March 2024. ^ a b "廣鐵將啟用新的列車運行圖廣州白雲站運力大幅增加". portal.sina.com.hk (in Chinese). 31 December 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2024. ^ a b c d e 潘少婷、冯欢/文，编辑：符德明 (5 December 2019). "买票请注意啦！12月起东莞站加开三对列车". www.timedg.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 3 April 2024. ^ a b c 广州铁路. "#广铁资讯# 10月3日广铁集团管内主要车站余票信息". m.weibo.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 25 February 2024. ^ a b c d 广铁集团深圳火车站. "【10月5日深圳地区车站往这些方向仍有余票】". m.weibo.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 3 April 2024. ^ a b c d "中国铁路广州局集团有限公司关于2024年2月1日至2月29日期间增开部分旅客列车的公告" (in Chinese). 中国铁路12306. Retrieved 6 February 2024. ^ a b "4月6日深圳地区火车站往这些方向仍有余票". 广铁集团深圳火车站. 6 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024. ^ "绿色"复兴号"首跑深圳-北京西！全程运行21小时37分钟". m.dutenews.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 23 February 2024. ^ 廣深鐵路股份有限公司董事會 (30 March 2020). "廣深鐵路股份有限公司2019年度社會責任報告" (PDF) (in Chinese). p. 14. Retrieved 3 April 2024. ^ "复兴号"绿巨人"助力株洲假期出行". 红网时刻新闻 (in Chinese). 28 September 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2024 – via 腾讯新闻. ^ "中国铁路广州局集团有限公司关于2024年2月17日增开D9791次等旅客列车的公告" (in Chinese). 中国铁路12306. Retrieved 22 February 2024. ^ "Train stations in Shenzhen". www.szpsq.gov.cn. Retrieved 2 March 2024. ^ a b "九市速遞：廣深線下周起可抵增城停新塘站全線車程長3分鐘" (in Chinese). 明報. 6 January 2024. ^ a b c "广深铁路信号系统改造完成，未来多条高铁可直达深圳站" (in Chinese). 深圳商报. 15 September 2020. ^ "在罗湖也能坐高铁！多趟高铁动车将直达深圳站！". m.thepaper.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 19 February 2024. ^ a b c "Attention! Guangzhou-Foshan-Zhaoqing Intercity Railway to start skip-stop train service". The People's Government of Foshan Municipality. 17 October 2023. ^ "实现高铁直连！南宁至厦门、福州高铁动车开跑！". www.gxnews.com.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 28 June 2023. ^ a b c "6月25日起全國鐵路實施新列車運行圖新增南寧至廈門直通動車". gx.people.com.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 28 June 2023. ^ "龙岩始发至广州高速动车组首发开行" (in Chinese). 福建日报报业集团. 12 January 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024. ^ "深圳铁路部门10月11日起实施新的列车运行图" (in Chinese). GUANGSHEN RAILWAY CO.,LTD. 12 October 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2024. ^ "车迷好图第510期". m.sohu.com (in Chinese). 搜狐. 4 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2024. ^ "CRH1E执行D3121次". www.trainnets.com (in Chinese). TrainNet＠126.com. 23 July 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2024. ^ "高铁首次开进广州市中心车站正式步入高铁时代". m.lwgcw.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 12 July 2023. ^ "1月10日起调整铁路运行图！广州车站有什么变化". www.gz.gov.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 29 January 2024. ^ "廣鐵集團實施新的列車運行圖". hn.people.com.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 12 July 2023. ^ "明日首发！2小时17分！赣州到广州！" (in Chinese). 赣州商会联合总会. Retrieved 29 February 2024. ^ "2小时17分！赣州至广州！" (in Chinese). 上海东方报业有限公司. Retrieved 1 March 2024. ^ "深圳站7月将开行第一对跨线动车组列车(深圳到肇庆怀集) – 深圳本地宝". jt.sz.bendibao.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 18 August 2019. ^ a b c d e "中国铁路南宁局集团有限公司加开列车公告 2023.04.01" (in Chinese). 中国铁路12306. Retrieved 3 March 2024. ^ "Zhongshan Station to implement new train schedule". 9 October 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024. 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railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shenzhen_intercity_railway"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen"},{"link_name":"Guangshen Railway Co., Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangshen_Railway_(company)"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"up-direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_directions#China"},{"link_name":"down-direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_directions#China"},{"link_name":"CRH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed"},{"link_name":"EMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"passenger trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_trains"},{"link_name":"freight trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_trains"},{"link_name":"Jingguang railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingguang_railway"},{"link_name":"Guangmao railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangmao_railway"},{"link_name":"Jingjiu railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingjiu_railway"},{"link_name":"East Rail line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Rail_line"},{"link_name":"Pingyan railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pingyan_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yantian Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yantian_Port&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pingnan railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingnan_railway"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen West railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_West_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Huangbu Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huangbu_Port&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Changping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changping_Town"},{"link_name":"Foshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foshan"},{"link_name":"Zhaoqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhaoqing"},{"link_name":"Beijing West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_West_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCMP01-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the Chinese Section of the Kowloon–Canton railway. For the British Section of the Kowloon–Canton railway, see East Rail line. For the company that operates the railway, see Guangshen Railway (company).Not to be confused with Guangzhou–Shenzhen intercity railway.Guangshen railway or Guangzhou–Shenzhen railway (Chinese: 广深铁路 or 广深线), also known as the Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton railway (广九铁路华段) in 1911–1949, is a railway in Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China, between Guangzhou and Shenzhen. It is operated by Guangshen Railway Co., Ltd., a publicly traded company.With a length of 147 kilometres (91 mi), it was the first railway in the People's Republic of China to reach the speed of 220 km/h (137 mph) in some sections, though it is limited to about 180 km/h (112 mph) during commercial operation. Now it has four tracks between Guangzhou East and Shenzhen railway station. Line 1 and 2 are up-direction and down-direction 200 km/h (124 mph) (currently restricted to 180 km/h (112 mph) in operation) passenger lines for CRH EMU respectively, and Lines 3 and 4 are up-direction and down-direction 160 km/h (99 mph) (currently restricted to 140 km/h (87 mph) in operation) mixed passenger and freight line respectively. In order to reduce the interference to passenger trains in the daytime from lower-speed freight trains, most freight trains will be scheduled to run at night.Guangshen railway connects with several other important railways to different directions. It links Jingguang railway and Guangmao railway in Guangzhou, Jingjiu railway in Dongguan (with which shares two regular speed track), and the East Rail line to Hong Kong at the southern end of the railway. Besides, there are some branch lines along Guangshen Railway, such as Pingyan railway to Yantian Port, Pingnan railway to Shenzhen West railway station and also the line to Huangbu Port.Before the manifestation of COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020, traditional \"Z-class\" border-crossing services via the whole or part of the Guangshen Railway, serving Hong Kong and mainland destinations including Changping, Guangzhou East, Foshan and Zhaoqing, as well as to Beijing West and Shanghai, were available. However, the above-mentioned cross-border services were suspended since the on set of COVID-19 pandemic.[1]Starting 15 January 2023, train services between Hong Kong West Kowloon Railway Station and Guangzhou East Railway Station are available,[2] which takes Guangzhou-Shenzhen Railway as part of the route.","title":"Guangzhou–Shenzhen railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Rail line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Rail_line"},{"link_name":"Kowloon–Canton Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon%E2%80%93Canton_Railway"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Kowloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"crown colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_colony"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"KCR British Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Rail_line"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_bond"},{"link_name":"Zhan Tianyou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhan_Tianyou"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"through train service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Through_Train_(MTR)"},{"link_name":"Special Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone"},{"link_name":"Pearl River Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta"},{"link_name":"Guangshen Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangshen_Railway_(company)"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou Railway Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_Railway_Group"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1stsubHSR-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4th_line_of_Guangshen_Railway_in_construction.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1stsubHSR-4"},{"link_name":"electrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_electrification_system"},{"link_name":"X 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_2000"},{"link_name":"tilting train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilting_train"},{"link_name":"through train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Through_Train_(MTR)"},{"link_name":"power car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_car"},{"link_name":"dBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1stsubHSR-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1stsubHSR-4"},{"link_name":"Sixth Speed-Up Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_to_raise_the_speed_of_railway_travel_in_China"},{"link_name":"mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CRH1_at_dawn.jpg"},{"link_name":"CRH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRH1"},{"link_name":"EMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gsrtickets.jpg"}],"text":"See also: East Rail line and Kowloon–Canton RailwayThe idea of constructing a railway linking Canton (now Guangzhou) and Kowloon in Hong Kong, a British crown colony germinated in the late Qing dynasty. In 1899, Britain and the Qing government agreed to construct the KCR British Section, but Britain postponed the construction as Britain was busy at the Second Boer War in Africa. In 1907, Qing government and Britain formally signed an agreement in Peking on issuing a £100-million bond as part of loan for the construction of the Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton railway. In July 1907, construction of the British Section of the KCR began. The construction of Chinese section was delayed and only started in 1909. Under the loan contract, China needed to employ the British engineers for the construction of Chinese section, but China still employed famous Chinese railway engineer, Zhan Tianyou, as a consultant. On 8 October 1911, the Chinese section of KCR with total length of 142.77 km (88.71 mi) was opened.[3] The northern end of railway at that time was located in Dashatou (大沙頭), Guangzhou, was demolished in 1951. The through train service between Kowloon and Guangzhou also started to operate at the same time.After the establishment of People's Republic of China in October 1949, the 'Chinese section of the Canton–Kowloon railway' was renamed 'Guangshen railway', and repairs were made to sections of the railroad damaged during the war. In 1967, railway department carried out a comprehensive maintenance on Guangshen railway to improve the transport capacity. Beginning in the 1980s economic reform policies of China, the establishment of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and rapid economic development in the Pearl River Delta region has brought large volume of imported goods and increased passenger demand to the railway. Therefore, the second line of Guangshen Railway was constructed during 1984 to 1987 in order to meet the huge demand. Simultaneously Guangshen Railway Company (the predecessor of Guangshen Railway Company), which was directly subordinated to the Guangzhou Railway Bureau (now Guangzhou Railway Group), was established. This company was in charge of the construction projects and operational management of Guangshen Railway. In 1987, Guangshen railway became the first double-track railway in Guangdong province.Guangshen railway is the first place in China to carry out successfully speed-up on the existing railroad. At the beginning of the 1990s, Guangzhou Railway Bureau and the Ministry of Railways carried out the pre-feasibility research about raising the maximum speed of passenger trains to 160 km/h (99 mph). At 28 December 1991, the construction of the third line of Guangshen railway, and the speed-up improvement works of original double tracks started. In October 1994, the maximum speed of a train reached 174 km/h (108 mph) during the test. The first sub-high speed (160 km/h (99 mph))[4] passenger train in China started commercial operation at 22 December 1994, operating between Guangzhou and Shenzhen.Fourth track of Guangshen railway under constructionIn 1998[4] the electrification of two sub-high speed lines of Guangshen railway was finished. After the improvement the 200 km/h (124 mph) high speed trains are allowed to run on the existing sub-high speed railroad. A Swedish-built X 2000 tilting train called 'Xinshisu' began to serve intercity train service between Guangzhou and Shenzhen, as well as the through train to Hong Kong. The train are 165m long, consisting of a power car, five passenger cars, and a trailing car. The non-power cars can have a pitch of up to 8 degrees. They are noted for being very quiet (less than 65 dBA) even at 200 km/h (124 mph). Such Swedish X 2000 trains allowed the line to reach 200 km/h (124 mph) and 220 km/h (137 mph)[4] in some sections[4] of the Guangshen line.Construction of the fourth track was commenced at 31 December 2005, and was finished at 18 April 2007 in time for the Sixth Speed-Up Campaign. Since then Guangshen railway has been the first four-track railway in mainland China and it allows passenger trains and freight trains to run on separate lines.CRH1A running on Guangshen railwayAs of 2007, intercity train service between Guangzhou and Shenzhen uses 8-car CRH1A highspeed EMU. There were 100 pairs of trains operated daily. The fastest journey time was 52 minutes between Guangzhou East and Shenzhen with no stop in-between. Train numbers D7002 and D7008 had been used for such direct service.Tickets of intercity trains as of 2008","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Guangzhou-Shenzhen intercity service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DailyRegShenzhen.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C8082atSZ.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"CRH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRH1"},{"link_name":"EMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"CRH6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRH6"},{"link_name":"EMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou Baiyun railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baiyun-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C9418inSZ2.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_railway_station"},{"link_name":"chunyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunyun"}],"sub_title":"Regularly operating \"C-prefix\" trains","text":"A departure using CRH6A EMU is waiting at Shenzhen railway station and heading for Guangzhou directionAt the front: Information plates that one at platform of Shenzhen railway station and another at the body of the trainRegularly operating service between Guangzhou and Shenzhen uses 8-car CRH1A EMU or CRH6A EMU. Currently train numbers with prefix \"C\" are in use.In Shenzhen, these trains regularly uses Shenzhen railway station.At Guangzhou side, all trains serve Guangzhou East railway station, and within the Guangshen line a few number of trains also serve Guangzhou railway station, mostly in a manner as an intermediate stopping before terminating at Guangzhou Baiyun railway station[5] which is located at short distance beyond the Guangshen line.Since the extended coverage to serve Guangzhou Baiyun station, trains terminating at Guangzhou railway station become less-seen. C9418 as shown is a temporary additional \"arrangement\" operating during chunyun of year 2024","title":"Guangzhou-Shenzhen intercity service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEC2019SZDGZD-6"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEC2019SZDGZD-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3OCT2023-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5OCT2023D7498-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D9786-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APR2024SZDGZD-11"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Beijing West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_West_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSRC2019-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Changsha railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_East_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TicketMachineD7496.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[Note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[Note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3OCT2023-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5OCT2023D7498-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D7498SZDstationInfoDisplay.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_East_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D7498SZD2.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_East_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D7497GZD.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5OCT2023D7498-9"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"website of China Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.12306.cn%7COfficial"},{"link_name":"chunyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunyun"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D9786-10"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D9795-17"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D9795GZD.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_railway_station"}],"sub_title":"\"Demand-relief\" trips","text":"Temporally added trips for the Guangzhou-Dongguan-Shenzhen service may be numbered with prefix \"Z\",[Note 1][6] \"C\" or \"D\", using Shenzhen railway station or Shenzhen East railway station[6][7][8][9][10]\nas the terminal station. It is possible that CR200J trains are deployed to the temporally added trips.The emergence of \"D-class\" trip using CR200J trains in Shenzhen railway station begins in December 2019 serving regular long-distance trains numbered D727、D728 for Beijing West[11][12] while this service actually runs mainly along the Beijing-Kowloon railway which starts its multiplexes with Guangshen line in Dongguan City, meaning that the initial manifestation of CR200J trains along Guangshen line was just confined within a limited distance.For the use of CR200J trains travelling longer distance of GuangShen line for demand-relief purpose, one noteworthy example is, to start with, an internet media reported that a temporally added service was available at September 29, 30 and October 2,3,5,6 of year 2023,[13] mentioning a pair of train service numbered D7495、D7496 although that was a cross-line traffic between Changsha railway station and Shenzhen East railway station for demand relief.Additional train D7496 as appeared in ticket-selling machine (an intermediate stop of D7496 was selected)Shorter \"intercity\" service between Shenzhen East railway station and Guangzhou East railway station also exists, although in a rare, temporally[Note 2] manner and not on a regular basis. For the example in relation to the above-mentioned D7496 service in year 2023, to start with, Guangzhou Railway Group maintains serveral Sina Weibo accounts officially where latest information about status of available tickets up-to-date, in particular for the days within peak demand period, may be posted. Previous posts in the Guangzhou Railway Group's official Weibo channels[Note 3] show that service between Shenzhen East railway station and Guangzhou East railway station was provided[7][8] with available ticket on-sale among at least some, if not all, of the days that the above-mentioned D7495、D7496 trips were in service in year 2023.The \"Shenzhen East - Guangzhou East service\" as shown at the information Display in the passenger waiting area of Shenzhen East railway stationThe \"Shenzhen East - Guangzhou East service\" (at platform of Shenzhen East railway station)The arrival of \"Shenzhen East - Guangzhou East service\"[8] at platform of Guangzhou East railway stationExamples of temporally added \"D-class\" service between Guangzhou city and Shenzhen city during peak-demand holidays, at which written notice has been announced via the website of China Railway beforehand, include the added service during \"Spring Festival Travel Rush\" (or named as \"chunyun\") in year 2024 numbered D9785-D9786[9] serving between Shenzhen East railway station and Guangzhou East railway station, and D9791-D9796[14] serving between Guangzhou East railway station and Shenzhen railway station.Information Display at platform of Guangzhou East railway station, showing the final destination \"Shenzhen railway station\" of D9795 service","title":"Guangzhou-Shenzhen intercity service"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rolling stock","title":"Guangzhou-Shenzhen intercity service"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pinghu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinghu_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Xintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xintang_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xintang-19"}],"sub_title":"Stations with services","text":"Most of the existing stations on the line are abandoned for passenger service, while reopening of a previously abandoned station after reconstruction or refurbishment can occur. Examples include Pinghu in year 2016[15] and Xintang in year 2024.[16]As at year 2024, major stations on the line offering passengers service are, in order:","title":"Stations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"All existing stations","title":"Stations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cross-Line Traffic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C8070GZ_CRH6A_13_52_45_796000.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou Baiyun Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baiyun-5"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou Baiyun Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_railway_station"}],"sub_title":"Service heading to Guangzhou Baiyun Railway Station","text":"A regular departure stopping at Guangzhou Station, heading for Guangzhou Baiyun Railway StationAs mentioned in the Stations list in the \"Stations\" section in above, a few number of departures, using CRH trains, provide service to Guangzhou railway station. Starting year 2024,[5] the coverage of above-mentioned service is further extended to Guangzhou Baiyun Railway Station as the terminal station, located at a short distance beyond the Guang-shen line.","title":"Cross-Line Traffic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shenzhen North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_North_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong West Kowloon Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kowloon_railway_station"}],"sub_title":"Service heading to Hong Kong West Kowloon Railway Station","text":"This service uses Guangzhou–Shenzhen railway and Ganzhou-Shenzhen High-speed railway to Shenzhen North direction and provides service between Guangzhou East railway station and Hong Kong West Kowloon Railway Station.","title":"Cross-Line Traffic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CTCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Train_Control_System"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTCS2-21"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTCS2-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTCS2-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foshan-23"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foshan-23"}],"sub_title":"Service heading to other mainland cities","text":"For traffic heading to other cities, there are services of EMUs using Guangzhou–Shenzhen railway as part of the route.The completion of upgrading work in year 2020 makes the whole Guangshen line to be compatible with CTCS-2,[17] as a result more EMUs from nationwide railway network can enter Guangshen line, and use Shenzhen railway station,[17][18] Guangzhou East railway station or Guangzhou railway station as terminal station.[17] Thus, more cross-line traffic and also more variety of types of EMUs becomes available along the Guangzhou–Shenzhen railway.On the otherhand, the construction of the Guangzhou-Zhanjiang High-speed Railway[19] results in a disruption of some of the cross-line traffic, as trains of China Railway coming from Foshan city will not enter and leave the Guangzhou Railway Station starting from 11 October 2023.[19]","title":"Cross-Line Traffic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GZDSTCRH2A.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou East Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Chaoshan Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoshan_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shantou Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantou_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XiaShen1-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XiaShen1-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D3652CRH2A1.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D3655CRH2A1.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XiaShen1-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D3655CRH2A2.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Longyan railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyan_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Service heading to other mainland cities - Service heading towards Chaoshan or Fujian direction","text":"Guangzhou East to Shantou serviceDaily trains are offered between Guangzhou East Railway Station and Chaoshan Railway Station, a few of them will continue to Shantou Railway Station; in addition, starting from 1 July 2018, one departure serving the Guangzhou East to Chaoshan service will continue to Xiamen.Since not later than 26 June 2021, more EMU trains are available for service between Xiamen (or Xiamen North Station) and Guangzhou, at which two of them (using Xiamen North Station at the time of writing in June 2023) will continue to Nanning East Station.[20][21] CRH2A EMU trains are in use for service between Xiamen North and Nanning.[21] However, with effective from 11 October 2023 the captioned trains, formerly from Fujian heading to Guangxi province, are shorten to serve only between Fujian province and Guangzhou city.Memory: D3653/D3652 train, served by CRH2A EMU, made a stop at Dongguan station, after departing from Nanpingshi (some 35km from Wuyishan) via Fuzhou, Xiamen North, and Shenzhen North stations, and after Dongguan station the train will continue to Guangzhou via Guang-Shen line, and the final destination for D3653/D3652 is Nanning East station at the time of writing in year 2023. This photo was taken in 30 June 2023. For opposite direction train number is D3651/D3654. IMPORTANT: According to the official \"Train 12306\" app, train number D3653/D3652 will still serve the above-mentioned stations by CRH2A train, except that the train will NOT stop at Dongguan station since 1 July 2023Train serving Xiamen (North) - Guangzhou - Nanning (East) service.[21] It's CRH2A EMU serving train number D3655/D3658 from Nanning (East) station......to Xiamenbei Station (see the final destination as shown on the display board of the train), which means Xiamen (North) station. For opposite direction train number is D3657/D3656Starting January 2024, newly added service using CRH380A EMU running between Guangzhou East railway station and Longyan railway station becomes available.[22]","title":"Cross-Line Traffic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guangzhou East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hangzhou East railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen North railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_North_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSRC2022-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Service heading to other mainland cities - Service heading towards Zhejiang or Jiangsu Province direction","text":"Starting 11 October 2022, a pair of EMU train service between Guangzhou East railway station and Hangzhou East railway station numbered D3121/4 and D3122/3 with a stop at Shenzhen North railway station[23] becomes available that CRH1E trains are in use.[24][25]","title":"Cross-Line Traffic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ganzhou West railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganzhou_West_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Dongguan railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongguan_railway_station_(Guangdong)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InsideG2775.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DGCRH380A.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Ganzhou West railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganzhou_West_railway_station"},{"link_name":"JiangXi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JiangXi"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou–Shanwei HSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shanwei_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Ganzhou–Shenzhen HSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganzhou%E2%80%93Shenzhen_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Dongguan railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongguan_railway_station_(Guangdong)"}],"sub_title":"Service heading to other mainland cities - Service heading towards Ganzhou direction","text":"Train departures are available between Guangzhou East station and Ganzhou West railway station.Between 15 January 2022[26] to 9 January 2024,[27] a pair of departures is available using CRH380A EMU trains, at which train G2775/G2778 departs from Guangzhou East station exists, and train G2777/G2776 departs from Ganzhou West station, as at June 2023 this service serves Dongguan railway station as well; in addition, another pair for the Guangzhou East to Ganzhou West service was added since 11 October 2022, with train number D1695/D1698 and D1697/D1696,[28] at which CRH1E-250 train is in use as at June 2023.CRH380A EMU serving train G2775G2775 stopping and providing passenger service at Dongguan station as at June 2023Starting from 10 January 2024, the above-mentioned service was suspened,[29] and the newly added service for cross-line traffic between Guangzhou East station and Ganzhou West railway station heading to JiangXi Province direction takes Guangzhou–Shanwei HSR to Ganzhou–Shenzhen HSR[30] instead thus the new service no longer serves Dongguan railway station.","title":"Cross-Line Traffic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foshan-23"},{"link_name":"Huaiji Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%80%E9%9B%86%E7%AB%99"},{"link_name":"Guiyang-Guangzhou HSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyang%E2%80%93Guangzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SZCRH2A.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D3666-36"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D3666-36"},{"link_name":"China Railway Nanning Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railway_Nanning_Group"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D3666-36"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D3666-36"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D3666-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Service heading to other mainland cities - Service heading west from Guangzhou","text":"A disruption of this cross-line traffic, starting 11 October 2023, occurs because of the construction of the Guangzhou-Zhanjiang High-speed Railway.[19]Starting 10 July 2019 to 10 October 2023, there was a daily service between Shenzhen Railway Station and Huaiji Railway Station on Guiyang-Guangzhou HSR,[31] which is the first utilizing the whole Guangzhou-Shenzhen line in full as part of the route; however, according to the new railway timetable effective from 11 October 2023, such direct train service no longer exist.In 2023, China Railway Nanning Group's [32] CRH2A EMU train serves Shenzhen Station (by running the train number D3666 from Shenzhen to Liuzhou[32] at that moment)China Railway Nanning Group's [32] EMU trains running on the whole Guangzhou-Shenzhen line used to be exist that, since not later than year 2023[32] such EMU train service was previously available between Shenzhen railway station (the one in Luohu district near the Hong Kong border) and Liuzhou[32] via Guangzhou, which was numbered D3665/D3666; however, with effective from 11 October 2023, train number D3665/D3666 no longer serves Shenzhen and Dongguan, and this pair of train serves Zhuhai and Zhongshan[33] instead.","title":"Cross-Line Traffic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KCRC_Chinese_Bond.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KCRC_banquet_1909.jpg"}],"text":"Bond agreement signed in 1907\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFoundation ceremony of the Chinese Section of KCR in 1909. Group photo of both Chinese and British officials.","title":"Image gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEC2019SZDGZD-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEC2019SZDGZD-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEC2019SZDGZD-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D9786-10"},{"link_name":"Chunyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunyun"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APR2024SZDGZD-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"}],"text":"^ It was reported that \"Z-class\" train services between Shenzhen East and Guangzhou East, numbered Z8351-Z8354, existed temporarily in December 2019.[6]\n\n^ The author(s) or editor of a media report website,[6] in Chinese, use the Chinese words「臨時」(at which the meaning equals to \"temporal\" in English) when reporting the Z8351-Z8354 service in December 2019.[6] For situation in year 2024, the service period of D9785-D9786 as reported by the China Railway's official website[9] only confined within Chunyun period.\n\n^ Other than the mentioned temporary added trips in October 2023, another example occurred that information was released to the internet in a similar way (in Chinese language), is on 6 April 2024[10]\n\n^ Top class; Chinese: 特等站","title":"Note"}]	[{"image_text":"Fourth track of Guangshen railway under construction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/4th_line_of_Guangshen_Railway_in_construction.jpg/220px-4th_line_of_Guangshen_Railway_in_construction.jpg"},{"image_text":"CRH1A running on Guangshen railway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/CRH1_at_dawn.jpg/220px-CRH1_at_dawn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tickets of intercity trains as of 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gsrtickets.jpg/220px-Gsrtickets.jpg"},{"image_text":"A departure using CRH6A EMU is waiting at Shenzhen railway station and heading for Guangzhou direction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DailyRegShenzhen.jpeg/220px-DailyRegShenzhen.jpeg"},{"image_text":"At the front: Information plates that one at platform of Shenzhen railway station and another at the body of the train","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/C8082atSZ.jpeg/220px-C8082atSZ.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Since the extended coverage to serve Guangzhou Baiyun station, trains terminating at Guangzhou railway station become less-seen. C9418 as shown is a temporary additional \"arrangement\" operating during chunyun of year 2024","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/C9418inSZ2.jpeg/220px-C9418inSZ2.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Additional train D7496 as appeared in ticket-selling machine (an intermediate stop of D7496 was selected)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/TicketMachineD7496.jpeg/220px-TicketMachineD7496.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The \"Shenzhen East - Guangzhou East service\" as shown at the information Display in the passenger waiting area of Shenzhen East railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/D7498SZDstationInfoDisplay.jpeg/220px-D7498SZDstationInfoDisplay.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The \"Shenzhen East - Guangzhou East service\" (at platform of Shenzhen East railway station)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/D7498SZD2.jpeg/220px-D7498SZD2.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The arrival of \"Shenzhen East - Guangzhou East service\"[8] at platform of Guangzhou East railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/D7497GZD.jpeg/220px-D7497GZD.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Information Display at platform of Guangzhou East railway station, showing the final destination \"Shenzhen railway station\" of D9795 service","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/D9795GZD.jpeg/220px-D9795GZD.jpeg"},{"image_text":"CR200J train serving temporally added intercity trip D9757 from Guangzhou East railway station... (Destination of D9757 in Chinese would be shown in the photo below)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/CR200runningD9757.jpeg/220px-CR200runningD9757.jpeg"},{"image_text":"...to Shenzhen railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/D9757toSZ.jpeg/220px-D9757toSZ.jpeg"},{"image_text":"A regular departure stopping at Guangzhou Station, heading for Guangzhou Baiyun Railway Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/C8070GZ_CRH6A_13_52_45_796000.jpeg/220px-C8070GZ_CRH6A_13_52_45_796000.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Guangzhou East to Shantou service","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/GZDSTCRH2A.jpeg/220px-GZDSTCRH2A.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Memory: D3653/D3652 train, served by CRH2A EMU, made a stop at Dongguan station, after departing from Nanpingshi (some 35km from Wuyishan) via Fuzhou, Xiamen North, and Shenzhen North stations, and after Dongguan station the train will continue to Guangzhou via Guang-Shen line, and the final destination for D3653/D3652 is Nanning East station at the time of writing in year 2023. This photo was taken in 30 June 2023. For opposite direction train number is D3651/D3654. IMPORTANT: According to the official \"Train 12306\" app, train number D3653/D3652 will still serve the above-mentioned stations by CRH2A train, except that the train will NOT stop at Dongguan station since 1 July 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/D3652CRH2A1.jpeg/220px-D3652CRH2A1.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Train serving Xiamen (North) - Guangzhou - Nanning (East) service.[21] It's CRH2A EMU serving train number D3655/D3658 from Nanning (East) station...","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/D3655CRH2A1.jpeg/220px-D3655CRH2A1.jpeg"},{"image_text":"...to Xiamenbei Station (see the final destination as shown on the display board of the train), which means Xiamen (North) station. For opposite direction train number is D3657/D3656","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/D3655CRH2A2.jpeg/220px-D3655CRH2A2.jpeg"},{"image_text":"CRH380A EMU serving train G2775","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/InsideG2775.jpeg/220px-InsideG2775.jpeg"},{"image_text":"G2775 stopping and providing passenger service at Dongguan station as at June 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DGCRH380A.jpeg/220px-DGCRH380A.jpeg"},{"image_text":"In 2023, China Railway Nanning Group's [32] CRH2A EMU train serves Shenzhen Station (by running the train number D3666 from Shenzhen to Liuzhou[32] at that moment)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/SZCRH2A.jpeg/220px-SZCRH2A.jpeg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_train.svg"},{"title":"Trains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Trains"},{"title":"Guangzhou-Shenzhen Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Guangzhou-Shenzhen_Railway"},{"title":"China Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railway"},{"title":"List of railway lines in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_lines_in_China"},{"title":"Rail transport in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China"},{"title":"Kowloon–Canton Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon%E2%80%93Canton_Railway"},{"title":"Beijing-Kowloon Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing-Kowloon_Railway"},{"title":"Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shenzhen%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link"},{"title":"Guangzhou–Shanwei high-speed railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shanwei_high-speed_railway"}]	[{"reference":"\"'End of an era' for Hong Kong MTR's cross-border through-train services with Guangzhou, Beijing, Shanghai\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Alburquerque	Rafael Alburquerque	["1 Early life and career","1.1 2012 pre-presidential candidacy","2 Books","3 References","4 Notes"]	Dominican politician Not to be confused with Brazilian artist Rafael Albuquerque. In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Alburquerque and the second or maternal family name is Castro. His ExcellencyRafael Alburquerque38th Vice President of the Dominican RepublicIn office16 August 2004 – 16 August 2012PresidentLeonel FernándezPreceded byMilagros Ortiz BoschSucceeded byMargarita Cedeño de FernándezSecretary of LaborIn office16 August 1996 – 16 August 2000PresidentLeonel FernándezPreceded byDr. Juan Arístides Taveras GuzmánSucceeded byMilton RayIn office4 March 1991 – 5 May 1996PresidentJoaquín BalaguerPreceded byDr. Washington De PeñaSucceeded byDr. Juan Arístides Taveras Guzmán Personal detailsBorn (1940-06-14) 14 June 1940 (age 84)Santo Domingo, Dominican RepublicPolitical partyDominican Liberation PartySpouseMartha Montes de OcaAlma materUniversidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo Rafael Francisco Alburquerque de Castro (born June 14, 1940) is a Dominican politician who was Vice President of the Dominican Republic from August 2004 to August 2012, serving under President Leonel Fernández. Along with Fernández, he was re-elected in May 2008 for a four-year term. Before he became Vice President, he was Secretary of Labour twice between 1991 and 2000 under Presidents Joaquín Balaguer and during Fernández’s first term. Early life and career Alburquerque was born in Santo Domingo on 14 June 1940, the eldest son of Lic. Rafael Alburquerque Zayas-Bazán. He serves as Coordinator of the Social security System and the Social Cabinet of the Dominican government . He was chosen by the President Leonel Fernández Reyna as his ballot companion for his second consecutive presidential term, by the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD). Alburquerque served as Secretary of Labour and president of the Delegation of the Dominican State to the Conferences of the International Labour Organization (ILO) from 1991 to 2000. He was also President of the Commission of Technical Cooperation in the Conference of the ILO in 1999. From September 2000 to June 2001 he was the Special Representative of the General Director of the ILO for the collaboration with Colombia and Member of the Commission of Experts of the ILO since November 2001. Alburquerque is a lawyer with a PhD in Labour Law. 2012 pre-presidential candidacy A study by a local pollster in January 2011, to the closed question: "Of the following political leaders of the PLD, who is the best candidate for the 2012 elections?" 46.7% said Danilo Medina; 32% Rafael Alburquerque%; 7.4% Francisco Domínguez Brito; 6.7% José Tomás Pérez. Alburquerque, Camilo, Segura and Javier García have made public aspirations for the presidential nomination. Absent from the polls is the President of the Republic and former president of the PLD Leonel Fernández since he is constitutionally prohibited from reelection for 2012. On May 22, 2011, he declined his candidacy to support Danilo Medina. Books Alburquerque is the author of several books: Legislación del Trabajo (1985) Los Conflictos del Trabajo y su solución en la República Dominicana (1987) Estudios del derecho del Trabajo (1992), with prologue by Rafael Caldera, twice president of Venezuela Derecho Administrativo Laboral y Administrativo del Trabajo (1993) Derecho del Trabajo (Volume I - 1995 y 2003; Volume II - 1997; Volume III - 1999) Guía de los derechos de los trabajadores (1995, with eight editions) Los conflictos de las leyes del trabajo en el espacio (1998) La subordinación jurídica en la era digital (2002). References Gabinete de Coordinación de las Políticas Sociales de la República Dominicano (Spanish) Notes ^ tmcnet.com, Dominican president sworn in for 3rd term Archived 2009-01-26 at the Wayback Machine Political offices Preceded byDr. Washington De Peña Secretary of Labor March 4, 1991 – May 5, 1996 Succeeded byDr. Juan Arístides Taveras Guzmán Preceded byDr. Juan Arístides Taveras Guzmán Secretary of Labor August 16, 1996 – August 16, 2000 Succeeded byMilton Ray Guevara Preceded byMilagros Ortiz Bosch Vice Presidentof the Dominican Republic August 16, 2004 – August 16, 2012 Succeeded byMargarita Cedeño de Fernández	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rafael Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Albuquerque"},{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Dominican politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Leonel Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonel_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Balaguer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Balaguer"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Brazilian artist Rafael Albuquerque.In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Alburquerque and the second or maternal family name is Castro.Rafael Francisco Alburquerque de Castro (born June 14, 1940) is a Dominican politician who was Vice President of the Dominican Republic from August 2004 to August 2012, serving under President Leonel Fernández. Along with Fernández, he was re-elected in May 2008 for a four-year term.[1] Before he became Vice President, he was Secretary of Labour twice between 1991 and 2000 under Presidents Joaquín Balaguer and during Fernández’s first term.","title":"Rafael Alburquerque"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Lic.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)"},{"link_name":"Social security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security"},{"link_name":"System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"President Leonel Fernández Reyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonel_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Dominican Liberation Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Liberation_Party"},{"link_name":"International Labour Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization"},{"link_name":"ILO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Alburquerque was born in Santo Domingo on 14 June 1940, the eldest son of Lic. Rafael Alburquerque Zayas-Bazán. He serves as Coordinator of the Social security System and the Social Cabinet of the Dominican government [when?]. He was chosen by the President Leonel Fernández Reyna as his ballot companion for his second consecutive presidential term, by the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD).Alburquerque served as Secretary of Labour and president of the Delegation of the Dominican State to the Conferences of the International Labour Organization (ILO) from 1991 to 2000. He was also President of the Commission of Technical Cooperation in the Conference of the ILO in 1999. From September 2000 to June 2001 he was the Special Representative of the General Director of the ILO for the collaboration with Colombia and Member of the Commission of Experts of the ILO since November 2001. Alburquerque is a lawyer with a PhD in Labour Law[citation needed].","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danilo Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_Medina"},{"link_name":"Francisco Domínguez Brito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Brito"},{"link_name":"Danilo Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_Medina"}],"sub_title":"2012 pre-presidential candidacy","text":"A study by a local pollster in January 2011, to the closed question: \"Of the following political leaders of the PLD, who is the best candidate for the 2012 elections?\" 46.7% said Danilo Medina; 32% Rafael Alburquerque%; 7.4% Francisco Domínguez Brito; 6.7% José Tomás Pérez. Alburquerque, Camilo, Segura and Javier García have made public aspirations for the presidential nomination. Absent from the polls is the President of the Republic and former president of the PLD Leonel Fernández since he is constitutionally prohibited from reelection for 2012. On May 22, 2011, he declined his candidacy to support Danilo Medina.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rafael Caldera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Caldera"},{"link_name":"president of Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Venezuela"}],"text":"Alburquerque is the author of several books:Legislación del Trabajo (1985)\nLos Conflictos del Trabajo y su solución en la República Dominicana (1987)\nEstudios del derecho del Trabajo (1992), with prologue by Rafael Caldera, twice president of Venezuela\nDerecho Administrativo Laboral y Administrativo del Trabajo (1993)\nDerecho del Trabajo (Volume I - 1995 y 2003; Volume II - 1997; Volume III - 1999)\nGuía de los derechos de los trabajadores (1995, with eight editions)\nLos conflictos de las leyes del trabajo en el espacio (1998)\nLa subordinación jurídica en la era digital (2002).","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"tmcnet.com, Dominican president sworn in for 3rd term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdvoice.tmcnet.com/news/2008/08/16/3604916.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090126092323/http://hdvoice.tmcnet.com/news/2008/08/16/3604916.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ tmcnet.com, Dominican president sworn in for 3rd term Archived 2009-01-26 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080922032847/http://www.gabsocial.gov.do/marco_institucional/perfil_vp.htm","external_links_name":"Gabinete de Coordinación de las Políticas Sociales de la República Dominicano"},{"Link":"http://hdvoice.tmcnet.com/news/2008/08/16/3604916.htm","external_links_name":"tmcnet.com, Dominican president sworn in for 3rd term"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090126092323/http://hdvoice.tmcnet.com/news/2008/08/16/3604916.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Sugar:_Industry_and_Environment_in_Hawaii	Sovereign Sugar	["1 Background","2 Contents","3 Reception","4 References","4.1 Notes","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	2014 nonfiction book Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i is a 2014 nonfiction book by Carol A. MacLennan, published by University of Hawaii Press. The book discusses how the sugar industry had changed Hawaiian politics and demography. Background The author worked in the anthropology field. Contents The introduction is at the beginning. "Sugar's Ecology" is the second chapter. Chapter 11 is the final chapter, and then a conclusion discussing the end of the sugar plantations is present. The book includes 11 appendices, maps, and photographs taken from archives. Reception Sonia P. Juvik of the University of Hawaii stated that the book is "a valuable source of information". Richard P. Tucker of the University of Michigan described the book as "the finest and best integrated study of Hawai‘i’s transformations over the past two centuries." References Berry, Kate A. (2018). "Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i". Geographical Review. 108 (2): 328–330. doi:10.1111/gere.12231. - Available at ProQuest Juvik, Sonia P. (2016). "Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i. By Carol A. MacLennan". Pacific Affairs. 89 (4): 957–959. JSTOR 44874377. - Available at ProQuest Tucker, Richard P (2015). "Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i.(Book review)". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 49: 217. doi:10.1353/hjh.2015.0009. Notes ^ Berry. ^ a b Juvik. ^ a b Tucker, p. 219. Further reading Field, Paul R (2016). "Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i. By Carol A. MacLennan". Environmental History. 21 (2): 394–395. Griggs, Peter (2015). "'Sovereign sugar : industry and environment in Hawai'i' by Carol A. MacLennan. Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014". Journal of Pacific History. 50 (1): 105–107. doi:10.1080/00223344.2014.983263. La Croix, Sumner (2017). "Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i". The Journal of Economic History. 77 (4): 1244. Mak, James (2015). "Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i". The Western Historical Quarterly. 46 (2): 230. Merleaux, April (2015). "Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i". Agricultural History. 89 (4): 626–627. doi:10.3098/ah.2015.089.4.626. JSTOR 10.3098/ah.2015.089.4.626. Poblete, Joanna (2015). "Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i by Carol A MacLennan". American Historical Review. 120 (2): 603–604. Rosa, John P (2016). "Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i.(Book review)". The Historian. 78 (4): 760–761. "Sovereign sugar: industry and environment in Hawai'i". Choice Reviews. 52 (1): 52. 2014. External links Sovereign Sugar - University of Hawaii Sovereign Sugar - Available at Oxford University Press Sovereign Sugar - Available at JSTOR MacLennan, Carol A. (2014). Sovereign Sugar Industry and Environment in Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-4024-2. OCLC 875895012 – via Project MUSE. vteThe University of HawaiʻiUniversities Mānoa Hilo Kahului West Oʻahu Community Colleges Hawaiʻi Honolulu Kapiʻolani Kauaʻi Leeward Windward Schools and Departments Burns School of Medicine Richardson School of Law Hamilton Library University of Hawaiʻi Press Asian Perspectives Asian Theatre Journal Buddhist-Christian Studies Cakalele China Review International Children of Marx and Coca-Cola The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy CHINOPERL The Crimson Thread of Abandon Journal of World History Mānoa The Moon in the Water Oceanic Linguistics Pacific Science Philosophy East and West Remembering the Kanji and Remembering the Hanzi Review of Japanese Culture and Society Sovereign Sugar Transnational Chinese Cinemas Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Hawaii Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press"},{"link_name":"sugar industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_industry"}],"text":"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i is a 2014 nonfiction book by Carol A. MacLennan, published by University of Hawaii Press.The book discusses how the sugar industry had changed Hawaiian politics and demography.","title":"Sovereign Sugar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berry-1"}],"text":"The author worked in the anthropology field.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Juvik-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuckerp219-3"}],"text":"The introduction is at the beginning. \"Sugar's Ecology\" is the second chapter. Chapter 11 is the final chapter, and then a conclusion discussing the end of the sugar plantations is present.[2] The book includes 11 appendices, maps, and photographs taken from archives.[3]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Juvik-2"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuckerp219-3"}],"text":"Sonia P. Juvik of the University of Hawaii stated that the book is \"a valuable source of information\".[2]Richard P. Tucker of the University of Michigan described the book as \"the finest and best integrated study of Hawai‘i’s transformations over the past two centuries.\"[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Environmental History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_History_(journal)"},{"link_name":"\"'Sovereign sugar : industry and environment in Hawai'i' by Carol A. MacLennan. Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00223344.2014.983263"},{"link_name":"Journal of Pacific History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Pacific_History&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/00223344.2014.983263","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F00223344.2014.983263"},{"link_name":"\"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/sovereign-sugar-industry-and-environment-in-hawaii-by-carol-a-maclennan-honolulu-university-of-hawaii-press-2014-pp-xi378-3900-cloth/DFFAF61C332C27E357F11E9D28BB413E"},{"link_name":"The Journal of Economic History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History"},{"link_name":"\"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//academic.oup.com/whq/article-abstract/46/2/230/2461754"},{"link_name":"The Western Historical Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Western_Historical_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"\"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//read.dukeupress.edu/agricultural-history/article-abstract/89/4/626/294892/Sovereign-Sugar-Industry-and-Environment-in-Hawai"},{"link_name":"Agricultural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_History"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3098/ah.2015.089.4.626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3098%2Fah.2015.089.4.626"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3098/ah.2015.089.4.626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.3098/ah.2015.089.4.626"},{"link_name":"American Historical Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Historical_Review"},{"link_name":"\"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i.(Book review)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/hisn.12358"},{"link_name":"The Historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Choice Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice_Reviews"}],"text":"Field, Paul R (2016). \"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i. By Carol A. MacLennan\". Environmental History. 21 (2): 394–395.\nGriggs, Peter (2015). \"'Sovereign sugar : industry and environment in Hawai'i' by Carol A. MacLennan. Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014\". Journal of Pacific History. 50 (1): 105–107. doi:10.1080/00223344.2014.983263.\nLa Croix, Sumner (2017). \"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i\". The Journal of Economic History. 77 (4): 1244.\nMak, James (2015). \"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i\". The Western Historical Quarterly. 46 (2): 230.\nMerleaux, April (2015). \"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i\". Agricultural History. 89 (4): 626–627. doi:10.3098/ah.2015.089.4.626. JSTOR 10.3098/ah.2015.089.4.626.\nPoblete, Joanna (2015). \"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i by Carol A MacLennan\". American Historical Review. 120 (2): 603–604.\nRosa, John P (2016). \"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i.(Book review)\". The Historian. 78 (4): 760–761.\n\"Sovereign sugar: industry and environment in Hawai'i\". Choice Reviews. 52 (1): 52. 2014.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Berry, Kate A. (2018). \"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i\". Geographical Review. 108 (2): 328–330. doi:10.1111/gere.12231.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gere.12231?af=R","url_text":"\"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Review","url_text":"Geographical Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgere.12231","url_text":"10.1111/gere.12231"}]},{"reference":"Juvik, Sonia P. (2016). \"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i. By Carol A. MacLennan\". Pacific Affairs. 89 (4): 957–959. JSTOR 44874377.","urls":[{"url":"https://pacificaffairs.ubc.ca/book-reviews/sovereign-sugar-industry-and-environment-in-hawaii-by-carol-a-maclennan/","url_text":"\"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i. By Carol A. MacLennan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Affairs","url_text":"Pacific Affairs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44874377","url_text":"44874377"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Richard P (2015). \"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i.(Book review)\". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 49: 217. doi:10.1353/hjh.2015.0009.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/5/article/600891","url_text":"\"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i.(Book review)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hawaiian_Journal_of_History","url_text":"The Hawaiian Journal of History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhjh.2015.0009","url_text":"10.1353/hjh.2015.0009"}]},{"reference":"Field, Paul R (2016). \"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i. By Carol A. MacLennan\". Environmental History. 21 (2): 394–395.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_History_(journal)","url_text":"Environmental History"}]},{"reference":"Griggs, Peter (2015). \"'Sovereign sugar : industry and environment in Hawai'i' by Carol A. MacLennan. Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014\". Journal of Pacific History. 50 (1): 105–107. doi:10.1080/00223344.2014.983263.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00223344.2014.983263","url_text":"\"'Sovereign sugar : industry and environment in Hawai'i' by Carol A. MacLennan. Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Pacific_History&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Journal of Pacific History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223344.2014.983263","url_text":"10.1080/00223344.2014.983263"}]},{"reference":"La Croix, Sumner (2017). \"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i\". The Journal of Economic History. 77 (4): 1244.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/sovereign-sugar-industry-and-environment-in-hawaii-by-carol-a-maclennan-honolulu-university-of-hawaii-press-2014-pp-xi378-3900-cloth/DFFAF61C332C27E357F11E9D28BB413E","url_text":"\"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History","url_text":"The Journal of Economic History"}]},{"reference":"Mak, James (2015). \"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i\". The Western Historical Quarterly. 46 (2): 230.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/whq/article-abstract/46/2/230/2461754","url_text":"\"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Western_Historical_Quarterly","url_text":"The Western Historical Quarterly"}]},{"reference":"Merleaux, April (2015). \"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i\". Agricultural History. 89 (4): 626–627. doi:10.3098/ah.2015.089.4.626. JSTOR 10.3098/ah.2015.089.4.626.","urls":[{"url":"https://read.dukeupress.edu/agricultural-history/article-abstract/89/4/626/294892/Sovereign-Sugar-Industry-and-Environment-in-Hawai","url_text":"\"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_History","url_text":"Agricultural History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3098%2Fah.2015.089.4.626","url_text":"10.3098/ah.2015.089.4.626"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3098/ah.2015.089.4.626","url_text":"10.3098/ah.2015.089.4.626"}]},{"reference":"Poblete, Joanna (2015). \"Sovereign Sugar: Industry and Environment in Hawai'i by Carol A MacLennan\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_The_Game:_2011	NASCAR The Game: 2011	["1 Gameplay","1.1 Features","2 Commentary","3 Soundtrack","4 Development","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"]	2011 racing video game "NASCAR 2011" redirects here. For the 2011 NASCAR season, see 2011 in NASCAR. 2011 video gameNASCAR The Game: 2011Game box art featuring the cars of Jimmie Johnson and Mark MartinDeveloper(s)EutechnyxPublisher(s)ActivisionDesigner(s)Gareth WrightSeriesNASCAR, NASCAR The GamePlatform(s)PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, WiiReleasePlayStation 3, Xbox 360NA: April 28, 2011 / June 11, 2011AU: April 30, 2011 / June 13, 2011EU: May 15, 2011 / July 5, 2011JP: May 26, 2011 / July 15, 2011RU: June 1, 2011 / July 22, 2011WiiNA: May 24, 2011Genre(s)Auto racing, Sim racingMode(s)Single-player, online multiplayer NASCAR The Game: 2011, also known as NASCAR 2011: The Game, is a 2011 racing video game, developed by Eutechnyx and published by Activision. It is the first edition of the NASCAR The Game racing simulator series. Developed by Eutechnyx and published by Activision, it was released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on March 29, 2011, then for Wii on May 24. It is the first NASCAR game since the contract between EA Sports and NASCAR expired (not including Gran Turismo 5), and the first by Activision Blizzard since NASCAR Racing 2003 Season (from Sierra, a subsidiary of Vivendi Universal Games, and now Activision Blizzard). Gameplay Features NASCAR The Game: 2011 is the first game relating to NASCAR from Eutechnyx. One of the features is a career mode, which lets players compete at all the tracks on the 2010 or 2011 schedule and compete for a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series championship. The game also features ferocious damage caused by accidents on the track. It also features cars from the 2010 and 2011 seasons. Some types of accidents include catapulting cars into the air and barrel-rolling over others leaving fragments of the car, commonly called debris, scattered across the track. This feature allows all areas of the car to display damage build up realistically, in relation to the impacts during the race. It also has enhanced AI to compare with the characteristics of actual drivers. The player is able to tune and adjust their car's handling, and change the paint color, decals, number and sponsor logos. The controls and HUD are completely customizable as well. There is also a scrolling ticker across the top of the screen during a race with updates that include the amount of time behind leader, the time behind the car in front of player, and the time in front of the car behind player. Other features on the game include pit stops and spotters. The pit stop feature displays the pit crew changing the tires and fueling the car. Pit stops average 14 seconds. Each animation was actually photographed from real Sprint Cup Series teams. The spotter feature informs the player of the drivers in the race that assists them, such as bump drafting, blocking, and slingshot. The spotter also alerts the player of any hazards happening ahead, as well as behind. Furthermore, the spotter has calculated suggestions on pit strategy, such as fuel level, tire wear, the number of laps remaining, and the player's position in the race and in the point standings. The game has an interactive celebration mode where players can do burnouts and victory lap, as well. The player then goes to an animation involving an out-of-car celebration, Carl Edwards and can result in a backflip off of the car. If he or she is in career mode, they will go to victory lane and pop the ceremonious bottle and pour it all on their team. In the game, players can earn NASCAR experience points to unlock rewards. Some rewards include career sponsorships and special races throughout career mode. These special races are called "invitational events". These allow to unlock special custom paint schemes after completing each challenge in each event. Commentary The game features commentary from the announcers of the Performance Racing Network including play-by-play man Doug Rice and color Commentator Mark Garrow. The in-race spotter is voiced by Michael Waltrip Racing’s Ty Norris. Soundtrack Song Artist "La Grange" ZZ Top "Show me" Stereomud "Mama taught me better" Black Rebel Motorcycle Club "Anthem for the Underdog" 12 Stones "The Wild Life" Slaughter (band) "Better think again" Submersed "Meteors" Rivers Monroe "GO!" Lisa Palleschi "Get Up" Shovelhook Development The game was officially announced on September 29, 2010 by Activision and Eutechnyx, even though there were rumors of a new NASCAR game since the expiration of NASCAR's contract with EA Sports. The game's platforms are PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii. NASCAR 2011 was delayed few times in 2011 until March 29. Developers cited the need to include additional features, test for bugs, and tweak the gameplay as their reasoning for the problems that affected the original release date. The Wii version of the game was released in May 24. Like in the EA Sports NASCAR games, there are no available alcoholic sponsors until NASCAR '15 Victory Edition. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings63.07% (PS3)62.11% (Xbox 360)40.20% (Wii)Metacritic62/100 (PS3) 62/100 (Xbox 360)42/100 (Wii)Review scoresPublicationScoreEurogamer6/10Game Informer7/10GameSpot6/10(WII) 4/10GamesRadar+IGN6/10(WII) 4.5/10Nintendo World Report(WII) 4.5/10 The game overall has received mixed reviews. GameSpot gave the game a 6.0/10, citing that "when the game finds its groove, it delivers a good sense of enjoyable tension that rewards smart, controlled driving. Unfortunately, the more deeply you dig, the deeper the hole NASCAR 2011 digs itself into". The reviewer, Kevin VanOrd, criticized the faulty online play and the erratic caution flags. Game Industry News reviewer Todd Hargosh gave the game 3 out of 5 "gems", stating that the game overall was a "freshman effort" for Eutechnyx. IGN gave a similar review, rating it 6.0/10. The Wii version reviews, however, were mostly negative. IGN gave the game a 4.5/10, stating that "even if you bleed NASCAR, NASCAR The Game 2011 simply doesn't deliver. While it offers up some fun, the lack of control finesse, poor graphics, and missing customization make it one to pass up". References ^ a b "NASCAR 2011: The Game Release Information for PlayStation 3". GameFAQs. Archived from the original on 2011-02-14. Retrieved 2010-12-19. ^ "Latest Dev Diary \| NASCAR, The Game 2011". Nascarthegame.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-27. Retrieved 2010-12-19. ^ a b c "Features \| NASCAR, The Game 2011". Nascarthegame.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-17. Retrieved 2010-12-19. ^ "GameSpy: Activision Dates, Details NASCAR The Game 2011 – Page 1". Ps3.gamespy.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2010-12-20. ^ "NASCAR The Game: 2011". Activision. Archived from the original on 2011-02-07. Retrieved 2010-12-19. ^ "Activision and Eutechnyx Announce NASCAR The Game 2011, The Electrifying Racing Experience fans have been waiting for \| Eutechnyx — Press and Marketing Portal". Press.eutechnyx.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-15. Retrieved 2010-12-19. ^ a b "NASCAR The Game 2011 Officially Announced \| NASCAR, The Game 2011". Nascarthegame.com. Archived from the original on 2011-01-02. Retrieved 2010-12-19. ^ "New NASCAR Video Game Possibly In The Works For 2011". Bleacher Report. 2010-06-24. Archived from the original on 2010-06-30. Retrieved 2010-12-19. ^ "NASCAR The Game 2011 Announced for Next Generation Consoles". Dreamstation.cc. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-12-19. ^ "Latest Screenshots \| NASCAR, The Game 2011". Nascarthegame.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-18. Retrieved 2010-12-19. ^ "Games Resources and Information". nascarthegame.com. Archived from the original on 2021-07-17. Retrieved 2021-10-02. ^ "Official delay game interview with Gregg Baker". forums.eutechnyx.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2011-02-07. ^ "NASCAR 2011: The Game for Playstation 3". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-09-17. ^ "NASCAR 2011: The Game for Xbox 360". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 2011-08-31. Retrieved 2011-09-17. ^ "NASCAR 2011: The Game for Wii". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 2011-09-17. Retrieved 2011-09-17. ^ "NASCAR 2011: The Game (PlayStation 3)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2011-11-26. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "NASCAR 2011: The Game (Xbox 360)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2011-08-28. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ "NASCAR 2011: The Game (Wii)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2011-09-26. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ^ VanOrd, Kevin (4 April 2011). "NASCAR 2011: The Game Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022. ^ VanOrd, Kevin (25 May 2011). "NASCAR 2011: The Game Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022. ^ Eykemans, Peter (7 April 2011). "NASCAR The Game 2011 Review". IGN. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022. ^ Eykemans, Peter (24 May 2011). "NASCAR The Game 2011 Review". IGN. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022. ^ Eykemans, Peter (7 April 2011). "NASCAR The Game: 2011 review". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022. ^ Kato, Matthew (29 March 2011). "NASCAR The Game 2011 Review". Game Informer. Retrieved 15 February 2022. ^ Diniz Sanches, Joao (19 April 2011). "NASCAR The Game 2011". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022. ^ Rosenberg, Jared (30 August 2011). "NASCAR 2011: The Game". Nintendo World Report. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022. ^ "NASCAR 2011: The Game Review". Kevin VanOrd. 2011-04-04. Archived from the original on 2011-04-04. Retrieved 2011-04-20. ^ "Review: NASCAR 2011: The Game (Activision) - Game Industry News". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2011-04-21. ^ "NASCAR The Game 2011 Review". IGN. 2011-04-07. Archived from the original on 2011-04-11. Retrieved 2011-04-20. External links Official website vteNASCAR video games1980s Richard Petty's Talladega 1990s Days of Thunder (1990) Bill Elliott's NASCAR Challenge ESPN SpeedWorld Kyle Petty's No Fear Racing Racing Racing 2 98 3-D Ultra Pinball 99 Challenge Racing 1999 Edition Revolution Racing 3 2000 Legends 2000s Rumble 2001 Heat Racers Arcade Racing 4 Thunder 2002 Heat 2002 Racing 2002 Season Thunder 2003 Dirt to Daytona Racing 2003 Season Thunder 2004 2005: Chase for the Cup SimRacing 06: Total Team Control 07 08 iRacing 09 Kart Racing 2010s Gran Turismo 5 Days of Thunder (2011) The Game: 2011 Unleashed The Game: Inside Line Gran Turismo 6 '14 '15 Heat Evolution Forza Motorsport 6 Heat 2 Project Cars 2 Forza Motorsport 7 Heat 3 Heat 4 2020s Heat 5 21: Ignition Rivals Series NASCAR Racing EA Sports NASCAR NASCAR The Game NASCAR Heat (2016–2020) vteVideo games developed by EutechnyxZeppelin Games Draconus (1988) Zybex (1988) Jocky Wilson's Darts Challenge (1989) Kenny Dalglish Soccer Manager (1989) Sink or Swim (1993) Pete Sampras Tennis (1994) Eutechnyx Total Drivin (1997) C3 Racing (1999) Le Mans 24 Hours (1999) 007 Racing (2000) Big Mutha Truckers (2002) Street Racing Syndicate (2004) Ford vs. Chevy (2005) Cartoon Network Racing (2006) Hummer Badlands (2006) The Fast and the Furious (2006) Pimp My Ride (2006) Hot Wheels: Beat That! (2007) Ferrari Challenge: Trofeo Pirelli (2008) Supercar Challenge (2009) NASCAR The Game: 2011 (2011) NASCAR The Game: Inside Line (2012) Auto Club Revolution (2012) Ride to Hell: Retribution (2013) NASCAR '14 (2014) Warhammer 40,000: Storm of Vengeance (2014) NASCAR '15 (2015)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 in NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_NASCAR"},{"link_name":"racing video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_video_game"},{"link_name":"Eutechnyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutechnyx"},{"link_name":"Activision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activision"},{"link_name":"NASCAR The Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_The_Game_(series)"},{"link_name":"Eutechnyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutechnyx"},{"link_name":"Activision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activision"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-relaeasedate-1"},{"link_name":"EA Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_Sports"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Gran Turismo 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Turismo_5"},{"link_name":"Activision Blizzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activision_Blizzard"},{"link_name":"NASCAR Racing 2003 Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_Racing_2003_Season"}],"text":"\"NASCAR 2011\" redirects here. For the 2011 NASCAR season, see 2011 in NASCAR.2011 video gameNASCAR The Game: 2011, also known as NASCAR 2011: The Game, is a 2011 racing video game, developed by Eutechnyx and published by Activision. It is the first edition of the NASCAR The Game racing simulator series. Developed by Eutechnyx and published by Activision, it was released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on March 29, 2011, then for Wii on May 24.[1] It is the first NASCAR game since the contract between EA Sports and NASCAR expired (not including Gran Turismo 5), and the first by Activision Blizzard since NASCAR Racing 2003 Season (from Sierra, a subsidiary of Vivendi Universal Games, and now Activision Blizzard).","title":"NASCAR The Game: 2011"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eutechnyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutechnyx"},{"link_name":"NASCAR Sprint Cup Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_Sprint_Cup_Series"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-featuresnascarthegame.com-3"},{"link_name":"AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"car's handling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_handling"},{"link_name":"HUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUD_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-featuresnascarthegame.com-3"},{"link_name":"pit stops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_stop"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-featuresnascarthegame.com-3"},{"link_name":"victory lap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_lap"},{"link_name":"Carl Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Edwards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Features","text":"NASCAR The Game: 2011 is the first game relating to NASCAR from Eutechnyx. One of the features is a career mode, which lets players compete at all the tracks on the 2010 or 2011 schedule and compete for a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series championship. The game also features ferocious damage caused by accidents on the track. It also features cars from the 2010 and 2011 seasons. Some types of accidents include catapulting cars into the air and barrel-rolling over others leaving fragments of the car, commonly called debris, scattered across the track. This feature allows all areas of the car to display damage build up realistically, in relation to the impacts during the race.[3] It also has enhanced AI to compare with the characteristics of actual drivers.[4] The player is able to tune and adjust their car's handling, and change the paint color, decals, number and sponsor logos. The controls and HUD are completely customizable as well. There is also a scrolling ticker across the top of the screen during a race with updates that include the amount of time behind leader, the time behind the car in front of player, and the time in front of the car behind player.[3]Other features on the game include pit stops and spotters. The pit stop feature displays the pit crew changing the tires and fueling the car. Pit stops average 14 seconds. Each animation was actually photographed from real Sprint Cup Series teams. The spotter feature informs the player of the drivers in the race that assists them, such as bump drafting, blocking, and slingshot. The spotter also alerts the player of any hazards happening ahead, as well as behind. Furthermore, the spotter has calculated suggestions on pit strategy, such as fuel level, tire wear, the number of laps remaining, and the player's position in the race and in the point standings.[3] The game has an interactive celebration mode where players can do burnouts and victory lap, as well. The player then goes to an animation involving an out-of-car celebration, Carl Edwards and can result in a backflip off of the car. If he or she is in career mode, they will go to victory lane and pop the ceremonious bottle and pour it all on their team.[5] In the game, players can earn NASCAR experience points to unlock rewards. Some rewards include career sponsorships and special races throughout career mode. These special races are called \"invitational events\". These allow to unlock special custom paint schemes after completing each challenge in each event.[6]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Performance Racing Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Racing_Network"},{"link_name":"Michael Waltrip Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Waltrip_Racing"},{"link_name":"Ty Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Norris"}],"text":"The game features commentary from the announcers of the Performance Racing Network including play-by-play man Doug Rice and color Commentator Mark Garrow. The in-race spotter is voiced by Michael Waltrip Racing’s Ty Norris.","title":"Commentary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Activision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activision"},{"link_name":"Eutechnyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutechnyx"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officiallyann-7"},{"link_name":"EA Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_Sports"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officiallyann-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"NASCAR '15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_%2715"}],"text":"The game was officially announced on September 29, 2010 by Activision and Eutechnyx,[7] even though there were rumors of a new NASCAR game since the expiration of NASCAR's contract with EA Sports.[8] The game's platforms are PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii.[7][9][10][11]NASCAR 2011 was delayed few times in 2011 until March 29. Developers cited the need to include additional features, test for bugs, and tweak the gameplay as their reasoning for the problems that affected the original release date.[12] The Wii version of the game was released in May 24. Like in the EA Sports NASCAR games, there are no available alcoholic sponsors until NASCAR '15 Victory Edition.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Game Industry News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gameindustry.com"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings63.07% (PS3)[13]62.11% (Xbox 360)[14]40.20% (Wii)[15]Metacritic62/100 (PS3)[16] 62/100 (Xbox 360)[17]42/100 (Wii)[18]Review scoresPublicationScoreEurogamer6/10[25]Game Informer7/10[24]GameSpot6/10[19](WII) 4/10[20]GamesRadar+[23]IGN6/10[21](WII) 4.5/10[22]Nintendo World Report(WII) 4.5/10[26]The game overall has received mixed reviews. GameSpot gave the game a 6.0/10, citing that \"when the game finds its groove, it delivers a good sense of enjoyable tension that rewards smart, controlled driving. Unfortunately, the more deeply you dig, the deeper the hole NASCAR 2011 digs itself into\".[27] The reviewer, Kevin VanOrd, criticized the faulty online play and the erratic caution flags. Game Industry News reviewer Todd Hargosh gave the game 3 out of 5 \"gems\", stating that the game overall was a \"freshman effort[28]\" for Eutechnyx. IGN gave a similar review, rating it 6.0/10.[29] The Wii version reviews, however, were mostly negative. IGN gave the game a 4.5/10, stating that \"even if you bleed NASCAR, NASCAR The Game 2011 simply doesn't deliver. While it offers up some fun, the lack of control finesse, poor graphics, and missing customization make it one to pass up\".","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"NASCAR 2011: The Game Release Information for PlayStation 3\". GameFAQs. Archived from the original on 2011-02-14. Retrieved 2010-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamefaqs.com/ps3/609592-nascar-2011-the-game/data","url_text":"\"NASCAR 2011: The Game Release Information for PlayStation 3\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110214190518/http://www.gamefaqs.com/ps3/609592-nascar-2011-the-game/data","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Latest Dev Diary \| NASCAR, The Game 2011\". Nascarthegame.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-27. Retrieved 2010-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://nascarthegame.com/devdiaries","url_text":"\"Latest Dev Diary \| NASCAR, The Game 2011\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101227064426/http://nascarthegame.com/devdiaries","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Features \| NASCAR, The Game 2011\". Nascarthegame.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-17. Retrieved 2010-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://nascarthegame.com/features","url_text":"\"Features \| NASCAR, The Game 2011\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101217221423/http://nascarthegame.com/features","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GameSpy: Activision Dates, Details NASCAR The Game 2011 – Page 1\". Ps3.gamespy.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2010-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://ps3.gamespy.com/playstation-3/nascar/1124554p1.html","url_text":"\"GameSpy: Activision Dates, Details NASCAR The Game 2011 – Page 1\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723115449/http://ps3.gamespy.com/playstation-3/nascar/1124554p1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NASCAR The Game: 2011\". Activision. Archived from the original on 2011-02-07. Retrieved 2010-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110207104322/http://www.activision.com/index.html#gamepage%7Cen_US%7cgameId:Nascarthegame2011&brandId:Nascar","url_text":"\"NASCAR The Game: 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.activision.com/index.html#gamepage%7Cen_US%7cgameId:Nascarthegame2011&brandId:Nascar","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Activision and Eutechnyx Announce NASCAR The Game 2011, The Electrifying Racing Experience fans have been waiting for \| Eutechnyx — Press and Marketing Portal\". Press.eutechnyx.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-15. Retrieved 2010-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://press.eutechnyx.com/releases/activision-and-eutechnyx-announce-nascar-the-game-2011-the-electrifying-racing-experience-f","url_text":"\"Activision and Eutechnyx Announce NASCAR The Game 2011, The Electrifying Racing Experience fans have been waiting for \| Eutechnyx — Press and Marketing Portal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101115175030/http://press.eutechnyx.com/releases/activision-and-eutechnyx-announce-nascar-the-game-2011-the-electrifying-racing-experience-f","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NASCAR The Game 2011 Officially Announced \| NASCAR, The Game 2011\". Nascarthegame.com. Archived from the original on 2011-01-02. Retrieved 2010-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://nascarthegame.com/news/nascar-game-2011-officially-announced","url_text":"\"NASCAR The Game 2011 Officially Announced \| NASCAR, The Game 2011\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110102134851/http://nascarthegame.com/news/nascar-game-2011-officially-announced","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New NASCAR Video Game Possibly In The Works For 2011\". Bleacher Report. 2010-06-24. Archived from the original on 2010-06-30. Retrieved 2010-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/411095-new-nascar-video-game-possibly-in-the-works-for-2011","url_text":"\"New NASCAR Video Game Possibly In The Works For 2011\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100630075532/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/411095-new-nascar-video-game-possibly-in-the-works-for-2011","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NASCAR The Game 2011 Announced for Next Generation Consoles\". Dreamstation.cc. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dreamstation.cc/news/news/nascar-the-game-2011-announced-for-next-generation-consoles","url_text":"\"NASCAR The Game 2011 Announced for Next Generation Consoles\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716154547/http://www.dreamstation.cc/news/news/nascar-the-game-2011-announced-for-next-generation-consoles","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Latest Screenshots \| NASCAR, The Game 2011\". Nascarthegame.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-18. Retrieved 2010-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://nascarthegame.com/media/screenshots","url_text":"\"Latest Screenshots \| NASCAR, The Game 2011\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101218172516/http://nascarthegame.com/media/screenshots","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Games Resources and Information\". nascarthegame.com. Archived from the original on 2021-07-17. Retrieved 2021-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://nascarthegame.com/news/ntg-2011-box-art-officially-released","url_text":"\"Games Resources and Information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717003749/http://nascarthegame.com/news/ntg-2011-box-art-officially-released","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Official delay game interview with Gregg Baker\". forums.eutechnyx.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2011-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://forums.eutechnyx.com/threads/5262-official-game-delay-interview-with-Gregg-Baker","url_text":"\"Official delay game interview with Gregg Baker\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110211162420/http://forums.eutechnyx.com/threads/5262-official-game-delay-interview-with-Gregg-Baker","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NASCAR 2011: The Game for Playstation 3\". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerankings.com/ps3/609592-nascar-2011-the-game/index.html","url_text":"\"NASCAR 2011: The Game for Playstation 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings","url_text":"GameRankings"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930063826/http://www.gamerankings.com/ps3/609592-nascar-2011-the-game/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NASCAR 2011: The Game for Xbox 360\". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 2011-08-31. Retrieved 2011-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerankings.com/xbox360/609593-nascar-2011-the-game/index.html","url_text":"\"NASCAR 2011: The Game for Xbox 360\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings","url_text":"GameRankings"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831185844/http://www.gamerankings.com/xbox360/609593-nascar-2011-the-game/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NASCAR 2011: The Game for Wii\". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 2011-09-17. Retrieved 2011-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerankings.com/wii/609594-nascar-2011-the-game/index.html","url_text":"\"NASCAR 2011: The Game for Wii\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings","url_text":"GameRankings"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110917152249/http://www.gamerankings.com/wii/609594-nascar-2011-the-game/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NASCAR 2011: The Game (PlayStation 3)\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2011-11-26. Retrieved 2011-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/nascar-2011-the-game/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3","url_text":"\"NASCAR 2011: The Game (PlayStation 3)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111126230237/http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/nascar-2011-the-game","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NASCAR 2011: The Game (Xbox 360)\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2011-08-28. Retrieved 2011-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/nascar-2011-the-game/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-360","url_text":"\"NASCAR 2011: The Game (Xbox 360)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110828123609/http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/nascar-2011-the-game","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NASCAR 2011: The Game (Wii)\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2011-09-26. Retrieved 2011-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/nascar-2011-the-game/critic-reviews/?platform=wii","url_text":"\"NASCAR 2011: The Game (Wii)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926002918/http://www.metacritic.com/game/wii/nascar-2011-the-game","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"VanOrd, Kevin (4 April 2011). \"NASCAR 2011: The Game Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/nascar-2011-the-game-review/1900-6306956/","url_text":"\"NASCAR 2011: The Game Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220215233640/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/nascar-2011-the-game-review/1900-6306956/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"VanOrd, Kevin (25 May 2011). \"NASCAR 2011: The Game Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/nascar-2011-the-game-review/1900-6315424/","url_text":"\"NASCAR 2011: The Game Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220215233641/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/nascar-2011-the-game-review/1900-6315424/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eykemans, Peter (7 April 2011). \"NASCAR The Game 2011 Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/04/07/nascar-the-game-2011-review-2","url_text":"\"NASCAR The Game 2011 Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220215233643/https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/04/07/nascar-the-game-2011-review-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eykemans, Peter (24 May 2011). \"NASCAR The Game 2011 Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/05/24/nascar-the-game-2011-review","url_text":"\"NASCAR The Game 2011 Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220215233641/https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/05/24/nascar-the-game-2011-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eykemans, Peter (7 April 2011). \"NASCAR The Game: 2011 review\". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/nascar-the-game-2011-review/","url_text":"\"NASCAR The Game: 2011 review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar","url_text":"GamesRadar"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220215233641/https://www.gamesradar.com/nascar-the-game-2011-review/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kato, Matthew (29 March 2011). \"NASCAR The Game 2011 Review\". 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Views/Day Quality Title Tagged with… 1,676 Legal drinking age (talk) Add sources 41 9th Summit of the Americas (talk) Add sources 298 Legal status of tattooing in European countries (talk) Add sources 2 Mount Ashland Ski Area Expansion (talk) Add sources 648 Old Christians Club (talk) Add sources 3,289 Vice President of the United States (talk) Add sources 436 Mike Dunleavy (politician) (talk) Cleanup 485 Latinx (talk) Cleanup 340 David Boies (talk) Cleanup 7,069 Criminal Minds (talk) Expand 524 High School Musical (franchise) (talk) Expand 1,961 Fairbanks, Alaska (talk) Expand 321 Media circus (talk) Unencyclopaedic 44 Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers (talk) Unencyclopaedic 204 Hospital volunteer (talk) Unencyclopaedic 21 Pro-Mark (talk) Merge 7 State Tax Service under the Ministry of the Economy (Azerbaijan) (talk) Merge 67 Nucleophilic acyl substitution (talk) Merge 196 Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine (talk) Wikify 4 Tobacco in Alabama (talk) Wikify 11 Nicole Baukus (talk) Wikify 2 Matilde Alvim (talk) Orphan 4 Artemisa Xakriabá (talk) Orphan 2 Aalt Stadhaus (talk) Orphan 6 Geologists' Association (talk) Stub 7 Jim Jordan (basketball) (talk) Stub 30 Loma Linda University Church (talk) Stub 23 Philip Wentworth (talk) Stub 6 Somerset Independent School District (talk) Stub 2 Cipriano Elis (talk) Stub SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. 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Views/Day Quality Title Tagged with… 239 Murder of Tammy Homolka (talk) Add sources 367 Surrogacy laws by country (talk) Add sources 8 81st Oregon Legislative Assembly (talk) Add sources 241 Zoltán Kodály (talk) Add sources 20 Canadian Youth for Choice (talk) Add sources 38 First Lady of Brazil (talk) Add sources 1,233 Madame Tussauds (talk) Cleanup 35 Jennie Tuttle Hobart (talk) Cleanup 138 Climate of Cyprus (talk) Cleanup 548 Kim Reynolds (talk) Expand 213 European Green Party (talk) Expand 660 Hold the Dark (talk) Expand 2,761 The Wendy Williams Show (talk) Unencyclopaedic 1,267 Mediterranean climate (talk) Unencyclopaedic 731 Louise Woodward case (talk) Unencyclopaedic 962 Asa Hutchinson (talk) Merge 1,842 Google Cloud Platform (talk) Merge 21 1985 Pacific hurricane season (talk) Merge 184 School-leaving age (talk) Wikify 28 Politics of the Northern Mariana Islands (talk) Wikify 29 International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International (talk) Wikify 2 Almargem (talk) Orphan 3 Ahmed Khan Bahadur (talk) Orphan 2 Aleksandr Shmurnov (talk) Orphan 1 Victorio Ruiz García (talk) Stub 2 Robert Brugère (talk) Stub 9 David Sokola (talk) Stub 6 Oregon Commissioner of Labor (talk) Stub 10 Executive Committee (Oregon Country) (talk) Stub 6 José Vicente García (talk) Stub SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. 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Views/Day Quality Title Tagged with… 451 Medford, Oregon (talk) Add sources 67 Cypripedium acaule (talk) Add sources 97 Japanese occupation of Guam (talk) Add sources 13 Hobby Club (talk) Add sources 200 P. B. S. Pinchback (talk) Add sources 15 Bethany School, Goudhurst (talk) Add sources 88 Tobacco in the United States (talk) Cleanup 12 Alamo Heights Independent School District (talk) Cleanup 245 Dungan people (talk) Cleanup 148 John Kitzhaber (talk) Expand 4,225 2024 Iranian legislative election (talk) Expand 633 Lac-Mégantic rail disaster (talk) Expand 202 The Power of Myth (talk) Unencyclopaedic 160 Acceptable use policy (talk) Unencyclopaedic 15 Atala T (talk) Unencyclopaedic 13 Parkland College (Saskatchewan) (talk) Merge 72 Anitta's anal tattoo (talk) Merge 3 Vector Meldrew (talk) Merge 1,107 Wrongful conviction of David Camm (talk) Wikify 142 Hadley Freeman (talk) Wikify 98 Thistle tortoise beetle (talk) Wikify 2 Iris Duquesne (talk) Orphan 4 Paloma Costa (talk) Orphan 11 SAFiYAA (talk) Orphan 2 François Favé (talk) Stub 2 André Van Vierst (talk) Stub 14 East Central Independent School District (talk) Stub 7 Gorilla Adventure (talk) Stub 53 Shimon Prokupecz (talk) Stub 203 Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man (talk) Stub SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. 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Previous selections: Community service • Economy of South America Get involved with the AFI project: Nominate an article • Review nominations Posted by: MusikBot talk 00:05, 11 March 2024 (UTC) using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of WikiProject AFI • Opt-out instructions Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have. Views/Day Quality Title Tagged with… 12 Global Youth Action Network (talk) Add sources 5,347 Arizona (talk) Add sources 482 The Boyz (South Korean band) (talk) Add sources 1,743 Catfishing (talk) Add sources 102 High School Musical on Stage! (talk) Add sources 8 John Hubert Hall (talk) Add sources 190 Future generations (talk) Cleanup 6,195 Jio (talk) Cleanup 31 Minyard Food Stores (talk) Cleanup 175 Dan McKee (talk) Expand 11 2020 Oregon elections (talk) Expand 98 Emmy-Winning Episode (talk) Expand 33 Jess Roden (talk) Unencyclopaedic 2,027 Monarchy (talk) Unencyclopaedic 88 Criminalization (talk) Unencyclopaedic 83 AT&T Internet (talk) Merge 83 TDS Telecom (talk) Merge 11 Free City Of Mainz (talk) Merge 66 Google Station (talk) Wikify 883 Legality of euthanasia (talk) Wikify 6 Georgia Shakespeare (talk) Wikify 2 Ahn Dong-eun (talk) Orphan 2 Agnikumar G. Vedeshwar (talk) Orphan 5 Children's Museum, Siri Fort (talk) Orphan 2 Gabriel Hargues (talk) Stub 2 Léopold Boisselle (talk) Stub 10 Suburban Secrets (talk) Stub 142 Arnold Palacios (talk) Stub 1 Sébastien Piccardo (talk) Stub 23 Leah Namugerwa (talk) Stub SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping! If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:24, 16 March 2024 (UTC) This week's article for improvement (week 13, 2024) File:Bucaram foto.pngAbdalá Bucaram Hello, CookieMonster755. The article for improvement of the week is: Abdalá Bucaram Please be bold and help improve it! Previous selections: Natural resource • Religious music Get involved with the AFI project: Nominate an article • Review nominations Posted by: MusikBot talk 00:05, 25 March 2024 (UTC) using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of WikiProject AFI • Opt-out instructions The Signpost: 29 March 2024 Technology report: Millions of readers still seeing broken pages as "temporary" disabling of graph extension nears its second year Interview: Interview on Wikimedia Foundation fundraising and finance strategy Special report: 19-page PDF accuses Wikipedia of bias against Israel, suggests editors be forced to reveal their real names, and demands a new feature allowing people to view the history of Wikipedia articles Op-Ed: Wikipedia in the age of personality-driven knowledge Recent research: "Newcomer Homepage" feature mostly fails to boost new editors News and notes: Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee Charter ratified In the media: "For me it’s the autism": AARoad editors on the fork more traveled Traffic report: He rules over everything, on the land called planet Dune Humour: Letters from the editors Comix: Layout issue * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:39, 29 March 2024 (UTC) This week's article for improvement (week 14, 2024) Gabin in The Little Rebels (1955) Hello, CookieMonster755. The article for improvement of the week is: Jean Gabin Please be bold and help improve it! Previous selections: Abdalá Bucaram • Natural resource Get involved with the AFI project: Nominate an article • Review nominations Posted by: MusikBot talk 00:05, 1 April 2024 (UTC) using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of WikiProject AFI • Opt-out instructions Precious anniversary PreciousNine years! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:37, 11 April 2024 (UTC) Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have. Views/Day Quality Title Tagged with… 49 Igor Cassini (talk) Add sources 86 L'Équipe (talk) Add sources 14 Ayakha Melithafa (talk) Add sources 11 Fort Sam Houston Independent School District (talk) Add sources 5 Randolph Field Independent School District (talk) Add sources 331 San Clemente, California (talk) Add sources 349 Georgia election racketeering prosecution (talk) Cleanup 5 Ted Mason (talk) Cleanup 18 Climate change and children (talk) Cleanup 140 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference (talk) Expand 470 Ned Lamont (talk) Expand 9,632 Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (talk) Expand 56 2002 United States gubernatorial elections (talk) Unencyclopaedic 127 Sealing (Mormonism) (talk) Unencyclopaedic 1,558 National identification number (talk) Unencyclopaedic 8,946 Murder of Dee Dee Blanchard (talk) Merge 320 CNN Philippines (talk) Merge 1,323 Eat Bulaga! (talk) Merge 26 Western tulku (talk) Wikify 6 Bizkaia–Durango (talk) Wikify 105 2020 United States Senate election in Michigan (talk) Wikify 3 Edi Demaj (talk) Orphan 22 Wisconsin Fast Plants (talk) Orphan 187 Prachi Shevgaonkar (talk) Orphan 7 Chad Christensen (Idaho politician) (talk) Stub 2 Fernand Fayolle (talk) Stub 3 John Jess (talk) Stub 7 Bruce Hanna (talk) Stub 14 Kate Lieber (talk) Stub 2 Gabriel Mascaró Febrer (talk) Stub SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping! If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:23, 14 April 2024 (UTC) This week's article for improvement (week 16, 2024) Hello, CookieMonster755. The article for improvement of the week is: Antarctic Please be bold and help improve it! Previous selections: Fire safety • Jean Gabin Get involved with the AFI project: Nominate an article • Review nominations Posted by: MusikBot talk 00:05, 15 April 2024 (UTC) using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of WikiProject AFI • Opt-out instructions Proposed deletion of Princess Michael (disambiguation) The article Princess Michael (disambiguation) has been proposed for deletion. The proposed deletion notice added to the article should explain why. While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons. You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page. Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. 2601:5CC:8300:A7F0:E877:6DB7:5E5F:8756 (talk) 23:05, 18 April 2024 (UTC) Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. 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Views/Day Quality Title Tagged with… 282 Legal status of tattooing in European countries (talk) Add sources 21 Stealing Time (talk) Add sources 2,298 2023 AFC Asian Cup (talk) Add sources 1,808 Legal drinking age (talk) Add sources 15,804 Ben Affleck (talk) Add sources 31 Tempe Butte (talk) Add sources 199 Media circus (talk) Cleanup 331 Redlands, California (talk) Cleanup 337 Mike Dunleavy (politician) (talk) Cleanup 1,033 Fairbanks, Alaska (talk) Expand 30 UK Youth Parliament (talk) Expand 17 Alyssa Monks (talk) Expand 5 2010 Kansas City Wizards season (talk) Unencyclopaedic 368 Legal status of ayahuasca by country (talk) Unencyclopaedic 669 Mormonism and polygamy (talk) Unencyclopaedic 2,400 MeToo movement (talk) Merge 7 Stomias boa boa (talk) Merge 9 Brachydectes (talk) Merge 21 Phoenix metropolitan area arterial roads (talk) Wikify 274 Dan Buettner (talk) Wikify 14 MPOWER tobacco control (talk) Wikify 4 Anil Suri (talk) Orphan 3 Akwa Ibom International Worship Center (talk) Orphan 6 Blackline Safety (talk) Orphan 1 Cipriano Elis (talk) Stub 21 Philip Wentworth (talk) Stub 16 Gary Richardson (lawyer) (talk) Stub 1 Henri Thomas (cyclist) (talk) Stub 7 Gray–Dort Motors (talk) Stub 14 Kap's Amazing Stories (talk) Stub SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. 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Previous selections: Antarctic • Fire safety Get involved with the AFI project: Nominate an article • Review nominations Posted by: MusikBot talk 00:05, 22 April 2024 (UTC) using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of WikiProject AFI • Opt-out instructions The Signpost: 25 April 2024 In the media: Censorship and wikiwashing looming over RuWiki, edit wars over San Francisco politics and another wikirace on live TV News and notes: A sigh of relief for open access as Italy makes a slight U-turn on their cultural heritage reproduction law WikiConference report: WikiConference North America 2023 in Toronto recap WikiProject report: WikiProject Newspapers (Not WP:NOTNEWS) Recent research: New survey of over 100,000 Wikipedia users Traffic report: O.J., cricket and a three body problem * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 11:47, 25 April 2024 (UTC) Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. 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Views/Day Quality Title Tagged with… 75 OpenDoc (talk) Add sources 1,642 Harlequin-type ichthyosis (talk) Add sources 328 Surrogacy laws by country (talk) Add sources 274 Murder of Tammy Homolka (talk) Add sources 677 Murder of Cassie Jo Stoddart (talk) Add sources 5 81st Oregon Legislative Assembly (talk) Add sources 102 Federal Work-Study Program (talk) Cleanup 541 Latinx (talk) Cleanup 57 Municipal broadband (talk) Cleanup 132 Race and ethnicity in the NHL (talk) Expand 10 South San Antonio Independent School District (talk) Expand 88 21st Century Cures Act (talk) Expand 285 The Wendy Williams Show (talk) Unencyclopaedic 60 Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers (talk) Unencyclopaedic 708 Louise Woodward case (talk) Unencyclopaedic 428 Asa Hutchinson (talk) Merge 147 LGBT music (talk) Merge 49 Center for Science in the Public Interest (talk) Merge 37 (Almost) Straight Outta Compton (talk) Wikify 38 Telexfree (talk) Wikify 497 Ola Rapace (talk) Wikify 2 Jocelyn Joe-Strack (talk) Orphan 3 Aleya Begum v. Lance Nayek Abul Kalam Azad (talk) Orphan 2 Battle of Utete (talk) Orphan 2 Victorio Ruiz García (talk) Stub 2 Robert Brugère (talk) Stub 2 Paulin Lanteri (talk) Stub 7 José Vicente García (talk) Stub 2 José Casas (cyclist) (talk) Stub 4 Susan McLain (talk) Stub SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping! If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:25, 28 April 2024 (UTC) This week's article for improvement (week 18, 2024) A crewed submersible used for underwater exploration Hello, CookieMonster755. The article for improvement of the week is: Exploration Please be bold and help improve it! Previous selections: Pool (cue sports) • Antarctic Get involved with the AFI project: Nominate an article • Review nominations Posted by: MusikBot talk 00:05, 29 April 2024 (UTC) using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of WikiProject AFI • Opt-out instructions Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have. Views/Day Quality Title Tagged with… 183 Mala Powers (talk) Add sources 439 Medford, Oregon (talk) Add sources 8 Canadian Youth for Choice (talk) Add sources 192 Cypripedium acaule (talk) Add sources 8 Post Register (talk) Add sources 646 Presumption of death (talk) Add sources 10 Alamo Heights Independent School District (talk) Cleanup 108 Tobacco in the United States (talk) Cleanup 681 Ages of consent in North America (talk) Cleanup 498 African-American culture (talk) Expand 166 David Ige (talk) Expand 4 Denmark–Venezuela relations (talk) Expand 1,487 Mediterranean climate (talk) Unencyclopaedic 260 Hospital volunteer (talk) Unencyclopaedic 161 The Power of Myth (talk) Unencyclopaedic 9 Parkland College (Saskatchewan) (talk) Merge 3 Committee of Vigilance (talk) Merge 24 2020 American Samoa presidential caucuses (talk) Merge 22 International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International (talk) Wikify 28 Timeline of Extinction Rebellion actions (talk) Wikify 259 Hadley Freeman (talk) Wikify 4 Paloma Costa (talk) Orphan 6 SAFiYAA (talk) Orphan 23 Carter Roy (talk) Orphan 9 East Central Independent School District (talk) Stub 8 Gorilla Adventure (talk) Stub 50 Hardwicke House (talk) Stub 5 Oregon Commissioner of Labor (talk) Stub 7 Jim Jordan (basketball) (talk) Stub 3 François Favé (talk) Stub SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping! If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:25, 5 May 2024 (UTC) This week's article for improvement (week 19, 2024) Papyriform columns in the Luxor Temple Hello, CookieMonster755. The article for improvement of the week is: Ancient Egyptian architecture Please be bold and help improve it! Previous selections: Exploration • Pool (cue sports) Get involved with the AFI project: Nominate an article • Review nominations Posted by: MusikBot talk 00:05, 6 May 2024 (UTC) using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of WikiProject AFI • Opt-out instructions Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have. Views/Day Quality Title Tagged with… 1,381 Murder of Laci Peterson (talk) Add sources 10 Global Youth Action Network (talk) Add sources 58 Juvenile law (talk) Add sources 9,597 Murder trial of O. J. Simpson (talk) Add sources 936 Danny Rolling (talk) Add sources 4,925 Arizona (talk) Add sources 1,116 Summer Walker (talk) Cleanup 153 Future generations (talk) Cleanup 27 Minyard Food Stores (talk) Cleanup 90 Contraceptive patch (talk) Expand 172 John Kitzhaber (talk) Expand 164 Regulation of electronic cigarettes (talk) Expand 28 Jess Roden (talk) Unencyclopaedic 78 Famous Footwear (talk) Unencyclopaedic 171 Acceptable use policy (talk) Unencyclopaedic 75 TDS Telecom (talk) Merge 216 Low-carbon economy (talk) Merge 3 Zhuliangomyces illinitus (talk) Merge 74 G.fast (talk) Wikify 44 Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement (talk) Wikify 793 Legality of euthanasia (talk) Wikify 3 Amanda Morris (talk) Orphan 3 Business intelligence deployment (talk) Orphan 2 Château Trompette (Vanxains) (talk) Orphan 108 Arnold Palacios (talk) Stub 18 Leah Namugerwa (talk) Stub 222 Shimon Prokupecz (talk) Stub 7 Suburban Secrets (talk) Stub 4 Somerset Independent School District (talk) Stub 1 Gabriel Hargues (talk) Stub SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping! If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:25, 12 May 2024 (UTC) This week's article for improvement (week 20, 2024) Hello, CookieMonster755. The article for improvement of the week is: Tax return Please be bold and help improve it! Previous selections: Ancient Egyptian architecture • Exploration Get involved with the AFI project: Nominate an article • Review nominations Posted by: MusikBot talk 00:05, 13 May 2024 (UTC) using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of WikiProject AFI • Opt-out instructions The Signpost: 16 May 2024 News and notes: Democracy in action: multiple elections Special report: Will the new RfA reform come to the rescue of administrators? Arbitration report: Ruined temples for posterity to ponder over – arbitration from '22 to '24 In the media: Deadnames on the French Wikipedia, and a duel between Russian wikis Op-Ed: Wikidata to split as sheer volume of information overloads infrastructure Comix: Generations Traffic report: Crawl out through the fallout, baby * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 10:57, 16 May 2024 (UTC) Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have. Views/Day Quality Title Tagged with… 28,384 Murder of Reena Virk (talk) Add sources 11 Ayakha Melithafa (talk) Add sources 6 Holly Gillibrand (talk) Add sources 93 L'Équipe (talk) Add sources 93 Igor Cassini (talk) Add sources 10 Fort Sam Houston Independent School District (talk) Add sources 19 Columbia River Crossing (talk) Cleanup 26 Climate change and children (talk) Cleanup 244,457 Indian Premier League (talk) Cleanup 296 Ned Lamont (talk) Expand 149 Dan McKee (talk) Expand 1,055 Lori Lightfoot (talk) Expand 8 Atala T (talk) Unencyclopaedic 553 Mesa, Arizona (talk) Unencyclopaedic 306 Claremont serial killings (talk) Unencyclopaedic 6 Parkland College (Canada) (talk) Merge 735 Eat Bulaga! (talk) Merge 374 Obstruction of justice (talk) Merge 8 Bizkaia–Durango (talk) Wikify 78 Pet cemetery (talk) Wikify 82 2020 United States Senate election in Michigan (talk) Wikify 5 Edi Demaj (talk) Orphan 49 Prachi Shevgaonkar (talk) Orphan 1 Chooral Adavi (talk) Orphan 4 John Jess (talk) Stub 2 Fernand Fayolle (talk) Stub 24 Loma Linda University Church (talk) Stub 6 Chad Christensen (Idaho politician) (talk) Stub 7 Bruce Hanna (talk) Stub 2 André Van Vierst (talk) Stub SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping! If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:23, 19 May 2024 (UTC) This week's article for improvement (week 21, 2024) Hello, CookieMonster755. The article for improvement of the week is: News program Please be bold and help improve it! Previous selections: Tax return • Ancient Egyptian architecture Get involved with the AFI project: Nominate an article • Review nominations Posted by: MusikBot talk 00:05, 20 May 2024 (UTC) using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of WikiProject AFI • Opt-out instructions Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. 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Views/Day Quality Title Tagged with… 1,631 Legal drinking age (talk) Add sources 27 Sugar City, Idaho (talk) Add sources 64 One-T (talk) Add sources 315 Legal status of tattooing in European countries (talk) Add sources 7 Randolph Field Independent School District (talk) Add sources 262 Dexter Gordon (talk) Add sources 36 Daddy DJ (talk) Cleanup 288 Mike Dunleavy (politician) (talk) Cleanup 32 Deezle (talk) Cleanup 170 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference (talk) Expand 424 Death Race 2050 (talk) Expand 60 UK Youth Parliament (talk) Expand 146 Media circus (talk) Unencyclopaedic 485 Angus Taylor (politician) (talk) Unencyclopaedic 423 Angel Moroni (talk) Unencyclopaedic 3,535 Murder of Dee Dee Blanchard (talk) Merge 2,469 MeToo movement (talk) Merge 12 Simosthenurus occidentalis (talk) Merge 21 MPOWER tobacco control (talk) Wikify 26 Phoenix metropolitan area arterial roads (talk) Wikify 275 Redlands, California (talk) Wikify 4 Amal al-Moallimi (talk) Orphan 5 Bura Brahmin (talk) Orphan 3 Arc Exploration (talk) Orphan 2 Cipriano Elis (talk) Stub 18 Gary Richardson (lawyer) (talk) Stub 15 Personal Affair (talk) Stub 27 Philip Wentworth (talk) Stub 3 Gabriel Mascaró Febrer (talk) Stub 5 Welcome to Lagos (TV series) (talk) Stub SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping! If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:24, 26 May 2024 (UTC) This week's article for improvement (week 22, 2024) Logo used from the 1990s until acquisition by Oracle Hello, CookieMonster755. The article for improvement of the week is: Sun Management Center Please be bold and help improve it! Previous selections: News program • Tax return Get involved with the AFI project: Nominate an article • Review nominations Posted by: MusikBot talk 00:05, 27 May 2024 (UTC) using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of WikiProject AFI • Opt-out instructions Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have. Views/Day Quality Title Tagged with… 257 Murder of Tammy Homolka (talk) Add sources 98 TV Guide (magazine) (talk) Add sources 664 Murder of Cassie Jo Stoddart (talk) Add sources 2,618 Grammy Awards (talk) Add sources 23 Stealing Time (talk) Add sources 22 Across to Singapore (talk) Add sources 47 (Almost) Straight Outta Compton (talk) Cleanup 76 Federal Work-Study Program (talk) Cleanup 90 Wendi Michelle Scott (talk) Cleanup 167 Plain tobacco packaging (talk) Expand 16 South San Antonio Independent School District (talk) Expand 21 Alyssa Monks (talk) Expand 212 The Wendy Williams Show (talk) Unencyclopaedic 850 Louise Woodward case (talk) Unencyclopaedic 510 Legal status of ayahuasca by country (talk) Unencyclopaedic 45 Korps landelijke politiediensten (talk) Merge 490 Asa Hutchinson (talk) Merge 84 Operation Marg Bar Sarmachar (talk) Merge 88 Telexfree (talk) Wikify 579 Ashley Graham (talk) Wikify 18 Earth jurisprudence (talk) Wikify 3 Jocelyn Joe-Strack (talk) Orphan 6 Blind photography (talk) Orphan 2 Batu Galing (talk) Orphan 16 Liza Anne (talk) Stub 150 Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man (talk) Stub 52 Ana Serradilla (talk) Stub 25 Ground Zero (band) (talk) Stub 99 Before I Let Go (talk) Stub 8 Connecticut Technical High School System (talk) Stub SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping! If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:28, 2 June 2024 (UTC) This week's article for improvement (week 23, 2024) Hello, CookieMonster755. The article for improvement of the week is: State of emergency Please be bold and help improve it! Previous selections: Sun Management Center • News program Get involved with the AFI project: Nominate an article • Review nominations Posted by: MusikBot talk 00:05, 3 June 2024 (UTC) using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of WikiProject AFI • Opt-out instructions The Signpost: 8 June 2024 News and notes: Wikimedia Foundation publishes its Form 990 for fiscal year 2022-2023 Technology report: New Page Patrol receives a much-needed software upgrade Deletion report: The lore of Kalloor In the media: National cable networks get in on the action arguing about what the first sentence of a Wikipedia article ought to say News from the WMF: Progress on the plan — how the Wikimedia Foundation advanced on its Annual Plan goals during the first half of fiscal year 2023-2024 Opinion: Public response to the editors of Settler Colonial Studies Recent research: ChatGPT did not kill Wikipedia, but might have reduced its growth Featured content: We didn't start the wiki Essay: No queerphobia Special report: RetractionBot is back to life! Traffic report: Chimps, Eurovision, and the return of the Baby Reindeer Comix: The Wikipediholic Family Humour: Wikipedia rattled by sophisticated cyberattack of schoolboy typing "balls" in infobox Concept: Palimpsestuous * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:25, 8 June 2024 (UTC) Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have. Views/Day Quality Title Tagged with… 389 Medford, Oregon (talk) Add sources 20,314 Ben Affleck (talk) Add sources 20 Fiber to the premises in the United States (talk) Add sources 6 NOVEM (talk) Add sources 165 Barbara McNair (talk) Add sources 7 Mannarkovil (talk) Add sources 71 Tobacco in the United States (talk) Cleanup 6 CenterMark Properties (talk) Cleanup 40 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (talk) Cleanup 418 African-American culture (talk) Expand 1,572 Harry Connick Jr. (talk) Expand 74 Smoking in Germany (talk) Expand 763 Endonym and exonym (talk) Unencyclopaedic 34 Italian exonyms (talk) Unencyclopaedic 3,303 Monarchy (talk) Unencyclopaedic 44 Parallel thinking (talk) Merge 170 Wildcard certificate (talk) Merge 24 Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Australian procurement (talk) Merge 31 Kimberly Pressler (talk) Wikify 26 Timeline of Extinction Rebellion actions (talk) Wikify 14 Nicole Baukus (talk) Wikify 5 Scott Martinez (talk) Orphan 6 Paloma Costa (talk) Orphan 6 SAFiYAA (talk) Orphan 12 Sue Chew (talk) Stub 7 José Vicente García (talk) Stub 3 Pilgrims Knob, Virginia (talk) Stub 8 Gilbert Thomas Burnett (talk) Stub 2 Victorio Ruiz García (talk) Stub 2 Robert Brugère (talk) Stub SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping! If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:25, 9 June 2024 (UTC) This week's article for improvement (week 24, 2024) Turkish lira banknote Hello, CookieMonster755. The article for improvement of the week is: National economy (Turkey) Please be bold and help improve it! Previous selections: State of emergency • Sun Management Center Get involved with the AFI project: Nominate an article • Review nominations Posted by: MusikBot talk 00:05, 10 June 2024 (UTC) using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of WikiProject AFI • Opt-out instructions This week's article for improvement (week 25, 2024) Field hockey stick and ball Hello, CookieMonster755. The article for improvement of the week is: Sports equipment Please be bold and help improve it! 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infobox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2024-06-08/Humour"},{"link_name":"Palimpsestuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2024-06-08/Concept"},{"link_name":"Read this Signpost in full","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost"},{"link_name":"Single-page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Single/2024-06-08"},{"link_name":"Unsubscribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Subscribe"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:CookieMonster755&action=edit&section=35"},{"link_name":"consult the 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contact me privately, please click here.Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping!If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:27, 20 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping!If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:24, 27 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping!If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:26, 3 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping!If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:29, 10 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping!If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:26, 17 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping!If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:35, 24 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping!If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:23, 2 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping!If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:48, 9 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]This week's article for improvement (week 11, 2024)[edit]Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping!If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:24, 16 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]This week's article for improvement (week 13, 2024)[edit]The Signpost: 29 March 2024[edit]Technology report: Millions of readers still seeing broken pages as \"temporary\" disabling of graph extension nears its second year\nInterview: Interview on Wikimedia Foundation fundraising and finance strategy\nSpecial report: 19-page PDF accuses Wikipedia of bias against Israel, suggests editors be forced to reveal their real names, and demands a new feature allowing people to view the history of Wikipedia articles\nOp-Ed: Wikipedia in the age of personality-driven knowledge\nRecent research: \"Newcomer Homepage\" feature mostly fails to boost new editors\nNews and notes: Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee Charter ratified\nIn the media: \"For me it’s the autism\": AARoad editors on the fork more traveled\nTraffic report: He rules over everything, on the land called planet Dune\nHumour: Letters from the editors\nComix: Layout issue * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:39, 29 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]This week's article for improvement (week 14, 2024)[edit]Precious anniversary[edit]--Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:37, 11 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping!If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:23, 14 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]This week's article for improvement (week 16, 2024)[edit]Proposed deletion of Princess Michael (disambiguation)[edit]The article Princess Michael (disambiguation) has been proposed for deletion. The proposed deletion notice added to the article should explain why.While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. 2601:5CC:8300:A7F0:E877:6DB7:5E5F:8756 (talk) 23:05, 18 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping!If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:23, 21 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]This week's article for improvement (week 17, 2024)[edit]The Signpost: 25 April 2024[edit]In the media: Censorship and wikiwashing looming over RuWiki, edit wars over San Francisco politics and another wikirace on live TV\nNews and notes: A sigh of relief for open access as Italy makes a slight U-turn on their cultural heritage reproduction law\nWikiConference report: WikiConference North America 2023 in Toronto recap\nWikiProject report: WikiProject Newspapers (Not WP:NOTNEWS)\nRecent research: New survey of over 100,000 Wikipedia users\nTraffic report: O.J., cricket and a three body problem * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 11:47, 25 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping!If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:25, 28 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]This week's article for improvement (week 18, 2024)[edit]Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping!If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:25, 5 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]This week's article for improvement (week 19, 2024)[edit]Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping!If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:25, 12 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]This week's article for improvement (week 20, 2024)[edit]The Signpost: 16 May 2024[edit]News and notes: Democracy in action: multiple elections\nSpecial report: Will the new RfA reform come to the rescue of administrators?\nArbitration report: Ruined temples for posterity to ponder over – arbitration from '22 to '24\nIn the media: Deadnames on the French Wikipedia, and a duel between Russian wikis\nOp-Ed: Wikidata to split as sheer volume of information overloads infrastructure\nComix: Generations\nTraffic report: Crawl out through the fallout, baby * Read this Signpost in full * Single-page * Unsubscribe * MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 10:57, 16 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. We appreciate that you have signed up to receive suggestions regularly; your contributions make Wikipedia better — thanks for helping!If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please let us know on SuggestBot's talk page. -- SuggestBot (talk) 11:23, 19 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]This week's article for improvement (week 21, 2024)[edit]Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot[edit]Note: All columns in this table are sortable, allowing you to rearrange the table so the articles most interesting to you are shown at the top. All images have mouse-over popups with more information. For more information about the columns and categories, please consult the documentation and please get in touch on SuggestBot's talk page with any questions you might have.SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gossip_Girl_episodes	List of Gossip Girl episodes	["1 Series overview","2 Episodes","2.1 Season 1 (2007–08)","2.2 Season 2 (2008–09)","2.3 Season 3 (2009–10)","2.4 Season 4 (2010–11)","2.5 Season 5 (2011–12)","2.6 Season 6 (2012)","2.7 Specials","3 Ratings","4 Webisodes","4.1 Chasing Dorota","5 References","6 External links"]	Gossip Girl is an American teen drama television series based on the young-adult book series of the same name written by Cecily von Ziegesar, and developed for television by The O.C. creators Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage. The series follows the lives of the young, wealthy, and social elite residing in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, and is narrated by an unseen and seemingly omniscient character, "Gossip Girl", whose blog is widely read among the characters. A total of 121 episodes of Gossip Girl were aired over six seasons, between September 19, 2007, and December 17, 2012. Series overview SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedAverage viewership(in millions)First airedLast aired118September 19, 2007 (2007-09-19)May 19, 2008 (2008-05-19)2.6225September 1, 2008 (2008-09-01)May 18, 2009 (2009-05-18)2.8322September 14, 2009 (2009-09-14)May 17, 2010 (2010-05-17)2.0422September 13, 2010 (2010-09-13)May 16, 2011 (2011-05-16)1.6524September 26, 2011 (2011-09-26)May 14, 2012 (2012-05-14)1.2610October 8, 2012 (2012-10-08)December 17, 2012 (2012-12-17)0.9 Episodes Season 1 (2007–08) Main article: Gossip Girl season 1 No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)11"Pilot"Mark PiznarskiTeleplay by : Josh Schwartz & Stephanie SavageSeptember 19, 2007 (2007-09-19)2760263.50 22"The Wild Brunch"Mark PiznarskiJosh Schwartz & Stephanie SavageSeptember 26, 2007 (2007-09-26)3T67512.48 33"Poison Ivy"J. Miller TobinFelicia D. HendersonOctober 3, 2007 (2007-10-03)3T67522.75 44"Bad News Blair"Patrick NorrisJoshua SafranOctober 10, 2007 (2007-10-10)3T67532.80 55"Dare Devil"Jamie BabbitLenn K. RosenfeldOctober 17, 2007 (2007-10-17)3T67542.41 66"The Handmaiden's Tale"Norman BuckleyJessica QuellerOctober 24, 2007 (2007-10-24)3T67552.54 77"Victor, Victrola"Tony WharmbyK.J. SteinbergNovember 7, 2007 (2007-11-07)3T67562.52 88"Seventeen Candles"Lee Shallat-ChemelTeleplay by : Joshua Safran & Felicia D. HendersonStory by : Felicia D. HendersonNovember 14, 2007 (2007-11-14)3T67572.95 99"Blair Waldorf Must Pie!"Mark PiznarskiTeleplay by : Jessica Queller & K.J. SteinbergStory by : Lenn K. RosenfeldNovember 28, 2007 (2007-11-28)3T67582.93 1010"Hi, Society"Patrick NorrisJoshua SafranDecember 5, 2007 (2007-12-05)3T67592.44 1111"Roman Holiday"Michael FieldsJessica QuellerDecember 19, 2007 (2007-12-19)3T67601.81 1212"School Lies"Tony WharmbyLenn K. RosenfeldJanuary 2, 2008 (2008-01-02)3T67612.19 1313"The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate"Norman BuckleyFelicia D. HendersonJanuary 9, 2008 (2008-01-09)3T67622.27 1414"The Blair Bitch Project"J. Miller TobinK.J. SteinbergApril 21, 2008 (2008-04-21)3T67632.50 1515"Desperately Seeking Serena"Michael FieldsFelicia D. HendersonApril 28, 2008 (2008-04-28)3T67642.53 1616"All About My Brother"Janice CookePaul SciarrottaMay 5, 2008 (2008-05-05)3T67652.12 1717"Woman on the Verge"Tony WharmbyJoshua SafranMay 12, 2008 (2008-05-12)3T67662.71 1818"Much 'I Do' About Nothing"Norman BuckleyJosh Schwartz & Stephanie SavageMay 19, 2008 (2008-05-19)3T67673.00 Season 2 (2008–09) Main article: Gossip Girl season 2 No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)191"Summer, Kind of Wonderful"J. Miller TobinJoshua SafranSeptember 1, 2008 (2008-09-01)3.43 202"Never Been Marcused"Michael FieldsStephanie SavageSeptember 8, 2008 (2008-09-08)3.25 213"The Dark Night"Janice CookeJohn StephensSeptember 15, 2008 (2008-09-15)3.73 224"The Ex Files"Jim McKayRobert HullSeptember 22, 2008 (2008-09-22)3.33 235"The Serena Also Rises"Patrick NorrisJessica QuellerSeptember 29, 2008 (2008-09-29)3.40 246"New Haven Can Wait"Norman BuckleyAlexandra McNally & Joshua SafranOctober 13, 2008 (2008-10-13)3.31 257"Chuck in Real Life"Tony WharmbyLenn K. RosenfeldOctober 20, 2008 (2008-10-20)3.03 268"Pret-a-Poor-J"Vondie Curtis-HallAmanda LasherOctober 27, 2008 (2008-10-27)3.05 279"There Might Be Blood"Michael FieldsEtan Frankel & John StephensNovember 3, 2008 (2008-11-03)3.16 2810"Bonfire of the Vanity"David Von AnckenJessica QuellerNovember 10, 2008 (2008-11-10)2.88 2911"The Magnificent Archibalds"Jean de SegonzacJoshua SafranNovember 17, 2008 (2008-11-17)2.89 3012"It's a Wonderful Lie"Patrick NorrisRobert HullDecember 1, 2008 (2008-12-01)3.11 3113"O Brother, Where Bart Thou?"Joe LazarovStephanie SavageDecember 8, 2008 (2008-12-08)2.99 3214"In the Realm of the Basses"Tony WharmbyJohn StephensJanuary 5, 2009 (2009-01-05)2.96 3315"Gone with the Will"Tricia BrockAmanda LasherJanuary 12, 2009 (2009-01-12)2.85 3416"You've Got Yale!"Janice CookeJoshua SafranJanuary 19, 2009 (2009-01-19)2.22 3517"Carrnal Knowledge"Elizabeth AllenAlexandra McNally & Lenn K. RosenfeldFebruary 2, 2009 (2009-02-02)2.31 3618"The Age of Dissonance"Norman BuckleyJessica QuellerMarch 16, 2009 (2009-03-16)2.33 3719"The Grandfather"J. Miller TobinRobert Hull & Etan FrankelMarch 23, 2009 (2009-03-23)2.25 3820"Remains of the J"Allison Liddi-BrownSarah Frank-MeltzerMarch 30, 2009 (2009-03-30)2.45 3921"Seder Anything"John StephensAmanda LasherApril 20, 2009 (2009-04-20)2.37 4022"Southern Gentlemen Prefer Blondes"Patrick NorrisLeila GersteinApril 27, 2009 (2009-04-27)1.97 4123"The Wrath of Con"Janice CookeSara GoodmanMay 4, 2009 (2009-05-04)2.22 4224"Valley Girls"Mark PiznarskiJosh Schwartz & Stephanie SavageMay 11, 2009 (2009-05-11)2.30 4325"The Goodbye Gossip Girl"Norman BuckleyJoshua SafranMay 18, 2009 (2009-05-18)2.23 Season 3 (2009–10) Main article: Gossip Girl season 3 No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)441"Reversals of Fortune"J. Miller TobinJoshua SafranSeptember 14, 2009 (2009-09-14)2.55 452"The Freshman"Norman BuckleyAmanda LasherSeptember 21, 2009 (2009-09-21)1.97 463"The Lost Boy"Jean de SegonzacRobert HullSeptember 28, 2009 (2009-09-28)2.36 474"Dan de Fleurette"Mark PiznarskiJohn StephensOctober 5, 2009 (2009-10-05)2.08 485"Rufus Getting Married"Ron FortunatoLeila GersteinOctober 12, 2009 (2009-10-12)2.36 496"Enough About Eve"John StephensJake CoburnOctober 19, 2009 (2009-10-19)1.98 507"How to Succeed in Bassness"Joe LazarovSara GoodmanOctober 26, 2009 (2009-10-26)2.31 518"The Grandfather: Part II"Mark PiznarskiLenn K. RosenfeldNovember 2, 2009 (2009-11-02)1.98 529"They Shoot Humphreys, Don't They?"Alison MacleanAmanda LasherNovember 9, 2009 (2009-11-09)2.37 5310"The Last Days of Disco Stick"Tony WharmbyLeila GersteinNovember 16, 2009 (2009-11-16)2.24 5411"The Treasure of Serena Madre"Mark PiznarskiRobert Hull & Joshua SafranNovember 30, 2009 (2009-11-30)2.23 5512"The Debarted"Jason EnslerStephanie SavageDecember 7, 2009 (2009-12-07)2.21 5613"The Hurt Locket"Tony WharmbySara GoodmanMarch 8, 2010 (2010 -03-08)1.74 5714"The Lady Vanished"Andrew McCarthyAmanda Lasher & Robert HullMarch 15, 2010 (2010-03-15)1.73 5815"The Sixteen Year Old Virgin"Wendey StanzlerLeila GersteinMarch 22, 2010 (2010-03-22)1.90 5916"The Empire Strikes Jack"Joe LazarovJake CoburnMarch 29, 2010 (2010-03-29)1.69 6017"Inglourious Bassterds"Jean de SegonzacLenn K. RosenfeldApril 5, 2010 (2010-04-05)1.74 6118"The Unblairable Lightness of Being"Janice Cooke-LeonardJeanne LeitenbergApril 12, 2010 (2010-04-12)1.86 6219"Dr. Estrangeloved"Darnell MartinRobert HullApril 26, 2010 (2010-04-26)2.05 6320"It’s a Dad, Dad, Dad World"Jeremiah ChechikAmanda LasherMay 3, 2010 (2010-05-03)1.74 6421"Ex-Husbands and Wives"Norman BuckleySara GoodmanMay 10, 2010 (2010-05-10)1.79 6522"Last Tango, Then Paris"J. Miller TobinJoshua Safran & Stephanie SavageMay 17, 2010 (2010-05-17)1.96 Season 4 (2010–11) Main article: Gossip Girl season 4 No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)661"Belles de Jour"Mark PiznarskiJoshua Safran & Stephanie SavageSeptember 13, 2010 (2010-09-13)1.83 672"Double Identity"Mark PiznarskiSara Goodman & Joshua SafranSeptember 20, 2010 (2010-09-20)1.84 683"The Undergraduates"Norman BuckleyAmanda LasherSeptember 27, 2010 (2010-09-27)1.78 694"Touch of Eva"Andrew McCarthyLeila GersteinOctober 4, 2010 (2010-10-04)2.00 705"Goodbye, Columbia"Jeremiah ChechikRobert HullOctober 11, 2010 (2010-10-11)1.78 716"Easy J"Lee Shallat-ChemelJake CoburnOctober 25, 2010 (2010-10-25)1.88 727"War at the Roses"Joe LazarovJessica QuellerNovember 1, 2010 (2010-11-01)1.82 738"Juliet Doesn't Live Here Anymore"Patrick NorrisJeanne LeitenbergNovember 8, 2010 (2010-11-08)1.78 749"The Witches of Bushwick"Ron FortunatoSara GoodmanNovember 15, 2010 (2010-11-15)1.69 7510"Gaslit"Tate DonovanRobert Hull & Joshua SafranNovember 29, 2010 (2010-11-29)1.96 7611"The Townie"Joe LazarovAmanda Lasher & Stephanie SavageDecember 6, 2010 (2010-12-06)2.06 7712"The Kids Are Not All Right"Allan KroekerKJ SteinbergJanuary 24, 2011 (2011-01-24)1.58 7813"Damien Darko"Jeremiah ChechikLeila GersteinJanuary 31, 2011 (2011-01-31)1.51 7914"Panic Roommate"Andrew McCarthyJake CoburnFebruary 7, 2011 (2011-02-07)1.62 8015"It-Girl Happened One Night"Bart WenrichAlex McNallyFebruary 14, 2011 (2011-02-14)1.32 8116"While You Weren't Sleeping"Norman BuckleySara GoodmanFebruary 21, 2011 (2011-02-21)1.57 8217"Empire of the Son"David WarrenRobert HullFebruary 28, 2011 (2011-02-28)1.39 8318"The Kids Stay in the Picture"J. Miller TobinJessica QuellerApril 18, 2011 (2011-04-18)1.43 8419"Petty in Pink"Liz FriedlanderAmanda LasherApril 25, 2011 (2011-04-25)1.55 8520"The Princesses and the Frog"Andrew McCarthyLeila GersteinMay 2, 2011 (2011-05-02)1.27 8621"Shattered Bass"Allison Liddi-BrownSara GoodmanMay 9, 2011 (2011-05-09)1.20 8722"The Wrong Goodbye"Patrick NorrisJoshua SafranMay 16, 2011 (2011-05-16)1.36 Season 5 (2011–12) Main article: Gossip Girl season 5 No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)881"Yes, Then Zero"Mark PiznarskiJoshua SafranSeptember 26, 2011 (2011-09-26)1.37 892"Beauty and the Feast"Mark PiznarskiSara GoodmanOctober 3, 2011 (2011-10-03)1.34 903"The Jewel of Denial"Larry ShawAmanda LasherOctober 10, 2011 (2011-10-10)1.27 914"Memoirs of an Invisible Dan"Tate DonovanAmy B. HarrisOctober 17, 2011 (2011-10-17)1.16 925"The Fasting and the Furious"Joe LazarovPeter ElkoffOctober 24, 2011 (2011-10-24)1.36 936"I Am Number Nine"Andy WolkJake CoburnNovember 7, 2011 (2011-11-07)1.26 947"The Big Sleep No More"Vince MisianoDan SteeleNovember 14, 2011 (2011-11-14)1.24 958"All the Pretty Sources"Cherie NowlanAustin WinsbergNovember 21, 2011 (2011-11-21)1.35 969"Rhodes to Perdition"Andrew McCarthyNatalie KrinskyNovember 28, 2011 (2011-11-28)1.32 9710"Riding in Town Cars with Boys"Vince MisianoAmanda LasherDecember 5, 2011 (2011-12-05)1.28 9811"The End of the Affair?"Michael GrossmanSara GoodmanJanuary 16, 2012 (2012-01-16)1.29 9912"Father and the Bride"Amy HeckerlingPeter ElkoffJanuary 23, 2012 (2012-01-23)1.11 10013"G.G."Mark PiznarskiJoshua SafranJanuary 30, 2012 (2012-01-30)1.39 10114"The Backup Dan"David WarrenMatt WhitneyFebruary 6, 2012 (2012-02-06)1.25 10215"Crazy, Cupid, Love"Matt PennAustin WinsbergFebruary 13, 2012 (2012-02-13)1.13 10316"Cross Rhodes"John TerleskyAmy B. HarrisFebruary 20, 2012 (2012-02-20)1.00 10417"The Princess Dowry"Andrew McCarthyJake CoburnFebruary 27, 2012 (2012-02-27)1.11 10518"Con Heir"Joe LazarovAnnemarie Navar-GillApril 2, 2012 (2012-04-02)0.97 10619"It Girl, Interrupted"Omar MadhaAmanda LasherApril 9, 2012 (2012-04-09)0.98 10720"Salon of the Dead"Norman BuckleyNatalie KrinskyApril 16, 2012 (2012-04-16)1.06 10821"Despicable B"David WarrenAustin WinsbergApril 23, 2012 (2012-04-23)0.99 10922"Raiders of the Lost Art"Bart WenrichJake CoburnApril 30, 2012 (2012-04-30)1.02 11023"The Fugitives"Andy WolkMatt WhitneyMay 7, 2012 (2012-05-07)0.83 11124"The Return of the Ring"J. Miller TobinSara GoodmanMay 14, 2012 (2012-05-14)1.14 Season 6 (2012) Main article: Gossip Girl season 6 No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)1121"Gone Maybe Gone"Mark PiznarskiJosh Schwartz & Stephanie SavageOctober 8, 2012 (2012-10-08)0.78 1132"High Infidelity"Joe LazarovAnnemarie Navar-GillOctober 15, 2012 (2012-10-15)0.78 1143"Dirty Rotten Scandals"Bart WenrichNatalie KrinskyOctober 22, 2012 (2012-10-22)0.95 1154"Portrait of a Lady Alexander"Andy WolkMatt WhitneyNovember 5, 2012 (2012-11-05)0.66 1165"Monstrous Ball"Amy HeckerlingSara GoodmanNovember 12, 2012 (2012-11-12)0.73 1176"Where the Vile Things Are"Norman BuckleyDan SteeleNovember 19, 2012 (2012-11-19)0.72 1187"Save the Last Chance"Anna MastroJessica QuellerNovember 26, 2012 (2012-11-26)0.84 1198"It's Really Complicated"John StephensJake CoburnDecember 3, 2012 (2012-12-03)0.79 1209"The Revengers"Patrick NorrisSara Goodman & Natalie KrinskyDecember 10, 2012 (2012-12-10)1.06 12110"New York, I Love You XOXO"Mark PiznarskiStephanie SavageDecember 17, 2012 (2012-12-17)1.55 Specials One special episode, not part of the official continuity, was produced to complement the first season and was broadcast on The CW on January 28, 2008. A retrospective of the entire series aired on December 17, 2012, before the series finale. Specialno. Title Directed by Original air date Productioncode U.S. viewers(in millions) 1"Gossip Girl: Revealed"Stephanie SavageJanuary 28, 2008 (2008-01-28)S011.72 2"Gossip Girl: XOXO"Stephanie SavageDecember 17, 2012 (2012-12-17)S061.28 Ratings Gossip Girl : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.SeasonEpisode numberAverage1234567891011121314151617181920212223242513.502.482.752.802.412.542.522.952.932.441.812.192.272.502.532.122.713.00–2.5823.433.253.733.333.403.313.033.053.162.882.893.112.992.962.852.222.312.332.252.452.371.972.222.302.232.8032.551.972.362.082.361.982.311.982.372.242.232.211.741.731.901.691.741.862.051.741.791.96–2.0441.831.841.782.001.781.881.821.781.691.962.061.581.511.621.321.571.391.431.551.271.201.36–1.6551.371.341.271.161.361.261.241.351.321.281.291.111.391.251.131.001.110.970.981.060.991.020.831.14–1.1860.780.780.950.660.730.720.840.791.061.55–0.89Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research Webisodes Chasing Dorota The CW aired six mini-webisodes centering on Dorota, the Waldorf's housekeeper. No. inseries No. inseason Title Directed by Written by Original air date 11"Episode 1"Bart WenrichJeanne LeitenbergApril 20, 2009 (2009-04-20) 22"Episode 2"Bart WenrichJeanne LeitenbergApril 20, 2009 (2009-04-20) 33"Episode 3"Bart WenrichJeanne LeitenbergApril 20, 2009 (2009-04-20) 44"Episode 4"Bart WenrichJeanne LeitenbergApril 20, 2009 (2009-04-20) 55"Episode 5"Bart WenrichJeanne LeitenbergApril 20, 2009 (2009-04-20) 66"Episode 6"Bart WenrichJeanne LeitenbergApril 20, 2009 (2009-04-20) References ^ "Season Program Rankings from 09/24/07 through 05/25/08". ABC Medianet. May 28, 2008. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved 2009-07-03. ^ "Season Program Rankings from 09/22/08 through 05/17/09". ABC Medianet. May 19, 2009. Archived from the original on June 23, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-03. ^ "Deadline.com: Full Series Rankings for The 2009-2010 Broadcast Season". Deadline.com. May 27, 2010. ^ Gorman, Bill (June 13, 2011). "'Modern Family' Tops DVR Ratings Gain For The 2010–11 Season; 'Fringe' Has Biggest % Increase By DVR". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2011. ^ "Gossip Girl: Ratings for the 2011-12 TV Season". TV Series Finale. May 15, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012. ^ "Gossip Girl: Season Six Ratings". TV Series Finale. December 19, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2013. ^ "Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday, September 26, 2007". Your Entertainment Now. September 27, 2007. ^ "Weekly Program Rankings". ABC Medianet. October 2, 2007. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2009. ^ "Weekly Program Rankings". ABC Medianet. October 9, 2007. Archived from the original on February 18, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2009. ^ "Weekly Program Rankings". ABC Medianet. October 16, 2007. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2009. ^ "Weekly Program Rankings". ABC Medianet. October 23, 2007. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009. ^ "Weekly Program Rankings". ABC Medianet. October 30, 2007. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009. ^ "Weekly Program Rankings". ABC Medianet. November 13, 2007. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009. ^ "Weekly Program Rankings". ABC Medianet. November 20, 2007. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009. ^ "Weekly Program Rankings". ABC Medianet. December 4, 2007. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009. ^ "Weekly Program Rankings". ABC Medianet. December 11, 2007. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009. ^ Bill Gorman (January 2, 2008). "Top CW Primetime Shows, December 17–23". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 3, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2009. ^ "Weekly Program Rankings". ABC Medianet. January 8, 2008. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. 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External links vteGossip Girl Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series Television series Gossip Girl (2007) Gossip Girl (2021) Gossip Girl: Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl Indonesia Gossip Girl: Thailand Little Secrets EpisodesSeason 1 "Pilot" "The Wild Brunch" "Hi, Society" "The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate" "Desperately Seeking Serena" "All About My Brother" "Much 'I Do' About Nothing" Season 2 "Summer, Kind of Wonderful" "Never Been Marcused" "The Dark Night" "The Ex Files" "The Serena Also Rises" "Seder Anything" "Valley Girls" "The Goodbye Gossip Girl" Season 3 "Reversals of Fortune" "The Freshman" "The Lost Boy" "Enough About Eve" "They Shoot Humphreys, Don't They?" "The Last Days of Disco Stick" "The Debarted" "The Hurt Locket" "Last Tango, Then Paris" Season 4 "Belles de Jour" "Double Identity" "The Undergraduates" "Touch of Eva" "Easy J" "Gaslit" "The Townie" "Petty in Pink" "The Princesses and the Frog" "The Wrong Goodbye" Season 5 "Yes, Then Zero" "All the Pretty Sources" "Rhodes to Perdition" "Riding in Town Cars with Boys" "The End of the Affair?" "Father and the Bride" "G.G." "The Backup Dan" Season 6 "Gone Maybe Gone" "New York, I Love You XOXO" Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related OMFGG – Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gossip_Girl_(2007)_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Gossip Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_Girl"},{"link_name":"book series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_Girl_(novel_series)"},{"link_name":"Cecily von Ziegesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecily_von_Ziegesar"},{"link_name":"The O.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O.C."},{"link_name":"Josh Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Savage"},{"link_name":"Upper East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_East_Side"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Gossip Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_Girl"}],"text":"Gossip Girl is an American teen drama television series based on the young-adult book series of the same name written by Cecily von Ziegesar, and developed for television by The O.C. creators Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage. The series follows the lives of the young, wealthy, and social elite residing in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, and is narrated by an unseen and seemingly omniscient character, \"Gossip Girl\", whose blog is widely read among the characters.A total of 121 episodes of Gossip Girl were aired over six seasons, between September 19, 2007, and December 17, 2012.","title":"List of Gossip Girl episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(2007%E2%80%9308)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-season1-1"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(2008%E2%80%9309)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-season2-2"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_3_(2009%E2%80%9310)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-season3-3"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_4_(2010%E2%80%9311)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season_av-4"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_5_(2011%E2%80%9312)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season_5-5"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_6_(2012)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season_6-6"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedAverage viewership(in millions)First airedLast aired118September 19, 2007 (2007-09-19)May 19, 2008 (2008-05-19)2.6[1]225September 1, 2008 (2008-09-01)May 18, 2009 (2009-05-18)2.8[2]322September 14, 2009 (2009-09-14)May 17, 2010 (2010-05-17)2.0[3]422September 13, 2010 (2010-09-13)May 16, 2011 (2011-05-16)1.6[4]524September 26, 2011 (2011-09-26)May 14, 2012 (2012-05-14)1.2[5]610October 8, 2012 (2012-10-08)December 17, 2012 (2012-12-17)0.9[6]","title":"Series overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2007–08)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2008–09)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 3 (2009–10)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 4 (2010–11)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 5 (2011–12)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 6 (2012)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"special episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_special"},{"link_name":"continuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_Girl_(season_1)"}],"sub_title":"Specials","text":"One special episode, not part of the official continuity, was produced to complement the first season and was broadcast on The CW on January 28, 2008. A retrospective of the entire series aired on December 17, 2012, before the series finale.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"},{"link_name":"Nielsen Media Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Gossip Girl : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.SeasonEpisode numberAverage1234567891011121314151617181920212223242513.502.482.752.802.412.542.522.952.932.441.812.192.272.502.532.122.713.00–2.5823.433.253.733.333.403.313.033.053.162.882.893.112.992.962.852.222.312.332.252.452.371.972.222.302.232.8032.551.972.362.082.361.982.311.982.372.242.232.211.741.731.901.691.741.862.051.741.791.96–2.0441.831.841.782.001.781.881.821.781.691.962.061.581.511.621.321.571.391.431.551.271.201.36–1.6551.371.341.271.161.361.261.241.351.321.281.291.111.391.251.131.001.110.970.981.060.991.020.831.14–1.1860.780.780.950.660.730.720.840.791.061.55–0.89Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research[citation needed]","title":"Ratings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Webisodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"webisodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webisode"},{"link_name":"Dorota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gossip_Girl_characters#Other_characters"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"}],"sub_title":"Chasing Dorota","text":"The CW aired six mini-webisodes centering on Dorota, the Waldorf's housekeeper.[128]","title":"Webisodes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gossip_Girl_%282007%29_logo.svg/220px-Gossip_Girl_%282007%29_logo.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Season Program Rankings from 09/24/07 through 05/25/08\". 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Retrieved September 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101001090804/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/09/28/monday-finals-castle-adjusted-down-chuck-rules-hawaii-five-0-90210-adjusted-up/65667","url_text":"\"Monday Finals: Castle Adjusted Down; Chuck, Rules, Hawaii Five-0, 90210 Adjusted Up\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/09/28/monday-finals-castle-adjusted-down-chuck-rules-hawaii-five-0-90210-adjusted-up/65667","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seidman, Robert (October 5, 2010). \"Monday Finals: Castle, Lie to Me, 90210 Adjusted Down; How I Met Your Mother, Mike & Molly, Adjusted Up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 7, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007061153/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/10/05/monday-finals-castle-lie-to-me-90210-adjusted-down-how-i-met-your-mother-mike-molly-adjusted-up/66826","url_text":"\"Monday Finals: Castle, Lie to Me, 90210 Adjusted Down; How I Met Your Mother, Mike & Molly, Adjusted Up\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/10/05/monday-finals-castle-lie-to-me-90210-adjusted-down-how-i-met-your-mother-mike-molly-adjusted-up/66826","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Bill (October 12, 2010). \"Monday Finals: Castle, Dancing Adjusted Down; How I Met Your Mother, Two And A Half Men, 90210 Adjusted Up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 14, 2010. Retrieved October 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101014012609/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/10/12/monday-finals-castle-dancing-adjusted-down-how-i-met-your-mother-two-and-a-half-men-90210-adjusted-up/67758","url_text":"\"Monday Finals: Castle, Dancing Adjusted Down; How I Met Your Mother, Two And A Half Men, 90210 Adjusted Up\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/10/12/monday-finals-castle-dancing-adjusted-down-how-i-met-your-mother-two-and-a-half-men-90210-adjusted-up/67758","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Bill (October 26, 2010). \"Monday Finals: Castle Adjusted Down, Still Beats Five-0; Dancing, Rules, Men, Mike & Molly, Lie, 90210 Adjusted Up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. 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Retrieved November 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101106102550/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/11/02/monday-finals-castle-adjusted-down-slightly-chuck-holds/70604","url_text":"\"Monday Finals: Castle Adjusted Down Slightly; Chuck Holds\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/11/02/monday-finals-castle-adjusted-down-slightly-chuck-holds/70604","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Bill (November 9, 2010). \"Monday Finals: Dancing, Castle, Mike & Molly, Rules, Men Adjusted Down; Lauer GWB Interview, 90210 Up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 14, 2010. Retrieved 2017-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101114060302/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/11/09/monday-finals-dancing-castle-mike-lauer-gwb-interview-90210-up/71452","url_text":"\"Monday Finals: Dancing, Castle, Mike & Molly, Rules, Men Adjusted Down; Lauer GWB Interview, 90210 Up\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/11/09/monday-finals-dancing-castle-mike-lauer-gwb-interview-90210-up/71452","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seidman, Robert (November 16, 2010). \"Monday Finals: Mike & Molly, Lie to Me Adjusted Down; How I Met Your Mother Up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010. Retrieved November 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101118235819/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/11/16/monday-finals-mike-how-i-met-your-mother-up/72354","url_text":"\"Monday Finals: Mike & Molly, Lie to Me Adjusted Down; How I Met Your Mother Up\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/11/16/monday-finals-mike-how-i-met-your-mother-up/72354","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Bill (December 1, 2010). \"Monday Finals: No Change forChuckOr Any Other Original Episodes\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved December 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101204093455/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/12/01/monday-finals-no-change-for-chuck-or-any-other-original-episodes/73957","url_text":"\"Monday Finals: No Change forChuckOr Any Other Original Episodes\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/12/01/monday-finals-no-change-for-chuck-or-any-other-original-episodes/73957","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Bill (December 7, 2010). \"Monday Final Ratings: 'Hawaii Five-0,' '90210,' '2.5 Men' Adjusted Up; 'Skating With The Stars,' 'Castle' Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 10, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101210114417/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/12/07/monday-final-ratings-hawaii-five-0-90210-adjusted-up-skating-with-the-stars-castle-2-5-men-down/74654","url_text":"\"Monday Final Ratings: 'Hawaii Five-0,' '90210,' '2.5 Men' Adjusted Up; 'Skating With The Stars,' 'Castle' Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/12/07/monday-final-ratings-hawaii-five-0-90210-adjusted-up-skating-with-the-stars-castle-2-5-men-down/74654","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seidman, Robert (January 25, 2011). \"Monday Final Ratings: 'Chuck' Drops, But Only a Little; No Change for 'Lie To Me' or 'Castle'\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 28, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110128184628/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/01/25/monday-final-ratings-chuck-drops-but-only-a-little-no-change-for-lie-to-me-or-castle/80140#comment-741652","url_text":"\"Monday Final Ratings: 'Chuck' Drops, But Only a Little; No Change for 'Lie To Me' or 'Castle'\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/01/25/monday-final-ratings-chuck-drops-but-only-a-little-no-change-for-lie-to-me-or-castle/80140#comment-741652","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Bill (February 1, 2011). \"Monday Final Ratings: No Adjustments For 'Chuck,' 'Lie To Me,' 'The Cape' Or Any Other Original Episodes\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110202041736/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/01/monday-final-ratings-no-adjustments-for-chuck-lie-to-me-the-cape-or-any-other-original-episodes/81041","url_text":"\"Monday Final Ratings: No Adjustments For 'Chuck,' 'Lie To Me,' 'The Cape' Or Any Other Original Episodes\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/01/monday-final-ratings-no-adjustments-for-chuck-lie-to-me-the-cape-or-any-other-original-episodes/81041","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seidman, Robert (February 8, 2011). \"Monday Finals: No Ratings Adjustments For 'Chuck' or 'The Chicago Code'; 'Mike & Molly' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 10, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110210044852/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/08/monday-finals-no-ratings-adjustments-for-chuck-or-the-chicago-code-mike-molly-adjusted-down/81987","url_text":"\"Monday Finals: No Ratings Adjustments For 'Chuck' or 'The Chicago Code'; 'Mike & Molly' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/08/monday-finals-no-ratings-adjustments-for-chuck-or-the-chicago-code-mike-molly-adjusted-down/81987","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Bill (February 15, 2011). \"Monday Final Ratings: No 18-49 Adjustments For 'Mad Love,' 'Chuck' Or Any Other Shows\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110217020500/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/15/monday-finals-no-ratings-adjustments-for-mad-love-chuck-or-any-other-shows/82848","url_text":"\"Monday Final Ratings: No 18-49 Adjustments For 'Mad Love,' 'Chuck' Or Any Other Shows\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/15/monday-finals-no-ratings-adjustments-for-mad-love-chuck-or-any-other-shows/82848","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seidman, Robert (February 23, 2011). \"Monday Final Ratings: 'The Bachelor' and 'Hawaii Five-0' Adjusted Up; No Adjustment for 'Chuck'\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 26, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110226164337/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/23/monday-final-ratings-the-bachelor-and-hawaii-five-0-adjusted-up-no-adjustment-for-chuck/83525","url_text":"\"Monday Final Ratings: 'The Bachelor' and 'Hawaii Five-0' Adjusted Up; No Adjustment for 'Chuck'\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/23/monday-final-ratings-the-bachelor-and-hawaii-five-0-adjusted-up-no-adjustment-for-chuck/83525","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Bill (March 1, 2011). \"Monday Final Ratings: 'The Bachelor,' 'The Cape' Adjusted Up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 3, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110303105818/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/03/01/monday-final-ratings-the-bachelor-the-cape-adjusted-up/84095","url_text":"\"Monday Final Ratings: 'The Bachelor,' 'The Cape' Adjusted Up\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/03/01/monday-final-ratings-the-bachelor-the-cape-adjusted-up/84095","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seidman, Robert (April 19, 2011). \"Monday Final Ratings: 'The Chicago Code,' 'Cougar Town,' 'Gossip Girl' Adjusted Down; 'Mike & Molly,' 'Mad Love,' 'Hawaii Five-0,' 'DWTS' Adjusted Up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 23, 2011. 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Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110429171702/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/04/26/monday-final-ratings-dancing-with-the-stars-adjusted-up/90563","url_text":"\"Monday Final Ratings: 'Dancing With The Stars' Adjusted Up\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/04/26/monday-final-ratings-dancing-with-the-stars-adjusted-up/90563","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seidman, Robert (May 3, 2011). \"Monday Final Ratings: 'Dancing With The Stars,' 'How I Met Your Mother,' 'Mike & Molly,' 'Hawaii Five-0' Adjusted Up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 6, 2011. 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Archived from the original on May 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110512045220/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/05/10/monday-final-ratings-chuck-dancing-house-mother-mad-love-mike-molly-adjusted-up/92056/","url_text":"\"Monday Final Ratings: 'Chuck,' 'Dancing,' 'House,' 'Mother,' 'Mad Love,' 'Mike & Molly' Adjusted Up\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/05/10/monday-final-ratings-chuck-dancing-house-mother-mad-love-mike-molly-adjusted-up/92056/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seidman, Robert (May 18, 2011). \"Monday Final Ratings: 'Dancing,' 'Hawaii Five-0,' 'How I Met Your Mother,' 'Mad Love,' 'Mike & Molly' Adjusted Up; 'The Chicago Code' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. 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Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006150050/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/04/monday-broadcast-final-ratings-terra-nova-2-5-men-castle-adjusted-down/106073/","url_text":"\"Monday Broadcast Final Ratings: 'Terra Nova,' '2.5 Men,' '2 Broke Girls' Adjusted Up; 'Castle' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/04/monday-broadcast-final-ratings-terra-nova-2-5-men-castle-adjusted-down/106073/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Bill (October 11, 2011). \"Monday Final Ratings: 'Terra Nova,' 'House,' Unscrambled; 'Mother,' 'Sing Off,' 'Broke Girls,' '2.5 Men,' 'Hawaii 5-0' Adjusted Up; 'Dancing,' 'Castle,' 'Mike & Molly' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 13, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111013020709/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/11/monday-final-ratings-terra-nova-house-unscrambled-mother-sing-off-broke-girls-2-5-men-hawaii-5-0-adjusted-up-dancing-castle-mike-molly-adjusted-dow/106758/","url_text":"\"Monday Final Ratings: 'Terra Nova,' 'House,' Unscrambled; 'Mother,' 'Sing Off,' 'Broke Girls,' '2.5 Men,' 'Hawaii 5-0' Adjusted Up; 'Dancing,' 'Castle,' 'Mike & Molly' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/11/monday-final-ratings-terra-nova-house-unscrambled-mother-sing-off-broke-girls-2-5-men-hawaii-5-0-adjusted-up-dancing-castle-mike-molly-adjusted-dow/106758/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seidman, Robert (October 18, 2011). \"TV Monday Final Ratings: 'Terra Nova,' 'HIMYM,' '2 Broke Girls,' '2.5 Men,' Adjusted Up; 'Castle,' 'Hart of Dixie' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011. 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Retrieved October 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111027163216/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/25/monday-final-ratings-world-series-game-5-draws-14-3-million-dancing-gossip-girl-adjusted-up-castle-2-broke-girls-2-5-men-mike-molly-hawaii-five-0-adjusted-down/108357/","url_text":"\"Monday Final Ratings: World Series Game 5 Draws 14.3 Million; 'Dancing,' 'Gossip Girl' Adjusted Up; 'Castle,' '2 Broke Girls,' '2.5 Men,' 'Mike & Molly,' 'Hawaii Five-0' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/25/monday-final-ratings-world-series-game-5-draws-14-3-million-dancing-gossip-girl-adjusted-up-castle-2-broke-girls-2-5-men-mike-molly-hawaii-five-0-adjusted-down/108357/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seidman, Robert (November 8, 2011). \"Monday Final Ratings: '2 Broke Girls,' '2.5 Men,' 'Hawaii Five-0,' 'House,' 'DWTS' 'The Sing Off' Adjusted Up; 'Castle Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved November 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111111023202/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/11/08/monday-final-ratings-2-broke-girls-2-5-men-hawaii-five-0-house-dwts-the-sing-off-adjusted-up-castle-adjusted-down/110007/","url_text":"\"Monday Final Ratings: '2 Broke Girls,' '2.5 Men,' 'Hawaii Five-0,' 'House,' 'DWTS' 'The Sing Off' Adjusted Up; 'Castle Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/11/08/monday-final-ratings-2-broke-girls-2-5-men-hawaii-five-0-house-dwts-the-sing-off-adjusted-up-castle-adjusted-down/110007/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Bill (November 15, 2011). \"Monday Final Ratings: 'Two And A Half Men,' 'How I Met Your Mother,' 'Hart Of Dixie' Adjusted Up, 'Dancing,' 'Sing Off,' 'Rock Center,' '20/20' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. 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TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121018190139/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/10/16/monday-final-ratings-2-broke-girls-hawaii-five-0-adjusted-up-revolution-adjusted-down-plus-final-baseball-numbers/153156/","url_text":"\"Monday Final Ratings: '2 Broke Girls', 'Hawaii Five-0' Adjusted Up; 'Revolution' Adjusted Down Plus Final Baseball Numbers\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/10/16/monday-final-ratings-2-broke-girls-hawaii-five-0-adjusted-up-revolution-adjusted-down-plus-final-baseball-numbers/153156/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (October 23, 2012). \"Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice' & MLB Baseball Adjusted up; No Adjustment for '90210' or 'Dancing With the Stars' + Final Debate Analysis Numbers\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araguatins	Araguatins	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 5°39′3″S 48°7′26″W / 5.65083°S 48.12389°W / -5.65083; -48.12389Municipality in North, BrazilAraguatinsMunicipality FlagLocation in Tocantins stateAraguatinsLocation in BrazilCoordinates: 5°39′3″S 48°7′26″W / 5.65083°S 48.12389°W / -5.65083; -48.12389CountryBrazilRegionNorthStateTocantinsFoundedJune 9, 1868 (as name for São Vincente do Araguaia, current name changed from 1943)Government • MayorClaudio Carneiro Santana (PMDB)Area • Total2,627.28 km2 (1,014.40 sq mi)Elevation103 m (338 ft)Population (2020 ) • Total36,170 • Density14/km2 (36/sq mi)Time zoneUTC−3 (BRT) Araguatins is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Tocantins. Its population was 36,170 (2020) and its area is 2,625 km2. References ^ "IBGE 2020". Retrieved 26 January 2021. ^ IBGE - vte Municipalities of TocantinsCapital: PalmasMesoregion OcidentalAraguaina Aragominas Araguaína Araguanã Arapoema Babaçulândia Bandeirantes do Tocantins Carmolândia Colinas do Tocantins Filadélfia Muricilândia Nova Olinda Palmeirante Pau d'Arco Piraquê Santa Fé do Araguaia Wanderlândia Xambioá Bico do Papagaio Aguiarnópolis Ananás Angico Araguatins Augustinópolis Axixá do Tocantins Buriti do Tocantins Cachoeirinha Carrasco Bonito Darcinópolis Esperantina Itaguatins Luzinópolis Maurilândia do Tocantins Nazaré Palmeiras do Tocantins Praia Norte Riachinho Sampaio Santa Terezinha do Tocantins São Bento do Tocantins São Miguel do Tocantins São Sebastião do Tocantins Sítio Novo do Tocantins Tocantinópolis Gurupi Aliança do Tocantins Alvorada Brejinho de Nazaré Cariri do Tocantins Crixás do Tocantins Figueirópolis Gurupi Jaú do Tocantins Peixe Palmeirópolis Santa Rita do Tocantins São Salvador do Tocantins Sucupira Talismã Miracema do Tocantins Abreulândia Araguacema Barrolândia Bernardo Sayão Brasilândia do Tocantins Caseara Colméia Couto de Magalhães Divinópolis do Tocantins Dois Irmãos do Tocantins Fortaleza do Tabocão Goianorte Guaraí Itaporã do Tocantins Juarina Marianópolis do Tocantins Miracema do Tocantins Miranorte Monte Santo do Tocantins Pequizeiro Presidente Kennedy Rio dos Bois Tupirama Tupiratins Rio Formoso Araguaçu Chapada de Areia Cristalândia Dueré Fátima Formoso do Araguaia Lagoa da Confusão Nova Rosalândia Oliveira de Fátima Paraíso do Tocantins Pium Pugmil Sandolândia Mesoregion OrientalDianopolis Almas Arraias Aurora do Tocantins Chapada da Natividade Combinado Conceição do Tocantins Dianópolis Lavandeira Natividade Novo Alegre Novo Jardim Paranã Pindorama do Tocantins Ponte Alta do Bom Jesus Porto Alegre do Tocantins Rio da Conceição Santa Rosa do Tocantins São Valério da Natividade Taguatinga Taipas do Tocantins Jalapão Barra do Ouro Campos Lindos Centenário Goiatins Itacajá Itapiratins Lagoa do Tocantins Lizarda Recursolândia Rio Sono Mateiros Novo Acordo Ponte Alta do Tocantins Santa Tereza do Tocantins São Félix do Tocantins Porto Nacional Aparecida do Rio Negro Bom Jesus do Tocantins Ipueiras Lajeado Monte do Carmo Palmas Pedro Afonso Porto Nacional Santa Maria do Tocantins Silvanópolis Tocantínia This Tocantins, Brazil location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brazilian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Tocantins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocantins_(state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Municipality in North, BrazilAraguatins is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Tocantins. Its population was 36,170 (2020) and its area is 2,625 km2.[2]","title":"Araguatins"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"IBGE 2020\". Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/to/araguatins/panorama","url_text":"\"IBGE 2020\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Araguatins&params=5_39_3_S_48_7_26_W_region:BR_type:city(36170)","external_links_name":"5°39′3″S 48°7′26″W / 5.65083°S 48.12389°W / -5.65083; -48.12389"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Araguatins&params=5_39_3_S_48_7_26_W_region:BR_type:city(36170)","external_links_name":"5°39′3″S 48°7′26″W / 5.65083°S 48.12389°W / -5.65083; -48.12389"},{"Link":"https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/to/araguatins/panorama","external_links_name":"\"IBGE 2020\""},{"Link":"http://cod.ibge.gov.br/FJ3","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Araguatins&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Rapide_(1808_schooner)	HMS Rapide (1808 schooner)	["1 French aviso","2 Capture","3 Royal Navy","4 Fate","5 Notes","6 Citations","7 References"]	For other ships with the same name, see HMS Rapid. History France NameVillaret NamesakeLouis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse, Captain-General of Martinique Acquired3 July 1806 by capture Renamed Rapide (November 1807) Mouche No.1 (May 1808) Captured12 July 1808 United Kingdom NameHMS Rapide Acquired12 July 1808 by capture FateLost March 1814 General characteristics Tons burthen(bm) Length57 ft 10 in (17.6 m) Beam15 ft 9 in (4.8 m) Depth of hold5 ft 10 in (1.8 m) Complement35-38 Armament 1806: 1 × 6-pounder gun + 2 × 12-pounder carronades 1807: 1 × 6-pounder gun HMS Rapide was a British schooner of unknown name that the French captured in 1806. The French Navy took her into service as Villaret, but renamed her Rapide. She then became the model for a class of advice boats (avisos). The British Royal Navy captured her in 1808 in the West Indies and took her into service as the ship's tender Rapide. She was lost in 1814. French aviso French records give Rapide's origins as a British schooner that Admiral Willaumez's squadron captured on 3 July 1806, probably near Nevis, during his Atlantic campaign of 1806. The French records mis-identify the schooner and her name remains a mystery. The French took the schooner into service as Villaret and she served in the Antilles until she sailed to Bayonne in July 1807. She was renamed Rapide on 4 November, but then taken out of commission from 11 November to 14 May 1808 while her lines were being taken. Rapide was renamed Mouche No.1 on 16 May 1808 when the Navy ordered six more vessels (Mouche Nos.2–7) built to her lines. On 21 May Rapide sailed from Bayonne for Cayenne and Vera Cruz. Capture Admiral Lord Collingwood received intelligence that the French corvette Rapide was on her way from Bayonne with dispatches and he asked Admiral Lord Alexander Cochrane to attempt to intercept her. On 12 July Belette captured Rapide, of one gun and 22 men, and took her into Barbados. Rapide was sailing from Bayonne and Cayenne to Martinique with dispatches. However, Rapide's captain had managed to throw the dispatches overboard before Belette captured her. On 23 July duplicates of the dispatches and much besides were found concealed aboard the cartel Phoenix, which had sailed from Cayenne and had stopped in Barbados. She had aroused suspicion, leading Cochrane to having her searched. Because carrying these documents was a violation of the cartel (truce) flag, the British seized Phoenix and sent the seized documents in Subtle. Royal Navy The Royal Navy took Rapide into service as a ship's tender, though it is not clear for what vessel she was a tender. On 2 February 1810 Rapide, Lieutenant William Mather, commander, recaptured the brig Mary. The gun-vessel HMS Dapper, Lieutenant Henry Harford, commander, was in sight. In 1813 Lieutenant William Mather received a promotion to Commander and command of HMS Tweed. Tweed was wrecked, with heavy loss of life, in November. Fate Rapide was reported to have been wrecked in the Saintes in March 1814. Notes ^ The ship designer Jean Baudry used her as the model for the first six of the Mouche No. 2-class schooner-avisos. ^ A first-class share of the prize money was worth £13 9s 0d; a sixth-class share was worth 5s 6¾d. Citations ^ a b c d Winfield & Roberts (2015), p. 256. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List. No. 4284. 6 September 1808. hdl:2027/uc1.c2735023. ^ Southey (1827), p. 413. ^ "No. 16967". The London Gazette. 20 December 1814. p. 2490. ^ National Register, (11 September 1808), p.584. ^ "No. 16357". The London Gazette. 31 March 1810. pp. 494–495. ^ Hepper (1994), p. 149. References Hepper, David J. (1994). British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650–1859. Rotherfield: Jean Boudriot. ISBN 0-948864-30-3. Southey, Thomas (1827). Chronological history of the West Indies. Vol. 3. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. Winfield, Rif; Roberts, Stephen S. (2015). French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786–1861: Design Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-204-2.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Rapid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Rapid"},{"link_name":"aviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviso"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see HMS Rapid.HMS Rapide was a British schooner of unknown name that the French captured in 1806. The French Navy took her into service as Villaret, but renamed her Rapide. She then became the model for a class of advice boats (avisos). The British Royal Navy captured her in 1808 in the West Indies and took her into service as the ship's tender Rapide. She was lost in 1814.","title":"HMS Rapide (1808 schooner)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willaumez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Philibert_Willaumez"},{"link_name":"Atlantic campaign of 1806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_campaign_of_1806"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinfieldRoberts2015256-1"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinfieldRoberts2015256-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinfieldRoberts2015256-1"}],"text":"French records give Rapide's origins as a British schooner that Admiral Willaumez's squadron captured on 3 July 1806, probably near Nevis, during his Atlantic campaign of 1806. The French records mis-identify the schooner and her name remains a mystery.[1]The French took the schooner into service as Villaret and she served in the Antilles until she sailed to Bayonne in July 1807. She was renamed Rapide on 4 November, but then taken out of commission from 11 November to 14 May 1808 while her lines were being taken.[a] Rapide was renamed Mouche No.1 on 16 May 1808 when the Navy ordered six more vessels (Mouche Nos.2–7) built to her lines.[1]On 21 May Rapide sailed from Bayonne for Cayenne and Vera Cruz.[1]","title":"French aviso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Collingwood,_1st_Baron_Collingwood"},{"link_name":"Alexander Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cochrane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthey1827413-4"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Subtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Subtle_(1807)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Admiral Lord Collingwood received intelligence that the French corvette Rapide was on her way from Bayonne with dispatches and he asked Admiral Lord Alexander Cochrane to attempt to intercept her. On 12 July Belette captured Rapide, of one gun and 22 men, and took her into Barbados. Rapide was sailing from Bayonne and Cayenne to Martinique with dispatches.[2]However, Rapide's captain had managed to throw the dispatches overboard before Belette captured her.[3][b] On 23 July duplicates of the dispatches and much besides were found concealed aboard the cartel Phoenix, which had sailed from Cayenne and had stopped in Barbados. She had aroused suspicion, leading Cochrane to having her searched. Because carrying these documents was a violation of the cartel (truce) flag, the British seized Phoenix and sent the seized documents in Subtle.[5]","title":"Capture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ship's tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_tender"},{"link_name":"HMS Dapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Dapper_(1805)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"HMS Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Tweed_(1807)"}],"text":"The Royal Navy took Rapide into service as a ship's tender, though it is not clear for what vessel she was a tender.On 2 February 1810 Rapide, Lieutenant William Mather, commander, recaptured the brig Mary. The gun-vessel HMS Dapper, Lieutenant Henry Harford, commander, was in sight.[6]In 1813 Lieutenant William Mather received a promotion to Commander and command of HMS Tweed. Tweed was wrecked, with heavy loss of life, in November.","title":"Royal Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saintes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_des_Saintes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHepper1994149-9"}],"text":"Rapide was reported to have been wrecked in the Saintes in March 1814.[7]","title":"Fate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Mouche No. 2-class schooner-avisos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouche_No._2-class_schooner-avisos"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"^ The ship designer Jean Baudry used her as the model for the first six of the Mouche No. 2-class schooner-avisos.\n\n^ A first-class share of the prize money was worth £13 9s 0d; a sixth-class share was worth 5s 6¾d.[4]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinfieldRoberts2015256_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinfieldRoberts2015256_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinfieldRoberts2015256_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinfieldRoberts2015256_1-3"},{"link_name":"Winfield & Roberts (2015)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWinfieldRoberts2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/uc1.c2735023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.c2735023?urlappend=%3Bseq=361"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthey1827413_4-0"},{"link_name":"Southey (1827)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSouthey1827"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"No. 16967\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16967/page/2490"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"No. 16357\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16357/page/494"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHepper1994149_9-0"},{"link_name":"Hepper (1994)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHepper1994"}],"text":"^ a b c d Winfield & Roberts (2015), p. 256.\n\n^ \"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List. No. 4284. 6 September 1808. hdl:2027/uc1.c2735023.\n\n^ Southey (1827), p. 413.\n\n^ \"No. 16967\". The London Gazette. 20 December 1814. p. 2490.\n\n^ National Register, (11 September 1808), p.584.\n\n^ \"No. 16357\". The London Gazette. 31 March 1810. pp. 494–495.\n\n^ Hepper (1994), p. 149.","title":"Citations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List. No. 4284. 6 September 1808. hdl:2027/uc1.c2735023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.c2735023?urlappend=%3Bseq=361","url_text":"2027/uc1.c2735023"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16967\". The London Gazette. 20 December 1814. p. 2490.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16967/page/2490","url_text":"\"No. 16967\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16357\". The London Gazette. 31 March 1810. pp. 494–495.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16357/page/494","url_text":"\"No. 16357\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Hepper, David J. (1994). British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650–1859. Rotherfield: Jean Boudriot. ISBN 0-948864-30-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948864-30-3","url_text":"0-948864-30-3"}]},{"reference":"Southey, Thomas (1827). Chronological history of the West Indies. Vol. 3. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Winfield, Rif; Roberts, Stephen S. (2015). French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786–1861: Design Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-204-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-204-2","url_text":"978-1-84832-204-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.c2735023?urlappend=%3Bseq=361","external_links_name":"2027/uc1.c2735023"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16967/page/2490","external_links_name":"\"No. 16967\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16357/page/494","external_links_name":"\"No. 16357\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Vietnam	List of ambassadors of the United States to Vietnam	["1 Ambassadors","1.1 1950 to 1975 (South Vietnam)","1.2 Since 1997","2 Residence","3 Notes","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Ambassador of the United States to VietnamĐại sứ Hoa Kỳ tại Việt NamSeal of the United States Mission to VietnamUnited States ambassador flagIncumbentMarc Knappersince February 11, 2022NominatorThe President of the United StatesInaugural holderPete Petersonas Ambassador Extraordinary and PlenipotentiaryFormationApril 11, 1997WebsiteU.S. Embassy - Hanoi The United States ambassador to Vietnam (Vietnamese: Đại sứ Hoa Kỳ tại Việt Nam) is the chief American diplomat to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. After the First Indochina War and the defeat of the French domination over Vietnam, the country was split into North and South Vietnam (the Republic of Vietnam) at the Geneva Conference of 1954. The United States did not recognize North Vietnam and thus had no diplomatic relations with the country. After the reunification of Vietnam in 1976, there followed a period of 20 years in which the United States had no diplomatic relations with Vietnam. The U.S. opened a Liaison Office in Hanoi on January 28, 1995. Diplomatic relations were established July 11, 1995, and the embassy in Hanoi was established with L. Desaix Anderson as chargé d’affaires ad interim. Ambassadors U.S. diplomatic terms Career FSO After 1915, The United States Department of State began classifying ambassadors as career Foreign Service Officers (FSOs) for those who have served in the Foreign Service for a specified amount of time.Political appointee A person who is not a career foreign service officer, but is appointed by the president (often as a reward to political friends).Appointed The date that the ambassador took the oath of office; also known as "commissioning". It follows confirmation of a presidential appointment by the Senate, or a Congressional recess appointment by the president. In the case of a recess appointment, the ambassador requires subsequent confirmation by the Senate to remain in office.Presented credentials The date that the ambassador presented his letter of credence to the head of state or appropriate authority of the receiving nation. At this time the ambassador officially becomes the representative of his country. This would normally occur a short time after the ambassador's arrival on station. The host nation may reject the ambassador by not receiving the ambassador's letter, but this occurs only rarely.Terminated mission Usually the date that the ambassador left the country. In some cases a letter of recall is presented, ending the ambassador's commission, either as a means of diplomatic protest or because the diplomat is being reassigned elsewhere and replaced by another envoy.Chargé d'affaires The person in charge of the business of the embassy when there is no ambassador commissioned to the host country.Ad interim Latin phrase meaning "for the time being", "in the meantime". 1950 to 1975 (South Vietnam) See also: List of ambassadors of the United States to South Vietnam Since 1997 Name Title Appointed Presented credentials Terminated mission Pete Peterson – Political appointee Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary April 11, 1997 May 14, 1997 July 15, 2001 Raymond Burghardt – Career FSO November 28, 2001 February 5, 2002 September 5, 2004 Michael W. Marine – Career FSO May 6, 2004 September 10, 2004 August 10, 2007 Michael W. Michalak – Career FSO May 24, 2007 August 10, 2007 February 14, 2011 Virginia E. Palmer – Career FSO Chargé d'Affaires ad interim February 14, 2011 - July 2011 David B. Shear – Career FSO Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary August 4, 2011 August 29, 2011 August 8, 2014 Ted Osius – Career FSO December 10, 2014 December 16, 2014 November 4, 2017 Daniel Kritenbrink – Career FSO October 27, 2017 November 6, 2017 April 15, 2021 Christopher Klein Chargé d'Affaires ad interim April 15, 2021 - October 15, 2021 Marie C. Damour Chargé d'Affaires ad interim October 15, 2021 - January 3, 2022 Marc Knapper – Career FSO Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary January 3, 2022 February 11, 2022 Incumbent Residence Ambassador's Residence The house used by the U.S. ambassador was designed by M. LaCollogne, Principal Architect and Chief of Civil Construction Service in Tonkin and built in 1921 by Indochina Public Property, part of the French colonial government, for Indochina Financial Governors who lived here until 1948. The house was then assigned, until 1954, to the highest-ranking Indochina Tariff Officer. When the French left South East Asia in 1954, Vietnamese government officials moved in. Deputy Prime Minister Phan Kế Toại was the last occupant; at his death, the house became the headquarter of the Committee for Foreign Culture Exchange. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ press office was located in the building until 1994. The residence was included in an exchange of property between the United States of America and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1995. Notes ^ An earlier nomination of May 23, 1996, was not acted upon by the Senate. ^ "Biography of Ambassador Michalak - U.S. Embassy Hanoi". Archived from the original on 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2011-07-05. ^ "Former Chargé d'Affaires". United States Department of State, U.S. Embassy Hanoi. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-08-13. ^ "Ambassador". United States Department of State, U.S. Embassy Hanoi. Archived from the original on 2012-09-09. Retrieved 2011-08-13. ^ Itkowitz, Colby (November 17, 2014). "Senate clears four ambassador nominees". Washington Post. Retrieved December 12, 2014. ^ Lavers, Michael K. (December 10, 2014). "Gay man sworn in as U.S. ambassador to Vietnam". Washington Blade. Retrieved December 12, 2014. ^ "New US Ambassador Arrives in Vietnam, Meets President". Thanh Nien News. December 17, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2014. ^ "Chargé d'Affaires, a.i. Christopher Klein". U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2021-06-05. Retrieved 2022-01-09. ^ "Technical Difficulties". ^ "Chargé d'Affaires, a.i. Marie C. Damour". U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2021-11-07. Retrieved 2022-01-09. ^ "Marc Knapper sworn in as new US ambassador to Vietnam". Tuoi Tre News. 2022-01-04. Retrieved 2022-01-09. ^ @USAsiaPacific (January 3, 2022). "Congratulations to Ambassador Marc Knapper on his swearing-in as the new United States Ambassador to Vietnam! The United States supports a strong, independent, and prosperous Vietnam" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "President welcomes new ambassadors of US, Mexico". VietnamPlus. February 11, 2022. ^ U.S. Department of State, The Secretary of State's Register of Culturally Significant Property, 2007. See also United States - Vietnam relations Foreign relations of Vietnam Ambassadors of the United States References United States Department of State: Background notes on Vietnam This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State. External links United States Department of State: Chiefs of Mission for Vietnam United States Department of State: Vietnam United States Embassy in Hanoi vteUnited States Ambassadors to Vietnam Republic of Vietnam (1950–1975) Heath Reinhardt Durbrow Nolting Lodge Taylor Lodge Bunker Martin Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1997–present) Peterson Burghardt Marine Michalak Palmer Shear Osius Kritenbrink Knapper vte Ambassadors of the United StatesCurrent countries Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros DR Congo Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati South Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Suspended relations Iran Defunct countries Czechoslovakia East Germany Hawaii North Yemen Ottoman Empire Prussia South Vietnam South Yemen Soviet Union Tanganyika Two Sicilies United Arab Republic Texas Yugoslavia Other places Curaçao Hong Kong and Macau Jerusalem Taiwan International organizations AU APEC ASEAN SAARC CD EU ICAO NATO OAS OECD OIC OPCW OSCE UN UNESCO UNEP UN Food and Agriculture UNVIE UN in Geneva UN Human Rights WTO Ambassadors-at-large Arctic Counterterrorism Global Women's Issues International Religious Freedom Global Criminal Justice Trafficking in Persons AIDS Antisemitism Ambassadors by President Donald Trump Joe Biden Other Women LGBT	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"Socialist Republic of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"First Indochina War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Geneva Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"L. Desaix Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Desaix_Anderson"},{"link_name":"chargé d’affaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%E2%80%99affaires"}],"text":"The United States ambassador to Vietnam (Vietnamese: Đại sứ Hoa Kỳ tại Việt Nam) is the chief American diplomat to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. After the First Indochina War and the defeat of the French domination over Vietnam, the country was split into North and South Vietnam (the Republic of Vietnam) at the Geneva Conference of 1954. The United States did not recognize North Vietnam and thus had no diplomatic relations with the country. After the reunification of Vietnam in 1976, there followed a period of 20 years in which the United States had no diplomatic relations with Vietnam.The U.S. opened a Liaison Office in Hanoi on January 28, 1995. Diplomatic relations were established July 11, 1995, and the embassy in Hanoi was established with L. Desaix Anderson as chargé d’affaires ad interim.","title":"List of ambassadors of the United States to Vietnam"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ambassadors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of ambassadors of the United States to South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_South_Vietnam"}],"sub_title":"1950 to 1975 (South Vietnam)","text":"See also: List of ambassadors of the United States to South Vietnam","title":"Ambassadors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Since 1997","title":"Ambassadors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hanoi-US-Ambassadors-Residence.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tonkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkin"},{"link_name":"French colonial government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina"},{"link_name":"Deputy Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Phan Kế Toại","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phan_K%E1%BA%BF_To%E1%BA%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Ambassador's ResidenceThe house used by the U.S. ambassador was designed by M. LaCollogne, Principal Architect and Chief of Civil Construction Service in Tonkin and built in 1921 by Indochina Public Property, part of the French colonial government, for Indochina Financial Governors who lived here until 1948. The house was then assigned, until 1954, to the highest-ranking Indochina Tariff Officer. When the French left South East Asia in 1954, Vietnamese government officials moved in. Deputy Prime Minister Phan Kế Toại was the last occupant; at his death, the house became the headquarter of the Committee for Foreign Culture Exchange. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ press office was located in the building until 1994. The residence was included in an exchange of property between the United States of America and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1995.[14]","title":"Residence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Peterson_1-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Biography of Ambassador Michalak - U.S. Embassy Hanoi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110501131102/http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/michalakmw.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vietnam.usembassy.gov/michalakmw.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PalmerAttache_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Former Chargé d'Affaires\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160303215611/http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/palmerv.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vietnam.usembassy.gov/palmerv.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ShearNew1_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Ambassador\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120909185456/http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/ambassador.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vietnam.usembassy.gov/ambassador.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Senate clears four ambassador nominees\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/in-the-loop/wp/2014/11/17/senate-clears-four-ambassador-nominees/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Gay man sworn in as U.S. ambassador to Vietnam\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.washingtonblade.com/2014/12/10/gay-man-sworn-u-s-ambassador-vietnam/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"New US Ambassador Arrives in Vietnam, Meets President\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thanhniennews.com/politics/new-us-ambassador-arrives-in-vietnam-meets-president-35425.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Chargé d'Affaires, a.i. Christopher Klein\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210605065601/https://vn.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/dcm/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vn.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/dcm/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Technical Difficulties\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.state.gov/biographies/christopher-klein/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Chargé d'Affaires, a.i. Marie C. Damour\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20211107174559/https://vn.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/dcm/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vn.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/dcm/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Marc Knapper sworn in as new US ambassador to Vietnam\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tuoitrenews.vn/news/politics/20220104/marc-knapper-sworn-in-as-new-us-ambassador-to-vietnam/65059.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Congratulations to Ambassador Marc Knapper on his swearing-in as the new United States Ambassador to Vietnam! The United States supports a strong, independent, and prosperous Vietnam\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//x.com/USAsiaPacific/status/1478141346326188032"},{"link_name":"Tweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"President welcomes new ambassadors of US, Mexico\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.vietnamplus.vn/president-welcomes-new-ambassadors-of-us-mexico/221964.vnp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State"}],"text":"^ An earlier nomination of May 23, 1996, was not acted upon by the Senate.\n\n^ \"Biography of Ambassador Michalak - U.S. Embassy Hanoi\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2011-07-05.\n\n^ \"Former Chargé d'Affaires\". United States Department of State, U.S. Embassy Hanoi. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-08-13.\n\n^ \"Ambassador\". United States Department of State, U.S. Embassy Hanoi. Archived from the original on 2012-09-09. Retrieved 2011-08-13.\n\n^ Itkowitz, Colby (November 17, 2014). \"Senate clears four ambassador nominees\". Washington Post. Retrieved December 12, 2014.\n\n^ Lavers, Michael K. (December 10, 2014). \"Gay man sworn in as U.S. ambassador to Vietnam\". Washington Blade. Retrieved December 12, 2014.\n\n^ \"New US Ambassador Arrives in Vietnam, Meets President\". Thanh Nien News. December 17, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2014.\n\n^ \"Chargé d'Affaires, a.i. Christopher Klein\". U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2021-06-05. Retrieved 2022-01-09.\n\n^ \"Technical Difficulties\".\n\n^ \"Chargé d'Affaires, a.i. Marie C. Damour\". U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2021-11-07. Retrieved 2022-01-09.\n\n^ \"Marc Knapper sworn in as new US ambassador to Vietnam\". Tuoi Tre News. 2022-01-04. Retrieved 2022-01-09.\n\n^ @USAsiaPacific (January 3, 2022). \"Congratulations to Ambassador Marc Knapper on his swearing-in as the new United States Ambassador to Vietnam! The United States supports a strong, independent, and prosperous Vietnam\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.\n\n^ \"President welcomes new ambassadors of US, Mexico\". VietnamPlus. February 11, 2022.\n\n^ U.S. Department of State, The Secretary of State's Register of Culturally Significant Property, 2007.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Ambassador's Residence","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hanoi-US-Ambassadors-Residence.jpg/220px-Hanoi-US-Ambassadors-Residence.jpg"}]	[{"title":"United States - Vietnam relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_-_Vietnam_relations"},{"title":"Foreign relations of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Vietnam"},{"title":"Ambassadors of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassadors_of_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"\"Biography of Ambassador Michalak - U.S. Embassy Hanoi\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2011-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110501131102/http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/michalakmw.html","url_text":"\"Biography of Ambassador Michalak - U.S. Embassy Hanoi\""},{"url":"https://vietnam.usembassy.gov/michalakmw.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Chargé d'Affaires\". United States Department of State, U.S. Embassy Hanoi. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215611/http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/palmerv.html","url_text":"\"Former Chargé d'Affaires\""},{"url":"https://vietnam.usembassy.gov/palmerv.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ambassador\". United States Department of State, U.S. Embassy Hanoi. Archived from the original on 2012-09-09. Retrieved 2011-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120909185456/http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/ambassador.html","url_text":"\"Ambassador\""},{"url":"https://vietnam.usembassy.gov/ambassador.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Itkowitz, Colby (November 17, 2014). \"Senate clears four ambassador nominees\". Washington Post. Retrieved December 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/in-the-loop/wp/2014/11/17/senate-clears-four-ambassador-nominees/","url_text":"\"Senate clears four ambassador nominees\""}]},{"reference":"Lavers, Michael K. (December 10, 2014). \"Gay man sworn in as U.S. ambassador to Vietnam\". Washington Blade. Retrieved December 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.washingtonblade.com/2014/12/10/gay-man-sworn-u-s-ambassador-vietnam/","url_text":"\"Gay man sworn in as U.S. ambassador to Vietnam\""}]},{"reference":"\"New US Ambassador Arrives in Vietnam, Meets President\". Thanh Nien News. December 17, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thanhniennews.com/politics/new-us-ambassador-arrives-in-vietnam-meets-president-35425.html","url_text":"\"New US Ambassador Arrives in Vietnam, Meets President\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chargé d'Affaires, a.i. Christopher Klein\". U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2021-06-05. Retrieved 2022-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210605065601/https://vn.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/dcm/","url_text":"\"Chargé d'Affaires, a.i. Christopher Klein\""},{"url":"https://vn.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/dcm/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Technical Difficulties\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.state.gov/biographies/christopher-klein/","url_text":"\"Technical Difficulties\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chargé d'Affaires, a.i. Marie C. Damour\". U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2021-11-07. Retrieved 2022-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211107174559/https://vn.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/dcm/","url_text":"\"Chargé d'Affaires, a.i. Marie C. Damour\""},{"url":"https://vn.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/dcm/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Marc Knapper sworn in as new US ambassador to Vietnam\". Tuoi Tre News. 2022-01-04. Retrieved 2022-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://tuoitrenews.vn/news/politics/20220104/marc-knapper-sworn-in-as-new-us-ambassador-to-vietnam/65059.html","url_text":"\"Marc Knapper sworn in as new US ambassador to Vietnam\""}]},{"reference":"@USAsiaPacific (January 3, 2022). \"Congratulations to Ambassador Marc Knapper on his swearing-in as the new United States Ambassador to Vietnam! The United States supports a strong, independent, and prosperous Vietnam\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/USAsiaPacific/status/1478141346326188032","url_text":"\"Congratulations to Ambassador Marc Knapper on his swearing-in as the new United States Ambassador to Vietnam! The United States supports a strong, independent, and prosperous Vietnam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"President welcomes new ambassadors of US, Mexico\". VietnamPlus. February 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.vietnamplus.vn/president-welcomes-new-ambassadors-of-us-mexico/221964.vnp","url_text":"\"President welcomes new ambassadors of US, Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/","url_text":"U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State","url_text":"United States Department of State"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://vn.usembassy.gov/","external_links_name":"U.S. Embassy - Hanoi"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110501131102/http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/michalakmw.html","external_links_name":"\"Biography of Ambassador Michalak - U.S. Embassy Hanoi\""},{"Link":"https://vietnam.usembassy.gov/michalakmw.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215611/http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/palmerv.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Chargé d'Affaires\""},{"Link":"https://vietnam.usembassy.gov/palmerv.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120909185456/http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/ambassador.html","external_links_name":"\"Ambassador\""},{"Link":"https://vietnam.usembassy.gov/ambassador.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/in-the-loop/wp/2014/11/17/senate-clears-four-ambassador-nominees/","external_links_name":"\"Senate clears four ambassador nominees\""},{"Link":"http://www.washingtonblade.com/2014/12/10/gay-man-sworn-u-s-ambassador-vietnam/","external_links_name":"\"Gay man sworn in as U.S. ambassador to Vietnam\""},{"Link":"http://www.thanhniennews.com/politics/new-us-ambassador-arrives-in-vietnam-meets-president-35425.html","external_links_name":"\"New US Ambassador Arrives in Vietnam, Meets President\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210605065601/https://vn.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/dcm/","external_links_name":"\"Chargé d'Affaires, a.i. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoki_Hiwatashi	Tomoki Hiwatashi	["1 Personal life","2 Career","2.1 Early career","2.2 2014–2015 season","2.3 2015–2016 season","2.4 2016–2017 season","2.5 2017–2018 season","2.6 2018–2019 season","2.7 2019–2020 season","2.8 2020–2021 season","2.9 2021–2022 season","2.10 2022–2023 season","2.11 2023–2024 season","3 Skating technique","4 Programs","5 Competitive highlights","5.1 2013–2014 to present","6 Detailed results","6.1 Senior level","6.2 Junior level","7 References","8 External links"]	American figure skater Tomoki HiwatashiHiwatashi at 2019 World Junior ChampionshipsBorn (2000-01-20) January 20, 2000 (age 24)Englewood, New JerseyHometownHoffman Estates, IllinoisHeight1.60 m (5 ft 3 in)Figure skating careerCountry United StatesCoachMie Hamada, Hiroaki Sato, Satsuki MuramotoSkating clubDuPage FSCBegan skating2005 Medal record Representing United States Figure skating: Men's singles World Junior Championships 2019 Zagreb Men's singles 2016 Debrecen Men's singles Tomoki Richard Hiwatashi (born January 20, 2000) is an American figure skater. He is the 2018 CS Inge Solar Memorial – Alpen Trophy bronze medalist and a two-time U.S. national medalist. He is also the 2019 World Junior champion, the 2016 World Junior bronze medalist, a five-time medalist on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series, and the 2016 U.S. junior national champion. Personal life Hiwatashi was born on January 20, 2000, in Englewood, New Jersey. His mother, Satomi, and father, Satoshi Hiwatashi, are both from Kobe, Japan. He was raised with two sisters. For much of his early life, he lived in the Chicago suburb Hoffman Estates. From 2018 to 2023, he trained and resided in Colorado Springs, Colorado before moving to Osaka, Japan to train. Career Early career Hiwatashi began skating at age five after a rink opened near his house. He competed on the juvenile level during the 2008–2009 season, placing fourth at the Upper Great Lakes Regional Championships. Continuing as a juvenile in 2009–2010, he won the bronze medal at the Upper Great Lakes Regionals before finishing sixth at the 2010 U.S. Championships. During the 2010–2011 season, he won the juvenile gold medal at both the Upper Great Lakes Regionals and the 2011 U.S. Championships. In 2011–2012, Hiwatashi moved up to the intermediate level, winning the gold medal at the Upper Great Lakes Regionals and the 2012 U.S. Championships. He advanced to the novice level in 2012–13, winning the gold medal at the Upper Great Lakes Regionals, the Midwestern Sectionals, and the 2013 U.S. Championships. Coached by Alexandre Fadeev in Wilmette, Illinois, Hiwatashi was scheduled to make his ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) debut in Mexico in early September 2013 but sustained a medial malleolus fracture in his left foot during an official practice at the competition. As a result, he missed the rest of the 2013–2014 season. 2014–2015 season Hiwatashi competed on the junior level during the 2014–2015 season. He won the bronze medal at the Midwestern Sectionals and placed fifth at the 2015 U.S. Championships. He ended his season with the junior gold medal at the International Challenge Cup. 2015–2016 season In 2015–2016, Hiwatashi debuted on the JGP series, placing fifth in Colorado Springs, Colorado before winning the bronze medal in Zagreb, Croatia. He won the junior silver medal at the Midwestern Sectionals, finishing second to Alexei Krasnozhon, and went on to become the junior national champion, outscoring Kevin Shum by 14.78 points for gold at the 2016 U.S. Championships. Later that month, he was selected to replace the injured Nathan Chen at the 2016 World Junior Championships in Debrecen, Hungary. In March at the World Junior Championships, he placed sixth in the short program and third in the free skate to win the bronze medal behind Daniel Samohin of Israel and Nicolas Nadeau of Canada. He was coached by Alexander Ouriashev in Glen Ellyn, Illinois. 2016–2017 season Hiwatashi started his season at 2016 JGP Saint-Gervais, where he placed sixth. He competed at the 2016 CS Warsaw Cup, placing ninth, and finished fifteenth at the 2017 U.S. Championships on the senior level. During the season, he was coached by Kori Ade in Monument, Colorado. 2017–2018 season Hiwatashi won two bronze medals on the 2017 JGP circuit at 2017 JGP Riga and 2017 JGP Egna. At the 2018 U.S. Championships, he placed fifteenth in the short program, seventh in the free skate, and twelfth overall. He finished seventh at the 2018 World Junior Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria. By the end of the season, he was training under Christine Krall and Damon Allen in Colorado. 2018–2019 season In September 2018, Hiwatashi won the silver medal at the 2018 JGP Canada, behind Petr Gumennik. He won another silver medal at his second event, the 2018 JGP Slovenia. These results qualified Hiwatashi to the 2018–19 Junior Grand Prix Final in Vancouver, Canada. He next competed on the senior level at the 2018 CS Alpen Trophy, where he won the bronze medal. Concluding the fall season at the Junior Grand Prix Final, he placed sixth overall after struggling in both programs. At the 2019 U.S. Championships, Hiwatashi won the Pewter medal. Due to US national champion Nathan Chen's schedule conflicting with the 2019 Four Continents Championships, Hiwatashi made his senior ISU Championship debut after being named to the Four Continents team with Vincent Zhou and Jason Brown. He set a new personal best score and placed eighth. In his final event of the season, Hiwatashi competed at the 2019 World Junior Championships alongside countrymen Alexei Krasnozhon and Camden Pulkinen. He placed second in the short program, briefly holding the junior world record until it was reclaimed minutes later by Pulkinen. In the free skate, he placed second behind Russian competitor Roman Savosin after cleanly landing a quadruple toe loop-triple toe loop combination but popping a second planned quadruple toe loop to a double toe loop. However, his strong placement in the short program combined with his performance in the free skate allowed him to claim victory overall, and he became the World Junior Champion, ahead of Savosin and bronze medalist Daniel Grassl of Italy. 2019–2020 season Hiwatashi began his first full senior season with a fifth-place finish at the 2019 CS U.S. Classic. Making this debut on the senior Grand Prix at the 2019 Internationaux de France, Hiwatashi placed tenth in the short program after multiple jump errors but rose to fifth place overall in the free skate. Competing at the 2020 U.S. Championships, Hiwatashi placed fifth in the short program with a clean skate. Third in the free skate, he won the bronze medal, standing on the senior national podium for the second time. Despite placing third, he was not chosen for one of America's three berths at the 2020 World Championships, the third spot going to reigning World bronze medalist Vincent Zhou, who finished slightly under three points behind Hiwatashi in fourth. Hiwatashi was instead assigned to compete at the 2020 Four Continents Championships in Seoul. He placed ninth at Four Continents. 2020–2021 season With the coronavirus pandemic raging, Hiwatashi was assigned to compete at the 2020 Skate America, the ISU having made Grand Prix assignments based primarily on geography. Hiwatashi placed fourth at the event, despite a fall and a singled jump in the free skate. Competing at the 2021 U.S. Championships, also held in Las Vegas, Hiwatashi placed seventh. 2021–2022 season Hiwatashi began his season at the 2021 CS Lombardia Trophy, where he placed fifth. He was eleventh to start the Grand Prix at 2021 Skate Canada International. At his second event, the 2021 NHK Trophy, he placed ninth. After the free skate, Hiwatashi said he "wanted to focus on doing my three quads, and I was able to do that." Scheduled to compete at the 2022 U.S. Championships in hopes of qualifying for the American Olympic team, Hiwatashi was forced to withdraw due to a positive COVID test. Despite this, he was named to the American team for the 2022 Four Continents Championships in Tallinn, where he was eighth. 2022–2023 season After winning the silver medal at the Skating Club of Boston's Cranberry Cup, Hiwatashi competed twice on the Grand Prix, finishing ninth at the 2022 MK John Wilson Trophy and then twelfth at the 2022 NHK Trophy. Struggling with a back injury at the 2023 U.S. Championships, Hiwatashi finished a disappointing tenth-place. Following the season, he moved to Osaka, Japan to train under Mie Hamada, Hiroaki Sato, and Satsuki Muramoto at the Kinoshita Academy. 2023–2024 season At the 2023 CS Budapest Trophy, Hiwatashi placed third, winning his second ISU Challenger Series Medal. At the 2023 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb, Hiwatashi placed eight in the short program after falling on his opening quad toe loop. In the free skate, Hiwatashi placed eight again, finishing eighth overall. In advance of the 2024 U.S. Championships, Hiwatashi was preemptively named to the American team for the 2024 Four Continents Championships, which were to occur in Shanghai the week after the national championships. He finished eighth at the national championships, and then went on to place eleventh at the Four Continents Championships. Skating technique Unlike most skaters, Hiwatashi jumps and spins clockwise. He also can perform the Biellmann spin, an element rarely performed by men due to the flexibility it requires. Programs Tomoki Hiwatashi at the Skate Milwaukee 2015 Season Short program Free skating Exhibition 2023–2024 Romani Holiday (from Sherlock Holmes)by Hans Zimmer choreo. by Mark Pillay Finlandia by Jean Sibelius choreo. by Jeffrey Buttle 2022–2023 Romani Holiday (from Sherlock Holmes)by Hans Zimmer choreo. by Mark Pillay The Artist by Ludovic Bource choreo. by Mark Pillay 2021–2022 Standards by Leslie Odom Jr. choreo. by Mark Pillay The Artist by Ludovic Bource choreo. by Mark Pillay 2020–2021 Standards by Leslie Odom Jr. choreo. by Mark Pillay Take Five by The Dave Brubeck Quartet Blue Light, Red Light by Harry Connick Jr. Nutville by Buddy Rich choreo. by Benjamin Agosto 2019–2020 Love Runs Out by OneRepublic choreo. by Mark Pillay Petrushka by Igor Stravinsky choreo. by Tom Dickson 2018–2019 Cry Me a River by Arthur Hamilton performed by Michael Bublé choreo. by Mark Pillay Fate of the Gods by Steven Reineke choreo. by Benjamin Agosto 2017–2018 Emerald Tiger by Vanessa-Mae choreo. by Rohene Ward The Last of the Mohicans by Trevor Jones choreo. by Rohene Ward 2016–2017 Some Things by Big Bad Voodoo Daddy Big and Bad by Big Bad Voodoo Daddy choreo. by Marina Zueva La Strada by Nino Rota choreo. by Marina Zueva 2015–2016 I Got You (I Feel Good) by James Brown choreo. by Olga Ganicheva Charlie Chaplin medley Two Little Ballet Shoes (from Limelight) by Charlie Chaplin The Reel Chaplin: A Symphonic Adventure by Carl Davis choreo. by Olga Ganicheva Great Balls of Fire by Jerry Lee Lewis 2013–2015 Take Five Unsquare Dance by The Dave Brubeck Quartet choreo. by Alexandre Fadeev The Barber of Seville by Gioachino Rossini choreo. by Alexandre Fadeev 2012–2013 Orange Blossom Special by Ervin T. Rouse choreo. by Alexandre Fadeev Die Fledermaus by Johann Strauss II choreo. by Alexandre Fadeev Competitive highlights GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix. Pewter medals (4th place) awarded only at U.S. national, sectional, and regional events. 2013–2014 to present International Event 14–15 15–16 16–17 17–18 18–19 19–20 20–21 21–22 22–23 23–24 24-25 Four Continents 8th 9th 8th 11th GP France 5th GP NHK Trophy 10th 9th 12th TBD GP Skate America 4th GP Skate Canada 11th GP Wilson Trophy 9th CS Alpen Trophy 3rd CS Budapest Trophy 3rd CS Golden Spin of Zagreb 9th CS Lombardia Trophy 5th WD CS U.S. Classic 5th CS Warsaw Cup 9th Cranberry Cup 7th 2nd International: Junior Junior Worlds 3rd 7th 1st JGP Final 6th JGP Canada 2nd JGP Croatia 3rd JGP France 6th JGP Italy 3rd JGP Latvia 3rd JGP Slovenia 2nd JGP U.S. 5th Challenge Cup 1st National U.S. Championships 5th J 1st J 15th 12th 4th 3rd 7th WD 10th 8th Detailed results ISU personal best scores in the +5/-5 GOE System Segment Type Score Event Total TSS 240.78 2020 Four Continents Championships Short program TSS 88.09 2020 Four Continents Championships TES 49.77 2020 Four Continents Championships PCS 38.56 2019 Internationaux de France Free skating TSS 159.84 2019 Four Continents Championships TES 85.17 2019 Internationaux de France PCS 78.48 2019 Four Continents Championships Senior level Hiwatashi at the 2019 Internationaux de France Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. Pewter medals (fourth place) awarded only at U.S. domestic events. 2023–24 season Date Event SP FS Total Jan. 30 – Feb. 4, 2024 2024 Four Continents Championships 10 75.39 11 142.35 11 217.74 January 22–28, 2024 2024 U.S. Championships 6 81.31 9 149.49 8 230.80 December 6-9, 2023 2023 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb 8 63.22 8 128.50 9 191.72 October 13-15, 2023 2023 CS Budapest Trophy 7 69.16 3 154.63 3 223.79 2022–23 season Date Event SP FS Total January 23–29, 2023 2023 U.S. Championships 3 85.43 14 132.19 10 217.62 November 18–20, 2022 2022 NHK Trophy 12 57.18 12 127.87 12 185.05 November 11–13, 2022 2022 MK John Wilson Trophy 8 66.68 9 122.05 9 188.73 August 9–14, 2022 2022 Cranberry Cup International 4 69.10 2 137.20 2 206.30 2021–22 season Date Event SP FS Total January 18–23, 2022 2022 Four Continents Championships 7 77.51 10 144.86 8 222.37 November 12–14, 2021 2021 NHK Trophy 9 72.36 9 144.72 9 217.08 October 29–31, 2021 2021 Skate Canada International 11 72.92 7 148.85 11 221.77 September 10–12, 2021 2021 CS Lombardia Trophy 9 66.69 4 146.42 5 213.11 2020–21 season Date Event SP FS Total January 11–21, 2021 2021 U.S. Championships 9 75.51 6 154.63 7 230.14 October 23–24, 2020 2020 Skate America 4 87.17 4 158.13 4 245.30 2019–20 season Date Event SP FS Total February 4–9, 2020 2020 Four Continents Championships 8 88.09 9 152.69 9 240.78 January 20–26, 2020 2020 U.S. Championships 5 94.21 3 183.87 3 278.08 November 22–24 2019 2019 NHK Trophy 11 64.54 9 142.76 10 207.30 November 1–3, 2019 2019 Internationaux de France 10 68.70 4 158.73 5 227.43 September 17–22, 2019 2019 CS U.S. International Classic 4 76.96 5 137.96 5 214.82 Junior level Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. 2018–19 season Date Event Level SP FS Total March 4–10, 2019 2019 World Junior Championships Junior 2 81.50 2 148.82 1 230.32 February 7–10, 2019 2019 Four Continents Championships Senior 9 76.95 7 159.84 8 236.79 January 19–27, 2019 2019 U.S. Championships Senior 4 84.05 4 169.23 4 253.28 December 6–9, 2018 2018–19 JGP Final Junior 6 62.48 5 128.32 6 190.80 November 11–18, 2018 2018 CS Alpen Trophy Senior 3 77.22 7 121.99 3 199.21 October 3–6, 2018 2018 JGP Slovenia Junior 3 74.17 3 140.99 2 215.16 September 12–15, 2018 2018 JGP Canada Junior 1 76.81 2 136.43 2 213.24 2017–18 season Date Event Level SP FS Total March 5–11, 2018 2018 World Junior Championships Junior 11 67.85 7 138.83 7 206.68 Dec. 29 – Jan. 8, 2018 2018 U.S. Championships Senior 15 63.48 7 154.05 12 217.53 October 1–14, 2017 2017 JGP Italy Junior 3 73.28 4 133.00 3 206.28 September 6–9, 2017 2017 JGP Latvia Junior 5 61.35 3 128.54 3 189.89 2016–17 season Date Event Level SP FS Total January 14–22, 2017 2017 U.S. Championships Senior 13 71.79 18 124.30 15 196.09 November 17–20, 2016 2016 CS Warsaw Cup Senior 8 63.54 8 118.58 9 182.12 August 24–28, 2016 2016 JGP France Junior 6 57.90 4 123.04 6 180.94 2015–16 season Date Event Level SP FS Total March 14–20, 2016 2016 World Junior Championships Junior 6 74.97 3 147.55 3 222.52 January 15–24, 2016 2016 U.S. Junior Championships Junior 1 65.90 1 136.83 1 202.73 October 7–11, 2015 2015 JGP Croatia Junior 4 66.02 3 131.60 3 197.62 September 2–5, 2015 2015 JGP United States Junior 6 59.84 5 125.82 5 185.66 2014–15 season Date Event Level SP FS Total February 19–22, 2015 2015 Challenge Cup Junior 1 62.89 1 110.46 1 173.35 January 18–25, 2015 2015 U.S. Junior Championships Junior 5 61.20 5 125.67 5 186.87 References ^ a b c "Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2018/2019". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b c d e f "Tomoki Hiwatashi". U.S. Figure Skating. "Earlier versions: 2015–2018". IceNetwork.com. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Gallagher, Jack (January 26, 2016). "Hiwatashi continues to build on outstanding record". The Japan Times. ^ a b Gallagher, Jack. " For Tomoki Hiwatashi, Move to Japan to Train with Mie Hamada Paying Dividends". Japan Forward. Japan Forward. Retrieved January 15, 2024. ^ a b "Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2013/2014". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on December 20, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Chen Undergoes Left Hip Surgery". U.S. Figure Skating. January 28, 2016. ^ a b "Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2015/2016". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b "Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2016/2017". 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Golden Skate. ^ "U.S Figure Skating Announces Men's, Pairs and Ice Dance Selections for World, Four Continents, World Junior Teams, and World Junior Camp". U.S. Figure Skating. January 26, 2020. ^ Slater, Paula (February 9, 2020). "Hanyu bags first Four Continents gold". Golden Skate. ^ "2020 Skate America". International Figure Skating. October 20, 2020. ^ Slater, Paula (October 24, 2020). "Chen 'sensational' in Short Program at 2020 Skate America". Golden Skate. ^ Slater, Paula (October 26, 2020). "Nathan Chen takes fourth consecutive Skate America title". Golden Skate. ^ Slater, Paula (January 17, 2021). "Nathan Chen wins fifth consecutive US National title". Golden Skate. ^ "Lombardia Trophy 2021". Federazione Italiana Sport del Ghiaccio. ^ Slater, Paula (October 30, 2021). "USA's Chen back on track; takes gold at Skate Canada". Golden Skate. ^ Slater, Paula (November 13, 2021). "Shoma Uno defends NHK Trophy title". Golden Skate. ^ Hiwatashi, Tomoki (January 9, 2022). "First of all, Congratulations to everyone who finished competing at US Nationals" – via Instagram. ^ Slater, Paula (January 23, 2022). "Third time's the charm for Junhwan Cha". Golden Skate. ^ a b c d e f g "Competition Results: Tomoki HIWATASHI". International Skating Union. ^ "ISU GOLDEN SPIN OF ZAGREB 2023 JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER MEN SHORT PROGRAM" (PDF). December 6, 2023. ^ "Eighteen Athletes Named to Four Continents Team". U.S. Figure Skating. January 9, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2024. ^ Flett, Ted (January 28, 2024). "Ilia Malinin storms to gold in Columbus". Golden Skate. Retrieved February 24, 2024. ^ Slater, Paula (May 16, 2019). "USA's Tomoki Hiwatashi comes to 2019-20 season with renewed confidence". Golden Skate. ^ "Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2023/2024". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on November 23, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2022/2023". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2021/2022". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2020/2021". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2019/2020". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "USA-Tomoki HIWATASHI". Skating Scores. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomoki Hiwatashi. Tomoki Hiwatashi at the International Skating Union Tomoki Hiwatashi at U.S. Figure Skating vteWorld junior figure skating champions (men's singles) 1976: Mark Cockerell 1977: Daniel Beland 1978: Dennis Coi 1979: Vitali Egorov 1980: Alexandre Fadeev 1981: Paul Wylie 1982: Scott Williams 1983: Christopher Bowman 1984: Viktor Petrenko 1985: Erik Larson 1986: Vladimir Petrenko 1987: Rudy Galindo 1988: Todd Eldredge 1989: Viacheslav Zagorodniuk 1990: Igor Pashkevich 1991: Vasili Eremenko 1992: Dmitri Dmitrenko 1993: Evgeni Pliuta 1994: Michael Weiss 1995: Ilia Kulik 1996: Alexei Yagudin 1997: Evgeni Plushenko 1998: Derrick Delmore 1999: Ilia Klimkin 2000: Stefan Lindemann 2001: Johnny Weir 2002: Daisuke Takahashi 2003: Alexander Shubin 2004: Andrei Griazev 2005: Nobunari Oda 2006: Takahiko Kozuka 2007: Stephen Carriere 2008: Adam Rippon 2009: Adam Rippon 2010: Yuzuru Hanyu 2011: Andrei Rogozine 2012: Yan Han 2013: Joshua Farris 2014: Nam Nguyen 2015: Shoma Uno 2016: Daniel Samohin 2017: Vincent Zhou 2018: Alexey Erokhov 2019: Tomoki Hiwatashi 2020: Andrei Mozalev 2022: Ilia Malinin 2023: Kao Miura 2024: Seo Min-kyu	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"figure skater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skater"},{"link_name":"2018 CS Inge Solar Memorial – Alpen Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_CS_Inge_Solar_Memorial_%E2%80%93_Alpen_Trophy"},{"link_name":"U.S. national","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2019 World Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2016 World Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"ISU Junior Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"2016 U.S. junior national","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"}],"text":"Tomoki Richard Hiwatashi (born January 20, 2000) is an American figure skater. He is the 2018 CS Inge Solar Memorial – Alpen Trophy bronze medalist and a two-time U.S. national medalist.He is also the 2019 World Junior champion, the 2016 World Junior bronze medalist, a five-time medalist on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series, and the 2016 U.S. junior national champion.","title":"Tomoki Hiwatashi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Englewood, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englewood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-1819-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFS-TH-2"},{"link_name":"Kobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JT160126-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFS-TH-2"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Hoffman Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffman_Estates,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-1819-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-move-4"}],"text":"Hiwatashi was born on January 20, 2000, in Englewood, New Jersey.[1] His mother, Satomi, and father, Satoshi Hiwatashi,[2] are both from Kobe, Japan.[3] He was raised with two sisters.[2] For much of his early life, he lived in the Chicago suburb Hoffman Estates. From 2018 to 2023, he trained and resided in Colorado Springs, Colorado before moving to Osaka, Japan to train.[1][4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFS-TH-2"},{"link_name":"2008–2009 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_figure_skating_season"},{"link_name":"Continuing as a juvenile in 2009–2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_figure_skating_season"},{"link_name":"2010 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2010–2011 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_figure_skating_season"},{"link_name":"2011 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2011–2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_figure_skating_season"},{"link_name":"2012 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_figure_skating_season"},{"link_name":"Midwestern Sectionals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_Sectional_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2013 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Fadeev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Fadeev"},{"link_name":"Wilmette, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmette,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-1314-5"},{"link_name":"ISU Junior Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2013–2014 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_figure_skating_season"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Hiwatashi began skating at age five after a rink opened near his house.[2] He competed on the juvenile level during the 2008–2009 season, placing fourth at the Upper Great Lakes Regional Championships. Continuing as a juvenile in 2009–2010, he won the bronze medal at the Upper Great Lakes Regionals before finishing sixth at the 2010 U.S. Championships. During the 2010–2011 season, he won the juvenile gold medal at both the Upper Great Lakes Regionals and the 2011 U.S. Championships.In 2011–2012, Hiwatashi moved up to the intermediate level, winning the gold medal at the Upper Great Lakes Regionals and the 2012 U.S. Championships. He advanced to the novice level in 2012–13, winning the gold medal at the Upper Great Lakes Regionals, the Midwestern Sectionals, and the 2013 U.S. Championships.Coached by Alexandre Fadeev in Wilmette, Illinois,[5] Hiwatashi was scheduled to make his ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) debut in Mexico in early September 2013 but sustained a medial malleolus fracture in his left foot during an official practice at the competition.[citation needed] As a result, he missed the rest of the 2013–2014 season.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014–2015 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_figure_skating_season"},{"link_name":"Midwestern Sectionals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_Sectional_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2015 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"International Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Challenge_Cup"}],"sub_title":"2014–2015 season","text":"Hiwatashi competed on the junior level during the 2014–2015 season. He won the bronze medal at the Midwestern Sectionals and placed fifth at the 2015 U.S. Championships. He ended his season with the junior gold medal at the International Challenge Cup.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2015–2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_figure_skating_season"},{"link_name":"JGP series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Midwestern Sectionals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_Sectional_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Alexei Krasnozhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Krasnozhon"},{"link_name":"2016 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Nathan Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Chen"},{"link_name":"2016 World Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Debrecen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrecen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFS160128-6"},{"link_name":"World Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Daniel Samohin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Samohin"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Nadeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Nadeau"},{"link_name":"Glen Ellyn, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Ellyn,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-1516-7"}],"sub_title":"2015–2016 season","text":"In 2015–2016, Hiwatashi debuted on the JGP series, placing fifth in Colorado Springs, Colorado before winning the bronze medal in Zagreb, Croatia. He won the junior silver medal at the Midwestern Sectionals, finishing second to Alexei Krasnozhon, and went on to become the junior national champion, outscoring Kevin Shum by 14.78 points for gold at the 2016 U.S. Championships. Later that month, he was selected to replace the injured Nathan Chen at the 2016 World Junior Championships in Debrecen, Hungary.[6]In March at the World Junior Championships, he placed sixth in the short program and third in the free skate to win the bronze medal behind Daniel Samohin of Israel and Nicolas Nadeau of Canada. He was coached by Alexander Ouriashev in Glen Ellyn, Illinois.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 JGP Saint-Gervais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_France"},{"link_name":"2016 CS Warsaw Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_CS_Warsaw_Cup"},{"link_name":"2017 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Monument, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-1617-8"}],"sub_title":"2016–2017 season","text":"Hiwatashi started his season at 2016 JGP Saint-Gervais, where he placed sixth. He competed at the 2016 CS Warsaw Cup, placing ninth, and finished fifteenth at the 2017 U.S. Championships on the senior level. During the season, he was coached by Kori Ade in Monument, Colorado.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 JGP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"2017 JGP Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Latvia"},{"link_name":"2017 JGP Egna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"2018 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2018 World Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Christine Krall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Krall"},{"link_name":"Damon Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_Allen_(figure_skater)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-1718-9"}],"sub_title":"2017–2018 season","text":"Hiwatashi won two bronze medals on the 2017 JGP circuit at 2017 JGP Riga and 2017 JGP Egna. At the 2018 U.S. Championships, he placed fifteenth in the short program, seventh in the free skate, and twelfth overall. He finished seventh at the 2018 World Junior Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria. By the end of the season, he was training under Christine Krall and Damon Allen in Colorado.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2018 JGP Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Petr Gumennik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Gumennik"},{"link_name":"2018 JGP Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix_in_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"2018–19 Junior Grand Prix Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating_Final"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"2018 CS Alpen Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_CS_Inge_Solar_Memorial_%E2%80%93_Alpen_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2019 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS190127-10"},{"link_name":"2019 Four Continents Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Vincent Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Jason Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Brown_(figure_skater)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS190210-11"},{"link_name":"2019 World Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Junior_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Alexei Krasnozhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Krasnozhon"},{"link_name":"Camden Pulkinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Pulkinen"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS190306-12"},{"link_name":"Roman Savosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Savosin"},{"link_name":"Daniel Grassl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Grassl"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS190308-13"}],"sub_title":"2018–2019 season","text":"In September 2018, Hiwatashi won the silver medal at the 2018 JGP Canada, behind Petr Gumennik. He won another silver medal at his second event, the 2018 JGP Slovenia. These results qualified Hiwatashi to the 2018–19 Junior Grand Prix Final in Vancouver, Canada. He next competed on the senior level at the 2018 CS Alpen Trophy, where he won the bronze medal. Concluding the fall season at the Junior Grand Prix Final, he placed sixth overall after struggling in both programs.At the 2019 U.S. Championships, Hiwatashi won the Pewter medal.[10]Due to US national champion Nathan Chen's schedule conflicting with the 2019 Four Continents Championships, Hiwatashi made his senior ISU Championship debut after being named to the Four Continents team with Vincent Zhou and Jason Brown. He set a new personal best score and placed eighth.[11]In his final event of the season, Hiwatashi competed at the 2019 World Junior Championships alongside countrymen Alexei Krasnozhon and Camden Pulkinen. He placed second in the short program, briefly holding the junior world record until it was reclaimed minutes later by Pulkinen.[12] In the free skate, he placed second behind Russian competitor Roman Savosin after cleanly landing a quadruple toe loop-triple toe loop combination but popping a second planned quadruple toe loop to a double toe loop. However, his strong placement in the short program combined with his performance in the free skate allowed him to claim victory overall, and he became the World Junior Champion, ahead of Savosin and bronze medalist Daniel Grassl of Italy.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019 CS U.S. Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_CS_U.S._International_Figure_Skating_Classic"},{"link_name":"senior Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019-20_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"2019 Internationaux de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Internationaux_de_France"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS191102-14"},{"link_name":"2020 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS200125-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS200126-16"},{"link_name":"2020 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Vincent Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Zhou"},{"link_name":"2020 Four Continents Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFS200120-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS200209-18"}],"sub_title":"2019–2020 season","text":"Hiwatashi began his first full senior season with a fifth-place finish at the 2019 CS U.S. Classic. Making this debut on the senior Grand Prix at the 2019 Internationaux de France, Hiwatashi placed tenth in the short program after multiple jump errors but rose to fifth place overall in the free skate.[14]Competing at the 2020 U.S. Championships, Hiwatashi placed fifth in the short program with a clean skate.[15] Third in the free skate, he won the bronze medal, standing on the senior national podium for the second time.[16] Despite placing third, he was not chosen for one of America's three berths at the 2020 World Championships, the third spot going to reigning World bronze medalist Vincent Zhou, who finished slightly under three points behind Hiwatashi in fourth. Hiwatashi was instead assigned to compete at the 2020 Four Continents Championships in Seoul.[17] He placed ninth at Four Continents.[18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coronavirus pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"2020 Skate America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Skate_America"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020-21_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFS201020-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS201024-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS201026-21"},{"link_name":"2021 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS200117-22"}],"sub_title":"2020–2021 season","text":"With the coronavirus pandemic raging, Hiwatashi was assigned to compete at the 2020 Skate America, the ISU having made Grand Prix assignments based primarily on geography.[19] Hiwatashi placed fourth at the event, despite a fall and a singled jump in the free skate.[20][21]Competing at the 2021 U.S. Championships, also held in Las Vegas, Hiwatashi placed seventh.[22]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 CS Lombardia Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_CS_Lombardia_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LT2021-23"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021-22_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"2021 Skate Canada International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Skate_Canada_International"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS211030-24"},{"link_name":"2021 NHK Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_NHK_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS211113-25"},{"link_name":"2022 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"American Olympic team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TH220109-26"},{"link_name":"2022 Four Continents Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS220123-27"}],"sub_title":"2021–2022 season","text":"Hiwatashi began his season at the 2021 CS Lombardia Trophy, where he placed fifth.[23] He was eleventh to start the Grand Prix at 2021 Skate Canada International.[24] At his second event, the 2021 NHK Trophy, he placed ninth. After the free skate, Hiwatashi said he \"wanted to focus on doing my three quads, and I was able to do that.\"[25]Scheduled to compete at the 2022 U.S. Championships in hopes of qualifying for the American Olympic team, Hiwatashi was forced to withdraw due to a positive COVID test.[26] Despite this, he was named to the American team for the 2022 Four Continents Championships in Tallinn, where he was eighth.[27]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skating Club of Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skating_Club_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"Cranberry Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_Cup_International"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022-23_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"2022 MK John Wilson Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_MK_John_Wilson_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2022 NHK Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_NHK_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-TH-28"},{"link_name":"2023 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-TH-28"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Mie Hamada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_Hamada"},{"link_name":"Hiroaki Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroaki_Sato_(figure_skater)"},{"link_name":"Satsuki Muramoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuki_Muramoto"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-move-4"}],"sub_title":"2022–2023 season","text":"After winning the silver medal at the Skating Club of Boston's Cranberry Cup, Hiwatashi competed twice on the Grand Prix, finishing ninth at the 2022 MK John Wilson Trophy and then twelfth at the 2022 NHK Trophy.[28]Struggling with a back injury at the 2023 U.S. Championships, Hiwatashi finished a disappointing tenth-place.[28] Following the season, he moved to Osaka, Japan to train under Mie Hamada, Hiroaki Sato, and Satsuki Muramoto at the Kinoshita Academy.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 CS Budapest Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_CS_Budapest_Trophy"},{"link_name":"ISU Challenger Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Challenger_Series"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-TH-28"},{"link_name":"2023 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_CS_Golden_Spin_of_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSGS2023-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-TH-28"},{"link_name":"2024 U.S. Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2024 Four Continents Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFS240109-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS230128-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-TH-28"}],"sub_title":"2023–2024 season","text":"At the 2023 CS Budapest Trophy, Hiwatashi placed third, winning his second ISU Challenger Series Medal.[28] At the 2023 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb, Hiwatashi placed eight in the short program after falling on his opening quad toe loop.[29] In the free skate, Hiwatashi placed eight again, finishing eighth overall.[28]In advance of the 2024 U.S. Championships, Hiwatashi was preemptively named to the American team for the 2024 Four Continents Championships, which were to occur in Shanghai the week after the national championships.[30] He finished eighth at the national championships, and then went on to place eleventh at the Four Continents Championships.[31][28]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biellmann spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biellmann_spin"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS190516-32"}],"text":"Unlike most skaters, Hiwatashi jumps and spins clockwise. He also can perform the Biellmann spin, an element rarely performed by men due to the flexibility it requires.[32]","title":"Skating technique"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomoki_Hiwatashi_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Skate Milwaukee 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skate_Milwaukee_2015&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Tomoki Hiwatashi at the Skate Milwaukee 2015","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"Challenger Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Challenger_Series"},{"link_name":"Junior Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix"}],"text":"GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix. Pewter medals (4th place) awarded only at U.S. national, sectional, and regional events.","title":"Competitive highlights"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2013–2014 to present","title":"Competitive highlights"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_Internationaux_de_France_Friday_men_SP_group_2_Tomoki_HIWATASHI_8D9A4172.jpg"},{"link_name":"2019 Internationaux de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Internationaux_de_France"},{"link_name":"ISU Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships"}],"sub_title":"Senior level","text":"Hiwatashi at the 2019 Internationaux de FranceSmall medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. Pewter medals (fourth place) awarded only at U.S. domestic events.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISU Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships"}],"sub_title":"Junior level","text":"Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships.","title":"Detailed results"}]	[{"image_text":"Tomoki Hiwatashi at the Skate Milwaukee 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tomoki_Hiwatashi_1.jpg/200px-Tomoki_Hiwatashi_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hiwatashi at the 2019 Internationaux de France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2019_Internationaux_de_France_Friday_men_SP_group_2_Tomoki_HIWATASHI_8D9A4172.jpg/200px-2019_Internationaux_de_France_Friday_men_SP_group_2_Tomoki_HIWATASHI_8D9A4172.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2018/2019\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181221014708/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00014495.htm","url_text":"\"Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2018/2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tomoki Hiwatashi\". U.S. Figure Skating.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usfigureskatingfanzone.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=88","url_text":"\"Tomoki Hiwatashi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Figure_Skating","url_text":"U.S. Figure Skating"}]},{"reference":"\"Earlier versions: 2015–2018\". IceNetwork.com. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180701191828/http://web.icenetwork.com/skaters/profile/tomoki_hiwatashi","url_text":"\"Earlier versions: 2015–2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceNetwork.com","url_text":"IceNetwork.com"}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, Jack (January 26, 2016). \"Hiwatashi continues to build on outstanding record\". The Japan Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2016/01/26/figure-skating/hiwatashi-continues-build-outstanding-record/","url_text":"\"Hiwatashi continues to build on outstanding record\""}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, Jack. \"[ICE TIME] For Tomoki Hiwatashi, Move to Japan to Train with Mie Hamada Paying Dividends\". Japan Forward. Japan Forward. Retrieved January 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.featured.japan-forward.com/sportslook/ice-time-for-tomoki-hiwatashi-move-to-japan-to-train-with-mie-hamada-paying-dividends/","url_text":"\"[ICE TIME] For Tomoki Hiwatashi, Move to Japan to Train with Mie Hamada Paying Dividends\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2013/2014\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on December 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141220152311/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00014495.htm","url_text":"\"Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2013/2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chen Undergoes Left Hip Surgery\". U.S. Figure Skating. January 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://usfigureskating.org/story?id=88959&type=media","url_text":"\"Chen Undergoes Left Hip Surgery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Figure_Skating","url_text":"U.S. Figure Skating"}]},{"reference":"\"Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2015/2016\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003822/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00014495.htm","url_text":"\"Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2015/2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2016/2017\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on May 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170520051817/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00014495.htm","url_text":"\"Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2016/2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2017/2018\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130506/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00014495.htm","url_text":"\"Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2017/2018\""}]},{"reference":"Mammoser, Scott. \"Chen dominates U.S. men to win third national title\". Golden Skate. Retrieved January 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://goldenskate.com/2019/01/nathan-chen-dominates-men-to-win-third-u-s-title/","url_text":"\"Chen dominates U.S. men to win third national title\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (February 10, 2019). \"Revived, Uno rallies to capture first Four Continents title\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://goldenskate.com/2019/02/revived-uno-rallies-to-capture-first-four-continent-title/","url_text":"\"Revived, Uno rallies to capture first Four Continents title\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (March 6, 2019). \"Camden in true form at Junior Worlds\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://goldenskate.com/2019/03/camden-in-true-form-at-junior-worlds/","url_text":"\"Camden in true form at Junior Worlds\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (March 8, 2019). \"Hiwatashi captures Men's title at Junior Worlds\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2019/03/hiwatashi-captures-mens-title-at-junior-worlds/","url_text":"\"Hiwatashi captures Men's title at Junior Worlds\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (November 2, 2019). \"USA's Chen defends Grand Prix title in France; earns ticket to Final\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2019/11/2019-internationeaux-de-france-mens-free-skate/","url_text":"\"USA's Chen defends Grand Prix title in France; earns ticket to Final\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (January 25, 2020). \"Chen in comfortable lead at U.S. Nationals\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2020/01/chen-in-comfortable-lead-at-u-s-nationals/","url_text":"\"Chen in comfortable lead at U.S. Nationals\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (January 26, 2020). \"Chen wins fourth consecutive U.S. National title\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2020/01/chen-wins-fourth-consecutive-u-s-national-title/","url_text":"\"Chen wins fourth consecutive U.S. National title\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S Figure Skating Announces Men's, Pairs and Ice Dance Selections for World, Four Continents, World Junior Teams, and World Junior Camp\". U.S. Figure Skating. January 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://usfigureskatingfanzone.com/news/2020/1/26/us-figure-skating-announces-mens-pairs-and-ice-dance-selections-for-world-four-continents-world-junior-teams-and-world-junior-camp.aspx","url_text":"\"U.S Figure Skating Announces Men's, Pairs and Ice Dance Selections for World, Four Continents, World Junior Teams, and World Junior Camp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Figure_Skating","url_text":"U.S. Figure Skating"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (February 9, 2020). \"Hanyu bags first Four Continents gold\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2020/02/hanyu-bags-first-four-continents-gold/","url_text":"\"Hanyu bags first Four Continents gold\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Skate America\". International Figure Skating. October 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifsmagazine.com/2020-skate-america/","url_text":"\"2020 Skate America\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (October 24, 2020). \"Chen 'sensational' in Short Program at 2020 Skate America\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2020/10/chen-sensational-in-short-program-at-2020-skate-america/","url_text":"\"Chen 'sensational' in Short Program at 2020 Skate America\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (October 26, 2020). \"Nathan Chen takes fourth consecutive Skate America title\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2020/10/nathan-chen-takes-fourth-consecutive-skate-america-title/","url_text":"\"Nathan Chen takes fourth consecutive Skate America title\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (January 17, 2021). \"Nathan Chen wins fifth consecutive US National title\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2021/01/2021-us-nationals-mens-fs/","url_text":"\"Nathan Chen wins fifth consecutive US National title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lombardia Trophy 2021\". Federazione Italiana Sport del Ghiaccio.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fisg.it/upload/result/5536/index.html","url_text":"\"Lombardia Trophy 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (October 30, 2021). \"USA's Chen back on track; takes gold at Skate Canada\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2021/10/2021-skate-canada-men/","url_text":"\"USA's Chen back on track; takes gold at Skate Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (November 13, 2021). \"Shoma Uno defends NHK Trophy title\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2021/11/2021-nhk-trophy-men/","url_text":"\"Shoma Uno defends NHK Trophy title\""}]},{"reference":"Hiwatashi, Tomoki [@tomostar0120] (January 9, 2022). \"First of all, Congratulations to everyone who finished competing at US Nationals\" – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url_text":"Hiwatashi, Tomoki [@tomostar0120]"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CYh1EaLuilq/","url_text":"\"First of all, Congratulations to everyone who finished competing at US Nationals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (January 23, 2022). \"Third time's the charm for Junhwan Cha\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2022/01/third-times-the-charm-for-junhwan-cha/","url_text":"\"Third time's the charm for Junhwan Cha\""}]},{"reference":"\"Competition Results: Tomoki HIWATASHI\". International Skating Union.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs_cr_00014495.htm","url_text":"\"Competition Results: Tomoki HIWATASHI\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISU GOLDEN SPIN OF ZAGREB 2023 JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER MEN SHORT PROGRAM\" (PDF). December 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.croskate.hr/cscro2023/FSKMSINGLES-----------QUAL000100--_JudgesDetailsperSkater.pdf","url_text":"\"ISU GOLDEN SPIN OF ZAGREB 2023 JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER MEN SHORT PROGRAM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eighteen Athletes Named to Four Continents Team\". U.S. Figure Skating. January 9, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://usfigureskatingfanzone.com/news/2024/1/9/figure-skating-eighteen-athletes-named-to-four-continents-team.aspx","url_text":"\"Eighteen Athletes Named to Four Continents Team\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Figure_Skating","url_text":"U.S. Figure Skating"}]},{"reference":"Flett, Ted (January 28, 2024). \"Ilia Malinin storms to gold in Columbus\". Golden Skate. Retrieved February 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/ilia-malinin-storms-to-gold-in-columbus/","url_text":"\"Ilia Malinin storms to gold in Columbus\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (May 16, 2019). \"USA's Tomoki Hiwatashi comes to 2019-20 season with renewed confidence\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2019/05/tomoki-hiwatashi/","url_text":"\"USA's Tomoki Hiwatashi comes to 2019-20 season with renewed confidence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tomoki HIWATASHI: 2023/2024\". International Skating Union. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Presedo	Federico Presedo	["1 Career","2 Career statistics","3 References","4 External links"]	Argentine footballer This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (July 2023) Federico PresedoPersonal informationFull name Federico Ezequiel PresedoDate of birth (1992-08-28) 28 August 1992 (age 31)Place of birth Morón, ArgentinaHeight 1.66 m (5 ft 5 in)Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team JJ UrquizaYouth career Almirante BrownSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2012–2015 Almirante Brown 46 (2)2015–2019 Fénix 69 (10)2017–2019 → Nueva Chicago (loan) 15 (0)2019–2021 Atlanta 11 (0)2021– JJ Urquiza 30 (2) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 17:34, 8 June 2022 (UTC) Federico Ezequiel Presedo (born 28 August 1992) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for JJ Urquiza. Career Almirante Brown were Presedo's first club. He participated in the opening match of his career in Primera B Nacional on 23 September 2012 against Gimnasia y Esgrima, which was followed by his first goal versus Sarmiento in April 2013. Ten total appearances arrived in 2012–13, with Presedo receiving a red card against Patronato in his last game. Almirante Brown suffered relegation in 2013–14, with Presedo going on to participate twenty-one times in Primera B Metropolitana up to 2015. Presedo left to join Fénix midway through the year. He remained for three campaigns whilst scoring ten goals in sixty-nine matches. On 31 July 2017, Presedo was loaned to Primera B Nacional's Nueva Chicago for 2017–18 and 2018–19. He featured just four times in the former, all of which were off the substitutes bench, after suffering a cruciate ligament injury. Career statistics As of 27 February 2019. Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League Cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Almirante Brown 2012–13 Primera B Nacional 10 1 0 0 — 0 0 10 1 2013–14 15 0 1 0 — 0 0 16 0 2014 Primera B Metropolitana 9 1 2 1 — 0 0 11 2 2015 12 0 1 0 — 0 0 13 0 Total 46 2 4 1 — 0 0 50 3 Fénix 2015 Primera B Metropolitana 19 1 0 0 — 0 0 19 1 2016 19 2 0 0 — 0 0 19 2 2016–17 31 7 0 0 — 0 0 31 7 2017–18 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 0 0 2018–19 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 0 0 Total 69 10 0 0 — 0 0 69 10 Nueva Chicago (loan) 2017–18 Primera B Nacional 4 0 0 0 — 0 0 4 0 2018–19 5 0 0 0 — 0 0 5 0 Total 9 0 0 0 — 0 0 9 0 Career total 124 12 4 1 — 0 0 128 13 References ^ Federico Presedo at WorldFootball.net ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Argentina - F. Presedo". Soccerway. Retrieved 27 February 2019. ^ "Ficha Estadistica de FEDERICO PRESEDO". BDFA. Retrieved 27 February 2019. ^ "Federico Presedo: "Íbamos a entrenar y no nos miraba nadie"". El1Digital. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2019. ^ ""Un club que sabe lo que quiere"". Solo Ascenso. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2019. ^ "Fénix: "Somos laburadores y no se nos trata de esa manera"". Vermouth Deportivo. 9 March 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2019. ^ "Presedo será baja en el Torito". El Liberal. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2019. External links Federico Presedo at Soccerway	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"JJ Urquiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JJ_Urquiza"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-2"}],"text":"Federico Ezequiel Presedo (born 28 August 1992) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for JJ Urquiza.[2]","title":"Federico Presedo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Almirante Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Almirante_Brown"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-2"},{"link_name":"Primera B Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_B_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Gimnasia y Esgrima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_de_Jujuy"},{"link_name":"Sarmiento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Sarmiento_(Jun%C3%ADn)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDFA-3"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Primera_B_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Patronato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Patronato"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-2"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Primera_B_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Primera B Metropolitana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_B_Metropolitana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El1Digital-4"},{"link_name":"Fénix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_F%C3%A9nix"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Solo_Ascenso-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vermouth_Deportivo-6"},{"link_name":"Nueva Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Nueva_Chicago"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Primera_B_Nacional"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Primera_B_Nacional"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-2"},{"link_name":"cruciate ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciate_ligament"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Liberal-7"}],"text":"Almirante Brown were Presedo's first club.[2] He participated in the opening match of his career in Primera B Nacional on 23 September 2012 against Gimnasia y Esgrima, which was followed by his first goal versus Sarmiento in April 2013.[2][3] Ten total appearances arrived in 2012–13, with Presedo receiving a red card against Patronato in his last game.[2] Almirante Brown suffered relegation in 2013–14, with Presedo going on to participate twenty-one times in Primera B Metropolitana up to 2015.[2][4] Presedo left to join Fénix midway through the year.[2][5] He remained for three campaigns whilst scoring ten goals in sixty-nine matches.[2][6]On 31 July 2017, Presedo was loaned to Primera B Nacional's Nueva Chicago for 2017–18 and 2018–19.[2] He featured just four times in the former, all of which were off the substitutes bench, after suffering a cruciate ligament injury.[2][7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-2"}],"text":"As of 27 February 2019.[2]","title":"Career statistics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Argentina - F. Presedo\". Soccerway. Retrieved 27 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/federico-presedo/266681/","url_text":"\"Argentina - F. Presedo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ficha Estadistica de FEDERICO PRESEDO\". BDFA. Retrieved 27 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bdfa.com.ar/jugadores-FEDERICO-EZEQUIEL-PRESEDO-91726.html","url_text":"\"Ficha Estadistica de FEDERICO PRESEDO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federico Presedo: \"Íbamos a entrenar y no nos miraba nadie\"\". El1Digital. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.el1digital.com.ar/articulo/view/48444/federico-presedo-ibamos-a-entrenar-y-no-nos-miraba-nadie","url_text":"\"Federico Presedo: \"Íbamos a entrenar y no nos miraba nadie\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Un club que sabe lo que quiere\"\". Solo Ascenso. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soloascenso.com.ar/notas/fenix/un-club-que-sabe-lo-que-quiere/82320","url_text":"\"\"Un club que sabe lo que quiere\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fénix: \"Somos laburadores y no se nos trata de esa manera\"\". Vermouth Deportivo. 9 March 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vermouth-deportivo.com.ar/index.php/2017/03/09/fenix-somos-laburadores-y-no-se-nos-trata-de-esa-manera/","url_text":"\"Fénix: \"Somos laburadores y no se nos trata de esa manera\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Presedo será baja en el Torito\". El Liberal. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elliberal.com.ar/noticia/371965/presedo-sera-baja-torito","url_text":"\"Presedo será baja en el Torito\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Federico_Presedo&namespace=0","external_links_name":"link to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Federico+Presedo&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Federico+Presedo","external_links_name":"related articles"},{"Link":"https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Federico_Presedo","external_links_name":"Find link tool"},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/federico-presedo/#wac_660x40_top","external_links_name":"Federico Presedo"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/federico-presedo/266681/","external_links_name":"\"Argentina - F. Presedo\""},{"Link":"http://www.bdfa.com.ar/jugadores-FEDERICO-EZEQUIEL-PRESEDO-91726.html","external_links_name":"\"Ficha Estadistica de FEDERICO PRESEDO\""},{"Link":"http://www.el1digital.com.ar/articulo/view/48444/federico-presedo-ibamos-a-entrenar-y-no-nos-miraba-nadie","external_links_name":"\"Federico Presedo: \"Íbamos a entrenar y no nos miraba nadie\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.soloascenso.com.ar/notas/fenix/un-club-que-sabe-lo-que-quiere/82320","external_links_name":"\"\"Un club que sabe lo que quiere\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.vermouth-deportivo.com.ar/index.php/2017/03/09/fenix-somos-laburadores-y-no-se-nos-trata-de-esa-manera/","external_links_name":"\"Fénix: \"Somos laburadores y no se nos trata de esa manera\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.elliberal.com.ar/noticia/371965/presedo-sera-baja-torito","external_links_name":"\"Presedo será baja en el Torito\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/federico-presedo/266681/","external_links_name":"Federico Presedo"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Aslam	Banu Aslam	["1 See also","2 References"]	Banu Aslam (Arabic: بنو أسلم) were an Arabian tribe during the Islamic prophet Muhammad's era. During the Invasion of Hamra al-Asad, Muhammad sent 3 spies belonging to this tribe to track the departing Meccan Army. During the Battle of the Trench also known as the Battle of Khandaq, the Banu Aslam made up one tribe consisting of a confederation of tribes which took part in the battle. During Abu Bakr's era the Banu Aslam came in support of Abu Bakr and Umar and pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr around the time of the Ridda Wars, Abu Bakr noted that after seeing this he was certain of victory See also List of battles of Muhammad References ^ Al-Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman (2002), Sealed Nectar, Dar us Salam, p. 340, ISBN 9789960899558 ^ Abū Khalīl, Shawqī (2003), Hamra al assad, Dar us Salam, p. 273, ISBN 9960-897-54-0 ^ Sayyid Saeed Akhtar Rizvi, The Holy Prophet, p. 79 ^ Wilferd Madelung, The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate, p.34 vteHistorical Arab tribesThese prefixes ignored in the alphabetical ordering: Al, Bani, Banu. ʿĀd Akk Amila Banu Amr Anmar Banu Asad Ash'ar Aslam Azd Ansar Aws Khazraj Bariq Daws Ghamd Zahran Bajila Hamdan Al-Haram Hudhayl Judham Ju'fa Jurhum Banu Kanz Kahlan Khath'am Khuza'a Mustaliq Kinana Bakr ibn Abd Manat Damrah Ghifar Jadhima Quraysh Abd-Shams Umayya Adi Hashim Abbas Jumah Sahm Taym Zuhra Kinda Khuthir Lihyan Lakhm Madh'hij Banu al-Hakam Ans Awd Nukha Zubaid Maqil Muzayna Rabi'a Abd al-Qays Anazzah Bakr ibn Wa'il Banu Dhuhl Hanifa Ijl Shayban Taym Allah Banu Yashkur Taghlib Qays Ghatafan Dhubyan Fazara Murra Tha'laba Abs Hawazin Sa'd ibn Nasr Thaqif Amir Hilal Ka'b Uqayl Khafaja Kilab Qushayr Sulaym Ghani Bahila Muharib Qedar Quda'a Bahra' Bali Balqayn Jarm Juhaynah Kalb Salih al-Samayda Sa'ida Shehr Shuja Tamim Hanzala Sa'd ibn Zayd Manat Tanukh Tayy Jarrah Al Fadl Thamud Yaman Part of Arab tribes This Islam-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of the Trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Umar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar"},{"link_name":"Ridda Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_Wars"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"During the Battle of the Trench also known as the Battle of Khandaq, the Banu Aslam made up one tribe consisting of a confederation of tribes which took part in the battle.[3]During Abu Bakr's era the Banu Aslam came in support of Abu Bakr and Umar and pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr around the time of the Ridda Wars, Abu Bakr noted that after seeing this he was certain of victory [4]","title":"Banu Aslam"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of battles of Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_of_Muhammad"}]	[{"reference":"Al-Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman (2002), Sealed Nectar, Dar us Salam, p. 340, ISBN 9789960899558","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&q=hamra+ul+asad&pg=PA340","url_text":"Sealed Nectar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789960899558","url_text":"9789960899558"}]},{"reference":"Abū Khalīl, Shawqī (2003), Hamra al assad, Dar us Salam, p. 273, ISBN 9960-897-54-0","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8BziirH6UKMC&q=hamra+al+asad&pg=PA272","url_text":"Hamra al assad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9960-897-54-0","url_text":"9960-897-54-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&q=hamra+ul+asad&pg=PA340","external_links_name":"Sealed Nectar"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8BziirH6UKMC&q=hamra+al+asad&pg=PA272","external_links_name":"Hamra al assad"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BDqtAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79","external_links_name":"The Holy Prophet"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2QKBUwBUWWkC&pg=PA34","external_links_name":"The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banu_Aslam&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_(disambiguation)	G2	["1 Fiction","2 Science and mathematics","3 Computing","4 Commerce and industry","5 Transportation","6 Military","7 Other uses","8 See also"]	For the Wikipedia G2 criterion for speedy deletion, see Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion § G2. Look up g2 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. G2, G02, G.II, G II, or G-2 may refer to: Fiction Transformers: Generation 2: Part of the Transformers franchise, lasting 1992-1995 Transformers: Generation 2 (comics), by Marvel Comics G2, an android in the movie Inspector Gadget 2 Science and mathematics G2, a stellar classification G2 (mathematics), an exceptional Lie group G2, a soil erosion model G2 gas cloud, an astronomical object on a collision course with the super massive black hole at the center of the Milky Way G2 phase, part of the cell cycle ATC code G02 Other gynecologicals, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System Ovoglobulin G2, a protein in egg white Haplogroup G2, a subclade of Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) g−2, the notation for the anomalous magnetic dipole moment in physics Muon g-2 experiment at Fermilab (E989) g(2), degree of second order coherence in quantum optics G2, an informal group of fossil bird eggs from the Gobi desert that were later named Gobioolithus major Computing Extreme-G 2, a 1998 Nintendo 64 game G2, a model of PowerPC Gnutella2, the P2P file sharing Network HTC Hero mobile phone, aka G2 Touch LG G2, an Android smartphone developed by LG Electronics T-Mobile G2, an Android smartphone made by HTC for T-Mobile USA Cook Codec or RealAudio G2, an audio compression method Commerce and industry G2 Crowd, a peer-to-peer review site Gatorade G2, a soft drink Canon PowerShot G2, a digital camera Contax G2, the second Contax G camera Panasonic Lumix DMC-G2, a digital camera Slacker G2, a portable audio device for the Slacker music service Transportation County Route G2 (California), also known as Lawrence Expressway G2 Beijing–Shanghai Expressway, China Glasspar G2, a sports car Grumman Gulfstream II, a business jet built Fiat G.2, a 1932 Italian transport aircraft Galactic 02 (G02), a suborbital tourist spaceflight on 10 August 2023 from Virgin Galactic G2, the Avirex Gabon IATA airline designator G2, a class of driver's license in Ontario, Canada Pontiac G2, a hatchback sold in Mexico Military G2, a designation in NATO's Continental staff system, related to Military Intelligence G-2 (intelligence), the United States Army unit Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland), commonly referred to as "G2" Dirección de Inteligencia, Cuba, also referred to as "G2" Pindad G2, a handgun produced by Pindad AEG G.II, a German World War I bomber Albatros G.II, a 1916 German biplane bomber prototype Friedrichshafen G.II, a 1916 German medium bomber aircraft HMAS Nestor (G02), a 1940 Royal Australian Navy N-class destroyer Gotha G.II, a German bomber during World War I Soko G-2, a 1961 Yugoslavian two-seat aircraft USS G-2 (SS-27), an American submarine Other uses G2, The Guardian weekday supplement G2 Esports, a European eSports organization Group of Two, a proposed informal special relationship between the United States and China G-2 visa, a nonimmigrant visa which allows travel to the United States G2 (rapper), the stage name of South Korean rapper Kevin Hwang G2, a block of character codes in the Teletext character set G2 (film), an upcoming Indian Telugu-language action spy film sequel to Goodachari See also Group 2 (disambiguation) 2G (disambiguation) GG (disambiguation) GII (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	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Gobioolithus major","title":"Science and mathematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Extreme-G 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme-G_2"},{"link_name":"G2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC_600#G2"},{"link_name":"Gnutella2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnutella2"},{"link_name":"HTC Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Hero"},{"link_name":"LG G2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_G2"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile G2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_G2"},{"link_name":"Cook Codec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Codec"}],"text":"Extreme-G 2, a 1998 Nintendo 64 game\nG2, a model of PowerPC\nGnutella2, the P2P file sharing Network\nHTC Hero mobile phone, aka G2 Touch\nLG G2, an Android smartphone developed by LG Electronics\nT-Mobile G2, an Android smartphone made by HTC for T-Mobile USA\nCook Codec or RealAudio G2, an audio compression method","title":"Computing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G2 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Amighetti	Giovanni Amighetti	["1 Selected discography","2 References"]	Contemporary Italian musician (born 1971) Giovanni AmighettiAmighetti playing for Nintendo. Photo by Elisa Caldana. ©ArvmusicBackground informationBorn (1971-02-21) 21 February 1971 (age 53)Parma, ItalyOriginItalyGenresContemporaryOccupation(s)Musician and composerInstrument(s)KeyboardsMusical artist Giovanni Amighetti (born 21 February 1971 in Parma, Italy) is an Italian contemporary musician. He studied classical piano and began playing with avantgarde band Fondamenta and AREA drummer Giulio Capiozzo in late eighties. With the world music boom he started promoting in Italy some of the Real World recording label artists. His first world music CD production is "No, Russia cannot be perceived by wit" by Terem Quartet, realised by Schott Musik/Intuition in 1999. Then he worked on many studio and live projects, often collaborating with musicians from Mari Boine Band (Gjermund Silset, Helge Norbakken, Roger Ludvigsen). Among others: "Salimie" with Ayub Ogada, "La voce del mondo" with Tiziana Ghiglioni and "Anastasia" with Vladimir Denissenkov. He has composed music with Guo Yue for DVD Shan Qi by Ozella Music, 2009. In 1996 he played with Ayub Ogada in front of an audience of 500.000 by the Colosseum in Rome for FAO He is an honorary citizen of Santa Cruz, California. In contemporary music also worked on some solo and Fondamenta projects, with Union Nowhere, on Guido Ponzini's cd "Twilight town" and with the Shan Qi ensemble featuring Chinese flute player Guo Yue. Produced Wu Fei's "A Distant Youth" in 2007, featuring Fred Frith, Carla Kihlstedt and Helge A. Norbakken. He is also engaged in multimedia productions merging music and interactive digital media with Arvmusic. In 2009 worked with Adel Salameh and Naziha Azzouz for "Dardasha" and with Nintendo for the Wii Music Live gigs, in 2010 he has been main producer for historical work "La musica di Secondo Casadei" by Casadei Sonora. In 2012 he recorded "windy valley" with Morricone-related classical players using a rig of old ARP, Prophet and Moog synthesizers. Amighetti has collaborated with Nasa/JPL scientist Michele Vallisneri in "Tales from the Cosmos" and played in and produced new album by Bernardi with Skunk Anansie guitarist Martin Kent (Ace) and Michael Urbano. In 2015 is out his produced CD by Faris Amine "Mississippi to Sahara" for Reaktion/Wrasse Records, which is research upon the origins of blues music in the Tuareg tradition. Nominee as best fusion album in 2016 by Songlines and awarded as one of 10 all-time best Tuareg records. Giovanni also played in another JPL related work with English guitarist David Rhodes (guitarist) (Peter Gabriel), Jeff Coffin (Dave Matthews Band), Wu Fei, Paolo Vinaccia and Roger Ludvigsen called "The Fermi Paradox". Also in 2015 is his production meeting by Officina Zoe and Mari Boine for "La notte della Taranta". In 2018 he recorded piano and synths for "A classical improvisation" a contemporary classical concept of creating music directly in the studio sessions together with Tiziana Ghiglioni and Angela Benelli. Also worked live with percussionists Sidiki Camara and Trilok Gurtu, composer Ray Lema and as guest with L'orchestra Popolare La Notte della Taranta directed by Daniele Durante. In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic he helped in bringing Daniele Durante's Taranta project to the Castello Sforzesco in Milano for the sole gig of the ensemble that year. He was also musician and artistic coordinator for the Italy for China music and video recording in Teatro Asioli Correggio – Ahymé Festival with Daniele Durante, Franco Mussida Premiata Forneria Marconi, Moreno Conficconi – Venice Film Festival Siae prize winner. In 2021 Amighetti recorded and released the album "Play@Esagono vol.1" with guitarist Luca Nobis and various guests including Jeff Coffin from Dave Matthews Band, Petit Solo Diabate and Fiorenzo Tassinari. The album has been followed by a serie of eleven live videos filmed by director Luca Fabbri. In June 2021 he was producer and musician for the collaboration between Daniele Durante Taranta and the Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen for Summer in Lesmona. Selected discography 1999: No, Russia Cannot Be Perceived by wit – Terem Quartet – (Intuition) producer 2000: Tanguru Salimie – Ayub Ogada, Roger Ludvigsen, Giovanni Amighetti, Gjermund Silset, Helge Norbakken – (Intuition) 2001: La Voce del Mondo – Tiziana Ghiglioni, Ludvigsen, Giovanni Amighetti, Gjermund Silset, Helge Norbakken, Meola – (Arv) 2001: Anastasia – Vladimir Denissenkov, Silset, Norbakken, Amighetti – (Arv) 2002: The Beautiful High Coast – Alf Haggkvist – (Arv) executive producer 2003 And if the world... – Giovanni Amighetti, Laura Love, Joji Hirota, Guo Yue, Ayub Ogada, Helge Norbakken, Annbjorg Lien, Adel Salameh (Iamedia) 2006: Twilight Town – Guido Ponzini, Guo Yue, Amighetti, Cottifogli, Meola – (Ozella Music) 2007: A Distant Youth – Wu Fei, Fred Frith, Carla Kihlstedt, Helge A. Norbakken – (Forrest Hill) producer 2009: Shan Qi / Energy of the Mountains – Guo Yue, Giovanni Amighetti, Wu Fei, Ponzini, Helge Norbakken – (Ozella Music) 2010: Plugin Contemporary Music – Guido Ponzini, Angela Benelli, Gambini, Amighetti – (Porter Records) 2011: La Musica di Secondo Casadei – Conficconi, Tassinari, Benelli, Vallicelli – (Arv-Casadei Sonora) producer 2012: Dardasha – Adel Salameh, Naziha Azzouz, Amighetti, Ponzini, Fulvio Maras – (Arv) 2012: Windy Valley – Claudio Ferrarini, Giovanni Amighetti, Andreoli, Benelli, Ponzini, Meola – (Arte Sonora) 2015: Mississippi to Sahara – Faris Amine, Leo Welch – (Wrasse) producer 2017: Re-Birth – Pier Bernardi, Ace, Giovanni Amighetti, Michael Urbano – (Irma Records) 2018: A classical improvisation – Giovanni Amighetti, Tiziana Ghiglioni, Angela Benelli, Pier Bernardi (Muki) 2021: Incontri sul Palco – Giovanni Amighetti, Moreno Conficconi, Franco Mussida, Daniele Durante (video – Esagono) 2021: Play@Esagono vol.1 – Giovanni Amighetti, Luca Nobis, Petit Solo Diabate, Jeff Coffin, Fiorenzo Tassinari, Valerio "Combass" Bruno (Esagono Dischi – Bollettino) 2023: E-wired Empathy – Giovanni Amighetti, Luca Nobis, Gabin Dabire, Jeff Coffin, Valerio "Combass" Bruno (Esagono Dischi) References ^ "Attualità: Ultime news". ^ "Polka "Cicogna" by Secondo Casadei. Ballo liscio". Retrieved 8 June 2023 – via www.youtube.com. ^ "Michele Vallisneri \| Science and Technology". scienceandtechnology.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 8 June 2023. ^ "David Rhodes – Correggio". 7 February 2015. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"AREA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_(gruppo_musicale)"},{"link_name":"Real World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_World_Records"},{"link_name":"Terem Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terem_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Helge Norbakken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helge_Norbakken"},{"link_name":"Roger Ludvigsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ludvigsen"},{"link_name":"Ayub Ogada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Ogada"},{"link_name":"Shan Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ozellamusic.com/fileadmin/label/ozella/Shan%20Qi/oz022dvd_text_shanqi_e.pdf"},{"link_name":"Colosseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum"},{"link_name":"FAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO"},{"link_name":"Guo Yue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Yue_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Wu Fei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Fei"},{"link_name":"Fred Frith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Frith"},{"link_name":"Carla Kihlstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Kihlstedt"},{"link_name":"Helge A. Norbakken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helge_A._Norbakken"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Moog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Skunk Anansie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk_Anansie"},{"link_name":"Michael Urbano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Urbano"},{"link_name":"Tuareg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg"},{"link_name":"David Rhodes (guitarist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rhodes_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Coffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Coffin"},{"link_name":"Wu Fei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Fei"},{"link_name":"Roger Ludvigsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ludvigsen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mari Boine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Boine"},{"link_name":"Trilok Gurtu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilok_Gurtu"},{"link_name":"Ray Lema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Lema"},{"link_name":"Premiata Forneria Marconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiata_Forneria_Marconi"},{"link_name":"Venice Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Jeff Coffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Coffin"},{"link_name":"Dave Matthews Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Kammerphilharmonie_Bremen"}],"text":"Musical artistGiovanni Amighetti (born 21 February 1971 in Parma, Italy) is an Italian contemporary musician.He studied classical piano and began playing with avantgarde band Fondamenta and AREA drummer Giulio Capiozzo in late eighties. With the world music boom he started promoting in Italy some of the Real World recording label artists. \nHis first world music CD production is \"No, Russia cannot be perceived by wit\" by Terem Quartet, realised by Schott Musik/Intuition in 1999. \nThen he worked on many studio and live projects, often collaborating with musicians from Mari Boine Band (Gjermund Silset, Helge Norbakken, Roger Ludvigsen).Among others: \"Salimie\" with Ayub Ogada, \"La voce del mondo\" with \nTiziana Ghiglioni and \"Anastasia\" with Vladimir Denissenkov.He has composed music with Guo Yue for DVD Shan Qi by Ozella Music, 2009.In 1996 he played with Ayub Ogada in front of an audience of 500.000 by the Colosseum in Rome for FAOHe is an honorary citizen of Santa Cruz, California.In contemporary music also worked on some solo and Fondamenta projects, with Union Nowhere, on Guido Ponzini's cd \"Twilight town\" and with the Shan Qi ensemble featuring Chinese flute player Guo Yue. Produced Wu Fei's \"A Distant Youth\" in 2007, featuring Fred Frith, Carla Kihlstedt and Helge A. Norbakken.\nHe is also engaged in multimedia productions merging music and interactive digital media with Arvmusic.In 2009 worked with Adel Salameh and Naziha Azzouz for \"Dardasha\" and with Nintendo for the Wii Music Live gigs, [1] in 2010 he has been main producer for historical work \"La musica di Secondo Casadei\" by Casadei Sonora.[2] In 2012 he recorded \"windy valley\" with Morricone-related classical players using a rig of old ARP, Prophet and Moog synthesizers.Amighetti has collaborated with Nasa/JPL scientist Michele Vallisneri in \"Tales from the Cosmos\"[3] and played in and produced new album by Bernardi with Skunk Anansie guitarist Martin Kent (Ace) and Michael Urbano.In 2015 is out his produced CD by Faris Amine \"Mississippi to Sahara\" for Reaktion/Wrasse Records, which is research upon the origins of blues music in the Tuareg tradition.\nNominee as best fusion album in 2016 by Songlines and awarded as one of 10 all-time best Tuareg records.Giovanni also played in another JPL related work with English guitarist David Rhodes (guitarist) (Peter Gabriel), Jeff Coffin (Dave Matthews Band), Wu Fei, Paolo Vinaccia and Roger Ludvigsen called \"The Fermi Paradox\".[4] Also in 2015 is his production meeting by Officina Zoe and Mari Boine for \"La notte della Taranta\".In 2018 he recorded piano and synths for \"A classical improvisation\" a contemporary classical concept of creating music directly in the studio sessions together with Tiziana Ghiglioni and Angela Benelli. Also worked live with percussionists Sidiki Camara and Trilok Gurtu, composer Ray Lema and as guest with L'orchestra Popolare La Notte della Taranta directed by Daniele Durante.In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic he helped in bringing Daniele Durante's Taranta project to the Castello Sforzesco in Milano for the sole gig of the ensemble that year. He was also musician and artistic coordinator for the Italy for China music and video recording in Teatro Asioli Correggio – Ahymé Festival with Daniele Durante, Franco Mussida Premiata Forneria Marconi, Moreno Conficconi – Venice Film Festival Siae prize winner.In 2021 Amighetti recorded and released the album \"Play@Esagono vol.1\" with guitarist Luca Nobis and various guests including Jeff Coffin from Dave Matthews Band, Petit Solo Diabate and Fiorenzo Tassinari. The album has been followed by a serie of eleven live videos filmed by director Luca Fabbri.In June 2021 he was producer and musician for the collaboration between Daniele Durante Taranta and the Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen for Summer in Lesmona.","title":"Giovanni Amighetti"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1999: No, Russia Cannot Be Perceived by wit – Terem Quartet – (Intuition) producer\n2000: Tanguru Salimie – Ayub Ogada, Roger Ludvigsen, Giovanni Amighetti, Gjermund Silset, Helge Norbakken – (Intuition)\n2001: La Voce del Mondo – Tiziana Ghiglioni, Ludvigsen, Giovanni Amighetti, Gjermund Silset, Helge Norbakken, Meola – (Arv)\n2001: Anastasia – Vladimir Denissenkov, Silset, Norbakken, Amighetti – (Arv)\n2002: The Beautiful High Coast – Alf Haggkvist – (Arv) executive producer\n2003 And if the world... – Giovanni Amighetti, Laura Love, Joji Hirota, Guo Yue, Ayub Ogada, Helge Norbakken, Annbjorg Lien, Adel Salameh (Iamedia)\n2006: Twilight Town – Guido Ponzini, Guo Yue, Amighetti, Cottifogli, Meola – (Ozella Music)\n2007: A Distant Youth – Wu Fei, Fred Frith, Carla Kihlstedt, Helge A. Norbakken – (Forrest Hill) producer\n2009: Shan Qi / Energy of the Mountains – Guo Yue, Giovanni Amighetti, Wu Fei, Ponzini, Helge Norbakken – (Ozella Music)\n2010: Plugin Contemporary Music – Guido Ponzini, Angela Benelli, Gambini, Amighetti – (Porter Records)\n2011: La Musica di Secondo Casadei – Conficconi, Tassinari, Benelli, Vallicelli – (Arv-Casadei Sonora) producer\n2012: Dardasha – Adel Salameh, Naziha Azzouz, Amighetti, Ponzini, Fulvio Maras – (Arv)\n2012: Windy Valley – Claudio Ferrarini, Giovanni Amighetti, Andreoli, Benelli, Ponzini, Meola – (Arte Sonora)\n2015: Mississippi to Sahara – Faris Amine, Leo Welch – (Wrasse) producer\n2017: Re-Birth – Pier Bernardi, Ace, Giovanni Amighetti, Michael Urbano – (Irma Records)\n2018: A classical improvisation – Giovanni Amighetti, Tiziana Ghiglioni, Angela Benelli, Pier Bernardi (Muki)\n2021: Incontri sul Palco – Giovanni Amighetti, Moreno Conficconi, Franco Mussida, Daniele Durante (video – Esagono)\n2021: Play@Esagono vol.1 – Giovanni Amighetti, Luca Nobis, Petit Solo Diabate, Jeff Coffin, Fiorenzo Tassinari, Valerio \"Combass\" Bruno (Esagono Dischi – Bollettino)\n2023: E-wired Empathy – Giovanni Amighetti, Luca Nobis, Gabin Dabire, Jeff Coffin, Valerio \"Combass\" Bruno (Esagono Dischi)","title":"Selected discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Attualità: Ultime news\".","urls":[{"url":"http://daily.wired.it/news/cultura/musica-e-videogiochi-intervista-al-team-di-arv-music.html","url_text":"\"Attualità: Ultime news\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polka \"Cicogna\" by Secondo Casadei. Ballo liscio\". Retrieved 8 June 2023 – via www.youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSV__G_hBk4","url_text":"\"Polka \"Cicogna\" by Secondo Casadei. Ballo liscio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michele Vallisneri \| Science and Technology\". scienceandtechnology.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://scienceandtechnology.jpl.nasa.gov/michele-vallisneri","url_text":"\"Michele Vallisneri \| Science and Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Rhodes – Correggio\". 7 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://david-rhodes.uk/correggio.html","url_text":"\"David Rhodes – Correggio\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ozellamusic.com/fileadmin/label/ozella/Shan%20Qi/oz022dvd_text_shanqi_e.pdf","external_links_name":"Shan Qi"},{"Link":"http://daily.wired.it/news/cultura/musica-e-videogiochi-intervista-al-team-di-arv-music.html","external_links_name":"\"Attualità: Ultime news\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSV__G_hBk4","external_links_name":"\"Polka \"Cicogna\" by Secondo Casadei. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Killian_Curse	The Killian Curse	["1 Premise","2 Cast of series one and two","2.1 Reoccurring adults","2.2 Other characters","2.3 Kids of Room 21","3 Series one","3.1 Beginning/Possessor/Warlock","3.2 Water/Phone/Werewolf","3.3 Zombies/Witch/Domicile","3.4 Dream/Energy/Wendigo","3.5 Voodoo/Mummy/Shadows","3.6 Vanity/Future/Vampires","3.7 Car/Drama/Finale","4 Series two","4.1 Mechanical Demon/Giant Moth","4.2 Camping/Virus/Hand","4.3 Shrinking/Game/Past","4.4 Necromancer/Voodoo/Immunity","4.5 Time/Dolls/Magic","4.6 Dead Man/Movies/Drawing","4.7 Reflection Demon","4.8 The Traitor","5 Home release","6 Awards","7 References","8 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Killian Curse" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) New Zealand TV series or program The Killian CurseTitle card in Series OneAlso known asRoom 21, Room 21GenreHorror-fantasyDirected byThomas RobinsWayne VintonStarringGeorgia FabishJacinta WawataiBeth ChoteIvana PalezevicFelicity MilovanovichPriyanka XiCameron WakefieldCountry of originNew ZealandOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes14ProductionProducerThomas RobinsProduction locationsSt Patrick's College, Silverstream, New ZealandRunning time25–30 minutes with ads, 21–25 minutes without adsOriginal releaseNetworkTV2 New ZealandABC3 AustraliaRelease21 July 2006 (2006-07-21) –20 March 2008 (2008-03-20) The Killian Curse is a New Zealand kidult horror-fantasy television show, directed by Thomas Robins and Wayne Vinton. Starring Nick Blake and local New Zealand children, The Killian Curse tells the 21 stories of the students from Room 21, who must each face an evil curse placed on them by the sinister Charles Killian. Killian wants to get revenge on the people who caused his death shortly after founding the school in 1906. He needs to capture eleven souls to rise from the dead. There are two series which first aired in 2006 and 2008. Premise 1906 Room 21 Students The original students of Room 21 are caught doing a ritual led by Killian. The parents banished him, but a fire broke out during a struggle which eventually burned the interior of the classroom, killing Killian in the process. Before dying, he swore to get revenge by stealing the eleven souls needed to return from the dead. Killian also said that parents would be blind to the suffering of their children. It is only the other classmates of Room 21 who can see what is happening. One of the kids from present day Room 21 (and narrator of the events of 1906) happens to be the great, great grandson of the man directly responsible for Killian's death. The great, great grandfather and the others in the room at the time of Killian's death are presumed to be ancestors of the current kids in room 21. Shortly after, the room is sealed "forever", forever lasting until 2006, when the story begins. Some people who have watched it have been paranoid by the number 21 and have been seeing it quite a lot of times. 2006 Room 21 Students After 100 years, Room 21 is unsealed by a principal who does not believe in curses and it is up to the school janitor to tell the students about the curse. Some are sceptical until the first victim is taken. Filmed 2005–2006. 2008 (set in 2007) Room 21 Students It has been a year and the last year students of Room 21 still got called out into the Room 21 Class. They all got their souls back but some were repossessed. Those students are stuck in Killian's World/Lair. On Earth they're zombies but to adults they are just normal. This series was filmed in 2007. Cast of series one and two Reoccurring adults Charles Killian – Nick Blake Mr Timmins – Paul Yates Miss Pritchard – Tanea Heke Mr Elder – Grant Roa Miss Ryder – Holly Shanahan Other characters Eddie Lockhart – Rafe Custance Katie Lockhart's brother. Troy – Johnny Hurn A basketball player who is a friend of Te Aroha. Kids of Room 21 All the kids in the cast are local tweens and teenagers from New Zealand. From the time of shooting the first series, the oldest was 16 (Ivana Palezevic, Tabatha) and the youngest was 11 (Georgia Fabish, Celia). All the kids appear in both series apart from Chelsea (Series 1) and Billie (Series 2). The kids in character alphabetical order; Billie Anderson – Brooke Paske (Second series only) New exchange student in Room 21. Takes over Chelsea's place by having a similar personality and traits as Chelsea. Byron Turner – Tim Radich A skater boy. Does not listen and often takes risks. Celia West – Georgia Fabish A nerdy girl who loves insects and books. She is the reason everyone regained their souls in the first series. Charlotte Brunton – Grace MacDonald The class' "mean girl", very empowering. Has a secret love of porcelain dolls. Chelsea Regans – Priyanka Xi (First series only) Snotty, stuck-up girl. Bullies Celia by saying she has an 'ugly curse'. David White – Max Blake-Persen The first to be taken by the curse. Not much else is known about him. Elizabeth Ratana – Jacinta Wawatai A hydrophobic girl who enjoys kendo fighting. Te Aroha's best friend. Haley Bloomsfield – Zoë Robins Gullible, can be too nice and over committed. Jack Williams – Cameron Wakefield His great-great grandfather triggered the start of the curse. He always looks out for everyone in the class and finds a way to talk to the class from Killian's world in series 2. Jen de Jong – Felicity Milovanovich Shown to like sports in the first series. She appears to have a crush on Byron in Series 2. Johnny Campbell – Thomas Williams The class joker. He provides comic relief in dire situations. Karen Smyth – Frith Horan Lucy's ex-best friend. Has a crush on Will. Karl Bennett – Sharn Te Pou Believed there was no way to beat the curse in Series 1. Slightly selfish. Katie Lockhart – Beth Chote The class goth girl. Appears to also have a crush on Byron. Keith Wilson/Donaldson – James Shaw Bully turned nice, cares about everyone's safety. Lucy Myers – Liffey Jacobson-Wright A girl with phone addiction. Was Karen's best friend, but they fell out. Miles Delany – Brayden Muir-Mills Pessimistic, not very encouraging. Often humiliates Will. Owen Jameson/Slater – James Croft A computer geek. Always seen with gaming console. Shane Arnold – Riley Brophy Often described as a 'geek'. Was a victim of Keith's bullying in Series 1. Tabetha Simpson – Ivana Palezevic A girl who wants to be a director. Tries to be positive. Te Aroha Pene (TP) – Greer Samuel The sportiest in the class. Elizabeth's best friend. Will Taylor – Andrew Hampton A boy who wants to be a movie star. Appears to have a crush on Karen in Series 2. Series one The first series was initially screened in New Zealand on 21 July 2006 on TV2. Beginning/Possessor/Warlock David – A janitor attempts to warn the class about Killian's curse, but David, as usual, leaves the classroom early. They heard a scream and when the whole class found David, his soul was taken, starting the curse. The appearance of the number 21 was when it was found written above the classroom door. Celia – She was being followed by a demon who was attempting to possess her, in turn taking her soul. She defeated it by trapping it within the body of her pet cockroach then crushing it. Mr. Timmins wrote the number 21 on the blackboard after Celia answered a maths question he asked. Johnny – He was taken to hospital when his bike crashed which he was chased by an ambulance who turns out to be a warlock who wants his fat. The warlock was killed when Johnny stabbed him with a fat injecting needle and the warlock blows up. Earlier, Johnny rode past a letter box with the number 21 written on it. Water/Phone/Werewolf Elizabeth – A kraken hid in the school's pipe system, so she followed it to the old swimming pool. She unplugged the drain in an attempt to defeat it but she was taken. She was eventually returned. The number "21" was found written on a cubicle door. Lucy – She had a poltergeist in her phone, which tried to "download" her soul to Karen's phone. Lucy beat her curse by putting Karen's phone in the microwave. The brochure advertising the mobile phone said "JUST TEXT 21". Owen – His curse was a werewolf whom he tries to defeat by locking it out, but a teacher leaves him outside to be taken. He eventually returned. The number 21 appeared as read on the calendar in the teacher's office. This Episode features Jed Brophy as the Werewolf. Zombies/Witch/Domicile Karen – She was in a grocery store when she was attacked by zombies but defeated them by trapping them in an oven. Karen paid 21 dollars for chocolate bars. Charlotte – When Charlotte goes over the fence of an old house to return her necklace that was thrown over by a bully, a cat took it inside the house. Despite warnings from Jen and Celia, Charlotte went after it. She found it but its owner, a witch, took her soul before she got out. She was returned. The number "21" was carved on the fence outside the old house. Katie – She went to her uncle's place during the weekend with her father and brother. She was attacked by a demon called Haki who can enter every nook and cranny. Her soul was taken when she mistook it for their neighbour. The number 21 was seen on a painting of demons. Dream/Energy/Wendigo Miles – He was forced to fight an alien in his curse. Will thought that it was his curse and escaped, however Miles was left behind therefore his soul was taken. The curse was triggered when Miles had watched 21 seconds of Will's humiliating performance. Te Aroha "TP" – She was forced to compete against a demon in a basketball game. She defeated the demon by ripping its head off and throwing it in a waste paper basket. The curse was triggered when she bumped into a basketball player wearing the number "21". Karl – He once doubted that there was a way to defeat the curse, but with the help of Jack he defeats a wendigo. The number 21 manifested as a carving on a tree where Karl and Jack both ride past it. Voodoo/Mummy/Shadows Will – In an attempt to cause Keith some pain, Karen sets up a voodoo doll that ends up affecting Will instead. It was overcome by hiding the doll in a tin with air holes where no one will find it. The number 21 was "accidentally" written in Will's blood on the doll. Shane – On a school field trip Shane is attacked by a mummy. Shane tried to defeat it by removing its bandages but it was still invisible on the inside. He was taken. Killian set Shane 21 minutes to avoid the mummy. Jen – Jen was attacked by a shadow demon that could manipulate the real world by moving objects' shadows. It managed to claim Jen's soul just before it was destroyed by a T-rex doll. The number 21 manifested as a shadow formed by a toy swan's neck and a candle on Jen's bedroom wall. Vanity/Future/Vampires Chelsea – A vanity curse made her fall apart, but it was defeated by allowing people to look at her. "21 kisses FREE!" was found written on a magazine Chelsea was reading in class. Keith – His future self came to claim his soul and called Keith hopeless, but he went on to prove his future self wrong. The number appeared when Keith recorded his 21st day waging school. Haley – A vampire attacked her in a blood bus. She was defeated, but eventually returned. This episode features Nathaniel Lees as Haley's demon, Mr James. The number 21 appeared when the vampire, disguised as a blood donor, offered Haley biscuits and said that she had been "so helpful, she could take... 21" Car/Drama/Finale Byron – He tried to escape a car demon by attempting to jump the gap across an unfinished bridge. He missed and was only just hanging on when Killian showed up. Killian gave him two choices: either he would let go and fall into a garbage truck, and he will be free if he survives, or Killian could let him up but take his soul. Byron chose the former but Killian pushed the garbage heap and caught Byron and took his soul. Byron's soul was eventually returned. "21" manifested on the demonic car's license plate. Tabetha – She decided to make a school play about the curse. Killian summoned the ghost of the ex-drama teacher so he could get her soul but decided to take part in the play first. During the play Tabetha set up an exorcism and banished the ghost back to the spirit world. The number "21" was found on a flood light which fell onto the ground. Jack – His soul was taken by Killian, but he was returned with the others taken. The surviving students realised that the curse could be undone by smashing a gravestone which bore the names of the students Killian had taken. After a name was smashed off that person's soul was returned and they were returned to the classroom (Room 21). After Killian's defeat, the students leave the school triumphant and ready to tackle another year at Killian High. Killian was not actually defeated. Series two The second series began screening in New Zealand on 8 or 9 February (different sources say different things), 2008 on TV2. Mechanical Demon/Giant Moth It starts with the pupils of room 21 having an "apoplectic vision" of Killian destroying Killian High whilst in the first assembly. Jack challenges Killian, saying it is just a dream but is overpowered. Killian then says that they will all be experiencing the curse for another year, with one of them helping him. They all reawaken to be placed back in room 21. The Principal also has them sign a contract to say that they will not talk of the curse for that year before introducing Billie, an exchange student from America who is automatically under suspicion. Jack puts in a buddy system so that Killian will not get anyone on their own. Byron – Byron is challenged by Killian and a mechanical demon to a skateboarding challenge for his soul. They use Jen as a motivator by locking her in a cage. While she escaped, he was taken. "21" was found on a dollar sign tag. Celia and Jack – She attempts to defeat a giant moth demon by getting all the kids in Room 21 to attack it, but the Traitor turns on a torch in Celia's eyes and the moth takes Celia's soul. Jack hits it a few times then the Traitor turns on the torch again this time in Jack's eyes. Then the moth takes Jack's soul. Owen beats it. Later on Billie comes holding a flashlight, leading her to get the blame for the Traitor's misdeeds. "21" was found on a page on Celia's textbook. Camping/Virus/Hand Miles – Room 21 except Shane to go on a school camp, when the same demon (Werewolf Jed Brophy) from Owen's last curse shows up and attacks them. They all split up and trap the wolf, but it was not after Owen. It was after Miles, who was not helping and was back at the camp. They ran back to the camp to find him tied up and his soul taken by the werewolf's wife. Billie showed everyone Karen's rope-burned hand suspecting her to be the culprit, however it was because she pulled the rope too tightly when she was fixing her tent at the beginning of the episode. The Traitor actually tied him up. "21" was shown on Johnny's digital watch. Shane – His curse was a computer virus that affected him in the form of living mucus while he was home sick. He defeats it after he clicks 'Destroy virus' on his computer. The Traitor is there, trying not to help Shane. "21" was found on the chat screen. Karen – Continuing from Miles' 2nd curse, her possessed hand forces her to do bad things like hitting other students and destroying a gift from a sister school. She defeats it by pulling it off with a wood vice and dodging it so it flew out the window into a box of charity toys. The Traitor locks her in a room but she manages to escape. "21" appeared when it was written on a piece of paper by Karen's possessed hand. Shrinking/Game/Past Johnny – His curse is shrinking that at first attributes to his losing weight. He was knocked off a ledge where he is attacked by a larger than normal spider. The curse is defeated when he gets an allergic reaction to a bee sting. "21" was shown on Johnny's drink bottle. Elizabeth – Her curse was a kendo video game. She and Karl attempted to play but Karl is quickly knocked unconscious, she defeated the oni that was sent after her. In the end, the Traitor attempts to take her soul but fails and retreats. Te Aroha – Her curse was when she went back in time into the past years of Killian High. She met a spirit that warned her about three 19th-century bullies that Killian had sent. The bullies chased her onto a train where Killian asked her for her ticket, then the train pulled her into the world of lost souls where she saw Jack. The number 21 appeared when TP went past the number on a wall in graffiti. Necromancer/Voodoo/Immunity Lucy – Her demon was a medium possessed by a necromancer and attacked most of the girls at the library then the demon went to Lucy's house. Karen tried to warn her but it was too late. The girls had set a seance near section "012-021" in the library. Will – He brought back the voodoo doll from his last curse (when Karen's voodoo doll affected Will instead of Keith) because he did not believe it was safe with the Traitor around and knew it still worked. The Traitor took the doll, and pulled Will's legs and arm off and put them in the school furnace. Karen managed to save the doll and sew his arms and legs back on. "21" was found on top of The Anti-Killian Meeting door. David – His curse was on Killian's Island (a nod to Survivor). He is tripped over during the chase for immunity and all the boys blamed him to be the traitor. They voted him out and Killian took his soul. The "credits" for Killian's Island read "Room 21". Time/Dolls/Magic Haley – Her curse is when a time demon that can stop time with a clock that can go back or forward to any time by changing the time on it. Haley defeats the demon by snatching the clock from it and turning the time backwards to the time Haley found out about her curse and smashing it. The demon accidentally reveals that the Traitor is a girl. The number 21 was found on an encyclopedia in the library. Charlotte – Her curse is when her porcelain dolls come to life. First she takes a porcelain doll off a girl and takes it home. The doll starts her curse. She tries to defeat them by smashing them but they shrink her. She wakes up as a doll herself, and another doll pulls her into the house and takes her soul. The number 21 was found on one of Charlotte's rulers. Karl – His curse was at Shane's house on his birthday when the magician made Karl disappear. He then was taken to a different stage and was forced to perform the art of escapology. He was lifted into the air and dangled above a chainsaw while tied in chains. He had 30 seconds to escape but failed and had his soul removed. The number 21 appeared when the magician changed the track on the CD player to track 21. Dead Man/Movies/Drawing Owen – His curse was a dead man possessed by Killian who tries to take his soul during his work experience at a funeral parlor. The dead man nails him into a coffin and tries to put him into a cremation furnace, but he gets his chain and loops it over a bolt on the conveyor. The traitor, however, takes it off, so Owen bangs his coffin off the conveyor, opening it again and defeating his curse. The man had died on 21 February 2007. Tabetha – Her curse was when she was sent into a movie by Killian and had to fight her way past a Hookman-themed demon in a stereotypical horror movie plot. She ran away from the demon into the basement. The demon started to fire shots at her and eventually hit the main circuit board allowing Tabetha to escape and defeat the curse. The number 21 appeared when she sat in seat number 21. Katie and Keith – Her curse was when she draws a demon taking Keith's soul. The next day it comes true and her classmates get suspicious. When a two-dimensional comic demon started attacking her and gives the headmaster a heart attack, she realises she can control the demon by drawing in her book. Katie then had to shrink the demon, step on him, and burn him alive. 21 was mentioned when Katie's pens rolled together to make 2 and 1. Reflection Demon Billie – Billie was the last student to have to face her demon. Hers was a reflection demon that affected the real world. She confronted it in a school bathroom and it tried to take her soul. The rest of the class helped her get away. The Traitor is then revealed to be Jen, who was possessed during the first episode. Then everyone whose soul was never taken went through the portal to Killian's world. After that Killian locked them with a Latin spell and try to take their souls instead of the others, who had escaped, but eventually he disappeared when a giant rabbit (from Karl's curse) pulled him down when he was rising to go to earth and fought him. After they all looked up at the portal as it closed, rendering them trapped in Killian's world. Chelsea did not get a curse because she went to live with Billie's family while Billie stayed with her family. The Traitor In the new year at Killian High, Killian told the Room 21 students that there was a traitor among them. Billie, the new girl, was blamed. The Traitor commits multiple heinous acts against her classmates, such as letting go of Byron after being told to, letting Jack and Celia be killed by the giant moth, taking Will's Voodoo doll, tripping David over as he was running away from demons on Killian's Island, trying to stop Elizabeth from exiting her cursed kendo game, tying up Miles, throwing Johnny off the desk while shrunken, stealing Elizabeth's phone and then using it to lure Te Aroha to the train station, letting Owen through a crematorium, locking the door when Karen is wrongly punished, locks the door of the bathroom and pushes Billie in through the mirror. Most people in Room 21 are accused of being the Traitor, including Karen (because of the rope burn on her hand possessing it), Katie (because her drawing made Keith lose his soul), Tabetha (calling Owen making the dead man find his hiding spot) and David (because he was thought to have taken Will's Voodoo doll) just to name a few. But Billie is normally the one who gets the blame for the traitor's actions. If one was to watch closely you can tell it is not her for a number of reasons. The Traitor always wears a jumper (or something that hides their face), and Billie doesn't wear a jumper until the last two episodes. The Traitor drops a scarf in Elizabeth's curse, there is no evidence that Billie owns a scarf (All the kids in the first series wore scarfs). In Miles' curse, someone is seen running away from the group during their chase in the woods. Their hair is blonde, but it is not curly (like Billie's) and it is plaited. In that situation only Jen and Karen's hair was plaited. The Traitor has grey socks and proper school shoes (as seen in Will's curse). Billie wears white socks and ballet flats with her uniform until the last two episodes. Billie's skirt is shorter than the other kids' skirts and shorts. In Will's curse one can see the back of the traitor. Their skirt/shorts are down to just above the knee. In the final episode the traitor was revealed to be Jen, although she was being controlled by a demon (that possessed her on the first episode, when she disappeared while with Byron) who would take her soul for themself instead of Killian having it. In the end when they defeated Killian with the demon from Karl's curse, the Rabbit, the whole of Room 21 was stuck in Killian's world even though he was defeated. It still looked as if they had their souls taken out as they could not get out as the portal closed. Home release The DVD release of The Killian Curse was due to have been around a week after the final episode was broadcast, but was delayed for unknown reasons. It was eventually released on 14 December 2006. The DVD differs from the broadcast version, as it is shown in 16:9 widescreen whereas free-to-air New Zealand television (as well as some of the pay TV channels) still broadcast in standard 4:3 format. There is currently no DVD of the second series. Awards The Killian Curse won "Achievement in Sound Design in General Television" at the Qantas Film and Television Awards 2008..It was nominated for "Best Children's Programme" at the Air New Zealand Screen Awards 2007. References ^ a b "Saturday's TV highlights". 14 July 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2018 – via www.nzherald.co.nz. ^ "Halloween on ABC3". tvtonight.com.au. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2018. ^ Smithies, Grant (23 January 2018). "The cocky horror show". Sunday Star Times (page E13). Retrieved 23 January 2018 – via natlib-primo.com. ^ "Wellington classroom makes terrifying TV". Stuff. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2018. ^ "AIR NEW ZEALAND SCREEN AWARDS 2007 TELEVISION CATEGORY FINALISTS" (PDF). 22 September 2007. Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) External links The Killian Curse at IMDb Killian Curse website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kidult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidult"},{"link_name":"horror-fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction"},{"link_name":"Thomas Robins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robins_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"New Zealand TV series or programThe Killian Curse is a New Zealand kidult horror-fantasy television show, directed by Thomas Robins and Wayne Vinton. Starring Nick Blake and local New Zealand children, The Killian Curse tells the 21 stories of the students from Room 21, who must each face an evil curse placed on them by the sinister Charles Killian. Killian wants to get revenge on the people who caused his death shortly after founding the school in 1906. He needs to capture eleven souls to rise from the dead. There are two series which first aired in 2006 and 2008.[3][4]","title":"The Killian Curse"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1906 Room 21 StudentsThe original students of Room 21 are caught doing a ritual led by Killian. The parents banished him, but a fire broke out during a struggle which eventually burned the interior of the classroom, killing Killian in the process. Before dying, he swore to get revenge by stealing the eleven souls needed to return from the dead. Killian also said that parents would be blind to the suffering of their children. It is only the other classmates of Room 21 who can see what is happening. One of the kids from present day Room 21 (and narrator of the events of 1906) happens to be the great, great grandson of the man directly responsible for Killian's death. The great, great grandfather and the others in the room at the time of Killian's death are presumed to be ancestors of the current kids in room 21. Shortly after, the room is sealed \"forever\", forever lasting until 2006, when the story begins. Some people who have watched it have been paranoid by the number 21 and have been seeing it quite a lot of times.2006 Room 21 StudentsAfter 100 years, Room 21 is unsealed by a principal who does not believe in curses and it is up to the school janitor to tell the students about the curse. Some are sceptical until the first victim is taken. Filmed 2005–2006.2008 (set in 2007) Room 21 StudentsIt has been a year and the last year students of Room 21 still got called out into the Room 21 Class. They all got their souls back but some were repossessed. Those students are stuck in Killian's World/Lair. On Earth they're zombies but to adults they are just normal. This series was filmed in 2007.","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast of series one and two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nick Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nick_Blake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Yates"},{"link_name":"Tanea Heke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanea_Heke"},{"link_name":"Grant Roa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grant_Roa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Holly Shanahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Shanahan"}],"sub_title":"Reoccurring adults","text":"Charles Killian – Nick Blake\nMr Timmins – Paul Yates\nMiss Pritchard – Tanea Heke\nMr Elder – Grant Roa\nMiss Ryder – Holly Shanahan","title":"Cast of series one and two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rafe Custance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Custance"},{"link_name":"Johnny Hurn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Hurn&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Other characters","text":"Eddie Lockhart – Rafe Custance Katie Lockhart's brother.\nTroy – Johnny Hurn A basketball player who is a friend of Te Aroha.","title":"Cast of series one and two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivana Palezevic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivana_Palezevic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georgia Fabish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Fabish"},{"link_name":"Brooke Paske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke_Paske&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tim Radich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Radich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georgia Fabish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Fabish"},{"link_name":"Grace MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_MacDonald&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Priyanka Xi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyanka_Xi"},{"link_name":"Max Blake-Persen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Blake-Persen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jacinta Wawatai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacinta_Wawatai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zoë Robins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Robins"},{"link_name":"Cameron Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cameron_Wakefield&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Felicity Milovanovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Milovanovich"},{"link_name":"Frith Horan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frith_Horan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sharn Te Pou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharn_Te_Pou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beth Chote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Chote"},{"link_name":"Liffey Jacobson-Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liffey_Jacobson-Wright&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brayden Muir-Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brayden_Muir-Mills&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Croft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Croft"},{"link_name":"Riley Brophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riley_Brophy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivana Palezevic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivana_Palezevic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greer Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greer_Samuel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hampton"}],"sub_title":"Kids of Room 21","text":"All the kids in the cast are local tweens and teenagers from New Zealand. From the time of shooting the first series, the oldest was 16 (Ivana Palezevic, Tabatha) and the youngest was 11 (Georgia Fabish, Celia). All the kids appear in both series apart from Chelsea (Series 1) and Billie (Series 2).The kids in character alphabetical order;Billie Anderson – Brooke Paske (Second series only) New exchange student in Room 21. Takes over Chelsea's place by having a similar personality and traits as Chelsea.\nByron Turner – Tim Radich A skater boy. Does not listen and often takes risks.\nCelia West – Georgia Fabish A nerdy girl who loves insects and books. She is the reason everyone regained their souls in the first series.\nCharlotte Brunton – Grace MacDonald The class' \"mean girl\", very empowering. Has a secret love of porcelain dolls.\nChelsea Regans – Priyanka Xi (First series only) Snotty, stuck-up girl. Bullies Celia by saying she has an 'ugly curse'.\nDavid White – Max Blake-Persen The first to be taken by the curse. Not much else is known about him.\nElizabeth Ratana – Jacinta Wawatai A hydrophobic girl who enjoys kendo fighting. Te Aroha's best friend.\nHaley Bloomsfield – Zoë Robins Gullible, can be too nice and over committed.\nJack Williams – Cameron Wakefield His great-great grandfather triggered the start of the curse. He always looks out for everyone in the class and finds a way to talk to the class from Killian's world in series 2.\nJen de Jong – Felicity Milovanovich Shown to like sports in the first series. She appears to have a crush on Byron in Series 2.\nJohnny Campbell – Thomas Williams The class joker. He provides comic relief in dire situations.\nKaren Smyth – Frith Horan Lucy's ex-best friend. Has a crush on Will.\nKarl Bennett – Sharn Te Pou Believed there was no way to beat the curse in Series 1. Slightly selfish.\nKatie Lockhart – Beth Chote The class goth girl. Appears to also have a crush on Byron.\nKeith Wilson/Donaldson – James Shaw Bully turned nice, cares about everyone's safety.\nLucy Myers – Liffey Jacobson-Wright A girl with phone addiction. Was Karen's best friend, but they fell out.\nMiles Delany – Brayden Muir-Mills Pessimistic, not very encouraging. Often humiliates Will.\nOwen Jameson/Slater – James Croft A computer geek. Always seen with gaming console.\nShane Arnold – Riley Brophy Often described as a 'geek'. Was a victim of Keith's bullying in Series 1.\nTabetha Simpson – Ivana Palezevic A girl who wants to be a director. Tries to be positive.\nTe Aroha Pene (TP) – Greer Samuel The sportiest in the class. Elizabeth's best friend.\nWill Taylor – Andrew Hampton A boy who wants to be a movie star. Appears to have a crush on Karen in Series 2.","title":"Cast of series one and two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TV2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV2_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa-1"}],"text":"The first series was initially screened in New Zealand on 21 July 2006 on TV2.[1]","title":"Series one"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"warlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlock"}],"sub_title":"Beginning/Possessor/Warlock","text":"David – A janitor attempts to warn the class about Killian's curse, but David, as usual, leaves the classroom early. They heard a scream and when the whole class found David, his soul was taken, starting the curse. The appearance of the number 21 was when it was found written above the classroom door.Celia – She was being followed by a demon who was attempting to possess her, in turn taking her soul. She defeated it by trapping it within the body of her pet cockroach then crushing it. Mr. Timmins wrote the number 21 on the blackboard after Celia answered a maths question he asked.Johnny – He was taken to hospital when his bike crashed which he was chased by an ambulance who turns out to be a warlock who wants his fat. The warlock was killed when Johnny stabbed him with a fat injecting needle and the warlock blows up. Earlier, Johnny rode past a letter box with the number 21 written on it.","title":"Series one"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kraken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraken"},{"link_name":"poltergeist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltergeist"},{"link_name":"Jed Brophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jed_Brophy"}],"sub_title":"Water/Phone/Werewolf","text":"Elizabeth – A kraken hid in the school's pipe system, so she followed it to the old swimming pool. She unplugged the drain in an attempt to defeat it but she was taken. She was eventually returned. The number \"21\" was found written on a cubicle door.Lucy – She had a poltergeist in her phone, which tried to \"download\" her soul to Karen's phone. Lucy beat her curse by putting Karen's phone in the microwave. The brochure advertising the mobile phone said \"JUST TEXT 21\".Owen – His curse was a werewolf whom he tries to defeat by locking it out, but a teacher leaves him outside to be taken. He eventually returned. The number 21 appeared as read on the calendar in the teacher's office. This Episode features Jed Brophy as the Werewolf.","title":"Series one"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zombies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombies"},{"link_name":"Haki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haki"}],"sub_title":"Zombies/Witch/Domicile","text":"Karen – She was in a grocery store when she was attacked by zombies but defeated them by trapping them in an oven. Karen paid 21 dollars for chocolate bars.Charlotte – When Charlotte goes over the fence of an old house to return her necklace that was thrown over by a bully, a cat took it inside the house. Despite warnings from Jen and Celia, Charlotte went after it. She found it but its owner, a witch, took her soul before she got out. She was returned. The number \"21\" was carved on the fence outside the old house.Katie – She went to her uncle's place during the weekend with her father and brother. She was attacked by a demon called Haki who can enter every nook and cranny. Her soul was taken when she mistook it for their neighbour. The number 21 was seen on a painting of demons.","title":"Series one"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"wendigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendigo"}],"sub_title":"Dream/Energy/Wendigo","text":"Miles – He was forced to fight an alien in his curse. Will thought that it was his curse and escaped, however Miles was left behind therefore his soul was taken. The curse was triggered when Miles had watched 21 seconds of Will's humiliating performance.Te Aroha \"TP\" – She was forced to compete against a demon in a basketball game. She defeated the demon by ripping its head off and throwing it in a waste paper basket. The curse was triggered when she bumped into a basketball player wearing the number \"21\".Karl – He once doubted that there was a way to defeat the curse, but with the help of Jack he defeats a wendigo. The number 21 manifested as a carving on a tree where Karl and Jack both ride past it.","title":"Series one"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voodoo doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_doll"},{"link_name":"mummy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummy"},{"link_name":"T-rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus_rex"}],"sub_title":"Voodoo/Mummy/Shadows","text":"Will – In an attempt to cause Keith some pain, Karen sets up a voodoo doll that ends up affecting Will instead. It was overcome by hiding the doll in a tin with air holes where no one will find it. The number 21 was \"accidentally\" written in Will's blood on the doll.Shane – On a school field trip Shane is attacked by a mummy. Shane tried to defeat it by removing its bandages but it was still invisible on the inside. He was taken. Killian set Shane 21 minutes to avoid the mummy.Jen – Jen was attacked by a shadow demon that could manipulate the real world by moving objects' shadows. It managed to claim Jen's soul just before it was destroyed by a T-rex doll. The number 21 manifested as a shadow formed by a toy swan's neck and a candle on Jen's bedroom wall.","title":"Series one"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vampire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Lees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Lees"}],"sub_title":"Vanity/Future/Vampires","text":"Chelsea – A vanity curse made her fall apart, but it was defeated by allowing people to look at her. \"21 kisses FREE!\" was found written on a magazine Chelsea was reading in class.Keith – His future self came to claim his soul and called Keith hopeless, but he went on to prove his future self wrong. The number appeared when Keith recorded his 21st day waging school.Haley – A vampire attacked her in a blood bus. She was defeated, but eventually returned. This episode features Nathaniel Lees as Haley's demon, Mr James. The number 21 appeared when the vampire, disguised as a blood donor, offered Haley biscuits and said that she had been \"so helpful, she could take... 21\"","title":"Series one"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flood light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_light"}],"sub_title":"Car/Drama/Finale","text":"Byron – He tried to escape a car demon by attempting to jump the gap across an unfinished bridge. He missed and was only just hanging on when Killian showed up. Killian gave him two choices: either he would let go and fall into a garbage truck, and he will be free if he survives, or Killian could let him up but take his soul. Byron chose the former but Killian pushed the garbage heap and caught Byron and took his soul. Byron's soul was eventually returned. \"21\" manifested on the demonic car's license plate.Tabetha – She decided to make a school play about the curse. Killian summoned the ghost of the ex-drama teacher so he could get her soul but decided to take part in the play first. During the play Tabetha set up an exorcism and banished the ghost back to the spirit world. The number \"21\" was found on a flood light which fell onto the ground.Jack – His soul was taken by Killian, but he was returned with the others taken. The surviving students realised that the curse could be undone by smashing a gravestone which bore the names of the students Killian had taken. After a name was smashed off that person's soul was returned and they were returned to the classroom (Room 21). After Killian's defeat, the students leave the school triumphant and ready to tackle another year at Killian High. Killian was not actually defeated.","title":"Series one"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TV2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV2_(New_Zealand)"}],"text":"The second series began screening in New Zealand on 8 or 9 February (different sources say different things), 2008 on TV2.","title":"Series two"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mechanical Demon/Giant Moth","text":"It starts with the pupils of room 21 having an \"apoplectic vision\" of Killian destroying Killian High whilst in the first assembly. Jack challenges Killian, saying it is just a dream but is overpowered. Killian then says that they will all be experiencing the curse for another year, with one of them helping him. They all reawaken to be placed back in room 21. The Principal also has them sign a contract to say that they will not talk of the curse for that year before introducing Billie, an exchange student from America who is automatically under suspicion. Jack puts in a buddy system so that Killian will not get anyone on their own.Byron – Byron is challenged by Killian and a mechanical demon to a skateboarding challenge for his soul. They use Jen as a motivator by locking her in a cage. While she escaped, he was taken. \"21\" was found on a dollar sign tag.Celia and Jack – She attempts to defeat a giant moth demon by getting all the kids in Room 21 to attack it, but the Traitor turns on a torch in Celia's eyes and the moth takes Celia's soul. Jack hits it a few times then the Traitor turns on the torch again this time in Jack's eyes. Then the moth takes Jack's soul. Owen beats it. Later on Billie comes holding a flashlight, leading her to get the blame for the Traitor's misdeeds. \"21\" was found on a page on Celia's textbook.","title":"Series two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jed Brophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jed_Brophy"},{"link_name":"digital watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_watch"},{"link_name":"mucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus"}],"sub_title":"Camping/Virus/Hand","text":"Miles – Room 21 except Shane to go on a school camp, when the same demon (Werewolf Jed Brophy) from Owen's last curse shows up and attacks them. They all split up and trap the wolf, but it was not after Owen. It was after Miles, who was not helping and was back at the camp. They ran back to the camp to find him tied up and his soul taken by the werewolf's wife. Billie showed everyone Karen's rope-burned hand suspecting her to be the culprit, however it was because she pulled the rope too tightly when she was fixing her tent at the beginning of the episode. The Traitor actually tied him up. \"21\" was shown on Johnny's digital watch.Shane – His curse was a computer virus that affected him in the form of living mucus while he was home sick. He defeats it after he clicks 'Destroy virus' on his computer. The Traitor is there, trying not to help Shane. \"21\" was found on the chat screen.Karen – Continuing from Miles' 2nd curse, her possessed hand forces her to do bad things like hitting other students and destroying a gift from a sister school. She defeats it by pulling it off with a wood vice and dodging it so it flew out the window into a box of charity toys. The Traitor locks her in a room but she manages to escape. \"21\" appeared when it was written on a piece of paper by Karen's possessed hand.","title":"Series two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendo"},{"link_name":"oni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oni_(folklore)"}],"sub_title":"Shrinking/Game/Past","text":"Johnny – His curse is shrinking that at first attributes to his losing weight. He was knocked off a ledge where he is attacked by a larger than normal spider. The curse is defeated when he gets an allergic reaction to a bee sting. \"21\" was shown on Johnny's drink bottle.Elizabeth – Her curse was a kendo video game. She and Karl attempted to play but Karl is quickly knocked unconscious, she defeated the oni that was sent after her. In the end, the Traitor attempts to take her soul but fails and retreats.Te Aroha – Her curse was when she went back in time into the past years of Killian High. She met a spirit that warned her about three 19th-century bullies that Killian had sent. The bullies chased her onto a train where Killian asked her for her ticket, then the train pulled her into the world of lost souls where she saw Jack. The number 21 appeared when TP went past the number on a wall in graffiti.","title":"Series two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"necromancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necromancer"},{"link_name":"Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Necromancer/Voodoo/Immunity","text":"Lucy – Her demon was a medium possessed by a necromancer and attacked most of the girls at the library then the demon went to Lucy's house. Karen tried to warn her but it was too late. The girls had set a seance near section \"012-021\" in the library.Will – He brought back the voodoo doll from his last curse (when Karen's voodoo doll affected Will instead of Keith) because he did not believe it was safe with the Traitor around and knew it still worked. The Traitor took the doll, and pulled Will's legs and arm off and put them in the school furnace. Karen managed to save the doll and sew his arms and legs back on. \"21\" was found on top of The Anti-Killian Meeting door.David – His curse was on Killian's Island (a nod to Survivor). He is tripped over during the chase for immunity and all the boys blamed him to be the traitor. They voted him out and Killian took his soul. The \"credits\" for Killian's Island read \"Room 21\".","title":"Series two"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Time/Dolls/Magic","text":"Haley – Her curse is when a time demon that can stop time with a clock that can go back or forward to any time by changing the time on it. Haley defeats the demon by snatching the clock from it and turning the time backwards to the time Haley found out about her curse and smashing it. The demon accidentally reveals that the Traitor is a girl. The number 21 was found on an encyclopedia in the library.Charlotte – Her curse is when her porcelain dolls come to life. First she takes a porcelain doll off a girl and takes it home. The doll starts her curse. She tries to defeat them by smashing them but they shrink her. She wakes up as a doll herself, and another doll pulls her into the house and takes her soul. The number 21 was found on one of Charlotte's rulers.Karl – His curse was at Shane's house on his birthday when the magician made Karl disappear. He then was taken to a different stage and was forced to perform the art of escapology. He was lifted into the air and dangled above a chainsaw while tied in chains. He had 30 seconds to escape but failed and had his soul removed. The number 21 appeared when the magician changed the track on the CD player to track 21.","title":"Series two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hookman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookman"}],"sub_title":"Dead Man/Movies/Drawing","text":"Owen – His curse was a dead man possessed by Killian who tries to take his soul during his work experience at a funeral parlor. The dead man nails him into a coffin and tries to put him into a cremation furnace, but he gets his chain and loops it over a bolt on the conveyor. The traitor, however, takes it off, so Owen bangs his coffin off the conveyor, opening it again and defeating his curse. The man had died on 21 February 2007.Tabetha – Her curse was when she was sent into a movie by Killian and had to fight her way past a Hookman-themed demon in a stereotypical horror movie plot. She ran away from the demon into the basement. The demon started to fire shots at her and eventually hit the main circuit board allowing Tabetha to escape and defeat the curse. The number 21 appeared when she sat in seat number 21.Katie and Keith – Her curse was when she draws a demon taking Keith's soul. The next day it comes true and her classmates get suspicious. When a two-dimensional comic demon started attacking her and gives the headmaster a heart attack, she realises she can control the demon by drawing in her book. Katie then had to shrink the demon, step on him, and burn him alive. 21 was mentioned when Katie's pens rolled together to make 2 and 1.","title":"Series two"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reflection Demon","text":"Billie – Billie was the last student to have to face her demon. Hers was a reflection demon that affected the real world. She confronted it in a school bathroom and it tried to take her soul. The rest of the class helped her get away. The Traitor is then revealed to be Jen, who was possessed during the first episode. Then everyone whose soul was never taken went through the portal to Killian's world. After that Killian locked them with a Latin spell and try to take their souls instead of the others, who had escaped, but eventually he disappeared when a giant rabbit (from Karl's curse) pulled him down when he was rising to go to earth and fought him. After they all looked up at the portal as it closed, rendering them trapped in Killian's world.Chelsea did not get a curse because she went to live with Billie's family while Billie stayed with her family.","title":"Series two"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Traitor","text":"In the new year at Killian High, Killian told the Room 21 students that there was a traitor among them. Billie, the new girl, was blamed.The Traitor commits multiple heinous acts against her classmates, such as letting go of Byron after being told to, letting Jack and Celia be killed by the giant moth, taking Will's Voodoo doll, tripping David over as he was running away from demons on Killian's Island, trying to stop Elizabeth from exiting her cursed kendo game, tying up Miles, throwing Johnny off the desk while shrunken, stealing Elizabeth's phone and then using it to lure Te Aroha to the train station, letting Owen through a crematorium, locking the door when Karen is wrongly punished, locks the door of the bathroom and pushes Billie in through the mirror.Most people in Room 21 are accused of being the Traitor, including Karen (because of the rope burn on her hand possessing it), Katie (because her drawing made Keith lose his soul), Tabetha (calling Owen making the dead man find his hiding spot) and David (because he was thought to have taken Will's Voodoo doll) just to name a few. But Billie is normally the one who gets the blame for the traitor's actions. If one was to watch closely you can tell it is not her for a number of reasons.The Traitor always wears a jumper (or something that hides their face), and Billie doesn't wear a jumper until the last two episodes.\nThe Traitor drops a scarf in Elizabeth's curse, there is no evidence that Billie owns a scarf (All the kids in the first series wore scarfs).\nIn Miles' curse, someone is seen running away from the group during their chase in the woods. Their hair is blonde, but it is not curly (like Billie's) and it is plaited. In that situation only Jen and Karen's hair was plaited.\nThe Traitor has grey socks and proper school shoes (as seen in Will's curse). Billie wears white socks and ballet flats with her uniform until the last two episodes.\nBillie's skirt is shorter than the other kids' skirts and shorts. In Will's curse one can see the back of the traitor. Their skirt/shorts are down to just above the knee.In the final episode the traitor was revealed to be Jen, although she was being controlled by a demon (that possessed her on the first episode, when she disappeared while with Byron) who would take her soul for themself instead of Killian having it. In the end when they defeated Killian with the demon from Karl's curse, the Rabbit, the whole of Room 21 was stuck in Killian's world even though he was defeated. It still looked as if they had their souls taken out as they could not get out as the portal closed.","title":"Series two"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The DVD release of The Killian Curse was due to have been around a week after the final episode was broadcast, but was delayed for unknown reasons. It was eventually released on 14 December 2006.The DVD differs from the broadcast version, as it is shown in 16:9 widescreen whereas free-to-air New Zealand television (as well as some of the pay TV channels) still broadcast in standard 4:3 format. There is currently no DVD of the second series.","title":"Home release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Killian Curse won \"Achievement in Sound Design in General Television\" at the Qantas Film and Television Awards 2008.[citation needed].It was nominated for \"Best Children's Programme\" at the Air New Zealand Screen Awards 2007.[5]","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Saturday's TV highlights\". 14 July 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2018 – via www.nzherald.co.nz.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10390965","url_text":"\"Saturday's TV highlights\""}]},{"reference":"\"Halloween on ABC3\". tvtonight.com.au. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvtonight.com.au/2011/10/halloween-on-abc3.html","url_text":"\"Halloween on ABC3\""}]},{"reference":"Smithies, Grant (23 January 2018). \"The cocky horror show\". Sunday Star Times (page E13). Retrieved 23 January 2018 – via natlib-primo.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://natlib-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=NLNZ&docId=INNZ7113407420002837&tab=innz&tabs=detailsTab","url_text":"\"The cocky horror show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wellington classroom makes terrifying TV\". Stuff. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/310780/Wellington-classroom-makes-terrifying-TV","url_text":"\"Wellington classroom makes terrifying TV\""}]},{"reference":"\"AIR NEW ZEALAND SCREEN AWARDS 2007 TELEVISION CATEGORY FINALISTS\" (PDF). 22 September 2007. Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070922211929/http://www.sdgnz.co.nz/docs/ANZSA_FINALISTS_TELEVISION.pdf","url_text":"\"AIR NEW ZEALAND SCREEN AWARDS 2007 TELEVISION CATEGORY FINALISTS\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Killian+Curse%22","external_links_name":"\"The Killian Curse\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Killian+Curse%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Killian+Curse%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Killian+Curse%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Killian+Curse%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Killian+Curse%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10390965","external_links_name":"\"Saturday's TV highlights\""},{"Link":"https://tvtonight.com.au/2011/10/halloween-on-abc3.html","external_links_name":"\"Halloween on ABC3\""},{"Link":"http://natlib-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=NLNZ&docId=INNZ7113407420002837&tab=innz&tabs=detailsTab","external_links_name":"\"The cocky horror show\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/310780/Wellington-classroom-makes-terrifying-TV","external_links_name":"\"Wellington classroom makes terrifying TV\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070922211929/http://www.sdgnz.co.nz/docs/ANZSA_FINALISTS_TELEVISION.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AIR NEW ZEALAND SCREEN AWARDS 2007 TELEVISION CATEGORY FINALISTS\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0948102/","external_links_name":"The Killian Curse"},{"Link":"http://tvnz.co.nz/programme-sales/killian-curse-745193","external_links_name":"Killian Curse website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Phoenix_mayoral_election	2003 Phoenix mayoral election	["1 Results","2 References"]	2003 Phoenix mayoral election ← 1999 September 9, 2003 (2003-09-09) 2007 → Turnout21.10% Candidate Phil Gordon Randy Pullen Popular vote 68,961 27,006 Percentage 71.86% 28.14% Mayor before election Skip Rimsza Republican Elected Mayor Phil Gordon Democratic Elections in Arizona Federal government Presidential elections 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 2004 2008 2016 2020 2024 Republican 2008 2012 2016 2024 U.S. Senate elections 1912 1914 1916 1920 1922 1926 1928 1932 1934 1938 1940 1944 1946 1950 1952 1956 1958 1962 1964 1968 1970 1974 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2004 2006 2010 2012 2016 2018 2020 sp 2022 2024 2028 U.S. House of Representatives elections 1911 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1933 AL sp 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1961 2nd sp 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1991 2nd sp 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 8th 2008 2010 2012 8th sp 2014 2016 2018 8th sp 2020 2022 2024 State government State elections 2006 2010 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Gubernatorial elections 1911 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Secretary of State elections 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General elections 2018 2022 Treasurer elections 2022 Superintendent elections 2018 2022 Senate elections 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 House of Representatives elections 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 2006 2018 2020 2022 2024 Ballot measures List of Arizona ballot propositions 2000 203 2004 200 2006 107 204 207 2008 102 2010 100 203 2020 207 Phoenix Mayoral elections 2011 2015 2018–19 (sp) 2020 2024 Tucson Mayoral elections 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Other localities Gilbert 2012 Glendale 2012 2016 Maricopa County 2024 Mesa 2008 2012 2020 2024 Scottsdale 2008 2012 vteThe Phoenix mayoral election of 2003 was held on September 9, 2003, to elect the Mayor of Phoenix, Arizona. The election was formally nonpartisan. This election was held alongside elections for City Council Districts 1, 3, 5 and 7. Incumbent mayor Skip Rimsza could not seek reelection due to term limit. Phil Gordon, a member of the city council, was elected as the new mayor. Results 2003 Phoenix mayoral election Candidate Votes % Phil Gordon (incumbent) 68,961 71.86 Randy Pullen 27,006 28.14 Write-in 3 0.00 Total votes 95,970 100.00 References ^ "City Clerk City Election Results". www.phoenix.gov. Retrieved June 15, 2023. ^ "Mayor and Council Election (Districts 1, 3, 5 and 7) Citywide Summary Results" (PDF). City of Phoenix. September 17, 2003. Retrieved June 15, 2023. vte(2002 ←) 2003 United States elections (→ 2004)U.S. House Hawaii 2nd sp Texas 19th sp Governors California (recall) Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi States and territories Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi New Jersey Virginia Northern Mariana Islands Mayors Anchorage, AK Arlington, TX Austin, TX Baltimore, MD Charlotte, NC Chicago, IL Colorado Springs, CO Dallas, TX Denver, CO Des Moines, IA Durham, NC El Paso, TX Evansville, IN Fayetteville, NC Fort Lauderdale, FL Fort Wayne, IN Fort Worth, TX Green Bay, WI Hartford, CT Houston, TX Indianapolis, IN Jacksonville, FL Kansas City, MO Knoxville, TN Las Vegas, NV Madison, WI Manchester, NH Memphis, TN Montgomery, AL Nashville, TN Orlando, FL (special) Philadelphia, PA Phoenix, AZ Raleigh, NC Salt Lake City, UT San Francisco, CA South Bend, IN Springfield, MA Tallahassee, FL (special) Tampa, FL Tucson, AZ Wichita, KS Worcester, MA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Skip Rimsza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_Rimsza"},{"link_name":"Phil Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Gordon_(politician)"}],"text":"The Phoenix mayoral election of 2003 was held on September 9, 2003, to elect the Mayor of Phoenix, Arizona. The election was formally nonpartisan. This election was held alongside elections for City Council Districts 1, 3, 5 and 7.[1]Incumbent mayor Skip Rimsza could not seek reelection due to term limit. Phil Gordon, a member of the city council, was elected as the new mayor.","title":"2003 Phoenix mayoral election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"City Clerk City Election Results\". www.phoenix.gov. Retrieved June 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phoenix.gov/cityclerk/services/election-information/city-election-results","url_text":"\"City Clerk City Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mayor and Council Election (Districts 1, 3, 5 and 7) Citywide Summary Results\" (PDF). City of Phoenix. September 17, 2003. Retrieved June 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phoenix.gov/cityclerksite/Documents/summ0903.pdf","url_text":"\"Mayor and Council Election (Districts 1, 3, 5 and 7) Citywide Summary Results\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.phoenix.gov/cityclerk/services/election-information/city-election-results","external_links_name":"\"City Clerk City Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.phoenix.gov/cityclerksite/Documents/summ0903.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mayor and Council Election (Districts 1, 3, 5 and 7) Citywide Summary Results\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hardman	Alan Hardman	["1 Early life and background","2 Playing career","3 Army Service","4 Subsequent career","5 Australia","6 Death","7 References","8 External links","9 Sources"]	England international rugby league footballer (1937–2021) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Alan HardmanPersonal informationFull nameAlan HardmanBorn(1937-05-19)19 May 1937St Helens, Lancashire, EnglandDied10 May 2021(2021-05-10) (aged 83)Adelaide, South AustraliaPlaying informationHeight5 ft 10 in (178 cm)Weight15 st 7 lb (98 kg)PositionFullback Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 1952–56 St Helens 2 0 0 0 0 1959–71 Liverpool Stanley - Total 2 0 0 0 0 Representative Years Team Pld T G FG P 1956–56 England 1 0 0 0 0 Source: Alan Hardman (19 May 1937 – 10 May 2021) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s. An England international representative fullback, he played at club level in England for St Helens prior to carrying out his National Service in the British Army. Early life and background Hardman was born in St Helens, Lancashire, England. His younger brother was Colin Hardman, a motorcycle sidecar racer who won an Isle of Man TT race as passenger to Dave Molyneux in 1989. Playing career After playing amateur rugby he turned professional, signing in 1952 with his home-town club, St. Helens. Hardman made his solitary appearance for England in 1956 against Australia, with his professional rugby career put on hold due to his national service requirement; his final appearance for St. Helens was against Wigan. The St Helens R.F.C.–Wigan Warriors rivalry left Hardman with two broken ribs and a broken nose. Army Service Hardman commenced his National Service in 1956. He joined the 7th Queen's Own Hussars, being part of the force tasked with containing the 1956 Hong Kong Riots. During this time he also represented his regiment on the rugby field. Subsequent career Returning to St. Helens following his stint in the army, he re-joined the club, subsequently being loaned out to Liverpool Stanley. Hardman retired from rugby in 1971 prior to emigrating to Australia. Australia Together with his wife and three children, Hardman moved to Australia in 1971, settling in Adelaide and taking a job with the Public Building Department of the Government of South Australia. Following his retirement, he and his wife continued to live in Adelaide. Death Hardman died on 10 May, 2021. He was survived by his wife and children. References ^ Saints External links Saints Heritage Society profile rl1908.com 1956 Kangaroo tour (archived by web.archive.org) Rugby League Records (archived by web.archive.org) All the rugby league tables since 1895 Runcorn Highfield RLFC Remember Runcorn Highfield on Facebook Sources Brocken, Mike (2008). Liverpool City RLFC: Rugby league in a football city. London League Publications Ltd. ISBN 978-1-903659-40-3.	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An England international representative fullback, he played at club level in England for St Helens prior to carrying out his National Service in the British Army.","title":"Alan Hardman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Colin Hardman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Hardman"},{"link_name":"sidecar racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_racing#Sidecar_racing"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man TT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man_TT"},{"link_name":"Dave Molyneux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Molyneux#Raceology"}],"text":"Hardman was born in St Helens, Lancashire, England.His younger brother was Colin Hardman, a motorcycle sidecar racer who won an Isle of Man TT race as passenger to Dave Molyneux in 1989.","title":"Early life and background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C."},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"national service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom#After_1945"},{"link_name":"St. Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C."},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Warriors"},{"link_name":"St Helens R.F.C.–Wigan Warriors rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C.%E2%80%93Wigan_Warriors_rivalry"}],"text":"After playing amateur rugby he turned professional, signing in 1952 with his home-town club, St. Helens. Hardman made his solitary appearance for England in 1956 against Australia, with his professional rugby career put on hold due to his national service requirement; his final appearance for St. Helens was against Wigan. The St Helens R.F.C.–Wigan Warriors rivalry left Hardman with two broken ribs and a broken nose.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Service"},{"link_name":"7th Queen's Own Hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Queen%27s_Own_Hussars"},{"link_name":"1956 Hong Kong Riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_1956_riots"}],"text":"Hardman commenced his National Service in 1956. He joined the 7th Queen's Own Hussars, being part of the force tasked with containing the 1956 Hong Kong Riots. During this time he also represented his regiment on the rugby field.","title":"Army Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Stanley"}],"text":"Returning to St. Helens following his stint in the army, he re-joined the club, subsequently being loaned out to Liverpool Stanley. Hardman retired from rugby in 1971 prior to emigrating to Australia.","title":"Subsequent career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Government of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia"}],"text":"Together with his wife and three children, Hardman moved to Australia in 1971, settling in Adelaide and taking a job with the Public Building Department of the Government of South Australia. Following his retirement, he and his wife continued to live in Adelaide.","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hardman died on 10 May, 2021. He was survived by his wife and children.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-903659-40-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903659-40-3"}],"text":"Brocken, Mike (2008). Liverpool City RLFC: Rugby league in a football city. London League Publications Ltd. ISBN 978-1-903659-40-3.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Brocken, Mike (2008). Liverpool City RLFC: Rugby league in a football city. London League Publications Ltd. ISBN 978-1-903659-40-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903659-40-3","url_text":"978-1-903659-40-3"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.saints.org.uk/saints/player.php?num=15514","external_links_name":"Saints"},{"Link":"http://www.saints.org.uk/saints/player.php?num=15514","external_links_name":"Saints Heritage Society profile"},{"Link":"http://www.iomtt.com/TT-Database/competitors.aspx?ride_id=6719&filter=H","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110102124548/http://www.rl1908.com/Kangaroos/1956.htm","external_links_name":"rl1908.com 1956 Kangaroo tour"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070305035353/http://www.rfl.uk.com/ABOUT/records.php","external_links_name":"Rugby League Records"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071214214410/http://www.rlhalloffame.org.uk/champion.htm","external_links_name":"All the rugby league tables since 1895"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=130992820249365","external_links_name":"Remember Runcorn Highfield on Facebook"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carlton_railway_station	North Carlton railway station	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 37°46′46″S 144°58′0″E / 37.77944°S 144.96667°E / -37.77944; 144.96667Former railway station in Victoria, Australia North CarltonThe station building photographed in 2022General informationLine(s)Inner CirclePlatforms2Tracks2Other informationStatusClosedHistoryOpened1885Closed1948Services Preceding station Disused railways Following station Royal Park Inner Circle line North Fitzroy List of closed railway stations in Melbourne North Carlton is a former railway station that was located on the Inner Circle railway line in Melbourne, Australia. It was located on Lang Street. The station was opened on 8 May 1885, and was originally known as Langridge-street and later Lang Street. It was closed to passengers in 1948, except for special events such as the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. The station building was used a residence by the former station master and his wife, Mr. and Mrs. Barnes, until the mid-1970s when it was vacated upon their deaths. The former station building is now used as North Carlton Station Neighborhood House. References ^ referred to as Landgridge-street in the V.R.'s Working Time Table of 1 March 1889 ^ ^ Richards, Tim (9 January 2008). "Going off the rails". The Age. ^ External links North Carlton Station Neighbourhood House 37°46′46″S 144°58′0″E / 37.77944°S 144.96667°E / -37.77944; 144.96667	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inner Circle railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Circle_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1956 Melbourne Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Melbourne_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Former railway station in Victoria, AustraliaNorth Carlton is a former railway station that was located on the Inner Circle railway line in Melbourne, Australia. It was located on Lang Street. The station was opened on 8 May 1885, and was originally known as Langridge-street[1] and later Lang Street.[2] It was closed to passengers in 1948,[3] except for special events such as the 1956 Melbourne Olympics.[4] The station building was used a residence by the former station master and his wife, Mr. and Mrs. Barnes, until the mid-1970s when it was vacated upon their deaths.The former station building is now used as North Carlton Station Neighborhood House.","title":"North Carlton railway station"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Richards, Tim (9 January 2008). \"Going off the rails\". The Age.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/going-off-the-rails/2008/01/08/1199554649426.html","url_text":"\"Going off the rails\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Carlton_railway_station&params=37_46_46_S_144_58_0_E_type:railwaystation_region:AU-VIC","external_links_name":"37°46′46″S 144°58′0″E / 37.77944°S 144.96667°E / -37.77944; 144.96667"},{"Link":"http://www.yarracity.vic.gov.au/Leisure/Parks/pdf/inner_circle/20-26InnerCircleCMP.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/going-off-the-rails/2008/01/08/1199554649426.html","external_links_name":"\"Going off the rails\""},{"Link":"http://www.yarracity.vic.gov.au/Leisure/Parks/pdf/inner_circle/20-26InnerCircleCMP.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.railwayneighbourhoodhouse.org.au/","external_links_name":"North Carlton Station Neighbourhood House"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Carlton_railway_station&params=37_46_46_S_144_58_0_E_type:railwaystation_region:AU-VIC","external_links_name":"37°46′46″S 144°58′0″E / 37.77944°S 144.96667°E / -37.77944; 144.96667"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Fed_Cup	2012 Fed Cup	["1 World Group","1.1 Draw","2 World Group play-offs","3 World Group II","4 World Group II play-offs","5 Americas Zone","5.1 Group I","5.2 Group II","6 Asia/Oceania Zone","6.1 Group I","6.2 Group II","7 Europe/Africa Zone","7.1 Group I","7.2 Group II","7.3 Group III","8 Rankings","9 References","10 External links"]	2012 edition of the Fed Cup 2012 Fed CupDetailsDuration4 February– 4 NovemberEdition50thAchievements (singles)← 2011 2013 → The 2012 Fed Cup (also known as the 2012 Fed Cup by BNP Paribas for sponsorship purposes) was the 50th edition of the most important tournament between national teams in women's tennis. The draw took place on 17 July 2011 in Kobe, Japan. The final took place at the O2 Arena in Prague, Czech Republic on 3–4 November. The home and defending champions Czech Republic defeated the first-finalists Serbia, to win their seventh title and equal the record for second-most titles won by a country since the competition's beginning. Czech Republic was the only country except United States and Australia to hold both Davis Cup and Fed Cup at the same time. The Czechs did the same in 2012. Petra Kvitová and Tomáš Berdych also scored Hopman Cup victory at the same year. World Group Further information: 2012 Fed Cup World Group Participating Teams Belgium Czech Republic Germany Italy Russia Serbia Spain Ukraine Draw Quarterfinals4–5 FebruarySemifinals21–22 AprilFinal3–4 NovemberMoscow, Russia (Indoor hard)1 Russia3Moscow, Russia (Indoor clay) Spain21 Russia2Charleroi, Belgium (Indoor hard) Serbia3 Serbia3Prague, Czech Republic (Indoor hard)4 Belgium2 Serbia1Biella, Italy (Indoor clay)2 Czech Republic33 Italy3Ostrava, Czech Republic (Indoor hard) Ukraine23 Italy1Stuttgart, Germany (Indoor hard)2 Czech Republic4 Germany12 Czech Republic4 World Group play-offs Further information: 2012 Fed Cup World Group play-offs The four losing teams in the World Group first round ties, and four winners of the World Group II ties entered the draw for the World Group play-offs. Four seeded teams, based on the latest Fed Cup ranking, were drawn against four unseeded teams. The United States, Japan, Slovakia and Australia played in the 2013 Fed Cup World Group while Ukraine, Belgium, Spain and Germany played in World Group II. Date: 21–22 April Venue Surface Home team Score Visiting team Superior Golf & Spa Resort, Kharkiv, Ukraine Outdoor clay Ukraine 0–5 United States (1) Ariake Coliseum, Tokyo, Japan Indoor hard Japan 4–1 Belgium (2) Club de Tenis Puente Romano, Marbella, Spain Outdoor clay Spain (3) 2–3 Slovakia Porsche Arena, Stuttgart, Germany Indoor clay Germany 2–3 Australia (4) World Group II Further information: 2012 Fed Cup World Group II The World Group II was the second highest level of Fed Cup competition in 2012. The winners advanced to the World Group play-offs, while the losers continued in the World Group II play-offs. Date: 4–5 February Venue Surface Home team Score Visiting team DCU Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States Indoor hard United States (1) 5–0 Belarus Ariake Coliseum, Tokyo, Japan Indoor hard Japan (4) 5–0 Slovenia Sibamac Center, Bratislava, Slovakia Indoor hard Slovakia (3) 3–2 France Forum Fribourg, Granges-Paccot, Switzerland Indoor clay Switzerland 1–4 Australia (2) World Group II play-offs Further information: 2012 Fed Cup World Group II play-offs The four losing teams from World Group II played off against qualifiers from Zonal Group I. Two teams qualified from Europe/Africa Zone, one team from the Asia/Oceania Zone, and one team from the Americas Zone. Date: 21–22 April Venue Surface Home team Score Visiting team Palais des Sports, Besançon, France Indoor hard France (1) 5–0 Slovenia Complexe Sportive des Iles Avenue des trois lacs, Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland Switzerland (2) 4–1 Belarus Boråshallen, Borås, Sweden Sweden (3) 4–1 Great Britain Parque Roca, Buenos Aires, Argentina Outdoor clay Argentina (4) 4–1 China Americas Zone Main article: 2012 Fed Cup Americas Zone Nations in bold advanced to the higher level of competition. Nations in italics were relegated down to a lower level of competition. Group I Venue: Graciosa Country Club, Curitiba, Brazil (outdoor clay) Dates: January 30 – February 5 Participating Teams Argentina Bahamas Brazil Bolivia Canada Colombia Paraguay Peru Venezuela Group II Venue: Guadalajara, Mexico Dates: Week commencing 16 April Participating Teams Chile Costa Rica Dominican Republic Ecuador Guatemala Mexico Puerto Rico Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Asia/Oceania Zone Main article: 2012 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Nations in bold advanced to the higher level of competition. Nations in italics were relegated down to a lower level of competition. Group I Venue: Shenzhen Luohu Tennis Centre, Shenzhen, China (outdoor hard) Dates: January 30 – February 5 Participating Teams China Chinese Taipei Indonesia Kazakhstan South Korea Thailand Uzbekistan Group II Venue: Shenzhen Luohu Tennis Centre, Shenzhen, China (outdoor hard) Dates: January 30 – February 5 Participating Teams Hong Kong India Iran Kyrgyzstan Oman Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Turkmenistan Europe/Africa Zone Main article: 2012 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Nations in bold advanced to the higher level of competition. Nations in italics were relegated down to a lower level of competition. Group I Venue: Municipal Tennis Club, Eilat, Israel (outdoor hard) Dates: January 30 – February 5 Participating Teams Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Estonia Great Britain Greece Hungary Israel Luxembourg Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Sweden Group II Venue: Gizera Sporting Club, Cairo, Egypt Dates: Week commencing 16 April Participating Teams Denmark Finland Georgia Latvia Montenegro Norway South Africa Turkey Group III Venue: Gizera Sporting Club, Cairo, Egypt Dates: Week commencing 16 April Participating Teams Armenia Cyprus Egypt Ireland Kenya Lithuania Malta Moldova Morocco Namibia Tunisia Rankings The rankings were measured after the three points during the year that play took place, and were collated by combining points earned from the previous four years. 6 February Rank Nation Points Move 1 Italy 28,867.5 2 Czech Republic 25,280.0 3 Russia 20,120.0 4 United States 12,412.5 5 Serbia 9,295.0 2 6 Belgium 6,330.0 1 7 Spain 5,712.5 1 8 Australia 4,915.0 2 9 Germany 4,855.0 10 Ukraine 4,837.5 2 23 April Rank Nation Points Move 1 Czech Republic 29,397.5 1 2 Italy 25,247.5 1 3 Russia 17,025.0 4 Serbia 14,117.5 1 5 United States 11,572.5 1 6 Japan 6,382.5 6 7 Australia 6,252.5 1 8 Slovakia 6,062.5 3 9 Belgium 5,260.0 3 10 Germany 3,772.5 1 5 November Rank Nation Points Move 1 Czech Republic 35,532.5 2 Italy 21,157.5 3 Russia 15,025.0 4 Serbia 14,117.5 5 United States 11,472.5 6 Australia 6,252.5 1 7 Japan 6,112.5 1 8 Slovakia 6,062.5 9 Belgium 5,260.0 10 Germany 3,772.5 References ^ "Draw for 2012 Fed Cup to be held on 17 July". fedcup.com. Retrieved 14 July 2011. ^ "Czech Republic in seventh heaven". FedCup.com. 4 November 2012. ^ "Rankings Explained". fedcup.com. Retrieved 21 June 2012. ^ a b c Fed Cup Nations Ranking History. ITF. 2012. External links 2012 Fed Cup vteBillie Jean King Cup Current champions (2023): Canada Editions by year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020–21 2022 2023 2024 World Group / Finals 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020–21 2022 2023 Qualifying rounds 2020–21 2022 2023 2024 Play-offs 2020–21 2022 2023 World Group II 1991–1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000–2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2023 BJK Cup Finals teams Australia Canada Czech Republic France Germany Italy Kazakhstan Poland Slovenia Spain Switzerland United States Former World Group teams(in the current format, since 1995) Argentina Austria Belgium Belarus Bulgaria China Colombia Croatia Great Britain Hungary Israel Japan Latvia Netherlands Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia South Africa Sweden Ukraine Players American Argentine Australian Austrian Belarusian Belgian British Bulgarian Canadian Chinese Colombian Croatian Czech Dutch French German Hungarian Israeli Italian Japanese Polish Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian South African Spanish Swedish Swiss Ukrainian List of champions vte2012 WTA Tour « 2011 2013 » Grand Slam events Australian Open (S, D, X) French Open (S, D, X) Wimbledon (S, D, X) US Open (S, D, X) WTA Premier Mandatory tournaments Indian Wells (S, D) Miami (S, D) Madrid (S, D) Beijing (S, D) WTA Premier 5 tournaments Doha (S, D) Rome (S, D) Montreal (S, D) Cincinnati (S, D) Tokyo (S, D) WTA Premier tournaments Brisbane (S, D) Sydney (S, D) Paris (S, D) Dubai (S, D) Charleston (S, D) Stuttgart (S, D) Brussels (S, D) Eastbourne (S, D) Stanford (S, D) Carlsbad (S, D) New Haven (S, D) Moscow (S, D) WTA International tournaments Auckland (S, D) Hobart (S, D) Pattaya City (S, D) Bogotá (S, D) Memphis (S, D) Monterrey (S, D) Acapulco (S, D) Kuala Lumpur (S, D) Barcelona (S, D) Copenhagen (S, D) Fes (S, D) Budapest (S, D) Estoril (S, D) Strasbourg (S, D) Birmingham (S, D) 's-Hertogenbosch (S, D) Palermo (S, D) Båstad (S, D) Bad Gastein (S, D) Baku (S, D) Washington D.C. (S, D) Dallas (S, D) Tashkent (S, D) Quebec City (S, D) Seoul (S, D) Guangzhou (S, D) Linz (S, D) Osaka (S, D) Luxembourg City (S, D) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I play-offs WG II play-offs Americas Asia/Oceania Europe/Africa Summer Olympic Games, London (S, D, X) WTA Championships, Istanbul (S, D) WTA Tournament of Champions, Sofia (S) vte2012 in tennisGrand Slam Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Men ATP World Tour ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Finals ATP Challenger Tour ATP Challenger Tour Finals ITF Men's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA Championships WTA Tournament of Champions WTA 125K series ITF Women's Circuit Team events Davis Cup (World Group) Fed Cup (World Group) Hopman Cup World Team Cup Other events Olympic Games Paralympic Games	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"Kobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"O2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O2_Arena_(Prague)"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_Fed_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_Fed_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Petra Kvitová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Kvitov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Tomáš Berdych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Berdych"},{"link_name":"Hopman Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopman_Cup"}],"text":"The 2012 Fed Cup (also known as the 2012 Fed Cup by BNP Paribas for sponsorship purposes) was the 50th edition of the most important tournament between national teams in women's tennis. The draw took place on 17 July 2011 in Kobe, Japan.[1]The final took place at the O2 Arena in Prague, Czech Republic on 3–4 November. The home and defending champions Czech Republic defeated the first-finalists Serbia, to win their seventh title and equal the record for second-most titles won by a country since the competition's beginning.[2]Czech Republic was the only country except United States and Australia to hold both Davis Cup and Fed Cup at the same time. The Czechs did the same in 2012. Petra Kvitová and Tomáš Berdych also scored Hopman Cup victory at the same year.","title":"2012 Fed Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 Fed Cup World Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Fed_Cup_World_Group"}],"text":"Further information: 2012 Fed Cup World Group","title":"World Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"}],"sub_title":"Draw","text":"Quarterfinals4–5 FebruarySemifinals21–22 AprilFinal3–4 NovemberMoscow, Russia (Indoor hard)1 Russia3Moscow, Russia (Indoor clay) Spain21 Russia2Charleroi, Belgium (Indoor hard) Serbia3 Serbia3Prague, Czech Republic (Indoor hard)4 Belgium2 Serbia1Biella, Italy (Indoor clay)2 Czech Republic33 Italy3Ostrava, Czech Republic (Indoor hard) Ukraine23 Italy1Stuttgart, Germany (Indoor hard)2 Czech Republic4 Germany12 Czech Republic4","title":"World Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 Fed Cup World Group play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Fed_Cup_World_Group_play-offs"}],"text":"Further information: 2012 Fed Cup World Group play-offsThe four losing teams in the World Group first round ties, and four winners of the World Group II ties entered the draw for the World Group play-offs. Four seeded teams, based on the latest Fed Cup ranking, were drawn against four unseeded teams. The United States, Japan, Slovakia and Australia played in the 2013 Fed Cup World Group while Ukraine, Belgium, Spain and Germany played in World Group II.Date: 21–22 April","title":"World Group play-offs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 Fed Cup World Group II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Fed_Cup_World_Group_II"}],"text":"Further information: 2012 Fed Cup World Group IIThe World Group II was the second highest level of Fed Cup competition in 2012. The winners advanced to the World Group play-offs, while the losers continued in the World Group II play-offs.Date: 4–5 February","title":"World Group II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 Fed Cup World Group II play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Fed_Cup_World_Group_II_play-offs"}],"text":"Further information: 2012 Fed Cup World Group II play-offsThe four losing teams from World Group II played off against qualifiers from Zonal Group I. Two teams qualified from Europe/Africa Zone, one team from the Asia/Oceania Zone, and one team from the Americas Zone.Date: 21–22 April","title":"World Group II play-offs"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Nations in bold advanced to the higher level of competition.\nNations in italics were relegated down to a lower level of competition.","title":"Americas Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"}],"sub_title":"Group I","text":"Venue: Graciosa Country Club, Curitiba, Brazil (outdoor clay)Dates: January 30 – February 5Participating TeamsArgentina\n Bahamas\n Brazil\n Bolivia\n Canada\n Colombia\n Paraguay\n Peru\n Venezuela","title":"Americas Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"}],"sub_title":"Group II","text":"Venue: Guadalajara, MexicoDates: Week commencing 16 AprilParticipating TeamsChile\n Costa Rica\n Dominican Republic\n Ecuador\n Guatemala\n Mexico\n Puerto Rico\n Trinidad and Tobago\n Uruguay","title":"Americas Zone"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Nations in bold advanced to the higher level of competition.\nNations in italics were relegated down to a lower level of competition.","title":"Asia/Oceania Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Chinese Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"}],"sub_title":"Group I","text":"Venue: Shenzhen Luohu Tennis Centre, Shenzhen, China (outdoor hard)Dates: January 30 – February 5Participating TeamsChina\n Chinese Taipei\n Indonesia\n Kazakhstan\n South Korea\n Thailand\n Uzbekistan","title":"Asia/Oceania Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"}],"sub_title":"Group II","text":"Venue: Shenzhen Luohu Tennis Centre, Shenzhen, China (outdoor hard)Dates: January 30 – February 5Participating TeamsHong Kong\n India\n Iran\n Kyrgyzstan\n Oman\n Pakistan\n Philippines\n Singapore\n Sri Lanka\n Turkmenistan","title":"Asia/Oceania Zone"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Nations in bold advanced to the higher level of competition.\nNations in italics were relegated down to a lower level of competition.","title":"Europe/Africa Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"}],"sub_title":"Group I","text":"Venue: Municipal Tennis Club, Eilat, Israel (outdoor hard)Dates: January 30 – February 5Participating TeamsAustria\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n Bulgaria\n Croatia\n Estonia\n Great Britain\n Greece\n Hungary\n Israel\n Luxembourg\n Netherlands\n Poland\n Portugal\n Romania\n Sweden","title":"Europe/Africa Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"South 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Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"}],"sub_title":"Group III","text":"Venue: Gizera Sporting Club, Cairo, EgyptDates: Week commencing 16 AprilParticipating TeamsArmenia\n Cyprus\n Egypt\n Ireland\n Kenya\n Lithuania\n Malta\n Moldova\n Morocco\n Namibia\n Tunisia","title":"Europe/Africa Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The rankings were measured after the three points during the year that play took place, and were collated by combining points earned from the previous four years.[3]","title":"Rankings"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Draw for 2012 Fed Cup to be held on 17 July\". fedcup.com. 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ITF. 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation","url_text":"ITF"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.fedcup.com/en/news/articles/draw-for-2012-fed-cup-to-be-held-on-17-july.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Draw for 2012 Fed Cup to be held on 17 July\""},{"Link":"http://www.fedcup.com/en/news/articles/czech-republic-in-seventh-heaven.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Czech Republic in seventh heaven\""},{"Link":"http://www.fedcup.com/en/rankings/rankings-explained.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Rankings Explained\""},{"Link":"http://www.fedcup.com/","external_links_name":"2012 Fed Cup"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Delhi	Air pollution in Delhi	["1 Particulate matter levels in Delhi","2 Causes of poor air quality","3 Air quality index data of Delhi by month","4 Effects of poor air quality","4.1 Effects on children","4.2 Effects on adults","5 Smog in Delhi","5.1 Background","5.2 Incident","5.3 State reaction","5.4 Effects","5.5 Control measures","5.6 Longer term measures","6 Air quality monitoring stations","7 Response of expatriates and government","8 Major incidents","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]	Overview of the air pollution in the Indian city of Delhi A dense toxic smog in New Delhi blocks out the sun. Photo November 8, 2017. MISR measurement, Nov. 5, 2016: The optical depth of the thick haze was too much for calculation, "because the haze is so thick that the algorithm has classified the area as cloud". (less than 37 percent of sunlight, air quality index=751). The air quality in Delhi, the capital territory of India, according to a WHO survey of 1,650 world cities, and a survey of 7,000 world cities by the US-based Health Effects Institute in August 2022, is the worst of any major city in the world. It also affects the districts around Delhi. Air pollution in India is estimated to kill about 2 million people every year; it is the fifth largest killer in India. India has the world's highest death rate from chronic respiratory diseases and asthma, according to the WHO. In Delhi, poor quality air irreversibly damages the lungs of 2.2 million or 50 percent of all children. On 25 November 2019, the Supreme Court of India made statements on the pollution in Delhi saying "Delhi has become worse than narak (hell)". Supreme Court Justice Arun Mishra said that it is better to get explosives and kill everyone. During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India, the water quality of the Yamuna and Ganges river basins have improved as industries are closed due to the lockdown. The air quality has also significantly improved during the lockdown. India's Ministry of Earth Sciences published a research paper in October 2018 attributing almost 41% to vehicular emissions, 21.5% to dust and 18% to industries. The director of Centre for Science and Environment alleged that the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers is lobbying "against the report" because it is "inconvenient" to the automobile industry... Air quality index of Delhi is generally in the Good (0–50), Satisfactory (51–100), and Moderate (101–200) levels between March and September, and then it drastically deteriorates to Poor (201–300), Severe (301–400), or Hazardous (401–500+) levels during October to February due to various factors including burning of effigies during Vijayadashami, bursting of firecrackers during Diwali, stubble burning, road dust, vehicle pollution and cold weather. In November 2016, in an event known as the Great Smog of Delhi, the air pollution spiked far beyond acceptable levels. Levels of PM2.5 and PM 10 particulate matter hit 999 micrograms per cubic meter, while the 24-hour peak limits for those pollutants are 15 and 60 micrograms per cubic metre respectively. According to Bloomberg, 16.7 lakh (1,670,000) people died due to polluted air in India in the year 2019. Further, according to data released by environment ministry in 2022, the Air Quality Index of Delhi National Capital Region is over 200 for at least half the year. Delhi's pollution problem is also caused by the factor of animal agriculture, as smog and other harmful particles are produced by farmers burning their crops in other states since the 1980s. About 80% of agriculturally used land is used for animal agriculture, so animal agriculture can also be attributed as a factor in Delhi's air pollution problem. Initiatives such as a 1,600km long and 5km wide The Great Green Wall of Aravalli green ecological corridor along Aravalli Range from Gujarat to Delhi which will also connect to the Sivalik Hills range is being considered with planting of 1.35 billion (135 crores) new native trees over 10 years to combat the pollution. In December 2019, IIT Bombay, in partnership with the McKelvey School of Engineering of Washington University in St. Louis, launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in India. On 15 November 2021, Delhi's air quality saw marginal improvement as it reached the lower end of the "severe" category with AQI at 318, according to the System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting And Research. Delhi CM, Arvind Kejriwal had announced to shut all the schools along with government offices for a week due to the severe air pollution. The AAP government told the Supreme court that they are confident and prepared for a complete lockdown. The Supreme Court asked the centre and states of the NCR region to consider remote work policies for the employees. When the air quality of Delhi on 18 November 2021 slipped to the "severe" category with the AQI at 362, the Supreme Court of India reprimanded the central and state governments asking them to take strict measures to reduce pollution in Delhi and NCR regions. On 19 November 2021, NASA released a report on the issue of pollution in Delhi. Particulate matter levels in Delhi Air quality or ambient/outdoor air pollution is represented by the annual mean concentration of particulate matter PM10 (particles smaller than 10 microns) and PM2.5 (particles smaller than 2.5 microns, about 25 to 100 times thinner than a human hair). PM10 levels, for the period 2008 and 2013, based on data of 1600 cities in 91 countries, range from 26 to 208 micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m3), with the world average being 71 μg/m3. 13 of the 25 cities worldwide with the highest levels of PM are in India. In 2010, the year of the WHO survey, the average PM10 level in Delhi was 286 μg/m3. In 2013, the PM2.5 level was 153 μg/m3. These levels are considered very unhealthy. In Gwalior, the city with the worst air quality in India, the PM10 and PM2.5 levels were 329 μg/m3 and 144 μg/m3 respectively. For comparison, the PM10 and PM2.5 levels in London were 22 μg/m3 and 16 μg/m3 respectively. The PM levels in Delhi have become worse since the WHO survey. In December–January 2015, in Delhi, an average PM2.5 level of 226 μg/m3 was noted by US embassy monitors in Delhi. The average in Beijing for the same period was 95. Delhi's air is twice as bad as Beijing's air. As of November 2017, experts in several monitoring stations have reportedly measured an air quality index of 999. According to said experts this is the equivalent of smoking 45 to 50 cigarettes a day. This has led to some government officials, such as Arvind Kejriwal calling the nation's capital a "gas chamber". Safe levels for PM according to the WHO's air quality guidelines are 15 μg/m3 (annual mean) for PM10 and 5 μg/m3 (annual mean) for PM2.5. Causes of poor air quality *Surrounded by cities with high AQI's Delhi's poor air quality is also because it is landlocked by cities in haryana, UP that have very high AQI's Motor vehicle emissions are one of the causes of poor air quality. Other causes include wood-burning fires, cow dung cake combustion, fires on agricultural land, exhaust from diesel generators, dust from construction sites, burning garbage and illegal industrial activities in Delhi. Although pollution is at its worst from November to February, Delhi's air misses clean-air standards by a wide margin for much of the year. It is a noxious mix of emissions from its 9 million vehicles, construction dust and burning of waste. On the worst days, the air quality index, a benchmark ranging from zero (good) to 500 (hazardous), exceeds 400. The Badarpur Thermal Power Station, a coal-fired power plant built in 1973, was another major source of air pollution in Delhi. Despite producing less than 8% of the city's electric power, it produced 80 to 90% of the particulate matter pollution from the electric power sector in Delhi. During the Great smog of Delhi in November 2016, the Badarpur Power Plant was temporarily shut down to alleviate the acute air pollution but was allowed to restart on 1 February 2017. In view of the detrimental effect to the environment, the power plant has been permanently shut down since 15 October 2018 The drift/mist emissions from the wet cooling towers are also a source of particulate matter as they are widely used in industry and other sectors for dissipating heat in cooling systems. Although Delhi is kerosene free and 90% of the households use LPG for cooking, the remaining 10% uses wood, crop residue, cow dung, and coal for cooking. (Census-India, 2011) Fire in Bhalswa landfill is a major reason for airborne particles in Delhi. Agricultural stubble burning in Haryana and Punjab, coupled with north-westerly winds also affects Delhi's air quality since the 1980s when crops are being harvested. This is the biggest cause of air pollution in Delhi and as can be seen from air pollution index data, the air quality drastically deteriorated in October, the season of crop burning in Punjab and Haryana. During the crop-burning season, the practice can account for up to 45% of Delhi's pollution, according to government meteorologists. A study in 2016 measured the sources and average levels of various types of air pollution in Delhi. Of PM2.5 pollution, 38% came from road dust, 20% to vehicles, 12% to domestic fuel burning, and 11% to industrial point sources. Of PM10 pollution, 56% came from road dust, 10% from concrete batching, 10% from industrial point sources, and 9% from vehicles. Of NOx emissions, 52% came from industrial point sources (mostly from power plants and 36% from vehicles (but the 36% was potentially more damaging due to being emitted close to people). Of SO2 emissions, 90% came from industrial point sources. Of CO emissions, 83% came from vehicles. The large contributions of vehicles and road dust to air pollution have been made worse by court-ordered restrictions on bus service in Delhi, which had the effect of accelerating the purchase of private cars and the construction of roads to accommodate them. Air quality index data of Delhi by month Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Average Air quality index 301–400 (Severe) 201–300 (Poor) 101–200 (Moderate) 101–200 (Moderate) 101–200 (Moderate) 101–200 (Moderate) 51-100 (Satisfactory) 51–100 (Satisfactory) 51-100 (Satisfactory) 201-300 (Poor) 401-500 (Hazardous) 401–500 (Hazardous) Effects of poor air quality A view from Old Delhi (year 1857) to mountains of Himalaya range Effects on children 2.2 million children in Delhi have irreversible lung damage due to the poor quality of the air. In addition, research shows that pollution can lower children's immune system and increase the risks of cancer, epilepsy, diabetes and even adult-onset diseases like multiple sclerosis. Children are more vulnerable to the negative effects of air pollution as they are growing and developing which means that they breathe a higher rate of air per kilogram of their body weight. They also spend more time outside and are thus more exposed to it. Effects on adults Poor air quality is a cause of reduced lung capacity, headaches, sore throats, coughs, fatigue, lung cancer, and early death. Smog in Delhi Smog in DelhiLow visibility due to Smog at New Delhi railway station 31 December 2017. Railway building is not visible.LocationDelhi, India Smog in Delhi is an ongoing severe air-pollution event in New Delhi and adjoining areas in the National Capital Territory of India. Air pollution in 2016 peaked on both PM 2.5 and PM 10 levels. It has been reported as one of the worst levels of air quality in Delhi since 1980. Low visibility has resulted in accidents across the city, notably a 24 vehicle pile-up on the Yamuna Expressway. "The Great Smog" also led to cancellation and delay of public transport, primarily trains and flights, causing many hindrances to the people. Background Source of pollution The current majority of analysis sources are hinting towards colder weather, stagnant winds trapping the various sources of smoke. The primary sources of smoke are stubble burning, lit garbage, road dust, power plants, factories, and vehicles. Air quality can be measured by the amount of PM 2.5 and PM 10 particulates suspended in the air. On 7 November 2016 the PM 2.5 levels in Delhi shot up to a high 999, much above the recommended 60 micrograms. At the same time, PM 10 shot to 999 (the maximum level for the monitors), instead of the recommended limit of 100. Again on 8 November 2016 the PM 2.5 levels shot up to 449. At the same time PM 10 shot to 663. Weather The temperature in New Delhi during this period was from 15 to 29 °C (59 to 84 °F). Incident During the second day of the third test of Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2017-18 at Delhi, smog forced Sri Lanka cricketers to stop playing and wear anti-pollution masks. Cricketer Lahiru Gamage reported to have shortness of breath. Nic Pothas, coach of Sri Lankan cricket team, reported that cricketer Suranga Lakmal had vomited regularly due to severe pollution effect on the Delhi ground. There was a halt of play from 12:32 pm to 12:49 pm which caused Indian coach Ravi Shastri to come out aggressively and have a talk with the field umpire David Boon. In November 2023 New Delhi was suffering from particularly high levels of air pollution with the city chocked in smog. 38% of this years pollution has been caused by stubble burning a practice where stubble left after harvesting rice is burnt to clear fields. State reaction A Health Emergency was declared in the capital by the Central Government of India to cope with the extrusive amount of polluted air. The day was declared as a holiday for schools, offices and other government centres. Effects Health effects The government of Delhi has declared a health advisory. Breathlessness Chest constriction Irritation in eyes Asthma Allergy Control measures In 2016, the Chief Minister of Delhi, Arvind Kejriwal, proposed these measures to reduce air pollution but didn't get any success due to the lack of implementation in reality. The efficacy of any individual step has been a matter of public debate. All Delhi schools will remain shut for the next few days. For the next five days, no construction and demolition work will take place in Delhi. All diesel generator sets have been banned for the next ten days, except at hospitals and in emergencies. The Delhi government will supply power to unauthorized colonies which use diesel generators. The coal-based Badarpur power plant will be shut down for ten days. There will be no-fly ash transportation from the power plant. The Environment Department will launch an app to monitor the burning of leaves. Vacuum cleaning of roads will start on 10 November. Water sprinkling will start on all roads from the next following days. People should stay at home as much as they can and they should try working from home. As per Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India scheme it is expected by 2030 all vehicles will be Battery electric and Hybrid All combustion engined vehicles will be upgraded to BS6 emission standards Any vehicle older than 10–15 years or below BS6 emissions will be banned Smog towers will be installed in the city to purify and clean the air The Pusa Bio-decomposer will help farmers harvest crops to prevent stubble burning. By 2021, the entire Delhi Metro is expected to be 100% powered by solar energy In 2022, the Punjab Government announced they will purchase maize, sorghum, pearl millet, sunflower and mung bean crops at MSP, encouraging farmers to adopt less water consuming options as a sustainable alternative to paddy and wheat in the wake of fast-depleting groundwater. In October 2020, Delhi authorities established a 10-member air pollution control team working in a dedicated conference room. They examine complaints received through the "Green Delhi" mobile app. As of 2020, they also regulate construction dust and ban diesel generators. Air pollution is an issue of special concern during the COVID-19 pandemic because the virus can damage people's lungs and make them less able to cope with pollution. Longer term measures On 25 November 2017, the Supreme Court of India banned the sale of firecrackers in Delhi to alleviate pollution. In another measure, the extremely polluting Badarpur power plant was permanently shut down on 15 October 2018. Recently in October, 2020 union environment ministry has formed a commission for Air Quality Management in National capital region and Adjoining Area Ordinance. Air quality monitoring stations Days with healthy (= green) or unhealthy conditions with air pollution in year 2018.PM 2.5, air quality index. The Indian Meteorological Department has air quality monitoring stations in Mathura Road, Delhi (Jor Bagh area), IGI Airport, IITM Delhi, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital (Ghaziabad area), Dhirpur, Delhi Technological University, Pitampura, Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies (Rohini), Aya Nagar (Gurgaon), and Noida. The air pollution monitor of the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi covers the area of Chanakyapuri. Response of expatriates and government To contend with the poor air quality, embassies and international businesses in Delhi are considering reducing staff tenures, advising staff to reconsider bringing their children to Delhi, providing high-end air purifiers, and installing expensive air purifiers in their offices. On 14 November 2021 the air quality index of Delhi reached 465 and in response to the severe air quality index, the Delhi government announced the closure of all educational institutions for a week from November 15 after the Supreme Court raised concerns over the deteriorating air quality index. On 17 November as there was no improvement of the condition of the air quality index in Delhi. The Commission for Air Quality Monitoring (CAQM) directed that all schools, colleges and educational institutions will be closed until further notice, in Delhi and in NCR. Other than this the entries of trucks have been banned in Delhi, all construction activities have been halted until 21 November 2021 and 6 out of 11 thermal power plants in Delhi in a radius of 300 km have been shut down until 30 November, in an effort to reduce pollution and improve the air quality index. The Delhi government said that to control the pollution in Delhi they will also be adding 1000 extra CNG buses will be implemented. The Civil Defense Unit will also be checking the registrations and pollution certificates of the cars randomly to curb the pollution. Diesel cars above 10 years and Petrol cars about 15 years are banned in Delhi due to the pollution they cause. The Supreme Court of India also suggested that government officers living in government colonies should either commute by car pooling together or by public transport. On 18 November Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board announced that schools will no longer be closed due to air pollution in Noida and Ghaziabad. In view of pollution, the demand for air purifiers has increased significantly in Delhi-NCR. According to the available data, out of the total sales in the country, 70% of the demand is coming from Delhi-NCR. However, companies say that the demand for air purifiers has increased from other parts of the country as well. The Delhi Government on 27 November 2021, banned the entry of commercial petrol and diesel vehicles in Delhi in view of the increasing pollution in Delhi. Major incidents In December 2017 during a test match between Sri Lankan and Indian cricket teams in New Delhi, Sri Lanka players began to feel breathing problems and several players vomited both in the restrooms and in the field and had to use face masks until the match was stopped. In the opinion of the Indian Medical Association president, the match should never have taken place and the ICC should have a policy on pollution. See also Global warming portalEnvironment portal Air pollution measurement Criteria air pollutants Air pollutant concentrations Emission standard Environmental issues in Delhi List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration Air quality index Haze Wet cooling tower CHECK AIR QUALITY INDEX References ^ Kumar, Hari; Schultz, Kai (7 November 2017). "Delhi, Blanketed in Toxic Haze, "Has Become a Gas Chamber"". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017. ^ Koshy, Jacob (17 August 2022). "Delhi's PM2.5 levels worst in the world". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 August 2022. ^ a b "Ambient (outdoor) air pollution in cities database 2014". who.int. WHO. 2014. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2015. ^ a b Harris, Gardiner (14 February 2015). "Delhi Wakes Up to an Air Pollution Problem It Cannot Ignore". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 May 2015. ^ "'Delhi worse than hell': Supreme Court rebukes Centre, states on air pollution". Hindustan Times. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019. ^ ""Better To Get Explosives, Kill Everyone": Supreme Court On Delhi Pollution". NDTV.com. Retrieved 26 November 2019. ^ "Lockdown makes Ganga water significantly cleaner". LiveMint. 4 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ Naqvi, Haider; Kumar, Sudhir (4 April 2020). "Lockdown does what decades of schemes couldn't: Clean Ganga". HT Digital Streams Ltd. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ "India's coronavirus lockdown reveals fresh air, cleaner rivers". Living Media India Ltd. 22 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ Babu, Nikhil (14 April 2020). "Yamuna cleaner due to lockdown". The Hindu. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ "The silver lining: air pollution dips amid the lockdown". Retrieved 2 May 2020. ^ "Usual suspects: Vehicles, industrial emissions behind foul play". Times of India. Retrieved 18 December 2018. ^ "UA vicious nexus". Down to Earth. Retrieved 18 December 2018. ^ "Out of here in November: In Delhi-NCR, smog break is becoming the new annual vacation". The Times of India. 5 November 2023. ^ "Delhi AQI: CP Smog tower down due to DPCC, says minister Gopal Rai; official says running cost high". The Times of India. 5 November 2023. ^ Vishnoi, Anubhuti (10 December 2015). "IIT-Kanpur study says trucks and road dust are bigger pollutants than cars in Delhi". The Economic Times. ^ "Delhi breathed easier from January to April". The Times of India. 6 June 2017. ^ "Air pollution: Delhi enjoys cleanest February in three years". 27 February 2018. ^ a b "Diwali effect: Pollution worsens, particulate matter soars in Delhi". Indian Express. 1 November 2016. ^ Rampal, Nikhil (22 July 2022). "You thought only winter meant bad air in Delhi? Govt data tells a different, worrying story". The Print. Retrieved 21 August 2022. ^ farming pollution ^ Want govt to build 1600 km green wall along Aravalli, Indian Express, 24 December 2019. ^ "McKelvey Engineering, IIT Bombay partner to study air pollution". The Source. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2020. ^ Bhardwaj, Amit (13 November 2021). "Delhi shuts schools, govt offices for a week due to air pollution, CM Kejriwal says no lockdown for now". India Today. Retrieved 15 November 2021. ^ "Consider work from home, call emergency meet with states in NCR: What SC said on Delhi pollution". India Today. 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021. ^ "Delhi NCR Pollution: जानें कहां क्या बंद हुआ, किन चीजों पर लगीं पाबंदियां, 20 बड़े Updates". Aaj Tak (in Hindi). 18 November 2021. ^ "हर साल दिल्ली क्यों बन जाती है 'स्मोग की राजधानी'? NASA ने जारी की रिपोर्ट". Aaj Tak (in Hindi). 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ "Ambient (outdoor) air pollution database, by country and city". WHO. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2015. ^ a b Walker, Alissa (29 May 2015). "India's Air Pollution Is So Bad It's Causing Lung Damage in Kids". gizmodo. Retrieved 30 May 2015. ^ Air Pollution in India: Real-time Air Quality Index Visual Map, http://aqicn.org/map/india/ ^ Mahajan, Roli (15 March 2018). "10% of the disease burden". D+C, development and cooperation. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ a b "WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide Global update 2005 Summary of risk assessment" (PDF). WHO. 2005. Retrieved 31 May 2015. ^ Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Drysdale, Will S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Dunmore, Rachel E.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko; Mullinger, Neil; Langford, Ben (13 August 2020). "Sources of non-methane hydrocarbons in surface air in Delhi, India". Faraday Discussions. 226: 409–431. doi:10.1039/D0FD00087F. ISSN 1364-5498. PMID 33336656. ^ Stewart, Gareth J.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Nelson, Beth S.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu; Ahlawat, Sakshi; Yadav, Lokesh; Sharma, Sudhir K. (18 February 2021). "Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds from combustion of domestic fuels in Delhi, India". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 21 (4): 2383–2406. Bibcode:2021ACP....21.2383S. doi:10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021. ISSN 1680-7316. ^ Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Farren, Naomi J.; Hopkins, James R.; Ward, Martyn W.; Swift, Stefan J.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu (18 February 2021). "Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 21 (4): 2407–2426. Bibcode:2021ACP....21.2407S. doi:10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021. ISSN 1680-7316. ^ Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Yunus, Siti S. M.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko; Mandal, Tuhin K.; Gadi, Ranu; Sahu, Lokesh K. (25 February 2021). "Comprehensive organic emission profiles, secondary organic aerosol production potential, and OH reactivity of domestic fuel combustion in Delhi, India". Environmental Science: Atmospheres. 1 (2): 104–117. doi:10.1039/D0EA00009D. ISSN 2634-3606. ^ Bengali, Shashank (4 January 2016). "To fight the world's worst air pollution, New Delhi forces cars off the roads". Los Angeles Times. pp. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2017. ^ "A history of Delhi's air pollution: Can road rationing even the odds?". Hindustan Times. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2017. ^ "Doctors Warn of Pollution's Impact on Health in New Delhi". Voice of America. 6 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019. ^ "The Badarpur Plant's effect on Air Pollution and why it needs to be shut down". The Economic Times. 12 August 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016. ^ "Badarpur thermal power plant to remain shut till Jan 31 2017". Indian Express. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016. ^ "Badarpur thermal plant, Delhi's biggest power generator, to shut down from October 15". Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2020. ^ "Wet cooling towers: guide to reporting". Retrieved 19 October 2018. ^ "Bhalswa landfill site major factor of air pollution: Jain". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 5 November 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2017. ^ "Stubble burning begins: Hold your breath Delhiites, that deadly smog is coming". 9 October 2017. ^ Kamali Dehghan, Saeed (10 December 2021). "Burning issue: how enzymes could end India's problem with stubble". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ Comprehensive Study on Air Pollution and Green House, Mukesh Sharma and Onkar Dikshit (Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur), 2016 ^ Altruism and Development - It's complicated....... ^ a b Harris, Gardiner (29 May 2015). "Holding Your Breath in India". SundayReview, New York Times. Retrieved 30 May 2015. ^ Goswami, Sweta (7 November 2016). "Delhi's worst smog yet wakes up govt, emergency measures announced". Hindustan Times. ^ "Delhi wakes up to hazardous pollution levels, reduced visibility due to smog". Indian Express. 2 November 2016. ^ a b "Delhi pollution: Government issues health advisory as smog chokes city". Hindustan Times. 8 November 2016. ^ "Blinding Smog Causes 24-Vehicle Pile-Up on Expressway Near Delhi". NDTV.com. Retrieved 9 November 2017. ^ "Delhi wakes up to dense smog; train services suspended due to low visibility". timesnownews.com. Times Now Bureau. 6 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2017. ^ "Delhi Smog and band aid efforts to patch it". theindependent.in. 8 November 2016. ^ "Pollution stops play at Delhi test match as bowlers struggle to breathe". ^ "India vs Sri Lanka, 3rd Test: "Angry" Ravi Shastri Marched on to the Field. Twitter Trolled Him \| Cricket News". Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018. ^ Dayal, Sakshi (13 November 2023). "Explainer: Why is South Asia the global hotspot of pollution?". Reuters. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Air pollution: Delhi shuts schools, bans construction work". Times of India. 6 November 2016. ^ "Delhi Gets "Green War Room" To Bring Down Pollution Levels This Winter". NDTV.com. 8 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020. ^ Yeung, Jessie; Mitra, Esha; Sud, Vedika (21 October 2020). "India's pollution season could serve a double blow during Covid-19". CNN. Retrieved 21 October 2020. ^ "Supreme Court bans sale of firecrackers in Delhi, NCR". Times of India. Retrieved 25 November 2016. ^ Goswami, Sweta (5 October 2018). "Badarpur thermal plant,Delhi's biggest power generator, to shut down from October 15". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2018. ^ Shrangi, Vatsala (16 October 2018). "Badarpur power plant shut, action plan to tackle air pollution in Delhi-NCR comes into force". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 10 November 2018. ^ Nihar (27 October 2020). "Air pollution: Centre issues ordinance to form new commission to replace EPCA". hindustantimes.com. Retrieved 29 October 2020. ^ "Monitoring Stations". System of Air Quality Weather Forecasting and Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune. Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt.of India. 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015. ^ "Air Quality Data". New Delhi, India: usembassy. 30 May 2015. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015. ^ "Air Cleaning Technology: Air Purifier for Offices". Air Eight. Retrieved 18 March 2019. ^ a b Bhardwaj, Amit; Sharma, Milan (17 November 2021). "Delhi-NCR schools, colleges shut till further notice; offices asked to do 50% WFH as air quality dips". India Today. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ "School Closed: प्रदूषण के कारण दिल्ली के बाद हरियाणा के इन चार जिलों में भी बंद हुए स्कूल". Aaj Tak (in Hindi). 15 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ "दिल्ली: 'एयर इमरजेंसी' पर हड़कंप, प्रदूषण को लेकर सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने की तीखी टिप्पणी". Aaj Tak (in Hindi). Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ "Pollution: दिल्ली-NCR के स्कूल-कॉलेज अगले आदेश तक बंद, दफ्तरों और कंस्ट्रक्शन पर भी पाबंदियां". Aaj Tak (in Hindi). 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ "Watch: Delhi schools to reopen from Nov 29". India Today. Retrieved 29 November 2021. ^ "Delhi: वायु गुणवत्ता बेहद खराब श्रेणी में, चिंताजनक हालात के बीच खोले गए स्कूल-कॉलेज". Aaj Tak (in Hindi). Retrieved 29 November 2021. ^ "Delhi Pollution पर एक्शन... 1000 एक्स्ट्रा CNG बसें उतरेंगी, गैस आधारित इंडस्ट्री को छोड़ बाकी पर बैन". Aaj Tak (in Hindi). 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ @ani (17 November 2021). "Supreme Court suggests that Central government officers living in government colonies travel in public transport" (Tweet). Retrieved 17 November 2021 – via Twitter. ^ "Air Pollution: नोएडा-गाजियाबाद में नहीं बंद होंगे स्कूल-कॉलेज, DM का फैसला हुआ वापस". Aaj Tak (in Hindi). 18 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ "दमघोंटू हवा ने बढ़ा दी Air purifiers की बिक्री, खरीदने वाले 70% लोग दिल्ली-NCR से". Aaj Tak (in Hindi). 18 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ "Pollution Update: दिल्ली पर प्रदूषण की मार, राजधानी की हवा आज भी बेहद खराब, 3 दिसंबर तक इन गाड़ियों पर रोक". Aaj Tak (in Hindi). 27 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021. ^ "AQI crisis: Delhi bans entry of commercial petrol and diesel vehicles till Dec 3; CNG, EVs exempted". India Today. 2 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021. ^ Safi, Michael (3 December 2017). "Pollution stops play at Delhi Test match as bowlers struggle to breathe". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 December 2017. ^ Hartman, F. C.; LaMuraglia, G. M.; Tomozawa, Y.; Wolfenden, R. (2 December 1975). "The influence of pH on the interaction of inhibitors with triosephosphate isomerase and determination of the pKa of the active-site carboxyl group". Biochemistry. 14 (24): 5274–5279. doi:10.1021/bi00695a007. ISSN 0006-2960. PMID 47. Further reading Cherni, Judith A. Economic Growth versus the Environment: The Politics of Wealth, Health and Air Pollution (2002) online Currie, Donya. "WHO: Air Pollution a Continuing Health Threat in World's Cities," The Nation's Health (February 2012) 42#1 online Amann, M., Purohit, P., Bertok, I., Bhandarkar, A.D., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, J., Harshvardhan, B., Heyes, C., Kiesewetter, G., Klimont, Z., Jun, L., Majumdar, D., Ngyuen, B., Rafaj, P., Rao., P.S., Sander, R., Schöpp, W., Shrivastava, A. 2017. Managing future air quality in megacities: A case study for Delhi. Atmospheric Environment, 161: 99–111. Bhandarkar, A.D., Purohit, P., Rafaj, P., Amann, M. et al. 2018. Managing future air quality in megacities: Co-benefit assessment for Delhi, Atmospheric Environment, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.026 Bhalla, N., O'Boyle, J., & Haun, D. (2019). Who is responsible for Delhi air pollution? Indian newspapers' framing of causes and solutions. International Journal of Communication, 13, 24. External links Air Quality Public Advisory Global real-time air quality index map International Conference on Urban Air Quality Archived 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Database: outdoor air pollution in cities from the World Health Organization World Health Organization Fact Sheet on Air quality and health Impact assessment of the mortality effects of longer-term exposure to air pollution: exploring cause-specific mortality and susceptibility by BG Miller. Institute of Occupational Medicine Research Report TM/03/01 Inflating Air Pollution in Delhi Archived 28 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine Dr AS Soin on Delhi Air Emergency Opentalk Arvinder Singh Soin Opentalk with Sumit Jain Delhi Air Quality Image Collections	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poulluted_killer_fog_in_Delhi.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIA21100_Severe_Air_Pollution_in_New_Delhi_View_by_NASA%27s_MISR.jpg"},{"link_name":"MISR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MISR"},{"link_name":"air quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"WHO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO"},{"link_name":"Health Effects 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blocks out the sun. Photo November 8, 2017.[1]MISR measurement, Nov. 5, 2016: The optical depth of the thick haze was too much for calculation, \"because the haze is so thick that the algorithm has classified the area as cloud\". (less than 37 percent of sunlight, air quality index=751).The air quality in Delhi, the capital territory of India, according to a WHO survey of 1,650 world cities, and a survey of 7,000 world cities by the US-based Health Effects Institute in August 2022,[2] is the worst of any major city in the world. It also affects the districts around Delhi.[3][4] Air pollution in India is estimated to kill about 2 million people every year; it is the fifth largest killer in India. India has the world's highest death rate from chronic respiratory diseases and asthma, according to the WHO. In Delhi, poor quality air irreversibly damages the lungs of 2.2 million or 50 percent of all children.On 25 November 2019, the Supreme Court of India made statements on the pollution in Delhi saying \"Delhi has become worse than narak (hell)\".[5] Supreme Court Justice Arun Mishra said that it is better to get explosives and kill everyone.[6]During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India, the water quality of the Yamuna and Ganges river basins have improved as industries are closed due to the lockdown.[7][8][9][10] The air quality has also significantly improved during the lockdown.[11]India's Ministry of Earth Sciences published a research paper in October 2018 attributing almost 41% to vehicular emissions, 21.5% to dust and 18% to industries.[12] The director of Centre for Science and Environment alleged that the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers is lobbying \"against the report\" because it is \"inconvenient\" to the automobile industry...[13]Air quality index of Delhi is generally in the Good (0–50), Satisfactory (51–100), and Moderate (101–200) levels between March and September, and then it drastically deteriorates to Poor (201–300), Severe (301–400), or Hazardous (401–500+) levels during October to February due to various factors including burning of effigies during Vijayadashami, bursting of firecrackers during Diwali, stubble burning,[14][15] road dust, vehicle pollution and cold weather.[16][17][18] In November 2016, in an event known as the Great Smog of Delhi, the air pollution spiked far beyond acceptable levels. Levels of PM2.5 and PM 10 particulate matter hit 999 micrograms per cubic meter, while the 24-hour peak limits for those pollutants are 15 and 60 micrograms per cubic metre respectively.[19] According to Bloomberg, 16.7 lakh (1,670,000) people died due to polluted air in India in the year 2019. Further, according to data released by environment ministry in 2022, the Air Quality Index of Delhi National Capital Region is over 200 for at least half the year.[20]Delhi's pollution problem is also caused by the factor of animal agriculture, as smog and other harmful particles are produced by farmers burning their crops in other states since the 1980s. About 80% of agriculturally used land is used for animal agriculture, so animal agriculture can also be attributed as a factor in Delhi's air pollution problem.[21] Initiatives such as a 1,600km long and 5km wide The Great Green Wall of Aravalli green ecological corridor along Aravalli Range from Gujarat to Delhi which will also connect to the Sivalik Hills range is being considered with planting of 1.35 billion (135 crores) new native trees over 10 years to combat the pollution.[22] In December 2019, IIT Bombay, in partnership with the McKelvey School of Engineering of Washington University in St. Louis, launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in India.[23]On 15 November 2021, Delhi's air quality saw marginal improvement as it reached the lower end of the \"severe\" category with AQI at 318, according to the System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting And Research. Delhi CM, Arvind Kejriwal had announced to shut all the schools along with government offices[24] for a week due to the severe air pollution. The AAP government told the Supreme court that they are confident and prepared for a complete lockdown.[25] The Supreme Court asked the centre and states of the NCR region to consider remote work policies for the employees. When the air quality of Delhi on 18 November 2021 slipped to the \"severe\" category with the AQI at 362, the Supreme Court of India reprimanded the central and state governments asking them to take strict measures to reduce pollution in Delhi and NCR regions.[26]On 19 November 2021, NASA released a report on the issue of pollution in Delhi.[27]","title":"Air pollution in Delhi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"particulate matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate_matter"},{"link_name":"microns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microns"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ambient_(outdoor)_air_pollution_database-28"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pollution_in_cities_database_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gizmodo-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gizmodo-29"},{"link_name":"Arvind Kejriwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Kejriwal"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D+C-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Summary_of_risk_assessment-32"}],"text":"Air quality or ambient/outdoor air pollution is represented by the annual mean concentration of particulate matter PM10 (particles smaller than 10 microns) and PM2.5 (particles smaller than 2.5 microns, about 25 to 100 times thinner than a human hair).[28]PM10 levels, for the period 2008 and 2013, based on data of 1600 cities in 91 countries, range from 26 to 208 micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m3), with the world average being 71 μg/m3.[3] 13 of the 25 cities worldwide with the highest levels of PM are in India.[29]In 2010, the year of the WHO survey, the average PM10 level in Delhi was 286 μg/m3. In 2013, the PM2.5 level was 153 μg/m3. These levels are considered very unhealthy. In Gwalior, the city with the worst air quality in India, the PM10 and PM2.5 levels were 329 μg/m3 and 144 μg/m3 respectively. For comparison, the PM10 and PM2.5 levels in London were 22 μg/m3 and 16 μg/m3 respectively. The PM levels in Delhi have become worse since the WHO survey. In December–January 2015, in Delhi, an average PM2.5 level of 226 μg/m3 was noted by US embassy monitors in Delhi. The average in Beijing for the same period was 95.[30] Delhi's air is twice as bad as Beijing's air.[29] As of November 2017, experts in several monitoring stations have reportedly measured an air quality index of 999. According to said experts this is the equivalent of smoking 45 to 50 cigarettes a day. This has led to some government officials, such as Arvind Kejriwal calling the nation's capital a \"gas chamber\".[31]Safe levels for PM according to the WHO's air quality guidelines are 15 μg/m3 (annual mean) for PM10 and 5 μg/m3 (annual mean) for PM2.5.[32]","title":"Particulate matter levels in Delhi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surrounded by cities with high AQI's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surrounded_by_cities_with_high_AQI%27s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Motor vehicle emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"construction dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_dust"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Badarpur Thermal Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badarpur_Thermal_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"particulate matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate_matter"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Great smog of Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_smog_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"cooling towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"LPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas"},{"link_name":"cow dung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_dung"},{"link_name":"Bhalswa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhalswa_Jahangir_Pur"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"stubble burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stubble_burning"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"*Surrounded by cities with high AQI'sDelhi's poor air quality is also because it is landlocked by cities in haryana, UP that have very high AQI'sMotor vehicle emissions are one of the causes of poor air quality.[33] Other causes include wood-burning fires,[34][35] cow dung cake combustion,[36] fires on agricultural land, exhaust from diesel generators, dust from construction sites, burning garbage[37][38] and illegal industrial activities in Delhi. Although pollution is at its worst from November to February, Delhi's air misses clean-air standards by a wide margin for much of the year. It is a noxious mix of emissions from its 9 million vehicles, construction dust and burning of waste. On the worst days, the air quality index, a benchmark ranging from zero (good) to 500 (hazardous), exceeds 400.[39]\nThe Badarpur Thermal Power Station, a coal-fired power plant built in 1973, was another major source of air pollution in Delhi. Despite producing less than 8% of the city's electric power, it produced 80 to 90% of the particulate matter pollution from the electric power sector in Delhi.[40] During the Great smog of Delhi in November 2016, the Badarpur Power Plant was temporarily shut down to alleviate the acute air pollution but was allowed to restart on 1 February 2017.[41] In view of the detrimental effect to the environment, the power plant has been permanently shut down since 15 October 2018 [42]\nThe drift/mist emissions from the wet cooling towers are also a source of particulate matter as they are widely used in industry and other sectors for dissipating heat in cooling systems.[43]\nAlthough Delhi is kerosene free and 90% of the households use LPG for cooking, the remaining 10% uses wood, crop residue, cow dung, and coal for cooking. (Census-India, 2011)\nFire in Bhalswa landfill is a major reason for airborne particles in Delhi.[44]\nAgricultural stubble burning in Haryana and Punjab, coupled with north-westerly winds also affects Delhi's air quality since the 1980s when crops are being harvested. This is the biggest cause [citation needed] of air pollution in Delhi and as can be seen from air pollution index data, the air quality drastically deteriorated in October, the season of crop burning in Punjab and Haryana.[45] During the crop-burning season, the practice can account for up to 45% of Delhi's pollution, according to government meteorologists.[46]A study in 2016 measured the sources and average levels of various types of air pollution in Delhi. Of PM2.5 pollution, 38% came from road dust, 20% to vehicles, 12% to domestic fuel burning, and 11% to industrial point sources. Of PM10 pollution, 56% came from road dust, 10% from concrete batching, 10% from industrial point sources, and 9% from vehicles. Of NOx emissions, 52% came from industrial point sources (mostly from power plants and 36% from vehicles (but the 36% was potentially more damaging due to being emitted close to people). Of SO2 emissions, 90% came from industrial point sources. Of CO emissions, 83% came from vehicles.[47] The large contributions of vehicles and road dust to air pollution have been made worse by court-ordered restrictions on bus service in Delhi, which had the effect of accelerating the purchase of private cars and the construction of roads to accommodate them.[48]","title":"Causes of poor air quality"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Air quality index data of Delhi by month"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delhi_panorama_1857.jpg"},{"link_name":"Himalaya range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya_range"}],"text":"A view from Old Delhi (year 1857) to mountains of Himalaya range","title":"Effects of poor air quality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"epilepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"multiple sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris,_MAY_29,_2015-49"}],"sub_title":"Effects on children","text":"2.2 million children in Delhi have irreversible lung damage due to the poor quality of the air. In addition, research shows that pollution can lower children's immune system and increase the risks of cancer, epilepsy, diabetes and even adult-onset diseases like multiple sclerosis. Children are more vulnerable to the negative effects of air pollution as they are growing and developing which means that they breathe a higher rate of air per kilogram of their body weight. They also spend more time outside and are thus more exposed to it.[49]","title":"Effects of poor air quality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Summary_of_risk_assessment-32"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris,_MAY_29,_2015-49"}],"sub_title":"Effects on adults","text":"Poor air quality is a cause of reduced lung capacity, headaches, sore throats, coughs, fatigue, lung cancer, and early death.[32][49]","title":"Effects of poor air quality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"National Capital Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT_DWSYWUG-50"},{"link_name":"Air pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_India"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTI_DWUTHPL-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PT_DPGIHAASCC-52"},{"link_name":"Yamuna Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna_Expressway"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Smog in Delhi is an ongoing severe air-pollution event in New Delhi and adjoining areas in the National Capital Territory of India.[50] Air pollution in 2016 peaked on both PM 2.5 and PM 10 levels.[51] It has been reported as one of the worst levels of air quality in Delhi since 1980.[52]Low visibility has resulted in accidents across the city, notably a 24 vehicle pile-up on the Yamuna Expressway.[53]\"The Great Smog\" also led to cancellation and delay of public transport, primarily trains and flights, causing many hindrances to the people.[54]","title":"Smog in Delhi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stubble burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stubble_burning"},{"link_name":"particulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTI_PWPMSD-19"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Source of pollutionThe current majority of analysis sources are hinting towards colder weather, stagnant winds trapping the various sources of smoke. The primary sources of smoke are stubble burning, lit garbage, road dust, power plants, factories, and vehicles.Air quality can be measured by the amount of PM 2.5 and PM 10 particulates suspended in the air. On 7 November 2016 the PM 2.5 levels in Delhi shot up to a high 999, much above the recommended 60 micrograms. At the same time, PM 10 shot to 999 (the maximum level for the monitors), instead of the recommended limit of 100.[19]Again on 8 November 2016 the PM 2.5 levels shot up to 449. At the same time PM 10 shot to 663.[55]WeatherThe temperature in New Delhi during this period was from 15 to 29 °C (59 to 84 °F).","title":"Smog in Delhi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2017-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cricket_team_in_India_in_2017-18"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Lahiru Gamage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahiru_Gamage"},{"link_name":"shortness of breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Nic Pothas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic_Pothas"},{"link_name":"Suranga Lakmal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suranga_Lakmal"},{"link_name":"Ravi Shastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Shastri"},{"link_name":"David Boon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Boon"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Incident","text":"During the second day of the third test of Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2017-18 at Delhi, smog forced Sri Lanka cricketers to stop playing and wear anti-pollution masks. Cricketer Lahiru Gamage reported to have shortness of breath.[56] Nic Pothas, coach of Sri Lankan cricket team, reported that cricketer Suranga Lakmal had vomited regularly due to severe pollution effect on the Delhi ground. There was a halt of play from 12:32 pm to 12:49 pm which caused Indian coach Ravi Shastri to come out aggressively and have a talk with the field umpire David Boon.[57]In November 2023 New Delhi was suffering from particularly high levels of air pollution with the city chocked in smog. 38% of this years pollution has been caused by stubble burning a practice where stubble left after harvesting rice is burnt to clear fields.[58]","title":"Smog in Delhi"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"State reaction","text":"A Health Emergency was declared in the capital by the Central Government of India to cope with the extrusive amount of polluted air. The day was declared as a holiday for schools, offices and other government centres.","title":"Smog in Delhi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PT_DPGIHAASCC-52"}],"sub_title":"Effects","text":"Health effectsThe government of Delhi has declared a health advisory.[52]Breathlessness\nChest constriction\nIrritation in eyes\nAsthma\nAllergy","title":"Smog in Delhi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arvind Kejriwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Kejriwal"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNN_DSSBCW-59"},{"link_name":"diesel generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_generator"},{"link_name":"Badarpur power plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badarpur_Thermal_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Battery electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Smog towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog_tower"},{"link_name":"stubble burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stubble_burning"},{"link_name":"Delhi Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"sorghum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum"},{"link_name":"pearl millet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_millet"},{"link_name":"sunflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower"},{"link_name":"mung bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mung_bean"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Control measures","text":"In 2016, the Chief Minister of Delhi, Arvind Kejriwal, proposed these measures to reduce air pollution but didn't get any success due to the lack of implementation in reality. The efficacy of any individual step has been a matter of public debate.[59]All Delhi schools will remain shut for the next few days.\nFor the next five days, no construction and demolition work will take place in Delhi.\nAll diesel generator sets have been banned for the next ten days, except at hospitals and in emergencies.\nThe Delhi government will supply power to unauthorized colonies which use diesel generators.\nThe coal-based Badarpur power plant will be shut down for ten days. There will be no-fly ash transportation from the power plant.\nThe Environment Department will launch an app to monitor the burning of leaves.\nVacuum cleaning of roads will start on 10 November.\nWater sprinkling will start on all roads from the next following days.\nPeople should stay at home as much as they can and they should try working from home.\nAs per Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India scheme it is expected by 2030 all vehicles will be Battery electric and Hybrid\nAll combustion engined vehicles will be upgraded to BS6 emission standards\nAny vehicle older than 10–15 years or below BS6 emissions will be banned\nSmog towers will be installed in the city to purify and clean the air\nThe Pusa Bio-decomposer will help farmers harvest crops to prevent stubble burning.\nBy 2021, the entire Delhi Metro is expected to be 100% powered by solar energy\nIn 2022, the Punjab Government announced they will purchase maize, sorghum, pearl millet, sunflower and mung bean crops at MSP, encouraging farmers to adopt less water consuming options as a sustainable alternative to paddy and wheat in the wake of fast-depleting groundwater.In October 2020, Delhi authorities established a 10-member air pollution control team working in a dedicated conference room. They examine complaints received through the \"Green Delhi\" mobile app. As of 2020, they also regulate construction dust and ban diesel generators. Air pollution is an issue of special concern during the COVID-19 pandemic because the virus can damage people's lungs and make them less able to cope with pollution.[60][61]","title":"Smog in Delhi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India"},{"link_name":"firecrackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firecracker"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Badarpur power plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badarpur_power_plant"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Longer term measures","text":"On 25 November 2017, the Supreme Court of India banned the sale of firecrackers in Delhi to alleviate pollution.[62]In another measure, the extremely polluting Badarpur power plant was permanently shut down on 15 October 2018.[63][64] Recently in October, 2020 union environment ministry has formed a commission for Air Quality Management in National capital region and Adjoining Area Ordinance.[65]","title":"Smog in Delhi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Air_Pollution_in_NewDelhi_(PM2.5_AQI).svg"},{"link_name":"PM 2.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_2.5"},{"link_name":"air quality index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index#India"},{"link_name":"Indian Meteorological Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Meteorological_Department"},{"link_name":"air quality monitoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_monitoring"},{"link_name":"Mathura Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura_Road"},{"link_name":"IGI Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGI_Airport"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Ghaziabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaziabad,_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Delhi Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"Pitampura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitampura"},{"link_name":"Gurgaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgaon"},{"link_name":"Noida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monitoring_Stations-66"},{"link_name":"U.S. Embassy in New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Embassy_in_New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Chanakyapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakyapuri"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Air_Quality_Data,_US-67"}],"text":"Days with healthy (= green) or unhealthy conditions with air pollution in year 2018.PM 2.5, air quality index.The Indian Meteorological Department has air quality monitoring stations in Mathura Road, Delhi (Jor Bagh area), IGI Airport, IITM Delhi,[clarification needed] Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital (Ghaziabad area), Dhirpur, Delhi Technological University, Pitampura, Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies (Rohini), Aya Nagar (Gurgaon), and Noida.[66] The air pollution monitor of the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi covers the area of Chanakyapuri.[67]","title":"Air quality monitoring stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"air purifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_purifiers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GARDINER_HARRIS,_14/2-4"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ab-69"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Delhi government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_court"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ab-69"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India"},{"link_name":"car pooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpool"},{"link_name":"public transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"text":"To contend with the poor air quality, embassies and international businesses in Delhi are considering reducing staff tenures, advising staff to reconsider bringing their children to Delhi, providing high-end air purifiers, and installing expensive air purifiers in their offices.[4][68][69]On 14 November 2021 the air quality index of Delhi reached 465 and in response to the severe air quality index, the Delhi government announced the closure of all educational institutions for a week from November 15 after the Supreme Court raised concerns over the deteriorating air quality index.[70][71] On 17 November as there was no improvement of the condition of the air quality index in Delhi. The Commission for Air Quality Monitoring (CAQM) directed that all schools, colleges and educational institutions will be closed until further notice, in Delhi and in NCR. Other than this the entries of trucks have been banned in Delhi, all construction activities have been halted until 21 November 2021 and 6 out of 11 thermal power plants in Delhi in a radius of 300 km have been shut down until 30 November, in an effort to reduce pollution and improve the air quality index.[72][69][73][74]The Delhi government said that to control the pollution in Delhi they will also be adding 1000 extra CNG buses will be implemented. The Civil Defense Unit will also be checking the registrations and pollution certificates of the cars randomly to curb the pollution. Diesel cars above 10 years and Petrol cars about 15 years are banned in Delhi due to the pollution they cause.[75]The Supreme Court of India also suggested that government officers living in government colonies should either commute by car pooling together or by public transport.[76]On 18 November Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board announced that schools will no longer be closed due to air pollution in Noida and Ghaziabad.[77]In view of pollution, the demand for air purifiers has increased significantly in Delhi-NCR. According to the available data, out of the total sales in the country, 70% of the demand is coming from Delhi-NCR. However, companies say that the demand for air purifiers has increased from other parts of the country as well.[78]The Delhi Government on 27 November 2021, banned the entry of commercial petrol and diesel vehicles in Delhi in view of the increasing pollution in Delhi.[79][80]","title":"Response of expatriates and government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a test match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cricket_team_in_India_in_2017%E2%80%9318#3rd_Test"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Safi-81"},{"link_name":"Indian Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"ICC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cricket_Council"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"text":"In December 2017 during a test match between Sri Lankan and Indian cricket teams in New Delhi, Sri Lanka players began to feel breathing problems and several players vomited both in the restrooms and in the field and had to use face masks until the match was stopped.[81] \nIn the opinion of the Indian Medical Association president, the match should never have taken place and the ICC should have a policy on pollution.[82]","title":"Major incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.questia.com/library/102251606/economic-growth-versus-the-environment-the-politics"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.questia.com/article/1G1-280406027/who-air-pollution-a-continuing-health-threat-in-world-s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231017302856"},{"link_name":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.026"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/8312/2521"}],"text":"Cherni, Judith A. Economic Growth versus the Environment: The Politics of Wealth, Health and Air Pollution (2002) online\nCurrie, Donya. \"WHO: Air Pollution a Continuing Health Threat in World's Cities,\" The Nation's Health (February 2012) 42#1 online\nAmann, M., Purohit, P., Bertok, I., Bhandarkar, A.D., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, J., Harshvardhan, B., Heyes, C., Kiesewetter, G., Klimont, Z., Jun, L., Majumdar, D., Ngyuen, B., Rafaj, P., Rao., P.S., Sander, R., Schöpp, W., Shrivastava, A. 2017. Managing future air quality in megacities: A case study for Delhi. Atmospheric Environment, 161: 99–111. [1]\nBhandarkar, A.D., Purohit, P., Rafaj, P., Amann, M. et al. 2018. Managing future air quality in megacities: Co-benefit assessment for Delhi, Atmospheric Environment, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.026\nBhalla, N., O'Boyle, J., & Haun, D. (2019). Who is responsible for Delhi air pollution? Indian newspapers' framing of causes and solutions. International Journal of Communication, 13, 24. [2]","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"A dense toxic smog in New Delhi blocks out the sun. Photo November 8, 2017.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Poulluted_killer_fog_in_Delhi.jpg/220px-Poulluted_killer_fog_in_Delhi.jpg"},{"image_text":"MISR measurement, Nov. 5, 2016: The optical depth of the thick haze was too much for calculation, \"because the haze is so thick that the algorithm has classified the area as cloud\". (less than 37 percent of sunlight, air quality index=751).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PIA21100_Severe_Air_Pollution_in_New_Delhi_View_by_NASA%27s_MISR.jpg/220px-PIA21100_Severe_Air_Pollution_in_New_Delhi_View_by_NASA%27s_MISR.jpg"},{"image_text":"A view from Old Delhi (year 1857) to mountains of Himalaya range","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Delhi_panorama_1857.jpg/220px-Delhi_panorama_1857.jpg"},{"image_text":"Days with healthy (= green) or unhealthy conditions with air pollution in year 2018.PM 2.5, air quality index.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/2018_Air_Pollution_in_NewDelhi_%28PM2.5_AQI%29.svg/220px-2018_Air_Pollution_in_NewDelhi_%28PM2.5_AQI%29.svg.png"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg"},{"title":"Global warming portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Global_warming"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg"},{"title":"Environment portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment"},{"title":"Air pollution measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_measurement"},{"title":"Criteria air pollutants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criteria_air_pollutants"},{"title":"Air pollutant concentrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutant_concentrations"},{"title":"Emission standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_standard"},{"title":"Environmental issues in Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Delhi"},{"title":"List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration"},{"title":"Air quality index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index"},{"title":"Haze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haze"},{"title":"Wet cooling tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower"},{"title":"CHECK AIR QUALITY INDEX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digishiv.com/check-air-quality-index/"}]	[{"reference":"Kumar, Hari; Schultz, Kai (7 November 2017). \"Delhi, Blanketed in Toxic Haze, \"Has Become a Gas Chamber\"\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/07/world/asia/delhi-pollution-gas-chamber.html","url_text":"\"Delhi, Blanketed in Toxic Haze, \"Has Become a Gas Chamber\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171108013324/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/07/world/asia/delhi-pollution-gas-chamber.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Koshy, Jacob (17 August 2022). \"Delhi's PM2.5 levels worst in the world\". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/delhis-pm25-levels-worst-in-the-world/article65780144.ece?homepage=true","url_text":"\"Delhi's PM2.5 levels worst in the world\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ambient (outdoor) air pollution in cities database 2014\". who.int. WHO. 2014. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. 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The Times of India. 6 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-breathed-easier-from-january-to-april/articleshow/59011204.cms","url_text":"\"Delhi breathed easier from January to April\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Air pollution: Delhi enjoys cleanest February in three years\". 27 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/air-pollution-delhi-enjoys-cleanest-february-in-three-years/story-SANlmslHev8ifFgZbh3WXI.html","url_text":"\"Air pollution: Delhi enjoys cleanest February in three years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diwali effect: Pollution worsens, particulate matter soars in Delhi\". 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Bibcode:2021ACP....21.2383S. doi:10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021. ISSN 1680-7316.","urls":[{"url":"https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/21/2383/2021/","url_text":"\"Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds from combustion of domestic fuels in Delhi, India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ACP....21.2383S","url_text":"2021ACP....21.2383S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-21-2383-2021","url_text":"10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1680-7316","url_text":"1680-7316"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. 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ISSN 1680-7316.","urls":[{"url":"https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/21/2407/2021/","url_text":"\"Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ACP....21.2407S","url_text":"2021ACP....21.2407S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-21-2407-2021","url_text":"10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1680-7316","url_text":"1680-7316"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Yunus, Siti S. M.; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Nemitz, Eiko; Mandal, Tuhin K.; Gadi, Ranu; Sahu, Lokesh K. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabric_Shortest_Path_First	Fabric Shortest Path First	["1 References"]	Fabric Shortest Path First (FSPF) is a routing protocol used in Fibre Channel computer networks. It calculates the best path between network switches, establishes routes across the fabric and calculates alternate routes in event of a failure or network topology change. FSPF can guarantee in-sequence delivery of frames, even if the routing topology has changed during a failure, by enforcing a 'hold down' time before a new path is activated. FSPF was created by Brocade Communications Systems in collaboration with Gadzoox, McDATA, Ancor Communications (now QLogic), and Vixel; it was submitted as an American National Standards Institute standard. It was introduced in 2000. The protocol is similar in conception to the Open Shortest Path First used in IP networks. FSPF has been adopted as the industry standard for routing between Fibre Channel switches within a fabric. A management information base for FSPF was published as RFC 4626. References ^ a b Connor, Deni (June 26, 2000). "Storage interoperability standards emerging". International Data Group. ISSN 0887-7661. This computer networking article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brocade Communications Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocade_Communications_Systems"},{"link_name":"Gadzoox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadzoox"},{"link_name":"QLogic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QLogic"},{"link_name":"Vixel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vixel"},{"link_name":"American National Standards Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emerging-1"},{"link_name":"Open Shortest Path First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emerging-1"},{"link_name":"management information base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_base"}],"text":"FSPF was created by Brocade Communications Systems in collaboration with Gadzoox, McDATA, Ancor Communications (now QLogic), and Vixel; it was submitted as an American National Standards Institute standard.[1] It was introduced in 2000. The protocol is similar in conception to the Open Shortest Path First used in IP networks.[1] FSPF has been adopted as the industry standard for routing between Fibre Channel switches within a fabric.A management information base for FSPF was published as RFC 4626.","title":"Fabric Shortest Path First"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Connor, Deni (June 26, 2000). \"Storage interoperability standards emerging\". International Data Group. ISSN 0887-7661.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XhsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10","url_text":"\"Storage interoperability standards emerging\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"International Data Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0887-7661","url_text":"0887-7661"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XhsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10","external_links_name":"\"Storage interoperability standards emerging\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0887-7661","external_links_name":"0887-7661"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabric_Shortest_Path_First&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4yneinen	Säyneinen	["1 Geography","2 Name","3 History","4 Church","5 Services","5.1 School","6 References"]	Coordinates: 63°12′19″N 28°28′48″E / 63.2053221°N 28.4799407°E / 63.2053221; 28.4799407Former municipality in Kuopio Province, FinlandSäyneinenFormer municipalitySäyneisen kuntaSäyneis kommun Coat of armsLocation of Säyneinen in FinlandCoordinates: 63°12′19″N 28°28′48″E / 63.2053221°N 28.4799407°E / 63.2053221; 28.4799407CountryFinlandProvinceKuopio ProvinceRegionNorthern SavoniaEstablished1924Merged into Juankoski1971SeatSäyneisen kirkonkyläArea • Land186.2 km2 (71.9 sq mi)Population (1969-12-31) • Total2,251 Säyneinen is a village and a former municipality of Finland at the time of its existence in the Kuopio Province, now in Northern Savonia. Together with Muuruvesi, it was consolidated with Juankoski in 1971, since 2017 part of Kuopio. Geography The municipality bordered Juankoski, Muuruvesi, Rautavaara, Juuka, Kaavi and Nilsiä. The village of Säyneinen is located between two lakes called Suuri-Säyneinen and Pieni-Säyneinen. Name The name of Säyneinen comes from the word säyne, referring to the ide, a fairly common fish in Finland. Another municipality named after this fish was Säynätsalo (via the local word säynät) in Central Finland. Unlike the names of most municipalities ending in -(i)nen, the declension of Säyneinen is in the singular: Säyneisen, Säyneisessä and not in the plural (Säyneisten, Säyneisissä). This is shared with the name of Kaustinen. A person from Säyneinen is called säyneisläinen or säyneeläinen. History The territories of Säyneinen and Muuruvesi were mostly transferred to Juankoski in 1971. Säyneinen is located in historical Karelia. Like the modern region of North Karelia, the area was initially part of the Novgorod Republic, passing to Muscovy with the rest of Novgorod in 1478 and remaining under Russian rule until the Swedish conquest of the area finalized by the Treaty of Stolbovo in 1617. Säyneinen itself was first mentioned in 1638 as Säynäis. It was a part of the Liperi parish and since 1670, the chapel community of Kaavi. Kaavi became a separate parish in 1802 and a separate municipality in 1875. Säyneinen was separated from Kaavi as a parish in 1917 and as a municipality in 1924. The municipality was consolidated with Juankoski in 1971, but the parish remained separate until 2003. Säyneinen became a part of Kuopio after Juankoski was consolidated with it in 2017. Church The current church of Säyneinen was designed by Sakari Honkavaara and Esko Suhonen. The church was finished in 1939 and it is an example of functionalist architecture. There is a cross in the place of the altarpiece, however the restored altarpiece was placed in the church hall in 2002. Services School Säyneinen had a school for grades 1-6 (ala-aste) until 2015. After it was acquired by the town of Kuopio in 2017, the town's government was attempting to sell the school to a private owner. As nobody was willing to buy the school, the municipal government of Kuopio decided to demolish it in 2020. References ^ "SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf" (PDF). kaino.kotus.fi (in Finnish). p. 437. Retrieved December 28, 2022. ^ "Säyneinen - Asutusnimihakemisto - Kotimaisten kielten keskus". kaino.kotus.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved December 28, 2022. ^ "SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf" (PDF). kaino.kotus.fi (in Finnish). p. 437(+121+240). Retrieved December 28, 2022. ^ "Suur-Liperistä pienemmiksi yksiköiksi - LIPERIN KUNTA". liperi.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original on November 13, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2022. ^ "Kaavin 140-vuotisjuhla - anuvehvilainen.fi". anuvehvilainen.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2022. ^ "Suomen Sukututkimusseura". hiski.genealogia.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved December 28, 2022. ^ "Säyneisen kirkko - Kuopion seurakunnat". kuopionseurakunnat.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved December 28, 2022. ^ "Kuopio purkaa Säyneisen entisen koulun - Yle Uutiset". yle.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved December 28, 2022. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Säyneinen. vteMunicipalities of North SavoMunicipalities Iisalmi Joroinen Kaavi Keitele Kiuruvesi Kuopio Lapinlahti Leppävirta Pielavesi Rautalampi Rautavaara Siilinjärvi Sonkajärvi Suonenjoki Tervo Tuusniemi Varkaus Vesanto Vieremä Former municipalities Iisalmen maalaiskunta Juankoski Karttula Kuopion maalaiskunta Maaninka Muuruvesi Nilsiä Riistavesi Säyneinen Varpaisjärvi Vehmersalmi North Savo Finland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"former municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_municipalities_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Kuopio Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio_Province"},{"link_name":"Northern Savonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Savonia"},{"link_name":"Muuruvesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuruvesi"},{"link_name":"Juankoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juankoski"},{"link_name":"Kuopio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio"}],"text":"Former municipality in Kuopio Province, FinlandSäyneinen is a village and a former municipality of Finland at the time of its existence in the Kuopio Province, now in Northern Savonia. Together with Muuruvesi, it was consolidated with Juankoski in 1971, since 2017 part of Kuopio.","title":"Säyneinen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rautavaara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautavaara"},{"link_name":"Juuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juuka"},{"link_name":"Kaavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaavi"},{"link_name":"Nilsiä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilsi%C3%A4"}],"text":"The municipality bordered Juankoski, Muuruvesi, Rautavaara, Juuka, Kaavi and Nilsiä.The village of Säyneinen is located between two lakes called Suuri-Säyneinen and Pieni-Säyneinen.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ide_(fish)"},{"link_name":"Säynätsalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4yn%C3%A4tsalo"},{"link_name":"Central Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Finland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kaustinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaustinen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The name of Säyneinen comes from the word säyne, referring to the ide, a fairly common fish in Finland. Another municipality named after this fish was Säynätsalo (via the local word säynät) in Central Finland.[1]Unlike the names of most municipalities ending in -(i)nen, the declension of Säyneinen is in the singular: Säyneisen, Säyneisessä and not in the plural (Säyneisten, Säyneisissä). This is shared with the name of Kaustinen. A person from Säyneinen is called säyneisläinen or säyneeläinen.[2]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juankoski.liitos.1971.svg"},{"link_name":"Muuruvesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuruvesi"},{"link_name":"Karelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelia_(historical_province_of_Finland)"},{"link_name":"North Karelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Karelia"},{"link_name":"Novgorod Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Republic"},{"link_name":"Muscovy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Stolbovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Stolbovo"},{"link_name":"Liperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liperi"},{"link_name":"Kaavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaavi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Juankoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juankoski"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kuopio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio"}],"text":"The territories of Säyneinen and Muuruvesi were mostly transferred to Juankoski in 1971.Säyneinen is located in historical Karelia. Like the modern region of North Karelia, the area was initially part of the Novgorod Republic, passing to Muscovy with the rest of Novgorod in 1478 and remaining under Russian rule until the Swedish conquest of the area finalized by the Treaty of Stolbovo in 1617.Säyneinen itself was first mentioned in 1638 as Säynäis. It was a part of the Liperi parish and since 1670, the chapel community of Kaavi.[3] Kaavi became a separate parish in 1802[4] and a separate municipality in 1875.[5] Säyneinen was separated from Kaavi as a parish in 1917 and as a municipality in 1924. The municipality was consolidated with Juankoski in 1971, but the parish remained separate until 2003.[6]Säyneinen became a part of Kuopio after Juankoski was consolidated with it in 2017.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S%C3%A4yneisen_kirkko.jpg"},{"link_name":"functionalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The current church of Säyneinen was designed by Sakari Honkavaara and Esko Suhonen. The church was finished in 1939 and it is an example of functionalist architecture. There is a cross in the place of the altarpiece, however the restored altarpiece was placed in the church hall in 2002.[7]","title":"Church"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"School","text":"Säyneinen had a school for grades 1-6 (ala-aste) until 2015. After it was acquired by the town of Kuopio in 2017, the town's government was attempting to sell the school to a private owner. As nobody was willing to buy the school, the municipal government of Kuopio decided to demolish it in 2020.[8]","title":"Services"}]	[{"image_text":"The territories of Säyneinen and Muuruvesi were mostly transferred to Juankoski in 1971.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Juankoski.liitos.1971.svg/220px-Juankoski.liitos.1971.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/S%C3%A4yneisen_kirkko.jpg/220px-S%C3%A4yneisen_kirkko.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf\" (PDF). kaino.kotus.fi (in Finnish). p. 437. Retrieved December 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://kaino.kotus.fi/www/verkkojulkaisut/julk63/SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf","url_text":"\"SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Säyneinen - Asutusnimihakemisto - Kotimaisten kielten keskus\". kaino.kotus.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved December 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://kaino.kotus.fi/asutusnimihakemisto/index.php?a=listaus&hakunimi=S%C3%A4yneinen","url_text":"\"Säyneinen - Asutusnimihakemisto - Kotimaisten kielten keskus\""}]},{"reference":"\"SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf\" (PDF). kaino.kotus.fi (in Finnish). p. 437(+121+240). Retrieved December 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://kaino.kotus.fi/www/verkkojulkaisut/julk63/SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf","url_text":"\"SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suur-Liperistä pienemmiksi yksiköiksi - LIPERIN KUNTA\". liperi.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original on November 13, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071113042035/http://www.liperi.fi/fi/cfmldocs/index.cfm?ID=960","url_text":"\"Suur-Liperistä pienemmiksi yksiköiksi - LIPERIN KUNTA\""},{"url":"http://www.liperi.fi/fi/cfmldocs/index.cfm?ID=960","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kaavin 140-vuotisjuhla - anuvehvilainen.fi\". anuvehvilainen.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014912/https://anuvehvilainen.fi/uutiset.html?24472","url_text":"\"Kaavin 140-vuotisjuhla - anuvehvilainen.fi\""},{"url":"https://anuvehvilainen.fi/uutiset.html?24472","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Suomen Sukututkimusseura\". hiski.genealogia.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved December 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiski.genealogia.fi/seurakunnat/srk?CMD=SRK&ID=530&TYPE=HTML&LANG=FI","url_text":"\"Suomen Sukututkimusseura\""}]},{"reference":"\"Säyneisen kirkko - Kuopion seurakunnat\". kuopionseurakunnat.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved December 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kuopionseurakunnat.fi/kirkot-ja-tilat/kirkot/sayneisen-kirkko","url_text":"\"Säyneisen kirkko - Kuopion seurakunnat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kuopio purkaa Säyneisen entisen koulun - Yle Uutiset\". yle.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved December 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://yle.fi/a/3-11625863","url_text":"\"Kuopio purkaa Säyneisen entisen koulun - Yle Uutiset\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=S%C3%A4yneinen&params=63.2053221_N_28.4799407_E_type:city(2251)_region:FI-15","external_links_name":"63°12′19″N 28°28′48″E / 63.2053221°N 28.4799407°E / 63.2053221; 28.4799407"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=S%C3%A4yneinen&params=63.2053221_N_28.4799407_E_type:city(2251)_region:FI-15","external_links_name":"63°12′19″N 28°28′48″E / 63.2053221°N 28.4799407°E / 63.2053221; 28.4799407"},{"Link":"https://kaino.kotus.fi/www/verkkojulkaisut/julk63/SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf\""},{"Link":"https://kaino.kotus.fi/asutusnimihakemisto/index.php?a=listaus&hakunimi=S%C3%A4yneinen","external_links_name":"\"Säyneinen - Asutusnimihakemisto - Kotimaisten kielten keskus\""},{"Link":"https://kaino.kotus.fi/www/verkkojulkaisut/julk63/SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071113042035/http://www.liperi.fi/fi/cfmldocs/index.cfm?ID=960","external_links_name":"\"Suur-Liperistä pienemmiksi yksiköiksi - LIPERIN KUNTA\""},{"Link":"http://www.liperi.fi/fi/cfmldocs/index.cfm?ID=960","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014912/https://anuvehvilainen.fi/uutiset.html?24472","external_links_name":"\"Kaavin 140-vuotisjuhla - anuvehvilainen.fi\""},{"Link":"https://anuvehvilainen.fi/uutiset.html?24472","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://hiski.genealogia.fi/seurakunnat/srk?CMD=SRK&ID=530&TYPE=HTML&LANG=FI","external_links_name":"\"Suomen Sukututkimusseura\""},{"Link":"https://www.kuopionseurakunnat.fi/kirkot-ja-tilat/kirkot/sayneisen-kirkko","external_links_name":"\"Säyneisen kirkko - Kuopion seurakunnat\""},{"Link":"https://yle.fi/a/3-11625863","external_links_name":"\"Kuopio purkaa Säyneisen entisen koulun - Yle Uutiset\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_gentian	Gentianella amarella	["1 Description","1.1 Generative characteristics","2 Taxonomy and distribution","3 Ecology","4 References","5 External links"]	Species of plant Gentianella amarella Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Gentianales Family: Gentianaceae Genus: Gentianella Species: G. amarella Binomial name Gentianella amarella(L.) Börner Synonyms Eyrythalia pulchella Gray Gentiana amarella L. Gentiana pulchella Salisb. Gentianella amarella subsp. euamarella Á.Löve & D.Löve Gentianusa amarella (L.) Pohl Opsantha amarella (L.) Delarbre Gentianella amarella, the autumn gentian, autumn dwarf gentian, or autumn felwort, is a short biennial plant flowering plant in the gentian family, Gentianaceae. It is found throughout Northern Europe, the western and northern United States, and Canada. Description Gentianella amarella the autumn gentian, autumn dwarf gentian, or autumn felwort is a biennial herbaceous plant, which only produces a low leaf rosette with elliptical to lanceolate leaves in its first year. In the second year it usually grows a stem from 5 to 30 (3 to 50) centimeters long. The stem is straight or branched just above the base; at flowering time it is without leaves which distinguishes it from similar species. Generative characteristics The flowering period is from July to early October, and the axils produce numerous flowers. The relatively small, hermaphrodite flowers are purplish bells (reddish-violet corolla) are trumpet-shaped between 12 and 22 mm long and have five petals with double perianth (calyx and corolla). The cup is much shorter than the crown tube. The five vestibules are upright and mostly somewhat unequal. The coronet is bearded. The ovary and the fruit are sedentary or rarely short-stalked. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 36. Taxonomy and distribution Gentianella amarella was first published in 1753 under the name (basionym) Gentiana amarella by Carl Linnaeus. The new combination to Gentianella amarella was published in 1912 by Carl Julius Bernhard Börner. The epithet amarella means somewhat bitter. There are about five subspecies of Gentianella amarella: Image Subspecies Distribution Gentianella amarella subsp. acuta (Michx.) J.M.Gillett (syn.: Comastoma acutum (Michx.) Y.Z.Zhao & X.Zhang, Gentiana acuta Michx., Gentianella acuta (Michx.) Hiitonen It is widespread in temperate Asia and North America, e.g. Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, the Chinese provinces Heilongjiang, Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shandong, Shaanxi as well as Ningxia, the Eastern Russian territories of Magadan, Buryatia, Gorno-Altay, Tuva, Yakutia-Sakha, Krasnoyarsk, Chita and Irkutsk, the Canadian provinces of Quebec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territory, Yukon Territory, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia and Nunavut, the US states Alaska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Maine, Vermont, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and California and the northern Mexican states of Durango and Nuevo León. Gentianella amarella subsp. amarella (syn.: Gentiana livonica Eschsch. ex Griseb., Gentianella amarella subsp. hibernica N.M.Pritch. It is located in North, South, Southeast, Central and Eastern Europe, in Caucasus and Central Asia, widespread. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Ciscaucasia, Kazakhstan, Magadan, Buryatia, Gorno-Altay, Tuva, Yakutia-Sakha, Altai, Krasnoyarsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Karelia, Murmansk, Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, European parts of Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Austria, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, France, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Ireland and United Kingdom. Gentianella amarella subsp. lingulata (C.Agardh) Holub (syn.: Gentiana lingulata C.Agardh It is found in the Czech Republic and Eastern Europe. Gentianella amarella subsp.reussii (Tocl) Holub It occurs in Slovakia Gentianella amarella subsp.septentrionalis (Druce) N.M.Pritch. It occurs in Great Britain and Iceland. Ecology Its habitat is in grass, often on lime-rich soil (in England typically on chalk). It grows on dry, sandy or calcareous soils, but also on wet peat or marl soils and thus thrives in bog meadows. It is growing in the molinion association. References ^ "Gentiana amarella (L.) Börner". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-11-03. ^ a b c USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Gentianella amarella". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 16 August 2020. ^ "Lardon Chase" (PDF). Natural England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-30. Retrieved 2016-02-02. ^ a b Fitter, Richard; Fitter, Alastair; Blamey, Marjorie (1974). The Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins. p. 182. ^ Brouillet L, Desmet P, Coursol F, Meades SJ, Favreau M, Anions M, Bélisle P, Gendreau C, Shorthouse D, et al. (2010). "Gentianella amarella (Linnaeus) Börner". Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Retrieved 16 August 2020. ^ "Dictionary of Botanical Epithets". botanicalepithets.net. 2019. Retrieved 2021-11-02. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gentianella amarella. Gentianella amarella agg.. In: FloraWeb.de. Gentianella amarella. In: BiolFlor, the Datenbank biologisch-ökologischer Merkmale der Flora von Deutschland. (Database of Biological-Ecological Features of the Flora of Germany) Distribution across the Northern hemisphere according to Eric Hultén Thomas Meyer: Kranzenzian Data sheet and identification key with photos Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland. Datenblatt Gentianella amarella in Montana Plant Life. Taxon identifiersGentianella amarella Wikidata: Q159257 Wikispecies: Gentianella amarella BioLib: 40548 Calflora: 9980 CoL: 3FN45 EoL: 581947 EPPO: GNLAM EUNIS: 173102 GBIF: 3169851 GRIN: 466824 iNaturalist: 60389 IPNI: 369149-1 IRMNG: 10200687 ITIS: 30058 NatureServe: 2.152782 NBN: NHMSYS0000459016 NCBI: 137095 Observation.org: 2539 Open Tree of Life: 186069 Panartic Flora: 760202 Plant List: kew-2821885 PLANTS: GEAM3 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:108639-2 VASCAN: 6010 WFO: wfo-0000699019 Gentiana amarella Wikidata: Q14558076 Wikispecies: Gentiana amarella EUNIS: 173101 GBIF: 6367271 GRIN: 466828 IPNI: 108160-2 IRMNG: 10516563 ITIS: 513866 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:108160-2 Authority control databases: National Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usda-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nelc-3"},{"link_name":"biennial plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennial_plant"},{"link_name":"Gentianaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentianaceae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usda-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fitter1974-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vascan-5"}],"text":"Gentianella amarella, the autumn gentian, autumn dwarf gentian,[2] or autumn felwort,[3] is a short biennial plant flowering plant in the gentian family, Gentianaceae. It is found throughout Northern Europe, the western and northern United States, and Canada.[2][4][5]","title":"Gentianella amarella"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usda-2"},{"link_name":"herbaceous plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous_plant"},{"link_name":"lanceolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanceolate"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem"}],"text":"Gentianella amarella the autumn gentian, autumn dwarf gentian,[2] or autumn felwort is a biennial herbaceous plant, which only produces a low leaf rosette with elliptical to lanceolate leaves in its first year. In the second year it usually grows a stem from 5 to 30 (3 to 50) centimeters long. The stem is straight or branched just above the base; at flowering time it is without leaves which distinguishes it from similar species.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"axils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axil"},{"link_name":"hermaphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphrodite"},{"link_name":"perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perianth"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomes"}],"sub_title":"Generative characteristics","text":"The flowering period is from July to early October, and the axils produce numerous flowers.The relatively small, hermaphrodite flowers are purplish bells (reddish-violet corolla) are trumpet-shaped between 12 and 22 mm long and have five petals with double perianth (calyx and corolla). The cup is much shorter than the crown tube. The five vestibules are upright and mostly somewhat unequal. The coronet is bearded. The ovary and the fruit are sedentary or rarely short-stalked.The number of chromosomes is 2n = 36.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basionym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basionym"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Carl Julius Bernhard Börner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Julius_Bernhard_B%C3%B6rner"},{"link_name":"epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name#Components_of_plant_names"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Gentianella amarella was first published in 1753 under the name (basionym) Gentiana amarella by Carl Linnaeus. The new combination to Gentianella amarella was published in 1912 by Carl Julius Bernhard Börner. The epithet amarella means somewhat bitter.[6]There are about five subspecies of Gentianella amarella:[citation needed]","title":"Taxonomy and distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fitter1974-4"},{"link_name":"molinion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molinion&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Its habitat is in grass, often on lime-rich soil (in England typically on chalk).[4]\nIt grows on dry, sandy or calcareous soils, but also on wet peat or marl soils and thus thrives in bog meadows. It is growing in the molinion association.","title":"Ecology"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Gentiana amarella (L.) Börner\". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:108639-2","url_text":"\"Gentiana amarella (L.) Börner\""}]},{"reference":"USDA, NRCS (n.d.). \"Gentianella amarella\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follow_That_Horse!	Follow That Horse!	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Critical reception","4 References","5 External links"]	1960 British film by Alan Bromly Follow That Horse!British quad posterDirected byAlan BromlyScreenplay byAlfred ShaughnessyWilliam Douglas-Home (additional scenes)Howard Mason (adapted by)Based onthe novel Photo Finishby Howard MasonProduced byThomas ClydeStarringDavid TomlinsonCecil ParkerRichard WattisDora BryanMary PeachCinematographyNorman WarwickEdited byGerald Turney-SmithMusic byStanley BlackProductioncompaniesAssociated British Picture CorporationCavalcade PicturesDistributed byWarner-Pathé Distributors (U.K.)Release date 11 July 1960 (1960-07-11) (London) (U.K.)Running time80 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish Follow That Horse! is a 1960 British comedy film directed by Alan Bromly and starring David Tomlinson, Cecil Parker, Richard Wattis, Mary Peach and Dora Bryan. The screenplay was by Alfred Shaughnessy and William Douglas-Home based on the 1954 novel Photo Finish by Howard Mason. Plot Various parties including scientists and spies chase after a horse that has eaten a roll of microfilm. Cast David Tomlinson as Dick Lanchester Cecil Parker as Sir William Crane Richard Wattis as Hugh Porlock Mary Peach as Susan Turner Dora Bryan as Miss Bradstock Raymond Huntley as Special Branch Chief Sam Kydd as Farrell George Pravda as Hammler John Welsh as Major Turner Peter Copley as Garrod Cyril Shaps as Dr. Spiegel Victor Brooks as Blake Vic Wise as Riley George A. Cooper as Rudd Arthur Lowe as auctioneer Critical reception The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "A standard, old-fashioned British farce is coaxed along by the subtly timed performances of David Tomlinson, Cecil Parker and Richard Wattis. Briskness and gusto stiffen much that is limp in the situations and offset the undistinguished humour, but only just." Kine Weekly wrote: "The picture lacks the astringent wit of recent comedies that have cashed in by ridiculing Establishments, but nevertheless has its amusing moments. ... The scenes in Whitehall and Cherwell's laboratories contain some bright satire, but the intestinal humour, arising from the fight against time for the possession of the horse before nature does her work, creates the loudest chuckles." In British Sound Films: The Studio Years 1928–1959 David Quinlan rated the film as "average", writing: "Vigorous playing by cast of scene-stealers just get antiquated farce by. " TV Guide gave the film two out of four stars, calling it "Harmlessly silly." References ^ "Follow That Horse!". British Film Institute Collections Search. Retrieved 8 May 2024. ^ "Follow That Horse! (1960)". Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. ^ "Follow That Horse! (1960) - Alan Bromly - Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related - AllMovie". AllMovie. ^ "Follow That Horse!". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 27 (312): 112. 1 January 1960 – via ProQuest. ^ "Follow That Horse!". Kine Weekly. 517 (2750): 29. 16 June 1960 – via ProQuest. ^ Quinlan, David (1984). British Sound Films: The Studio Years 1928–1959. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. p. 311. ISBN 0-7134-1874-5. ^ "Follow That Horse!". TVGuide.com. External links Follow That Horse! at IMDb This article related to a British comedy film of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Alan Bromly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bromly"},{"link_name":"David Tomlinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tomlinson"},{"link_name":"Cecil Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Parker"},{"link_name":"Richard Wattis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wattis"},{"link_name":"Mary Peach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Peach"},{"link_name":"Dora Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Bryan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFIsearch-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alfred Shaughnessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Shaughnessy"},{"link_name":"William Douglas-Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Douglas-Home"}],"text":"Follow That Horse! is a 1960 British comedy film directed by Alan Bromly and starring David Tomlinson, Cecil Parker, Richard Wattis, Mary Peach and Dora Bryan.[1][2] The screenplay was by Alfred Shaughnessy and William Douglas-Home based on the 1954 novel Photo Finish by Howard Mason.","title":"Follow That Horse!"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Various parties including scientists and spies chase after a horse that has eaten a roll of microfilm.[3]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Tomlinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tomlinson"},{"link_name":"Cecil Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Parker"},{"link_name":"Richard Wattis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wattis"},{"link_name":"Mary Peach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Peach"},{"link_name":"Dora Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Bryan"},{"link_name":"Raymond Huntley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Huntley"},{"link_name":"Sam Kydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Kydd"},{"link_name":"George Pravda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pravda"},{"link_name":"John Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Welsh_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Peter Copley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Copley"},{"link_name":"Cyril Shaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Shaps"},{"link_name":"Victor Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Brooks_(actor)"},{"link_name":"George A. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Cooper"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lowe"}],"text":"David Tomlinson as Dick Lanchester\nCecil Parker as Sir William Crane\nRichard Wattis as Hugh Porlock\nMary Peach as Susan Turner\nDora Bryan as Miss Bradstock\nRaymond Huntley as Special Branch Chief\nSam Kydd as Farrell\nGeorge Pravda as Hammler\nJohn Welsh as Major Turner\nPeter Copley as Garrod\nCyril Shaps as Dr. Spiegel\nVictor Brooks as Blake\nVic Wise as Riley\nGeorge A. Cooper as Rudd\nArthur Lowe as auctioneer","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Monthly Film Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monthly_Film_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kine Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kine_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"David Quinlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Quinlan_(film_critic)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: \"A standard, old-fashioned British farce is coaxed along by the subtly timed performances of David Tomlinson, Cecil Parker and Richard Wattis. Briskness and gusto stiffen much that is limp in the situations and offset the undistinguished humour, but only just.\"[4]Kine Weekly wrote: \"The picture lacks the astringent wit of recent comedies that have cashed in by ridiculing Establishments, but nevertheless has its amusing moments. ... The scenes in Whitehall and Cherwell's laboratories contain some bright satire, but the intestinal humour, arising from the fight against time for the possession of the horse before nature does her work, creates the loudest chuckles.\"[5]In British Sound Films: The Studio Years 1928–1959 David Quinlan rated the film as \"average\", writing: \"Vigorous playing by cast of scene-stealers just get antiquated farce by. \"[6]TV Guide gave the film two out of four stars, calling it \"Harmlessly silly.\"[7]","title":"Critical reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Follow That Horse!\". British Film Institute Collections Search. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Seyne	La Seyne-sur-Mer	["1 Demographics","2 Economy","3 Buildings and structures","4 Personalities linked to La Seyne-sur-Mer","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°06′00″N 5°52′59″E / 43.1°N 5.883°E / 43.1; 5.883Commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, FranceLa Seyne-sur-Mer La Sanha (Occitan)CommuneFort Balaguier Coat of armsLocation of La Seyne-sur-Mer La Seyne-sur-MerShow map of FranceLa Seyne-sur-MerShow map of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurCoordinates: 43°06′00″N 5°52′59″E / 43.1°N 5.883°E / 43.1; 5.883CountryFranceRegionProvence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurDepartmentVarArrondissementToulonCantonLa Seyne-sur-Mer-1 and 2IntercommunalityMétropole Toulon Provence MéditerranéeGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Nathalie Bicais (LR)Area122.17 km2 (8.56 sq mi)Population (2021)62,763 • Density2,800/km2 (7,300/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code83126 /83500Elevation0–352 m (0–1,155 ft) (avg. 9 m or 30 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. La Seyne-sur-Mer (French pronunciation: ; lit. "La Seyne on Sea"; Occitan: La Sanha), or simply La Seyne, is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. La Seyne-sur-Mer, which is part of the agglomeration of Toulon, is situated adjacent to the west of the city. Demographics The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of La Seyne-sur-Mer proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune ceded territory to the new commune of Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer in 1950. Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1793 3,980— 1800 4,895+3.00%1806 4,826−0.24%1821 5,605+1.00%1831 6,732+1.85%1836 6,344−1.18%1841 7,099+2.27%1846 6,497−1.76%1851 7,401+2.64%1856 8,709+3.31%1861 11,700+6.08%1866 11,192−0.88%1872 10,123−1.66%1876 10,655+1.29%1881 12,072+2.53%1886 13,166+1.75%1891 14,332+1.71%1896 16,341+2.66%YearPop.±% p.a.1901 21,002+5.15%1906 19,747−1.22%1911 22,093+2.27%1921 23,168+0.48%1926 24,678+1.27%1931 26,817+1.68%1936 27,073+0.19%1946 26,172−0.34%1954 26,672+0.24%1962 33,570+2.92%1968 43,783+4.53%1975 51,155+2.25%1982 57,659+1.72%1990 59,968+0.49%1999 60,188+0.04%2009 61,514+0.22%2014 64,675+1.01%2020 62,232−0.64%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2020) Economy A view of the marina and town centre in La Seyne-sur-Mer La Seyne-sur-Mer owed its importance to the shipbuilding trade, the Société des Forges et Chantiers de la Mediterranée having here one of the finest shipbuilding yards in Europe (it is a branch of the larger establishment at Marseille), which gave employment to about 3,000 workers. In recent years the town has moved from its traditional industries to tourism. The docks previously used have had extensive work and now comprise a park, marinas and a new (2010) hotel overlooking Toulon and the marinas. The population is diverse in origins and the outer suburbs are undergoing a transformation with old multi storey apartments being replaced with modern developments. La Seyne has a railway station, Gare de La Seyne-Six-Fours, on the line from Toulon to Marseille. Iraq's "Osiris class" nuclear reactors, later destroyed by Israel in Operation Opera, were built in La Seyne-sur-Mer. Buildings and structures Pont basculant de la Seyne-sur-Mer, a former bascule bridge. Institut Michel-Pacha, a building in the néo-mauresque style which hosted a research laboratory in marine biology from 1900 until 2008. Personalities linked to La Seyne-sur-Mer Jean Gaspard de Vence (1747–1808) Napoléon Bonaparte (1769–1821) George Sand (1804–1876) Michel Pacha (1819–1907) Henri Rieunier (1833–1918) Maurice Tranchant de Lunel (1869-1944), French architect died in La Seyne Jean Marquet (1883–1954) Henri Olive Tamari (1898–1980) Édouard Jauffret (1900–1945) Fernand Bonifay (1920–1993) Gabriel Pérès (1920–2004) Pierre Moustiers (1924–2016) Johannès Galland (1934) Henri Tisot (1937–2011) Andrzej "André" Orliński (1954), Polish adventurer, musician and philosopher Valerie Hirschfield (1964) Léon Loppy (1966) Marcus Malte (1967) Frédéric Meyrieu (1968) Gérald Orsoni (1972) Patrice Collazo (1974) Marc Zanotti (1975) Sylvain Prudhomme (1979), French writer Sébastien Squillaci (1980) Mohamed Sy (1980) Camille Traversa (1981) Pascal Ragondet (1983) John Revox (1983) Sébastien Bisciglia (1984) Alexis Farjaudon (1985) Bafétimbi Gomis (1985), footballer currently playing for Al-Hilal FC Fabien Lamatina (1985) Pier-Nicol Feldis (1986) Jérôme J. Dufourg (1986) Bruno Lancelle (1986) Emmanuel Ragondet (1987) Mickaël Ivaldi (1990) Nampalys Mendy (1992) Gaël Fickou (1994) See also Communes of the Var department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 6 June 2023. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ a b Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet La Seyne-sur-Mer, EHESS (in French). ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE ^ George Russell (June 22, 1981). "Attack--and Fallout". Time. Archived from the original on March 18, 2011. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Seyne sur Mer". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 756. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Seyne-sur-Mer. Official website LaSeyne.Info Tourist office website Personal website about the history of La Seyne-sur-Mer (in French) Website about the history and directory of La Seyne-sur-Mer (in French) vte Communes of the Var department Les Adrets-de-l'Estérel Aiguines Ampus Les Arcs Artignosc-sur-Verdon Artigues Aups Bagnols-en-Forêt Bandol Bargème Bargemon Barjols La Bastide Baudinard-sur-Verdon Bauduen Le Beausset Belgentier Besse-sur-Issole Bormes-les-Mimosas Le Bourguet Bras Brenon Brignolessubpr Brue-Auriac Cabasse La Cadière-d'Azur Callas Callian Camps-la-Source Le Cannet-des-Maures Carcès Carnoules Carqueiranne Le Castellet Cavalaire-sur-Mer La Celle Châteaudouble Châteauvert Châteauvieux Claviers Cogolin Collobrières Comps-sur-Artuby Correns Cotignac La Crau La Croix-Valmer Cuers Draguignansubpr Entrecasteaux Esparron Évenos La Farlède Fayence Figanières Flassans-sur-Issole Flayosc Forcalqueiret Fox-Amphoux Fréjus La Garde La Garde-Freinet Garéoult Gassin Ginasservis Gonfaron Grimaud Hyères Le Lavandou La Londe-les-Maures Lorgues Le Luc La Martre Les Mayons Mazaugues Méounes-lès-Montrieux Moissac-Bellevue La Môle Mons Montauroux Montferrat Montfort-sur-Argens Montmeyan La Motte Le Muy Nans-les-Pins Néoules Ollières Ollioules Pierrefeu-du-Var Pignans Plan-d'Aups-Sainte-Baume Le Plan-de-la-Tour Pontevès Pourcieux Pourrières Le Pradet Puget-sur-Argens Puget-Ville Ramatuelle Rayol-Canadel-sur-Mer Régusse Le Revest-les-Eaux Rians Riboux Rocbaron Roquebrune-sur-Argens La Roquebrussanne La Roque-Esclapon Rougiers Saint-Antonin-du-Var Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer Sainte-Anastasie-sur-Issole Sainte-Maxime Saint-Julien Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer Saint-Martin-de-Pallières Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume Saint-Paul-en-Forêt Saint-Raphaël Saint-Tropez Saint-Zacharie Salernes Les Salles-sur-Verdon Sanary-sur-Mer Seillans Seillons-Source-d'Argens La Seyne-sur-Mer Signes Sillans-la-Cascade Six-Fours-les-Plages Solliès-Pont Solliès-Toucas Solliès-Ville Tanneron Taradeau Tavernes Le Thoronet Toulonpref Tourrettes Tourtour Tourves Trans-en-Provence Trigance Le Val La Valette-du-Var Varages La Verdière Vérignon Vidauban Villecroze Vinon-sur-Verdon Vins-sur-Caramy pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[la sɛn syʁ mɛʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Var","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var_(department)"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Toulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulon"}],"text":"Commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, FranceLa Seyne-sur-Mer (French pronunciation: [la sɛn syʁ mɛʁ]; lit. \"La Seyne on Sea\"; Occitan: La Sanha), or simply La Seyne, is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. La Seyne-sur-Mer, which is part of the agglomeration of Toulon, is situated adjacent to the west of the city.","title":"La Seyne-sur-Mer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehess-3"}],"text":"The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of La Seyne-sur-Mer proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune ceded territory to the new commune of Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer in 1950.[3]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_de_La_Seyne-sur-Mer.JPG"},{"link_name":"shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"Société des Forges et Chantiers de la Mediterranée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Forges_et_Chantiers_de_la_Mediterran%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"Gare de La Seyne-Six-Fours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_de_La_Seyne-Six-Fours"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"nuclear reactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor"},{"link_name":"Operation Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Opera"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A view of the marina and town centre in La Seyne-sur-MerLa Seyne-sur-Mer owed its importance to the shipbuilding trade, the Société des Forges et Chantiers de la Mediterranée having here one of the finest shipbuilding yards in Europe (it is a branch of the larger establishment at Marseille), which gave employment to about 3,000 workers.In recent years the town has moved from its traditional industries to tourism. The docks previously used have had extensive work and now comprise a park, marinas and a new (2010) hotel overlooking Toulon and the marinas.The population is diverse in origins and the outer suburbs are undergoing a transformation with old multi storey apartments being replaced with modern developments. La Seyne has a railway station, Gare de La Seyne-Six-Fours, on the line from Toulon to Marseille.Iraq's \"Osiris class\" nuclear reactors, later destroyed by Israel in Operation Opera, were built in La Seyne-sur-Mer.[5]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pont basculant de la Seyne-sur-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_basculant_de_la_Seyne-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"bascule bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascule_bridge"},{"link_name":"Institut Michel-Pacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institut_Michel-Pacha&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Pont basculant de la Seyne-sur-Mer, a former bascule bridge.\nInstitut Michel-Pacha, a building in the néo-mauresque style which hosted a research laboratory in marine biology from 1900 until 2008.","title":"Buildings and structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Gaspard de Vence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gaspard_de_Vence"},{"link_name":"Napoléon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"George Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sand"},{"link_name":"Michel Pacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Michel_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Henri Rieunier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Rieunier"},{"link_name":"Maurice Tranchant de Lunel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Tranchant_de_Lunel"},{"link_name":"Jean Marquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Marquet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henri Olive Tamari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Olive_Tamari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Édouard Jauffret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_Jauffret&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fernand Bonifay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernand_Bonifay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Pérès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_P%C3%A9r%C3%A8s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierre Moustiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Moustiers"},{"link_name":"Johannès Galland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann%C3%A8s_Galland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henri Tisot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Tisot"},{"link_name":"Andrzej \"André\" Orliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_%22Andr%C3%A9%22_Orli%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Valerie Hirschfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valerie_Hirschfield&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Léon Loppy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Loppy"},{"link_name":"Marcus Malte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Malte"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Meyrieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Meyrieu"},{"link_name":"Gérald Orsoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rald_Orsoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patrice Collazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Collazo"},{"link_name":"Marc Zanotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marc_Zanotti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sylvain Prudhomme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Prudhomme"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Squillaci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Squillaci"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Sy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Sy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Camille Traversa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camille_Traversa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pascal Ragondet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pascal_Ragondet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Revox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Revox&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Bisciglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9bastien_Bisciglia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexis Farjaudon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Farjaudon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bafétimbi Gomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baf%C3%A9timbi_Gomis"},{"link_name":"Al-Hilal FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hilal_FC"},{"link_name":"Fabien Lamatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabien_Lamatina"},{"link_name":"Pier-Nicol Feldis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pier-Nicol_Feldis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bruno Lancelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Lancelle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Ragondet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Ragondet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mickaël Ivaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micka%C3%ABl_Ivaldi"},{"link_name":"Nampalys Mendy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nampalys_Mendy"},{"link_name":"Gaël Fickou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Fickou"}],"text":"Jean Gaspard de Vence (1747–1808)\nNapoléon Bonaparte (1769–1821)\nGeorge Sand (1804–1876)\nMichel Pacha (1819–1907)\nHenri Rieunier (1833–1918)\nMaurice Tranchant de Lunel (1869-1944), French architect died in La Seyne\nJean Marquet (1883–1954)\nHenri Olive Tamari (1898–1980)\nÉdouard Jauffret (1900–1945)\nFernand Bonifay (1920–1993)\nGabriel Pérès (1920–2004)\nPierre Moustiers (1924–2016)\nJohannès Galland (1934)\nHenri Tisot (1937–2011)\nAndrzej \"André\" Orliński (1954), Polish adventurer, musician and philosopher\nValerie Hirschfield (1964)\nLéon Loppy (1966)\nMarcus Malte (1967)\nFrédéric Meyrieu (1968)\nGérald Orsoni (1972)\nPatrice Collazo (1974)\nMarc Zanotti (1975)\nSylvain Prudhomme (1979), French writer\nSébastien Squillaci (1980)\nMohamed Sy (1980)\nCamille Traversa (1981)\nPascal Ragondet (1983)\nJohn Revox (1983)\nSébastien Bisciglia (1984)\nAlexis Farjaudon (1985)\nBafétimbi Gomis (1985), footballer currently playing for Al-Hilal FC\nFabien Lamatina (1985)\nPier-Nicol Feldis (1986)\nJérôme J. Dufourg (1986)\nBruno Lancelle (1986)\nEmmanuel Ragondet (1987)\nMickaël Ivaldi (1990)\nNampalys Mendy (1992)\nGaël Fickou (1994)","title":"Personalities linked to La Seyne-sur-Mer"}]	[{"image_text":"A view of the marina and town centre in La Seyne-sur-Mer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Port_de_La_Seyne-sur-Mer.JPG/220px-Port_de_La_Seyne-sur-Mer.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Communes of the Var department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Var_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 6 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-83126","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]},{"reference":"George Russell (June 22, 1981). \"Attack--and Fallout\". Time. Archived from the original on March 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110318165849/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,950533-4,00.html","url_text":"\"Attack--and Fallout\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,950533-4,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Seyne sur Mer\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Garel	Leo Garel	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Later years","4 References"]	American artist This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Leo Garel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Leo Garel (1917 – July 4, 1999) was an American artist. He illustrated cartoons for such notable magazines as The New Yorker, The Saturday Evening Post and Playboy. Early life Garel was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Max and Sarah Garil (née Kramer); his surname was changed from 'Garil' to 'Garel' to sound more American. Both of Garel's parents were Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants from an area of the Russian Empire near Kiev. Career Garel was prolific painter and cartoonist, and later worked with Erik H. Erikson developing the field of art therapy. Later years He lived the later part of his life in Stockbridge, Massachusetts until his death from cancer. He was survived by a brother, two children and two grandchildren. References AskArt: Leo Garel Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Artists ULAN Other SNAC This profile of an American cartoonist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"The Saturday Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"}],"text":"Leo Garel (1917 – July 4, 1999) was an American artist. He illustrated cartoons for such notable magazines as The New Yorker, The Saturday Evening Post and Playboy.","title":"Leo Garel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ashkenazi Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"}],"text":"Garel was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Max and Sarah Garil (née Kramer); his surname was changed from 'Garil' to 'Garel' to sound more American. Both of Garel's parents were Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants from an area of the Russian Empire near Kiev.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erik H. Erikson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_H._Erikson"},{"link_name":"art therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_therapy"}],"text":"Garel was prolific painter and cartoonist, and later worked with Erik H. Erikson developing the field of art therapy.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockbridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockbridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"}],"text":"He lived the later part of his life in Stockbridge, Massachusetts until his death from cancer. He was survived by a brother, two children and two grandchildren.","title":"Later years"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Leo+Garel%22","external_links_name":"\"Leo Garel\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Leo+Garel%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Leo+Garel%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Leo+Garel%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Leo+Garel%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Leo+Garel%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.askart.com/askart/g/leo_garel/leo_garel.aspx","external_links_name":"AskArt: Leo Garel"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/320347/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/191409590","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjMCCdfpbB6bP8hxxKDbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007414674105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no93010091","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500071898","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tm7s2j","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Garel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khujista_Akhtar_Banu	Khujista Akhtar Banu	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Marriage and family","4 Death","5 References"]	Khujista Akhtar BanuBorn1872 Midnapore, Bengal, British IndiaDied12 January 1912Calcutta, Bengal, British IndiaSpouseZahid SuhrawardyChildrenHasan Shaheed Suhrawardy,Huseyn Shaheed SuhrawardyParentUbaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy (father)FamilySuhrawardy family Khujista Akhtar Banu Suhrawardiyya (also spelled as Khujastha Akhtar Banu) popularly known as Suhrawardy Begum was a late 19th century writer, Bengali socialite, educationist and a social reformer. Khujista was the first Indian woman to pass the Senior Cambridge examinations, in the year 1887. She was also the first Indian woman to be appointed as an examiner by the prestigious Calcutta University. She was the mother of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, the former Prime Minister of Bengal. Early life and education Khujista Akhtar was born into the illustrious Suhrawardy family of Bengal in 1872 as the eldest daughter of Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy and his wife Makbullan nissa Begum. She was thus a direct descendant of Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi and Bahauddin Zakariya Suhrawardi. Khujista's grandfather Shah Aminuddin Suhrawardy is reckoned to be the last Sufi Pir of the Suhrawardiyya order in Bengal. Her brothers include Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy and Hassan Suhrawardy. Like many of her female forebears in the family, she too was homeschooled in her early years, mostly because there were no girls schools opened at that time. She learned Persian, Arabic, English and Urdu from her father. She later graduated with honours in Mathematics and Persian literature from the Indian Board of Examinations in the year 1887. After finishing her senior Cambridge, she was appointed as an examiner for Urdu literature by Calcutta University, she was the only Indian woman to have received this honour at that time. Career Khujista was determined to educate and uplift the Indian masses, hence she entered into the domain of social work. As a writer, she wrote the famous book "Aaina e Ibrat", which was approved by Calcutta University and was incorporated in the syllabus for all its affiliated colleges. Khujista emerged as a women's right activist, she was a strong advocate of female education. In 1909, she founded the Suhrawardia Girls School in Calcutta, the school was inaugurated by Lady Minto Anna Maria Amyand, the wife of the former Viceroy of India, Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto better known as Lord Minto. Khujista empathized with the poor and hence used to visit the slums very often to educate the underprivileged people about health and sanitation, given that epidemics like Cholera and Influenza were in the wake at that time. Marriage and family Khujista was married to her first cousin, Zahid Suhrawardy, a jurist who served as a judge in the Calcutta High Court. The couple gave birth to two sons Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, a lawyer and politician who later became the 3rd prime minister of Bengal and the 5th Prime Minister of Pakistan Hasan Shaheed Suhrawardy, a writer and a linguist. Death Khujista died on 12 January 1919, after she caught influenza during one of her visits to the slums of Calcutta. References ^ Burke, Sir Bernard, ed. (1939). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood (97th ed.). Burke's Peerage & Gentry. pp. 2921–2922. ^ a b c d e Khan, Waqar A. (9 November 2020). "The Unforgettable Suhrawardys of Bengal". The Daily Star. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ "Individual : SUHRAWARDY - Search the Genealogy Library". Geneanet. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ a b c Amin, Sonia Nishat (1 January 1996). Rise of Formal Education. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-49140-3. ^ "tipu sultan grandson". www.thedronemission.co.za. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ Amin, S. N. (1996). The World of Muslim Women in Colonial Bengal, 1876-1939. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-10642-0. ^ Niaz, Zakia Soman, Dr Noorjehan Safia (29 July 2020). Indian Muslim Women's Movement: For Gender Justice and Equal Citizenship. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64919-987-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Amin, S. N. (1996). The World of Muslim Women in Colonial Bengal, 1876-1939. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-10642-0. ^ Amin, S. N. (1996). The World of Muslim Women in Colonial Bengal, 1876-1939. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-10642-0.	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Khujista was the first Indian woman to pass the Senior Cambridge examinations, in the year 1887.[2] She was also the first Indian woman to be appointed as an examiner by the prestigious Calcutta University. She was the mother of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, the former Prime Minister of Bengal.[3]","title":"Khujista Akhtar Banu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suhrawardy family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhrawardy_family"},{"link_name":"Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaidullah_Al_Ubaidi_Suhrawardy"},{"link_name":"Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Suhrawardi"},{"link_name":"Bahauddin Zakariya Suhrawardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahauddin_Zakariya"},{"link_name":"Suhrawardiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhrawardiyya"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Al-Mamun_Suhrawardy"},{"link_name":"Hassan Suhrawardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Suhrawardy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Calcutta University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Khujista Akhtar was born into the illustrious Suhrawardy family of Bengal in 1872 as the eldest daughter of Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy and his wife Makbullan nissa Begum. She was thus a direct descendant of Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi and Bahauddin Zakariya Suhrawardi. Khujista's grandfather Shah Aminuddin Suhrawardy is reckoned to be the last Sufi Pir of the Suhrawardiyya order in Bengal. Her brothers include Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy and Hassan Suhrawardy.[4]Like many of her female forebears in the family, she too was homeschooled in her early years, mostly because there were no girls schools opened at that time. She learned Persian, Arabic, English and Urdu from her father. She later graduated with honours in Mathematics and Persian literature from the Indian Board of Examinations in the year 1887.[4] After finishing her senior Cambridge, she was appointed as an examiner for Urdu literature by Calcutta University, she was the only Indian woman to have received this honour at that time.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calcutta University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Viceroy of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_India"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto"},{"link_name":"Lord Minto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Minto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"Influenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"Khujista was determined to educate and uplift the Indian masses, hence she entered into the domain of social work. As a writer, she wrote the famous book \"Aaina e Ibrat\", which was approved by Calcutta University and was incorporated in the syllabus for all its affiliated colleges.[5][6]Khujista emerged as a women's right activist, she was a strong advocate of female education.[7] In 1909, she founded the Suhrawardia Girls School in Calcutta, the school was inaugurated by Lady Minto Anna Maria Amyand, the wife of the former Viceroy of India, Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto better known as Lord Minto.[2][8]Khujista empathized with the poor and hence used to visit the slums very often to educate the underprivileged people about health and sanitation, given that epidemics like Cholera and Influenza were in the wake at that time.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zahid Suhrawardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahid_Suhrawardy"},{"link_name":"Calcutta High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Hasan Shaheed Suhrawardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Shaheed_Suhrawardy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Khujista was married to her first cousin, Zahid Suhrawardy, a jurist who served as a judge in the Calcutta High Court. The couple gave birth to two sonsHuseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, a lawyer and politician who later became the 3rd prime minister of Bengal and the 5th Prime Minister of Pakistan[2]\nHasan Shaheed Suhrawardy, a writer and a linguist.[2]","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Khujista died on 12 January 1919, after she caught influenza during one of her visits to the slums of Calcutta.[9]","title":"Death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Burke, Sir Bernard, ed. (1939). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood (97th ed.). Burke's Peerage & Gentry. pp. 2921–2922.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Burke","url_text":"Burke, Sir Bernard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke%27s_Peerage","url_text":"Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Waqar A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavirondo_little_grey_greenbul	Ansorge's greenbul	["1 Taxonomy and systematics","1.1 Subspecies","2 References"]	Species of bird Ansorge's greenbul Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Infraorder: Passerides Family: Pycnonotidae Genus: Eurillas Species: E. ansorgei Binomial name Eurillas ansorgei(Hartert, 1907) Synonyms Andropadus ansorgei Andropadus gracilis ansorgei Pycnonotus ansorgei Ansorge's greenbul (Eurillas ansorgei) or Ansorge's bulbul, is a species of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is found in western and central Africa. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Taxonomy and systematics Ansorge's greenbul was originally described in the genus Andropadus and was re-classified to the genus Eurillas in 2010. Alternatively, some authorities classify Ansorge's greenbul in the genus Pycnonotus. Some authorities have considered Ansorge's greenbul as a subspecies of the little grey greenbul. The common name and scientific name commemorate the British explorer and collector William John Ansorge who collected natural history specimens in Africa. Subspecies Two subspecies are recognized: Ansorge's little grey greenbul (E. a. ansorgei) - (Hartert, 1907): Found from western Guinea to south-western Uganda and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo Kavirondo little grey greenbul (E. a. kavirondensis) - (van Someren, 1920): Originally described as a separate species. Found in western Kenya References ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Eurillas ansorgei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22712782A131965929. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22712782A131965929.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ "Taxonomy Version 2 « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2017-04-06. ^ "Eurillas ansorgei - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-09. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael (2003). Whose Bird? Men and Women Commemorated in the Common Names of Birds. London: Christopher Helm. p. 27. ^ "Bulbuls « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2017-04-09. ^ "Eurillas ansorgei kavirondensis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-09. Taxon identifiersEurillas ansorgei Wikidata: Q514517 Wikispecies: Eurillas ansorgei ADW: Andropadus_ansorgei Avibase: 0EA5F2E1D8BCF439 BirdLife: 22712782 BOW: ansgre1 CoL: 3CZXD eBird: ansgre1 GBIF: 7340364 iNaturalist: 144892 ITIS: 916218 IUCN: 22712782 NCBI: 374616 Open Tree of Life: 334218 Xeno-canto: Eurillas-ansorgei Andropadus ansorgei Wikidata: Q109563079 CoL: 66NVB GBIF: 2486156 ITIS: 558579 This Pycnonotidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bulbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbul"},{"link_name":"passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"}],"text":"Ansorge's greenbul (Eurillas ansorgei) or Ansorge's bulbul, is a species of the bulbul family of passerine birds. \nIt is found in western and central Africa.\nIts natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.","title":"Ansorge's greenbul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andropadus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andropadus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pycnonotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnonotus"},{"link_name":"little grey greenbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_grey_greenbul"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"William John Ansorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Ansorge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ansorge's greenbul was originally described in the genus Andropadus and was re-classified to the genus Eurillas in 2010.[2] Alternatively, some authorities classify Ansorge's greenbul in the genus Pycnonotus. Some authorities have considered Ansorge's greenbul as a subspecies of the little grey greenbul.[3] The common name and scientific name commemorate the British explorer and collector William John Ansorge who collected natural history specimens in Africa.[4]","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hartert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hartert"},{"link_name":"van Someren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Van_Someren"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Subspecies","text":"Two subspecies are recognized:[5]Ansorge's little grey greenbul (E. a. ansorgei) - (Hartert, 1907): Found from western Guinea to south-western Uganda and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo\nKavirondo little grey greenbul (E. a. kavirondensis) - (van Someren, 1920): Originally described as a separate species.[6] Found in western Kenya","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2018). \"Eurillas ansorgei\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22712782A131965929. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22712782A131965929.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22712782/131965929","url_text":"\"Eurillas ansorgei\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22712782A131965929.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22712782A131965929.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Taxonomy Version 2 « IOC World Bird List\". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2017-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates/archives/taxonomy-version-2/","url_text":"\"Taxonomy Version 2 « IOC World Bird List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurillas ansorgei - Avibase\". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=0EA5F2E1D8BCF439","url_text":"\"Eurillas ansorgei - Avibase\""}]},{"reference":"Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael (2003). Whose Bird? Men and Women Commemorated in the Common Names of Birds. London: Christopher Helm. p. 27.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bulbuls « IOC World Bird List\". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2017-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/bulbuls/","url_text":"\"Bulbuls « IOC World Bird List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurillas ansorgei kavirondensis - Avibase\". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=44FF359B&sec=summary&ssver=1","url_text":"\"Eurillas ansorgei kavirondensis - Avibase\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22712782/131965929","external_links_name":"\"Eurillas ansorgei\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22712782A131965929.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22712782A131965929.en"},{"Link":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates/archives/taxonomy-version-2/","external_links_name":"\"Taxonomy Version 2 « IOC World Bird List\""},{"Link":"http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=0EA5F2E1D8BCF439","external_links_name":"\"Eurillas ansorgei - Avibase\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/bulbuls/","external_links_name":"\"Bulbuls « IOC World Bird List\""},{"Link":"http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=44FF359B&sec=summary&ssver=1","external_links_name":"\"Eurillas ansorgei kavirondensis - Avibase\""},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Andropadus_ansorgei/","external_links_name":"Andropadus_ansorgei"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=0EA5F2E1D8BCF439","external_links_name":"0EA5F2E1D8BCF439"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22712782","external_links_name":"22712782"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/ansgre1","external_links_name":"ansgre1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3CZXD","external_links_name":"3CZXD"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/ansgre1","external_links_name":"ansgre1"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7340364","external_links_name":"7340364"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/144892","external_links_name":"144892"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=916218","external_links_name":"916218"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22712782","external_links_name":"22712782"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=374616","external_links_name":"374616"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=334218","external_links_name":"334218"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Eurillas-ansorgei","external_links_name":"Eurillas-ansorgei"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/66NVB","external_links_name":"66NVB"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2486156","external_links_name":"2486156"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=558579","external_links_name":"558579"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ansorge%27s_greenbul&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_International_Airlines	Ryan International Airlines	["1 Synopsis and history","2 Kickback fraud scheme","3 Fleet","4 Incidents and accidents","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	For similarly named air carriers, see Ryan Airlines and Ryanair. "RYN" redirects here. For other uses, see RYN (disambiguation). America airline, 1972-2013 Ryan International Airlines IATA ICAO Callsign RD RYN RYAN Founded1972Ceased operationsJanuary 11, 2013Operating basesChicago Rockford International AirportOrlando Sanford International AirportDestinationsDomestic and InternationalParent companyAJET HoldingsHeadquartersRockford, Illinois, U.S. Ryan International Airlines, Inc. was an American FAR 121 airline with domestic, flag, and supplemental authority. Synopsis and history Based at Chicago Rockford International Airport in Rockford, Illinois, the US Postal Service was once the airline's main customer, utilizing Boeing 727 aircraft operated by Ryan International on scheduled mail delivery flights. Ryan also flew non-scheduled charter passenger services for excursion and tour packagers, along with the United States Department of Defense, the United States Department of Justice, and others. McDonnell Douglas DC-10 in 2000 in Skyservice USA livery Boeing 757 in 2005 in Ryan livery In 1998, the airline began operating flights from California to Hawaii and Mexico, using a pair of McDonnell Douglas DC-10 aircraft and several Airbus A320s on behalf of SunTrips, a vacation package operator in California. The aircraft were operated with Skyservice USA titles and wore the livery of Airtours International Airways, SunTrips' parent company. In 2000, the Skyservice USA titles were replaced with SunTrips titles on the aircraft. Later, Ryan would operate SunTrips flights using Boeing 757 aircraft in Ryan's own livery. The airline was wholly owned by Ronald Ryan until 2005, when it was purchased by commercial real-estate firm Rubloff Development Group. Ryan operated scheduled passenger flights with Airbus A320 jets for AirTran Airways between Atlanta and the US west coast in 2003 and 2004, after which AirTran began operating the flights themselves with newly delivered Boeing 737-700 aircraft. Since moving to Rubloff's headquarters in Rockford in 2006, Ryan held a notable number of contracts working mainly for the United States Department of Defense and the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Until summer 2008, it maintained large operations in Milwaukee St Louis and Boston for Funjet and Apple Vacations. These contracts were terminated following the failure of European carrier Futura International Airways, from which Ryan leased several aircraft to support this operation. In November 2011, Ryan took delivery their first Airbus A330-300, leased from Virgin Atlantic. In February 2012, Ryan furloughed pilots, flight attendants, and support staff. On March 6, 2012, Ryan filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, citing "unexpected and dramatic reductions in military flying." On April 1, 2012, Ryan lost its bid to continue flying for the DHS. The loss of the DHS contract resulted in the immediate grounding of four McDonnell Douglas MD-80 aircraft to cut costs. On August 1, 2012, Ryan returned its A330-300 to Virgin Atlantic, ending its lease and accepting an older model Airbus A330-200 formerly operated by Atlasjet. Six days later, Jeff Potter, former CEO of Frontier Airlines was hired as the "Chief Restructuring Officer" for Ryan. He is also the President and CEO of aviation consulting firm Boyd Group International. Ryan's President/COO Mike McCabe had left Ryan in May due to cancer surgery. On August 15, 2012, Ryan announced it would be furloughing approximately 30 pilots and 60 flight attendants throughout the coming weeks. Two days later, the majority of flight attendants voted "Yes" to the AFA Contract agreement. At the end of that month, 25 or more management and administrative positions were eliminated. Those positions received same-day notice as the company attempted to further cut costs. Ryan again announced it would be furloughing more pilots and approximately 18 more flight attendants. On January 11, 2013, Ryan International Airlines' CEO announced that the airline had gone into liquidation. Its staff were dismissed and it ceased operations. On January 31, 2013, charter air-tour operator AstraJet's holding company, AJET Holdings LLC, signed a purchase agreement to buy Ryan International out of bankruptcy with plans to restart the airline under the AstraJet name, operating commercial and charter flights out of Europe to Florida, the Far East, Hawaii, Nevada, and South America. The purchase was completed on March 4, 2013, with AJET taking control of Ryan's Part-121 scheduled-air-carrier license and collective-bargaining agreement with flight attendants and pilots. Kickback fraud scheme On August 13, 2013, a grand jury returned an indictment against Sean E. Wagner, the former owner and operator of Aviation Fuel International (AFI), and against AFI, charging them for their roles in a conspiracy to defraud Ryan International Airlines. According to the indictment, Wagner and AFI made kickback payments to Wayne Kepple, a former vice president of ground operations for Ryan, in exchange for awarding business to AFI. According to court documents, from at least as early as December 2005 through at least August 2009, Wagner and others at AFI made kickback payments to Kepple totaling more than $200,000 in the form of checks, wire transfers, cash and gift cards. Wagner pleaded guilty on March 12, 2014, to participating in a kickback scheme to defraud Ryan Airlines. The charges against AFI were dismissed on February 21, 2014. Fleet Ryan International operated a diverse fleet of jetliners during its existence including the following aircraft: Airbus A320 Airbus A330-200 Airbus A330-300 Boeing 727-100 Boeing 727-200 Boeing 737-200 Boeing 737-300 Boeing 737-400 Boeing 737-500 Boeing 737-800 Boeing 757-200 Boeing 767-300 McDonnell Douglas DC-9-10 McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 McDonnell Douglas MD-82 McDonnell Douglas MD-83 McDonnell Douglas MD-87 Incidents and accidents Ryan International only had two accidents in its history, one of which was fatal. On February 17, 1991, Ryan International Airlines Flight 590, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15 (registration N565PC) crashed after takeoff from Cleveland Hopkins International Airport. The aircraft was on a cargo flight carrying mail. Both pilots, the aircraft's only occupants, were killed. On October 1, 1997, A Boeing 727-51C (registration N414EX) operating as Flight 607 collided with a shuttle bus at Denver International Airport. There were no fatalities. All three crew members survived, though the captain and first officer were injured. The driver of the shuttle bus was also injured. The aircraft was substantially damaged and written off. See also List of defunct airlines of the United States References ^ a b Leaf, Brian. "Rockford airport out of plan for Ryan rebrand". Rockford Register Star. GateHouse Media, Inc. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013. ^ Leaf, Brian. "Journalist". 'Less military flying' cited in Ryan International Airlines furloughs. Rockford Register Star. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-02-02. ^ Flight International 12–18 April 2005 ^ Wong, Edward (2003-07-27). "Courting the Rare Big Order for Planes". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-12-26. ^ Gleason, Stephanie (2012-03-07). "Ryan International Airlines Files for Chapter 11". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-03-07. ^ "Ryan International Airlines Chapter 11 Petition" (PDF). PacerMonitor. Retrieved 9 June 2016. ^ "Rockford's Ryan International Airlines liquidating". WREX Rockford. 2013-01-11. Archived from the original on 2018-03-15. Retrieved 2013-01-11. ^ "SBCO DBA Select Business and Corporation Opportunities, Inc., Announces the Signing of a Stock Purchase Agreement Between AJet Holdings, LLC DBA Astra Jet (a Portfolio Company) and Ryan International Airlines, Inc. (RYAN)". Yahoo Finance. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013. ^ "SBCO DBA Select Business and Corporation Opportunities, Inc., Announces the Completion and Purchase of 100% of the Stock of Ryan International Airlines, Inc., (RYAN) by Its Portfolio Company AstraJet/AJet Holdings, LLC". Yahoo Finance. 4 March 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013. ^ "Fuel Company Owner Pleads Guilty To Defrauding Ryan International Airlines". AvStop Online Magazine. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014. ^ http://www.airliners.net, photos of Ryan International Airlines aircraft ^ Ranter, Harro. "Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Operator index > United States of America > Ryan International Airlines". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2019-12-18. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15RC N565PC Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport, OH (CLE)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2019-12-18. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-51C N414EX Denver-Stapleton International Airport, CO (DEN)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2019-12-18. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ryan International Airlines. Ryan International Airlines Ryan International Airlines aircraft Portals: Companies Aviation	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryan Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Airlines_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Ryanair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair"},{"link_name":"RYN (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RYN_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"FAR 121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Regulations"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For similarly named air carriers, see Ryan Airlines and Ryanair.\"RYN\" redirects here. For other uses, see RYN (disambiguation).America airline, 1972-2013Ryan International Airlines, Inc. was an American FAR 121 airline with domestic, flag, and supplemental authority.[2]","title":"Ryan International Airlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Rockford International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Rockford_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Rockford, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"US Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727"},{"link_name":"charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter"},{"link_name":"excursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excursion"},{"link_name":"tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skyservice_USA_McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10-10_Silagi-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_757-225,_Ryan_International_Airlines_JP507065.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 757","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_757"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320"},{"link_name":"Airtours International Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airtours_International_Airways"},{"link_name":"Boeing 757","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_757"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI-3"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320"},{"link_name":"AirTran Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirTran_Airways"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-700"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Homeland Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"St Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Louis"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Funjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Funjet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Apple Vacations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Vacations"},{"link_name":"Futura International Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futura_International_Airways"},{"link_name":"Airbus A330-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A330-300"},{"link_name":"Virgin Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Chapter 11 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas MD-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80"},{"link_name":"Airbus A330-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A330-200"},{"link_name":"Atlasjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AtlasGlobal"},{"link_name":"Frontier Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Airlines"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Part-121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Regulations#Private.2C_commuter.2C_and_commercial"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rebrand-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Based at Chicago Rockford International Airport in Rockford, Illinois, the US Postal Service was once the airline's main customer, utilizing Boeing 727 aircraft operated by Ryan International on scheduled mail delivery flights. Ryan also flew non-scheduled charter passenger services for excursion and tour packagers, along with the United States Department of Defense, the United States Department of Justice, and others.McDonnell Douglas DC-10 in 2000 in Skyservice USA liveryBoeing 757 in 2005 in Ryan liveryIn 1998, the airline began operating flights from California to Hawaii and Mexico, using a pair of McDonnell Douglas DC-10 aircraft and several Airbus A320s on behalf of SunTrips, a vacation package operator in California. The aircraft were operated with Skyservice USA titles and wore the livery of Airtours International Airways, SunTrips' parent company. In 2000, the Skyservice USA titles were replaced with SunTrips titles on the aircraft. Later, Ryan would operate SunTrips flights using Boeing 757 aircraft in Ryan's own livery.The airline was wholly owned by Ronald Ryan[3] until 2005, when it was purchased by commercial real-estate firm Rubloff Development Group. Ryan operated scheduled passenger flights with Airbus A320 jets for AirTran Airways between Atlanta and the US west coast in 2003 and 2004, after which AirTran began operating the flights themselves with newly delivered Boeing 737-700 aircraft.[4]Since moving to Rubloff's headquarters in Rockford in 2006, Ryan held a notable number of contracts working mainly for the United States Department of Defense and the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Until summer 2008, it maintained large operations in Milwaukee St Louis and Boston for Funjet and Apple Vacations. These contracts were terminated following the failure of European carrier Futura International Airways, from which Ryan leased several aircraft to support this operation.In November 2011, Ryan took delivery their first Airbus A330-300, leased from Virgin Atlantic.In February 2012, Ryan furloughed pilots, flight attendants, and support staff. On March 6, 2012, Ryan filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, citing \"unexpected and dramatic reductions in military flying.\"[5][6] On April 1, 2012, Ryan lost its bid to continue flying for the DHS. The loss of the DHS contract resulted in the immediate grounding of four McDonnell Douglas MD-80 aircraft to cut costs. On August 1, 2012, Ryan returned its A330-300 to Virgin Atlantic, ending its lease and accepting an older model Airbus A330-200 formerly operated by Atlasjet. Six days later, Jeff Potter, former CEO of Frontier Airlines was hired as the \"Chief Restructuring Officer\" for Ryan. He is also the President and CEO of aviation consulting firm Boyd Group International. Ryan's President/COO Mike McCabe had left Ryan in May due to cancer surgery. On August 15, 2012, Ryan announced it would be furloughing approximately 30 pilots and 60 flight attendants throughout the coming weeks. Two days later, the majority of flight attendants voted \"Yes\" to the AFA Contract agreement. At the end of that month, 25 or more management and administrative positions were eliminated. Those positions received same-day notice as the company attempted to further cut costs. Ryan again announced it would be furloughing more pilots and approximately 18 more flight attendants.[citation needed]On January 11, 2013, Ryan International Airlines' CEO announced that the airline had gone into liquidation. Its staff were dismissed and it ceased operations.[7] On January 31, 2013, charter air-tour operator AstraJet's holding company, AJET Holdings LLC, signed a purchase agreement to buy Ryan International out of bankruptcy with plans to restart the airline under the AstraJet name, operating commercial and charter flights out of Europe to Florida, the Far East, Hawaii, Nevada, and South America.[8] The purchase was completed on March 4, 2013, with AJET taking control of Ryan's Part-121 scheduled-air-carrier license and collective-bargaining agreement with flight attendants and pilots.[1][9]","title":"Synopsis and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On August 13, 2013, a grand jury returned an indictment against Sean E. Wagner, the former owner and operator of Aviation Fuel International (AFI), and against AFI, charging them for their roles in a conspiracy to defraud Ryan International Airlines. According to the indictment, Wagner and AFI made kickback payments to Wayne Kepple, a former vice president of ground operations for Ryan, in exchange for awarding business to AFI.[10]According to court documents, from at least as early as December 2005 through at least August 2009, Wagner and others at AFI made kickback payments to Kepple totaling more than $200,000 in the form of checks, wire transfers, cash and gift cards.Wagner pleaded guilty on March 12, 2014, to participating in a kickback scheme to defraud Ryan Airlines. The charges against AFI were dismissed on February 21, 2014.","title":"Kickback fraud scheme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320"},{"link_name":"Airbus A330-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A330-200"},{"link_name":"Airbus A330-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A330-300"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727-100"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727-200"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-200"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-300"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-400"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-500"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-800"},{"link_name":"Boeing 757-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_757-200"},{"link_name":"Boeing 767-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_767-300"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-9-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-10"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10-10"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas MD-82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-82"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas MD-83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-83"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas MD-87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-87"}],"text":"Ryan International operated a diverse fleet of jetliners during its existence including the following aircraft:[11]Airbus A320\nAirbus A330-200\nAirbus A330-300\nBoeing 727-100\nBoeing 727-200\nBoeing 737-200\nBoeing 737-300\nBoeing 737-400\nBoeing 737-500\nBoeing 737-800\nBoeing 757-200\nBoeing 767-300\nMcDonnell Douglas DC-9-10\nMcDonnell Douglas DC-10-10\nMcDonnell Douglas MD-82\nMcDonnell Douglas MD-83\nMcDonnell Douglas MD-87","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ryan International Airlines Flight 590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_International_Airlines_Flight_590"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Hopkins International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Hopkins_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Denver International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Ryan International only had two accidents in its history, one of which was fatal.[12]On February 17, 1991, Ryan International Airlines Flight 590, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15 (registration N565PC) crashed after takeoff from Cleveland Hopkins International Airport. The aircraft was on a cargo flight carrying mail. Both pilots, the aircraft's only occupants, were killed.[13]\nOn October 1, 1997, A Boeing 727-51C (registration N414EX) operating as Flight 607 collided with a shuttle bus at Denver International Airport. There were no fatalities. All three crew members survived, though the captain and first officer were injured. The driver of the shuttle bus was also injured. The aircraft was substantially damaged and written off.[14]","title":"Incidents and accidents"}]	[{"image_text":"McDonnell Douglas DC-10 in 2000 in Skyservice USA livery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Skyservice_USA_McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10-10_Silagi-1.jpg/220px-Skyservice_USA_McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10-10_Silagi-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Boeing 757 in 2005 in Ryan livery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Boeing_757-225%2C_Ryan_International_Airlines_JP507065.jpg/220px-Boeing_757-225%2C_Ryan_International_Airlines_JP507065.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of defunct airlines of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"Leaf, Brian. \"Rockford airport out of plan for Ryan rebrand\". Rockford Register Star. GateHouse Media, Inc. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130708151421/http://business-news.thestreet.com/rrstar/story/rockford-airport-out-plan-ryan-rebrand/1","url_text":"\"Rockford airport out of plan for Ryan rebrand\""},{"url":"http://business-news.thestreet.com/rrstar/story/rockford-airport-out-plan-ryan-rebrand/1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leaf, Brian. \"Journalist\". 'Less military flying' cited in Ryan International Airlines furloughs. Rockford Register Star. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120912060209/http://www.rrstar.com/news/x458332765/Less-military-flying-cited-in-Ryan-International-Airlines-furloughs","url_text":"\"Journalist\""},{"url":"http://www.rrstar.com/news/x458332765/Less-military-flying-cited-in-Ryan-International-Airlines-furloughs","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wong, Edward (2003-07-27). \"Courting the Rare Big Order for Planes\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A04EFDE1E3BF934A15755C0A9659C8B63","url_text":"\"Courting the Rare Big Order for Planes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Gleason, Stephanie (2012-03-07). \"Ryan International Airlines Files for Chapter 11\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204781804577267543448998570","url_text":"\"Ryan International Airlines Files for Chapter 11\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Ryan International Airlines Chapter 11 Petition\" (PDF). PacerMonitor. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/5HOCESY/Ryan_International_Airlines_Inc__ilnbke-12-80802__0001.0.pdf","url_text":"\"Ryan International Airlines Chapter 11 Petition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rockford's Ryan International Airlines liquidating\". WREX Rockford. 2013-01-11. Archived from the original on 2018-03-15. Retrieved 2013-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180315003746/http://www.wrex.com/story/20567156/2013/01/11/rockfords-ryan-international-airlines-liquidating","url_text":"\"Rockford's Ryan International Airlines liquidating\""},{"url":"http://www.wrex.com/story/20567156/2013/01/11/rockfords-ryan-international-airlines-liquidating","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SBCO DBA Select Business and Corporation Opportunities, Inc., Announces the Signing of a Stock Purchase Agreement Between AJet Holdings, LLC DBA Astra Jet (a Portfolio Company) and Ryan International Airlines, Inc. (RYAN)\". Yahoo Finance. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/sbco-dba-select-business-corporation-163053413.html","url_text":"\"SBCO DBA Select Business and Corporation Opportunities, Inc., Announces the Signing of a Stock Purchase Agreement Between AJet Holdings, LLC DBA Astra Jet (a Portfolio Company) and Ryan International Airlines, Inc. (RYAN)\""}]},{"reference":"\"SBCO DBA Select Business and Corporation Opportunities, Inc., Announces the Completion and Purchase of 100% of the Stock of Ryan International Airlines, Inc., (RYAN) by Its Portfolio Company AstraJet/AJet Holdings, LLC\". Yahoo Finance. 4 March 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/sbco-dba-select-business-corporation-154058411.html","url_text":"\"SBCO DBA Select Business and Corporation Opportunities, Inc., Announces the Completion and Purchase of 100% of the Stock of Ryan International Airlines, Inc., (RYAN) by Its Portfolio Company AstraJet/AJet Holdings, LLC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fuel Company Owner Pleads Guilty To Defrauding Ryan International Airlines\". AvStop Online Magazine. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://avstop.com/March_2014/fuel_company_owner_pleads_guilty_to_defrauding_ryan_international_airlines.htm","url_text":"\"Fuel Company Owner Pleads Guilty To Defrauding Ryan International Airlines\""}]},{"reference":"Ranter, Harro. \"Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Operator index > United States of America > Ryan International Airlines\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2019-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/operator/airline.php?var=5456","url_text":"\"Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Operator index > United States of America > Ryan International Airlines\""}]},{"reference":"Ranter, Harro. \"ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15RC N565PC Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport, OH (CLE)\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2019-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19910217-2","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15RC N565PC Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport, OH (CLE)\""}]},{"reference":"Ranter, Harro. \"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-51C N414EX Denver-Stapleton International Airport, CO (DEN)\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2019-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19971001-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-51C N414EX Denver-Stapleton International Airport, CO (DEN)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130708151421/http://business-news.thestreet.com/rrstar/story/rockford-airport-out-plan-ryan-rebrand/1","external_links_name":"\"Rockford airport out of plan for Ryan rebrand\""},{"Link":"http://business-news.thestreet.com/rrstar/story/rockford-airport-out-plan-ryan-rebrand/1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120912060209/http://www.rrstar.com/news/x458332765/Less-military-flying-cited-in-Ryan-International-Airlines-furloughs","external_links_name":"\"Journalist\""},{"Link":"http://www.rrstar.com/news/x458332765/Less-military-flying-cited-in-Ryan-International-Airlines-furloughs","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A04EFDE1E3BF934A15755C0A9659C8B63","external_links_name":"\"Courting the Rare Big Order for Planes\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204781804577267543448998570","external_links_name":"\"Ryan International Airlines Files for Chapter 11\""},{"Link":"https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/5HOCESY/Ryan_International_Airlines_Inc__ilnbke-12-80802__0001.0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ryan International Airlines Chapter 11 Petition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180315003746/http://www.wrex.com/story/20567156/2013/01/11/rockfords-ryan-international-airlines-liquidating","external_links_name":"\"Rockford's Ryan International Airlines liquidating\""},{"Link":"http://www.wrex.com/story/20567156/2013/01/11/rockfords-ryan-international-airlines-liquidating","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/sbco-dba-select-business-corporation-163053413.html","external_links_name":"\"SBCO DBA Select Business and Corporation Opportunities, Inc., Announces the Signing of a Stock Purchase Agreement Between AJet Holdings, LLC DBA Astra Jet (a Portfolio Company) and Ryan International Airlines, Inc. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Mowbray	Vale of Mowbray	["1 Description","2 Features","2.1 Settlements","2.2 Major roads","2.3 Railways","2.4 Rivers","3 References","3.1 Sources","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 54°20′31″N 1°26′06″W / 54.342°N 1.435°W / 54.342; -1.435Region of North Yorkshire, England A view from the Hambleton Hills over the Vale of Mowbray, towards the Yorkshire Dales The Vale of Mowbray is a plain in North Yorkshire, England. It is bounded by the Tees lowlands to the north, the North York Moors and the Hambleton Hills to the east, the Vale of York to the south, and the Yorkshire Dales to the west. Northallerton, Catterick Garrison, and Thirsk are the largest settlements within the area. The Vale of Mowbray is distinguishable from the Vale of York by its meandering rivers and more undulating landscape. The vale is the floodplain of the River Swale and its tributaries, including the Wiske and Cod Beck. The river enters the vale from Swaledale, in the north-west, then flows in a south-easterly direction before entering the Vale of York. The underlying geology of the landscape is sandstone and mudstone, with clays and silts in the south-west. The region is agricultural, with a mix of arable and grassland, though isolated pockets of woodland remain. The fields are medium-sized and typically bounded by hawthorn hedges. The villages are often linear, following the major through road, and the houses are generally brick built with pantile roofs. The vale is a major north-south transport corridor, containing the A1 road and the East Coast Main Line, which are respectively the main road and rail links between London and Edinburgh. Description The vale takes its name from the family who were granted the rights to the land after the Norman Conquest of 1066. Robert de Mowbray, whose family had a stronghold at Thirsk Castle, was given the land by William the Conqueror in 1086. The Natural England definition of the boundaries of the Vale of Mowbray are the edge of the North York Moors in the east up to the A19/A172 junction; directly across to the junction at Scotch Corner on the A1(M), then straight down the A1(M) for a western boundary and the rough line from the A168 at Dishforth to Thirsk in the east. Looking south across the Vale of Mowbray in North Yorkshire. North York Moors are in the distance and the A1(M) is on the right. Geological surveys list the Vale of Mowbray being bounded to the west by the River Ure, and in the east by the foot of the Hambleton Hills. Features Settlements Bedale Brompton Catterick Crakehall East Cowton Kirkby Fleetham Kirkby Wiske Middleton Quernhow Northallerton Romanby Scorton Theakston Thirsk Major roads A1(M) motorway North-South A19 North-South A167 North-South A684 East-West Railways East Coast Main Line Northallerton–Eaglescliffe line Scruton–Redmire Eryholme–Richmond branch line (closed) Leeds–Northallerton railway (closed) Rivers River Swale River Wiske Cod Beck References ^ Adams, Bob (25 January 2021). "A walk along Yorkshire's 'fastest flowing river'". York Press. Retrieved 31 October 2021. ^ Innes, J. B.; Rutherford, M. M.; O'Brien, C. E.; Bridgland, D. R.; Mitchell, W. A.; Long, A. J. (January 2009). "Late Devensian environments in the Vale of Mowbray, North Yorkshire, UK: evidence from palynology". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 120 (4): 199–208. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2009.08.007. ^ a b c d e Lake 2020, p. 10. ^ Grainge 1859, pp. 1–10. ^ "NCA Profile: 24 Vale of Mowbray - NE442" (PDF). Natural England - Access to Evidence. 23 May 2013. p. 3. Retrieved 20 March 2018. ^ Mitchell, T. Carter (1889). "On the Drift-deposits of the Vale of Mowbray". Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society. 11 (2): 177–182. doi:10.1144/pygs.11.2.177. ^ a b c d e Grainger, John (22 July 2021). "The Vale of Mowbray - three homes in a stunning part of Yorkshire". The Harrogate Advertiser. Retrieved 31 October 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lake 2020, p. 3. ^ a b Lake 2020, p. 9. ^ Lake 2020, p. 7. ^ Holst, Malin; Speed, Greg (2019). "Death, Burial and Identity: 3000 Years of Death in the Vale of Mowbray". A1 Leeming to Barton Motorway Upgrade Scheme, North Yorkshire (A1 Scheme). doi:10.5284/1050910. Sources Grainge, William (1859). The Vale of Mowbray: a historical and topographical account of Thirsk and its neighbourhood. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. OCLC 559956399. Lake, Jeremy (November 2020). Vale of Mowbray, Eastern Arable (PDF). historicengland.org.uk (Report). Retrieved 31 October 2021. External links 54°20′31″N 1°26′06″W / 54.342°N 1.435°W / 54.342; -1.435	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hambleton_Hills_Views_-_geograph.org.uk_-_165481.jpg"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Tees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tees"},{"link_name":"North York Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York_Moors"},{"link_name":"Hambleton Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambleton_Hills"},{"link_name":"Vale of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_York"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Dales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Northallerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northallerton"},{"link_name":"Catterick Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catterick_Garrison"},{"link_name":"Thirsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirsk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake202010-3"},{"link_name":"River Swale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Swale"},{"link_name":"Wiske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wiske"},{"link_name":"Cod Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod_Beck,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Swaledale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaledale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake202010-3"},{"link_name":"hedges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge"},{"link_name":"pantile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantile_(roof_material)"},{"link_name":"A1 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"East Coast Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake202010-3"}],"text":"Region of North Yorkshire, EnglandA view from the Hambleton Hills over the Vale of Mowbray, towards the Yorkshire DalesThe Vale of Mowbray is a plain in North Yorkshire, England. It is bounded by the Tees lowlands to the north, the North York Moors and the Hambleton Hills to the east, the Vale of York to the south, and the Yorkshire Dales to the west.[1] Northallerton, Catterick Garrison, and Thirsk are the largest settlements within the area. The Vale of Mowbray is distinguishable from the Vale of York by its meandering rivers and more undulating landscape.[2][3]The vale is the floodplain of the River Swale and its tributaries, including the Wiske and Cod Beck. The river enters the vale from Swaledale, in the north-west, then flows in a south-easterly direction before entering the Vale of York. The underlying geology of the landscape is sandstone and mudstone, with clays and silts in the south-west.[3]The region is agricultural, with a mix of arable and grassland, though isolated pockets of woodland remain. The fields are medium-sized and typically bounded by hawthorn hedges. The villages are often linear, following the major through road, and the houses are generally brick built with pantile roofs. The vale is a major north-south transport corridor, containing the A1 road and the East Coast Main Line, which are respectively the main road and rail links between London and Edinburgh.[3]","title":"Vale of Mowbray"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest"},{"link_name":"Robert de Mowbray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Mowbray"},{"link_name":"Thirsk Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirsk_Castle"},{"link_name":"William the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrainge18591%E2%80%9310-4"},{"link_name":"Natural England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_England"},{"link_name":"North York Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York_Moors"},{"link_name":"Scotch Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_Corner"},{"link_name":"A1(M)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1(M)_motorway"},{"link_name":"Dishforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishforth"},{"link_name":"Thirsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirsk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vale_of_Mowbray_small.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vale_of_Mowbray_small.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The vale takes its name from the family who were granted the rights to the land after the Norman Conquest of 1066. Robert de Mowbray, whose family had a stronghold at Thirsk Castle, was given the land by William the Conqueror in 1086.[4]The Natural England definition of the boundaries of the Vale of Mowbray are the edge of the North York Moors in the east up to the A19/A172 junction; directly across to the junction at Scotch Corner on the A1(M), then straight down the A1(M) for a western boundary and the rough line from the A168 at Dishforth to Thirsk in the east.[5]Looking south across the Vale of Mowbray in North Yorkshire. North York Moors are in the distance and the A1(M) is on the right.Geological surveys list the Vale of Mowbray being bounded to the west by the River Ure, and in the east by the foot of the Hambleton Hills.[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedale"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HA-7"},{"link_name":"Brompton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompton,_Hambleton"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake20203-8"},{"link_name":"Catterick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catterick,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake20203-8"},{"link_name":"Crakehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crakehall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake20209-9"},{"link_name":"East Cowton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Cowton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake202010-3"},{"link_name":"Kirkby Fleetham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkby_Fleetham"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake20207-10"},{"link_name":"Kirkby Wiske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkby_Wiske"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake202010-3"},{"link_name":"Middleton Quernhow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleton_Quernhow"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake20209-9"},{"link_name":"Northallerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northallerton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HA-7"},{"link_name":"Romanby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanby"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake20203-8"},{"link_name":"Scorton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorton,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake20203-8"},{"link_name":"Theakston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theakston,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake20203-8"},{"link_name":"Thirsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirsk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HA-7"}],"sub_title":"Settlements","text":"Bedale[7]\nBrompton[8]\nCatterick[8]\nCrakehall[9]\nEast Cowton[3]\nKirkby Fleetham[10]\nKirkby Wiske[3]\nMiddleton Quernhow[9]\nNorthallerton[7]\nRomanby[8]\nScorton[8]\nTheakston[8]\nThirsk[7]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A1(M)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1(M)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"A19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A19_road"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake20203-8"},{"link_name":"A167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A167_road"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake20203-8"},{"link_name":"A684","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A684_road"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake20203-8"}],"sub_title":"Major roads","text":"A1(M) motorway North-South[11]\nA19 North-South[8]\nA167 North-South[8]\nA684 East-West[8]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Coast Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HA-7"},{"link_name":"Northallerton–Eaglescliffe line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northallerton%E2%80%93Eaglescliffe_line"},{"link_name":"Scruton–Redmire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wensleydale_Railway"},{"link_name":"Eryholme–Richmond branch line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryholme%E2%80%93Richmond_branch_line"},{"link_name":"Leeds–Northallerton railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds%E2%80%93Northallerton_railway"}],"sub_title":"Railways","text":"East Coast Main Line[7]\nNorthallerton–Eaglescliffe line\nScruton–Redmire\nEryholme–Richmond branch line (closed)\nLeeds–Northallerton railway (closed)","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Swale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Swale"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HA-7"},{"link_name":"River Wiske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wiske"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake20203-8"},{"link_name":"Cod Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod_Beck,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake20203-8"}],"sub_title":"Rivers","text":"River Swale[7]\nRiver Wiske [8]\nCod Beck[8]","title":"Features"}]	[{"image_text":"A view from the Hambleton Hills over the Vale of Mowbray, towards the Yorkshire Dales","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hambleton_Hills_Views_-_geograph.org.uk_-_165481.jpg/220px-Hambleton_Hills_Views_-_geograph.org.uk_-_165481.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Adams, Bob (25 January 2021). \"A walk along Yorkshire's 'fastest flowing river'\". York Press. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/19025259.walk-along-yorkshires-fastest-flowing-river/","url_text":"\"A walk along Yorkshire's 'fastest flowing river'\""}]},{"reference":"Innes, J. B.; Rutherford, M. M.; O'Brien, C. E.; Bridgland, D. R.; Mitchell, W. A.; Long, A. J. (January 2009). \"Late Devensian environments in the Vale of Mowbray, North Yorkshire, UK: evidence from palynology\". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 120 (4): 199–208. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2009.08.007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pgeola.2009.08.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.pgeola.2009.08.007"}]},{"reference":"\"NCA Profile: 24 Vale of Mowbray - NE442\" (PDF). Natural England - Access to Evidence. 23 May 2013. p. 3. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/9856012","url_text":"\"NCA Profile: 24 Vale of Mowbray - NE442\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, T. Carter (1889). \"On the Drift-deposits of the Vale of Mowbray\". Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society. 11 (2): 177–182. doi:10.1144/pygs.11.2.177.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/2129688","url_text":"\"On the Drift-deposits of the Vale of Mowbray\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2Fpygs.11.2.177","url_text":"10.1144/pygs.11.2.177"}]},{"reference":"Grainger, John (22 July 2021). \"The Vale of Mowbray - three homes in a stunning part of Yorkshire\". The Harrogate Advertiser. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harrogateadvertiser.co.uk/lifestyle/homes-and-gardens/the-vale-of-mowbray-three-homes-in-a-stunning-part-of-yorkshire-3319017","url_text":"\"The Vale of Mowbray - three homes in a stunning part of Yorkshire\""}]},{"reference":"Holst, Malin; Speed, Greg (2019). \"Death, Burial and Identity: 3000 Years of Death in the Vale of Mowbray\". A1 Leeming to Barton Motorway Upgrade Scheme, North Yorkshire (A1 Scheme). doi:10.5284/1050910.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malin_Holst","url_text":"Holst, Malin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1050910","url_text":"10.5284/1050910"}]},{"reference":"Grainge, William (1859). The Vale of Mowbray: a historical and topographical account of Thirsk and its neighbourhood. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. OCLC 559956399.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/valeofmowbrayhis00grai","url_text":"The Vale of Mowbray: a historical and topographical account of Thirsk and its neighbourhood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/559956399","url_text":"559956399"}]},{"reference":"Lake, Jeremy (November 2020). Vale of Mowbray, Eastern Arable (PDF). historicengland.org.uk (Report). Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/8041/ValeofMowbrayEasternArable","url_text":"Vale of Mowbray, Eastern Arable"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vale_of_Mowbray&params=54.342_N_1.435_W_region:GB_scale:100000","external_links_name":"54°20′31″N 1°26′06″W / 54.342°N 1.435°W / 54.342; -1.435"},{"Link":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/19025259.walk-along-yorkshires-fastest-flowing-river/","external_links_name":"\"A walk along Yorkshire's 'fastest flowing river'\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pgeola.2009.08.007","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.pgeola.2009.08.007"},{"Link":"http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/9856012","external_links_name":"\"NCA Profile: 24 Vale of Mowbray - NE442\""},{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/2129688","external_links_name":"\"On the Drift-deposits of the Vale of Mowbray\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2Fpygs.11.2.177","external_links_name":"10.1144/pygs.11.2.177"},{"Link":"https://www.harrogateadvertiser.co.uk/lifestyle/homes-and-gardens/the-vale-of-mowbray-three-homes-in-a-stunning-part-of-yorkshire-3319017","external_links_name":"\"The Vale of Mowbray - three homes in a stunning part of Yorkshire\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1050910","external_links_name":"10.5284/1050910"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/valeofmowbrayhis00grai","external_links_name":"The Vale of Mowbray: a historical and topographical account of Thirsk and its neighbourhood"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/559956399","external_links_name":"559956399"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/8041/ValeofMowbrayEasternArable","external_links_name":"Vale of Mowbray, Eastern Arable"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vale_of_Mowbray&params=54.342_N_1.435_W_region:GB_scale:100000","external_links_name":"54°20′31″N 1°26′06″W / 54.342°N 1.435°W / 54.342; -1.435"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9_(Philippines)	Church of the Gesù, Quezon City	["1 History","2 Distinctive features","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 14°38′24″N 121°04′48″E / 14.64000°N 121.08000°E / 14.64000; 121.08000Roman Catholic church in Quezon City, Philippines This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Church in Quezon City, PhilippinesChurch of the Gesù14°38′24″N 121°04′48″E / 14.64000°N 121.08000°E / 14.64000; 121.08000LocationAteneo de Manila UniversityLoyola Heights, Quezon CityCountryPhilippinesDenominationRoman CatholicReligious orderSociety of JesusWebsitewww.ateneo.eduArchitectureArchitect(s)Jose Pedro Recio and Carmelo CasasArchitectural typeChurch buildingGroundbreaking2001CompletedJuly 2003SpecificationsCapacity1,000Floor area10,200 m2 (110,000 sq ft)AdministrationDioceseCubao The Church of the Gesù is the Roman Catholic church of the Ateneo de Manila University campus in Quezon City in the Philippines. The landmark was designed by Jose Pedro Recio and Carmelo Casas. The edifice’s massive triangular structure symbolizes the Holy Trinity, as well as the three-fold mission and vision of the school. Its shape and design are also meant to suggest the outstretched arms of the Sacred Heart, and the traditional Filipino bahay kubo (nipa hut). The site has a total area of 10,200 square metres (110,000 sq ft) and seating capacity for 1,000 persons. The church is situated on Sacred Heart Hill, a small hill overlooking Bellarmine Field, believed to be the highest point in barangay Loyola Heights. In its immediate vicinity are the dormitories (Cervini and Eliazo Halls) and the John Pollock Renewal Center. The peak cross and carillon (see below) of the church can be seen from Katipunan Avenue, which borders the campus to the west. One side of the church houses a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary as the Immaculate Conception, patroness of Ateneo de Manila and of the Philippines, while another side chapel is dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, a devotion committed to the Jesuits by Jesus's appearances to Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque at a convent in Paray-le-Monial in 1671. In front of the church is a Sacred Heart statue depicting Jesus with welcoming, outstretched arms. At the base of the statue is an inscription from Matthew 11:28: "Come to me all of you who are burdened, and I will refresh you. Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am meek and gentle of heart, thus you will find refreshment for your souls. My yoke is sweet and my burden light." The small field to the north of the church has a statue depicting the Agony in the Garden. History The Ateneo de Manila acquired a campus in what would become Loyola Heights, Quezon City in the late 1940s. In 1952, when the Ateneo transferred to Loyola Heights from Padre Faura Street in Manila, Fr. William Masterson, S.J. envisioned the construction of a church on the campus. However, only the Blue Eagle Gym (located near the Grade School) stood, having been the first structure built in what would eventually be Loyola Heights. It was not until around 50 years later that construction of the church began. On September 30, 2001 the cornerstone of the church was blessed and laid. The church dedication liturgy for the church was celebrated by Cardinal Jaime Sin on July 31, 2002 and attended by several distinguished guests, including former Philippine President Corazon Aquino. In 2005, an 18-bell chime and an Angelus bell were added to the church, a donation from the High School class of 1960 and the College class of 1964. The group also donated an additional five bells in 2010, converting the chime into a 23-bell carillon. The bells chime at 6:00 am and 12:00 pm. Distinctive features Church interior in 2021 Inside the Church's western entrance is a semicircle of stained glass depicting the Stations of the Cross. At the center of the semicircle is the church's holy water font. It is placed on a hole on the floor with rim surrounded by the rays of the Jesuits' seal. The stoup itself is an upright brown stone, with a depression on top acting as the basin and the outlet for the water covered with a clay plate with the Jesuit seal. The water circulates over the sides the basin, therefore the water is not stagnant and does not contain any debris, unlike other water font. The altar is supported by a slab of adobe rock, believed to be in abundant supply underneath the Loyola Heights campus. The huge crucifix above the main altar is unusual depicting Jesus still alive looking up to God, contrary to many crucifixes that depict Jesus already dead, his head bowed down. See also List of Jesuit sites References "The Bells of Loyola", Paulo Alcazaren, The Philippine Star, 7 January 2006 The university Church of the Gesù Archived 2019-08-19 at the Wayback Machine, www.ateneo.edu, Ateneo de Manila University (Article by Jose B. R. F. Ignacio, Photos by: Cocoy Sarmenta) External links Media related to Church of the Gesù (Philippines) at Wikimedia Commons Ateneo de Manila University Church of the Gesù Church of the Gesù (archived) The bells of Loyola - Heritage Conservation Society website Church of the Gesù Bell Tower details of the bells vteAteneo de Manila UniversityAcademicsHigher education units School of Law Graduate School of Business School of Government School of Medicine and Public Health School of Humanities John Gokongwei School of Management School of Science and Engineering School of Social Sciences Gokongwei Brothers School of Education and Learning Design Basic education units Grade School Junior High School Senior High School Athletics UAAP Blue Eagles women's football women's volleyball Ateneo–La Salle rivalry Battle of Katipunan Campus Ateneo Art Gallery Ateneo Professional Schools Library Blue Eagle Gym Cervini-Eliazo Residence Halls Church of the Gesù Moro Lorenzo Sports Center Rizal Library University Archives University Dormitory University Press Student life The Guidon Matanglawin The Palladium Ateneo Law Journal Ateneo de Manila College Glee Club Tanghalang Ateneo Radyo Katipunan 87.9 Miscellaneous People alumni faculty Clubs Ateneo F.C. Loyola F.C. Incidents bullying shooting Manila Observatory vteCatholic churches in Metro ManilaCapital District Manila Cathedral Binondo Ermita Espiritu Santo Kambál na Krus Malate Most Blessed Sacrament Our Lady of Montserrat Paco Pandacan Peñafrancia Quiapo Saint Jude Sampaloc San Agustín San Francisco San Ignacio San José de Trozo San Miguel San Sebastián Santa Ana Santa Cruz Santísimo Rosario Tondo Eastern Manila District Cubao Cathedral Novaliches Cathedral Pasig Cathedral EDSA Gesù Greenhills Holy Sacrifice Jesús de la Peña Kamuning Marikina Our Lady of the Annunciation Our Lady of Lourdes Our Lady of Mercy Our Lady of Mount Carmel Pinaglabanan Saint Joseph San Nicolas de Tolentino San Pedro Bautista Santo Cristo Santo Domingo Santo Rosario Santo Tomás de Villanueva Northern Manila District Caloocan Cathedral Malabon Our Lady of Fátima San Diego de Álcala Southern Manila District Parañaque Cathedral Baclaran Guadalupe Viejo Las Piñas Ligid-Tipas Makati Mary Immaculate Pateros Bel-Air Saint Thérèse San Nicolas de Tolentino Taguig	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"Ateneo de Manila University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University"},{"link_name":"Quezon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Jose Pedro Recio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jose_Pedro_Recio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carmelo Casas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmelo_Casas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity"},{"link_name":"bahay kubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahay_kubo"},{"link_name":"seating capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seating_capacity"},{"link_name":"Loyola Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_Heights"},{"link_name":"carillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carillon"},{"link_name":"Katipunan Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunan_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Sacred Heart of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Margaret_Mary_Alacoque"},{"link_name":"Paray-le-Monial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paray-le-Monial"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew"},{"link_name":"Agony in the Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden"}],"text":"Roman Catholic church in Quezon City, PhilippinesChurch in Quezon City, PhilippinesThe Church of the Gesù is the Roman Catholic church of the Ateneo de Manila University campus in Quezon City in the Philippines. The landmark was designed by Jose Pedro Recio and Carmelo Casas. The edifice’s massive triangular structure symbolizes the Holy Trinity, as well as the three-fold mission and vision of the school. Its shape and design are also meant to suggest the outstretched arms of the Sacred Heart, and the traditional Filipino bahay kubo (nipa hut). The site has a total area of 10,200 square metres (110,000 sq ft) and seating capacity for 1,000 persons. The church is situated on Sacred Heart Hill, a small hill overlooking Bellarmine Field, believed to be the highest point in barangay Loyola Heights. In its immediate vicinity are the dormitories (Cervini and Eliazo Halls) and the John Pollock Renewal Center. The peak cross and carillon (see below) of the church can be seen from Katipunan Avenue, which borders the campus to the west.One side of the church houses a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary as the Immaculate Conception, patroness of Ateneo de Manila and of the Philippines, while another side chapel is dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, a devotion committed to the Jesuits by Jesus's appearances to Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque at a convent in Paray-le-Monial in 1671.In front of the church is a Sacred Heart statue depicting Jesus with welcoming, outstretched arms. At the base of the statue is an inscription from Matthew 11:28: \"Come to me all of you who are burdened, and I will refresh you. Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am meek and gentle of heart, thus you will find refreshment for your souls. My yoke is sweet and my burden light.\" The small field to the north of the church has a statue depicting the Agony in the Garden.","title":"Church of the Gesù, Quezon City"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ateneo de Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University"},{"link_name":"Loyola Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_Heights"},{"link_name":"Quezon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City"},{"link_name":"Padre Faura Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padre_Faura_Street"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"S.J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Blue Eagle Gym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Eagle_Gym"},{"link_name":"cornerstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerstone"},{"link_name":"liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"Jaime Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin"},{"link_name":"Corazon Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino"},{"link_name":"chime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)"},{"link_name":"Angelus bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelus#Angelus_bell"},{"link_name":"carillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carillon"}],"text":"The Ateneo de Manila acquired a campus in what would become Loyola Heights, Quezon City in the late 1940s. In 1952, when the Ateneo transferred to Loyola Heights from Padre Faura Street in Manila, Fr. William Masterson, S.J. envisioned the construction of a church on the campus. However, only the Blue Eagle Gym (located near the Grade School) stood, having been the first structure built in what would eventually be Loyola Heights.It was not until around 50 years later that construction of the church began. On September 30, 2001 the cornerstone of the church was blessed and laid. The church dedication liturgy for the church was celebrated by Cardinal Jaime Sin on July 31, 2002 and attended by several distinguished guests, including former Philippine President Corazon Aquino.In 2005, an 18-bell chime and an Angelus bell were added to the church, a donation from the High School class of 1960 and the College class of 1964. The group also donated an additional five bells in 2010, converting the chime into a 23-bell carillon. The bells chime at 6:00 am and 12:00 pm.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pnoy_burol_public_viewing,_inside_Church_of_the_Gesu_(Ateneo,_Quezon_City;_06-25-2021)_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"Stations of the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross"},{"link_name":"holy water font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_water_font"},{"link_name":"adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe"},{"link_name":"Loyola Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City#Loyola_Heights"},{"link_name":"crucifix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix"}],"text":"Church interior in 2021Inside the Church's western entrance is a semicircle of stained glass depicting the Stations of the Cross. At the center of the semicircle is the church's holy water font. It is placed on a hole on the floor with rim surrounded by the rays of the Jesuits' seal. The stoup itself is an upright brown stone, with a depression on top acting as the basin and the outlet for the water covered with a clay plate with the Jesuit seal. The water circulates over the sides the basin, therefore the water is not stagnant and does not contain any debris, unlike other water font.The altar is supported by a slab of adobe rock, believed to be in abundant supply underneath the Loyola Heights campus. The huge crucifix above the main altar is unusual depicting Jesus still alive looking up to God, contrary to many crucifixes that depict Jesus already dead, his head bowed down.","title":"Distinctive features"}]	[{"image_text":"Church interior in 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Pnoy_burol_public_viewing%2C_inside_Church_of_the_Gesu_%28Ateneo%2C_Quezon_City%3B_06-25-2021%29_2.jpg/220px-Pnoy_burol_public_viewing%2C_inside_Church_of_the_Gesu_%28Ateneo%2C_Quezon_City%3B_06-25-2021%29_2.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of Jesuit sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_sites"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9,_Quezon_City&params=14_38_24_N_121_04_48_E_region:PH_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"14°38′24″N 121°04′48″E / 14.64000°N 121.08000°E / 14.64000; 121.08000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9,_Quezon_City&params=14_38_24_N_121_04_48_E_region:PH_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"14°38′24″N 121°04′48″E / 14.64000°N 121.08000°E / 14.64000; 121.08000"},{"Link":"http://www.ateneo.edu/church-ges%C3%BA-0","external_links_name":"www.ateneo.edu"},{"Link":"http://www.ateneo.edu/sites/default/files/attachment/GESU/Article.pdf","external_links_name":"The university Church of the Gesù"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190819071036/http://www.ateneo.edu/sites/default/files/attachment/GESU/Article.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150206235059/http://ateneo.edu/","external_links_name":"Ateneo de Manila University"},{"Link":"http://www.ateneo.edu/church-ges%C3%BA-0","external_links_name":"Church of the Gesù"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102161132/http://www.ateneo.edu/index.php?p=1717","external_links_name":"Church of the Gesù (archived)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060829050342/http://preservephilippineheritage.blogs.friendster.com/hcs/2006/01/the_bells_of_lo.html","external_links_name":"The bells of Loyola - Heritage Conservation Society website"},{"Link":"http://www.towerbells.org/data/PHMNLGSU.HTM","external_links_name":"Church of the Gesù Bell Tower"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auster_J/1B_Aiglet	Auster J/1B Aiglet	["1 Development","2 Operational history","3 Specifications (J/1B)","4 References","5 External links"]	British light aircraft Auster J/1B Aiglet J/1B Aiglet fitted with under-wing crop-spraying bars at Rearsby airfield, Leicestershire, in June 1951. Role light civil aircraftType of aircraft National origin United Kingdom Manufacturer Auster Aircraft First flight 1950 Retired several still airworthy in Australia, New Zealand and the U.K. Primary user agricultural contractors and private owners Number built 86 Developed from Auster J/1 Autocrat The Auster J/1B Aiglet is a British light civil utility aircraft developed in the 1950s. Development The Auster J/1 Autocrat of 1946 had achieved considerable sales success but orders died away in the late 1940s. Few sales were achieved in the important Australian market as the Autocrat's 100 h.p. engine was not powerful enough for the harsher summer conditions experienced there. In 1950, Auster Aircraft utilised an uncompleted Autocrat airframe and wing structure and incorporated a larger fin and rudder to compensate for the installation of a 130 h.p. de Havilland Gipsy Major engine which had been modified by the fitment of double scavenge pumps to match the cooling system. The prototype first flew in 1950 and was followed by several other conversions of Autocrat airframes, but construction soon switched to the use of new airframes. Most sales were made in Australia and New Zealand. The majority of aircraft were exported engineless to Kingsford Smith Aviation Services in Sydney where they were completed and tested before delivery. Operational history J/1B Aiglet exhibited at MOTAT Auckland New Zealand in February 1992 wearing RNZAF style markings The Aiglet was particularly suited to use by agricultural spraying and dusting contractors. The spray bars were installed using supports on the Aiglet's fuselage undersurfaces and the wing struts. Most sales were to Australia and New Zealand but seven were supplied to Aerial Spraying Contractors Ltd of Boston, Lincolnshire. These were flown out to Sudan in autumn 1950 and within a month had rid 17,000 acres (69 km2) of farmland of locusts and other insect pests. The agricultural task required operation at very low heights in conditions of extreme heat and inevitably resulted in the loss of many Aiglets in accidents. After withdrawal from crop-spraying use during the late 1950s and early 1960s, the survivors were purchased by aerial photo contractors, aero clubs and private owners. Many of these aircraft were fitted with an extra fuel tank beneath the fuselage, as shown in the adjacent photograph. Auster J1B In 2009, several Aiglets remain in airworthy condition in Australia and New Zealand and three were active in the United Kingdom. Specifications (J/1B) Data from General characteristics Crew: 1 Capacity: agricultural materials or two passengers Length: 23 ft 8 in (7.21 m) Wingspan: 36 ft 0 in (10.97 m) Height: 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) Wing area: 185 sq ft (17.2 m2) Powerplant: 1 × de Havilland Gipsy Major 1 four-cylinder inverted air-cooled in-line, 130 hp (97 kW) Performance Maximum speed: 126 mph (203 km/h, 109 kn) Cruise speed: 105 mph (169 km/h, 91 kn) Range: 220 mi (350 km, 190 nmi) Service ceiling: 18,000 ft (5,500 m) Rate of climb: 900 ft/min (4.6 m/s) References Notes ^ Hitchman, 1989, p. 31 ^ Jackson, 1973, p. 69 ^ Jackson, 1973, p. 69 ^ Ellison, 1966, pp. 49-52 ^ Jackson 1973, pp. 69–70 Bibliography Ellison, N.H. (1966). Auster Aircraft Ltd - Aircraft Production List. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ASIN B0041OQAEG. Hitchman, Ambrose (1989). The History of the Auster Aeroplane. International Auster Pilot Club. ASIN B0019BV2YM. Jackson, A.J. (1973). British Civil Aircraft since 1919 - Volume 1. Putnam & Company Ltd. ISBN 0-370-10006-9. Jerram, Mike (January 1988). "For Business and Pleasure: Part Six". Aeroplane Monthly. Vol. 16, no. 1. pp. 54–57. ISSN 0143-7240. External links Media related to Auster J/1B Aiglet at Wikimedia Commons vteTaylorcraft Aeroplanes (UK)/Auster AircraftTaylorcraft Plus C Plus D D1 E F G H J Auster I Auster II Auster III Auster IV Auster V Auster Auster A.2/45 J/1 Autocrat J/1B Aiglet J/1U Workmaster J/2 Arrow J/3 Atom J/4 J/5 Adventurer J/5 Autocar J/5 Aiglet Trainer J/5 Alpine AOP6 6A Tugmaster 6B Terrier Avis T7 B4 B5 AOP9 B8 Agricola Antarctic Atlantic D4 D5 D6 AOP11	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Auster J/1B Aiglet is a British light civil utility aircraft developed in the 1950s.","title":"Auster J/1B Aiglet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auster J/1 Autocrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auster_Autocrat"},{"link_name":"Auster Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auster_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Gipsy Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Gipsy_Major"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Auster J/1 Autocrat of 1946 had achieved considerable sales success but orders died away in the late 1940s. Few sales were achieved in the important Australian market as the Autocrat's 100 h.p. engine was not powerful enough for the harsher summer conditions experienced there.In 1950, Auster Aircraft utilised an uncompleted Autocrat airframe and wing structure and incorporated a larger fin and rudder to compensate for the installation of a 130 h.p. de Havilland Gipsy Major engine which had been modified by the fitment of double scavenge pumps to match the cooling system.[1]The prototype first flew in 1950 and was followed by several other conversions of Autocrat airframes, but construction soon switched to the use of new airframes. Most sales were made in Australia and New Zealand. The majority of aircraft were exported engineless to Kingsford Smith Aviation Services in Sydney where they were completed and tested before delivery.[2]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auster_J1B_Aiglet_ZK-BWH_MOTAT_Auckland_25.02.92R.jpg"},{"link_name":"MOTAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOTAT"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"RNZAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNZAF"},{"link_name":"Boston, Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"locusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locust"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AusterJ1B_ZK-AZU.jpg"}],"text":"J/1B Aiglet exhibited at MOTAT Auckland New Zealand in February 1992 wearing RNZAF style markingsThe Aiglet was particularly suited to use by agricultural spraying and dusting contractors. The spray bars were installed using supports on the Aiglet's fuselage undersurfaces and the wing struts. Most sales were to Australia and New Zealand but seven were supplied to Aerial Spraying Contractors Ltd of Boston, Lincolnshire. These were flown out to Sudan in autumn 1950 and within a month had rid 17,000 acres (69 km2) of farmland of locusts and other insect pests.[3]The agricultural task required operation at very low heights in conditions of extreme heat and inevitably resulted in the loss of many Aiglets in accidents. After withdrawal from crop-spraying use during the late 1950s and early 1960s, the survivors were purchased by aerial photo contractors, aero clubs and private owners.[4] Many of these aircraft were fitted with an extra fuel tank beneath the fuselage, as shown in the adjacent photograph.Auster J1BIn 2009, several Aiglets remain in airworthy condition in Australia and New Zealand and three were active in the United Kingdom.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Gipsy Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Gipsy_Major"}],"text":"Data from [5]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nCapacity: agricultural materials or two passengers\nLength: 23 ft 8 in (7.21 m)\nWingspan: 36 ft 0 in (10.97 m)\nHeight: 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)\nWing area: 185 sq ft (17.2 m2)\nPowerplant: 1 × de Havilland Gipsy Major 1 four-cylinder inverted air-cooled in-line, 130 hp (97 kW)PerformanceMaximum speed: 126 mph (203 km/h, 109 kn)\nCruise speed: 105 mph (169 km/h, 91 kn)\nRange: 220 mi (350 km, 190 nmi)\nService ceiling: 18,000 ft (5,500 m)\nRate of climb: 900 ft/min (4.6 m/s)","title":"Specifications (J/1B)"}]	[{"image_text":"J/1B Aiglet exhibited at MOTAT Auckland New Zealand in February 1992 wearing RNZAF style markings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Auster_J1B_Aiglet_ZK-BWH_MOTAT_Auckland_25.02.92R.jpg/220px-Auster_J1B_Aiglet_ZK-BWH_MOTAT_Auckland_25.02.92R.jpg"},{"image_text":"Auster J1B","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/AusterJ1B_ZK-AZU.jpg/220px-AusterJ1B_ZK-AZU.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Ellison, N.H. (1966). Auster Aircraft Ltd - Aircraft Production List. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ASIN B0041OQAEG.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0041OQAEG","url_text":"B0041OQAEG"}]},{"reference":"Hitchman, Ambrose (1989). The History of the Auster Aeroplane. International Auster Pilot Club. ASIN B0019BV2YM.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0019BV2YM","url_text":"B0019BV2YM"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, A.J. (1973). British Civil Aircraft since 1919 - Volume 1. Putnam & Company Ltd. ISBN 0-370-10006-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-10006-9","url_text":"0-370-10006-9"}]},{"reference":"Jerram, Mike (January 1988). \"For Business and Pleasure: Part Six\". Aeroplane Monthly. Vol. 16, no. 1. pp. 54–57. ISSN 0143-7240.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroplane_Monthly","url_text":"Aeroplane Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-7240","url_text":"0143-7240"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0041OQAEG","external_links_name":"B0041OQAEG"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0019BV2YM","external_links_name":"B0019BV2YM"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-7240","external_links_name":"0143-7240"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RD_Amross	RD Amross	["1 See also","2 External links","3 Notes"]	American limited liability company RD AMROSS, a limited liability company, is a U.S. joint venture between Pratt & Whitney of West Palm Beach, Florida and NPO Energomash of Khimki, Russia based in Jupiter, Florida. NPO Energomash manufactures the RD-180 rocket engine for RD AMROSS, and provides designing, manufacturing, testing and other services for liquid propulsion rocket engines. The RD-180 provides the main thrust on the Atlas V launch vehicle made by the United Launch Alliance. The first RD-180 engine, produced by NPO Energomash, was delivered to Lockheed Martin Astronautics in Denver, CO, in December 2000. Lockheed Martin completed testing of the engine in December 2001. The liquid oxygen and kerosene (RP-1) engine met all performance requirements for both government and commercial missions. The maiden launch of the Atlas V rocket equipped with the RD-180 engine occurred in 2002. Energomash committed to delivering a total of 101 RD-180s for the fixed price of one billion dollars. Under RD AMROSS, Pratt & Whitney is licensed to produce the RD-180 in the United States. Originally, production of the RD-180 in the US was scheduled to begin in 2008, but this did not happen. According to a 2005 GAO Assessment of Selected Major Weapon Programs, Pratt & Whitney planned to start building the engine in the United States with a first military launch by 2012. This, too, did not happen. In 2014, the Defense Department estimated that it would require approximately $1 billion and five years to begin US domestic manufacture of the RD-180 engine. In late April 2014, SpaceX filed a complaint seeking an injunction against the continued import of the Russian made rocket motor as a result of the US sanctions against Russia over its policies and practices in Ukraine. The US Federal Court of Appeals granted the injunction. On May 8, 2014, the injunction was lifted, and imports were again permitted. See also Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle Atlas V External links The Official Website Notes ^ "United Launch Alliance: Rocket Without an Engine". HBS Digital Initiative. 2015-11-17. ^ "U.S. debates Atlas V RD-180 engine ban, ULA's non-bid for military launch". NASA Space Flight. 2016-01-29. ^ "Russia will supply 29 rocket engines to the USA". Взгляд (The Sight). 2012-09-11. ^ DEFENSE ACQUISITIONS: Assessments of Selected Major Weapon Programs (PDF). United States Government Accountability Office. 2005. p. 56. ^ "U.S. RD-180 Coproduction Would Cost $1 Billion \| Aviation Week Network". ^ http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/potential-spacecraft-neighbors-in-cameron-county-locked-in-firefight/article_0c279cde-d320-11e3-9620-001a4bcf6878.html#user-comment-area ^ "Injunction bars ULA from buying Russian engines". ^ Ares, Amy Svitak in. "U.S. Court Lifts RD-180 Injunction". aviationweek.com. Retrieved 2019-06-20.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limited liability company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney"},{"link_name":"West Palm Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Palm_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"NPO Energomash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPO_Energomash"},{"link_name":"Khimki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khimki"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Jupiter, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter,_Florida"},{"link_name":"RD-180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RD-180"},{"link_name":"liquid propulsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_propulsion"},{"link_name":"rocket engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_engine"},{"link_name":"Atlas V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_V"},{"link_name":"United Launch Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"liquid oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_oxygen"},{"link_name":"RP-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"SpaceX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Federal Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"RD AMROSS, a limited liability company, is a U.S. joint venture between Pratt & Whitney of West Palm Beach, Florida and NPO Energomash of Khimki, Russia based in Jupiter, Florida.NPO Energomash manufactures the RD-180 rocket engine for RD AMROSS, and provides designing, manufacturing, testing and other services for liquid propulsion rocket engines. The RD-180 provides the main thrust on the Atlas V launch vehicle made by the United Launch Alliance.The first RD-180 engine, produced by NPO Energomash, was delivered to Lockheed Martin Astronautics in Denver, CO, in December\n2000. Lockheed Martin completed testing of the engine in December 2001. The liquid oxygen and kerosene (RP-1) engine met all performance requirements for both government and commercial missions. The maiden launch of the Atlas V rocket equipped with the RD-180 engine occurred in 2002.Energomash committed to delivering a total of 101 RD-180s for the fixed price of one billion dollars.[1][2][3]Under RD AMROSS, Pratt & Whitney is licensed to produce the RD-180 in the United States. Originally, production of the RD-180 in the US was scheduled to begin in 2008, but this did not happen. According to a 2005 GAO Assessment of Selected Major Weapon Programs, Pratt & Whitney planned to start building the engine in the United States with a first military launch by 2012.[4]\nThis, too, did not happen. In 2014, the Defense Department estimated that it would require approximately $1 billion and five years to begin US domestic manufacture of the RD-180 engine.[5]In late April 2014, SpaceX filed a complaint seeking an injunction against the continued import of the Russian made rocket motor as a result of the US sanctions against Russia over its policies and practices in Ukraine.[6] The US Federal Court of Appeals granted the injunction.[7] On May 8, 2014, the injunction was lifted, and imports were again permitted.[8]","title":"RD Amross"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"United Launch Alliance: Rocket Without an Engine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digital.hbs.edu/platform-rctom/submission/united-launch-alliance-rocket-without-an-engine/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"U.S. debates Atlas V RD-180 engine ban, ULA's non-bid for military launch\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/01/u-s-debates-atlas-v-rd-180-ban-ulas-non-bid-military/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Russia will supply 29 rocket engines to the USA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vz.ru/news/2012/9/11/597557.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"DEFENSE ACQUISITIONS: Assessments of Selected Major Weapon Programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gao.gov/new.items/d05301.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"U.S. RD-180 Coproduction Would Cost $1 Billion \| Aviation Week Network\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aviationweek.com/awin/us-rd-180-coproduction-would-cost-1-billion"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/potential-spacecraft-neighbors-in-cameron-county-locked-in-firefight/article_0c279cde-d320-11e3-9620-001a4bcf6878.html#user-comment-area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.themonitor.com/news/local/potential-spacecraft-neighbors-in-cameron-county-locked-in-firefight/article_0c279cde-d320-11e3-9620-001a4bcf6878.html#user-comment-area"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Injunction bars ULA from buying Russian engines\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1405/01rd180injunction/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"U.S. Court Lifts RD-180 Injunction\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aviationweek.com/blog/us-court-lifts-rd-180-injunction"}],"text":"^ \"United Launch Alliance: Rocket Without an Engine\". HBS Digital Initiative. 2015-11-17.\n\n^ \"U.S. debates Atlas V RD-180 engine ban, ULA's non-bid for military launch\". NASA Space Flight. 2016-01-29.\n\n^ \"Russia will supply 29 rocket engines to the USA\". Взгляд (The Sight). 2012-09-11.\n\n^ DEFENSE ACQUISITIONS: Assessments of Selected Major Weapon Programs (PDF). United States Government Accountability Office. 2005. p. 56.\n\n^ \"U.S. RD-180 Coproduction Would Cost $1 Billion \| Aviation Week Network\".\n\n^ http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/potential-spacecraft-neighbors-in-cameron-county-locked-in-firefight/article_0c279cde-d320-11e3-9620-001a4bcf6878.html#user-comment-area [dead link]\n\n^ \"Injunction bars ULA from buying Russian engines\".\n\n^ Ares, Amy Svitak in. \"U.S. Court Lifts RD-180 Injunction\". aviationweek.com. Retrieved 2019-06-20.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_Expendable_Launch_Vehicle"},{"title":"Atlas V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_V"}]	[{"reference":"\"United Launch Alliance: Rocket Without an Engine\". HBS Digital Initiative. 2015-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.hbs.edu/platform-rctom/submission/united-launch-alliance-rocket-without-an-engine/","url_text":"\"United Launch Alliance: Rocket Without an Engine\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. debates Atlas V RD-180 engine ban, ULA's non-bid for military launch\". NASA Space Flight. 2016-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/01/u-s-debates-atlas-v-rd-180-ban-ulas-non-bid-military/","url_text":"\"U.S. debates Atlas V RD-180 engine ban, ULA's non-bid for military launch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia will supply 29 rocket engines to the USA\". Взгляд (The Sight). 2012-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://vz.ru/news/2012/9/11/597557.html","url_text":"\"Russia will supply 29 rocket engines to the USA\""}]},{"reference":"DEFENSE ACQUISITIONS: Assessments of Selected Major Weapon Programs (PDF). United States Government Accountability Office. 2005. p. 56.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05301.pdf","url_text":"DEFENSE ACQUISITIONS: Assessments of Selected Major Weapon Programs"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. RD-180 Coproduction Would Cost $1 Billion \| Aviation Week Network\".","urls":[{"url":"http://aviationweek.com/awin/us-rd-180-coproduction-would-cost-1-billion","url_text":"\"U.S. RD-180 Coproduction Would Cost $1 Billion \| Aviation Week Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"Injunction bars ULA from buying Russian engines\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1405/01rd180injunction/","url_text":"\"Injunction bars ULA from buying Russian engines\""}]},{"reference":"Ares, Amy Svitak in. \"U.S. Court Lifts RD-180 Injunction\". aviationweek.com. Retrieved 2019-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviationweek.com/blog/us-court-lifts-rd-180-injunction","url_text":"\"U.S. Court Lifts RD-180 Injunction\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://rdamross.com/","external_links_name":"The Official Website"},{"Link":"https://digital.hbs.edu/platform-rctom/submission/united-launch-alliance-rocket-without-an-engine/","external_links_name":"\"United Launch Alliance: Rocket Without an Engine\""},{"Link":"https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/01/u-s-debates-atlas-v-rd-180-ban-ulas-non-bid-military/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. debates Atlas V RD-180 engine ban, ULA's non-bid for military launch\""},{"Link":"https://vz.ru/news/2012/9/11/597557.html","external_links_name":"\"Russia will supply 29 rocket engines to the USA\""},{"Link":"http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05301.pdf","external_links_name":"DEFENSE ACQUISITIONS: Assessments of Selected Major Weapon Programs"},{"Link":"http://aviationweek.com/awin/us-rd-180-coproduction-would-cost-1-billion","external_links_name":"\"U.S. RD-180 Coproduction Would Cost $1 Billion \| Aviation Week Network\""},{"Link":"http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/potential-spacecraft-neighbors-in-cameron-county-locked-in-firefight/article_0c279cde-d320-11e3-9620-001a4bcf6878.html#user-comment-area","external_links_name":"http://www.themonitor.com/news/local/potential-spacecraft-neighbors-in-cameron-county-locked-in-firefight/article_0c279cde-d320-11e3-9620-001a4bcf6878.html#user-comment-area"},{"Link":"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1405/01rd180injunction/","external_links_name":"\"Injunction bars ULA from buying Russian engines\""},{"Link":"https://aviationweek.com/blog/us-court-lifts-rd-180-injunction","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Court Lifts RD-180 Injunction\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Savoy_(chef)	Guy Savoy	["1 Biography","2 Restaurants","3 Awards and accolades","4 Books","5 References","6 External links"]	French chef (born 1953) Guy SavoyGuy Savoy on 7 August 2013Born24 July 1953 (1953-07-24) (age 70)Nevers, Burgundy, FranceSpouseSonia MabroukCulinary careerCooking styleNouvelle cuisine Rating(s) Michelin stars (previously ) Current restaurant(s) Restaurant Guy Savoy (Paris) Restaurant Guy Savoy (Las Vegas) Websitewww.guysavoy.com Guy Patrice Savoy (French: ; born 24 July 1953) is a French chef who is the head chef and owner of the eponymous Guy Savoy restaurant in Paris and its sister restaurant in Las Vegas, both of which have earned multiple Michelin stars. He owns three other restaurants in Paris. Biography Guy Savoy was born on 24 July 1953 in Nevers. In 1955, his parents moved to Bourgoin-Jallieu, a town in Isère, where his father was a gardener and his mother owned a taproom that she would transform into a restaurant. After a three-year apprenticeship with the Troisgros brothers and multiple experiences at prestigious restaurants, he opened his own restaurant in New York before opening in rue Duret, Paris, in 1980, which received two Michelin stars in 1985. He earned his third Michelin star in 2002. In 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020, La Liste named his restaurant at 11 quai de Conti the Best Restaurant in the World. He is married to Danielle Savoy and has two children: Caroline (born 21 January 1978) and Franck (born 4 June 1979). Gordon Ramsay was trained under Guy Savoy, and has described him as his culinary mentor. He recorded the voice of sous-chef Horst for the French version of the Pixar animated film Ratatouille, released in August 2007. He is on the board of directors of the French Mission for Food Culture & Heritage (Mission Française du Patrimoine et des Cultures Alimentaires), which successfully applied for inscription of the "gastronomic meal of the French" on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. In 2017 and 2018, he was a member of the Prix Versailles World Judges Panel. Just days before the release of the 2023 Michelin Guide for France, news broke that Savoy’s eponymous flagship restaurant in Paris was being demoted from three Michelin stars to two. Restaurants Flagship Restaurant Guy Savoy – Monnaie de Paris, 11 Quai de Conti – 6th arrondissement of Paris Restaurant Guy Savoy – Las Vegas, United States Other Atelier Maître Albert – 5th arrondissement of Paris Le Chiberta – 8th arrondissement of Paris Supu Ramen – 6th arrondissement of Paris Awards and accolades Savoy received the Legion d’Honneur medal in 2008. The Las Vegas restaurant has garnered two Michelin stars (2008-2009), the AAA Five Diamond Award, the Forbes Five Star Award, and the Wine Spectator Grand Award. In 2018, he won the Prix du Rayonnement Gastronomique Français (French Influence Award for Gastronomy). Restaurant Guy Savoy in Paris was awarded its third Michelin star in 2002; 21 years later, it was demoted to two stars. The restaurant was ranked amongst the Restaurant Top 50 Restaurants in the world in 2004 and 2005. In 2020, La Liste named it the Best Restaurant in the World for the fourth year in a row. It has five Gault Millau toques and three Pudlowski Guide plates, and is ranked amongst the "best restaurants in Paris" in the Lebey Guide. Books Vegetable Magic with Guy Langlois, Ebury Press (1987) ISBN 978-0852236260 Guy Savoy: Simple French Recipes for the Home Cook (2004) ISBN 978-1584793625 References ^ "Décret du 31 décembre 1999 portant promotion et nomination" (in French). Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ a b "Chef Guy Savoy of Restaurant Guy Savoy – Biography". StarChefs.com. Retrieved 25 August 2020. ^ "La Liste". La Liste. Retrieved 29 October 2019. ^ "Gordon Ramsay". biography.com. Retrieved 3 May 2014. ^ Season 3 episode 18 of MasterChef ^ Season 12 episode 8 of Hell's Kitchen ^ "Website of the French Mission for Food Culture & Heritage". Archived from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019. ^ Prix Versailles website ^ a b De Wei, Low (28 February 2023). "Shock as Two of the World's Top Restaurants Lose Michelin Stars". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 22 March 2023. ^ a b "'Best chef in the world' Guy Savoy stripped of Michelin star". France 24. AFP. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023. ^ a b Orie, Amarachi (1 March 2023). "Guy Savoy, lauded as world's best chef, loses Michelin star". CNN. Retrieved 22 March 2023. ^ "Guy Savoy Caesars Palace". bestuscasinos.org. Retrieved 25 August 2020. ^ "2004 List (number 6)". The World's 50 Best Restaurants. Retrieved 3 May 2014. ^ "2005 List (number 16)". The World's 50 Best Restaurants. Retrieved 3 May 2014. External links Restaurant Guy Savoy website Atelier Maître Albert website Le Chiberta website Supu Ramen website Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Australia Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[ɡi savwa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"chef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip"},{"link_name":"Michelin stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_stars"}],"text":"Guy Patrice Savoy[1] (French: [ɡi savwa]; born 24 July 1953) is a French chef who is the head chef and owner of the eponymous Guy Savoy restaurant in Paris and its sister restaurant in Las Vegas, both of which have earned multiple Michelin stars. He owns three other restaurants in Paris.","title":"Guy Savoy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevers"},{"link_name":"Bourgoin-Jallieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgoin-Jallieu"},{"link_name":"Isère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Troisgros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troisgros"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starchefs-2"},{"link_name":"La Liste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liste"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gordon Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ratatouille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratatouille_(film)"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Michelin Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_Guide"},{"link_name":"three Michelin stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Michelin_3-star_restaurants"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star_1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star_2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star_3-11"}],"text":"Guy Savoy was born on 24 July 1953 in Nevers. In 1955, his parents moved to Bourgoin-Jallieu, a town in Isère, where his father was a gardener and his mother owned a taproom that she would transform into a restaurant. After a three-year apprenticeship with the Troisgros brothers and multiple experiences at prestigious restaurants,[2] he opened his own restaurant in New York before opening in rue Duret, Paris, in 1980, which received two Michelin stars in 1985.\nHe earned his third Michelin star in 2002. In 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020, La Liste named his restaurant at 11 quai de Conti the Best Restaurant in the World.[3]He is married to Danielle Savoy and has two children: Caroline (born 21 January 1978) and Franck (born 4 June 1979).Gordon Ramsay was trained under Guy Savoy, and has described him as his culinary mentor.[4][5][6]He recorded the voice of sous-chef Horst for the French version of the Pixar animated film Ratatouille, released in August 2007.He is on the board of directors of the French Mission for Food Culture & Heritage (Mission Française du Patrimoine et des Cultures Alimentaires), which successfully applied for inscription of the \"gastronomic meal of the French\" on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[7]In 2017 and 2018, he was a member of the Prix Versailles World Judges Panel.[8]Just days before the release of the 2023 Michelin Guide for France, news broke that Savoy’s eponymous flagship restaurant in Paris was being demoted from three Michelin stars to two.[9][10][11]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"FlagshipRestaurant Guy Savoy – Monnaie de Paris, 11 Quai de Conti – 6th arrondissement of Paris\nRestaurant Guy Savoy – Las Vegas, United StatesOtherAtelier Maître Albert – 5th arrondissement of Paris\nLe Chiberta – 8th arrondissement of Paris\nSupu Ramen – 6th arrondissement of Paris","title":"Restaurants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legion d’Honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_d%E2%80%99Honneur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starchefs-2"},{"link_name":"AAA Five Diamond Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_Five_Diamond_Award"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"Wine Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_Spectator"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Michelin star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_star"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star_1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star_2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star_3-11"},{"link_name":"Restaurant Top 50 Restaurants in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_50_Best_Restaurants"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Gault Millau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gault_Millau"}],"text":"Savoy received the Legion d’Honneur medal in 2008.[2]The Las Vegas restaurant has garnered two Michelin stars (2008-2009), the AAA Five Diamond Award, the Forbes Five Star Award, and the Wine Spectator Grand Award.[12]In 2018, he won the Prix du Rayonnement Gastronomique Français (French Influence Award for Gastronomy).[citation needed]Restaurant Guy Savoy in Paris was awarded its third Michelin star in 2002; 21 years later, it was demoted to two stars.[9][10][11] The restaurant was ranked amongst the Restaurant Top 50 Restaurants in the world in 2004 and 2005.[13][14]In 2020, La Liste named it the Best Restaurant in the World for the fourth year in a row. It has five Gault Millau toques and three Pudlowski Guide plates, and is ranked amongst the \"best restaurants in Paris\" in the Lebey Guide.","title":"Awards and accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ebury Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebury_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0852236260","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0852236260"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1584793625","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1584793625"}],"text":"Vegetable Magic with Guy Langlois, Ebury Press (1987) ISBN 978-0852236260\nGuy Savoy: Simple French Recipes for the Home Cook (2004) ISBN 978-1584793625","title":"Books"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Décret du 31 décembre 1999 portant promotion et nomination\" (in French). Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000580150","url_text":"\"Décret du 31 décembre 1999 portant promotion et nomination\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chef Guy Savoy of Restaurant Guy Savoy – Biography\". StarChefs.com. Retrieved 25 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starchefs.com/cook/chefs/bio/guy-savoy","url_text":"\"Chef Guy Savoy of Restaurant Guy Savoy – Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Liste\". La Liste. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laliste.com/en/laliste/world","url_text":"\"La Liste\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gordon Ramsay\". biography.com. Retrieved 3 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biography.com/people/gordon-ramsay-17169720","url_text":"\"Gordon Ramsay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Website of the French Mission for Food Culture & Heritage\". Archived from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190613222656/https://repasgastronomiqueunesco.fr/","url_text":"\"Website of the French Mission for Food Culture & Heritage\""},{"url":"https://repasgastronomiqueunesco.fr/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"De Wei, Low (28 February 2023). \"Shock as Two of the World's Top Restaurants Lose Michelin Stars\". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 22 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-28/world-top-chefs-lose-michelin-stars-france-s-guy-savoy-christopher-coutanceau","url_text":"\"Shock as Two of the World's Top Restaurants Lose Michelin Stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg News"}]},{"reference":"\"'Best chef in the world' Guy Savoy stripped of Michelin star\". France 24. AFP. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230227-best-chef-in-the-world-guy-savoy-stripped-of-michelin-star","url_text":"\"'Best chef in the world' Guy Savoy stripped of Michelin star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24","url_text":"France 24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse","url_text":"AFP"}]},{"reference":"Orie, Amarachi (1 March 2023). \"Guy Savoy, lauded as world's best chef, loses Michelin star\". CNN. Retrieved 22 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/guy-savoy-loses-michelin-star-intl-scli","url_text":"\"Guy Savoy, lauded as world's best chef, loses Michelin star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"Guy Savoy Caesars Palace\". bestuscasinos.org. Retrieved 25 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bestuscasinos.org/vegas/guy-savoy/","url_text":"\"Guy Savoy Caesars Palace\""}]},{"reference":"\"2004 List (number 6)\". The World's 50 Best Restaurants. Retrieved 3 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/past-lists/2004","url_text":"\"2004 List (number 6)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2005 List (number 16)\". The World's 50 Best Restaurants. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temelimab	Temelimab	["1 References"]	TemelimabMonoclonal antibodyType?Legal statusLegal status Experimental Temelimab (also known as GNbAC1) is an experimental monoclonal antibody drug for immune system conditions that neutralizes the human endogenous retrovirus envelope protein HERV-W. It has been studied for multiple sclerosis up to phase 2b, where it was found to be safe and to reduce brain lesions. As of 2023, it is also being studied for cognitive impairment in long COVID. References ^ a b Irfan SA, Murtaza M, Ahmed A, Altaf H, Ali AA, Shabbir N, Baig MM (May 2022). "Promising role of temelimab in multiple sclerosis treatment". Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 61: 103743. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103743. PMID 35344907. S2CID 247489555. ^ Mouliou DS, Dardiotis E (August 2022). "Temelimab for MS and SARS-CoV-2: Could it be a double-edged blessing?". Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 64: 103938. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103938. PMC 9169463. PMID 35717898. ^ Kornmann G, Curtin F (December 2020). "Temelimab, an IgG4 Anti-Human Endogenous Retrovirus Monoclonal Antibody: An Early Development Safety Review". Drug Safety. 43 (12): 1287–1296. doi:10.1007/s40264-020-00988-3. PMID 32794123. S2CID 221126453. ^ Bonilla H, Peluso MJ, Rodgers K, Aberg JA, Patterson TF, Tamburro R, et al. (2023-03-09). "Therapeutic trials for long COVID-19: A call to action from the interventions taskforce of the RECOVER initiative". Frontiers in Immunology. 14: 1129459. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129459. PMC 10034329. PMID 36969241. This medical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Irfan_2022-1"},{"link_name":"monoclonal antibody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody"},{"link_name":"immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system"},{"link_name":"endogenous retrovirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus"},{"link_name":"HERV-W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_endogenous_retrovirus-W"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"multiple sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Irfan_2022-1"},{"link_name":"cognitive impairment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_impairment"},{"link_name":"long COVID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Temelimab (also known as GNbAC1[1]) is an experimental monoclonal antibody drug for immune system conditions that neutralizes the human endogenous retrovirus envelope protein HERV-W.[2][3] It has been studied for multiple sclerosis up to phase 2b, where it was found to be safe and to reduce brain lesions.[1] As of 2023, it is also being studied for cognitive impairment in long COVID.[4]","title":"Temelimab"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Irfan SA, Murtaza M, Ahmed A, Altaf H, Ali AA, Shabbir N, Baig MM (May 2022). \"Promising role of temelimab in multiple sclerosis treatment\". 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PMID 35717898.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9169463","url_text":"\"Temelimab for MS and SARS-CoV-2: Could it be a double-edged blessing?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.msard.2022.103938","url_text":"10.1016/j.msard.2022.103938"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9169463","url_text":"9169463"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35717898","url_text":"35717898"}]},{"reference":"Kornmann G, Curtin F (December 2020). \"Temelimab, an IgG4 Anti-Human Endogenous Retrovirus Monoclonal Antibody: An Early Development Safety Review\". Drug Safety. 43 (12): 1287–1296. doi:10.1007/s40264-020-00988-3. PMID 32794123. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo_(Queensland)	Mount Nebo (Queensland)	["1 Geography","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Amenities","5 Education","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 27°22′32″S 152°46′52″E / 27.3755°S 152.7811°E / -27.3755; 152.7811 (Mount Nebo (centre of locality)) Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Suburb of City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, AustraliaMount NeboQueenslandMount Nebo, QueenslandMount NeboCoordinates27°22′32″S 152°46′52″E / 27.3755°S 152.7811°E / -27.3755; 152.7811 (Mount Nebo (centre of locality))Population430 (2021 census) • Density29.9/km2 (77.3/sq mi)Established1919Postcode(s)4520Area14.4 km2 (5.6 sq mi)Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)Location 32.6 km (20 mi) NW of Brisbane CBD 40.9 km (25 mi) SW of Strathpine LGA(s)City of Moreton BayState electorate(s)Pine RiversFederal division(s)Dickson Suburbs around Mount Nebo: England Creek Mount Glorious Highvale Banks Creek Mount Nebo Highvale Lake Manchester Lake Manchester Enoggera Reservoir Mount Nebo is a rural locality in the City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Mount Nebo had a population of 430 people. Geography Mount Nebo, Queensland Mount Nebo is a mountain approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) North West of the Brisbane suburb of The Gap in Queensland, Australia. It is part of the D'Aguilar Range which includes other mountains such as Mount Pleasant, Mount Glorious and Mount Mee. The mountain is the source of Enoggera Creek. History The locality of Mount Nebo is named after the mountain on which it is located. European settlement began in 1919 with the subdivision of the Highlands Estate into smaller blocks for soldiers returning from World War I. For a number of years the community belonged to the Shire of Esk, but between 1932 and 1936 a redrawing of the boundaries brought Mount Nebo into the Shire of Pine Rivers. The 2008 amalgamation of local councils means it now falls within the City of Moreton Bay. Mount Nebo opened in 16 February 1931. The school had a number of temporary closures from 31 December 1934 to 11 April 1939, from 30 September 1940 to 23 October 1940, 18 August 1941 to 19 August 1946 and 5 November 1948 to 21 June 1954. Demographics In the 2011 census, Mount Nebo recorded a population of 433 people, 50.3% female and 49.7% male. The median age of the Mount Nebo population was 42 years, 5 years above the national median of 37. 76.6% of people living in Mount Nebo were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 11.1%, New Zealand 3.5%, France 1.4%, South Africa 1.2%, United States of America 1.2%. 94.2% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 1.4% French, 1.2% Dhivehi, 0.7% German, 0.7% Hebrew. The most common religious affiliation was "No Religion" (49.0%); the next most common responses were Catholic 14.3%, Anglican 8.5%, Uniting Church 5.1% and Buddhism 3.5%. In the 2016 census, Mount Nebo had a population of 424 people. In the 2021 census, Mount Nebo had a population of 430 people. Amenities The Moreton Bay City Council operates a mobile library service which visits the Mount Nebo Community Hall on Mount Nebo Rd fornightly. Education Mount Nebo State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Mount Nebo Road (27°23′47″S 152°47′00″E / 27.3965°S 152.7834°E / -27.3965; 152.7834 (Mount Nebo State School)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 30 students with 6 teachers (3 full-time equivalent) and 6 non-teaching staff (3 full-time equivalent). References ^ a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Mount Nebo (SAL)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 28 February 2023. ^ "Mount Nebo – locality in Moreton Bay Region (entry 45454)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 7 March 2022. ^ a b Horton, Helen (1988). Brisbane's Back Door: The story of the D'Aguilar Range. Bowen Hills, Queensland: Boolarong Publications. pp. 39–41. ISBN 0-86439-036-X. ^ "Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools". Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 April 2019. ^ Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0 ^ a b c d Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Mount Nebo (State Suburb)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 17 February 2017. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Mount Nebo (SSC)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018. ^ "Mobile Library". Moreton Bay Regional Council. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018. ^ "State and non-state school details". Queensland Government. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018. ^ "Mount Nebo State School". Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2018. ^ "ACARA School Profile 2017". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018. External links Media related to Mount Nebo, Queensland at Wikimedia Commons vteTowns, suburbs and localities in the City of Moreton Bay, South East Queensland Albany Creek Arana Hills Armstrong Creek Banksia Beach Beachmere Bellara Bellmere Bellthorpe Bongaree Booroobin Bracalba Bray Park Brendale Bunya Burpengary Burpengary East Caboolture Caboolture South Camp Mountain Campbells Pocket Cashmere Cedar Creek Cedarton Clear Mountain Clontarf Closeburn Commissioners Flat Corymbia D'Aguilar Dakabin Dayboro Deception Bay Delaneys Creek Donnybrook Draper Eatons Hill Elimbah Everton Hills Ferny Hills Godwin Beach Greenstone Griffin Highvale Jollys Lookout Joyner Kallangur King Scrub Kippa-Ring Kobble Creek Kurwongbah Laceys Creek Lawnton Lilywood Mango Hill Margate Meldale Moodlu Moorina Morayfield Mount Delaney Mount Glorious Mount Mee Mount Nebo Mount Pleasant Mount Samson Murrumba Downs Narangba Neurum Newport Ningi North Lakes Ocean View Petrie Redcliffe Rocksberg Rothwell Rush Creek Samford Samford Valley Samford Village Samsonvale Sandstone Point Scarborough Stanmore Stony Creek Strathpine Toorbul Upper Caboolture Wagtail Grove Wamuran Wamuran Basin Waraba Warner Welsby White Patch Whiteside Wights Mountain Woodford Woody Point Woorim Yugar Main Article: Local government areas of Queensland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Mount_Nebo_%28Queensland%29"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Mount_Nebo_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Mount_Nebo_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Mount_Nebo_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Mount_Nebo_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs_and_localities_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"City of Moreton Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Moreton_Bay"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnl-2"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2021-1"}],"text":"Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)Suburb of City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, AustraliaMount Nebo is a rural locality in the City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia.[2] In the 2021 census, Mount Nebo had a population of 430 people.[1]","title":"Mount Nebo (Queensland)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount-Nebo-road-and-scenery-2.JPG"},{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"The Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gap,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"D'Aguilar Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Aguilar_Range"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Queensland_(Moreton_Bay)"},{"link_name":"Mount Glorious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Glorious"},{"link_name":"Mount Mee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Mee,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Enoggera Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoggera_Creek"}],"text":"Mount Nebo, QueenslandMount Nebo is a mountain approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) North West of the Brisbane suburb of The Gap in Queensland, Australia. It is part of the D'Aguilar Range which includes other mountains such as Mount Pleasant, Mount Glorious and Mount Mee. The mountain is the source of Enoggera Creek.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbd-3"},{"link_name":"Shire of Esk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Esk"},{"link_name":"Shire of Pine Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Pine_Rivers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbd-3"},{"link_name":"City of Moreton Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Moreton_Bay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-5"}],"text":"The locality of Mount Nebo is named after the mountain on which it is located.European settlement began in 1919 with the subdivision of the Highlands Estate into smaller blocks for soldiers returning from World War I.[3] For a number of years the community belonged to the Shire of Esk, but between 1932 and 1936 a redrawing of the boundaries brought Mount Nebo into the Shire of Pine Rivers.[3] The 2008 amalgamation of local councils means it now falls within the City of Moreton Bay.Mount Nebo opened in 16 February 1931. The school had a number of temporary closures from 31 December 1934 to 11 April 1939, from 30 September 1940 to 23 October 1940, 18 August 1941 to 19 August 1946 and 5 November 1948 to 21 June 1954.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2011-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2011-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2011-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2011-6"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-7"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2021-1"}],"text":"In the 2011 census, Mount Nebo recorded a population of 433 people, 50.3% female and 49.7% male.[6] The median age of the Mount Nebo population was 42 years, 5 years above the national median of 37.[6] 76.6% of people living in Mount Nebo were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 11.1%, New Zealand 3.5%, France 1.4%, South Africa 1.2%, United States of America 1.2%. 94.2% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 1.4% French, 1.2% Dhivehi, 0.7% German, 0.7% Hebrew.[6] The most common religious affiliation was \"No Religion\" (49.0%); the next most common responses were Catholic 14.3%, Anglican 8.5%, Uniting Church 5.1% and Buddhism 3.5%.[6]In the 2016 census, Mount Nebo had a population of 424 people.[7]In the 2021 census, Mount Nebo had a population of 430 people.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moreton Bay City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Moreton_Bay"},{"link_name":"mobile library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_library"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Moreton Bay City Council operates a mobile library service which visits the Mount Nebo Community Hall on Mount Nebo Rd fornightly.[8]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"27°23′47″S 152°47′00″E / 27.3965°S 152.7834°E / -27.3965; 152.7834 (Mount Nebo State School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Nebo_(Queensland)&params=27.3965_S_152.7834_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Mount+Nebo+State+School"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2017-11"}],"text":"Mount Nebo State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Mount Nebo Road (27°23′47″S 152°47′00″E / 27.3965°S 152.7834°E / -27.3965; 152.7834 (Mount Nebo State School)).[9][10] In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 30 students with 6 teachers (3 full-time equivalent) and 6 non-teaching staff (3 full-time equivalent).[11]","title":"Education"}]	[{"image_text":"Mount Nebo, Queensland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mount-Nebo-road-and-scenery-2.JPG/250px-Mount-Nebo-road-and-scenery-2.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Mount Nebo (SAL)\". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 28 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL32008","url_text":"\"Mount Nebo (SAL)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Nebo – locality in Moreton Bay Region (entry 45454)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 7 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Mount_Nebo&types=0&place=Mount_Nebo45454","url_text":"\"Mount Nebo – locality in Moreton Bay Region (entry 45454)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"Horton, Helen (1988). Brisbane's Back Door: The story of the D'Aguilar Range. Bowen Hills, Queensland: Boolarong Publications. pp. 39–41. ISBN 0-86439-036-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86439-036-X","url_text":"0-86439-036-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools\". Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://education.qld.gov.au/about-us/history/school-anniversaries/opening-closing-dates","url_text":"\"Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Family_History_Society","url_text":"Queensland Family History Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921171-26-0","url_text":"978-1-921171-26-0"}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). \"Mount Nebo (State Suburb)\". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 17 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/SSC31153","url_text":"\"Mount Nebo (State Suburb)\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Mount Nebo (SSC)\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC32026","url_text":"\"Mount Nebo (SSC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mobile Library\". Moreton Bay Regional Council. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moretonbay.qld.gov.au/libraries/mobile/","url_text":"\"Mobile Library\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Moreton_Bay","url_text":"Moreton Bay Regional Council"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180130132241/https://www.moretonbay.qld.gov.au/libraries/mobile/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"State and non-state school details\". Queensland Government. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997","url_text":"\"State and non-state school details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121065959/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Nebo State School\". Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mtneboss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Mount Nebo State School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130923171147/http://www.mtneboss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ACARA School Profile 2017\". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0","url_text":"\"ACARA School Profile 2017\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010027/http://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Nebo_(Queensland)&params=27.3755_S_152.7811_E_type:city_region:AU-QLD&title=Mount+Nebo+%28centre+of+locality%29","external_links_name":"27°22′32″S 152°46′52″E / 27.3755°S 152.7811°E / -27.3755; 152.7811 (Mount Nebo (centre of locality))"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Mount_Nebo_%28Queensland%29","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Mount_Nebo_(Queensland)","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Mount_Nebo_(Queensland)","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Mount_Nebo_(Queensland)","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Mount_Nebo_(Queensland)","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Nebo_(Queensland)&params=27.3755_S_152.7811_E_type:city_region:AU-QLD&title=Mount+Nebo+%28centre+of+locality%29","external_links_name":"27°22′32″S 152°46′52″E / 27.3755°S 152.7811°E / -27.3755; 152.7811 (Mount Nebo (centre of locality))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Nebo_(Queensland)&params=27.3965_S_152.7834_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Mount+Nebo+State+School","external_links_name":"27°23′47″S 152°47′00″E / 27.3965°S 152.7834°E / -27.3965; 152.7834 (Mount Nebo State School)"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL32008","external_links_name":"\"Mount Nebo (SAL)\""},{"Link":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Mount_Nebo&types=0&place=Mount_Nebo45454","external_links_name":"\"Mount Nebo – locality in Moreton Bay Region (entry 45454)\""},{"Link":"https://education.qld.gov.au/about-us/history/school-anniversaries/opening-closing-dates","external_links_name":"\"Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/SSC31153","external_links_name":"\"Mount Nebo (State Suburb)\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC32026","external_links_name":"\"Mount Nebo (SSC)\""},{"Link":"https://www.moretonbay.qld.gov.au/libraries/mobile/","external_links_name":"\"Mobile Library\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180130132241/https://www.moretonbay.qld.gov.au/libraries/mobile/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997","external_links_name":"\"State and non-state school details\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121065959/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.mtneboss.eq.edu.au/","external_links_name":"\"Mount Nebo State School\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130923171147/http://www.mtneboss.eq.edu.au/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0","external_links_name":"\"ACARA School Profile 2017\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010027/http://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calepina	Calepina	["1 References"]	Genus of flowering plants Calepina Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Brassicales Family: Brassicaceae Genus: CalepinaAdans. Calepina is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae. Its native range is Europe, Mediterranean to Caucasus. Species: Calepina irregularis (Asso) Thell. References ^ a b c "Calepina Adans. \| Plants of the World Online \| Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 20 March 2021. Taxon identifiersCalepina Wikidata: Q3651731 Wikispecies: Calepina APDB: 188977 APNI: 150067 CoL: 3F6X EoL: 72790 EPPO: 1CPAG FNA: 105064 FoC: 105064 GBIF: 3048781 GRIN: 1879 iNaturalist: 156949 IPNI: 12393-1 IRMNG: 1313984 ITIS: 23068 NBN: NHMSYS0000456294 NCBI: 71282 Open Tree of Life: 739816 PLANTS: CALEP POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:12393-1 Tropicos: 40034693 uBio: 4853628 WFO: wfo-4000006010	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Brassicaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicaceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO-1"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO-1"},{"link_name":"Calepina irregularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calepina_irregularis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Calepina is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae.[1]Its native range is Europe, Mediterranean to Caucasus.[1]Species:[1]Calepina irregularis (Asso) Thell.","title":"Calepina"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Calepina Adans. \| Plants of the World Online \| Kew Science\". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 20 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:12393-1","url_text":"\"Calepina Adans. \| Plants of the World Online \| Kew Science\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:12393-1","external_links_name":"\"Calepina Adans. \| Plants of the World Online \| Kew Science\""},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/188977","external_links_name":"188977"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/150067","external_links_name":"150067"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3F6X","external_links_name":"3F6X"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/72790","external_links_name":"72790"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1CPAG","external_links_name":"1CPAG"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=105064","external_links_name":"105064"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105064","external_links_name":"105064"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3048781","external_links_name":"3048781"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=1879","external_links_name":"1879"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/156949","external_links_name":"156949"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/12393-1","external_links_name":"12393-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1313984","external_links_name":"1313984"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=23068","external_links_name":"23068"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000456294","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0000456294"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=71282","external_links_name":"71282"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=739816","external_links_name":"739816"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CALEP","external_links_name":"CALEP"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A12393-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:12393-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40034693","external_links_name":"40034693"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=4853628","external_links_name":"4853628"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000006010","external_links_name":"wfo-4000006010"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_Hyde	Henry Baldwin Hyde	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Equitable Life","3 Personal life","3.1 Legacy","4 References","5 Further reading"]	American businessman Henry Baldwin HydeBorn(1834-02-15)February 15, 1834Catskill, New YorkDiedMay 2, 1899(1899-05-02) (aged 65)New York City, New YorkResting placeWoodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New YorkOccupationInsurance executiveKnown for 1859 founded Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States 1868 introduced Tontine plan for life insurance Spouse Annie Fitch (after 1864)ChildrenJames Hazen HydeParent(s)Lucy Baldwin BeachHenry Hazen HydeRelativesHenry Baldwin Hyde (grandson) Henry Baldwin Hyde (February 15, 1834–May 2, 1899) was an American businessman. He is notable for having founded The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States in 1859. By the time of Hyde's death, The Equitable was the largest life insurance company in the world. Early life Hyde was born in Catskill, New York on February 15, 1834, the son of Henry Hazen Hyde (1805–1873), a successful merchant, and Lucy Baldwin (née Beach) Hyde (1807–1846). He attended the public schools of Catskill, and when he was 16 his teacher decided to move to New York City to join the growing life insurance industry. The teacher persuaded both Hydes to join him, and all three became agents for the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York. Career The younger Hyde worked for several months in Honesdale, Pennsylvania before deciding to return to New York City, where he became a clerk for Merritt, Ely & Company, a dry goods import and wholesale company. He remained there for two years, and then returned to Mutual Life, where his father had recently been appointed to the executive ranks and a place on the board of directors. Hyde rose through the home office staff to become the company's cashier. Equitable Life In March 1859, Hyde left Mutual Life and established his own company, Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. William C. Alexander initially served as president, and Hyde was vice president and general manager. Hyde succeeded to the presidency after Alexander's death in 1874, and remained in the position until his death. He led the company to construct the Equitable Life Assurance Building for its headquarters, completed on May 1, 1870, and pushed to have the first passenger elevators installed in what was then the tallest office building in the United States. Personal life In 1864, he was married to Annie Fitch (1845–1922), a daughter of Capt. Martin Halenbeck Truesdell and Jane Maria (née Reed) Fitch. Together, they were the parents of: Anna Baldwin Hyde (1865–1865), who died in infancy. Mary Baldwin Hyde (1866–1938), who married Sidney Dillon Ripley in 1886. After his death in 1905, she married banker Charles R. Scott in 1912. Henry Baldwin Hyde (1872–1880), who died in childhood. James Hazen Hyde (1876—1959), who married Marthe Leishman (1882–1944), a daughter of John George Alexander Leishman and the widow of Count Louis de Gontaut-Biron. He was a founding member of the Jekyll Island Club aka The Millionaires Club. Hyde died at his home in New York City on May 2, 1899. He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx. His widow died in 1922. Legacy Hyde sought to guarantee that his son James Hazen Hyde would continue the family’s control of the company after his death. The younger Hyde was appointed a vice president of the company at 22, and was 23 when he inherited a majority interest in the company. By the terms of his father's will, he was scheduled to assume the company presidency in 1906, but a concerted effort against him by the current president and several members of the board of directors led James H. Hyde to leave the company and move to France. Through his son, he was a grandfather of Henry Baldwin Hyde (1915–1997), who married Marie de La Grange, a daughter of Baron Amaury De La Grange and Emily Eleanor, Baroness De La Grange (daughter of Henry T. Sloane), in 1941. Marie's brother was Henry-Louis de La Grange, a musicologist and biographer of Gustav Mahler. References ^ a b "DEATH OF HENRY B. HYDE; Equitable Life's President Succumbs to Heart Disease. HAD BEEN ILL FOR ONE YEAR Career of the Man Who Organized the Assurance Society and Brought It to Its Present Position". The New York Times. 3 May 1899. Retrieved 19 May 2020. ^ Henry Baldwin Hyde: a biographical sketch. New York: Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. 1901. pp. 118–120. Retrieved January 23, 2012. ^ Beard, Patricia (2009). After the Ball. Xlibris Corporation. p. 286. ISBN 978-1-5245-2637-5. Retrieved 19 May 2020. ^ "MRS. CHARLES SCOTT DEAD IN PARIS AT 72; Daughter of Henry B. Hyde, Founder of Equitable Life". The New York Times. 4 September 1938. Retrieved 19 May 2020. ^ Times, Special to The New York (27 July 1959). "James Hazen Hyde Dies at 83; Son of Founder of Equitable Life; Former Insurance Official Gave Lavish Party That Led to State Inquiry". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2020. ^ "MRS. MARTHE L. HYDE; Daughter of Late Diplomat Had Been Wife of James Hazen Hyde". The New York Times. 28 July 1944. Retrieved 19 May 2020. ^ Henry Baldwin Hyde at Find a Grave ^ "HOSPITALS TO GET $100,000.; Will of Mrs. Henry B. Hyde Divides This Sum Among Four". The New York Times. 29 June 1922. Retrieved 19 May 2020. ^ Times, Special to The New York (13 April 1923). "Henry B. Hyde, Founder of Equitable Life, Left an Estate Valued at Only $1,771,762". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2020. ^ "Deaths" (PDF). The New York Times. 11 June 1953. Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ "Baroness A. de la Grange, 93; Related to Sloane's Founder". The New York Times. 2 October 1981. Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ "Miss de la Grange Becomes Bride Of Henry Hyde; Granddaughter of Late Henry T. Sloane Wed Here to Son Of James Hazen Hyde" (PDF). The New York Times. 20 April 1941. Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ Roberts, Sam (9 February 2017). "Henry-Louis de La Grange, Mahler Authority, Is Dead at 92". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 February 2018. Further reading Henry Baldwin Hyde, prepared under supervision of J. W. Alexander, J. H. Hyde, and Wm. Alexander (1901) The Proc. at the Convention to Commemorate the Fortieth Anniversary of the Equitable Life Assurance Soc. (1899?) The First Fifty Years of the Equitable Life Assurance Soc. (1909) Mark Sullivan, Our Times, III (1930) Investigations of 1877 in Docs. of the Assembly of the State of N. Y., 1877 (1877), nos. 93, 103 Report of the committee in 1905-06, Ibid., 1906 (1906), no. 41, pp. 90–150 Testimony : taken before the Joint Committee of the Senate and Assembly of the State of New York to Investigate and Examine into the Business and Affairs of Life Insurance Companies Doing Business in the State of New York (10 vols. and index, 1905–06) R. H. Walworth, Hyde Geneal. (1864), vol. I World (N. Y.), May 3, 1899. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1899Obit-1"},{"link_name":"The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Equitable_Life_Assurance_Society_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"insurance company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_company"}],"text":"Henry Baldwin Hyde (February 15, 1834–May 2, 1899)[1] was an American businessman. He is notable for having founded The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States in 1859. By the time of Hyde's death, The Equitable was the largest life insurance company in the world.","title":"Henry Baldwin Hyde"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catskill, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskill_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"}],"text":"Hyde was born in Catskill, New York on February 15, 1834, the son of Henry Hazen Hyde (1805–1873), a successful merchant, and Lucy Baldwin (née Beach) Hyde (1807–1846). He attended the public schools of Catskill, and when he was 16 his teacher decided to move to New York City to join the growing life insurance industry. The teacher persuaded both Hydes to join him, and all three became agents for the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honesdale, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honesdale,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"The younger Hyde worked for several months in Honesdale, Pennsylvania before deciding to return to New York City, where he became a clerk for Merritt, Ely & Company, a dry goods import and wholesale company. He remained there for two years, and then returned to Mutual Life, where his father had recently been appointed to the executive ranks and a place on the board of directors. Hyde rose through the home office staff to become the company's cashier.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_Life_Assurance_Society_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"William C. Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Alexander"},{"link_name":"Equitable Life Assurance Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_Life_Building_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"elevators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Equitable Life","text":"In March 1859, Hyde left Mutual Life and established his own company, Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. William C. Alexander initially served as president, and Hyde was vice president and general manager. Hyde succeeded to the presidency after Alexander's death in 1874, and remained in the position until his death.He led the company to construct the Equitable Life Assurance Building for its headquarters, completed on May 1, 1870, and pushed to have the first passenger elevators installed in what was then the tallest office building in the United States.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beard2009-3"},{"link_name":"Mary Baldwin Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Hyde_Ripley"},{"link_name":"Sidney Dillon Ripley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Dillon_Ripley_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1938Obit-4"},{"link_name":"James Hazen Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hazen_Hyde"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1959Obit-5"},{"link_name":"John George Alexander Leishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_George_Alexander_Leishman"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jekyll Island Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jekyll_Island_Club"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1899Obit-1"},{"link_name":"Woodlawn Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Bronx,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1922Will-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1923Estate-9"}],"text":"In 1864, he was married to Annie Fitch (1845–1922), a daughter of Capt. Martin Halenbeck Truesdell and Jane Maria (née Reed) Fitch.[3] Together, they were the parents of:Anna Baldwin Hyde (1865–1865), who died in infancy.\nMary Baldwin Hyde (1866–1938), who married Sidney Dillon Ripley in 1886. After his death in 1905, she married banker Charles R. Scott in 1912.[4]\nHenry Baldwin Hyde (1872–1880), who died in childhood.\nJames Hazen Hyde (1876—1959),[5] who married Marthe Leishman (1882–1944), a daughter of John George Alexander Leishman and the widow of Count Louis de Gontaut-Biron.[6]He was a founding member of the Jekyll Island Club aka The Millionaires Club.Hyde died at his home in New York City on May 2, 1899.[1] He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.[7] His widow died in 1922.[8][9]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Hazen Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hazen_Hyde"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaronObit1953-10"},{"link_name":"Henry T. Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_T._Sloane"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1981Baroness-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1941Wedding-12"},{"link_name":"Henry-Louis de La Grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry-Louis_de_La_Grange"},{"link_name":"musicologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicologist"},{"link_name":"biographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographer"},{"link_name":"Gustav Mahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Mahler"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLdeG-13"}],"sub_title":"Legacy","text":"Hyde sought to guarantee that his son James Hazen Hyde would continue the family’s control of the company after his death. The younger Hyde was appointed a vice president of the company at 22, and was 23 when he inherited a majority interest in the company. By the terms of his father's will, he was scheduled to assume the company presidency in 1906, but a concerted effort against him by the current president and several members of the board of directors led James H. Hyde to leave the company and move to France.Through his son, he was a grandfather of Henry Baldwin Hyde (1915–1997), who married Marie de La Grange, a daughter of Baron Amaury De La Grange[10] and Emily Eleanor, Baroness De La Grange (daughter of Henry T. Sloane),[11] in 1941.[12] Marie's brother was Henry-Louis de La Grange, a musicologist and biographer of Gustav Mahler.[13]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5717730#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/385753/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000035475138"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/31272389"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjxmTDqyvYx7Vw84HG8md"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n97001981"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p126624445"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63r1hg6"}],"text":"Henry Baldwin Hyde, prepared under supervision of J. W. Alexander, J. H. Hyde, and Wm. Alexander (1901)\nThe Proc. at the Convention to Commemorate the Fortieth Anniversary of the Equitable Life Assurance Soc. (1899?)\nThe First Fifty Years of the Equitable Life Assurance Soc. (1909)\nMark Sullivan, Our Times, III (1930)\nInvestigations of 1877 in Docs. of the Assembly of the State of N. Y., 1877 (1877), nos. 93, 103\nReport of the committee in 1905-06, Ibid., 1906 (1906), no. 41, pp. 90–150\nTestimony : taken before the Joint Committee of the Senate and Assembly of the State of New York to Investigate and Examine into the Business and Affairs of Life Insurance Companies Doing Business in the State of New York (10 vols. and index, 1905–06)\nR. H. Walworth, Hyde Geneal. (1864), vol. I\nWorld (N. Y.), May 3, 1899.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"DEATH OF HENRY B. HYDE; Equitable Life's President Succumbs to Heart Disease. HAD BEEN ILL FOR ONE YEAR Career of the Man Who Organized the Assurance Society and Brought It to Its Present Position\". The New York Times. 3 May 1899. Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1899/05/03/archives/death-of-henry-b-hyde-equitable-lifes-president-succumbs-to-heart.html","url_text":"\"DEATH OF HENRY B. HYDE; Equitable Life's President Succumbs to Heart Disease. HAD BEEN ILL FOR ONE YEAR Career of the Man Who Organized the Assurance Society and Brought It to Its Present Position\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Henry Baldwin Hyde: a biographical sketch. New York: Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. 1901. pp. 118–120. Retrieved January 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CnMEAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Henry Baldwin Hyde: a biographical sketch"}]},{"reference":"Beard, Patricia (2009). After the Ball. Xlibris Corporation. p. 286. ISBN 978-1-5245-2637-5. Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=icxgDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT286","url_text":"After the Ball"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5245-2637-5","url_text":"978-1-5245-2637-5"}]},{"reference":"\"MRS. CHARLES SCOTT DEAD IN PARIS AT 72; Daughter of Henry B. Hyde, Founder of Equitable Life\". The New York Times. 4 September 1938. Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1938/09/04/archives/mrs-charles-scott-dead-in-paris-at-72-daughter-of-henry-b-hyde.html","url_text":"\"MRS. CHARLES SCOTT DEAD IN PARIS AT 72; Daughter of Henry B. Hyde, Founder of Equitable Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Times, Special to The New York (27 July 1959). \"James Hazen Hyde Dies at 83; Son of Founder of Equitable Life; Former Insurance Official Gave Lavish Party That Led to State Inquiry\". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/27/archives/james-hazen-hyde-dies-at-83-son-of-founder-of-equitable-life-former.html","url_text":"\"James Hazen Hyde Dies at 83; Son of Founder of Equitable Life; Former Insurance Official Gave Lavish Party That Led to State Inquiry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"MRS. MARTHE L. HYDE; Daughter of Late Diplomat Had Been Wife of James Hazen Hyde\". The New York Times. 28 July 1944. Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1944/07/28/archives/mrs-iviarthe-l-hyde-daughter-of-late-diplomat-had-been-wife-of.html","url_text":"\"MRS. MARTHE L. HYDE; Daughter of Late Diplomat Had Been Wife of James Hazen Hyde\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"HOSPITALS TO GET $100,000.; Will of Mrs. Henry B. Hyde Divides This Sum Among Four\". The New York Times. 29 June 1922. Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1922/06/29/archives/hospitals-to-get-100000-will-of-mrs-henry-b-hyde-divides-this-sum.html","url_text":"\"HOSPITALS TO GET $100,000.; Will of Mrs. Henry B. Hyde Divides This Sum Among Four\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Times, Special to The New York (13 April 1923). \"Henry B. Hyde, Founder of Equitable Life, Left an Estate Valued at Only $1,771,762\". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1923/04/13/archives/henry-b-hyde-founder-of-equitable-life-left-an-estate-valued-at.html","url_text":"\"Henry B. Hyde, Founder of Equitable Life, Left an Estate Valued at Only $1,771,762\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Deaths\" (PDF). The New York Times. 11 June 1953. Retrieved 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/06/11/92716278.pdf","url_text":"\"Deaths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Baroness A. de la Grange, 93; Related to Sloane's Founder\". The New York Times. 2 October 1981. Retrieved 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/02/obituaries/baroness-a-de-la-grange-93-related-to-sloane-s-founder.html","url_text":"\"Baroness A. de la Grange, 93; Related to Sloane's Founder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Miss de la Grange Becomes Bride Of Henry Hyde; Granddaughter of Late Henry T. Sloane Wed Here to Son Of James Hazen Hyde\" (PDF). The New York Times. 20 April 1941. Retrieved 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/04/20/85306894.pdf","url_text":"\"Miss de la Grange Becomes Bride Of Henry Hyde; Granddaughter of Late Henry T. Sloane Wed Here to Son Of James Hazen Hyde\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Sam (9 February 2017). \"Henry-Louis de La Grange, Mahler Authority, Is Dead at 92\". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/08/books/henry-louis-de-la-grange-dead-mahler-biographer.html","url_text":"\"Henry-Louis de La Grange, Mahler Authority, Is Dead at 92\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1899/05/03/archives/death-of-henry-b-hyde-equitable-lifes-president-succumbs-to-heart.html","external_links_name":"\"DEATH OF HENRY B. HYDE; Equitable Life's President Succumbs to Heart Disease. HAD BEEN ILL FOR ONE YEAR Career of the Man Who Organized the Assurance Society and Brought It to Its Present Position\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CnMEAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Henry Baldwin Hyde: a biographical sketch"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=icxgDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT286","external_links_name":"After the Ball"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1938/09/04/archives/mrs-charles-scott-dead-in-paris-at-72-daughter-of-henry-b-hyde.html","external_links_name":"\"MRS. CHARLES SCOTT DEAD IN PARIS AT 72; Daughter of Henry B. Hyde, Founder of Equitable Life\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/27/archives/james-hazen-hyde-dies-at-83-son-of-founder-of-equitable-life-former.html","external_links_name":"\"James Hazen Hyde Dies at 83; Son of Founder of Equitable Life; Former Insurance Official Gave Lavish Party That Led to State Inquiry\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1944/07/28/archives/mrs-iviarthe-l-hyde-daughter-of-late-diplomat-had-been-wife-of.html","external_links_name":"\"MRS. MARTHE L. HYDE; Daughter of Late Diplomat Had Been Wife of James Hazen Hyde\""},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8488802","external_links_name":"Henry Baldwin Hyde"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1922/06/29/archives/hospitals-to-get-100000-will-of-mrs-henry-b-hyde-divides-this-sum.html","external_links_name":"\"HOSPITALS TO GET $100,000.; Will of Mrs. Henry B. Hyde Divides This Sum Among Four\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1923/04/13/archives/henry-b-hyde-founder-of-equitable-life-left-an-estate-valued-at.html","external_links_name":"\"Henry B. Hyde, Founder of Equitable Life, Left an Estate Valued at Only $1,771,762\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/06/11/92716278.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Deaths\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/02/obituaries/baroness-a-de-la-grange-93-related-to-sloane-s-founder.html","external_links_name":"\"Baroness A. de la Grange, 93; Related to Sloane's Founder\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/04/20/85306894.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Miss de la Grange Becomes Bride Of Henry Hyde; Granddaughter of Late Henry T. Sloane Wed Here to Son Of James Hazen Hyde\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/08/books/henry-louis-de-la-grange-dead-mahler-biographer.html","external_links_name":"\"Henry-Louis de La Grange, Mahler Authority, Is Dead at 92\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/385753/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000035475138","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/31272389","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjxmTDqyvYx7Vw84HG8md","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97001981","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p126624445","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63r1hg6","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubberneckin%27	Rubberneckin'	["1 Paul Oakenfold remix","1.1 Track listings","1.2 Charts","1.2.1 Weekly charts","1.2.2 Year-end charts","1.3 Release history","2 References","3 External links"]	Song performed by Elvis Presley "Rubberneckin'"Single by Elvis PresleyA-side"Don't Cry Daddy"ReleasedNovember 10, 1969 (1969-11-10)RecordedJanuary 20, 1969StudioAmerican SoundGenreRock and roll, blues rockLength2:11LabelRCA VictorSongwriter(s) Dory Jones Bunny Warren Elvis Presley singles chronology "Suspicious Minds" / "You'll Think of Me"(1969) "Rubberneckin'" (1969) "Kentucky Rain" (1970) "Rubberneckin'" is a song performed by Elvis Presley, which was recorded at American Sound Studio. It was used in the film Change of Habit and subsequently issued as the B-side of "Don't Cry Daddy" (RCA single 47–9768) in conjunction with the movie premiere. It reached number six in the United States on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1969. Paul Oakenfold remix "Rubberneckin'"Single by Elvisfrom the album 2nd to None ReleasedAugust 25, 2003 (2003-08-25)Length3:28Label RCA BMG Songwriter(s) Dory Jones Bunny Warren Producer(s) Paul Oakenfold Ad Bradley Elvis singles chronology "A Little Less Conversation (JXL Remix)" (2002) "Rubberneckin'" (2003) "That's All Right (reissue)" (2004) Paul Oakenfold singles chronology "Hypnotised"(2003) "Rubberneckin' (Paul Oakenfold Remix)"(2003) "Faster Kill Pussycat"(2006) In 2003, after the worldwide success of Dutch musician Junkie XL's remix of "A Little Less Conversation" a year before, English record producer Paul Oakenfold remixed "Rubberneckin'", and it was released as a single from the album Elvis 2nd to None. It peaked at number two in Canada, number three in Australia, and reached the top 10 in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Track listings Standard CD single "Rubberneckin'" (Paul Oakenfold remix radio edit) – 3:28 "Rubberneckin'" (Paul Oakenfold remix 12-inch extended) – 5:19 "Rubberneckin'" (original) – 2:09 12-inch single A1. "Rubberneckin'" (Paul Oakenfold remix 12-inch extended) – 5:19 B1. "Rubberneckin'" (Paul Oakenfold remix radio edit) – 3:28 B2. "Rubberneckin'" (original) – 2:09 7-inch and European CD single A. "Rubberneckin'" (Paul Oakenfold remix radio edit) – 3:28 B. "Rubberneckin'" (original) – 2:09 Charts Weekly charts Chart (2003) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 3 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 17 Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia) 5 Canada (Nielsen SoundScan) 2 CIS (TopHit) 22 Denmark (Tracklisten) 4 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 8 Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) 6 Hungary (Rádiós Top 40) 40 Ireland (IRMA) 10 Italy (FIMI) 15 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 9 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 4 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 18 Russia Airplay (TopHit) 12 Scotland (OCC) 6 Spain (PROMUSICAE) 13 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 19 UK Singles (OCC) 5 UK Dance (OCC) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 94 US Dance Singles Sales (Billboard) 1 Year-end charts Chart (2003) Position Australia (ARIA) 75 CIS (TopHit) 37 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 85 Russia Airplay (TopHit) 20 UK Singles (OCC) 154 US Dance Singles Sales (Billboard) 5 Chart (2004) Position US Dance Singles Sales (Billboard) 6 Release history Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref. United States August 25, 2003 Contemporary hithot adult contemporary radio RCABMG Australia September 1, 2003 CD Denmark September 8, 2003 Japan September 10, 2003 United Kingdom September 22, 2003 References ^ Guralnick/Jorgensen (1999). Elvis Day by Day. Ballantine Books. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-345-42089-3. ^ Fred L. Worth, Steve D. Tamerius (1992). Elvis: his life from A to Z. Wings Books. p. 419. ^ Rubberneckin' (US CD single liner notes). Elvis Presley, Paul Oakenfold. RCA Records, BMG. 2003. 82876-54218-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Rubberneckin' (US 12-inch single sleeve). Elvis Presley, Paul Oakenfold. RCA Records, BMG. 2003. 82876 54218 1.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Rubberneckin' (US 7-inch single sleeve). Elvis Presley, Paul Oakenfold. RCA Records, BMG. 2003. 82876-56193-7.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Rubberneckin' (European CD single liner notes). Elvis Presley, Paul Oakenfold. RCA Records, BMG. 2003. 82876 54264 2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Elvis Presley – Rubberneckin' (Paul Oakenfold Remix)". ARIA Top 50 Singles. ^ "Elvis Presley – Rubberneckin' (Paul Oakenfold Remix)" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. ^ "Elvis Presley – Rubberneckin' (Paul Oakenfold Remix)" (in French). Ultratip. ^ "Elvis Presley Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 12, 2021. ^ Elvis Presley — Rubberneckin' (Paul Oakenfold Remix). TopHit. Retrieved October 6, 2021. ^ "Elvis Presley – Rubberneckin' (Paul Oakenfold Remix)". Tracklisten. ^ "Hits of the World – Eurocharts" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 115, no. 41. October 11, 2003. p. 79. Retrieved June 12, 2021. ^ "Elvis Presley: Rubberneckin' (Paul Oakenfold Remix)" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat. ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved June 12, 2021. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Rubberneckin' (Remix)". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 12, 2021. ^ "Elvis Presley – Rubberneckin' (Paul Oakenfold Remix)". Top Digital Download. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 40, 2003" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. ^ "Elvis Presley – Rubberneckin' (Paul Oakenfold Remix)" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. ^ "Elvis Presley – Rubberneckin' (Paul Oakenfold Remix)". Top 40 Singles. ^ "Top Radio Hits Russia Weekly Chart: Nov 27, 2003". TopHit. Retrieved April 23, 2024. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 12, 2021. ^ "Elvis Presley – Rubberneckin' (Paul Oakenfold Remix)" Canciones Top 50. ^ "Elvis Presley – Rubberneckin' (Paul Oakenfold Remix)". Swiss Singles Chart. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 12, 2021. ^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 12, 2021. ^ "Elvis Presley Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved July 28, 2020. ^ "Elvis Presley Chart History (Dance Singles Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved February 10, 2022. ^ "ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2003". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved May 14, 2021. ^ "Популярные хиты 2003" (in Russian). TopHit. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 2003" (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved May 14, 2021. ^ "Top Radio Hits Russia Annual Chart: 2003". TopHit. Archived from the original on April 22, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024. ^ "The Official UK Singles Chart 2003" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved May 14, 2021. ^ "Year in Music: Hot Dance Singles Sales". Billboard. Vol. 115, no. 52. December 27, 2003. p. YE-66. ^ "Year in Music & Touring: Hot Dance Singles Sales". Billboard. Vol. 116, no. 52. December 25, 2004. p. YE-60. ^ "Going for Adds" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1518. August 22, 2003. p. 28. Retrieved June 12, 2021. ^ "The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 1st September 2003" (PDF). ARIA. September 1, 2003. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2003. Retrieved June 12, 2021. ^ "Elvis Presley: Single". click2music.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on December 10, 2003. Retrieved November 10, 2023. To view release date, select Presley Elvis from Vælg kunster (A - Å), then click on Rubberneckin'. ^ "ラバーネッキン～ポール・オークンフォールド・リミックス \| エルヴィス・プレスリー" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved September 3, 2023. ^ "New Releases: Singles". Music Week. September 20, 2003. p. 31. External links Elvis Sings Rubberneckin' on YouTube in Change of Habit Toyota Solara Commercial on YouTube vteElvis Presley singles1954 "That's All Right" / "Blue Moon of Kentucky" "Good Rockin' Tonight" / "I Don't Care If the Sun Don't Shine" "Milkcow Blues Boogie" / "You're a Heartbreaker" 1955 "I'm Left, You're Right, She's Gone" / "Baby Let's Play House" "I Forgot to Remember to Forget" / "Mystery Train" 1956 "Heartbreak Hotel" / "I Was the One" "I Want You, I Need You, I Love You" / "My Baby Left Me" "Don't Be Cruel" / "Hound Dog" "Blue Suede Shoes" / "Tutti Frutti" "Money Honey" "I Got a Woman" "Tryin' to Get to You" "Blue Moon" "I'll Never Let You Go (Little Darlin')" / "I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry (over You)" "Shake, Rattle and Roll" / "Lawdy Miss Clawdy" "Love Me Tender" / "Any Way You Want Me" 1957 "Too Much" / "Playing for Keeps" "All Shook Up" / "That's When Your Heartaches Begin" "Peace in the Valley" "(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear" / "Loving You" "Paralyzed" (UK) "Jailhouse Rock" / "Treat Me Nice" "Party" / "Got a Lot o' Livin' to Do!" (UK) 1958 "Don't" / "I Beg of You" "Wear My Ring Around Your Neck" / "Doncha' Think It's Time" "Hard Headed Woman" / "Don't Ask Me Why" "King Creole" (UK) "One Night" / "I Got Stung" 1959 "I Need Your Love Tonight" / "A Fool Such as I" "A Big Hunk o' Love" / "My Wish Came True" 1960 "Stuck on You" / "Fame and Fortune" "It's Now or Never" / "A Mess of Blues" "Are You Lonesome Tonight?" / "I Gotta Know" 1961 "Surrender" / "Lonely Man" "I Feel So Bad" / "Wild in the Country" "(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame" / "Little Sister" "Can't Help Falling in Love" / "Rock-A-Hula Baby" 1962 "Good Luck Charm" / "Anything That's Part of You" "She's Not You" / "Just Tell Her Jim Said Hello" "King of the Whole Wide World" "Return to Sender" / "Where Do You Come From" 1963 "One Broken Heart for Sale" / "They Remind Me Too Much of You" "(You're the) Devil in Disguise" "Bossa Nova Baby" / "Witchcraft" 1964 "Kissin' Cousins" / "It Hurts Me" "Kiss Me Quick" / "Suspicion" "Viva Las Vegas" / "What'd I Say" "Such a Night" / "Never Ending" "Ask Me" / "Ain't That Loving You Baby" "Blue Christmas" 1965 "Do the Clam" / "You'll Be Gone" "Crying in the Chapel "(Such an) Easy Question" / "It Feels So Right" "I'm Yours" / "(It's a) Long Lonely Highway" "Puppet on a String" / "Wooden Heart" 1966 "Tell Me Why" / "Blue River" "Frankie and Johnny" / "Please Don't Stop Loving Me" "Love Letters" "Spinout" / "All That I Am" "If Every Day Was Like Christmas" 1967 "Indescribably Blue" / "Fools Fall in Love" "You Gotta Stop" / "The Love Machine" (UK) "Long Legged Girl (with the Short Dress On)" / "That's Someone You Never Forget" "There's Always Me" / "Judy" "Big Boss Man" / "You Don't Know Me" 1968 "Guitar Man" "U.S. Male" / "Stay Away" "We Call on Him" / "You'll Never Walk Alone" "Your Time Hasn't Come Yet, Baby" / "Let Yourself Go" "Almost in Love" / "A Little Less Conversation" "If I Can Dream" / "Edge of Reality" 1969 "Memories" / "Charro" "How Great Thou Art" "In the Ghetto" / "Any Day Now" "Clean Up Your Own Backyard" "Suspicious Minds" / "You'll Think of Me" "Don't Cry Daddy" "Rubberneckin'" 1970 "Kentucky Rain" "The Wonder of You" / "Mama Liked the Roses" "I've Lost You" / "The Next Step Is Love" "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" / "Patch It Up" "I Really Don't Want to Know" / "There Goes My Everything" 1971 "Rags to Riches" "Life" / "Only Believe" "I'm Leavin'" "It's Only Love" / "The Sound of Your Cry" "Merry Christmas Baby" / "O Come All Ye Faithful" 1972 "Until It's Time for You to Go" / "We Can Make the Morning" "He Touched Me" / "Bosom of Abraham" "An American Trilogy" / "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" "Burning Love" / "It's a Matter of Time" "Separate Ways" / "Always on My Mind" 1973 "Steamroller Blues" / "Fool" "Raised on Rock" / "For Ol' Times Sake" 1974 "Take Good Care of Her" / "I've Got a Thing About You, Baby" "If You Talk in Your Sleep" / "Help Me" "Promised Land" / "It's Midnight" 1975 "My Boy" / "Thinking About You" "T-R-O-U-B-L-E" "Bringing It Back" / "Pieces of My Life" 1976 "For the Heart" / "Hurt" "Moody Blue" / "She Thinks I Still Care" 1977 "Way Down" / "Pledging My Love" "My Way" / "America the Beautiful" 1978 "Unchained Melody" / "Softly as I Leave You" Posthumoussingles "Puppet on a String" / "(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear" (1978) "Are You Sincere" / "Solitaire" "There's a Honky Tonk Angel (Who'll Take Me Back In)" / "I Got a Feelin' in My Body" "Guitar Man" "Loving Arms" / You Asked Me To" "You'll Never Walk Alone / "There Goes My Everything" (1982) "The Elvis Medley" "I Was the One" / "Wear My Ring Around Your Neck" (1983) "Heartbreak Hotel" (1996) "Blue Christmas" (1998) "A Little Less Conversation" (JXL remix) "Rubberneckin'" (Paul Oakenfold Remix) "In the Ghetto" (with Lisa Marie Presley) "Baby Let's Play House" (Spankox Re:Version) "I'll Be Home for Christmas" (with Carrie Underwood) (2008) "Blue Christmas" (with Martina McBride) (2008) "Pocketful of Rainbows" (Spankox Remix) "I Love You Because" (with Lisa Marie Presley) "O Come, All Ye Faithful" (with Susan Boyle) "I Got a Feelin' in My Body" (Tommie Sunshine & Wuki Remix) Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"American Sound Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sound_Studio"},{"link_name":"Change of Habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_Habit"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"Don't Cry Daddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Cry_Daddy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Rubberneckin'\" is a song performed by Elvis Presley, which was recorded at American Sound Studio. It was used in the film Change of Habit and subsequently issued as the B-side of \"Don't Cry Daddy\" (RCA single 47–9768) in conjunction with the movie premiere.[1] It reached number six in the United States on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1969.[2]","title":"Rubberneckin'"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Junkie XL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkie_XL"},{"link_name":"A Little Less Conversation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Little_Less_Conversation"},{"link_name":"Paul Oakenfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Oakenfold"},{"link_name":"Elvis 2nd to None","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_2nd_to_None"}],"text":"In 2003, after the worldwide success of Dutch musician Junkie XL's remix of \"A Little Less Conversation\" a year before, English record producer Paul Oakenfold remixed \"Rubberneckin'\", and it was released as a single from the album Elvis 2nd to None. It peaked at number two in Canada, number three in Australia, and reached the top 10 in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, and the United Kingdom.","title":"Paul Oakenfold remix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Track listings","text":"Standard CD single[3]\"Rubberneckin'\" (Paul Oakenfold remix radio edit) – 3:28\n\"Rubberneckin'\" (Paul Oakenfold remix 12-inch extended) – 5:19\n\"Rubberneckin'\" (original) – 2:0912-inch single[4]A1. \"Rubberneckin'\" (Paul Oakenfold remix 12-inch extended) – 5:19\nB1. \"Rubberneckin'\" (Paul Oakenfold remix radio edit) – 3:28\nB2. \"Rubberneckin'\" (original) – 2:097-inch and European CD single[5][6]A. \"Rubberneckin'\" (Paul Oakenfold remix radio edit) – 3:28\nB. \"Rubberneckin'\" (original) – 2:09","title":"Paul Oakenfold remix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rubberneckin%27&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Elvis_Presley-7"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Elvis_Presley-8"},{"link_name":"Ultratip Bubbling Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop#Ultratip"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Tip_Elvis_Presley-9"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"CIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"TopHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_CIS_Elvis_Presley-11"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Denmark_Elvis_Presley-12"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Finland_Elvis_Presley-14"},{"link_name":"Rádiós Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungary_-15"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-16"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Italy_Elvis_Presley-17"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-18"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Elvis_Presley-19"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Elvis_Presley-20"},{"link_name":"TopHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-22"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Spain_Elvis_Presley-23"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Elvis_Presley-24"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-25"},{"link_name":"UK Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKdance_-26"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Elvis_Presley-27"},{"link_name":"Dance Singles Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Singles_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddancesales_Elvis_Presley-28"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rubberneckin%27&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Charts","text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2003)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[7]\n\n3\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[8]\n\n17\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia)[9]\n\n5\n\n\nCanada (Nielsen SoundScan)[10]\n\n2\n\n\nCIS (TopHit)[11]\n\n22\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[12]\n\n4\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[13]\n\n8\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[14]\n\n6\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[15]\n\n40\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[16]\n\n10\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[17]\n\n15\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[18]\n\n9\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[19]\n\n4\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[20]\n\n18\n\n\nRussia Airplay (TopHit)[21]\n\n12\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[22]\n\n6\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[23]\n\n13\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[24]\n\n19\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[25]\n\n5\n\n\nUK Dance (OCC)[26]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[27]\n\n94\n\n\nUS Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)[28]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2003)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[29]\n\n75\n\n\nCIS (TopHit)[30]\n\n37\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[31]\n\n85\n\n\nRussia Airplay (TopHit)[32]\n\n20\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[33]\n\n154\n\n\nUS Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)[34]\n\n5\n\n\n\n\nChart (2004)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)[35]\n\n6","title":"Paul Oakenfold remix"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Release history","title":"Paul Oakenfold remix"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Guralnick/Jorgensen (1999). Elvis Day by Day. Ballantine Books. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-345-42089-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-42089-3","url_text":"978-0-345-42089-3"}]},{"reference":"Fred L. Worth, Steve D. Tamerius (1992). Elvis: his life from A to Z. Wings Books. p. 419.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rubberneckin' (US CD single liner notes). Elvis Presley, Paul Oakenfold. RCA Records, BMG. 2003. 82876-54218-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley","url_text":"Elvis Presley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Oakenfold","url_text":"Paul Oakenfold"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records","url_text":"RCA Records"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group","url_text":"BMG"}]},{"reference":"Rubberneckin' (US 12-inch single sleeve). Elvis Presley, Paul Oakenfold. RCA Records, BMG. 2003. 82876 54218 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rubberneckin' (US 7-inch single sleeve). Elvis Presley, Paul Oakenfold. RCA Records, BMG. 2003. 82876-56193-7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rubberneckin' (European CD single liner notes). Elvis Presley, Paul Oakenfold. RCA Records, BMG. 2003. 82876 54264 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Elvis Presley Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)\". Billboard. Retrieved June 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/elvis-presley/chart-history/cns/","url_text":"\"Elvis Presley Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Hits of the World – Eurocharts\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 115, no. 41. October 11, 2003. p. 79. Retrieved June 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/00s/2003/BB-2003-10-11.pdf","url_text":"\"Hits of the World – Eurocharts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Radio Hits Russia Weekly Chart: Nov 27, 2003\". TopHit. Retrieved April 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tophit.com/ru/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/weekly/20031121-20031127","url_text":"\"Top Radio Hits Russia Weekly Chart: Nov 27, 2003\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit","url_text":"TopHit"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2003\". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved May 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aria.com.au/charts/2003/singles-chart","url_text":"\"ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2003\""}]},{"reference":"\"Популярные хиты 2003\" [Popular Hits 2003] (in Russian). TopHit. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tophit.ru/ru/best-music-2003","url_text":"\"Популярные хиты 2003\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit","url_text":"TopHit"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211006041748/https://tophit.ru/ru/best-music-2003","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 2003\" (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved May 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2003&cat=s","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 2003\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MegaCharts","url_text":"MegaCharts"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Radio Hits Russia Annual Chart: 2003\". TopHit. Archived from the original on April 22, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/annual/2003","url_text":"\"Top Radio Hits Russia Annual Chart: 2003\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit","url_text":"TopHit"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240422160833/https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/annual/2003","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official UK Singles Chart 2003\" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved May 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2003.pdf","url_text":"\"The Official UK Singles Chart 2003\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKChartsPlus","url_text":"UKChartsPlus"}]},{"reference":"\"Year in Music: Hot Dance Singles Sales\". Billboard. Vol. 115, no. 52. December 27, 2003. p. YE-66.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Year in Music & Touring: Hot Dance Singles Sales\". Billboard. Vol. 116, no. 52. December 25, 2004. p. YE-60.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Going for Adds\" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1518. August 22, 2003. p. 28. Retrieved June 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/2000s/2003/RR-2003-08-22.pdf","url_text":"\"Going for Adds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records","url_text":"Radio & Records"}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 1st September 2003\" (PDF). ARIA. September 1, 2003. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2003. Retrieved June 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20031006140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20031007-0000/Issue706.pdf","url_text":"\"The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 1st September 2003\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/Issue706.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elvis Presley: Single\". click2music.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on December 10, 2003. Retrieved November 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031210040718/http://www.click2music.dk/denmark/default.asp","url_text":"\"Elvis Presley: Single\""},{"url":"http://www.click2music.dk/denmark/default.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ラバーネッキン～ポール・オークンフォールド・リミックス \| エルヴィス・プレスリー\" [Rubberneckin'~Paul Oakenfold Remix \| Elvis Presley] (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved September 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/49549/products/517393/1/","url_text":"\"ラバーネッキン～ポール・オークンフォールド・リミックス \| エルヴィス・プレスリー\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases: Singles\". Music Week. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Whitney_(ship)	Stephen Whitney (ship)	["1 Citations","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°28′03″N 9°31′03″W / 51.46750°N 9.51750°W / 51.46750; -9.51750American passenger and cargo ship; wrecked off the southern Irish coast in 1847 Stephen Whitney History United States NamesakeStephen Whitney OwnerRobert Kermit Red Star Line FateWrecked 10 November 1847 General characteristics Tonnage1034 tons Stephen Whitney was a passenger-carrying sailing ship which was wrecked on West Calf Island off the southern coast of Ireland on 10 November 1847 with the loss of 92 of the 110 passengers and crew aboard. She was a packet ship in Robert Kermit's Red Star Line. The ship was named after a Kermit investor, New York merchant Stephen Whitney. The 1,034-ton ship left New York City on 18 October for Liverpool carrying passengers and a cargo which included corn, raw cotton, cheese, resin, and 20 boxes of clocks. On 10 November in thick fog, the captain, C.W. Popham, mistook the Crookhaven lighthouse for the one at the Old Head of Kinsale, and the lighthouse on Cape Clear Island was obscured by fog compounding the error in navigation. At around 10 pm, the ship struck the western tip of West Calf Island, completely breaking up within about ten minutes. The loss of the ship triggered the decision to replace the Cape Clear Island lighthouse with one on Fastnet Rock. This decision was also because the lighthouse on Cape Clear was often shrouded in fog or low level cloud, which made it hard or at times impossible to see. Citations ^ Bourke, Edward. Shipwrecks of the Irish Coast. Vol. 1. p. 134. ISBN 0-9523027-0-5. References "GGGrandPa's Scrapbook pt 1". The Ships List. Archived from the original on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2007. "Wrecks off Cork (B)". Irish Wrecks Online. Retrieved 16 December 2007. Wilson, TG (April 2003). "Fastnet Rock Lighthouse". Beam. 32. The Commissioners of Irish Lights. Retrieved 22 September 2013. External links Irish newspaper feature vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1847Shipwrecks 5 Jan: HMS Daphne 10 Jan: Barrosa 16 Jan: SS Sirius 25 Jan: Lord Auckland 14 Feb: HMS Rodney February (unknown date): HMS Thetis 20 Mar: HMS Blenheim 15 Apr: Cleopatra 14 May: Baboo 2 Aug: Governor Gawler 18 Aug: Gloire 18 Sep: HMS Fisgard 25 Sep: HMS Comus 10 Nov: Stephen Whitney 21 Nov: Phoenix 15 Dec: USRC Crawford 20 Dec: HMS Avenger Other incidents February (unknown date): HMS Jackal June: Looshtauk 15 Sep: HMS Birkenhead 1846 1848 51°28′03″N 9°31′03″W / 51.46750°N 9.51750°W / 51.46750; -9.51750 This Ireland maritime–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Calf Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Robert Kermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kermit"},{"link_name":"Red Star Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kermit_Red_Star_Line"},{"link_name":"Stephen Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Whitney"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bourke-1"},{"link_name":"resin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin"},{"link_name":"clocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock"},{"link_name":"Crookhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookhaven"},{"link_name":"Old Head of Kinsale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Head_of_Kinsale"},{"link_name":"Cape Clear Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Clear_Island"},{"link_name":"Cape Clear Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastnet_Rock#First_lighthouse"},{"link_name":"Fastnet Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastnet_Rock"}],"text":"American passenger and cargo ship; wrecked off the southern Irish coast in 1847Stephen Whitney was a passenger-carrying sailing ship which was wrecked on West Calf Island off the southern coast of Ireland on 10 November 1847 with the loss of 92 of the 110 passengers and crew aboard. She was a packet ship in Robert Kermit's Red Star Line. The ship was named after a Kermit investor, New York merchant Stephen Whitney.The 1,034-ton ship left New York City on 18 October for Liverpool[1] carrying passengers and a cargo which included corn, raw cotton, cheese, resin, and 20 boxes of clocks. On 10 November in thick fog, the captain, C.W. Popham, mistook the Crookhaven lighthouse for the one at the Old Head of Kinsale, and the lighthouse on Cape Clear Island was obscured by fog compounding the error in navigation. At around 10 pm, the ship struck the western tip of West Calf Island, completely breaking up within about ten minutes.The loss of the ship triggered the decision to replace the Cape Clear Island lighthouse with one on Fastnet Rock. This decision was also because the lighthouse on Cape Clear was often shrouded in fog or low level cloud, which made it hard or at times impossible to see.","title":"Stephen Whitney (ship)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bourke_1-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9523027-0-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9523027-0-5"}],"text":"^ Bourke, Edward. Shipwrecks of the Irish Coast. Vol. 1. p. 134. ISBN 0-9523027-0-5.","title":"Citations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bourke, Edward. Shipwrecks of the Irish Coast. Vol. 1. p. 134. ISBN 0-9523027-0-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9523027-0-5","url_text":"0-9523027-0-5"}]},{"reference":"\"GGGrandPa's Scrapbook pt 1\". The Ships List. Archived from the original on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070815194051/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/gggsketch.html","url_text":"\"GGGrandPa's Scrapbook pt 1\""},{"url":"http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/gggsketch.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wrecks off Cork (B)\". Irish Wrecks Online. Retrieved 16 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishwrecksonline.net/Lists/CorkListB.htm","url_text":"\"Wrecks off Cork (B)\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, TG (April 2003). \"Fastnet Rock Lighthouse\". Beam. 32. The Commissioners of Irish Lights. Retrieved 22 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.commissionersofirishlights.com/cil/publications/beam-magazines/volume-32/fastnet-rock-lighthouse.aspx","url_text":"\"Fastnet Rock Lighthouse\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stephen_Whitney_(ship)&params=51_28_03_N_9_31_03_W_","external_links_name":"51°28′03″N 9°31′03″W / 51.46750°N 9.51750°W / 51.46750; -9.51750"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070815194051/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/gggsketch.html","external_links_name":"\"GGGrandPa's Scrapbook pt 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/gggsketch.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.irishwrecksonline.net/Lists/CorkListB.htm","external_links_name":"\"Wrecks off Cork (B)\""},{"Link":"http://www.commissionersofirishlights.com/cil/publications/beam-magazines/volume-32/fastnet-rock-lighthouse.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Fastnet Rock Lighthouse\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/tragedy-at-sea-lit-the-way-to-safer-system-of-lighthouses-462565.html","external_links_name":"Irish newspaper feature"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stephen_Whitney_(ship)&params=51_28_03_N_9_31_03_W_","external_links_name":"51°28′03″N 9°31′03″W / 51.46750°N 9.51750°W / 51.46750; -9.51750"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Whitney_(ship)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-perf	Techniscope	["1 Techniscope-photographed films","2 Techniscope's commercial revival","3 Techniscope vs. anamorphic: advantages and disadvantages","4 Specifications","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Motion picture camera film format This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Techniscope" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A Techniscope camera film frame Techniscope or 2-perf is a 35 mm motion picture camera film format introduced by Technicolor Italia in 1960. The Techniscope format uses a two film-perforation negative pulldown per frame, instead of the standard four-perforation frame usually exposed in 35 mm film photography. Techniscope's 2.33:1 aspect ratio is easily enlarged to the 2.39:1 widescreen ratio, because it uses half the amount of 35 mm film stock and standard spherical lenses. Thus, Techniscope release prints are made by anamorphosing, enlarging each frame vertically by a factor of two. Techniscope-photographed films Main article: List of Techniscope films During its primary reign of 1960–1980, more than 350 films were photographed in Techniscope, the first of which was The Pharaoh's Woman, released 10 December 1960. Given its considerable savings in production cost but lower image quality, Techniscope was primarily an alternative format used for the production of lower-budgeted film, mainly those in the horror and western genres. It also is useful for films using many miniatures such as the Gerry Anderson puppet production Thunderbirds Are Go as this format gives increased depth of focus without requiring huge amounts of light required when the aperture is made very small. Since the format originated in Italy, most Techniscope format films were European productions. In the U.S., Techniscope was used in the low-budget A.C. Lyles Westerns for Paramount Pictures, as well as in a few Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer pictures, and Universal Studios briefly used it extensively in the mid-to-late 1960's. The Sergio Leone “Dollars Trilogy” films used Techniscope, (Fistful of Dollars, For a Few Dollars More and The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly) and were released through United Artists. Producer Sid Pink recalled that unlike Europe, the American film studios were charged by the Technicolor company for using Techniscope in their film prints. George Lucas shot his first two features, THX 1138 and American Graffiti, in Techniscope in order to give them a gritty, documentary-like feel. Regarding the diminished image quality, film reviewer Roger Ebert wrote about the film Counterpoint (1968): "The movie is shot in Techniscope, a process designed to give a wide-screen picture while saving film and avoiding payment of royalties to the patented processes like Panavision. In this film, as in Harry Frigg, Techniscope causes washed-out color and a loss of detail. Universal shouldn't be so cheap." Films shot with 2-perf 35 mm "Techniscope" since 2010 include I'm Yours (2012), Silver Linings Playbook (2012), Argo (2012), and Too Late (2015). Techniscope's commercial revival Techniscope employs standard 35 mm camera films, which are suitable for 2-perf (Techniscope), 3-perf, conventional 4-perf (spherical or CinemaScope), and even 6-perf (Cinerama) and 8-perf (VistaVision), as all of those processes listed employ the same negative and intermediate films, and positive print films intended for direct projection (although 2-, 3- and 8-perfs are not distribution formats). In 1999, in Australia, MovieLab film laboratory owner Kelvin Crumplin revived the Techniscope format renamed as MultiVision 235, attempting to commercialise it as a cinematography format alternative to the Super 16 mm format. His proposition was that it yielded a 35 mm-quality image (from which could be derived natural 2.35:1 and 1.85:1 aspect ratio images) for the same cost as Super 16 mm cinematography. Mr Crumplin established MovieLab to provide telecine and film processing and printing services, and, with engineer Bruce McNaughton of The Aranda Group, Victoria, Australia, engineered and produced Arriflex BL1 and Arriflex IIC 35 mm cameras for the Techniscope 2-perf format. Aaton, Panavision, and Arriflex have modern 2-perf cameras. Aranda in Australia is also currently converting cameras like Arriflex 2A/B/C Arri 3, Arri BL, Mitchell, Eclair, Moviecam. The Russian cameras, Kinor and Konvas, are also converted. Factory-made kits for certain Mitchell and Mitchell-derived cameras are occasionally available on auction sites. In the specific case of a Mitchell, the kit includes a replacement aperture plate and cam for the film movement, a replacement gear for the camera body, and, for a reflex camera, a replacement focusing screen. As all Mitchell cameras incorporate the provision for a "hard mask" within the movement itself, it is often possible to keep the 4-perf aperture plate, and insert a 2-perf mask in the mask slot, as an economy measure. In 2011, Lomography released a movie camera, the Lomokino, capable of making short movies on standard 35 mm still photography film which uses a frame format similar to Techniscope, with two perforations for each exposure, though with no space or capabilities for the sound track, taking 144 frames on a 36 exposure roll. The camera is erroneously labeled as being "Super 35", Super 35 having four perforations per frame. Movies made with the Lomokino may not show properly without modifications on Techniscope projectors, the Lomokino is hand cranked and the frame rate is controlled manually, usually being around 2-6 FPS. Techniscope vs. anamorphic: advantages and disadvantages This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Techniscope's advantages over anamorphic CinemaScope are: More economical: half the film stock used in 4-perforation frame cinematography; half the stock, same running time, less negative to develop. Cinematography uses simpler, but technically superior, spherical lenses. Film stock loads last twice as long; 2-perf stock shoots at 45 feet per minute, while 4-perf stock shoots at 90 feet per minute. (may be seen aesthetically as either an advantage or disadvantage:) The circle of confusion of Techniscope is circular (due to its spherical lenses), whereas that of CinemaScope is elliptical (due to its anamorphic lenses). Techniscope's disadvantages against CinemaScope: Two-perf 35 mm is a production-only format, that must be converted to other formats for distribution. For distribution prints for theatrical venues, the frame is enlarged from a 2-perf flat ratio to a 4-perf anamorphic ratio. Enlarging the image to the 35 mm print subsequently enlarges the negative's film grain. (Although some cineastes sought this visual feel for the story; e.g. westerns photographed to appear unpolished, thereby enhancing the period settings' verisimilitude.) This step is also an additional production expense. If the enlargement process is done optically, the generation loss will add even more grain and reduce the image sharpness. Alternatively, the enlargement can be done as part of the Digital Intermediate (DI) process. This involves digitally scanning the 2-perf film negative. Output to film is done with a film recorder, such as the Arrilaser. Two-perforation cameras and telecine installations are rare. (Note: As of early 2008 Aaton is coming out with their newly designed 2-perf-native (3-perf user-switchable) Aaton Penelope camera. Konvas cameras have been available in 2-perf for a while, and Arri is making 2-perf gates for their Arricams soon, available only through the rental dealers though. And more and more telecine suites have 2-perf gates for their film scanners.) The narrower frame line (between frames) emphasises imperfections (e.g. hairs in the gate, lens flares). Note: When transferring a Techniscope film to a digital video format, the 2-perf negative or 2-perf interpositive A/B rolls can be used (the original film negative from the camera, or the first-generation film elements prepared for the making of the anamorphic 4-frame 35 mm release print negative), thus bypassing any blown-up 4-perf element. Many DVD editions have been transferred this way and the results have frequently been stunning, e.g. Blue Underground's The Bird with the Crystal Plumage and MGM's special editions of Sergio Leone's Westerns. Specifications Film: 35 mm film running vertically using two perforations per frame, running at 24 frames per second. Film area: .868" (22 mm) × .373" (9.47 mm) Film aspect ratio: 2.33:1 Print aspect ratio 2.39:1 (2.35:1 prior to 1970 SMPTE revision) See also List of film formats Negative pulldown References ^ Konigsberg, Ira (1987). The Complete Film Dictionary Meridian / NAL Books p.372. ISBN 0-452-00980-4 ^ NOTE: In 1970, the SMPTE revised the 2.35:1 aspect ratio to 2.39:1 for projection, however, before standardization, most Techniscope films were photographed and released in the 2.35:1 aspect ratio ^ a b Holben, Jay & Bankston, Douglas (February 2000). "Inventive New Options for Film" American Cinematographer Magazine Vol. 81, No. 2, pp.96–107. ^ The Pharaoh's Woman at IMDb —retrieved 2007-03-19 ^ "The American Widescreen Museum - TECHNISCOPE - American Cinematographer Article". ^ p.194 Pink, Sidney So You Want to Make Movies: My Life as an Independent Film Producer Pineapple Press, 1989 ^ Jones, Brian Jay George Lucas: A Life Little/Brown, 2016 ^ Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times review for Counterpoint External links Internet Movie Database (IMDb) list of Techniscope films Techniscope Film Specs Early proposal for 2-perf CML discussion of 2-perf (Wayback Machine copy) Aaton's announcement of a new 2-perf camera (Wayback Machine copy) 2 PERFORATION CAMERA CONVERSIONS by the ARANDA GROUP Melbourne vteMotion picture film formatsFilm gauges 8 mm 9.5 mm 16 mm 17.5 mm 28 mm 35 mm 70 mm Film formats35 mm CinemaScope (1953) VistaVision (1954) Technirama (1956) Modern anamorphic (1957) Techniscope (1960) Super 35 (1982) 70 mm Todd-AO (1955) Ultra Panavision 70 (1957) Super Panavision 70 (1959) IMAX (1970) 35 mm × 3 Cinerama (1952) Kinopanorama (1958) Cinemiracle (1958) Aspect ratio standards Academy ratio 14:9 Anamorphic format Video framing Widescreen Anamorphic widescreen Letterbox Pillarbox Windowbox Pan and scan Fullscreen Open matte Shoot and protect	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Techniscope_2_perf_35_mm_film.png"},{"link_name":"Technicolor Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor_SA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"perforation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_perforations"},{"link_name":"negative pulldown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_pulldown"},{"link_name":"35 mm film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35_mm_movie_film"},{"link_name":"aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"anamorphosing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamorphic_format"}],"text":"A Techniscope camera film frameTechniscope or 2-perf is a 35 mm motion picture camera film format introduced by Technicolor Italia in 1960.[1] The Techniscope format uses a two film-perforation negative pulldown per frame, instead of the standard four-perforation frame usually exposed in 35 mm film photography. Techniscope's 2.33:1 aspect ratio is easily enlarged to the 2.39:1 widescreen ratio,[2] because it uses half the amount of 35 mm film stock and standard spherical lenses. Thus, Techniscope release prints are made by anamorphosing, enlarging each frame vertically by a factor of two.","title":"Techniscope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac-3"},{"link_name":"The Pharaoh's Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pharaoh%27s_Woman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Thunderbirds Are Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_Are_Go"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"A.C. Lyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Lyles"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios"},{"link_name":"Sergio Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Leone"},{"link_name":"Fistful of Dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fistful_of_Dollars"},{"link_name":"For a Few Dollars More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_a_Few_Dollars_More"},{"link_name":"The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good,_the_Bad,_and_the_Ugly"},{"link_name":"United Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sid Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Pink"},{"link_name":"Technicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor_SA"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas"},{"link_name":"THX 1138","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THX_1138"},{"link_name":"American Graffiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Graffiti"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Counterpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterpoint_(1968_film)"},{"link_name":"Panavision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavision"},{"link_name":"Harry Frigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_War_of_Harry_Frigg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"I'm Yours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Yours_(film)"},{"link_name":"Silver Linings Playbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Linings_Playbook"},{"link_name":"Argo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argo_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"Too Late","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Late_(2015_film)"}],"text":"During its primary reign of 1960–1980, more than 350 films were photographed in Techniscope,[3] the first of which was The Pharaoh's Woman, released 10 December 1960.[4] Given its considerable savings in production cost but lower image quality, Techniscope was primarily an alternative format used for the production of lower-budgeted film, mainly those in the horror and western genres. It also is useful for films using many miniatures such as the Gerry Anderson puppet production Thunderbirds Are Go as this format gives increased depth of focus without requiring huge amounts of light required when the aperture is made very small. Since the format originated in Italy, most Techniscope format films were European productions.[vague]In the U.S., Techniscope was used in the low-budget A.C. Lyles Westerns for Paramount Pictures, as well as in a few Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer pictures, and Universal Studios briefly used it extensively in the mid-to-late 1960's. The Sergio Leone “Dollars Trilogy” films used Techniscope, (Fistful of Dollars, For a Few Dollars More and The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly) and were released through United Artists.[5] Producer Sid Pink recalled that unlike Europe, the American film studios were charged by the Technicolor company for using Techniscope in their film prints.[6] George Lucas shot his first two features, THX 1138 and American Graffiti, in Techniscope in order to give them a gritty, documentary-like feel.[7]Regarding the diminished image quality, film reviewer Roger Ebert wrote about the film Counterpoint (1968): \"The movie is shot in Techniscope, a process designed to give a wide-screen picture while saving film and avoiding payment of royalties to the patented processes like Panavision. In this film, as in Harry Frigg, Techniscope causes washed-out color and a loss of detail. Universal shouldn't be so cheap.\"[8]Films shot with 2-perf 35 mm \"Techniscope\" since 2010 include I'm Yours (2012), Silver Linings Playbook (2012), Argo (2012), and Too Late (2015).","title":"Techniscope-photographed films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CinemaScope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScope"},{"link_name":"Cinerama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinerama"},{"link_name":"VistaVision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VistaVision"},{"link_name":"Super 16 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_16_mm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac-3"},{"link_name":"Lomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomography"},{"link_name":"Super 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_35"}],"text":"Techniscope employs standard 35 mm camera films, which are suitable for 2-perf (Techniscope), 3-perf, conventional 4-perf (spherical or CinemaScope), and even 6-perf (Cinerama) and 8-perf (VistaVision), as all of those processes listed employ the same negative and intermediate films, and positive print films intended for direct projection (although 2-, 3- and 8-perfs are not distribution formats).In 1999, in Australia, MovieLab film laboratory owner Kelvin Crumplin revived the Techniscope format renamed as MultiVision 235, attempting to commercialise it as a cinematography format alternative to the Super 16 mm format. His proposition was that it yielded a 35 mm-quality image (from which could be derived natural 2.35:1 and 1.85:1 aspect ratio images) for the same cost as Super 16 mm cinematography.Mr Crumplin established MovieLab to provide telecine and film processing and printing services, and, with engineer Bruce McNaughton of The Aranda Group, Victoria, Australia, engineered and produced Arriflex BL1 and Arriflex IIC 35 mm cameras for the Techniscope 2-perf format.[3]Aaton, Panavision, and Arriflex have modern 2-perf cameras. Aranda in Australia is also currently converting cameras like Arriflex 2A/B/C Arri 3, Arri BL, Mitchell, Eclair, Moviecam. The Russian cameras, Kinor and Konvas, are also converted.Factory-made kits for certain Mitchell and Mitchell-derived cameras are occasionally available on auction sites. In the specific case of a Mitchell, the kit includes a replacement aperture plate and cam for the film movement, a replacement gear for the camera body, and, for a reflex camera, a replacement focusing screen. As all Mitchell cameras incorporate the provision for a \"hard mask\" within the movement itself, it is often possible to keep the 4-perf aperture plate, and insert a 2-perf mask in the mask slot, as an economy measure.In 2011, Lomography released a movie camera, the Lomokino, capable of making short movies on standard 35 mm still photography film which uses a frame format similar to Techniscope, with two perforations for each exposure, though with no space or capabilities for the sound track, taking 144 frames on a 36 exposure roll. The camera is erroneously labeled as being \"Super 35\", Super 35 having four perforations per frame. Movies made with the Lomokino may not show properly without modifications on Techniscope projectors, the Lomokino is hand cranked and the frame rate is controlled manually, usually being around 2-6 FPS.","title":"Techniscope's commercial revival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"circle of confusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_confusion"},{"link_name":"generation loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_loss"},{"link_name":"Digital Intermediate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Intermediate"},{"link_name":"Arrilaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrilaser"},{"link_name":"telecine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecine"},{"link_name":"Aaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaton"},{"link_name":"Aaton Penelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaton_Penelope"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"transferring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecine"},{"link_name":"The Bird with the Crystal Plumage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bird_with_the_Crystal_Plumage"},{"link_name":"Sergio Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Leone"},{"link_name":"Westerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Leone#Selected_filmography"}],"text":"Techniscope's advantages over anamorphic CinemaScope are:More economical: half the film stock used in 4-perforation frame cinematography; half the stock, same running time, less negative to develop.\nCinematography uses simpler, but technically superior, spherical lenses.\nFilm stock loads last twice as long; 2-perf stock shoots at 45 feet per minute, while 4-perf stock shoots at 90 feet per minute.\n(may be seen aesthetically as either an advantage or disadvantage:) The circle of confusion of Techniscope is circular (due to its spherical lenses), whereas that of CinemaScope is elliptical (due to its anamorphic lenses).Techniscope's disadvantages against CinemaScope:Two-perf 35 mm is a production-only format, that must be converted to other formats for distribution. For distribution prints for theatrical venues, the frame is enlarged from a 2-perf flat ratio to a 4-perf anamorphic ratio. Enlarging the image to the 35 mm print subsequently enlarges the negative's film grain. (Although some cineastes sought this visual feel for the story; e.g. westerns photographed to appear unpolished, thereby enhancing the period settings' verisimilitude.) This step is also an additional production expense. If the enlargement process is done optically, the generation loss will add even more grain and reduce the image sharpness. Alternatively, the enlargement can be done as part of the Digital Intermediate (DI) process. This involves digitally scanning the 2-perf film negative. Output to film is done with a film recorder, such as the Arrilaser.\nTwo-perforation cameras and telecine installations are rare. (Note: As of early 2008 Aaton is coming out with their newly designed 2-perf-native (3-perf user-switchable) Aaton Penelope camera. Konvas cameras have been available in 2-perf for a while, and Arri is making 2-perf gates for their Arricams soon, available only through the rental dealers though. And more and more telecine suites have 2-perf gates for their film scanners.)\nThe narrower frame line (between frames) emphasises imperfections (e.g. hairs in the gate, lens flares).[clarification needed]Note: When transferring a Techniscope film to a digital video format, the 2-perf negative or 2-perf interpositive A/B rolls can be used (the original film negative from the camera, or the first-generation film elements prepared for the making of the anamorphic 4-frame 35 mm release print negative), thus bypassing any blown-up 4-perf element. Many DVD editions have been transferred this way and the results have frequently been stunning, e.g. Blue Underground's The Bird with the Crystal Plumage and MGM's special editions of Sergio Leone's Westerns.","title":"Techniscope vs. anamorphic: advantages and disadvantages"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Film: 35 mm film running vertically using two perforations per frame, running at 24 frames per second.\nFilm area: .868\" (22 mm) × .373\" (9.47 mm)\nFilm aspect ratio: 2.33:1\nPrint aspect ratio 2.39:1 (2.35:1 prior to 1970 SMPTE revision)","title":"Specifications"}]	[{"image_text":"A Techniscope camera film frame","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Techniscope_2_perf_35_mm_film.png/300px-Techniscope_2_perf_35_mm_film.png"}]	[{"title":"List of film formats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_film_formats"},{"title":"Negative pulldown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_pulldown"}]	[{"reference":"\"The American Widescreen Museum - TECHNISCOPE - American Cinematographer Article\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/wingts2.htm","url_text":"\"The American Widescreen Museum - TECHNISCOPE - American Cinematographer Article\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Techniscope%22","external_links_name":"\"Techniscope\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Techniscope%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Techniscope%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Techniscope%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Techniscope%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Techniscope%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0055296/","external_links_name":"The Pharaoh's Woman"},{"Link":"http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/wingts2.htm","external_links_name":"\"The American Widescreen Museum - TECHNISCOPE - American Cinematographer Article\""},{"Link":"http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19680723/REVIEWS/807230301/1023","external_links_name":"Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times review for Counterpoint"},{"Link":"https://imdb.com/SearchTechnical?PCS:Techniscope","external_links_name":"Internet Movie Database (IMDb) list of Techniscope films"},{"Link":"http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/wingts1.htm","external_links_name":"Techniscope Film Specs"},{"Link":"http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/whywidefilm-oct1930.htm","external_links_name":"Early proposal for 2-perf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051201025908/http://www.cinematography.net/Pages%20DW/2-perf_35mm.htm","external_links_name":"CML discussion of 2-perf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051219134653/http://www.aaton.com/news/index.php?nid=9","external_links_name":"Aaton's announcement of a new 2-perf camera"},{"Link":"http://www.2perf.arandafilm.com.au/","external_links_name":"2 PERFORATION CAMERA CONVERSIONS by the ARANDA GROUP Melbourne"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seronegative_spondyloarthropathy	Spondyloarthropathy	["1 Seronegative spondyloarthropathy","1.1 Conditions","1.2 Common characteristics","1.3 Classification","1.4 Treatment","2 Epidemiology","3 References","4 External links"]	"SpA" redirects here. For the Italian type of company, see Società per azioni. For other uses, see SPA (disambiguation). Medical conditionSpondyloarthropathySpecialtyRheumatology Spondyloarthropathy or spondyloarthrosis refers to any joint disease of the vertebral column. As such, it is a class or category of diseases rather than a single, specific entity. It differs from spondylopathy, which is a disease of the vertebra itself, but many conditions involve both spondylopathy and spondyloarthropathy. Spondyloarthropathy with inflammation is called axial spondyloarthritis. In the broadest sense, the term spondyloarthropathy includes joint involvement of vertebral column from any type of joint disease, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, but the term is often used for a specific group of disorders with certain common features, which are often specifically termed seronegative spondylarthropathies. They have an increased incidence of HLA-B27, as well as negative rheumatoid factor and ANA. Enthesopathy is also sometimes present in association with seronegative spondarthritides. Non-vertebral signs and symptoms of degenerative or other not directly infected inflammation, in the manner of spondyloarthropathies, include asymmetric peripheral arthritis (which is distinct from rheumatoid arthritis), arthritis of the toe interphalangeal joints, sausage digits, Achilles tendinitis, plantar fasciitis, costochondritis, iritis, and mucocutaneous lesions. But lower back pain is the most common clinical presentation of the causes of spondyloarthropoathies; this back pain is unique because it decreases with activity. Seronegative spondyloarthropathy Seronegative spondyloarthropathy (or seronegative spondyloarthritis) is a group of diseases involving the axial skeleton and having a negative serostatus. "Seronegative" refers to the fact that these diseases are negative for rheumatoid factor, indicating a different pathophysiological mechanism of disease than is commonly seen in rheumatoid arthritis. Conditions The following conditions are typically included in the group of seronegative spondylarthropathies: Condition Percent of people with the condition who are HLA-B27 positive Axial spondyloarthritis (including ankylosing spondylitis) Caucasians: 92% African-Americans: 50% Reactive arthritis 60–80% Enteropathic arthropathy or spondylitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) 60% Psoriatic arthritis 40–50% Isolated acute anterior uveitis 50% Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (subtype: late-onset oligoarticular JIA) Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy (USpA) 20–25% Some sources also include Behçet's disease and Whipple's disease. Common characteristics These diseases have the following conditions in common: Seronegative (i.e. rheumatoid factor is not present) They are in relation to HLA-B27 Inflammatory axial arthritis, generally sacroiliitis and spondylitis Oligoarthritis, generally with asymmetrical presentation Enthesitis (inflammation of the entheses, the sites where tendons or ligaments insert into the bone.), e.g. Plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendinitis, costochondritis. Familial aggregation occurs Extra-articular features, such as involvement of eyes (anterior uveitis), skin, genitourinary tract, and aortic regurgitation Overlap is likely between several of the causative conditions Classification Assessment of Spondylarthritis International Society (ASAS) criteria is used for classification of axial spondyloarthritis (to be applied for patients with back pain greater than or equal to 3 months and age of onset less than 45 years). It is of two broad types: Sacroiliitis on imaging plus one SpA feature, or HLA-B27 plus two other SpA features Sacroiliitis on imaging: Active (acute) inflammation on MRI highly suggestive of SpA-associated sacroiliitis and/or Definite radiographic sacroiliitis SpA features: Inflammatory back pain Arthritis Enthesitis Anterior uveitis Dactylitis Psoriasis Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis Good response to NSAIDs Family history of SpA HLA-B27 Elevated CRP Treatment Many patients have more than one of the spondyloarthritis disease manifestations. Some immunosuppressive drugs have shown efficacy in more than one of the diseases, e.g. tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors. But some of the immunosuppressive drugs are particularly effective for a specific inflamed tissue and approved in only one or two of the disease entities, so an interdisciplinary approach is required. Epidemiology Worldwide prevalence of spondyloarthropathy is approximately 1.9%. References ^ Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. © 2009 ^ Howe HS, Zhao L, Song YW, et al. (February 2007). "Seronegative spondyloarthropathy--studies from the Asia Pacific region" (PDF). Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 36 (2): 135–41. doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V36N2p135. PMID 17364081. ^ "Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies: Joint Disorders: Merck Manual Professional". Retrieved 2008-12-15. ^ a b c d e Luong AA, Salonen DC (August 2000). "Imaging of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies". Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2 (4): 288–96. doi:10.1007/s11926-000-0065-z. PMID 11123073. S2CID 21358459. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. (2008). Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-7153-5. ^ Ankylosing Spondylitis and Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy Workup Author: Lawrence H Brent. Chief Editor: Herbert S Diamond. Updated: Apr 19, 2011 ^ Várvölgyi C, Bubán T, Szakáll S, et al. (April 2002). "Fever of unknown origin with seronegative spondyloarthropathy: an atypical manifestation of Whipple's disease". Ann. Rheum. Dis. 61 (4): 377–8. doi:10.1136/ard.61.4.377. PMC 1754069. PMID 11874851. ^ Shankarkumar U, Devraj JP, Ghosh K, Mohanty D (2002). "Seronegative spondarthritis and human leucocyte antigen association". Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 59 (1): 38–41. doi:10.1080/09674845.2002.11783633. PMID 12000185. S2CID 32666163. ^ Maria Antonietta D'Agostino, MD; Ignazio Olivieri, MD (June 2006). "Enthesitis". Best Practice. 20 (3): 473–486. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2006.03.007. PMID 16777577. ^ The Free Dictionary (2009). "Enthesitis". Retrieved 2010-11-27. ^ a b c Lipton, Sarah; Deodhar, Atul (2012). "The new ASAS classification criteria for axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis: promises and pitfalls". International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 7 (6): 675–682. doi:10.2217/ijr.12.61. ^ Rudwaleit, M; Landewe, R; van der Heijde, D; Listing, J; Brandt, J; Braun, J; Burgos-Vargas, R; Collantes-Estevez, E; Davis, J; Dijkmans, B; Dougados, M; Emery, P; van der Horst-Bruinsma, I E; Inman, R; Khan, M A; Leirisalo-Repo, M; van der Linden, S; Maksymowych, W P; Mielants, H; Olivieri, I; Sturrock, R; de Vlam, K; Sieper, J (17 March 2009). "The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part I): classification of paper patients by expert opinion including uncertainty appraisal". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 68 (6): 770–776. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.108217. PMID 19297345. S2CID 34185040. ^ Rudwaleit, M; van der Heijde, D; Landewe, R; Listing, J; Akkoc, N; Brandt, J; Braun, J; Chou, C T; Collantes-Estevez, E; Dougados, M; Huang, F; Gu, J; Khan, M A; Kirazli, Y; Maksymowych, W P; Mielants, H; Sorensen, I J; Ozgocmen, S; Roussou, E; Valle-Onate, R; Weber, U; Wei, J; Sieper, J (17 March 2009). "The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 68 (6): 777–783. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.108233. PMID 19297344. ^ Brüner, Mads; Dige, Anders; Loft, Anne Gitte; Laurberg, Trine Bay; Agnholt, Jørgen Steen; Clemmensen, Kåre; McInnes, Iain; Lories, Rik; Iversen, Lars; Hjuler, Kasper Fjellhaugen; Kragstrup, Tue Wenzel (2021). "Spondylitis-psoriasis-enthesitis-enterocolitis-dactylitis-uveitis-peripheral synovitis (SPEED-UP) treatment". Autoimmunity Reviews. 20 (2): 102731. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102731. PMID 33326852. S2CID 229300462. ^ Hoving JL, Lacaille D, Urquhart DM, Hannu TJ, Sluiter JK, Frings-Dresen MH (2014). "Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing job loss in workers with inflammatory arthritis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11 (11): CD010208. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010208.pub2. PMID 25375291. External links ClassificationDICD-10: M40–M54ICD-9-CM: 720, 721, 722, 723, 724MeSH: D025242SNOMED CT: 372109003 vteDiseases of jointsGeneral Arthritis Monoarthritis Oligoarthritis Polyarthritis Symptoms Joint pain Joint stiffness InflammatoryInfectious Septic arthritis Tuberculosis arthritis Crystal Chondrocalcinosis CPPD (Pseudogout) Gout Seronegative Reactive arthritis Psoriatic arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Enteropathic arthropathy Connective tissue disorders SLE systemic sclerosis Sjögren's Other Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Felty's syndrome Palindromic rheumatism Adult-onset Still's disease Noninflammatory Hemarthrosis Osteoarthritis Heberden's node Bouchard's nodes Osteophyte vteSpinal diseaseDeformingSpinal curvature Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis Other Scheuermann's disease Torticollis Spondylopathyinflammatory Spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis Sacroiliitis Discitis Spondylodiscitis Pott disease non inflammatory Spondylosis Spondylolysis Spondylolisthesis Retrolisthesis Spinal stenosis Facet syndrome Back pain Neck pain Upper back pain Low back pain Coccydynia Sciatica Radiculopathy Intervertebral disc disorder Schmorl's nodes Degenerative disc disease Spinal disc herniation Facet joint arthrosis Authority control databases: National Israel United States Latvia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Società per azioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_per_azioni"},{"link_name":"SPA (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPA_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"joint disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_disease"},{"link_name":"vertebral column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_column"},{"link_name":"spondylopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondylopathy"},{"link_name":"axial spondyloarthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_spondyloarthritis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis"},{"link_name":"osteoarthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis"},{"link_name":"HLA-B27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-B27"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_factor"},{"link_name":"ANA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinuclear_antibody"},{"link_name":"Enthesopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthesopathy"},{"link_name":"clarify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"peripheral arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peripheral_arthritis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sausage digits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage_digits"},{"link_name":"Achilles tendinitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendinitis"},{"link_name":"plantar fasciitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_fasciitis"},{"link_name":"costochondritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costochondritis"},{"link_name":"iritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iritis"},{"link_name":"mucocutaneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucocutaneous_zone"},{"link_name":"lower back pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_back_pain"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"\"SpA\" redirects here. For the Italian type of company, see Società per azioni. For other uses, see SPA (disambiguation).Medical conditionSpondyloarthropathy or spondyloarthrosis refers to any joint disease of the vertebral column. As such, it is a class or category of diseases rather than a single, specific entity. It differs from spondylopathy, which is a disease of the vertebra itself, but many conditions involve both spondylopathy and spondyloarthropathy.Spondyloarthropathy with inflammation is called axial spondyloarthritis.[1] In the broadest sense, the term spondyloarthropathy includes joint involvement of vertebral column from any type of joint disease, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, but the term is often used for a specific group of disorders with certain common features, which are often specifically termed seronegative spondylarthropathies. They have an increased incidence of HLA-B27, as well as negative rheumatoid factor and ANA. Enthesopathy is also sometimes present in association with seronegative spondarthritides[clarify].Non-vertebral signs and symptoms of degenerative or other not directly infected inflammation, in the manner of spondyloarthropathies, include asymmetric peripheral arthritis (which is distinct from rheumatoid arthritis), arthritis of the toe interphalangeal joints, sausage digits, Achilles tendinitis, plantar fasciitis, costochondritis, iritis, and mucocutaneous lesions. But lower back pain is the most common clinical presentation of the causes of spondyloarthropoathies; this back pain is unique because it decreases with activity.[citation needed]","title":"Spondyloarthropathy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"axial skeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_skeleton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17364081-2"},{"link_name":"serostatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serostatus"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_factor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis"}],"text":"Seronegative spondyloarthropathy (or seronegative spondyloarthritis) is a group of diseases involving the axial skeleton[2] and having a negative serostatus.\"Seronegative\" refers to the fact that these diseases are negative for rheumatoid factor,[3] indicating a different pathophysiological mechanism of disease than is commonly seen in rheumatoid arthritis.","title":"Seronegative spondyloarthropathy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Behçet's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beh%C3%A7et%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Whipple's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipple%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11874851-7"}],"sub_title":"Conditions","text":"The following conditions are typically included in the group of seronegative spondylarthropathies:Some sources also include Behçet's disease[citation needed] and Whipple's disease.[7]","title":"Seronegative spondyloarthropathy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rheumatoid factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_factor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agabegi2nd257-5"},{"link_name":"HLA-B27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-B27"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12000185-8"},{"link_name":"sacroiliitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacroiliitis"},{"link_name":"spondylitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondylitis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agabegi2nd257-5"},{"link_name":"Oligoarthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoarthritis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agabegi2nd257-5"},{"link_name":"Enthesitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthesitis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agabegi2nd257-5"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"entheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entheses"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Plantar fasciitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_fasciitis"},{"link_name":"Achilles tendinitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendinitis"},{"link_name":"costochondritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costochondritis"},{"link_name":"Familial aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_aggregation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agabegi2nd257-5"},{"link_name":"genitourinary tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitourinary_tract"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agabegi2nd257-5"},{"link_name":"aortic regurgitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_regurgitation"}],"sub_title":"Common characteristics","text":"These diseases have the following conditions in common:Seronegative (i.e. rheumatoid factor is not present)[5]\nThey are in relation to HLA-B27[8]\nInflammatory axial arthritis, generally sacroiliitis and spondylitis[5]\nOligoarthritis, generally with asymmetrical presentation[5]\nEnthesitis[5] (inflammation of the entheses, the sites where tendons or ligaments insert into the bone.[9][10]), e.g. Plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendinitis, costochondritis.\nFamilial aggregation occurs[5]\nExtra-articular features, such as involvement of eyes (anterior uveitis), skin, genitourinary tract,[5] and aortic regurgitation\nOverlap is likely between several of the causative conditions","title":"Seronegative spondyloarthropathy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"axial spondyloarthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_spondyloarthritis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASAS-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASAS-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASAS-11"}],"sub_title":"Classification","text":"Assessment of Spondylarthritis International Society (ASAS) criteria is used for classification of axial spondyloarthritis (to be applied for patients with back pain greater than or equal to 3 months and age of onset less than 45 years).[11] It is of two broad types:[12][13]Sacroiliitis on imaging plus one SpA feature, or\nHLA-B27 plus two other SpA featuresSacroiliitis on imaging:[11]Active (acute) inflammation on MRI highly suggestive of SpA-associated sacroiliitis and/or\nDefinite radiographic sacroiliitisSpA features:[11]Inflammatory back pain\nArthritis\nEnthesitis\nAnterior uveitis\nDactylitis\nPsoriasis\nCrohn's disease or ulcerative colitis\nGood response to NSAIDs\nFamily history of SpA\nHLA-B27\nElevated CRP","title":"Seronegative spondyloarthropathy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Treatment","text":"Many patients have more than one of the spondyloarthritis disease manifestations. Some immunosuppressive drugs have shown efficacy in more than one of the diseases, e.g. tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors. But some of the immunosuppressive drugs are particularly effective for a specific inflamed tissue and approved in only one or two of the disease entities,[14] so an interdisciplinary approach is required.","title":"Seronegative spondyloarthropathy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prevalence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cochrane-15"}],"text":"Worldwide prevalence of spondyloarthropathy is approximately 1.9%.[15]","title":"Epidemiology"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Howe HS, Zhao L, Song YW, et al. (February 2007). \"Seronegative spondyloarthropathy--studies from the Asia Pacific region\" (PDF). Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 36 (2): 135–41. doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V36N2p135. PMID 17364081.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/36VolNo2Feb2007/V36N2p135.pdf","url_text":"\"Seronegative spondyloarthropathy--studies from the Asia Pacific region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.47102%2Fannals-acadmedsg.V36N2p135","url_text":"10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V36N2p135"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17364081","url_text":"17364081"}]},{"reference":"\"Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies: Joint Disorders: Merck Manual Professional\". Retrieved 2008-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec04/ch034/ch034d.html","url_text":"\"Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies: Joint Disorders: Merck Manual Professional\""}]},{"reference":"Luong AA, Salonen DC (August 2000). \"Imaging of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies\". Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2 (4): 288–96. doi:10.1007/s11926-000-0065-z. PMID 11123073. S2CID 21358459.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11926-000-0065-z","url_text":"10.1007/s11926-000-0065-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11123073","url_text":"11123073"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21358459","url_text":"21358459"}]},{"reference":"Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. (2008). Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-7153-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stepuptomedicine0000agab","url_text":"Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7153-5","url_text":"978-0-7817-7153-5"}]},{"reference":"Várvölgyi C, Bubán T, Szakáll S, et al. (April 2002). \"Fever of unknown origin with seronegative spondyloarthropathy: an atypical manifestation of Whipple's disease\". Ann. Rheum. Dis. 61 (4): 377–8. doi:10.1136/ard.61.4.377. PMC 1754069. PMID 11874851.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1754069","url_text":"\"Fever of unknown origin with seronegative spondyloarthropathy: an atypical manifestation of Whipple's disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fard.61.4.377","url_text":"10.1136/ard.61.4.377"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1754069","url_text":"1754069"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11874851","url_text":"11874851"}]},{"reference":"Shankarkumar U, Devraj JP, Ghosh K, Mohanty D (2002). \"Seronegative spondarthritis and human leucocyte antigen association\". Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 59 (1): 38–41. doi:10.1080/09674845.2002.11783633. PMID 12000185. S2CID 32666163.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09674845.2002.11783633","url_text":"10.1080/09674845.2002.11783633"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12000185","url_text":"12000185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32666163","url_text":"32666163"}]},{"reference":"Maria Antonietta D'Agostino, MD; Ignazio Olivieri, MD (June 2006). \"Enthesitis\". Best Practice. 20 (3): 473–486. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2006.03.007. PMID 16777577.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.berh.2006.03.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.berh.2006.03.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16777577","url_text":"16777577"}]},{"reference":"The Free Dictionary (2009). \"Enthesitis\". Retrieved 2010-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/enthesitis","url_text":"\"Enthesitis\""}]},{"reference":"Lipton, Sarah; Deodhar, Atul (2012). \"The new ASAS classification criteria for axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis: promises and pitfalls\". International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 7 (6): 675–682. doi:10.2217/ijr.12.61.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/776097","url_text":"\"The new ASAS classification criteria for axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis: promises and pitfalls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Clinical_Rheumatology","url_text":"International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2217%2Fijr.12.61","url_text":"10.2217/ijr.12.61"}]},{"reference":"Rudwaleit, M; Landewe, R; van der Heijde, D; Listing, J; Brandt, J; Braun, J; Burgos-Vargas, R; Collantes-Estevez, E; Davis, J; Dijkmans, B; Dougados, M; Emery, P; van der Horst-Bruinsma, I E; Inman, R; Khan, M A; Leirisalo-Repo, M; van der Linden, S; Maksymowych, W P; Mielants, H; Olivieri, I; Sturrock, R; de Vlam, K; Sieper, J (17 March 2009). \"The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part I): classification of paper patients by expert opinion including uncertainty appraisal\". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 68 (6): 770–776. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.108217. PMID 19297345. S2CID 34185040.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fard.2009.108217","url_text":"10.1136/ard.2009.108217"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19297345","url_text":"19297345"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34185040","url_text":"34185040"}]},{"reference":"Rudwaleit, M; van der Heijde, D; Landewe, R; Listing, J; Akkoc, N; Brandt, J; Braun, J; Chou, C T; Collantes-Estevez, E; Dougados, M; Huang, F; Gu, J; Khan, M A; Kirazli, Y; Maksymowych, W P; Mielants, H; Sorensen, I J; Ozgocmen, S; Roussou, E; Valle-Onate, R; Weber, U; Wei, J; Sieper, J (17 March 2009). \"The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection\". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 68 (6): 777–783. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.108233. PMID 19297344.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fard.2009.108233","url_text":"\"The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fard.2009.108233","url_text":"10.1136/ard.2009.108233"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19297344","url_text":"19297344"}]},{"reference":"Brüner, Mads; Dige, Anders; Loft, Anne Gitte; Laurberg, Trine Bay; Agnholt, Jørgen Steen; Clemmensen, Kåre; McInnes, Iain; Lories, Rik; Iversen, Lars; Hjuler, Kasper Fjellhaugen; Kragstrup, Tue Wenzel (2021). \"Spondylitis-psoriasis-enthesitis-enterocolitis-dactylitis-uveitis-peripheral synovitis (SPEED-UP) treatment\". Autoimmunity Reviews. 20 (2): 102731. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102731. PMID 33326852. S2CID 229300462.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568997220303128","url_text":"\"Spondylitis-psoriasis-enthesitis-enterocolitis-dactylitis-uveitis-peripheral synovitis (SPEED-UP) treatment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.autrev.2020.102731","url_text":"10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102731"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33326852","url_text":"33326852"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229300462","url_text":"229300462"}]},{"reference":"Hoving JL, Lacaille D, Urquhart DM, Hannu TJ, Sluiter JK, Frings-Dresen MH (2014). \"Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing job loss in workers with inflammatory arthritis\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11 (11): CD010208. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010208.pub2. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_L-IV	Leipzig L-IV experiment accident	["1 The experiment","2 See also","3 References"]	Nuclear accident in Leipzig, Germany The Leipzig L-IV experiment accident was the first nuclear accident in history. It occurred on 23 June 1942 in a laboratory at the Physical Institute of the Leipzig University in Leipzig, Germany. There was a steam explosion and a reactor fire in the "uranium machine", a primitive form of research reactor. Shortly after the Leipzig L-IV atomic pile—worked on by Werner Heisenberg and Robert Döpel—demonstrated Germany's first signs of neutron propagation, the device was checked for a possible heavy water leak. During the inspection, air leaked in, igniting the uranium powder inside. The burning uranium boiled the water jacket, generating enough steam pressure to blow the reactor apart. Burning uranium powder scattered throughout the lab causing a larger fire at the facility. This happened after 20 days of operation when Werner Paschen opened the machine at the request of Döpel after blisters formed at the gasket. As glowing uranium powder shot to the 6 meter high ceiling and the apparatus heated up to 1000 degrees, Heisenberg was asked for help but could not provide it. The experiment Results from the L-IV trial, in the first half of 1942, indicated that the spherical geometry, with five tonnes of heavy water and 10 tonnes of metallic uranium, could sustain a fission reaction. So, "the Germans were the first physicists in the world, with their Leipzig pile L-IV, to achieve positive neutron production." The results were set forth in an article by Robert Döpel, Klara Döpel and W. Heisenberg. The article was published at first in the Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte (Research Reports in Nuclear Physics), a classified internal reporting vehicle of the Uranverein. The Leipzig research group was led by Heisenberg until 1942 who in winter 1939/1940 reported on the possibilities and feasibility of energy extraction from uranium for a uranium reactor and nuclear bomb. After the report Heisenberg withdrew from practical experiments and left the execution of the experiments L-I, L-II, L-III and L-IV mostly up to his coworkers. The accident ended the Leipzig uranium projects. Werner Heisenberg (1933) Robert Döpel (1935) Physical Institute Leipzig (1909) Leipzig uranium machine (1942) See also Germany portalNuclear technology portal German nuclear weapons program Nuclear safety and security Nuclear power in Germany Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents References ^ a b c Kretz, Sebastian (19 April 2012). "Geschichte der Atomkraft: Der Urknall". Die Zeit. Retrieved 11 February 2017. ^ R. Döpel (1941 bzw. 1942), Beschreibung zweier Unfälle mit Uranoxid. ^ Goudsmit, S. A. (November 1947). "Heisenberg on the German Uranium Project". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 3 (1): 343ff. Bibcode:1947BuAtS...3k.343G. doi:10.1080/00963402.1947.11459137. ISSN 0096-3402. Retrieved 2014-06-26. ^ Irving, D. J. C., The Virus House. London 1967. Paperback (with the text unchanged): The German Atomic Bomb. The History of Nuclear Research in Nazi Germany. New York 1983. ^ R. Döpel, K. Döpel and W. Heisenberg: Der experimentelle Nachweis der effektiven Neutronenvermehrung in einem Kugel-Schichten-System aus D2O und Uran-Metall. In: Werner Heisenberg: Collected Works Bd. A II (Eds. W. Blum et al., Springer-Verl., Berlin 1989, S. 536-544. Online: Research report 1942. ^ G-136 (July 1942), as cited in Walker, 1993, 272. ^ "Deutsches Museum: Forschungszentrum Leipzig". www.deutsches-museum.de (in German). Deutsches Museum. Retrieved 11 February 2017. ^ "Zu einem autobiographischen Brief von Robert Döpel an Fritz Straßmann" (PDF). Retrieved 11 February 2017.	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It occurred on 23 June 1942 in a laboratory at the Physical Institute of the Leipzig University in Leipzig, Germany. There was a steam explosion and a reactor fire in the \"uranium machine\", a primitive form of research reactor.[1]Shortly after the Leipzig L-IV atomic pile—worked on by Werner Heisenberg and Robert Döpel—demonstrated Germany's first signs of neutron propagation, the device was checked for a possible heavy water leak. During the inspection, air leaked in, igniting the uranium powder inside. The burning uranium boiled the water jacket, generating enough steam pressure to blow the reactor apart. Burning uranium powder scattered throughout the lab causing a larger fire at the facility.[2][3]This happened after 20 days of operation when Werner Paschen opened the machine at the request of Döpel after blisters formed at the gasket.[1] As glowing uranium powder shot to the 6 meter high ceiling and the apparatus heated up to 1000 degrees, Heisenberg was asked for help but could not provide it.[1]","title":"Leipzig L-IV experiment accident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Robert Döpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D%C3%B6pel"},{"link_name":"Klara Döpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klara_D%C3%B6pel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernphysikalische_Forschungsberichte"},{"link_name":"Uranverein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nuclear_energy_project"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"nuclear bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild183-R57262,_Werner_Heisenberg_crop.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%B6pel,Robert_1935_Stuttgart.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Physik._Inst._Leipzig_1909.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leipziger_Uranmaschine.jpg"}],"text":"Results from the L-IV trial, in the first half of 1942, indicated that the spherical geometry, with five tonnes of heavy water and 10 tonnes of metallic uranium, could sustain a fission reaction. So, \"the Germans were the first physicists in the world, with their Leipzig pile L-IV, to achieve positive neutron production.\"[4] The results were set forth in an article by Robert Döpel, Klara Döpel and W. Heisenberg.[5] The article was published at first in the Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte (Research Reports in Nuclear Physics), a classified internal reporting vehicle of the Uranverein.[6]The Leipzig research group was led by Heisenberg until 1942 who in winter 1939/1940 reported on the possibilities and feasibility of energy extraction from uranium for a uranium reactor and nuclear bomb. After the report Heisenberg withdrew from practical experiments and left the execution of the experiments L-I, L-II, L-III and L-IV mostly up to his coworkers.[7] The accident ended the Leipzig uranium projects.[8]Werner Heisenberg (1933)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRobert Döpel (1935)Physical Institute Leipzig (1909)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeipzig uranium machine (1942)","title":"The experiment"}]	[]	[{"title":"Germany portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany"},{"title":"Nuclear technology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology"},{"title":"German nuclear weapons program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nuclear_weapons_program"},{"title":"Nuclear safety and security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_safety_and_security"},{"title":"Nuclear power in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Germany"},{"title":"Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_nuclear_disasters_and_radioactive_incidents"}]	[{"reference":"Kretz, Sebastian (19 April 2012). \"Geschichte der Atomkraft: Der Urknall\". 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Retrieved 2014-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vA0AAAAAMBAJ&q=Leipzig%20pile%20fire&pg=PA343","url_text":"\"Heisenberg on the German Uranium Project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947BuAtS...3k.343G","url_text":"1947BuAtS...3k.343G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00963402.1947.11459137","url_text":"10.1080/00963402.1947.11459137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3402","url_text":"0096-3402"}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsches Museum: Forschungszentrum Leipzig\". www.deutsches-museum.de (in German). Deutsches Museum. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooter%27s_sandwich	Shooter's sandwich	["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Steak sandwich of English origin Shooter's sandwichA shooter's sandwichTypeSandwichPlace of originEnglandInventedEdwardian eraMain ingredientsSteakIngredients generally usedMushrooms, salt, and pepperSimilar dishesBeef Wellington The shooter's sandwich is a steak sandwich consisting of cooked steak and mushrooms placed inside a hollowed-out loaf of bread and then weighted down. This popular English sandwich is likened to beef Wellington using bread rather than pastry. A shooter's sandwich with salad A shooter's sandwich is prepared by filling a long, hollowed-out loaf of bread with cooked filet mignon steak, cooked mushrooms, salt, and pepper. Weights are then placed atop the sandwich to squeeze it down. Typically the sandwich is weighted down overnight, which causes meat juices to soak into the bread. Other cuts of beef, such as rump steak, ribeye, and sirloin are also used to prepare the item. Cooked onions or shallots are sometimes used, as is duxelles, a sautéed preparation of mushrooms, onions or shallots, and herbs, reduced to a paste. Dijon mustard and horseradish are sometimes used as accompanying condiments. History The shooter's sandwich originated in England during the Edwardian era. It was created as a way for hunters to take a hearty lunch with them. It is now enjoyed both for at-home meals or as a portable food item when travelling. The sandwich became a minor Internet meme after an April 7, 2010 article written by Tim Hayward and published by The Guardian declared the shooter's sandwich the best sandwich in the world. The Guardian's article also described the sandwich as a "triumph of Edwardian cuisine". See also England portalFood portal List of sandwiches List of steak dishes Toast sandwich References ^ a b Wilson, B. (2010). Sandwich: A Global History. Edible series. Reaktion Books. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-86189-891-3. Retrieved April 14, 2017. ^ a b David, E.; O'Neill, M. (1955). Summer Cooking. New York Review Books classics. New York Review Books. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-59017-004-5. Retrieved April 14, 2017. ^ a b Fulton, M. (1986). Encyclopedia of food and cookery. Gallery Books. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-8317-2799-4. Retrieved April 14, 2017. ^ a b "4 Close-Up, High-Def, Insanely Awesome Shooter's-Style Sandwiches". Serious Eats. April 11, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2017. ^ Hayward, Tim (April 7, 2010). "How to make a shooter's sandwich". The Guardian. Retrieved April 14, 2017. ^ a b Graves, H. (2015). 101 Sandwiches: A collection of the finest sandwich recipes from around the world. EBL-Schweitzer. Ryland Peters & Small. pp. pt278–281. ISBN 978-1-78249-299-3. Retrieved April 17, 2017. ^ Kapadia, Jess (March 21, 2013). "Duxelles Dreams Spawn The Shooter Sandwich". Food Republic. Retrieved April 17, 2017. ^ Chillag, Ian (November 7, 2011). "Sandwich Monday: The Shooter's Sandwich". NPR. Retrieved April 14, 2017. ^ a b c d Hayward, Tim (April 7, 2010). "The best sandwich ever?". The Guardian. Retrieved April 14, 2017. ^ a b Ramsden, James (November 10, 2014). "The sandwich is dead! Long live the sandwich!". The Guardian. Retrieved April 14, 2017. ^ Squire, J.C.; Scott-James, R.A. (1936). The London Mercury. Field Press Limited. p. 39. Retrieved April 14, 2017. ^ a b Miles, Jonathan (October 19, 2016). "How to Make the Ultimate Deer Stand-Wich". Field & Stream. Retrieved April 17, 2017. ^ Park, Michael Y. (April 14, 2017). "World's Best Sandwich?". Epicurious. Retrieved April 17, 2017. External links Shooter's sandwich. Food.com. vteBeef and vealProduction Argentine beef Beef cattle Cow–calf operation Feeder cattle Kobe beef Organic beef Osorno Steer ProductsCuts Baseball steak Blade steak Brisket Chateaubriand steak Chuck steak Fajita Filet mignon Flank steak Flap steak Hanger steak Plate Picanha Ranch steak Restructured steak Rib eye Rib steak Round Rump Short loin Short ribs Shoulder tender Sirloin Top sirloin Skirt steak Standing rib roast Strip Shank T-bone Tenderloin Tri-tip Trotters Tail Processed Jerky Aged Bresaola Cabeza Corned beef Frankfurter Rindswurst Ground Montreal smoked Pastrami Meat extract Offal Brain Heart Tongue Tendon Tripas Tripe Testicles Dishes Beefsteak List of steak dishes Balbacua Blanquette de veau Beef olives Beef Wellington Beef bourguignon Beef bun Beef Manhattan Beef noodle soup Beef on weck Beef Stroganoff Bistek Boiled beef Bruscitti Bulgogi Bulalo Cachopo Calf's liver and bacon Cansi Chateaubriand (dish) Cheesesteak Chicken-fried steak Cordon bleu Daube Dendeng Feu French dip Ginger beef Galbi Gored gored Gyūdon Hayashi rice Hamburg steak Hortobágyi palacsinta Iga penyet Italian beef Jellied veal Kalio Karađorđeva šnicla Kare-kare Kitfo London broil Mechado Mongolian beef Neobiani Nilagang baka Ossobuco Pares Pho Pot roast Pozharsky cutlet Puchero P'tcha Ragout fin Rawon Rendang Roast beef Roast beef sandwich Ropa vieja Salisbury steak Saltimbocca Selat solo Sha cha beef Suea rong hai Shooter's sandwich Soup Number Five Steak and kidney pudding Steak Diane Steak and eggs Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Tapa Tartare Tafelspitz Tiyula itum Tongseng Veal Milanese Veal Orloff Veal Oscar Vitello tonnato Wallenbergare Related meats American bison Beefalo Water buffalo Żubroń Other Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Beef hormone controversy Beef ring Carcass grade Darkcutter Meat on the bone Ractopamine - Beef US beef imports Japan Taiwan South Korea (2008 US beef protest in South Korea) vteSandwichesList of sandwichesFish and seafood Bake and shark Balık ekmek Fischbrötchen Fish finger Lobster roll Prawn roll Salmon burger Sol over Gudhjem Tuna fish Meat Bánh mì Barbecue Bauru Bologna Bun kebab Chacarero Chicken Chicken fillet roll Chivito Choripán Club Cudighi Dagwood Doner kebab Donkey burger Francesinha Francesinha poveira Fried-brain Gua bao Gyro Hamdog Jibarito Kati roll Kottenbutter Maine Italian sandwich Meatball Medianoche New Jersey sloppy joe Num pang Panini Pepito Po' boy Redonkadonk Roti (wrap) Roujiamo Sabich Sailor Shawarma Shooter's Slider Smørrebrød Spiedie St. Paul Strammer Max Submarine Tonkatsu Torta Torta ahogada Wurstbrot Beef Barros Luco Beef on weck Cheesesteak Chopped cheese Corned beef Denver French dip Hamburger List of hamburgers Italian beef Montreal-style smoked meat Pastrami on rye Patty melt Reuben Roast beef Sándwich de milanesa Sloppy joe Steak burger Steak Tavern Tongue Ham andpork Ham sandwich Bacon Barros Jarpa BLT Croque monsieur Cuban Flæskesteg Fool's Gold Loaf Ham and egg bun Ham salad Jambon-beurre Jesuita Monte Cristo Porchetta Pork chop bun Pork tenderloin Sincronizada Toast Hawaii Sausage Braunschweiger Breakfast roll Liverwurst Maxwell Street Polish Morning roll Mortadella Polish Boy Porilainen Small sausage in large sausage Vegetarian Bagel toast Baked bean Cucumber Dabeli Doubles Egg Lettuce Peanut butter and jelly Tea Tomato Vada pav Vegetable Cheese Carrozza Cheese dream Cheese on toast Grilled cheese Melt Pebete Open Avocado toast Butterbrot Canapé Crudo alemán Dyrlægens natmad Gerber Horseshoe Mollete Muisjes Obložené chlebíčky Pan bagnat Smørrebrød Zapiekanka Other Afghani burger Bocadillo Breakfast Bacon, egg and cheese Cemita Chimichurris Chip butty Chow mein Crisp Doughnut sandwich Gatsby Guajolota Ice cream Jam Mitraillette Mother-in-law Pambazo Peanut butter and jelly sandwich Peanut butter, banana and bacon Pistolette Pocket Roti bakar Sandwiches de miga Spaghetti Spatlo Toast sandwich Tramezzino Trancapecho Wrap X-caboquinho Related Sandwich bread Sandwich loaf Soup and sandwich Category: Sandwiches Food portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"steak sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steak_sandwich"},{"link_name":"beef Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_Wellington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shooter%27s_sandwich_with_salad.jpg"},{"link_name":"filet mignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filet_mignon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson_2010-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-David_ONeill_1955-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson_2010-1"},{"link_name":"rump steak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_steak"},{"link_name":"ribeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib_eye_steak"},{"link_name":"sirloin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirloin_steak"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-David_ONeill_1955-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulton_1986-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeriousEats_2017-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayward-Howto-2010-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graves_2015-6"},{"link_name":"duxelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duxelles"},{"link_name":"paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(food)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graves_2015-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kapadia_2013-7"},{"link_name":"Dijon mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon_mustard"},{"link_name":"horseradish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseradish#Horseradish_sauce"},{"link_name":"condiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condiment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fulton_1986-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeriousEats_2017-4"}],"text":"The shooter's sandwich is a steak sandwich consisting of cooked steak and mushrooms placed inside a hollowed-out loaf of bread and then weighted down. This popular English sandwich is likened to beef Wellington using bread rather than pastry.A shooter's sandwich with saladA shooter's sandwich is prepared by filling a long, hollowed-out loaf of bread with cooked filet mignon steak, cooked mushrooms, salt, and pepper.[1][2] Weights are then placed atop the sandwich to squeeze it down. Typically the sandwich is weighted down overnight, which causes meat juices to soak into the bread.[1]Other cuts of beef, such as rump steak, ribeye, and sirloin are also used to prepare the item. Cooked onions or shallots are sometimes used,[2][3][4][5][6] as is duxelles, a sautéed preparation of mushrooms, onions or shallots, and herbs, reduced to a paste.[6][7] Dijon mustard and horseradish are sometimes used as accompanying condiments.[3][4]","title":"Shooter's sandwich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edwardian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian_era"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chillag_2011-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayward_2010-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramsden_2014-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayward_2010-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Squire_Scott-James_1936-11"},{"link_name":"Internet meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miles_2016-12"},{"link_name":"Tim Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hayward"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayward_2010-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramsden_2014-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miles_2016-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Epicurious_2017-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayward_2010-9"}],"text":"The shooter's sandwich originated in England during the Edwardian era.[8][9][10] It was created as a way for hunters to take a hearty lunch with them. It is now enjoyed both for at-home meals or as a portable food item when travelling.[9][11]The sandwich became a minor Internet meme[12] after an April 7, 2010 article written by Tim Hayward and published by The Guardian declared the shooter's sandwich the best sandwich in the world.[9][10][12][13] The Guardian's article also described the sandwich as a \"triumph of Edwardian cuisine\".[9]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"A shooter's sandwich with salad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shooter%27s_sandwich_with_salad.jpg/220px-Shooter%27s_sandwich_with_salad.jpg"}]	[{"title":"England portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"List of sandwiches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sandwiches"},{"title":"List of steak dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes"},{"title":"Toast sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toast_sandwich"}]	[{"reference":"Wilson, B. (2010). Sandwich: A Global History. Edible series. Reaktion Books. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-86189-891-3. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ydR5na_9fnYC&pg=PP61","url_text":"Sandwich: A Global History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-891-3","url_text":"978-1-86189-891-3"}]},{"reference":"David, E.; O'Neill, M. (1955). Summer Cooking. New York Review Books classics. New York Review Books. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-59017-004-5. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rjm_stfGEaoC&pg=PA212","url_text":"Summer Cooking"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-004-5","url_text":"978-1-59017-004-5"}]},{"reference":"Fulton, M. (1986). Encyclopedia of food and cookery. Gallery Books. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-8317-2799-4. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m-jCdQilbUsC","url_text":"Encyclopedia of food and cookery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8317-2799-4","url_text":"978-0-8317-2799-4"}]},{"reference":"\"4 Close-Up, High-Def, Insanely Awesome Shooter's-Style Sandwiches\". Serious Eats. April 11, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seriouseats.com/2014/03/four-shooters-sandwiches-that-really-work-wit.html","url_text":"\"4 Close-Up, High-Def, Insanely Awesome Shooter's-Style Sandwiches\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Eats","url_text":"Serious Eats"}]},{"reference":"Hayward, Tim (April 7, 2010). \"How to make a shooter's sandwich\". The Guardian. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/gallery/2010/apr/07/how-to-make-shooters-sandwich","url_text":"\"How to make a shooter's sandwich\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Graves, H. (2015). 101 Sandwiches: A collection of the finest sandwich recipes from around the world. EBL-Schweitzer. Ryland Peters & Small. pp. pt278–281. ISBN 978-1-78249-299-3. Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rSvHCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT278","url_text":"101 Sandwiches: A collection of the finest sandwich recipes from around the world"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78249-299-3","url_text":"978-1-78249-299-3"}]},{"reference":"Kapadia, Jess (March 21, 2013). \"Duxelles Dreams Spawn The Shooter Sandwich\". Food Republic. Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foodrepublic.com/2013/03/21/duxelles-dreams-spawn-the-shooter-sandwich/","url_text":"\"Duxelles Dreams Spawn The Shooter Sandwich\""}]},{"reference":"Chillag, Ian (November 7, 2011). \"Sandwich Monday: The Shooter's Sandwich\". NPR. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/waitwait/2011/11/07/142103856/sandwich-monday-the-shooters-sandwich","url_text":"\"Sandwich Monday: The Shooter's Sandwich\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"Hayward, Tim (April 7, 2010). \"The best sandwich ever?\". The Guardian. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2010/apr/07/how-to-make-shooters-sandwich","url_text":"\"The best sandwich ever?\""}]},{"reference":"Ramsden, James (November 10, 2014). \"The sandwich is dead! Long live the sandwich!\". The Guardian. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2014/nov/10/sandwich-is-dead-daily-mail-sandwich-renaissance","url_text":"\"The sandwich is dead! Long live the sandwich!\""}]},{"reference":"Squire, J.C.; Scott-James, R.A. (1936). The London Mercury. Field Press Limited. p. 39. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8cZLOY6mwucC","url_text":"The London Mercury"}]},{"reference":"Miles, Jonathan (October 19, 2016). \"How to Make the Ultimate Deer Stand-Wich\". Field & Stream. Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fieldandstream.com/how-to-make-ultimate-deer-sandwich","url_text":"\"How to Make the Ultimate Deer Stand-Wich\""}]},{"reference":"Park, Michael Y. (April 14, 2017). \"World's Best Sandwich?\". Epicurious. Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epicurious.com/archive/blogs/editor/2011/03/worlds-best-sandwich.html","url_text":"\"World's Best Sandwich?\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ydR5na_9fnYC&pg=PP61","external_links_name":"Sandwich: A Global History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rjm_stfGEaoC&pg=PA212","external_links_name":"Summer Cooking"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m-jCdQilbUsC","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of food and cookery"},{"Link":"http://www.seriouseats.com/2014/03/four-shooters-sandwiches-that-really-work-wit.html","external_links_name":"\"4 Close-Up, High-Def, Insanely Awesome Shooter's-Style Sandwiches\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/gallery/2010/apr/07/how-to-make-shooters-sandwich","external_links_name":"\"How to make a shooter's sandwich\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rSvHCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT278","external_links_name":"101 Sandwiches: A collection of the finest sandwich recipes from around the world"},{"Link":"http://www.foodrepublic.com/2013/03/21/duxelles-dreams-spawn-the-shooter-sandwich/","external_links_name":"\"Duxelles Dreams Spawn The Shooter Sandwich\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/sections/waitwait/2011/11/07/142103856/sandwich-monday-the-shooters-sandwich","external_links_name":"\"Sandwich Monday: The Shooter's Sandwich\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2010/apr/07/how-to-make-shooters-sandwich","external_links_name":"\"The best sandwich ever?\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2014/nov/10/sandwich-is-dead-daily-mail-sandwich-renaissance","external_links_name":"\"The sandwich is dead! Long live the sandwich!\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8cZLOY6mwucC","external_links_name":"The London Mercury"},{"Link":"http://www.fieldandstream.com/how-to-make-ultimate-deer-sandwich","external_links_name":"\"How to Make the Ultimate Deer Stand-Wich\""},{"Link":"http://www.epicurious.com/archive/blogs/editor/2011/03/worlds-best-sandwich.html","external_links_name":"\"World's Best Sandwich?\""},{"Link":"http://www.food.com/recipe/shooters-sandwich-130572","external_links_name":"Shooter's sandwich"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Zone	Ray Zone	["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","3 References","4 External links"]	American film historian, author and artist Ray ZoneBorn(1947-05-16)May 16, 1947DiedNovember 13, 2012(2012-11-13) (aged 65)Los Angeles, California, U.S.NationalityAmericanChildren2AwardsInkpot Award (1987) Ray Zone (1947–2012) was an American film historian, author, artist, and pioneer in methods of converting flat images (in particular, comic books) into stereoscopic images. Starlog called him the "King of 3-D Comics", and Artsy Planet called him the "3D King of Hollywood". Biography Zone attributed his interest in 3D to having read Mighty Mouse comic books in 3D at the age of 6, in 1953. He moved to Los Angeles in the early 1980s and began converting flat art to 3D images. He began working in comic books in 1983, and his early collaborations with Jack C. Harris and Steve Ditko drew the attention of Archie Goodwin, who recruited him to work with John Byrne on the 1990 Batman 3-D, a full-length 3D graphic novella. Zone produced 3D adaptations of art for over 150 comic books, for clients such as Disney, Warner Bros and the Simpsons, and including stories by Alan Moore and Grant Morrison which were specifically written to accommodate stereoscopy. An internationally recognized expert in all things 3-D, Zone had a special interest in stereoscopic cinema and Large Format 3-D (15/70) filmmaking. He created stereo conversions and stereoscopic images for a wide variety of clients in publishing, education, advertising, television and motion pictures. In 2006 Zone was the 3D Artist on the Tool album 10,000 Days, which won that year's Grammy Award for Best Recording Package. He received numerous awards for his 3-D work, among them a 1987 Inkpot Award from the San Diego Comic-Con for "Outstanding Achievement in Comic Arts", and He was the author of "3D Filmmakers, Conversations with Creators of Stereoscopic Motion Pictures" (Scarecrow Press: 2005), "Stereoscopic Cinema and the Origins of 3-D Film, 1838 - 1952" (University Press of Kentucky: 2007), "3-DIY: Stereoscopic Moviemaking on an Indie Budget" (Focal Press: 2012), and "3-D Revolution: The History of Modern Stereoscopic Cinema" (University Press of Kentucky: 2012). In 2008 Zone worked as 3D Supervisor on Dark Country with director/star Thomas Jane, and in 2010 as 3D Producer on "Guardians of the Lost Code", the first animated 3D feature film made in Mexico. Bibliography Work includes: Batman 3D (with John Byrne, Arthur Adams, 80 pages, Titan Books, ISBN 1-85286-364-1) 3D Filmmakers, Conversations with Creators of Stereoscopic Motion Pictures, Scarecrow Press Stereoscopic Cinema and the Origins of 3-D Film, 1838 - 1952, University Press of Kentucky 3-DIY: Stereoscopic Moviemaking on an Indie Budget, Focal Press 3-D Revolution: The History of Modern Stereoscopic Cinema, University Press of Kentucky References ^ Inkpot Award ^ Ray Zone, the '3D King of Hollywood,' Dies at 65, from The Hollywood Reporter, by Mike Barnes; published 11/15/2012; retrieved 11/19/2012 ^ Manning, Matthew K.; Dolan, Hannah (2010). "1990s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. The Caped Crusader leaped off the pages in all his red-and-blue glory in this over-sized eighty-page special crafted by 3-D expert Ray Zone... an all-new tale written and illustrated by John Byrne. External links Official site (via archive.is) Ray Zone at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Ray Zone at the Grand Comics Database Ray Zone at IMDb Checklist of comic books featuring Ray Zone work CES: Ray Zone 'King of 3D art' bullish on 3D TV (podcast), Cnet, January 9, 2010 The History of 3D Comics Exhibition & Opening Reception, Comixlist, July 19, 2007 vteInkpot Award (1980s)1980 Terry Austin Murray Bishoff Pat Boyette John Byrne National Film Board of Canada Ernie Chan Chris Claremont Shary Flenniken Mike Friedrich Rick Geary Don Glut S. Gross Al Hartley B. Kliban Jerry Muller Joe Orlando Fred Patten Don Phelps Richard Pini Wendy Pini David Raskin Scott Shaw! Jim Shooter John Stanley B. K. Taylor Osamu Tezuka Adam West Wally Wood 1981 Jerry Bails L. B. Cole Jim Fitzpatrick Dick Giordano Dave Graue Paul Gulacy Mary Henderson Karl Hubenthal Bil Keane Frank Miller Doug Moench Monkey Punch Dennis O'Neil Gary Owens Richard Rockwell Allen Saunders Julius Schwartz Mike Sekowsky Bill Sienkiewicz Dave Sim Alex Toth Morrie Turner Bill Woggon 1982 Bob Bindig Brian Bolland Russ Cochran David Cockrum Max Allan Collins Chase Craig Archie Goodwin Mike Grell Bruce Hamilton Jack Katz Howard Kazanjian Hank Ketcham Walter Koenig Richard Kyle Lee Marrs Frank Marshall John Pound Tony Raiola Steven Spielberg Leonard Starr Robert Williams 1983 Douglas Adams Maeheah Alzmann Jim Aparo Don Bluth Floyd Gottfredson Norman Maurer George Pérez Arn Saba Dan Spiegle Joe Staton James Van Hise Cat Yronwode 1984 Murphy Anderson Román Arámbula Greg Bear Fae Gates Desmond Stan Drake John Field Rick Hoberg Greg Jein Ollie Johnston Brant Parker Robert Shayne Curt Swan Frank Thomas Jim Valentino Al Williamson 1985 Brent Anderson Ben Bova David Brin Jack Cummings Jack Davis Alan Moore Dan O'Bannon Tom Orzechowski John Rogers Alex Schomburg Walt Simonson 1986 Poul Anderson Marion Zimmer Bradley Dave Gibbons Jean "Moebius" Giraud Gilbert Hernandez Jaime Hernandez Denis Kitchen Steve Leialoha Marty Nodell Harvey Pekar Mark Stadler Dave Stevens 1987 Steve Ditko Harlan Ellison Larry Geeck Ward Kimball Deni Loubert Bill Messner-Loebs Mike Peters Bill Schanes Steve Schanes Robert Silverberg Art Spiegelman Bernie Wrightson Ray Zone 1988 Frank Alison Robert Asprin Mike Baron Lynda Barry John Bolton Jules Feiffer Raymond E. Feist Matt Groening Gary Groth George R. R. Martin Mike Pasqua Steve Rude Marie Severin Matt Wagner 1989 Richard Alf Robert Crumb Howard Cruse Kevin Eastman Lee Falk Ron Goulart Walt Kelly Peter Laird Syd Mead Andre Norton Jerry Robinson Diana Schutz Janet Tait Ron Turner Gahan Wilson Complete list 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"stereoscopic images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopic_image"},{"link_name":"Starlog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlog"}],"text":"Ray Zone (1947–2012) was an American film historian, author, artist, and pioneer in methods of converting flat images (in particular, comic books) into stereoscopic images.Starlog called him the \"King of 3-D Comics\", and Artsy Planet called him the \"3D King of Hollywood\".","title":"Ray Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mighty Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Mouse"},{"link_name":"comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jack C. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_C._Harris"},{"link_name":"Steve Ditko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ditko"},{"link_name":"Archie Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Goodwin_(comics)"},{"link_name":"John Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byrne_(comics)"},{"link_name":"graphic novella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alan Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Moore"},{"link_name":"Grant Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_(band)"},{"link_name":"10,000 Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10,000_Days_(Tool_album)"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Recording Package","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Recording_Package"},{"link_name":"Inkpot Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkpot_Award"},{"link_name":"San Diego Comic-Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con"},{"link_name":"Dark Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Country"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jane"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Lost Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Lost_Code"}],"text":"Zone attributed his interest in 3D to having read Mighty Mouse comic books in 3D at the age of 6, in 1953.[2] He moved to Los Angeles in the early 1980s and began converting flat art to 3D images. He began working in comic books in 1983, and his early collaborations with Jack C. Harris and Steve Ditko drew the attention of Archie Goodwin, who recruited him to work with John Byrne on the 1990 Batman 3-D, a full-length 3D graphic novella.[3] Zone produced 3D adaptations of art for over 150 comic books, for clients such as Disney, Warner Bros and the Simpsons, and including stories by Alan Moore and Grant Morrison which were specifically written to accommodate stereoscopy.An internationally recognized expert in all things 3-D, Zone had a special interest in stereoscopic cinema and Large Format 3-D (15/70) filmmaking. He created stereo conversions and stereoscopic images for a wide variety of clients in publishing, education, advertising, television and motion pictures. In 2006 Zone was the 3D Artist on the Tool album 10,000 Days, which won that year's Grammy Award for Best Recording Package. He received numerous awards for his 3-D work, among them a 1987 Inkpot Award from the San Diego Comic-Con for \"Outstanding Achievement in Comic Arts\", andHe was the author of \"3D Filmmakers, Conversations with Creators of Stereoscopic Motion Pictures\" (Scarecrow Press: 2005), \"Stereoscopic Cinema and the Origins of 3-D Film, 1838 - 1952\" (University Press of Kentucky: 2007), \"3-DIY: Stereoscopic Moviemaking on an Indie Budget\" (Focal Press: 2012), and \"3-D Revolution: The History of Modern Stereoscopic Cinema\" (University Press of Kentucky: 2012).In 2008 Zone worked as 3D Supervisor on Dark Country with director/star Thomas Jane, and in 2010 as 3D Producer on \"Guardians of the Lost Code\", the first animated 3D feature film made in Mexico.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byrne_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Adams_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Titan Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85286-364-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85286-364-1"},{"link_name":"Scarecrow Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow_Press"},{"link_name":"University Press of Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Focal Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_Press"}],"text":"Work includes:Batman 3D (with John Byrne, Arthur Adams, 80 pages, Titan Books, ISBN 1-85286-364-1)\n3D Filmmakers, Conversations with Creators of Stereoscopic Motion Pictures, Scarecrow Press\nStereoscopic Cinema and the Origins of 3-D Film, 1838 - 1952, University Press of Kentucky\n3-DIY: Stereoscopic Moviemaking on an Indie Budget, Focal Press\n3-D Revolution: The History of Modern Stereoscopic Cinema, University Press of Kentucky","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Manning, Matthew K.; Dolan, Hannah (2010). \"1990s\". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. The Caped Crusader leaped off the pages in all his red-and-blue glory in this over-sized eighty-page special crafted by 3-D expert Ray Zone...[for] an all-new tale written and illustrated by John Byrne.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-6742-9","url_text":"978-0-7566-6742-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.comic-con.org/awards/inkpot","external_links_name":"Inkpot Award"},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ray-zone-3d-king-hollywood-batman-391266","external_links_name":"Ray Zone, the '3D King of Hollywood,' Dies at 65"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130201000153/http://ray3dzone.com/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2018010101/http://comicbookdb.com/creator.php?ID=9369","external_links_name":"Ray Zone"},{"Link":"http://comicbookdb.com/creator.php?ID=9369","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.comics.org/search.lasso/?sort=chrono&query=Ray+Zone&type=credit","external_links_name":"Ray Zone"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3199613/","external_links_name":"Ray Zone"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20090211164013/http://ray3dzone.com/50ind.html","external_links_name":"Checklist of comic books featuring Ray Zone work"},{"Link":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-30977_3-10431377-10347072.html","external_links_name":"CES: Ray Zone 'King of 3D art' bullish on 3D TV (podcast)"},{"Link":"http://comixlist.com/events/2007/jul/19/the-history-of-3d-comics-exhibition-opening-rece/","external_links_name":"The History of 3D Comics Exhibition & Opening Reception"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/195347/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083662018","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/26121686","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB4gQxqC3RfHp6WP97vHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb160559779","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb160559779","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007391451505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87814083","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osd2010551378&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p245617345","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/181253631","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Home_(England_song)	Back Home (song)	["1 Charts","2 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Back Home" song – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1970 single by England World Cup Squad"Back Home"Single by England World Cup SquadB-side"Cinnamon Stick"ReleasedApril 1970Length2:07LabelPyeSongwriter(s)Bill Martin, Phil CoulterProducer(s)Bill Martin, Phil CoulterEngland World Cup Squad singles chronology "Back Home" (1970) "This Time (We'll Get It Right)" / "England, We'll Fly the Flag"(1982) "Back Home" is a popular song written by Bill Martin and Phil Coulter. It was recorded by the 1970 England World Cup squad and released on the single Pye 7N 17920. It was produced by Martin and Coulter. The musical arrangements were made by Coulter. The single, which began the tradition of the England squad recording songs to celebrate its involvement in the World Cup, reached number one on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks in May 1970. England were the reigning world champions at the time, having won the 1966 World Cup, but were knocked out in the quarter finals after a 3-2 defeat by West Germany. The song was also a hit in Ireland, reaching number two in the charts there. The England team failed to qualify for the next two World Cups and, although it did release records on qualification in 1982 and 1986, it did not reach number one again until 1990, when it topped the charts with the New Order collaboration "World in Motion". The song is one of four singles supporting the England team to have topped the UK chart, along with the aforementioned "World in Motion", "Three Lions" and "Shout for England". The tune to the song was also used as the theme tune for popular BBC mid-1990s football/comedy TV programme Fantasy Football League. The B side of the 7" vinyl single was called "Cinnamon Stick", and was also sung by the England football team. It began, "Sweet as sugar, twice as nice, cinnamon stick, cinnamon stick; see that twinkle in her eyes, cinnamon stick, cinnamon stick." After this, the tempo increases as the song goes into declarations of love. The b-side gained infamy during the 1998 World Cup, when Skinner and Baddiel mentioned it on their television show “Fantasy World Cup”, a spin-off of “Fantasy Football League”. Jeff Astle in his usual closing segment to the show, sung the song at the end of a later episode. Charts Chart (1970) Peak position Ireland (IRMA) 2 UK Singles (OCC) 1 References ^ "England World Cup Squad "70" - Back Home". Discogs. Retrieved 12 May 2019. ^ a b "England World Cup Squad: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. ^ a b "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Back Home". Irish Singles Chart. Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Martin_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Phil Coulter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Coulter"},{"link_name":"1970 England World Cup squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Pye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pye_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"England squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKchart-2"},{"link_name":"1966 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Irishchart-3"},{"link_name":"World Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"New Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(band)"},{"link_name":"World in Motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_in_Motion"},{"link_name":"Three Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Lions_(song)"},{"link_name":"Shout for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout_for_England"},{"link_name":"Fantasy Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Football_League_(TV_series)"}],"text":"1970 single by England World Cup Squad\"Back Home\" is a popular song written by Bill Martin and Phil Coulter. It was recorded by the 1970 England World Cup squad and released on the single Pye 7N 17920. It was produced by Martin and Coulter. The musical arrangements were made by Coulter.[1] The single, which began the tradition of the England squad recording songs to celebrate its involvement in the World Cup, reached number one on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks in May 1970.[2] England were the reigning world champions at the time, having won the 1966 World Cup, but were knocked out in the quarter finals after a 3-2 defeat by West Germany.The song was also a hit in Ireland, reaching number two in the charts there.[3]The England team failed to qualify for the next two World Cups and, although it did release records on qualification in 1982 and 1986, it did not reach number one again until 1990, when it topped the charts with the New Order collaboration \"World in Motion\". The song is one of four singles supporting the England team to have topped the UK chart, along with the aforementioned \"World in Motion\", \"Three Lions\" and \"Shout for England\".The tune to the song was also used as the theme tune for popular BBC mid-1990s football/comedy TV programme Fantasy Football League.The B side of the 7\" vinyl single was called \"Cinnamon Stick\", and was also sung by the England football team. It began, \"Sweet as sugar, twice as nice, cinnamon stick, cinnamon stick; see that twinkle in her eyes, cinnamon stick, cinnamon stick.\" After this, the tempo increases as the song goes into declarations of love. The b-side gained infamy during the 1998 World Cup, when Skinner and Baddiel mentioned it on their television show “Fantasy World Cup”, a spin-off of “Fantasy Football League”. Jeff Astle in his usual closing segment to the show, sung the song at the end of a later episode.","title":"Back Home (song)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"England World Cup Squad \"70\" - Back Home\". Discogs. Retrieved 12 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/England-World-Cup-Squad-70-Back-Home/release/2100102","url_text":"\"England World Cup Squad \"70\" - Back Home\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Back+Home%22+song","external_links_name":"\"Back Home\" song"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Back+Home%22+song+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Back+Home%22+song&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Back+Home%22+song+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Back+Home%22+song","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Back+Home%22+song&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/England-World-Cup-Squad-70-Back-Home/release/2100102","external_links_name":"\"England World Cup Squad \"70\" - Back Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/search/artists/England%20World%20Cup%20Squad","external_links_name":"\"England World Cup Squad: Artist Chart History\""},{"Link":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=title&placement=Back+Home","external_links_name":"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Back Home\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/d6e8e8fc-3889-448e-ab85-5468d1d058d3","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granger_Laws	Granger Laws	["1 The effects of the Granger Laws","2 The Illinois Granger Laws","2.1 Munn v. Illinois","2.2 Wabash v. Illinois","3 Wisconsin’s Potter Law","4 References"]	The Granger Laws were a series of laws passed in several midwestern states of the United States, namely Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, in the late 1860s and early 1870s. The Granger Laws were promoted primarily by a group of farmers known as The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. The main goal of the Granger was to regulate rising fare prices of railroad and grain elevator companies after the American Civil War. The laws, which upset major railroad companies, were a topic of much debate at the time and ended up leading to several important court cases, such as Munn v. Illinois and Wabash v. Illinois. The railroads targeted by these laws, such as the Rock Island, Chicago & North Western, and the Milwaukee Road, are sometimes called "granger railroads." The effects of the Granger Laws Certain aspects of the Granger Laws varied from state to state, but all of the involved states shared the same intent: to make pricing of railroad rates more favorable to farmers, small rural farmers in particular, in the states. This common aspiration was a result of the laws being promoted heavily in state politics by the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (Grange). The Grange was an organization of farmers that stretched throughout the Midwestern United States and filtered into the Southern United States. Despite the highest proportion of its members being in Kansas and Nebraska, the Grange were most effective in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, where the Granger laws were eventually passed. The two Granger laws that became the best-known were those passed in Illinois and Wisconsin. The Illinois Granger Laws The Illinois granger laws focused primarily on eliminating the discrimination between long- and short-haul rates of railroads and regulating the maximum price charged by grain storage facilities. The farmers of the Illinois Grange wanted this because smaller rural farmers who tended to ship more locally were being charged such high rates that they were having a difficult time staying in business and making a profit. The Illinois granger laws led to several important court cases, two of which were Munn v. Illinois and the Wabash Case. Munn v. Illinois In 1877, a grain storage company, Munn and Scott, was found guilty for violating the Illinois Granger law, which set a maximum grain storage charge. Following an appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court, which resulted in the affirmation of the law, the case was taken to the U.S. Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court then ruled that because the company was in a business that affected the public interest, the government could in fact regulate the company. This ruling also applied to railroads, as railroad companies were deemed private companies serving the public interest. Thus the Munn v. Illinois case set the precedent that regulating both grain elevator rates and railroad rates was within the bounds of the Constitution. Wabash v. Illinois Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois involved a railroad company, Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Company, serving the upper Midwest and the state of Illinois, which in 1886 resulted in the overturning of Munn v. Illinois. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1886 that Illinois’ granger laws were unconstitutional because they attempted to control interstate commerce, which had been deemed a responsibility of the federal government by Gibbons v. Ogden (1824). Following the Wabash Case, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, the first federal regulation of business in the United States. This act forced railroad companies to publish their rates with the government and banned railroads from charging different rates for short and long hauls. This 1887 act also created the Interstate Commerce Commission, which regulated the rates of railroads and ensured the rates remained “reasonable and just”. Wisconsin’s Potter Law Wisconsin’s granger laws were among, if not the, most severe of the four states. While other states such as Illinois implemented a system of price regulation by administrative bodies, Wisconsin adopted a strict legislative regulation policy on rate fixing. The Potter Law brought about this system of price fixing. The rates at which Wisconsin fixed the prices yielded little to no profits for the railroad companies. The fixing of rates led to many negative economic effects for the state. In the second year under the Potter Law, no Wisconsin railroad paid a dividend and only four railroads paid interest on their bonds. This led to a complete halt in railroad construction in the state, as the companies did not believe they would make a profit if they built more lines. In 1876, despite still being within constitutional bounds, the state of Wisconsin repealed the law in attempts to spur economic growth brought about by railroad construction. Today Wisconsin's railways are administered under the Office of the Commissioner of Railroads. References ^ a b American History, “The Granger Laws,” From Revolution to Reconstruction and Beyond. http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/1801-1900/the-iron-horse/the-granger-laws.php. ^ a b c d Cynthia Clark Northrup, The American Economy (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2003), 488. ^ a b United States History, “Munn v. Illinois (1877): An Important Granger Case.” http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h855.html. ^ History Matters, “The Supreme Court Strikes Down Railroad Regulation.” http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5746/. ^ Robert F. Boden, “Railroads and the Granger Laws,” Marquette Law Review 54, no. 2 (1971): 253. ^ a b Detrick, Charles R. (1903). "The Effects of the Granger Acts". Journal of Political Economy. 11 (2): 237–256. doi:10.1086/250935. ISSN 0022-3808.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Rock_Island_and_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Chicago & North Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_and_North_Western_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Road"}],"text":"The railroads targeted by these laws, such as the Rock Island, Chicago & North Western, and the Milwaukee Road, are sometimes called \"granger railroads.\"","title":"Granger Laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Northrup-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American-1"}],"text":"Certain aspects of the Granger Laws varied from state to state, but all of the involved states shared the same intent: to make pricing of railroad rates more favorable to farmers, small rural farmers in particular, in the states. This common aspiration was a result of the laws being promoted heavily in state politics by the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (Grange).[2] The Grange was an organization of farmers that stretched throughout the Midwestern United States and filtered into the Southern United States. Despite the highest proportion of its members being in Kansas and Nebraska, the Grange were most effective in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, where the Granger laws were eventually passed.[1] The two Granger laws that became the best-known were those passed in Illinois and Wisconsin.","title":"The effects of the Granger Laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-United-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Northrup-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Northrup-2"}],"text":"The Illinois granger laws focused primarily on eliminating the discrimination between long- and short-haul rates of railroads and regulating the maximum price charged by grain storage facilities.[3] The farmers of the Illinois Grange wanted this because smaller rural farmers who tended to ship more locally were being charged such high rates that they were having a difficult time staying in business and making a profit.[2] The Illinois granger laws led to several important court cases, two of which were Munn v. Illinois and the Wabash Case.[2]","title":"The Illinois Granger Laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Munn v. Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munn_v._Illinois"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-United-3"}],"sub_title":"Munn v. Illinois","text":"In 1877, a grain storage company, Munn and Scott, was found guilty for violating the Illinois Granger law, which set a maximum grain storage charge. Following an appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court, which resulted in the affirmation of the law, the case was taken to the U.S. Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court then ruled that because the company was in a business that affected the public interest, the government could in fact regulate the company. This ruling also applied to railroads, as railroad companies were deemed private companies serving the public interest. Thus the Munn v. Illinois case set the precedent that regulating both grain elevator rates and railroad rates was within the bounds of the Constitution.[3]","title":"The Illinois Granger Laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash,_St._Louis_%26_Pacific_Railway_Co._v._Illinois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gibbons v. Ogden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbons_v._Ogden"},{"link_name":"Interstate Commerce Act of 1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Act_of_1887"},{"link_name":"Interstate Commerce Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Northrup-2"}],"sub_title":"Wabash v. Illinois","text":"Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois involved a railroad company, Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Company, serving the upper Midwest and the state of Illinois, which in 1886 resulted in the overturning of Munn v. Illinois.[4] The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1886 that Illinois’ granger laws were unconstitutional because they attempted to control interstate commerce, which had been deemed a responsibility of the federal government by Gibbons v. Ogden (1824). Following the Wabash Case, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, the first federal regulation of business in the United States. This act forced railroad companies to publish their rates with the government and banned railroads from charging different rates for short and long hauls. This 1887 act also created the Interstate Commerce Commission, which regulated the rates of railroads and ensured the rates remained “reasonable and just”.[2]","title":"The Illinois Granger Laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Office of the Commissioner of Railroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Commissioner_of_Railroads"}],"text":"Wisconsin’s granger laws were among, if not the, most severe of the four states. While other states such as Illinois implemented a system of price regulation by administrative bodies, Wisconsin adopted a strict legislative regulation policy on rate fixing.[5] The Potter Law brought about this system of price fixing. The rates at which Wisconsin fixed the prices yielded little to no profits for the railroad companies. The fixing of rates led to many negative economic effects for the state. In the second year under the Potter Law, no Wisconsin railroad paid a dividend and only four railroads paid interest on their bonds.[6] This led to a complete halt in railroad construction in the state, as the companies did not believe they would make a profit if they built more lines. In 1876, despite still being within constitutional bounds, the state of Wisconsin repealed the law in attempts to spur economic growth brought about by railroad construction.[6]Today Wisconsin's railways are administered under the Office of the Commissioner of Railroads.","title":"Wisconsin’s Potter Law"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Detrick, Charles R. (1903). \"The Effects of the Granger Acts\". Journal of Political Economy. 11 (2): 237–256. doi:10.1086/250935. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Pioneers_men%27s_basketball	Denver Pioneers men's basketball	["1 History","2 Alumni","3 Postseason results","3.1 NCAA Division II Tournament results","3.2 NAIA Tournament results","3.3 NIT results","4 References","5 Notes","6 External links"]	NCAA Division I college basketball team This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Denver Pioneers men's basketball" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Denver Pioneers 2023–24 Denver Pioneers men's basketball team UniversityUniversity of DenverHead coachJeff Wulbrun (3rd season)ConferenceSummit LeagueLocationDenver, ColoradoArenaHamilton Gymnasium (Capacity: 2,000)NicknamePioneersColorsCrimson and gold NCAA tournament Sweet Sixteen1992NCAA tournament appearances1992, 1994, 1996*at Division II levelConference regular season championsRMFAC: 1915 Skyline Conference: 1937 Sun Belt: 2005 WAC: 2013 The Denver Pioneers men's basketball team represents the University of Denver and competes in the NCAA Division I men's college basketball in Denver, Colorado. They are led by head coach Jeff Wulbrun and are members of the Summit League. Since late in the 2019–20 seasons they have played all their home games at Hamilton Gymnasium having formerly played most of their games at the newer but larger Magness Arena. The Pioneers are one of 35 eligible Division I programs to have never appeared in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. History Denver began intercollegiate basketball in 1904, playing their first game against the Denver Athletic Club on January 16, who they defeated. They played at the regional level prior to World War II. They played in the Rocky Mountain Faculty Athletic Conference from 1913 to 1938, when they left to become a founding member of the Skyline Conference. Vince Boryla was named a consensus All-American, the first and so far only selection in Denver history. In 1962, they became an NCAA Division I independent. In 1979, DU's declining finances forced the program to drop down to NAIA. They went to the NCAA Division II level in 1990. From 1980 to 1985, Floyd Theard coached the team. He went 107–38 with the Pioneers, which included a home–court winning streak of 79 consecutive games. On April 12, 1985, while serving as the head basketball coach at Denver, Theard suffered a fatal heart attack at age 40. His assistant Dick Peth became the new coach and would coach until 1997, leading them to three NCAA Division II tournament bids. Denver joined Division I in 1998 for all of its programs, including basketball. They accepted membership for the Sun Belt Conference as a measure intended to be temporary that lasted for over a decade. The Pioneers won the regular season title with a 12–3 record in 2005. That year, they made it to the Sun Belt tournament final, which they lost 88–69 to Louisiana–Lafayette, who was later forced to vacate the win due to NCAA violations. As of 2023, it is the closest time the Pioneers have been to winning a conference tournament. Attempts to make the men's basketball team better in order to help the university's revenue stream played a part in the annual budget deficit for the university by 2010. In November 2010, it was announced that Denver would move most of its athletic teams (such as the men's basketball team) to the Western Athletic Conference for the 2012–13 school year. In November 2012, it was announced that Denver would leave the WAC (troubled by upheaval in programs leaving) for The Summit League. In their one season in the WAC, they tied with Louisiana Tech at 16–2 for a share of the WAC regular season title. In the 2023–24 season, the Pioneers finished 7th in the Summit League, but mannaged to upset Kansas City and defeat Omaha to reach the Summit League tournament final, their first tournament final appearance as a program in 19 years. Alumni Notable former Denver basketball players include: David Adkins, played at Denver in the mid-1970s, later became known as comedian/TV actor Sinbad. Byron Beck, ABA and NBA player, number retired by Denver Nuggets Rodney Billups, Euroleague player, former Denver Men's Basketball head coach Vince Boryla, 1948 all-American, 1948 Gold Medal US Olympian, NBA All-Star player, coach, and executive Ronnie Harrell (born 1996), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League Ade Murkey, former forward Sacramento Kings Phil Heath, current Mr. Olympia bodybuilder Ken Michelman, played with David Adkins at DU, became a TV actor on The White Shadow, Grey's Anatomy, and other programs Royce O'Neale, Utah Jazz, played two years at Denver, all-WAC forward before transferring to Baylor Jake Pemberton (born 1996), American-Israeli basketball player in the Israeli National League Postseason results NCAA Division II Tournament results The Pioneers have appeared in three NCAA Division II Tournaments. Their combined record is 1–3. Year Round Opponent Result 1992 Regional semifinalsRegional Finals North DakotaSouth Dakota State W 73–68L 57–87 1994 Regional Quarterfinals North Dakota State L 72–87 1996 Regional Quarterfinals North Dakota State L 70–71 NAIA Tournament results The Pioneers have appeared in two NAIA Tournaments. Their combined record is 0–2. Year Round Opponent Result 1948 First round Mankato State L 46–49 1984 First round Waynesburg(Pa.) L 56–58 OT NIT results The Pioneers have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) three times. Their combined record is 1–3. Year Round Opponent Result 1959 First round NYU L 81–90 2005 Opening Round San Francisco L 67–69 2013 First roundSecond Round OhioMaryland W 61–57L 52–62 References ^ Colors \| University of Denver. Retrieved October 28, 2022. ^ a b "Pioneers Celebrate 100 Years Of Basketball". University of Denver Athletics. 2003-08-12. Retrieved 2024-05-22. ^ https://rmacsports.org/documents/2024/3/4//2023_24_MBB_RMAC_Updated_Record_Book.pdf ^ https://denverpioneers.com/documents/2023/10/31/2023-24_Media_Guide.pdf ^ "mbb 1990's". University of Denver Athletics. Retrieved 2024-05-22. ^ "University of Denver basketball coach Floyd Theard, whose Pioneers..." UPI. ^ "The Denver Clarion, vol. 90, issue 43, 1985 April 15 \| Archives @ DU Catalog". duarchives.coalliance.org. ^ "LetsGoDU: Billups 2005 Tournament Championship Team Goes Unrewarded". LetsGoDU. 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2024-05-22. ^ Chambers, Mike (2010-10-28). "Pioneers fight budget battle". The Denver Post. Retrieved 2024-05-22. ^ "Denver will leave the Sun Belt for the WAC in 2012". 2010-11-12. Retrieved 2024-05-22. ^ "Denver jumps to Summit League, leaving behind unstable WAC". The Denver Post. 2012-11-27. Retrieved 2024-05-22. Notes ^ Co-champions with Louisiana Tech External links Official website vteDenver Pioneers men's basketballVenues Magness Arena (1999–present) People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons List of seasons 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vteUniversity of DenverAcademics Women's College Daniels College of Business Morgridge College of Education Josef Korbel School of International Studies Sturm College of Law Lamont School of Music Graduate School of Social Work University College Athletics Denver Pioneers Teams: Men's basketball Women's basketball Football Men's ice hockey Men's lacrosse Men's soccer Skiing Venues: CIBER Field at the University of Denver Soccer Stadium Magness Arena Ritchie Center DU Arena DU Stadium Conferences: Summit League Big East Conference (men's and women's lacrosse) National Collegiate Hockey Conference (men's ice hockey) People Alumni Chancellors Student life Chamberlin Observatory Evans Memorial Chapel F.W. Olin Hall Mary Reed Hall Meyer–Womble Observatory University neighborhood University of Denver station vteSummit League men's basketballTeams Denver Pioneers Kansas City Roos North Dakota Fighting Hawks North Dakota State Bison Omaha Mavericks Oral Roberts Golden Eagles St. Thomas Tommies South Dakota Coyotes South Dakota State Jackrabbits Championships & awards Conference tournament Player of the Year Seasons 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Denver"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"Denver, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Jeff Wulbrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Wulbrun"},{"link_name":"Summit League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_League"},{"link_name":"Magness Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magness_Arena"},{"link_name":"never appeared in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament_bids_by_school#Active_schools_with_no_bids"}],"text":"The Denver Pioneers men's basketball team represents the University of Denver and competes in the NCAA Division I men's college basketball in Denver, Colorado. They are led by head coach Jeff Wulbrun and are members of the Summit League. Since late in the 2019–20 seasons they have played all their home games at Hamilton Gymnasium having formerly played most of their games at the newer but larger Magness Arena.The Pioneers are one of 35 eligible Division I programs to have never appeared in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament.","title":"Denver Pioneers men's basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain Faculty Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Faculty_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Skyline Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyline_Conference_(1938%E2%80%931962)"},{"link_name":"Vince Boryla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Boryla"},{"link_name":"consensus All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Basketball_All-Americans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"NAIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Floyd Theard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Theard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dick Peth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Peth"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"Sun Belt Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference"},{"link_name":"Sun Belt tournament final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Sun_Belt_Conference_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Louisiana–Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Louisiana%E2%80%93Lafayette_Ragin%27_Cajuns_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Western Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"troubled by upheaval in programs leaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%932013_Western_Athletic_Conference_realignment"},{"link_name":"The Summit League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Summit_League"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"one season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Denver_Pioneers_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Summit League tournament final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Summit_League_men%27s_basketball_tournament"}],"text":"Denver began intercollegiate basketball in 1904, playing their first game against the Denver Athletic Club on January 16, who they defeated.[2] They played at the regional level prior to World War II. They played in the Rocky Mountain Faculty Athletic Conference from 1913 to 1938, when they left to become a founding member of the Skyline Conference. Vince Boryla was named a consensus All-American, the first and so far only selection in Denver history. In 1962, they became an NCAA Division I independent.[2][3][4]In 1979, DU's declining finances forced the program to drop down to NAIA. They went to the NCAA Division II level in 1990.[5] From 1980 to 1985, Floyd Theard coached the team. He went 107–38 with the Pioneers, which included a home–court winning streak of 79 consecutive games. On April 12, 1985, while serving as the head basketball coach at Denver, Theard suffered a fatal heart attack at age 40.[6][7] His assistant Dick Peth became the new coach and would coach until 1997, leading them to three NCAA Division II tournament bids. Denver joined Division I in 1998 for all of its programs, including basketball. They accepted membership for the Sun Belt Conference as a measure intended to be temporary that lasted for over a decade. The Pioneers won the regular season title with a 12–3 record in 2005. That year, they made it to the Sun Belt tournament final, which they lost 88–69 to Louisiana–Lafayette, who was later forced to vacate the win due to NCAA violations.[8] As of 2023, it is the closest time the Pioneers have been to winning a conference tournament. Attempts to make the men's basketball team better in order to help the university's revenue stream played a part in the annual budget deficit for the university by 2010.[9] In November 2010, it was announced that Denver would move most of its athletic teams (such as the men's basketball team) to the Western Athletic Conference for the 2012–13 school year.[10] In November 2012, it was announced that Denver would leave the WAC (troubled by upheaval in programs leaving) for The Summit League.[11] In their one season in the WAC, they tied with Louisiana Tech at 16–2 for a share of the WAC regular season title. In the 2023–24 season, the Pioneers finished 7th in the Summit League, but mannaged to upset Kansas City and defeat Omaha to reach the Summit League tournament final, their first tournament final appearance as a program in 19 years.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sinbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinbad_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"Byron Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Beck"},{"link_name":"Denver Nuggets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Nuggets"},{"link_name":"Rodney Billups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Billups"},{"link_name":"Vince Boryla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Boryla"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Harrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Harrell"},{"link_name":"Israeli Basketball Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Basketball_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Ade Murkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ade_Murkey"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Kings"},{"link_name":"Phil Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Heath"},{"link_name":"Mr. Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Olympia"},{"link_name":"Ken Michelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Michelman"},{"link_name":"The White Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Shadow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Grey's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy"},{"link_name":"Royce O'Neale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royce_O%27Neale"},{"link_name":"Utah Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Jazz"},{"link_name":"Jake Pemberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Pemberton"},{"link_name":"Israeli National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Leumit_(basketball)"}],"text":"Notable former Denver basketball players include:David Adkins, played at Denver in the mid-1970s, later became known as comedian/TV actor Sinbad.\nByron Beck, ABA and NBA player, number retired by Denver Nuggets\nRodney Billups, Euroleague player, former Denver Men's Basketball head coach\nVince Boryla, 1948 all-American, 1948 Gold Medal US Olympian, NBA All-Star player, coach, and executive\nRonnie Harrell (born 1996), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League\nAde Murkey, former forward Sacramento Kings\nPhil Heath, current Mr. Olympia bodybuilder\nKen Michelman, played with David Adkins at DU, became a TV actor on The White Shadow, Grey's Anatomy, and other programs\nRoyce O'Neale, Utah Jazz, played two years at Denver, all-WAC forward before transferring to Baylor\nJake Pemberton (born 1996), American-Israeli basketball player in the Israeli National League","title":"Alumni"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Postseason results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCAA Division II Tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_men%27s_basketball_tournament"}],"sub_title":"NCAA Division II Tournament results","text":"The Pioneers have appeared in three NCAA Division II Tournaments. Their combined record is 1–3.","title":"Postseason results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NAIA Tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAIA_Men%27s_Basketball_Championships"}],"sub_title":"NAIA Tournament results","text":"The Pioneers have appeared in two NAIA Tournaments. Their combined record is 0–2.","title":"Postseason results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Invitation Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Invitation_Tournament"}],"sub_title":"NIT results","text":"The Pioneers have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) three times. Their combined record is 1–3.","title":"Postseason results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ Co-champions with Louisiana Tech","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Colors \| University of Denver. Retrieved October 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.du.edu/brand/visual/colors","url_text":"Colors \| University of Denver"}]},{"reference":"\"Pioneers Celebrate 100 Years Of Basketball\". University of Denver Athletics. 2003-08-12. Retrieved 2024-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://denverpioneers.com/news/2003/8/12/Pioneers_Celebrate_100_Years_Of_Basketball.aspx","url_text":"\"Pioneers Celebrate 100 Years Of Basketball\""}]},{"reference":"\"mbb 1990's\". University of Denver Athletics. Retrieved 2024-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://denverpioneers.com/sports/2018/6/6/mbb-1990-s.aspx?id=267","url_text":"\"mbb 1990's\""}]},{"reference":"\"University of Denver basketball coach Floyd Theard, whose Pioneers...\" UPI.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/04/12/University-of-Denver-basketball-coach-Floyd-Theard-whose-Pioneers/5683482130000/","url_text":"\"University of Denver basketball coach Floyd Theard, whose Pioneers...\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Denver Clarion, vol. 90, issue 43, 1985 April 15 \| Archives @ DU Catalog\". duarchives.coalliance.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://duarchives.coalliance.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/146428","url_text":"\"The Denver Clarion, vol. 90, issue 43, 1985 April 15 \| Archives @ DU Catalog\""}]},{"reference":"\"LetsGoDU: Billups 2005 Tournament Championship Team Goes Unrewarded\". LetsGoDU. 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2024-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://letsgodu.com/2017/01/13/billups-2005-tournament-championship-team-goes-unrewarded/","url_text":"\"LetsGoDU: Billups 2005 Tournament Championship Team Goes Unrewarded\""}]},{"reference":"Chambers, Mike (2010-10-28). \"Pioneers fight budget battle\". The Denver Post. Retrieved 2024-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denverpost.com/2010/10/28/pioneers-fight-budget-battle/","url_text":"\"Pioneers fight budget battle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Denver will leave the Sun Belt for the WAC in 2012\". 2010-11-12. Retrieved 2024-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kait8.com/story/13486891/denver-will-leave-the-sun-belt-for-the-wac-in-2012","url_text":"\"Denver will leave the Sun Belt for the WAC in 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Denver jumps to Summit League, leaving behind unstable WAC\". The Denver Post. 2012-11-27. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Namibia	Elections in Namibia	["1 Electoral system","2 Electronic voting","3 Current Results","3.1 President","3.2 National Assembly","3.3 Regional elections","3.4 Local election","4 History","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Politics of Namibia Constitution Constituent Assembly Executive President Nangolo Mbumba Vice-President Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah Prime Minister Saara Kuugongelwa Cabinet Legislature National Council Chairman: Bernard Sibalatani National Assembly Speaker: Peter Katjavivi Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice: Peter Shivute Administrative divisions Regions Constituencies Elections Recent elections General: 201420192024 Regional: 201020152020 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah (list) Diplomatic missions of / in Namibia Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy vte Elections in Namibia determine who holds public political offices in the country. Namibia is a semi-presidential representative democratic republic. It runs direct elections every five years for the position of the president and seats in the National Assembly, and every six years for the Regional Councils and the distribution of seats in local authorities. The National Council is elected indirectly by the constituency councillors of Namibia's 14 regions. The current direct elections determining political positions are the 2019 Namibian general election for president and National Assembly, and the 2020 Namibian local and regional elections for Regional Councils and local authorities. Electoral system Namibia elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The Parliament is bicameral in nature. Until 2014 the National Assembly had 78 members of which 72 were elected by direct popular vote using the proportional representation and a maximum of 6 non-voting members are appointed by the president. The members are elected for a five-year term. Since then the number of elected seats to the National Assembly was increased to 96 to allow for wider representation of the population, although the real reason behind it was the newly introduced gender equality system of the ruling party SWAPO. This system would have pushed several male members out of parliament. The National Council of Namibia has 42 members, indirectly elected for a five-year term in triple-seat constituencies (regions). Namibia is a democratic but one party dominant state with the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) in power. Opposition parties are allowed, but are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Upon independence of Namibia the territory inherited a populace divided along ethnic groups, and political parties representing these ethnicities. While this is also true for SWAPO which was founded to represent the Ovambo people, the ruling party has garnered national support due to its role in the fight for independence. Opposition parties have had little success in national elections, and their representation in the lower house has been dwindling steadily. Electronic voting The 2014 Namibian general election was the first in Africa to use electronic voting. The electronic system was also used in the 2015 Namibian local and regional elections and in the 2019 general election. However, the electronic voting machines (EVMs) that Namibia purchased do not implement the Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT). The Supreme Court of Namibia ruled in 2020 that without a paper trail, usage of the EVMs in elections is unconstitutional. Starting with the 2020 Namibian local and regional elections the voting process thus uses paper ballots again. Current Results President See also: President of Namibia Candidate Party Votes % Hage Geingob SWAPO 464,703 56.3 Panduleni Itula Independent 242,657 29.4 McHenry Venaani Popular Democratic Movement 43,959 5.3 Bernadus Swartbooi Landless People's Movement 22,542 2.7 Apius Auchab United Democratic Front 22,115 2.7 Esther Muinjangue National Unity Democratic Organisation 12,039 1.5 Tangeni Iiyambo SWANU 5,959 0.7 Henk Mudge Republican Party 4,379 0.5 Mike Kavekotora Rally for Democracy and Progress 3,515 0.4 Ignatius Shixwameni All People's Party 3,304 0.4 Jan Mukwilongo Namibian Economic Freedom Fighters 1,026 0.1 Invalid/blank votes 0 – Total 826,198 100 Registered voters/turnout 1,358,468 60.8 Source: ECN Archived 2020-02-13 at the Wayback Machine National Assembly See also: National Assembly of Namibia Party Votes % Seats +/– SWAPO 536,861 65.45 63 –14 Popular Democratic Movement 136,576 16.65 16 +11 Landless People's Movement 38,956 4.75 4 New National Unity Democratic Organisation 16,066 1.96 2 0 All People's Party 14,664 1.79 2 0 United Democratic Front 14,644 1.79 2 0 Republican Party 14,546 1.77 2 +1 Namibian Economic Freedom Fighters 13,580 1.66 2 +2 Rally for Democracy and Progress 8,953 1.09 1 –2 Christian Democratic Voice 5,841 0.71 1 +1 SWANU 5,330 0.65 1 0 Congress of Democrats 4,645 0.57 0 0 National Democratic Party 4,559 0.56 0 0 Workers Revolutionary Party 3,212 0.39 0 –2 National Patriotic Front 1,785 0.22 0 New Invalid/blank votes 0 – – – Total 820,227 100 96 – Registered voters/turnout 1,358,468 60.4 – – Source: ECN Archived 2020-02-13 at the Wayback Machine Regional elections There are 121 constituency councillors to be elected. In the 2015 Namibian local and regional elections the party affiliations of the elected councillors were: Party Seats Change South West Africa People's Organization 112 National Unity Democratic Organisation 4 Popular Democratic Movement 2 United Democratic Front 1 United People's Movement 1 Independent politicians 1 Total 121 Source: Local election Local elections determine the population of the village, town, and city councils and have a direct influence on who will become mayor, as this position is elected among all councillors. Contrary to the regional elections, local elections in Namibia are determined by party, not by individual. There were 57 local authorities to be elected. Party Seats Change South West Africa People's Organization 277 Popular Democratic Movement 41 United Democratic Front 21 Rally for Democracy and Progress 16 National Unity Democratic Organisation 11 All People's Party 4 United People's Movement 3 Civic Association of Henties Bay 1 KRA 1 Swakopmund Residents Association 1 Congress of Democrats 1 Rundu Concerned Citizens Association 1 Total 378 Source: History Before Namibian independence the territory was known as South West Africa. All elections until 1978 were only for Whites, but even thereafter several parties representing the indigenous population, among them SWAPO, were excluded. The first parliamentary elections were held in Namibia between 7 and 11 November 1989. These elections were for the Constituent Assembly of Namibia, which, upon independence in March 1990, became the National Assembly of Namibia. SWAPO won as expected, gaining 41 of the 72 seats, but not with the margin that was anticipated. Support for the opposition parties Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA, 21 seats) and United Democratic Front (UDF, 4 seats) was strong in the former bantustans including Hereroland and Damaraland. Since then, election results of the opposition parties have been dwindling steadily. For instance the DTA gained 15 seats in 1994, 7 seats in 1999, and 4 seats in 2004. As of 2017 the state of the opposition has been described as "on the verge of collapsing". In 2019 Hage Geingob won the presidential election and received a second term as president. His percentage of votes gained, however, dropped significantly from 87% in 2014 to 56% in 2019. While rural areas predominantly supported Geingob, many urban centres voted for the independent candidate, Panduleni Itula, who received 29% of the overall votes. No other candidate achieved a two-digit result. SWAPO, yet again, won a majority of seats in the National Assembly, but closely missed the threshold for a two-thirds majority, which it held since 1994. Consequently, opposition parties also gained seats, most prominently the PDM, which obtained 16 seats in the National Assembly. The PDM's 16.60% vote share is its best electoral performance since the 1994 election. See also Electoral calendar Electoral system References ^ a b c Iikela, Sakeus (24 August 2017). "Where is the opposition ... when Swapo is fighting itself?". The Namibian. pp. 6–7. ^ Namibia's 'zebra' politics could make it stand out from the global herd The Guardian, 8 July 2014 ^ Wendell Roelf, "Namibia's ruling party seen winning Africa's first electronic vote", Reuters, 28 November 2014. ^ Iikela, Sakeus (23 September 2020). "ECN undecided on discarded EVMs". The Namibian. p. 1. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2020. ^ "Regional Council Election Results 2015". Electoral Commission of Namibia. 3 December 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. ^ "Local elections results". Electoral Commission of Namibia. 28 November 2015. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. ^ Mudge, Dirk. The art of compromise: Constitution-making in Namibia (PDF). Konrad Adenauer Foundation. p. 126. Retrieved 23 September 2014. ^ Dierks, Klaus. "Chronology of Namibian History, 1978". klausdierks.com. Retrieved 18 September 2014. ^ Wren, Christopher S (15 November 1989). "Namibia Rebel Group Wins Vote, But It Falls Short of Full Control". The New York Times. ^ Iikela, Sakeus (2 December 2019). "Reduced victory ... Swapo, Geingob drop votes". The Namibian. p. 1. External links Elections in Namibia, African Elections Database Adam Carr's Election Archive Namibia Elections 2009 Namibia Election Results 2009 "Elections in Namibia," African Elections Database. vte Elections in NamibiaPresidential elections 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 Parliamentary elections 1926 1929 1934 1940 1945 1950 1955 1961 1965 1970 1974 1978 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 Local and regional elections 1992 1998 2004 2010 2015 2020 Referendums 1946 1977 vteElections in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies andother territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara vteNamibia articlesHistory Colonial governors Walvis Bay German South West Africa Herero genocide World War I Mandate and occupation Bantustans Apartheid SWAPO South African Border War Tripartite Accord Caprivi conflict Geography Regions Cities and towns Villages and settlements Geology Great Escarpment Islands Kalahari Desert Namib Desert Ecoregions Protected areas Conservation Wildlife Politics Anthem Cabinet Coat of arms Constituencies Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights LGBT Land reform Military Parliament National Council National Assembly Political parties President Vice-President Prime Minister Deputy-Prime Minister Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Companies Mining State-owned enterprises Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Cuisine (wine) Culture Demographics Education Ethnic groups Flag Languages List of Namibians Living conditions Health Poverty Sanitation and water supply Squatting Media Music Public holidays Religion Sports OutlineIndex Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"semi-presidential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_system"},{"link_name":"representative democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracy"},{"link_name":"direct elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_elections"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Namibia"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Namibia)"},{"link_name":"Regional Councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Namibia"},{"link_name":"National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_(Namibia)"},{"link_name":"elected indirectly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_election"},{"link_name":"constituency councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituencies_of_Namibia"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Namibia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"2019 Namibian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Namibian_general_election"},{"link_name":"2020 Namibian local and regional elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Namibian_local_and_regional_elections"}],"text":"Elections in Namibia determine who holds public political offices in the country. Namibia is a semi-presidential representative democratic republic. It runs direct elections every five years for the position of the president and seats in the National Assembly, and every six years for the Regional Councils and the distribution of seats in local authorities. The National Council is elected indirectly by the constituency councillors of Namibia's 14 regions.The current[update] direct elections determining political positions are the 2019 Namibian general election for president and National Assembly, and the 2020 Namibian local and regional elections for Regional Councils and local authorities.","title":"Elections in Namibia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(government_title)"},{"link_name":"legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Namibia"},{"link_name":"bicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Namibia"},{"link_name":"proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itself-1"},{"link_name":"SWAPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAPO"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Council of Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Namibia"},{"link_name":"constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency"},{"link_name":"one party dominant state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_party_dominant_state"},{"link_name":"South West Africa People's Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Africa_People%27s_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_(politics)"},{"link_name":"parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties"},{"link_name":"independence of Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Namibia"},{"link_name":"Ovambo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovambo_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itself-1"}],"text":"Namibia elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The Parliament is bicameral in nature. Until 2014 the National Assembly had 78 members of which 72 were elected by direct popular vote using the proportional representation and a maximum of 6 non-voting members are appointed by the president. The members are elected for a five-year term. Since then the number of elected seats to the National Assembly was increased to 96 to allow for wider representation of the population,[1] although the real reason behind it was the newly introduced gender equality system of the ruling party SWAPO. This system would have pushed several male members out of parliament.[2] The National Council of Namibia has 42 members, indirectly elected for a five-year term in triple-seat constituencies (regions). Namibia is a democratic but one party dominant state with the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) in power.Opposition parties are allowed, but are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Upon independence of Namibia the territory inherited a populace divided along ethnic groups, and political parties representing these ethnicities. While this is also true for SWAPO which was founded to represent the Ovambo people, the ruling party has garnered national support due to its role in the fight for independence. Opposition parties have had little success in national elections, and their representation in the lower house has been dwindling steadily.[1]","title":"Electoral system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 Namibian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Namibian_general_election"},{"link_name":"electronic voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_voting"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wendell-3"},{"link_name":"2015 Namibian local and regional elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Namibian_local_and_regional_elections"},{"link_name":"2019 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Namibian_general_election"},{"link_name":"electronic voting machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_voting_machine"},{"link_name":"Voter-verified paper audit trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter-verified_paper_audit_trail"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Namibia"},{"link_name":"2020 Namibian local and regional elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Namibian_local_and_regional_elections"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The 2014 Namibian general election was the first in Africa to use electronic voting.[3] The electronic system was also used in the 2015 Namibian local and regional elections and in the 2019 general election. However, the electronic voting machines (EVMs) that Namibia purchased do not implement the Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT). The Supreme Court of Namibia ruled in 2020 that without a paper trail, usage of the EVMs in elections is unconstitutional. Starting with the 2020 Namibian local and regional elections the voting process thus uses paper ballots again.[4]","title":"Electronic voting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President of Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Namibia"}],"sub_title":"President","text":"See also: President of Namibia","title":"Current Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Assembly of Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Namibia"}],"sub_title":"National Assembly","text":"See also: National Assembly of Namibia","title":"Current Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2015 Namibian local and regional elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Namibian_local_and_regional_elections"}],"sub_title":"Regional elections","text":"There are 121 constituency councillors to be elected. In the 2015 Namibian local and regional elections the party affiliations of the elected councillors were:","title":"Current Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Local election","text":"Local elections determine the population of the village, town, and city councils and have a direct influence on who will become mayor, as this position is elected among all councillors. Contrary to the regional elections, local elections in Namibia are determined by party, not by individual. There were 57 local authorities to be elected.","title":"Current Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_South_West_African_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"only for Whites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KD78-8"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"7 and 11 November 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Namibian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Constituent Assembly of Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Namibia"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Namibia"},{"link_name":"Democratic Turnhalle Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Turnhalle_Alliance"},{"link_name":"United Democratic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Namibia)"},{"link_name":"bantustans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantustans"},{"link_name":"Hereroland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereroland"},{"link_name":"Damaraland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaraland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-falls-9"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Namibian_general_election"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Namibian_general_election"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Namibian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Namibia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itself-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reduced-10"},{"link_name":"1994 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Namibian_general_election"}],"text":"Before Namibian independence the territory was known as South West Africa. All elections until 1978 were only for Whites,[7] but even thereafter several parties representing the indigenous population, among them SWAPO, were excluded.[8]The first parliamentary elections were held in Namibia between 7 and 11 November 1989. These elections were for the Constituent Assembly of Namibia, which, upon independence in March 1990, became the National Assembly of Namibia. SWAPO won as expected, gaining 41 of the 72 seats, but not with the margin that was anticipated. Support for the opposition parties Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA, 21 seats) and United Democratic Front (UDF, 4 seats) was strong in the former bantustans including Hereroland and Damaraland.[9] Since then, election results of the opposition parties have been dwindling steadily. For instance the DTA gained 15 seats in 1994, 7 seats in 1999, and 4 seats in 2004. As of 2017[update] the state of the opposition has been described as \"on the verge of collapsing\".[1]In 2019 Hage Geingob won the presidential election and received a second term as president. His percentage of votes gained, however, dropped significantly from 87% in 2014 to 56% in 2019. While rural areas predominantly supported Geingob, many urban centres voted for the independent candidate, Panduleni Itula, who received 29% of the overall votes. No other candidate achieved a two-digit result. SWAPO, yet again, won a majority of seats in the National Assembly, but closely missed the threshold for a two-thirds majority, which it held since 1994. Consequently, opposition parties also gained seats, most prominently the PDM, which obtained 16 seats in the National Assembly.[10] The PDM's 16.60% vote share is its best electoral performance since the 1994 election.","title":"History"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/100px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Electoral calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_calendar"},{"title":"Electoral system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_system"}]	[{"reference":"Iikela, Sakeus (24 August 2017). \"Where is the opposition ... when Swapo is fighting itself?\". The Namibian. pp. 6–7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.namibian.com.na/58330/read/Where-is-the-opposition--when-Swapo-is-fighting-itself","url_text":"\"Where is the opposition ... when Swapo is fighting itself?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Namibian","url_text":"The Namibian"}]},{"reference":"Iikela, Sakeus (23 September 2020). \"ECN undecided on discarded EVMs\". The Namibian. p. 1. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210627163820/https://www.namibian.com.na/94958/read/ECN-undecided-on-discarded-EVMs","url_text":"\"ECN undecided on discarded EVMs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Namibian","url_text":"The Namibian"},{"url":"https://www.namibian.com.na/94958/read/ECN-undecided-on-discarded-EVMs","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Regional Council Election Results 2015\". Electoral Commission of Namibia. 3 December 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208163948/http://www.ecn.na/documents/27857/223442/Regional+Counils+Election+Results_Duly+elected+candidates+2015.pdf/32493774-80b3-4be3-9ca1-1f6ce187673a?version=1.0","url_text":"\"Regional Council Election Results 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_of_Namibia","url_text":"Electoral Commission of Namibia"},{"url":"http://www.ecn.na/documents/27857/223442/Regional+Counils+Election+Results_Duly+elected+candidates+2015.pdf/32493774-80b3-4be3-9ca1-1f6ce187673a?version=1.0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Local elections results\". Electoral Commission of Namibia. 28 November 2015. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151210194328/http://www.ecn.na/documents/27857/218731/LA+results+%28press+release%29+2015.pdf/870a030b-8547-487f-ad18-b22713b16d4c?version=1.0","url_text":"\"Local elections results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_of_Namibia","url_text":"Electoral Commission of Namibia"},{"url":"http://www.ecn.na/documents/27857/218731/LA+results+%28press+release%29+2015.pdf/870a030b-8547-487f-ad18-b22713b16d4c?version=1.0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mudge, Dirk. The art of compromise: Constitution-making in Namibia (PDF). Konrad Adenauer Foundation. p. 126. Retrieved 23 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Mudge","url_text":"Mudge, Dirk"},{"url":"http://www.kas.de/upload/auslandshomepages/namibia/constitution_2010/mudge.pdf","url_text":"The art of compromise: Constitution-making in Namibia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation","url_text":"Konrad Adenauer Foundation"}]},{"reference":"Dierks, Klaus. \"Chronology of Namibian History, 1978\". klausdierks.com. Retrieved 18 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Dierks","url_text":"Dierks, Klaus"},{"url":"http://www.klausdierks.com/Chronology/120.htm","url_text":"\"Chronology of Namibian History, 1978\""}]},{"reference":"Wren, Christopher S (15 November 1989). \"Namibia Rebel Group Wins Vote, But It Falls Short of Full Control\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE3DE1330F936A25752C1A96F948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Namibia Rebel Group Wins Vote, But It Falls Short of Full Control\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Iikela, Sakeus (2 December 2019). \"Reduced victory ... Swapo, Geingob drop votes\". The Namibian. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.namibian.com.na/86045/read/Reduced-victory--Swapo-Geingob-drop-votes","url_text":"\"Reduced victory ... Swapo, Geingob drop votes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Namibian","url_text":"The Namibian"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Namibia&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.ecn.na/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Final-Election-Results-Announcement-Speech-ECN-Chair-30-Nov-2019.pdf","external_links_name":"ECN"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200213061408/https://www.ecn.na/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Final-Election-Results-Announcement-Speech-ECN-Chair-30-Nov-2019.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ecn.na/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Final-Election-Results-Announcement-Speech-ECN-Chair-30-Nov-2019.pdf","external_links_name":"ECN"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200213061408/https://www.ecn.na/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Final-Election-Results-Announcement-Speech-ECN-Chair-30-Nov-2019.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Namibia&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.namibian.com.na/58330/read/Where-is-the-opposition--when-Swapo-is-fighting-itself","external_links_name":"\"Where is the opposition ... when Swapo is fighting itself?\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jul/08/namibia-gender-equality-zebra-politics","external_links_name":"Namibia's 'zebra' politics could make it stand out from the global herd"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-namibia-election-idUSKCN0JC1CB20141128","external_links_name":"\"Namibia's ruling party seen winning Africa's first electronic vote\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210627163820/https://www.namibian.com.na/94958/read/ECN-undecided-on-discarded-EVMs","external_links_name":"\"ECN undecided on discarded EVMs\""},{"Link":"https://www.namibian.com.na/94958/read/ECN-undecided-on-discarded-EVMs","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208163948/http://www.ecn.na/documents/27857/223442/Regional+Counils+Election+Results_Duly+elected+candidates+2015.pdf/32493774-80b3-4be3-9ca1-1f6ce187673a?version=1.0","external_links_name":"\"Regional Council Election Results 2015\""},{"Link":"http://www.ecn.na/documents/27857/223442/Regional+Counils+Election+Results_Duly+elected+candidates+2015.pdf/32493774-80b3-4be3-9ca1-1f6ce187673a?version=1.0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151210194328/http://www.ecn.na/documents/27857/218731/LA+results+%28press+release%29+2015.pdf/870a030b-8547-487f-ad18-b22713b16d4c?version=1.0","external_links_name":"\"Local elections results\""},{"Link":"http://www.ecn.na/documents/27857/218731/LA+results+%28press+release%29+2015.pdf/870a030b-8547-487f-ad18-b22713b16d4c?version=1.0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kas.de/upload/auslandshomepages/namibia/constitution_2010/mudge.pdf","external_links_name":"The art of compromise: Constitution-making in Namibia"},{"Link":"http://www.klausdierks.com/Chronology/120.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chronology of Namibian History, 1978\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE3DE1330F936A25752C1A96F948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"Namibia Rebel Group Wins Vote, But It Falls Short of Full Control\""},{"Link":"https://www.namibian.com.na/86045/read/Reduced-victory--Swapo-Geingob-drop-votes","external_links_name":"\"Reduced victory ... Swapo, Geingob drop votes\""},{"Link":"http://africanelections.tripod.com/na.html","external_links_name":"Elections in Namibia"},{"Link":"http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/n/namibia/","external_links_name":"Adam Carr's Election Archive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091006135925/http://www.hellonam.com/elections-2009/","external_links_name":"Namibia Elections 2009"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091202090336/http://www.hellonam.com/election-results/","external_links_name":"Namibia Election Results 2009"},{"Link":"http://africanelections.tripod.com/na.html","external_links_name":"\"Elections in Namibia,\" African Elections Database."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COCO_simulator	COCO simulator	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Simulation process modeling environment The COCO Simulator is a free-of-charge, non-commercial, graphical, modular and CAPE-OPEN compliant, steady-state, sequential simulation process modeling environment. It was originally intended as a test environment for CAPE-OPEN modeling tools but now provides free chemical process simulation for students. It is an open flowsheet modeling environment allowing anyone to add new unit operations or thermodynamics packages. The COCO Simulator uses a graphical representation, the Process Flow Diagram (PFD), for defining the process to be simulated. Clicking on a unit operation with the mouse allows the user to edit the unit operation parameters it defines via the CAPE-OPEN standard or to open the unit operation's own user interface, when available. This interoperability of process modeling software was enabled by the advent of the CAPE-OPEN standard. COCO thermodynamic library "TEA" and its chemical compound data bank are based on ChemSep LITE, a free equilibrium column simulator for distillation columns and liquid-liquid extractors. COCO's thermodynamic library exports more than 100 property calculation methods with their analytical or numerical derivatives. COCO includes a LITE version of COSMOtherm, an activity coefficient model based on Ab initio quantum chemistry methods. The simulator entails a set of unit-operations such as stream splitters/mixers, heat-exchangers, compressors, pumps and reactors. COCO features a reaction numerics package to power its simple conversion, equilibrium, CSTR, Gibbs minimization and plug flow reactor models. See also Process design (chemical engineering) List of Chemical Process Simulators Thermodynamic and thermophysical data Standard temperature and pressure References ^ W.D. Seider; J.D. Seader; D.R. Lewin (1999). Process Design Principles. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24312-4. ^ J.M. Douglas (1988). Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-017762-7. ^ W.L. McCabe; J.C. Smith; P. Harriot (1993). Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-044844-2. ^ Perry, Robert H.; Green, Don W. (1997). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-049841-5. p. 13-53 External links Homepage of the COCO Simulator CO-LaN - the CAPE-OPEN Laboratories Network is a neutral industry and academic association promoting open interface standards in process simulation software. CO-LaN members are committed to making Computer Aided Process Engineering easier, faster and less expensive by achieving complete interoperability of compliant commercial CAPE software tools. CO-LaN supports and maintains the CAPE-OPEN interface standards.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CAPE-OPEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPE-OPEN_Interface_Standard"},{"link_name":"process modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_process_modeling"},{"link_name":"chemical process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_process"},{"link_name":"simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_simulation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seider-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Douglas-2"},{"link_name":"unit operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_operations"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCabe-3"},{"link_name":"thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"Process Flow Diagram (PFD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_Flow_diagram"},{"link_name":"unit operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_operations"},{"link_name":"chemical compound data bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_databases_for_pure_substances"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perry-4"},{"link_name":"distillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_distillation"},{"link_name":"liquid-liquid extractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-liquid_extraction"},{"link_name":"Ab initio quantum chemistry methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_initio_quantum_chemistry_methods"},{"link_name":"heat-exchangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger"},{"link_name":"compressors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_compressor"},{"link_name":"pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumps"},{"link_name":"reactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactor"},{"link_name":"reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"CSTR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_stirred-tank_reactor_model"},{"link_name":"plug flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_flow"}],"text":"The COCO Simulator is a free-of-charge, non-commercial, graphical, modular and CAPE-OPEN compliant, steady-state, sequential simulation process modeling environment. It was originally intended as a test environment for CAPE-OPEN modeling tools but now provides free chemical process simulation for students. It is an open flowsheet[1][2] modeling environment allowing anyone to add new unit operations[3] or thermodynamics packages.The COCO Simulator uses a graphical representation, the Process Flow Diagram (PFD), for defining the process to be simulated. Clicking on a unit operation with the mouse allows the user to edit the unit operation parameters it defines via the CAPE-OPEN standard or to open the unit operation's own user interface, when available. This interoperability of process modeling software was enabled by the advent of the CAPE-OPEN standard. COCO thermodynamic library \"TEA\" and its chemical compound data bank are based on ChemSep [4] LITE, a free equilibrium column simulator for distillation columns and liquid-liquid extractors. COCO's thermodynamic library exports more than 100 property calculation methods with their analytical or numerical derivatives. COCO includes a LITE version of COSMOtherm, an activity coefficient model based on Ab initio quantum chemistry methods. The simulator entails a set of unit-operations such as stream splitters/mixers, heat-exchangers, compressors, pumps and reactors. COCO features a reaction numerics package to power its simple conversion, equilibrium, CSTR, Gibbs minimization and plug flow reactor models.","title":"COCO simulator"}]	[]	[{"title":"Process design (chemical engineering)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_design_(chemical_engineering)"},{"title":"List of Chemical Process Simulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chemical_Process_Simulators"},{"title":"Thermodynamic and thermophysical data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund_Data_Bank"},{"title":"Standard temperature and pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure"}]	[{"reference":"W.D. Seider; J.D. Seader; D.R. Lewin (1999). Process Design Principles. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-24312-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-24312-4","url_text":"0-471-24312-4"}]},{"reference":"J.M. Douglas (1988). Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-017762-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-017762-7","url_text":"0-07-017762-7"}]},{"reference":"W.L. McCabe; J.C. Smith; P. Harriot (1993). Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-044844-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_Operations_of_Chemical_Engineering","url_text":"Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-044844-2","url_text":"0-07-044844-2"}]},{"reference":"Perry, Robert H.; Green, Don W. (1997). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-049841-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry%27s_Chemical_Engineers%27_Handbook","url_text":"Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-049841-5","url_text":"0-07-049841-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.cocosimulator.org/","external_links_name":"Homepage of the COCO Simulator"},{"Link":"http://www.colan.org/","external_links_name":"CO-LaN"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa_Bristol	Playa Bristol	["1 Early years (to 1940s)","2 Later changes (1940s to 2000)","3 Recent times (from 2000)","4 Notes","5 Sources"]	Playa BristolBeachThe beach in January 2006Playa BristolCoordinates: 38°00′22″S 57°32′22″W / 38.006014°S 57.539429°W / -38.006014; -57.539429LocationMar del Plata, ArgentinaDimensions • Length2 kilometres (1.2 mi) The Playa Bristol is a beach in Mar del Plata, Argentina, named after the Bristol Hotel. At one time it was highly fashionable, drawing the elite of Buenos Aires for vacations. Early years (to 1940s) In the mid-19th century the beach was the location of a small port. The rancher Patricio Peralta Ramos created the first settlement by the sea. The railway arrived in 1886, bringing the first vacationers. At first the hotels were simple, until the luxurious 3-story Bristol Hotel was built, occupying three blocks. The Bristol opened in 1888, and was patronised by wealthy families of Buenos Aires and other parts of the country who would come to bathe in the sea. Many of the leading citizens of Buenos Aires came to the opening of the Hotel Bristol by overnight train. The first wooden ramblas (promenades) were opened, and the first residences began to be built. When Mar del Plata was declared a city in 1907 the resort was called the "Biarritz of Argentina". In 1913 the French rambla was opened, with ceramic pavements from Belgium, balustrades and Greco-Roman statues. In the late 1920s wealthy families began to build chalets and mansions near the Hotel Bristol, and spent their days at the beach. They would live in Mar del Plata from November until Easter. The local citizens began to use the beach, calling their section the Playa Popular. Some of the wealthy visitors moved away to the Playa Chica and Playa Grande south of the city. Later changes (1940s to 2000) Beached false killer whales on 10 October 1946 More than eight hundred false killer whales beached themselves on the shores of Mar del Plata, mostly on the Playa Bristol, on the afternoon of 10 October 1946. They came in compact groups, and made no efforts to return to the water. Some people stabbed the animals, shot them or cut off their fins. A police guard was placed to stop this cruelty. When the bodies began to decompose they were towed out to sea for 3 kilometres (1.9 mi). The waves returned some bodies to the beach, and two of the skeletons were dissected. Mar del Plata became a resort for Peronist "social tourism", no longer restricted to the wealthy. The French rambla was demolished in the 1940s. The Bristol Hotel has also been demolished. The casino and the present rambla were already being built. The Gran Hotel Provincial and the Casino Central opened in 1950, the largest hotel in Argentina and the largest casino in the world at the time. They are an impressive complex of buildings along the Rambla Casino, which has a monumental staircase with stone sculptures of sea lions on each side. Small traditional bars opened in the arcades of the Hotel Provincial and the Casino, many of them now gone. Over time the beach eroded until it became quite narrow. In 1999 new sand was brought in, and it is now almost 100 metres (330 ft) from the promenade to the shore. Recent times (from 2000) The beach is the most popular in Mar del Plata, mainly due to its proximity to the commercial centre of the city. Playa Bristol and Plaza Colon, in front of the Casino Central, are the focus of the town for visitors. Both the beach and the water often contain garbage such as plastic bottles or cigarette packages, although six tons of garbage are collected every day. There are two public washrooms. The beach covers 80,000 square metres (860,000 sq ft). In the high season there are 20,000 visitors each day. There is only a gentle surf, but many of the visitors swim. Four lifeguards rescue five people each day, on average. Visitors may rent a beach umbrella, have their picture taken or listen to free street musicians. Notes ^ a b c d e f g Alba Piotto 2006. ^ a b Playa Bristol – viajeros.com. ^ Benson, O'Brien & Meghji 2013, PT235. ^ McCloskey & Burford 2006, p. 126. ^ a b Armando Maronese. ^ Benson, O'Brien & Meghji 2013, PT236. ^ Newton 2011, PT461. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Playa Bristol. Sources Alba Piotto (15 January 2006), "TIEMPO LIBRE: La Bristol", Clarín.com, archived from the original on 13 October 2016, retrieved 2016-08-09 Armando Maronese, "Sucesos Notables", Historia de la Ciudad de Mar del Plata (in Portuguese), Mar del Plata, retrieved 2016-08-09 Benson, Andrew; O'Brien, Rosalba; Meghji, Shafik (2013-10-01), The Rough Guide to Argentina, Rough Guides, ISBN 978-1-4093-4264-9, retrieved 2016-08-09 McCloskey, Erin; Burford, Tim (2006), Argentina: The Bradt Travel Guide, Bradt Travel Guides, ISBN 978-1-84162-138-8, retrieved 2016-08-09 Newton, Paula (2011), Viva Travel Guide Argentina, Viva Publishing Network, ISBN 978-1-937157-04-3, retrieved 2016-08-09 "Playa Bristol", viajeros.com (in Spanish), retrieved 2016-08-09	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mar del Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Plata"},{"link_name":"Bristol Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Bristol,_Mar_del_Plata"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"}],"text":"The Playa Bristol is a beach in Mar del Plata, Argentina, named after the Bristol Hotel.\nAt one time it was highly fashionable, drawing the elite of Buenos Aires for vacations.","title":"Playa Bristol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlba_Piotto2006-1"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaya_Bristol_%E2%80%93_viajeros.com-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonO'BrienMeghji2013PT235-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlba_Piotto2006-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlba_Piotto2006-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCloskeyBurford2006126-4"}],"text":"In the mid-19th century the beach was the location of a small port.\nThe rancher Patricio Peralta Ramos created the first settlement by the sea.\nThe railway arrived in 1886, bringing the first vacationers.\nAt first the hotels were simple, until the luxurious 3-story Bristol Hotel was built, occupying three blocks.[1]\nThe Bristol opened in 1888, and was patronised by wealthy families of Buenos Aires and other parts of the country who would come to bathe in the sea.[2]\nMany of the leading citizens of Buenos Aires came to the opening of the Hotel Bristol by overnight train.[3]\nThe first wooden ramblas (promenades) were opened, and the first residences began to be built.[1]When Mar del Plata was declared a city in 1907 the resort was called the \"Biarritz of Argentina\".\nIn 1913 the French rambla was opened, with ceramic pavements from Belgium, balustrades and Greco-Roman statues.[1]\nIn the late 1920s wealthy families began to build chalets and mansions near the Hotel Bristol, and spent their days at the beach. \nThey would live in Mar del Plata from November until Easter.\nThe local citizens began to use the beach, calling their section the Playa Popular.\nSome of the wealthy visitors moved away to the Playa Chica and Playa Grande south of the city.[4]","title":"Early years (to 1940s)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Las_Pseudo_Orcas_de_Mar_del_Plata_3_Playa_Bristol.jpg"},{"link_name":"false killer whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_killer_whale"},{"link_name":"false killer whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_killer_whale"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmando_Maronese-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmando_Maronese-5"},{"link_name":"Peronist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peronist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlba_Piotto2006-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonO'BrienMeghji2013PT236-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlba_Piotto2006-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlba_Piotto2006-1"}],"text":"Beached false killer whales on 10 October 1946More than eight hundred false killer whales beached themselves on the shores of Mar del Plata, mostly on the Playa Bristol, on the afternoon of 10 October 1946.\nThey came in compact groups, and made no efforts to return to the water.\nSome people stabbed the animals, shot them or cut off their fins.\nA police guard was placed to stop this cruelty.[5]\nWhen the bodies began to decompose they were towed out to sea for 3 kilometres (1.9 mi).\nThe waves returned some bodies to the beach, and two of the skeletons were dissected.[5]Mar del Plata became a resort for Peronist \"social tourism\", no longer restricted to the wealthy.\nThe French rambla was demolished in the 1940s.\nThe Bristol Hotel has also been demolished.\nThe casino and the present rambla were already being built.[1]\nThe Gran Hotel Provincial and the Casino Central opened in 1950, the largest hotel in Argentina and the largest casino in the world at the time.\nThey are an impressive complex of buildings along the Rambla Casino, which has a monumental staircase with stone sculptures of sea lions on each side.[6]\nSmall traditional bars opened in the arcades of the Hotel Provincial and the Casino, many of them now gone.[1]Over time the beach eroded until it became quite narrow.\nIn 1999 new sand was brought in, and it is now almost 100 metres (330 ft) from the promenade to the shore.[1]","title":"Later changes (1940s to 2000)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaya_Bristol_%E2%80%93_viajeros.com-2"},{"link_name":"Casino Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_Central"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewton2011PT461-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlba_Piotto2006-1"}],"text":"The beach is the most popular in Mar del Plata, mainly due to its proximity to the commercial centre of the city.[2]\nPlaya Bristol and Plaza Colon, in front of the Casino Central, are the focus of the town for visitors.[7]\nBoth the beach and the water often contain garbage such as plastic bottles or cigarette packages, although six tons of garbage are collected every day.\nThere are two public washrooms.\nThe beach covers 80,000 square metres (860,000 sq ft).\nIn the high season there are 20,000 visitors each day.\nThere is only a gentle surf, but many of the visitors swim.\nFour lifeguards rescue five people each day, on average.\nVisitors may rent a beach umbrella, have their picture taken or listen to free street musicians.[1]","title":"Recent times (from 2000)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlba_Piotto2006_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlba_Piotto2006_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlba_Piotto2006_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlba_Piotto2006_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlba_Piotto2006_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlba_Piotto2006_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlba_Piotto2006_1-6"},{"link_name":"Alba Piotto 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAlba_Piotto2006"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaya_Bristol_%E2%80%93_viajeros.com_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaya_Bristol_%E2%80%93_viajeros.com_2-1"},{"link_name":"Playa Bristol – viajeros.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPlaya_Bristol_%E2%80%93_viajeros.com"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBensonO'BrienMeghji2013PT235_3-0"},{"link_name":"Benson, O'Brien & Meghji 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBensonO'BrienMeghji2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCloskeyBurford2006126_4-0"},{"link_name":"McCloskey & Burford 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcCloskeyBurford2006"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmando_Maronese_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmando_Maronese_5-1"},{"link_name":"Armando Maronese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFArmando_Maronese"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBensonO'BrienMeghji2013PT236_6-0"},{"link_name":"Benson, O'Brien & Meghji 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBensonO'BrienMeghji2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewton2011PT461_7-0"},{"link_name":"Newton 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNewton2011"},{"link_name":"Playa Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Playa_Bristol"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g Alba Piotto 2006.\n\n^ a b Playa Bristol – viajeros.com.\n\n^ Benson, O'Brien & Meghji 2013, PT235.\n\n^ McCloskey & Burford 2006, p. 126.\n\n^ a b Armando Maronese.\n\n^ Benson, O'Brien & Meghji 2013, PT236.\n\n^ Newton 2011, PT461.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Playa Bristol.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"TIEMPO LIBRE: La Bristol\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161013093457/http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2006/01/15/sociedad/s-01124609.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//edant.clarin.com/diario/2006/01/15/sociedad/s-01124609.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Sucesos Notables\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mardelplata-ayer.com.ar/sucesosnotables.html"},{"link_name":"The Rough Guide to Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pUGIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT236"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4093-4264-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-4264-9"},{"link_name":"Argentina: The Bradt Travel Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=GiP_c7AB6MAC&pg=PA126"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84162-138-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-138-8"},{"link_name":"Viva Travel Guide Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=t1otMguQYWgC&pg=PT461"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-937157-04-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-937157-04-3"},{"link_name":"\"Playa Bristol\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.viajeros.com/destinos/mar-del-plata/3-que-hacer/playa-bristol"}],"text":"Alba Piotto (15 January 2006), \"TIEMPO LIBRE: La Bristol\", Clarín.com, archived from the original on 13 October 2016, retrieved 2016-08-09\nArmando Maronese, \"Sucesos Notables\", Historia de la Ciudad de Mar del Plata (in Portuguese), Mar del Plata, retrieved 2016-08-09\nBenson, Andrew; O'Brien, Rosalba; Meghji, Shafik (2013-10-01), The Rough Guide to Argentina, Rough Guides, ISBN 978-1-4093-4264-9, retrieved 2016-08-09\nMcCloskey, Erin; Burford, Tim (2006), Argentina: The Bradt Travel Guide, Bradt Travel Guides, ISBN 978-1-84162-138-8, retrieved 2016-08-09\nNewton, Paula (2011), Viva Travel Guide Argentina, Viva Publishing Network, ISBN 978-1-937157-04-3, retrieved 2016-08-09\n\"Playa Bristol\", viajeros.com (in Spanish), retrieved 2016-08-09","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Beached false killer whales on 10 October 1946","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Las_Pseudo_Orcas_de_Mar_del_Plata_3_Playa_Bristol.jpg/220px-Las_Pseudo_Orcas_de_Mar_del_Plata_3_Playa_Bristol.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Alba Piotto (15 January 2006), \"TIEMPO LIBRE: La Bristol\", Clarín.com, archived from the original on 13 October 2016, retrieved 2016-08-09","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161013093457/http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2006/01/15/sociedad/s-01124609.htm","url_text":"\"TIEMPO LIBRE: La Bristol\""},{"url":"http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2006/01/15/sociedad/s-01124609.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Armando Maronese, \"Sucesos Notables\", Historia de la Ciudad de Mar del Plata (in Portuguese), Mar del Plata, retrieved 2016-08-09","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mardelplata-ayer.com.ar/sucesosnotables.html","url_text":"\"Sucesos Notables\""}]},{"reference":"Benson, Andrew; O'Brien, Rosalba; Meghji, Shafik (2013-10-01), The Rough Guide to Argentina, Rough Guides, ISBN 978-1-4093-4264-9, retrieved 2016-08-09","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pUGIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT236","url_text":"The Rough Guide to Argentina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-4264-9","url_text":"978-1-4093-4264-9"}]},{"reference":"McCloskey, Erin; Burford, Tim (2006), Argentina: The Bradt Travel Guide, Bradt Travel Guides, ISBN 978-1-84162-138-8, retrieved 2016-08-09","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GiP_c7AB6MAC&pg=PA126","url_text":"Argentina: The Bradt Travel Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-138-8","url_text":"978-1-84162-138-8"}]},{"reference":"Newton, Paula (2011), Viva Travel Guide Argentina, Viva Publishing Network, ISBN 978-1-937157-04-3, retrieved 2016-08-09","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t1otMguQYWgC&pg=PT461","url_text":"Viva Travel Guide Argentina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-937157-04-3","url_text":"978-1-937157-04-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Playa Bristol\", viajeros.com (in Spanish), retrieved 2016-08-09","urls":[{"url":"http://www.viajeros.com/destinos/mar-del-plata/3-que-hacer/playa-bristol","url_text":"\"Playa Bristol\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Playa_Bristol&params=38.006014_S_57.539429_W_region:AR_type:city","external_links_name":"38°00′22″S 57°32′22″W / 38.006014°S 57.539429°W / -38.006014; -57.539429"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161013093457/http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2006/01/15/sociedad/s-01124609.htm","external_links_name":"\"TIEMPO LIBRE: La Bristol\""},{"Link":"http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2006/01/15/sociedad/s-01124609.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mardelplata-ayer.com.ar/sucesosnotables.html","external_links_name":"\"Sucesos Notables\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pUGIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT236","external_links_name":"The Rough Guide to Argentina"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GiP_c7AB6MAC&pg=PA126","external_links_name":"Argentina: The Bradt Travel Guide"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t1otMguQYWgC&pg=PT461","external_links_name":"Viva Travel Guide Argentina"},{"Link":"http://www.viajeros.com/destinos/mar-del-plata/3-que-hacer/playa-bristol","external_links_name":"\"Playa Bristol\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frederick_News_Post	Frederick News-Post	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	Newspaper in Frederick, Maryland, US The Frederick News-PostTypeNewspaperFormatBroadsheetOwner(s)Ogden Newspapers Inc.PublisherGeordie WilsonFounded1883; 141 years ago (1883)(as The News)Headquarters351 Ballenger Center DriveFrederick, Maryland 2170339°23′46″N 77°25′33″W / 39.39615°N 77.42576°W / 39.39615; -77.42576OCLC number31371730 Websitefredericknewspost.com The Frederick News-Post is the local newspaper of Frederick County, Maryland. In addition to discussing local news, the newspaper addresses international, national, and regional news. The paper publishes six days a week. History On October 15, 1883, a Frederick printing company first published The News, an evening newspaper that would eventually become The Frederick News-Post. William T. Delaplaine, grandfather of the current president of Great Southern, began his business career in Frederick in 1880 when he opened a small printing shop. He expanded the operation by establishing the first daily newspaper in Frederick, The News, in October 1883. The business was incorporated in June 1888. A competing daily newspaper, The Frederick Post, began publication in December 1910, and several years later was purchased by Great Southern, which remained a family-owned business. Surviving members of the third generation of the founder are Mr. Delaplaine and Mrs. Frances A. Randall, and fourth-generation members were involved in the businesses. In 1916, through a business deal, The News acquired rival paper The Frederick Post, publishing The News in the evenings and The Frederick Post in the morning. In 2002, the two papers were merged to create a single morning edition known as The Frederick News-Post. The Sunday edition created in October of that year created a true daily paper published 365 days a year. Publisher George E. Randall died in 2004. He was a fourth-generation descendant of the founder. His brother, Myron Randall, Junior was named president and publisher. William B. Randall, Myron Randall's son and a fifth-generation family member, joined the company. The News-Post moved into a new building in April 2008, with a new high-speed, six-tower TKS press capable of printing 70,000 copies an hour. In early November 2008, Randall Family LLC, publisher of The Frederick News-Post, laid off 16 employees, four from the newsroom. The total layoffs represented about 7% of the company's workforce, and were the result of a dramatic drop in advertising revenue over the preceding two years. It was the first time in company history that layoffs had been issued. In 2009, The Frederick News-Post suspended its Monday edition, making the paper available six days a week. Employees were forced to take five-day furloughs, and the company reduced its pension benefits to employees. In 2011, The News-Post named Geordie Wilson as publisher. Wilson previously had served as publisher of the Concord Monitor of Concord, New Hampshire, and as publisher of the Monadnock Ledger (now the Monadnock Ledger-Transcript) of Peterborough, New Hampshire. Myron Randall remained president of Randall Family LLC. In 2012, The News-Post resumed Monday publication, citing subscriber demand. The revived Monday edition had a tabloid format, as opposed to the larger broadsheet format used by the paper the rest of the week, and it had a business and sports focus. On May 1, 2017, the Randall family sold "The News-Post" to Ogden Newspapers Inc., a family-owned newspaper group from Wheeling, West Virginia. In May 2020, due to financial struggles and the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the News-Post combined its Saturday and Sunday editions, printing a weekend edition on Saturdays. It also increased the single copy price of its newspaper from $1 to $2 for Monday-Friday editions, and from $2 to $3 for Saturday editions. References ^ "George Randall dies at 53". The Frederick News-Post. ^ "Myron Randall Jr. named publisher". The Frederick News-Post. ^ Staff, Justin M. Palk News-Post. "Up and running". The Frederick News-Post. ^ Staff, Clifford G. Cumber News-Post. "The News-Post lays off 16 employees". The Frederick News-Post. ^ Staff, Clifford G. Cumber News-Post. "Monday Advance to replace suspended edition". The Frederick News-Post. ^ Staff, Clifford G. Cumber News-Post. "News-Post names a new publisher". The Frederick News-Post. ^ "Maryland newspaper resumes daily printing after 3 years without Mondays". January 26, 2012. ^ Etzler, Allen. "Ogden Newspapers takes ownership of The Frederick News-Post". The Frederick News-Post. ^ Ogden Newspapers ^ Staff reports. "The Frederick News-Post to combine Saturday and Sunday editions". The Frederick News-Post. External links Official website vteOgden NewspapersNewspapers Adirondack Daily Enterprise The Advertiser-Tribune The Alpena News Altoona Mirror Cape Coral Daily Breeze The Courier The Daily Freeman-Journal Daily Herald The Daily Mining Gazette The Daily News Daily News-Record Daily Press Estherville Daily News The Express Fairmont Sentinel Frederick News-Post The Herald-Standard Herald-Star The Intelligencer The Inter-Mountain The Journal (New Ulm) The Journal (Martinsburg) Lawrence Journal-World The Leader Herald The Marietta Times Marshall Independent The Maui News The Messenger The Mining Journal Minot Daily News Morning Journal The News-Sentinel The Northern Virginia Daily Observer The Parkersburg News and Sentinel The Post-Journal The Review Review Times Salem News Sentinel (Fairmont) The Shepherdstown Chronicle The Telegraph Times Leader Times Observer Times-Republican Tribune Chronicle Weirton Daily Times Wheeling News Register Williamsport Sun-Gazette The Winchester Star Magazines Capper's Farm Collector Gas Engine Magazine Good Things to Eat Grit Herbs for Health Motorcycle Classics Mother Earth Living Mother Earth News Ohio Valley Outdoors Outdoor Times Utne Reader Other Capper's Insurance Service Ogden Directories	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"Frederick County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"}],"text":"The Frederick News-Post is the local newspaper of Frederick County, Maryland. In addition to discussing local news, the newspaper addresses international, national, and regional news. The paper publishes six days a week.","title":"Frederick News-Post"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"furloughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlough"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Concord Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_Monitor"},{"link_name":"Concord, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Peterborough, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Wheeling, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On October 15, 1883, a Frederick printing company first published The News, an evening newspaper that would eventually become The Frederick News-Post. William T. Delaplaine, grandfather of the current president of Great Southern, began his business career in Frederick in 1880 when he opened a small printing shop. He expanded the operation by establishing the first daily newspaper in Frederick, The News, in October 1883. The business was incorporated in June 1888.A competing daily newspaper, The Frederick Post, began publication in December 1910, and several years later was purchased by Great Southern, which remained a family-owned business. Surviving members of the third generation of the founder are Mr. Delaplaine and Mrs. Frances A. Randall, and fourth-generation members were involved in the businesses.In 1916, through a business deal, The News acquired rival paper The Frederick Post, publishing The News in the evenings and The Frederick Post in the morning.In 2002, the two papers were merged to create a single morning edition known as The Frederick News-Post. The Sunday edition created in October of that year created a true daily paper published 365 days a year.Publisher George E. Randall died in 2004. He was a fourth-generation descendant of the founder.[1] His brother, Myron Randall, Junior was named president and publisher.[2] William B. Randall, Myron Randall's son and a fifth-generation family member, joined the company.The News-Post moved into a new building in April 2008, with a new high-speed, six-tower TKS press capable of printing 70,000 copies an hour.[3]In early November 2008, Randall Family LLC, publisher of The Frederick News-Post, laid off 16 employees, four from the newsroom.[4] The total layoffs represented about 7% of the company's workforce, and were the result of a dramatic drop in advertising revenue over the preceding two years. It was the first time in company history that layoffs had been issued.In 2009, The Frederick News-Post suspended its Monday edition, making the paper available six days a week.[5] Employees were forced to take five-day furloughs, and the company reduced its pension benefits to employees.In 2011, The News-Post named Geordie Wilson as publisher.[6] Wilson previously had served as publisher of the Concord Monitor of Concord, New Hampshire, and as publisher of the Monadnock Ledger (now the Monadnock Ledger-Transcript) of Peterborough, New Hampshire. Myron Randall remained president of Randall Family LLC.In 2012, The News-Post resumed Monday publication, citing subscriber demand.[7] The revived Monday edition had a tabloid format, as opposed to the larger broadsheet format used by the paper the rest of the week, and it had a business and sports focus.On May 1, 2017, the Randall family sold \"The News-Post\" to Ogden Newspapers Inc., a family-owned newspaper group from Wheeling, West Virginia.[8][9]In May 2020, due to financial struggles and the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the News-Post combined its Saturday and Sunday editions, printing a weekend edition on Saturdays.[10] It also increased the single copy price of its newspaper from $1 to $2 for Monday-Friday editions, and from $2 to $3 for Saturday editions.","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"George Randall dies at 53\". The Frederick News-Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fredericknewspost.com/archives/george-randall-dies-at-53/article_1793a391-0086-5456-bce8-7b27253755d7.html","url_text":"\"George Randall dies at 53\""}]},{"reference":"\"Myron Randall Jr. named publisher\". The Frederick News-Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fredericknewspost.com/archives/myron-randall-jr-named-publisher/article_804d2b4e-a806-5568-b0aa-a63938453682.html","url_text":"\"Myron Randall Jr. named publisher\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, Justin M. Palk News-Post. \"Up and running\". The Frederick News-Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fredericknewspost.com/archive/up-and-running/article_41f71fed-c562-5cf1-8e9a-e6edd945886e.html","url_text":"\"Up and running\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, Clifford G. Cumber News-Post. \"The News-Post lays off 16 employees\". The Frederick News-Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fredericknewspost.com/archive/the-news-post-lays-off-16-employees/article_ceb2679a-d9fd-5cc3-9b29-38ed70b0a109.html","url_text":"\"The News-Post lays off 16 employees\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, Clifford G. Cumber News-Post. \"Monday Advance to replace suspended edition\". The Frederick News-Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fredericknewspost.com/archive/monday-advance-to-replace-suspended-edition/article_022b0813-1392-572d-8721-0c04de575f6f.html","url_text":"\"Monday Advance to replace suspended edition\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, Clifford G. Cumber News-Post. \"News-Post names a new publisher\". The Frederick News-Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fredericknewspost.com/archive/news-post-names-a-new-publisher/article_2403837d-1a9c-5baf-831d-65c256ae297e.html","url_text":"\"News-Post names a new publisher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maryland newspaper resumes daily printing after 3 years without Mondays\". January 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2012/maryland-newspaper-resumes-daily-printing-after-3-years-without-mondays/","url_text":"\"Maryland newspaper resumes daily printing after 3 years without Mondays\""}]},{"reference":"Etzler, Allen. \"Ogden Newspapers takes ownership of The Frederick News-Post\". The Frederick News-Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/economy_and_business/ogden-newspapers-takes-ownership-of-the-frederick-news-post/article_8f8a17d5-5c0d-5b63-967a-f68c14f545cd.html","url_text":"\"Ogden Newspapers takes ownership of The Frederick News-Post\""}]},{"reference":"Staff reports. \"The Frederick News-Post to combine Saturday and Sunday editions\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Ochiltree	Lord Ochiltree	["1 Lords Ochiltree (1542)","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 Further reading"]	Arms of the Stuarts of Ochiltree Lord Ochiltree (or Ochiltrie) of Lord Stuart of Ochiltree was a title in the Peerage of Scotland. In 1542 Andrew Stewart, 2nd Lord Avondale (see the Earl Castle Stewart for earlier history of the family) exchanged the lordship of Avondale with Sir James Hamilton for the lordship of Ochiltrie and by Act of Parliament was ordained to be styled Lord Stuart of Ochiltrie. His great-grandson, the third Lord Stuart of Ochiltrie, resigned the feudal barony of Ochiltree and the peerage to his cousin, James Stewart, with the consent of the Crown in 1615. In 1619 he was instead elevated to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Castle Stewart; see the Earl Castle Stewart for further history of this branch of the family. James Stewart now became the first or fourth Lord Ochiltrie (or Lord Stewart of Ochiltrie). He was succeeded by his son William, the second or sixth Lord. On his early death in 1675 the lordship became either dormant or extinct. In 1774 Andrew Thomas Stewart successfully claimed the barony of Castle Stewart in the peerage of Ireland as heir male under the creation of 1619; but although he was permitted in 1790 to vote as Lord Ochiltree in an election of Scottish representative peers, his claim to this barony as collateral heir of the grantee of 1615 was disallowed by the House of Lords in 1793. A branch of the Ochiltree family is introduced at the Swedish House of Lords (Riddarhuset) under the name Stuart. Hans (Johannes) Stuart (d. 1618) obtained a letter of descent in Edinburgh in 1579 and a letter of arms at Holyrood Castle in Edinburgh from King James VI of Scotland in 1585. Lords Ochiltree (1542) Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Ochiltree (c. 1505–1548) Andrew Stewart, 2nd Lord Ochiltree (c. 1521–1591) Andrew Stuart, 3rd Lord Ochiltree (c. 1560–1629), resigned lordship in 1615 and created Baron Castle Stewart in 1619. James Stewart, 4th Lord Ochiltree (1595–c. 1658) son of James Stewart, Earl of Arran, made Lord Ochiltree in 1615. William Stewart, 5th Lord Ochiltree (c. 1659–1675) See also Earl Castle Stewart Lord Methven Lord Avondale Lord Colvill of Ochiltree Ochiltree Castle, East Ayrshire Notes ^ or Oghiltrey (Wotton 1741, p. 107) ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ochiltree". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 989. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20081206193651/http://www.riddarhuset.se/jsp/index.jsp?id=553 ^ Lundy 2012a, p. 2518 § 25178 ^ Lundy 2012b, p. 2519 § 25183 ^ Lundy 2011, p. 515 § 5144 References Lundy, Darryl (6 October 2012a), Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Stewart of Ochiltree, p. 2518 § 25178, retrieved 26 October 2013 Lundy, Darryl (6 October 2012b), Andrew Stewart, 2nd Lord Stewart of Ochiltree, p. 2519 § 25183, retrieved 26 October 2013 Lundy, Darryl (11 February 2011), Andrew Stewart, 3rd Lord Stewart of Ochiltree, p. 515 § 5144, retrieved 26 October 2013 Wotton, Thomas (1741), The English baronets, a genealogical and historical account of their families, London: Thomas Wotton, pp. 107–108 Further reading http://www3.dcs.hull.ac.uk/genealogy/royal Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.	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His great-grandson, the third Lord Stuart of Ochiltrie, resigned the feudal barony of Ochiltree and the peerage to his cousin, James Stewart, with the consent of the Crown in 1615. In 1619 he was instead elevated to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Castle Stewart; see the Earl Castle Stewart for further history of this branch of the family.James Stewart now became the first or fourth Lord Ochiltrie (or Lord Stewart of Ochiltrie). He was succeeded by his son William, the second or sixth[fifth?] Lord. On his early death in 1675 the lordship became either dormant or extinct.In 1774 Andrew Thomas Stewart successfully claimed the barony of Castle Stewart in the peerage of Ireland as heir male under the creation of 1619; but although he was permitted in 1790 to vote as Lord Ochiltree in an election of Scottish representative peers, his claim to this barony as collateral heir of the grantee of 1615 was disallowed by the House of Lords in 1793.[2]A branch of the Ochiltree family is introduced at the Swedish House of Lords (Riddarhuset) under the name Stuart. Hans (Johannes) Stuart (d. 1618) obtained a letter of descent in Edinburgh in 1579 and a letter of arms at Holyrood Castle in Edinburgh from King James VI of Scotland in 1585.[3]","title":"Lord Ochiltree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Ochiltree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Stewart,_1st_Lord_Ochiltree"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Andrew Stewart, 2nd Lord Ochiltree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Stewart,_2nd_Lord_Ochiltree"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Andrew Stuart, 3rd Lord Ochiltree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Stuart,_3rd_Lord_Ochiltree"},{"link_name":"Baron Castle Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Castle_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"James Stewart, 4th Lord Ochiltree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stewart,_4th_Lord_Ochiltree"},{"link_name":"James Stewart, Earl of Arran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stewart,_Earl_of_Arran"},{"link_name":"William Stewart, 5th Lord Ochiltree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Stewart,_5th_Lord_Ochiltree&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Ochiltree (c. 1505–1548)[4]\nAndrew Stewart, 2nd Lord Ochiltree (c. 1521–1591)[5]\nAndrew Stuart, 3rd Lord Ochiltree (c. 1560–1629), resigned lordship in 1615 and created Baron Castle Stewart in 1619.[6]\nJames Stewart, 4th Lord Ochiltree (1595–c. 1658) son of James Stewart, Earl of Arran, made Lord Ochiltree in 1615.\nWilliam Stewart, 5th Lord Ochiltree (c. 1659–1675)","title":"Lords Ochiltree (1542)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Wotton 1741","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWotton1741"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Ochiltree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ochiltree"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081206193651/http://www.riddarhuset.se/jsp/index.jsp?id=553","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081206193651/http://www.riddarhuset.se/jsp/index.jsp?id=553"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Lundy 2012a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLundy2012a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Lundy 2012b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLundy2012b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Lundy 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLundy2011"}],"text":"^ or Oghiltrey (Wotton 1741, p. 107)\n\n^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Ochiltree\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 989.\n\n^ https://web.archive.org/web/20081206193651/http://www.riddarhuset.se/jsp/index.jsp?id=553\n\n^ Lundy 2012a, p. 2518 § 25178 \n\n^ Lundy 2012b, p. 2519 § 25183 \n\n^ Lundy 2011, p. 515 § 5144","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"http://www3.dcs.hull.ac.uk/genealogy/royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050310131102/http://www3.dcs.hull.ac.uk/genealogy/royal/"}],"text":"http://www3.dcs.hull.ac.uk/genealogy/royal\nKidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Arms of the Stuarts of Ochiltree","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arms_of_Stewart_of_Avondale.svg/150px-Arms_of_Stewart_of_Avondale.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Earl Castle Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Castle_Stewart"},{"title":"Lord Methven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Methven"},{"title":"Lord Avondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Avondale"},{"title":"Lord Colvill of Ochiltree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Colvill_of_Ochiltree"},{"title":"Ochiltree Castle, East Ayrshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochiltree_Castle,_East_Ayrshire"}]	[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Ochiltree\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLBT	KLBT	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 29°54′52″N 94°17′06″W / 29.91444°N 94.28500°W / 29.91444; -94.28500For the airport serving Lumberton, North Carolina assigned the ICAO code KLBT, see Lumberton Municipal Airport. This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "KLBT" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2012) Radio station in Beaumont, TexasKLBTBeaumont, TexasBroadcast areaBeaumont – Port Arthur metropolitan areaFrequency88.1 FM MHzBrandingLive By TruthProgrammingFormatContemporary Christian MusicOwnershipOwnerThe King's Musician Educational Foundation, Inc.HistoryCall sign meaningK Live By TruthTechnical informationFacility ID86329ClassC3ERP7,000 wattsHAAT145 metersLinksWebcastListen LiveWebsitehttp://www.myklbt.org/ KLBT is a radio station airing a Contemporary Christian Music format, licensed to Beaumont, Texas, broadcasting on 88.1 MHz FM. The station serves the Beaumont – Port Arthur metropolitan area, and is owned by The King's Musician Educational Foundation, Inc. References ^ "KLBT Facility Record". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division. Accessed October 3, 2012 External links KLBT's official website KLBT in the FCC FM station database KLBT in Nielsen Audio's FM station database vteRadio stations in the Beaumont–Port Arthur metropolitan area (Texas)By AM frequency 560 740 790 850 990 1150 1250 1300 1340 1450 1510 By FM frequency 88.1 88.5 89.7 90.5 91.3 92.5 93.3 94.1 95.1 97.1 97.5 98.5 99.5 99.9 100.7 101.7 102.5 103.7 104.5 105.3 106.1 106.9 107.9 LPFM 95.5 96.9 104.1 Translators 94.7 98.1 98.9 103.3 104.9 106.7 107.5 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 97.5-1 97.5-2 98.5-1 103.7-1 104.5-1 104.5-2 107.9-1 NOAA Weather Radiofrequency 162.475 By call sign K234AM K251AL K255BB K277AG K285GD K294BW K298CB KAYD-FM KBED KBEJ-LP KBME KBPO KCOL-FM KDEI KEYH KFNC HD2 KGHY KHIH KHJK KHTW KIKR KIOC KKHT-FM KKMY HD2 KLBT KLTW KLVH KLVI KOLE KQBU-FM KQQK KQXY-FM KSAP-LP KTCX KTJM KTRH KTXB KVAP-LP KVLU KYKR KZFT KZZB WXK28 Defunct KOGT (1600 AM) Radio stations in East Texas Beaumont-Port Arthur Longview-Marshall Lufkin-Nacogdoches Paris Texarkana Tyler Other nearby regions Fort Polk South Houston Huntsville Lake Charles See also List of radio stations in Texas 29°54′52″N 94°17′06″W / 29.91444°N 94.28500°W / 29.91444; -94.28500 This article about a radio station in Texas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lumberton Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumberton_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Contemporary Christian Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_Music"},{"link_name":"Beaumont, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Beaumont – Port Arthur metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont_%E2%80%93_Port_Arthur_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the airport serving Lumberton, North Carolina assigned the ICAO code KLBT, see Lumberton Municipal Airport.Radio station in Beaumont, TexasKLBT is a radio station airing a Contemporary Christian Music format, licensed to Beaumont, Texas, broadcasting on 88.1 MHz FM. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Saul_Company	B. F. Saul Company	["1 History","1.1 Founding","2 References"]	Private real estate firm based in Bethesda, Maryland, US B. F. Saul CompanyIndustryReal estateFounded1892; 132 years ago (1892)FounderBernard Francis SaulHeadquartersBethesda, Maryland, U.S.Websitewww.bfsaul.com B. F. Saul Company is a large, private real estate firm based in Bethesda, Maryland. The company owns and manages several properties in the Washington metropolitan area and one property in Fort Lauderdale, Florida including 20 hotels. Notable properties include the Hay-Adams Hotel and the Kennedy-Warren Apartment Building. The company is an affiliate of Saul Centers, Inc., a public company and real estate investment trust that is a component of the S&P 600 index. History Founding On December 1, 1892, at the age of 19, Bernard Francis Saul founded Saul Company in Washington, D.C. Saul Company became a successful mortgage bank and developer. Within 8 years of starting the firm, B. Francis Saul founded the Home Savings Bank and soon after merged it with the American Security and Trust Company. Saul Company became B. F. Saul Company. Saul's grandson, Bernard Saul II, is currently CEO and chairman of the firm. His great-grandson B.F. Saul III resigned as president of the firm in 2012 to found his own company, Saul Urban. In 1969, Bernard Saul II founded Chevy Chase Bank. That same year, the B.F. Saul Real Estate Investment Trust became a public company via an initial public offering. In 1931, the company acquired the Kennedy-Warren Apartment Building after its prior owners went bankrupt during the Great Depression. In 1976, the hotel division was founded. In 1983, it was reported that the company serviced a $2 billion in mortgages and originated another $500 million in mortgages annually. In 1988, the company took B.F. Saul Real Estate Investment Trust private. In 1993, Saul Centers, Inc. was formed to hold much of the company's real estate assets and became a public company via an initial public offering. In 1997, B.F. Saul Real Estate Trust announced plans for additional developments in Atlanta. In 2004, the company completed a $70 million expansion of the Kennedy-Warren Apartment Building. In December 2006, the company began construction of Park Place II, an 11-story, 312,897 square foot office building in Tysons, Virginia. In March 2009, Hilton Worldwide leased one-third of the building. In 2017, Hilton began seeking alternative locations. In 2009, the Saul family sold Chevy Chase Bank to Capital One for $520 million in cash and stock. In 2012, the company completed a $50 million renovation of the Kennedy-Warren Apartment Building. In July 2012, the company pulled out of a partnership with Montgomery County, Maryland to develop a property near Wheaton station. In September 2012, B. Francis Saul III resigned from Saul Centers, Inc. In October 2013, the company sold its remaining holdings in Atlanta, Georgia for $45 million. In February 2014, Saul Centers, Inc., the real estate investment trust affiliated with the company, acquired a property near Twinbrook in Rockville, Maryland for $62.5 million. In April 2017, Saul Centers, Inc., announced plans to develop 10 buildings on the site. In November 2015, Saul Centers, Inc., the real estate trust affiliated with the company, proposed constructing a 483-unit apartment building with 68,000 square feet of retail in Ballston, Virginia. In May 2017, Target Corporation signed a lease at the property. In August 2017, Saul Centers secured a $157 million loan for the development. In 2016, the company broke ground on a 10-story Homewood Suites by Hilton hotel in Rosslyn, Virginia. In 2021, the firm became the operator of the Capital One Watermark Hotel in Tysons, Virginia. References ^ Lippman, Thomas W. (July 18, 1983). "The Empire of B. F. Saul II: Closed Circle of Family-Owned Firms". The Washington Post. ^ O'Connell, Jonathan; Heath, Thomas (September 7, 2012). "B.F. Saul III leaving Saul Centers". The Washington Post. ^ O'Connell, Jonathan (2021-10-26). "His dad is worth $3.5 billion. At 50, the son left the family business". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-09-24. ^ a b c Hinden, Stan (July 19, 1993). "REAL ESTATE MAVENS TURN TO REITS FOR CASH". American City Business Journals. ^ a b c Heath, Thomas (June 12, 2011). "B.F. Saul wraps up Kennedy-Warren renovation". The Washington Post. ^ Lippman, Thomas W. (July 18, 1983). "The Empire of B. F. Saul II: Closed Circle of Family-Owned Firms". The Washington Post. ^ Stephens, Erica (December 8, 1997). "B.F. Saul plans stir quiet Circle 75 Office Park". American City Business Journals. ^ Natarajan, Prabha (November 27, 2006). "B.F. Saul to build Class A tower in Tysons Corner". American City Business Journals. ^ "Park Place II In Tysons Corner To Become Hilton's Global Headquarters". Hospitality Net. March 12, 2009. ^ Sernovitz, Daniel J. (July 7, 2017). "Exclusive: Hilton weighing prospects for Tysons headquarters". American City Business Journals. ^ Goldfarb, Zachary A.; Appelbaum, Binyamin (December 4, 2008). "Capital One to Buy Chevy Chase". The Washington Post. ^ "B.F. Saul pulls out of Wheaton development partnership". American City Business Journals. July 12, 2012. ^ O'Connell, Jonathan; Heath, Thomas (September 7, 2012). "B.F. Saul III leaving Saul Centers". The Washington Post. ^ O'Connell, Jonathan (November 28, 2016). "His dad is worth $3.5 billion. At 50, the son left the family business". The Washington Post. ^ LeClaire, Jennifer (October 20, 2013). "Scott Buys Three Atlanta Office Buildings for $45M". Globe St. ^ Sernovitz, Daniel J. (May 14, 2014). "B.F. Saul's big play in Rockville: A $62 million development deal". American City Business Journals. ^ Goff, Karen (August 30, 2017). "B.F. Saul pitching 10 buildings as part of Twinbrook Metro redevelopment". American City Business Journals. ^ Banister, Jon (August 29, 2017). "Saul Centers Proposes 10-Building Mixed-Use Project Near Twinbrook Metro Station". Bisnow Media. ^ Neibauer, Michael (November 17, 2015). "B.F. Saul's big pitch for high-profile Ballston block takes shape". American City Business Journals. ^ Neibauer, Michael (May 31, 2016). "Saul Centers designing a path forward for huge Ballston project". American City Business Journals. ^ Neibauer, Michael (May 16, 2017). "Small-format Target is coming to Ballston". American City Business Journals. ^ Neibauer, Michael (August 30, 2017). "Saul lands $157M loan to partially finance massive Ballston project". American City Business Journals. ^ Neibauer, Michael (June 1, 2016). "B.F. Saul kicks off Homewood Suites project at Rosslyn's Colony House corner". American City Business Journals. ^ "B.F Saul Company Celebrates Groundbreaking of New Homewood Suites by Hilton in Arlington, Virginia". Hotel Online. June 6, 2016. ^ "B. F. Saul Company Hospitality Group To Operate The Watermark Hotel At Capital One Center In Tysons, Virginia". Hospitality Net. Retrieved 2023-09-24. Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bethesda, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Washington metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Fort Lauderdale, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Hay-Adams Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay-Adams_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Kennedy-Warren Apartment Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy-Warren_Apartment_Building"},{"link_name":"public company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company"},{"link_name":"real estate investment trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust"},{"link_name":"S&P 600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_600"}],"text":"B. F. Saul Company is a large, private real estate firm based in Bethesda, Maryland. The company owns and manages several properties in the Washington metropolitan area and one property in Fort Lauderdale, Florida including 20 hotels. Notable properties include the Hay-Adams Hotel and the Kennedy-Warren Apartment Building.The company is an affiliate of Saul Centers, Inc., a public company and real estate investment trust that is a component of the S&P 600 index.","title":"B. F. Saul Company"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernard Francis Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Francis_Saul"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bernard Saul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Saul_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chevy Chase Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevy_Chase_Bank"},{"link_name":"public company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company"},{"link_name":"initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mavens-4"},{"link_name":"Kennedy-Warren Apartment Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy-Warren_Apartment_Building"},{"link_name":"bankrupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankrupt"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renovation-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mavens-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mavens-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renovation-5"},{"link_name":"Tysons, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysons,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hilton Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Chevy Chase Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevy_Chase_Bank"},{"link_name":"Capital One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_One"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renovation-5"},{"link_name":"Montgomery County, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Wheaton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_station_(Washington_Metro)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Twinbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinbrook_(Rockville,_Maryland)"},{"link_name":"Rockville, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ballston, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballston,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Target Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Homewood Suites by Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homewood_Suites_by_Hilton"},{"link_name":"Rosslyn, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslyn,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Tysons, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysons,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Founding","text":"On December 1, 1892, at the age of 19, Bernard Francis Saul founded Saul Company in Washington, D.C. Saul Company became a successful mortgage bank and developer. Within 8 years of starting the firm, B. Francis Saul founded the Home Savings Bank and soon after merged it with the American Security and Trust Company. Saul Company became B. F. Saul Company.[1] Saul's grandson, Bernard Saul II, is currently CEO and chairman of the firm.[2] His great-grandson B.F. Saul III resigned as president of the firm in 2012 to found his own company, Saul Urban.[3]In 1969, Bernard Saul II founded Chevy Chase Bank. That same year, the B.F. Saul Real Estate Investment Trust became a public company via an initial public offering.[4]In 1931, the company acquired the Kennedy-Warren Apartment Building after its prior owners went bankrupt during the Great Depression.[5]In 1976, the hotel division was founded.[citation needed]In 1983, it was reported that the company serviced a $2 billion in mortgages and originated another $500 million in mortgages annually.[6]In 1988, the company took B.F. Saul Real Estate Investment Trust private.[4]In 1993, Saul Centers, Inc. was formed to hold much of the company's real estate assets and became a public company via an initial public offering.[4]In 1997, B.F. Saul Real Estate Trust announced plans for additional developments in Atlanta.[7]In 2004, the company completed a $70 million expansion of the Kennedy-Warren Apartment Building.[5] In December 2006, the company began construction of Park Place II, an 11-story, 312,897 square foot office building in Tysons, Virginia.[8] In March 2009, Hilton Worldwide leased one-third of the building.[9] In 2017, Hilton began seeking alternative locations.[10]In 2009, the Saul family sold Chevy Chase Bank to Capital One for $520 million in cash and stock.[11]In 2012, the company completed a $50 million renovation of the Kennedy-Warren Apartment Building.[5] In July 2012, the company pulled out of a partnership with Montgomery County, Maryland to develop a property near Wheaton station.[12] In September 2012, B. Francis Saul III resigned from Saul Centers, Inc.[13][14]In October 2013, the company sold its remaining holdings in Atlanta, Georgia for $45 million.[15] In February 2014, Saul Centers, Inc., the real estate investment trust affiliated with the company, acquired a property near Twinbrook in Rockville, Maryland for $62.5 million.[16] In April 2017, Saul Centers, Inc., announced plans to develop 10 buildings on the site.[17][18]In November 2015, Saul Centers, Inc., the real estate trust affiliated with the company, proposed constructing a 483-unit apartment building with 68,000 square feet of retail in Ballston, Virginia.[19][20] In May 2017, Target Corporation signed a lease at the property.[21]In August 2017, Saul Centers secured a $157 million loan for the development.[22] In 2016, the company broke ground on a 10-story Homewood Suites by Hilton hotel in Rosslyn, Virginia.[23][24]In 2021, the firm became the operator of the Capital One Watermark Hotel in Tysons, Virginia.[25]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Lippman, Thomas W. (July 18, 1983). \"The Empire of B. F. Saul II: Closed Circle of Family-Owned Firms\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1983/07/18/the-empire-of-b-f-saul-ii-closed-circle-of-family-owned-firms/8c4ac93c-2b9d-4d0f-89b7-fc9ade3dbadf/","url_text":"\"The Empire of B. F. Saul II: Closed Circle of Family-Owned Firms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"O'Connell, Jonathan; Heath, Thomas (September 7, 2012). \"B.F. Saul III leaving Saul Centers\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-business/post/bf-saul-iii-resigns-as-president-of-saul-centers-to-start-own-venture/2012/09/07/a4d04418-f91f-11e1-8398-0327ab83ab91_blog.html","url_text":"\"B.F. Saul III leaving Saul Centers\""}]},{"reference":"O'Connell, Jonathan (2021-10-26). \"His dad is worth $3.5 billion. At 50, the son left the family business\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/digger/wp/2016/11/28/his-dad-is-worth-3-5-billion-at-50-the-son-left-the-family-business/","url_text":"\"His dad is worth $3.5 billion. At 50, the son left the family business\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"Hinden, Stan (July 19, 1993). \"REAL ESTATE MAVENS TURN TO REITS FOR CASH\". American City Business Journals.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1993/07/19/real-estate-mavens-turn-to-reits-for-cash/df854963-ede3-4f84-af5f-ca9be8ce3767/","url_text":"\"REAL ESTATE MAVENS TURN TO REITS FOR CASH\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals","url_text":"American City Business Journals"}]},{"reference":"Heath, Thomas (June 12, 2011). \"B.F. Saul wraps up Kennedy-Warren renovation\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/capitalbusiness/bf-saul-wraps-up-kennedy-warren-renovation/2011/06/09/AGLyH0RH_story.html","url_text":"\"B.F. Saul wraps up Kennedy-Warren renovation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Lippman, Thomas W. (July 18, 1983). \"The Empire of B. F. Saul II: Closed Circle of Family-Owned Firms\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1983/07/18/the-empire-of-b-f-saul-ii-closed-circle-of-family-owned-firms/8c4ac93c-2b9d-4d0f-89b7-fc9ade3dbadf/","url_text":"\"The Empire of B. F. Saul II: Closed Circle of Family-Owned Firms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Stephens, Erica (December 8, 1997). \"B.F. Saul plans stir quiet Circle 75 Office Park\". American City Business Journals.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/1997/12/08/focus27.html","url_text":"\"B.F. Saul plans stir quiet Circle 75 Office Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals","url_text":"American City Business Journals"}]},{"reference":"Natarajan, Prabha (November 27, 2006). \"B.F. Saul to build Class A tower in Tysons Corner\". American City Business Journals.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/2006/11/27/story1.html","url_text":"\"B.F. Saul to build Class A tower in Tysons Corner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals","url_text":"American City Business Journals"}]},{"reference":"\"Park Place II In Tysons Corner To Become Hilton's Global Headquarters\". Hospitality Net. March 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4040376.html","url_text":"\"Park Place II In Tysons Corner To Become Hilton's Global Headquarters\""}]},{"reference":"Sernovitz, Daniel J. (July 7, 2017). \"Exclusive: Hilton weighing prospects for Tysons headquarters\". American City Business Journals.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/07/07/exclusive-hilton-weighing-prospects-for-new-tysons.html","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Hilton weighing prospects for Tysons headquarters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals","url_text":"American City Business Journals"}]},{"reference":"Goldfarb, Zachary A.; Appelbaum, Binyamin (December 4, 2008). \"Capital One to Buy Chevy Chase\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/03/AR2008120302809.html","url_text":"\"Capital One to Buy Chevy Chase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"B.F. Saul pulls out of Wheaton development partnership\". American City Business Journals. July 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/baltimore/blog/real-estate/2012/07/bf-saul-pulls-out-of-wheaton.html","url_text":"\"B.F. Saul pulls out of Wheaton development partnership\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals","url_text":"American City Business Journals"}]},{"reference":"O'Connell, Jonathan; Heath, Thomas (September 7, 2012). \"B.F. Saul III leaving Saul Centers\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-business/post/bf-saul-iii-resigns-as-president-of-saul-centers-to-start-own-venture/2012/09/07/a4d04418-f91f-11e1-8398-0327ab83ab91_blog.html","url_text":"\"B.F. Saul III leaving Saul Centers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"O'Connell, Jonathan (November 28, 2016). \"His dad is worth $3.5 billion. At 50, the son left the family business\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/digger/wp/2016/11/28/his-dad-is-worth-3-5-billion-at-50-the-son-left-the-family-business/","url_text":"\"His dad is worth $3.5 billion. At 50, the son left the family business\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"LeClaire, Jennifer (October 20, 2013). \"Scott Buys Three Atlanta Office Buildings for $45M\". Globe St.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globest.com/sites/globest/2013/10/30/scott-buys-three-atlanta-office-buildings-for-45m/","url_text":"\"Scott Buys Three Atlanta Office Buildings for $45M\""}]},{"reference":"Sernovitz, Daniel J. (May 14, 2014). \"B.F. Saul's big play in Rockville: A $62 million development deal\". American City Business Journals.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/breaking_ground/2014/05/b-f-sauls-62-million-rockville-development-deal.html","url_text":"\"B.F. Saul's big play in Rockville: A $62 million development deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals","url_text":"American City Business Journals"}]},{"reference":"Goff, Karen (August 30, 2017). \"B.F. Saul pitching 10 buildings as part of Twinbrook Metro redevelopment\". American City Business Journals.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/08/30/saul-pitching-10-buildings-as-part-of-twinbrook.html","url_text":"\"B.F. Saul pitching 10 buildings as part of Twinbrook Metro redevelopment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals","url_text":"American City Business Journals"}]},{"reference":"Banister, Jon (August 29, 2017). \"Saul Centers Proposes 10-Building Mixed-Use Project Near Twinbrook Metro Station\". Bisnow Media.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bisnow.com/washington-dc/news/mixed-use/saul-centers-proposes-10-building-mixed-use-project-near-twinbrook-metro-station-78366","url_text":"\"Saul Centers Proposes 10-Building Mixed-Use Project Near Twinbrook Metro Station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnow_Media","url_text":"Bisnow Media"}]},{"reference":"Neibauer, Michael (November 17, 2015). \"B.F. Saul's big pitch for high-profile Ballston block takes shape\". American City Business Journals.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/breaking_ground/2015/11/b-f-sauls-big-pitch-for-high-profile-ballston.html","url_text":"\"B.F. 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American City Business Journals.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/05/16/small-formattarget-is-coming-to-ballston.html","url_text":"\"Small-format Target is coming to Ballston\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals","url_text":"American City Business Journals"}]},{"reference":"Neibauer, Michael (August 30, 2017). \"Saul lands $157M loan to partially finance massive Ballston project\". American City Business Journals.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2017/08/30/saul-lands-157m-loan-to-partially-finance-massive.html","url_text":"\"Saul lands $157M loan to partially finance massive Ballston project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals","url_text":"American City Business Journals"}]},{"reference":"Neibauer, Michael (June 1, 2016). \"B.F. Saul kicks off Homewood Suites project at Rosslyn's Colony House corner\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xray_Spex	X-Ray Spex	["1 Career","2 Reformation","3 Documentary and biography","4 Discography","4.1 Albums","4.2 Live","4.3 Compilation","4.4 Singles","4.5 Appearances on various artist compilations (selective)","5 See also","6 Reference notes","7 References","8 External links"]	English punk rock band This article is about the punk band. For other uses, see X-Ray Specs (disambiguation). X-Ray SpexBackground informationOriginLondon, EnglandGenresPunk rock, new waveYears active1976–1979, 1991, 1995–1996, 2008LabelsVirginEMI InternationalReceiverUniversalFuture NoiseSpinoffsClassix NouveauxPast members Poly Styrene Lora Logic Jak Airport Paul Dean Rudi Thomson BP Hurding Websitex-rayspex.com X-Ray Spex was an English punk rock band formed in 1976 in London. During their first incarnation (1976–1979), X-Ray Spex released five singles and one album. Their 1977 single "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" and 1978 debut album Germfree Adolescents are widely acclaimed as classic punk releases. The band has briefly reformed several times in the 1990s and 2000s. Career Initially, the band featured singer Poly Styrene (born Marion Joan Elliott-Said) (alternatively spelled Marian or Marianne) on vocals, Jak Airport (Jack Stafford) on guitars, Paul Dean on bass, Paul 'B. P.' Hurding on drums, and Lora Logic (born Susan Whitby) on saxophone. This last instrument was an atypical addition to the standard punk instrumental line-up, and became one of the group's most distinctive features. Logic played on only one of the band's records. As she was only fifteen, playing saxophone was a hobby and she left the band to complete her education. X-Ray Spex's other distinctive musical element was Poly Styrene's voice, which has been variously described as "effervescently discordant" and "powerful enough to drill holes through sheet metal". As Mari Elliot, Styrene had released a reggae single for GTO Records in 1976, "Silly Billy", which had not charted. Born in 1957 in Bromley, Kent, to a Somali father and a British mother, Poly Styrene became the group's public face, and remains one of the most memorable front-women to emerge from the punk movement. Unorthodox in appearance, she wore thick braces on her teeth and once stated that "I said that I wasn't a sex symbol and that if anybody tried to make me one I'd shave my head tomorrow". She later actually did at Johnny Rotten's flat prior to a concert at Victoria Park. Mark Paytress recounts in the liner notes for the 2002 compilation, The Anthology, that Jah Wobble, Rotten's longtime friend and bassist for his post-punk venture PiL, once described Styrene as a "strange girl who often talked of hallucinating. She freaked John out." Rotten, known more for his outspoken dislikes and disdain than for praise and admiration, said of X-Ray Spex in a retrospective punk documentary, "Them, they came out with a sound and attitude and a whole energy—it was just not relating to anything around it—superb." Styrene was inspired to form a band by seeing the Sex Pistols in Hastings and, through their live performances, she and X-Ray Spex became one of the most talked about acts on the infant punk scene. The band played twice at the punk club The Roxy during its first 100 days. In March, the band played with The Drones and Chelsea. In April, they shared the bill with the Buzzcocks, Wire, and Johnny Moped. Their first Roxy gig was only their second live appearance. It was recorded and their anthem "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" was included on the influential Live at the Roxy WC2 album. Styrene was nineteen years old at the time of the recording. The publicity from this gig led to a "near residency", particularly on Sunday nights, at 'The Man in the Moon' pub, King's Road, Chelsea, and record label interest. In late September 1977, a studio recording of "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" was released as a single. Today, the 45 is regarded as their most enduring artefact, both as a piece of music and as a sort of proto-grrrl catchphrase. Opening with the spoken/screamed line, "Some people think little girls should be seen and not heard but I think—oh, bondage, up yours!", the song could be interpreted as a premonition of the riot grrrl movement 15 years later, although Styrene herself insists it was more intended as an anti-consumerist/anti-capitalist jingle, and was not exclusively feminist in nature. Lora Logic left the band aged 16 in late 1977 to form a new group called Essential Logic. She was replaced on saxophone, first temporarily by John Glyn (who later joined Wreckless Eric's band), and then permanently by Rudi Thompson (also known as Steve Rudi). In November 1978, the band released their debut album. With the exception of "Identity", which was partially based on Styrene witnessing Bromley Contingent member Tracie O'Keefe slash her wrists in the restroom of the Roxy, the rest of Germfree Adolescents dealt with the anti consumerist theme. Indeed, The Guardian newspaper described the album as containing "unrivalled anti-consumerism anthems". X-Ray Spex played at 'Front Row Festival', a three-week event at the Hope and Anchor, Islington in late November and early December 1977. This resulted in the band's inclusion, alongside the likes of Wilko Johnson, 999, The Only Ones, the Saints, The Stranglers, and XTC, on a double album of recordings from the festival. Then, in February 1978, before the release of their second single, X-Ray Spex recorded the first of two sessions for John Peel at BBC Radio 1. Their profile was further enhanced by playing a fortnight's residency at New York's CBGB's, even though the album Germ Free Adolescents was not released in America until 1992. On 30 April 1978, the band appeared at the Rock Against Racism gig at Victoria Park, Bow, Tower Hamlets. Also on the bill were Steel Pulse, The Clash, The Ruts, Sham 69, Generation X and Tom Robinson Band. Later in the year, to promote the album, X-Ray Spex embarked on their first, and only, full UK tour. Exhausted by touring, Poly Styrene left the band in mid 1979. Footage of her performing with the band was later included in the 1980 film, DOA. She released a solo album, Translucence, before joining the Hare Krishna movement (as did Logic, after she left the band). Without Styrene, the group lost its momentum and split up. Hurding and Airport went on to form Classix Nouveaux, while Paul Dean and Rudi Thompson went on to form Agent Orange with Anthony "Tex" Doughty, who would later become a founding member of Transvision Vamp. The first incarnation of X-Ray Spex existed from mid-1976 to 1979, during which time they released five singles—"Oh Bondage Up Yours!", "Identity", "The Day the World Turned Day-Glo", "Germfree Adolescents", and "Highly Inflammable"—and one album, Germfree Adolescents. One retrospective review described the singles as "not only riveting examples of high-energy punk, but contained provocative, thoughtful lyrics berating the urban synthetic fashions of the 70s and urging individual expression". The same reviewer in The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music sums up the band's 1970s contribution as "one of the most inventive, original and genuinely exciting groups to emerge during the punk era". Reformation In 1991, X-Ray Spex reformed for a surprise sell-out gig at the Brixton Academy, where Poly appeared in a blue foam dress with an army helmet (to her regret). The group reformed again in 1995 with a line-up of Styrene, Dean and Logic to release a new album Conscious Consumer. Although heralded as the first in a trilogy, the album was not a commercial success. Styrene later explained that touring and promotional work suffered an abrupt end when she was run over by a fire engine in central London, suffering a fractured pelvis. The following year X-Ray Spex played at the 20th Anniversary of Punk Festival in Blackpool minus Poly Styrene, overcoming her last-minute decision to withdraw by recruiting a replacement female singer named Poly Filla. The band disbanded, but later releases include a compilation of the group's early records, a live album, and an anthology of all the aforementioned. Jak Airport later worked for the BBC's corporate and public relations department under his real name, Jack Stafford; he died on 13 August 2004 of cancer. On 28 April 2008, Poly Styrene gave a performance of "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" in front of more than 10,000 people at the Love Music Hate Racism free concert in Victoria Park, East London. The band including original bass player Paul Dean, played what was described as a raucous comeback gig and in front of an audience of 3,000 full at The Roundhouse in London on 6 September 2008. The gig consisted of Germfree Adolescents in its entirety, with the exception of "Plastic Bag". A DVD and CD of the Roundhouse performance was released in November 2009 on the Year Zero Label by Future Noise Music. Symond Lawes, working as Concrete Jungle Productions, with Poly Styrene, produced the live show at Camden Roundhouse in 2008. Poly Styrene died of spinal and breast cancer on 25 April 2011 in East Sussex, England, at the age of 53. Documentary and biography Styrene is the subject of a documentary Poly Styrene: I Am a Cliché. The documentary was directed by Paul Sng, and was co-written by Styrene's daughter, Celeste Bell (who also narrates), and author Zoë Howe. The documentary comes in conjunction with the 40-year anniversary of Germfree Adolescents. Bell said, "This film will be a celebration of the life and work of my mother, an artist who deserves to be recognized as one of the greatest front women of all time; a little girl with a big voice whose words are more relevant than ever". Bell and Howe have co-written a biography about Styrene. The book titled Day Glo: The Poly Styrene Story was released in the United States in September 2019. Discography Albums Germfree Adolescents (November 1978: EMI International, INT 3023) – No. 30 UK Albums Chart, No. 56 AUS Conscious Consumer (October 1995: Receiver) Live Live at the Roxy (March 1991: Receiver, RRCD 140); live recordings from 1977 Live @ the Roundhouse London 2008 (November 2009: Year Zero, YZCDDVD01); CD and DVD of live recordings from September 2008 Compilation Let's Submerge: The Anthology (2006: Castle Music CMEDD1378); 2 CD Compilation Singles "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" / "I Am a Cliché" (September 1977: Virgin Records, VS 189); also released as a 12" single (VS 189–12) "The Day the World Turned Day-Glo" / "I Am a Poseur" (March 1978: EMI International, INT 553) – No. 23 UK Singles Chart "Identity" / "Let's Submerge" (July 1978: EMI International, INT 563) – No. 24 UK "Germfree Adolescents" / "Age" (October 1978: EMI International, INT 573) – No. 19 UK "Highly Inflammable" / "Warrior in Woolworths" (April 1979: EMI International, INT 583) – No. 45 UK Appearances on various artist compilations (selective) Listing of those various artist compilation albums mentioned in the text of the main article: "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" featured on The Roxy London WC2 (24 June 1977: Harvest Records SHSP4069) – No. 24 UK Albums Chart See also List of punk bands from the United Kingdom List of musicians in the first wave of punk music List of Peel sessions Music of the United Kingdom (1970s) List of performers on Top of the Pops Reference notes ^ References ^ Strong, M.C. (2003). The Great Indie Discography. Edinburgh: Canongate. p. 184. ISBN 1-84195-335-0. ^ Mojo (October 2001) – 100 Punk Scorchers, Issue 95, London; ^ Joynson, Vernon (2001). Up Yours! A Guide to UK Punk, New Wave & Early Post Punk. Wolverhampton: Borderline Publications. p. 448. ISBN 1-899855-13-0. An essential ingredient of any punk collection ^ Thompson, Dave (2000). Punk. Ontario: Collector's Guide Publication. p. 102. ISBN 1-896522-27-0. It was a tremendous record… Whatever else X-Ray Spex might achieve, Oh Bondage had already done more than most groups manage in an entire career ^ Gardner, Steve (1996). "Hiljaiset Levyt: 100 Best Punk singles". Archived from the original on 24 August 2014. Revolt-in-plastic punk. Weird arty stuff with saxophone ^ Larkin, Colin (1994). All Time Top 1000 Albums. Enfield: Guinness Publishing. p. 236. A colourful explosion of sound ^ "Hiljaiset Levyt: PUNKNET 77 - 100 Best Punk LP's". Hiljaiset.sci.fi. 4 March 1996. Archived from the original on 22 November 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2014. ^ Du Noyer, Paul (1998). Encyclopedia of Albums: 1,000 Best-Ever Albums. Bristol: Dempsey Parr. p. 89. ISBN 1-84084-031-5. They aimed their fluorescent bile at the vapidity and sterility of the modern world, specifically the increasingly consumerist nature of society, in classic sax-drenched anthems ^ Dimery, Robert (2005). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. London: Cassell. p. 420. The whole record is a thunderingly radical and real; production is straightforward and merely delivers the sound of a scorching, hectic band unto the listener ^ The Guardian (November 2007). 1,000 Albums To Hear Before You Die. London. With anti-fashion icon Poly Styrene as frontwoman, and a 15-year-old Lora Logic on sax, X-Ray Spex offered neon DIY rock'n'roll that proved punk wasn't all self-harm and safety pins.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "X-Ray Spex singer Poly Styrene dies at 53". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 21 June 2021. ^ "My secret life: Poly Styrene, Singer, 51". The Independent. 19 April 2008. ^ "Punk icon Poly Styrene dies at 53". Bbc.com. 26 April 2011. ^ "Mixtape Madness: great indie rock sax solos". Death and Taxes Magazine. 24 February 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2015. ^ "x-ray spex official site/x-ray spex history". X-rayspex.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2014. ^ Dave Thompson (19 March 2002). "The Anthology – X-Ray Spex \| Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 29 June 2014. ^ a b c ^ "Are you ready to fly?". The Guardian. 9 May 2003. Archived from the original on 18 February 2006. Retrieved 21 June 2021. ^ Murray, Charles Shaar (1978). "No Pop, No Style Poly Styrene is Still Strictly Roots". NME (published 13 May 1978). Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2008. ^ Cinderella's Big Score: Women of the Punk and Indie Underground by Maria Raha ^ "YouTube". YouTube. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2014. ^ Thompson, Dave (2000). Alternative Rock. San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books. p. 730. ISBN 0-87930-607-6. ^ Thompson, Dave (2000). Punk. Ontario: Collector's Guide Publication. pp. 61–62. ^ a b Thompson, Dave (2000). Punk. Ontario: Collector's Guide Publication. p. 102. ^ Thompson, Dave (2000). Alternative Rock. San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books. p. 730. ^ Michelle Lee, "Oh bondage up yours! The early punk movement—and the women who made it rock, Off Our Backs, Nov/Dec 2002 ^ "BOFH: Oh Bondage Up Yours! (article demonstrating the use of the song title as a catchphrase)". The Register. Retrieved 23 May 2008. ^ Tyler, Kieron (2005). Germ Free Adolescents Expanded (CD liner). ^ a b Archived 6 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ The Guardian (November 2007). 1,000 Albums To Hear Before You Die. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "Radio 1 - Keeping It Peel - X-Ray Spex". BBC. 20 February 1978. Retrieved 29 June 2014. ^ "Hiljaiset Levyt: PUNKNET 77 - X-Ray Spex". Hiljaiset.sci.fi. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2014. ^ a b Larkin, Colin (2002). Virgin Encyclopedia of 70s Music. London: Virgin Books. p. 503. ISBN 1-85227-947-8. ^ "My secret life: Poly Styrene". The Independent. 19 April 2008. ^ Archived 3 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b "X-Ray Spex pack out London's Roundhouse \| News". NME. 8 September 2008. Archived from the original on 11 September 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2014. ^ "From Concrete Jungle Festival to X-ray Spex live at the Roundhouse". symondlawes.blogspot.co.uk. 19 March 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2015. ^ "X-Ray Spex's Poly Styrene dies of cancer". NME. Retrieved 26 April 2011. ^ a b "Poly Styrene, X-Ray Spex frontwoman and punk icon, subject of new documentary". 29 March 2017. ^ "Celeste Bell \| Day Glo: The Poly Styrene Story". Celeste Bell. Retrieved 9 May 2020. ^ a b c Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 612. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 344. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. External links Official website X-Ray Spex at AllMusic X-Ray Spex discography at Discogs vteX-Ray Spex Poly Styrene Jak Airport Paul Dean B. P. Hurding Rudi Thomson Lora Logic Studio albums Germfree Adolescents Conscious Consumer Singles "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" 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Drones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drones_(British_band)"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_(band)"},{"link_name":"Buzzcocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzcocks"},{"link_name":"Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_(band)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Moped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Moped"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Oh Bondage Up Yours!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Bondage_Up_Yours!"},{"link_name":"Live at the Roxy WC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Roxy_WC2"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson_2000_102-25"},{"link_name":"King's Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Road"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"catchphrase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catchphrase"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"riot grrrl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl"},{"link_name":"anti-consumerist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-consumerist"},{"link_name":"anti-capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-capitalist"},{"link_name":"feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"Essential Logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_Logic"},{"link_name":"Wreckless Eric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreckless_Eric"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Bromley Contingent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley_Contingent"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FirstLady-30"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Hope and Anchor, Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_and_Anchor,_Islington"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson_2000_102-25"},{"link_name":"Wilko Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilko_Johnson"},{"link_name":"999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/999_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Only Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Only_Ones"},{"link_name":"the Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saints_(Australian_band)"},{"link_name":"The Stranglers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stranglers"},{"link_name":"XTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTC"},{"link_name":"John Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peel"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"CBGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBGB"},{"link_name":"Rock Against Racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism"},{"link_name":"Victoria Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow,_London"},{"link_name":"Tower Hamlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets"},{"link_name":"Steel Pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Pulse"},{"link_name":"The Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash"},{"link_name":"The Ruts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ruts"},{"link_name":"Sham 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_69"},{"link_name":"Generation X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_X_(band)"},{"link_name":"Tom Robinson Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Robinson_Band"},{"link_name":"DOA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.O.A._(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"Hare Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness"},{"link_name":"Classix Nouveaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classix_Nouveaux"},{"link_name":"Agent Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agent_Orange_(UK_band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anthony \"Tex\" Doughty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Doughty"},{"link_name":"Transvision Vamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvision_Vamp"},{"link_name":"Germfree Adolescents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germfree_Adolescents"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rina-18"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-larkin-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-larkin-34"}],"text":"Initially, the band featured singer Poly Styrene (born Marion[11] Joan Elliott-Said) (alternatively spelled Marian[12] or Marianne[13]) on vocals, Jak Airport (Jack Stafford) on guitars, Paul Dean on bass, Paul 'B. P.' Hurding on drums, and Lora Logic (born Susan Whitby) on saxophone. This last instrument was an atypical addition to the standard punk instrumental line-up,[14] and became one of the group's most distinctive features. Logic played on only one of the band's records. As she was only fifteen, playing saxophone was a hobby and she left the band to complete her education.[15]X-Ray Spex's other distinctive musical element was Poly Styrene's voice, which has been variously described as \"effervescently discordant\"[16] and \"powerful enough to drill holes through sheet metal\".[17] As Mari Elliot, Styrene had released a reggae single for GTO Records in 1976, \"Silly Billy\", which had not charted. Born in 1957 in Bromley, Kent, to a Somali father and a British mother, Poly Styrene became the group's public face, and remains one of the most memorable front-women to emerge from the punk movement.[18] Unorthodox in appearance, she wore thick braces on her teeth and once stated that \"I said that I wasn't a sex symbol and that if anybody tried to make me one I'd shave my head tomorrow\".[19] She later actually did at Johnny Rotten's flat prior to a concert at Victoria Park. Mark Paytress recounts in the liner notes for the 2002 compilation, The Anthology, that Jah Wobble, Rotten's longtime friend and bassist for his post-punk venture PiL, once described Styrene as a \"strange girl who often talked of hallucinating. She freaked John out.\"[20] Rotten, known more for his outspoken dislikes and disdain than for praise and admiration, said of X-Ray Spex in a retrospective punk documentary, \"Them, they came out with a sound and attitude and a whole energy—it was just not relating to anything around it—superb.\"[21]Styrene was inspired to form a band by seeing the Sex Pistols in Hastings and, through their live performances, she and X-Ray Spex became one of the most talked about acts on the infant punk scene.[22] The band played twice at the punk club The Roxy during its first 100 days. In March, the band played with The Drones and Chelsea. In April, they shared the bill with the Buzzcocks, Wire, and Johnny Moped.[23] Their first Roxy gig was only their second live appearance. It was recorded and their anthem \"Oh Bondage Up Yours!\" was included on the influential Live at the Roxy WC2 album. Styrene was nineteen years old at the time of the recording.[24] The publicity from this gig led to a \"near residency\", particularly on Sunday nights, at 'The Man in the Moon' pub, King's Road, Chelsea, and record label interest.[25]In late September 1977, a studio recording of \"Oh Bondage Up Yours!\" was released as a single. Today, the 45 is regarded as their most enduring artefact, both as a piece of music and as a sort of proto-grrrl catchphrase.[26][27] Opening with the spoken/screamed line, \"Some people think little girls should be seen and not heard but I think—oh, bondage, up yours!\", the song could be interpreted as a premonition of the riot grrrl movement 15 years later, although Styrene herself insists it was more intended as an anti-consumerist/anti-capitalist jingle, and was not exclusively feminist in nature.Lora Logic left the band aged 16 in late 1977 to form a new group called Essential Logic. She was replaced on saxophone, first temporarily by John Glyn (who later joined Wreckless Eric's band), and then permanently by Rudi Thompson (also known as Steve Rudi).[28]In November 1978, the band released their debut album. With the exception of \"Identity\", which was partially based on Styrene witnessing Bromley Contingent member Tracie O'Keefe slash her wrists in the restroom of the Roxy, the rest of Germfree Adolescents dealt with the anti consumerist theme.[29] Indeed, The Guardian newspaper described the album as containing \"unrivalled anti-consumerism anthems\".[30]X-Ray Spex played at 'Front Row Festival', a three-week event at the Hope and Anchor, Islington in late November and early December 1977.[24] This resulted in the band's inclusion, alongside the likes of Wilko Johnson, 999, The Only Ones, the Saints, The Stranglers, and XTC, on a double album of recordings from the festival. Then, in February 1978, before the release of their second single, X-Ray Spex recorded the first of two sessions for John Peel at BBC Radio 1.[31] Their profile was further enhanced by playing a fortnight's residency at New York's CBGB's, even though the album Germ Free Adolescents was not released in America until 1992.On 30 April 1978, the band appeared at the Rock Against Racism gig at Victoria Park, Bow, Tower Hamlets. Also on the bill were Steel Pulse, The Clash, The Ruts, Sham 69, Generation X and Tom Robinson Band. Later in the year, to promote the album, X-Ray Spex embarked on their first, and only, full UK tour. Exhausted by touring, Poly Styrene left the band in mid 1979. Footage of her performing with the band was later included in the 1980 film, DOA. She released a solo album, Translucence, before joining the Hare Krishna movement (as did Logic, after she left the band).Without Styrene, the group lost its momentum and split up. Hurding and Airport went on to form Classix Nouveaux, while Paul Dean and Rudi Thompson went on to form Agent Orange with Anthony \"Tex\" Doughty, who would later become a founding member of Transvision Vamp.The first incarnation of X-Ray Spex existed from mid-1976 to 1979, during which time they released five singles—\"Oh Bondage Up Yours!\", \"Identity\", \"The Day the World Turned Day-Glo\", \"Germfree Adolescents\", and \"Highly Inflammable\"—and one album, Germfree Adolescents.[17][32] One retrospective review described the singles as \"not only riveting examples of high-energy punk, but contained provocative, thoughtful lyrics berating the urban synthetic fashions of the 70s and urging individual expression\".[33]The same reviewer in The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music sums up the band's 1970s contribution as \"one of the most inventive, original and genuinely exciting groups to emerge during the punk era\".[33]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brixton Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_Academy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"20th Anniversary of Punk Festival in Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_Festival"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rina-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nme.Com-37"},{"link_name":"The Roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roundhouse"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nme.Com-37"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FirstLady-30"},{"link_name":"Symond Lawes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symond_Lawes"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"spinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_column"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"In 1991, X-Ray Spex reformed for a surprise sell-out gig at the Brixton Academy, where Poly appeared in a blue foam dress with an army helmet (to her regret).[34] The group reformed again in 1995 with a line-up of Styrene, Dean and Logic to release a new album Conscious Consumer. Although heralded as the first in a trilogy, the album was not a commercial success. Styrene later explained[35] that touring and promotional work suffered an abrupt end when she was run over by a fire engine in central London, suffering a fractured pelvis. The following year X-Ray Spex played at the 20th Anniversary of Punk Festival in Blackpool minus Poly Styrene, overcoming her last-minute decision to withdraw by recruiting a replacement female singer named Poly Filla. The band disbanded, but later releases include a compilation of the group's early records, a live album, and an anthology of all the aforementioned.Jak Airport later worked for the BBC's corporate and public relations department under his real name, Jack Stafford; he died on 13 August 2004 of cancer.[17]On 28 April 2008, Poly Styrene gave a performance of \"Oh Bondage Up Yours!\" in front of more than 10,000 people at the Love Music Hate Racism free concert in Victoria Park, East London.[citation needed]The band including original bass player Paul Dean, played what was described as a raucous comeback gig[36] and in front of an audience of 3,000 full at The Roundhouse in London on 6 September 2008. The gig consisted of Germfree Adolescents in its entirety, with the exception of \"Plastic Bag\".[36] A DVD and CD of the Roundhouse performance was released in November 2009 on the Year Zero Label by Future Noise Music.[29] Symond Lawes, working as Concrete Jungle Productions, with Poly Styrene, produced the live show at Camden Roundhouse in 2008.[37]Poly Styrene died of spinal and breast cancer on 25 April 2011 in East Sussex, England, at the age of 53.[38]","title":"Reformation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poly Styrene: I Am a Cliché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly_Styrene:_I_Am_a_Clich%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Paul Sng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sng"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-factmag.com-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-factmag.com-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Styrene is the subject of a documentary Poly Styrene: I Am a Cliché. The documentary was directed by Paul Sng, and was co-written by Styrene's daughter, Celeste Bell (who also narrates), and author Zoë Howe. The documentary comes in conjunction with the 40-year anniversary of Germfree Adolescents. Bell said, \"This film will be a celebration of the life and work of my mother, an artist who deserves to be recognized as one of the greatest front women of all time; a little girl with a big voice whose words are more relevant than ever\".[39] Bell and Howe have co-written a biography about Styrene.[39] The book titled Day Glo: The Poly Styrene Story was released in the United States in September 2019.[40]","title":"Documentary and biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germfree Adolescents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germfree_Adolescents"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-43"},{"link_name":"Conscious Consumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscious_Consumer"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Germfree Adolescents (November 1978: EMI International, INT 3023) – No. 30 UK Albums Chart,[41] No. 56 AUS[42]\nConscious Consumer (October 1995: Receiver)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Live","text":"Live at the Roxy (March 1991: Receiver, RRCD 140); live recordings from 1977\nLive @ the Roundhouse London 2008 (November 2009: Year Zero, YZCDDVD01); CD and DVD of live recordings from September 2008","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation","text":"Let's Submerge: The Anthology (2006: Castle Music CMEDD1378); 2 CD Compilation","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oh Bondage Up Yours!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Bondage_Up_Yours!"},{"link_name":"Virgin Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records"},{"link_name":"12\" single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-42"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Oh Bondage Up Yours!\" / \"I Am a Cliché\" (September 1977: Virgin Records, VS 189); also released as a 12\" single (VS 189–12)\n\"The Day the World Turned Day-Glo\" / \"I Am a Poseur\" (March 1978: EMI International, INT 553) – No. 23 UK Singles Chart[41]\n\"Identity\" / \"Let's Submerge\" (July 1978: EMI International, INT 563) – No. 24 UK\n\"Germfree Adolescents\" / \"Age\" (October 1978: EMI International, INT 573) – No. 19 UK\n\"Highly Inflammable\" / \"Warrior in Woolworths\" (April 1979: EMI International, INT 583) – No. 45 UK","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Roxy London WC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roxy_London_WC2"},{"link_name":"Harvest Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_Records"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-42"}],"sub_title":"Appearances on various artist compilations (selective)","text":"Listing of those various artist compilation albums mentioned in the text of the main article:\"Oh Bondage Up Yours!\" featured on The Roxy London WC2 (24 June 1977: Harvest Records SHSP4069) – No. 24 UK Albums Chart[41]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"^ [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]","title":"Reference notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of punk bands from the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_punk_bands_from_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"List of musicians in the first wave of punk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_musicians_in_the_first_wave_of_punk_music"},{"title":"List of Peel sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Peel_sessions"},{"title":"Music of the United Kingdom (1970s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1970s)"},{"title":"List of performers on Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_performers_on_Top_of_the_Pops"}]	[{"reference":"Strong, M.C. (2003). The Great Indie Discography. Edinburgh: Canongate. p. 184. ISBN 1-84195-335-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84195-335-0","url_text":"1-84195-335-0"}]},{"reference":"Joynson, Vernon (2001). Up Yours! A Guide to UK Punk, New Wave & Early Post Punk. Wolverhampton: Borderline Publications. p. 448. ISBN 1-899855-13-0. An essential ingredient of any punk collection","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899855-13-0","url_text":"1-899855-13-0"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Dave (2000). Punk. Ontario: Collector's Guide Publication. p. 102. ISBN 1-896522-27-0. It was a tremendous record… Whatever else X-Ray Spex might achieve, Oh Bondage had already done more than most groups manage in an entire career","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896522-27-0","url_text":"1-896522-27-0"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Steve (1996). \"Hiljaiset Levyt: 100 Best Punk singles\". Archived from the original on 24 August 2014. Revolt-in-plastic punk. Weird arty stuff with saxophone","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140824101434/http://www.hiljaiset.sci.fi/punknet/top100si.htm","url_text":"\"Hiljaiset Levyt: 100 Best Punk singles\""},{"url":"http://www.hiljaiset.sci.fi/punknet/top100si.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (1994). All Time Top 1000 Albums. Enfield: Guinness Publishing. p. 236. A colourful explosion of sound","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Hiljaiset Levyt: PUNKNET 77 - 100 Best Punk LP's\". Hiljaiset.sci.fi. 4 March 1996. Archived from the original on 22 November 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071122101051/http://www.hiljaiset.sci.fi/punknet/top100lp.htm","url_text":"\"Hiljaiset Levyt: PUNKNET 77 - 100 Best Punk LP's\""},{"url":"http://www.hiljaiset.sci.fi/punknet/top100lp.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Du Noyer, Paul (1998). Encyclopedia of Albums: 1,000 Best-Ever Albums. Bristol: Dempsey Parr. p. 89. ISBN 1-84084-031-5. They aimed their fluorescent bile at the vapidity and sterility of the modern world, specifically the increasingly consumerist nature of society, in classic sax-drenched anthems","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84084-031-5","url_text":"1-84084-031-5"}]},{"reference":"Dimery, Robert (2005). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. London: Cassell. p. 420. The whole record is a thunderingly radical and real; production is straightforward and merely delivers the sound of a scorching, hectic band unto the listener","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Guardian (November 2007). 1,000 Albums To Hear Before You Die. London. With anti-fashion icon Poly Styrene as frontwoman, and a 15-year-old Lora Logic on sax, X-Ray Spex offered neon DIY rock'n'roll that proved punk wasn't all self-harm and safety pins.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"X-Ray Spex singer Poly Styrene dies at 53\". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 21 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/obit/2011-04-26-poly-styrene_N.htm","url_text":"\"X-Ray Spex singer Poly Styrene dies at 53\""}]},{"reference":"\"My secret life: Poly Styrene, Singer, 51\". The Independent. 19 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/my-secret-life-poly-styrene-singer-51-811129.html","url_text":"\"My secret life: Poly Styrene, Singer, 51\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"Punk icon Poly Styrene dies at 53\". Bbc.com. 26 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-13193968","url_text":"\"Punk icon Poly Styrene dies at 53\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mixtape Madness: great indie rock sax solos\". Death and Taxes Magazine. 24 February 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deathandtaxesmag.com/179200/mixtape-madness-great-indie-rock-sax-solos/","url_text":"\"Mixtape Madness: great indie rock sax solos\""}]},{"reference":"\"x-ray spex official site/x-ray spex history\". X-rayspex.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019235054/http://www.x-rayspex.com/x_ray_spex/activity3.html","url_text":"\"x-ray spex official site/x-ray spex history\""},{"url":"http://www.x-rayspex.com/x_ray_spex/activity3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dave Thompson (19 March 2002). \"The Anthology – X-Ray Spex \| Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards\". AllMusic. Retrieved 29 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-anthology-mw0000658579","url_text":"\"The Anthology – X-Ray Spex \| Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Are you ready to fly?\". The Guardian. 9 May 2003. Archived from the original on 18 February 2006. Retrieved 21 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060218133519/http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/fridayreview/story/0%2C12102%2C951567%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Are you ready to fly?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2003/may/09/artsfeatures","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Charles Shaar (1978). \"No Pop, No Style Poly Styrene is Still Strictly Roots\". NME (published 13 May 1978). Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. 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Retrieved 29 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080911030046/https://www.nme.com/news/x-ray-spex/39556","url_text":"\"X-Ray Spex pack out London's Roundhouse \| News\""},{"url":"http://www.nme.com/news/x-ray-spex/39556","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"From Concrete Jungle Festival to X-ray Spex live at the Roundhouse\". symondlawes.blogspot.co.uk. 19 March 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://symondlawes.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/from-concrete-jungle-festival-to-x-ray.html","url_text":"\"From Concrete Jungle Festival to X-ray Spex live at the Roundhouse\""}]},{"reference":"\"X-Ray Spex's Poly Styrene dies of cancer\". NME. Retrieved 26 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nme.com/news/x-ray-spex/56316","url_text":"\"X-Ray Spex's Poly Styrene dies of cancer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poly Styrene, X-Ray Spex frontwoman and punk icon, subject of new documentary\". 29 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.factmag.com/2017/03/29/poly-styrene-documentary-celebrating-40-years-x-ray-spexs/","url_text":"\"Poly Styrene, X-Ray Spex frontwoman and punk icon, subject of new documentary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celeste Bell \| Day Glo: The Poly Styrene Story\". Celeste Bell. Retrieved 9 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.celeste-bell.com/polystyrenebook","url_text":"\"Celeste Bell \| Day Glo: The Poly Styrene Story\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 612. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Floyd_Cushman	Mary Floyd Cushman	["1 Early life, education, and family","2 Career","2.1 Practice in Maine, US (1893–1922)","2.2 Missionary service (1922–1953)","3 Later life and legacy","4 Selected works","5 References"]	American medical doctor and missionary Mary Floyd CushmanBornRoyalston, MassachusettsDied1965Laconia, New HampshireEducationBoston University School of MedicineOccupation(s)physician, Christian missionaryYears active1893–1953OrganizationAmerican Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions Mary Floyd Cushman (July 24, 1870 – 1965) was an American medical doctor and Christian missionary. She served as the Maine State Medical Board’s first female member and later as a medical missionary in Angola for 20 years. Early life, education, and family Cushman was born to John Paine Cushman and Caroline M. Cushman in Royalston, Massachusetts. Her father was the minister of the Trinitarian Parish in Castine, Maine, beginning in 1885 when Cushman was 15. Cushman went to college at Eastern State Maine Normal School in Castine, Maine, now Maine Maritime Academy. She graduated with honors in 1888 and continued her education, studying medicine at the Boston University School of Medicine. In 1892, she earned her Medical Degree. Cushman cared for her elderly mother for 20 years prior to becoming a missionary. Career Practice in Maine, US (1893–1922) Cushman worked as a doctor in both hospital and private practice from 1893 to 1922 in Massachusetts and Maine. During this time, Cushman was appointed as the first woman member of the Maine State Medical Board. Missionary service (1922–1953) In 1922, Cushman moved to Angola, West Africa, to serve as a medical missionary by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. She was 52 years old. During her time in West Africa, Cushman established a hospital in Chilesso, Angola. She served most of the general population of Angola, taking far trips for extreme cases, and having many sick people travel to her for treatment. One of her notable acts as a missionary was working on staffing the hospital solely with the indigenous people of the area that she had trained. She was recognized as a transitional missionary who focused on "equitable" views of traditional Angolan culture rather than the negative views of early missionaries. She also encouraged the people there to provide more advanced education for their children, so that they could run the hospital themselves. Cushman also worked to promote the advancement of Christianity in her area of Angola. She worked alongside the church already there, encouraging the members and witnessing to her patients and others she came across. In 1944, Cushman published a book she had written about her experiences called Missionary Doctor: The Story of Twenty Years in Africa. The book discusses the Angolan people and their customs and includes descriptions of medical practices Cushman learned from the people there. Cushman was a firm believer in using effective medical practices from other cultures and picked up several ideas from the people there to use in her own practice. Later life and legacy In 1953, at the age of 83, Cushman returned to the United States. She died in Laconia, New Hampshire in 1965 at the age of 95. In 2003, the Maine Medical Society established the Mary Floyd Cushman Award in her honor. Nominations are based on performing medical volunteer work as a doctor in the United States or internationally. The Trinitarian Congregational Parish in Castine, Maine, maintains the Dr. Mary Cushman Circle to raise funds to continue to support missionary service locally and internationally. Selected works Missionary Doctor: The Story of Twenty Years in Africa, 1944 References ^ a b c d Maine Medical Committee. "Mary Floyd Cushman Award" (PDF). mainemed.com. ^ Ancestry Library Edition ^ Ancestry Library Edition ^ Macomber, Susan. "Castine Town Report" (PDF). castine.me.us. ^ "Dr. Mary Cushman Circle". Trinitarian Congregational Parish of Castine. Retrieved 2019-12-18. ^ The Hahnemannian Monthly. LaBarre Printing Company. 1892. ^ a b Cushman, M. F. (1944). Missionary Doctor:The story of twenty years in Africa. New York and London: Harper and Brothers. ^ Ancestry Library Edition ^ Homeopathy, American Institute of (1894). Transactions of the ... Session of the American Institute of Homoeopathy. American Institute of Homoeopathy. ^ Pullen, Ann Ellis; Robbins, Sarah Ruffing (2015-01-01). "Seeing Mission Work through a Gendered Lens: Nellie Arnott's Personal Portrayal of Women's Work in Angola". Social Sciences and Missions. 28 (3–4): 288–326. doi:10.1163/18748945-02803012. ISSN 1874-8945. ^ a b "Dr. Mary Cushman Circle". Trinitarian Congregational Parish of Castine. Retrieved 2019-12-18. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medical doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Christian missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_missionary"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"medical missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_missionary"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Mary Floyd Cushman (July 24, 1870 – 1965) was an American medical doctor and Christian missionary. She served as the Maine State Medical Board’s first female member and later as a medical missionary in Angola for 20 years.[1]","title":"Mary Floyd Cushman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Royalston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Trinitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarians"},{"link_name":"Castine, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castine,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Castine, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castine,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maine Maritime Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Maritime_Academy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Boston University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"text":"Cushman was born to John Paine Cushman and Caroline M. Cushman[2] in Royalston, Massachusetts.[3] Her father was the minister of the Trinitarian Parish in Castine, Maine, beginning in 1885 when Cushman was 15.[4] Cushman went to college at Eastern State Maine Normal School in Castine, Maine, now Maine Maritime Academy. She graduated with honors in 1888[5] and continued her education, studying medicine at the Boston University School of Medicine. In 1892, she earned her Medical Degree.[6] Cushman cared for her elderly mother for 20 years prior to becoming a missionary.[7]","title":"Early life, education, and family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Practice in Maine, US (1893–1922)","text":"Cushman worked as a doctor in both hospital and private practice from 1893 to 1922 in Massachusetts and Maine.[8][9] During this time, Cushman was appointed as the first woman member of the Maine State Medical Board.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Chilesso, Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilesso,_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"indigenous people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"Angolan culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_culture"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"witnessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witnessing"},{"link_name":"Missionary Doctor: The Story of Twenty Years in Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missionary_Doctor:_The_Story_of_Twenty_Years_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Missionary service (1922–1953)","text":"In 1922, Cushman moved to Angola, West Africa,[7] to serve as a medical missionary by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. She was 52 years old.[1] During her time in West Africa, Cushman established a hospital in Chilesso, Angola. She served most of the general population of Angola, taking far trips for extreme cases, and having many sick people travel to her for treatment. One of her notable acts as a missionary was working on staffing the hospital solely with the indigenous people of the area that she had trained. She was recognized as a transitional missionary who focused on \"equitable\" views of traditional Angolan culture rather than the negative views of early missionaries.[10] She also encouraged the people there to provide more advanced education for their children, so that they could run the hospital themselves.Cushman also worked to promote the advancement of Christianity in her area of Angola. She worked alongside the church already there, encouraging the members and witnessing to her patients and others she came across.In 1944, Cushman published a book she had written about her experiences called Missionary Doctor: The Story of Twenty Years in Africa.[1] The book discusses the Angolan people and their customs and includes descriptions of medical practices Cushman learned from the people there. 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She died in Laconia, New Hampshire in 1965 at the age of 95.[11]In 2003, the Maine Medical Society established the Mary Floyd Cushman Award in her honor.[1] Nominations are based on performing medical volunteer work as a doctor in the United States or internationally.The Trinitarian Congregational Parish in Castine, Maine, maintains the Dr. Mary Cushman Circle to raise funds to continue to support missionary service locally and internationally.[11]","title":"Later life and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Missionary Doctor: The Story of Twenty Years in Africa, 1944","title":"Selected works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Maine Medical Committee. \"Mary Floyd Cushman Award\" (PDF). mainemed.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mainemed.com/sites/default/files/content/Mary%20Cushman%20Award%202019%20brochure.pdf","url_text":"\"Mary Floyd Cushman Award\""}]},{"reference":"Macomber, Susan. \"Castine Town Report\" (PDF). castine.me.us.","urls":[{"url":"https://castine.me.us/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/2018-Castine-Town-Report.pdf","url_text":"\"Castine Town Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Mary Cushman Circle\". 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Session of the American Institute of Homoeopathy"}]},{"reference":"Pullen, Ann Ellis; Robbins, Sarah Ruffing (2015-01-01). \"Seeing Mission Work through a Gendered Lens: Nellie Arnott's Personal Portrayal of Women's Work in Angola\". Social Sciences and Missions. 28 (3–4): 288–326. doi:10.1163/18748945-02803012. ISSN 1874-8945.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18748945-02803012","url_text":"10.1163/18748945-02803012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1874-8945","url_text":"1874-8945"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Mary Cushman Circle\". Trinitarian Congregational Parish of Castine. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernande_Bochatay	Fernande Bochatay	["1 References"]	Swiss alpine skier Fernande BochatayFernande Bochatay in 1968Personal informationBorn (1946-01-23) 23 January 1946 (age 78)Les Marécottes, Valais, SwitzerlandHeight1.63 m (5 ft 4 in)Weight57 kg (126 lb)SportSportAlpine skiing Medal record Representing Switzerland Winter Olympics 1968 Grenoble Giant slalom Fernande Bochatay (born 23 January 1946) is a former Swiss alpine skier. At the 1968 Winter Olympics, she won the bronze medal in Giant slalom. Bochatay was the aunt of Swiss speed skier Nicolas Bochatay, who was killed on a training run at the 1992 Winter Olympics. She married in 1968 and next year retired from competitions. The year after she gave birth to her first child, and two more followed later. She was still skiing in her late sixties with her grandchildren. References ^ Fernande Bochatay. sports-reference.com ^ Jacques Wullschleger (10 April 2012). Fernande Bochatay : une jeune dame de 66 ans This biographical article relating to alpine skiing in Switzerland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skier"},{"link_name":"1968 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1-1"},{"link_name":"speed skier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skiing"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Bochatay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Bochatay"},{"link_name":"1992 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r2-2"}],"text":"Fernande Bochatay (born 23 January 1946) is a former Swiss alpine skier. At the 1968 Winter Olympics, she won the bronze medal in Giant slalom.[1]Bochatay was the aunt of Swiss speed skier Nicolas Bochatay, who was killed on a training run at the 1992 Winter Olympics. She married in 1968 and next year retired from competitions. The year after she gave birth to her first child, and two more followed later. She was still skiing in her late sixties with her grandchildren.[2]","title":"Fernande Bochatay"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418093714/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/fernande-bochatay-1.html","external_links_name":"Fernande Bochatay"},{"Link":"http://www.cooperation-online.ch/3337772","external_links_name":"Fernande Bochatay : une jeune dame de 66 ans"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernande_Bochatay&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Smith_(author)	Doug Smith (author)	["1 Biography","2 Awards and accomplishments","3 Career statistics","4 References","5 External links"]	American ice hockey player and author This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Doug Smith" author – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ice hockey player Doug Smith Smith in 2012Born (1964-12-27) December 27, 1964 (age 59)Hanover, Massachusetts, USAHeight 6 ft 2 in (188 cm)Weight 220 lb (100 kg; 15 st 10 lb)Position Right wingShot RightPlayed for Carolina Thunderbirds Johnstown ChiefsMiramichi Gagnon PackersMoncton HawksPhoenix Roadrunners (IHL)Springfield FalconsLouisiana IceGatorsPlaying career 1988–1998 Doug "the Hammer" Smith (born December 27, 1964) is an American retired minor-league ice hockey player who co-authored a biography about his time spent playing professional hockey, Goon: The True Story of an Unlikely Journey into Minor League Hockey, with Adam Frattasio. Smith's role on the teams he played for was that of the enforcer, which led the Hanover, Massachusetts, native to average 6.73 penalty minutes per game over his 60-game career. Smith's book was later adapted into the comedy film Goon (2011), starring Seann William Scott in the role based on Smith. A sequel followed, entitled Goon: Last of the Enforcers (2017). Smith made a cameo appearance in the sequel. Biography Smith's athletic career started with boxing, which culminated in a split-decision loss in the Massachusetts heavyweight Golden Gloves final in 1984. While training at the Hanover Police Boys' Club, his friend, Adam Frattasio, encouraged him to try hockey fighting. He first laced up skates at the age of 19, played in amateur leagues at 21, and made his first minor-league hockey team at 24 when he won a championship with the Carolina Thunderbirds of the first-year East Coast Hockey League during the 1988–89 season. Smith went on to play for six other teams in three leagues, his most productive tour being with the Miramichi Gagnon Packers of the New Brunswick Senior Hockey League. Smith received additional invitations to continue playing in the States, particularly to finish out seasons for teams in various lower minor-leagues, but his new job as a police officer in Massachusetts limited his opportunities to participate in sporadic games with the intention of fighting the opponent's toughest player(s). After retiring from hockey, Smith has worked as a coach within the Boston Bruins organization, showing their players how to defend themselves. He enjoyed a 20-year stint as an assistant coach for the three-time state-champion Hanover High School hockey team, and has logged significant time as an on-ice official, including two years patrolling the ice in the professional Federal Hockey League. He continues to work as an on-ice hockey-fight trainer, working with such NHL heavyweights as Steve MacIntyre and John Scott. Additionally, Smith is a police officer, currently with the Hanson police department since 1999. Smith is married and helps care for his two young daughters with his wife, Sharon. Awards and accomplishments 1988-89, Riley Cup Champion (Carolina Thunderbirds) 2012, Hanover High School Hockey Hall of Fame inductee Career statistics Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts +/- PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1988–89 Carolina Thunderbirds ECHL 28 0 1 1 10 179 -- -- -- -- -- 1989–90 Johnstown Chiefs ECHL 3 0 1 1 1 29 -- -- -- -- -- 1990–91 Miramichi Packers NBSHL 23 0 3 3 0 170 -- -- -- -- -- 1993–94 Moncton Hawks AHL 1 0 0 0 0 5 -- -- -- -- -- 1994–95 Phoenix Roadrunners IHL 1 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- -- -- -- 1994–95 Springfield Falcons AHL 1 0 0 0 1 14 -- -- -- -- -- 1997–98 Springfield Falcons AHL 1 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- -- -- -- 1997–98 Louisiana IceGators ECHL 2 0 0 0 0 7 -- -- -- -- -- References ^ Badzmierowski, Brian (Jan 3, 2011). "Upcoming movie 'Goon' tells story of Hanson police officer". Quincy Patriot-Ledger. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2012. External links Biographical information and career statistics from The Internet Hockey Database Davy Rothbart Interviews Doug Smith for Grantland Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"enforcer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforcer_(hockey)"},{"link_name":"penalty minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Goon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goon_(film)"},{"link_name":"Seann William Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seann_William_Scott"},{"link_name":"Goon: Last of the Enforcers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goon:_Last_of_the_Enforcers"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerDoug \"the Hammer\" Smith (born December 27, 1964) is an American retired minor-league ice hockey player who co-authored a biography about his time spent playing professional hockey, Goon: The True Story of an Unlikely Journey into Minor League Hockey, with Adam Frattasio. Smith's role on the teams he played for was that of the enforcer, which led the Hanover, Massachusetts, native to average 6.73 penalty minutes per game over his 60-game career.Smith's book was later adapted into the comedy film Goon (2011), starring Seann William Scott in the role based on Smith. A sequel followed, entitled Goon: Last of the Enforcers (2017). 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While training at the Hanover Police Boys' Club, his friend, Adam Frattasio, encouraged him to try hockey fighting. He first laced up skates at the age of 19, played in amateur leagues at 21, and made his first minor-league hockey team at 24 when he won a championship with the Carolina Thunderbirds of the first-year East Coast Hockey League during the 1988–89 season. Smith went on to play for six other teams in three leagues, his most productive tour being with the Miramichi Gagnon Packers of the New Brunswick Senior Hockey League. Smith received additional invitations to continue playing in the States, particularly to finish out seasons for teams in various lower minor-leagues, but his new job as a police officer in Massachusetts limited his opportunities to participate in sporadic games with the intention of fighting the opponent's toughest player(s).After retiring from hockey, Smith has worked as a coach within the Boston Bruins organization, showing their players how to defend themselves. He enjoyed a 20-year stint as an assistant coach for the three-time state-champion Hanover High School hockey team, and has logged significant time as an on-ice official, including two years patrolling the ice in the professional Federal Hockey League. He continues to work as an on-ice hockey-fight trainer, working with such NHL heavyweights as Steve MacIntyre and John Scott.Additionally, Smith is a police officer, currently with the Hanson police department since 1999. Smith is married and helps care for his two young daughters with his wife, Sharon.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_Cup"},{"link_name":"Carolina Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Thunderbirds"}],"text":"1988-89, Riley Cup Champion (Carolina Thunderbirds)\n2012, Hanover High School Hockey Hall of Fame inductee","title":"Awards and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Badzmierowski, Brian (Jan 3, 2011). \"Upcoming movie 'Goon' tells story of Hanson police officer\". Quincy Patriot-Ledger. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daydream_Club	The Daydream Club	["1 History","2 Releases","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","3 References","4 External links"]	English musical duo This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "The Daydream Club" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Daydream ClubAdam & Paula (2010)Background informationOriginLeicestershire Via Redcar United KingdomGenresFolk rock, Alt-country, Indie folk, Neo-Classical, Contemporary Classical, Ambient, ElectronicaYears active2010–presentLabelsPoco Poco RecordsMembersAdam Pickering Paula Pickering (née Walker)WebsiteThe Daydream Club The Daydream Club is an English multi-genre music duo formed in 2010 by husband and wife Adam and Paula Pickering. They say their one goal is to make music they're proud of. Their manager claims they have built a strong, loyal fan base without traditional forms of financing, promotion or backing. To date all material has been self-released through their own label, Poco Poco Records. They have featured on BBC, Burberry, Acoustic Magazine, Rolling Stone, Level Films, Channel 4, the Hype Machine's most influential music blogs, and Spotify, with over 100 million streams. History Adam Pickering began as a session musician, whilst Paula was a professional dancer. The pair first met in January 2005 on a site-specific arts project in a derelict tobacco factory in Liverpool. The project was in conjunction with the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts (LIPA) where they both studied. Throughout their studies and after graduating they continued to collaborate on various projects and pursued careers in their respective fields. The Consequence of Sound journalist, Tony Hardy, said that "Together, they appear to have found their true milieu in The Daydream Club", which they formed in 2010. Pickering, a multi-instrumentalist (keys, drums, guitar, bass, percussion, melodica), singer, songwriter and producer, has supported acts such as Sam Sparro, The Wombats, Sneaky Sound System, Tinchy Stryder, DJ Yoda and Felix B from Basement Jaxx. Walker began her career as a dancer and toured internationally with the percussion show 'Noise Ensemble', headlining Henley Festival and working with Luc Petit (former Director of Cirque Du Soleil). Releases Albums Date Title Description Ref. 2011 Overgrown The band's first release. The track 'In The Arms of Another Day' was featured on Burberry Acoustic. 2016 Piano Project The 10 track improvised 'Piano Project' album was written, recorded and filmed by the duo in the space of 3 hours. The band's most successful release to date with lead single "Improv No. 10 – One Last Thought" gaining over 16 million streams on Spotify within the first year of release. 2016 L U X Deluxe double album including 11 original indie-folk songs and 10 electronic remixes of the same songs. April 2017 Ambient Project // Sound Asleep The Daydream Club's third self-released album features classical and electronic sound as well as reversed vocals 2018 With You In Mind Live recordings from online concerts hosted throughout 2017. The Daydream Club invited audience members to be a part of the creative process by submitting thoughts, feelings and memories for the duo to use as inspiration for piano improvisations. Tracks include: "For the Lost Ones", "Off the Coast In Maine", "A Comet Among Stars", "My Anchor, My Home" and "I Miss Your Wonderful Face" 2020 Piano Project // Duets The sixth album release by The Daydream Club marks the 10th anniversary since their debut album, Overgrown. It explores the interplay between two pianists. Released in the time of the Coronavirus, Covid-19 pandemic. Recorded, produced, mixed & mastered by A. J. Pickering. Singles Date Title B-side Description Ref. 16 April 2011 "The Record Shop" "The Musician" (instrumental) Limited edition vinyl single for Record Store Day 2011. The vinyl sleeve featured photographs of 40 independent UK record shops. 2012 "On the Move" Remix The music video, directed and filmed by the band, was captured in one take and is all in reverse. 2012 "Neon Love Song" Christopher Bailey contacted the band requesting their participation in an upcoming ad campaign, and they were chosen as the new faces for the Spring/Summer eyewear launch alongside other British musicians including Life in Film, Marika Hackman and One Night Only. All tracks were recorded exclusively for Burberry with accompanying music videos filmed on set in London. The track secured the band features with Rolling Stone magazine, Vogue, Grazia and a number of other fashion and music editorials. The re-worked single version was mixed and mastered by Sam Bell. 14 February 2013 "Just" Won the London FolkFest Songwriting Award For New Creativity 2013 "Found" The indie-folk single "Found" featured on Burberry Acoustic.he EP is the product of a fan funding campaign whereby fans pledge money for songwriting lessons, bespoke cover versions and personalised songs from the band. As part of the campaign, every backer received a personalised thank you dedication picture. Some of these pictures make up the artwork for an EP, consisting of a remix produced by the band. 2015 "Saltwater" Remix The music video includes a surprise marriage proposal from Adam Pickering to Paula Walker 2016 "Improv No. 10 – One Last Thought" Gained over 16 million streams on Spotify within the first year of release. 2016 "A Christmas Music Box" As featured in the film 'Harrods and Burberry Present A Very British Fairy Tale' 2016. The project had three elements: a film, a Harrods window display and an interactive social media app with a personalised melody and video unique to users initials 2018 "For the Lost Ones" The Daydream Club hosted a series of live-streamed performances in 2017, inviting audience members worldwide to submit their own thoughts, feelings and memories, which they turned into live spontaneous piano improvisations. (see Albums, With You in Mind) "Piano Project // For the Lost Ones" was the product of a request by a fan the day after a London terror attack in 2017, the dedication "in memory of anyone affected by the recent terror attacks anywhere in the world". 2018 "Off the Coast In Maine" The second single from With You in Mind. 2018 "A Comet Among Stars" The third single from With You in Mind. 2018 "My Anchor, My Home" The fourth single from With You in Mind. 2018 "I Miss Your Wonderful Face" The fifth and last single from With You in Mind. 2019 "Always On My Mind" The first of The Daydream Club's new approach to releasing music, opting to write and record multiple albums simultaneously, releasing singles as they are finished rather than waiting for an entire album of work. The band said "This approach will make creation more fun for us and releases more frequent and diverse for fans." Recorded, produced, mixed & mastered by A. J. Pickering. 2019 "Wolf Winter" Duet for two pianos. Recorded, produced, mixed & mastered by A. J. Pickering 2020 "Heavy Hearted" The second single from the duo's Piano Project, which focused solely on piano duets. Recorded, produced, mixed & mastered by A. J. Pickering References ^ "About The Daydream Club". Retrieved 15 February 2017. ^ "Fans Not Fame. A New Way to Promote Independent Music". Music Think Tank. Retrieved 15 February 2017. ^ "Reviews: The Daydream Club". Hype Machine. Retrieved 4 August 2015. ^ a b c Peplow, Gemma. "The Two of Us: The Daydream Club Interview". Leicester Mercury. Retrieved 5 August 2015. ^ Hardy, Tony (15 October 2010). "Album Reviews: The Daydream Club – Overgrown". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 4 August 2015. ^ "In The Arms of Another Day by The Daydream Club – Burberry Acoustic". YouTube. Retrieved 20 July 2011. ^ "Making a living from Spotify: A talk with the Daydream Club". Music Producers Forum. ^ "Overgrown Press Release". Bandcamp. Retrieved 5 August 2015. ^ "The Daydream Club 'Piano Project' (Music Videos)". YouTube. Retrieved 24 May 2016. ^ a b "Great Central Interview with The Daydream Club". Great Central. Retrieved 29 July 2017. ^ "The Daydream Club 'Lux' Press Release". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 31 August 2016. ^ "The Daydream Club Ambient Project // Sound Asleep Review". Right Chord Music. 15 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017. ^ "The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // With You In Mind' Press Release". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 7 September 2018. ^ "The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // Duets' Press Release". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ "The Record Shop Press Release". Bandcamp. Retrieved 5 August 2015. ^ Knight, Mark (4 April 2012). "The Daydream Club Announce Involvement in New Burberry Campaign". Right Chord Music. Retrieved 4 August 2015. ^ "The WINNERS of the award for New Creativity". The Bedford. Retrieved 4 August 2015. ^ Scoppie, Alex. "The Daydream Club". The Monograph. Retrieved 4 August 2015. ^ "The Daydream Club Found (Remixed) Press Release". Bandcamp. Retrieved 4 August 2015. ^ "The Daydream Club – Saltwater (Official Music Video)". YouTube. Retrieved 5 August 2015. ^ Knight, Mark (17 February 2015). "Will You Marry Me?". Right Chord Music. Retrieved 4 August 2015. ^ "The Daydream Club 'Saltwater' Press Release". Bandcamp. Retrieved 4 August 2015. ^ "Evening Standard Exclusive: First Look At Harrods Fairy Tale Christmas Advert and Windows in Collaboration with Burberry". London Evening Standard. 3 November 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016. ^ "The Daydream Club 'A Christmas Music Box' Press Release". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 20 December 2016. ^ "The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // For the Lost ones' Press Release". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 19 March 2018. ^ "The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // Off the Coast In Maine' Press Release". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 9 April 2018. ^ "The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // A Comet Among Stars' Press Release". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ "The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // My Anchor, My Home' Press Release". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 4 June 2018. ^ "The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // I Miss Your Wonderful Face' Press Release". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 2 July 2018. ^ "The Daydream Club 'Always On My Mind' Press Release". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 12 June 2019. ^ "The Daydream Club 'Heavy Hearted' Press Release". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 10 February 2020. External links Website Authority control databases Artists MusicBrainz Other MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Daydream Club is an English multi-genre music duo formed in 2010 by husband and wife Adam and Paula Pickering. They say their one goal is to make music they're proud of.[1] Their manager claims they have built a strong, loyal fan base without traditional forms of financing, promotion or backing.[2] To date all material has been self-released through their own label, Poco Poco Records. They have featured on BBC, Burberry, Acoustic Magazine, Rolling Stone, Level Films, Channel 4, the Hype Machine's most influential music blogs,[3] and Spotify, with over 100 million streams.","title":"The Daydream Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Institute_for_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Consequence of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sam Sparro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Sparro"},{"link_name":"The Wombats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wombats"},{"link_name":"Sneaky Sound System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneaky_Sound_System"},{"link_name":"Tinchy Stryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinchy_Stryder"},{"link_name":"DJ Yoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Yoda"},{"link_name":"Felix B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Buxton"},{"link_name":"Basement Jaxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement_Jaxx"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"Henley Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley_Festival"},{"link_name":"Cirque Du Soleil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque_Du_Soleil"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"}],"text":"Adam Pickering began as a session musician, whilst Paula was a professional dancer. The pair first met in January 2005 on a site-specific arts project in a derelict tobacco factory in Liverpool.[4] The project was in conjunction with the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts (LIPA) where they both studied. Throughout their studies and after graduating they continued to collaborate on various projects and pursued careers in their respective fields. The Consequence of Sound journalist, Tony Hardy, said that \"Together, they appear to have found their true milieu in The Daydream Club\", which they formed in 2010.[5]Pickering, a multi-instrumentalist (keys, drums, guitar, bass, percussion, melodica), singer, songwriter and producer, has supported acts such as Sam Sparro, The Wombats, Sneaky Sound System, Tinchy Stryder, DJ Yoda and Felix B from Basement Jaxx.[4] Walker began her career as a dancer and toured internationally with the percussion show 'Noise Ensemble', headlining Henley Festival and working with Luc Petit (former Director of Cirque Du Soleil).[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Releases"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"About The Daydream Club\". Retrieved 15 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedaydreamclub.com/about","url_text":"\"About The Daydream Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fans Not Fame. A New Way to Promote Independent Music\". Music Think Tank. Retrieved 15 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicthinktank.com/blog/fans-not-fame-a-new-way-to-promote-independent-music.html","url_text":"\"Fans Not Fame. A New Way to Promote Independent Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews: The Daydream Club\". Hype Machine. Retrieved 4 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://hypem.com/search/the%20daydream%20club/1/","url_text":"\"Reviews: The Daydream Club\""}]},{"reference":"Peplow, Gemma. \"The Two of Us: The Daydream Club Interview\". Leicester Mercury. Retrieved 5 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Daydream/story-25539621-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"The Two of Us: The Daydream Club Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Hardy, Tony (15 October 2010). \"Album Reviews: The Daydream Club – Overgrown\". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 4 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://consequenceofsound.net/2010/10/album-review-overgrown-by-the-daydream-club/","url_text":"\"Album Reviews: The Daydream Club – Overgrown\""}]},{"reference":"\"In The Arms of Another Day by The Daydream Club – Burberry Acoustic\". YouTube. Retrieved 20 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHkbDmpGJFQ","url_text":"\"In The Arms of Another Day by The Daydream Club – Burberry Acoustic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Making a living from Spotify: A talk with the Daydream Club\". Music Producers Forum.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicproducersforum.com/making-a-living-from-spotify-a-talk-with-the-daydream-club/","url_text":"\"Making a living from Spotify: A talk with the Daydream Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Overgrown Press Release\". Bandcamp. Retrieved 5 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://thedaydreamclub.bandcamp.com/album/overgrown","url_text":"\"Overgrown Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daydream Club 'Piano Project' (Music Videos)\". YouTube. Retrieved 24 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHbGEuu9BZI&index=1&list=PLxTgxQa03ms78dwNP_dhZldX4cQ5MVGk-","url_text":"\"The Daydream Club 'Piano Project' (Music Videos)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Great Central Interview with The Daydream Club\". Great Central. Retrieved 29 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://greatcentral.org.uk/interview-the-daydream-club-at-simon-says/","url_text":"\"Great Central Interview with The Daydream Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daydream Club 'Lux' Press Release\". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 31 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedaydreamclub.com/lux","url_text":"\"The Daydream Club 'Lux' Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daydream Club Ambient Project // Sound Asleep Review\". Right Chord Music. 15 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rightchordmusic.co.uk/the-daydream-club-ambient-project/","url_text":"\"The Daydream Club Ambient Project // Sound Asleep Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // With You In Mind' Press Release\". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 7 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedaydreamclub.com/piano-project-with-you-in-mind","url_text":"\"The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // With You In Mind' Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // Duets' Press Release\". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedaydreamclub.com/piano-project-duets","url_text":"\"The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // Duets' Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Record Shop Press Release\". Bandcamp. Retrieved 5 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://thedaydreamclub.bandcamp.com/album/the-record-shop","url_text":"\"The Record Shop Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"Knight, Mark (4 April 2012). \"The Daydream Club Announce Involvement in New Burberry Campaign\". Right Chord Music. Retrieved 4 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rightchordmusic.co.uk/the-daydream-club-announce-involvement-in-new-burberry-campaign/","url_text":"\"The Daydream Club Announce Involvement in New Burberry Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"The WINNERS of the award for New Creativity\". The Bedford. Retrieved 4 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://thebedford.co.uk/EventView.aspx?ID=adf46772-8e72-452c-b0d9-b5969cd55707","url_text":"\"The WINNERS of the award for New Creativity\""}]},{"reference":"Scoppie, Alex. \"The Daydream Club\". The Monograph. Retrieved 4 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themonograph.co.uk/interviews/the-interrobang/the-daydream-club","url_text":"\"The Daydream Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daydream Club Found (Remixed) Press Release\". Bandcamp. Retrieved 4 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://thedaydreamclub.bandcamp.com/album/found-remixed","url_text":"\"The Daydream Club Found (Remixed) Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daydream Club – Saltwater (Official Music Video)\". YouTube. Retrieved 5 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_7VcxfXaZw","url_text":"\"The Daydream Club – Saltwater (Official Music Video)\""}]},{"reference":"Knight, Mark (17 February 2015). \"Will You Marry Me?\". Right Chord Music. Retrieved 4 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rightchordmusic.co.uk/will-you-marry-me-the-daydream-club-have-a-big-announcement/","url_text":"\"Will You Marry Me?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daydream Club 'Saltwater' Press Release\". Bandcamp. Retrieved 4 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://thedaydreamclub.bandcamp.com/album/saltwater","url_text":"\"The Daydream Club 'Saltwater' Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evening Standard Exclusive: First Look At Harrods Fairy Tale Christmas Advert and Windows in Collaboration with Burberry\". London Evening Standard. 3 November 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/shopping/exclusive-first-look-at-harrods-fairy-tale-christmas-windows-in-collaboration-with-burberry-a3385571.html","url_text":"\"Evening Standard Exclusive: First Look At Harrods Fairy Tale Christmas Advert and Windows in Collaboration with Burberry\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daydream Club 'A Christmas Music Box' Press Release\". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 20 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedaydreamclub.com/a-christmas-music-box","url_text":"\"The Daydream Club 'A Christmas Music Box' Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // For the Lost ones' Press Release\". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 19 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedaydreamclub.com/piano-project-for-the-lost-ones","url_text":"\"The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // For the Lost ones' Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // Off the Coast In Maine' Press Release\". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 9 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedaydreamclub.com/off-the-coast-in-maine","url_text":"\"The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // Off the Coast In Maine' Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // A Comet Among Stars' Press Release\". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 7 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedaydreamclub.com/piano-project-a-comet-among-stars","url_text":"\"The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // A Comet Among Stars' Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // My Anchor, My Home' Press Release\". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 4 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedaydreamclub.com/piano-project-my-anchor-my-home","url_text":"\"The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // My Anchor, My Home' Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // I Miss Your Wonderful Face' Press Release\". The Daydream Club Official Website. Retrieved 2 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedaydreamclub.com/i-miss-your-wonderful-face","url_text":"\"The Daydream Club 'Piano Project // I Miss Your Wonderful Face' Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daydream Club 'Always On My Mind' Press Release\". The Daydream Club Official Website. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Jones_(disambiguation)	Spike Jones (disambiguation)	["1 See also"]	Spike Jones (1911–1965) was an American bandleader and comic musician. Spike Jones may also refer to: Spike Jones (American football) (born 1947), punter Spike Jones Jr. (born 1949), American television producer/director See also Spike Jonze (born 1969), film and music-video director Spike Jones in Stereo, a 1959 comedy album by Spike Jones Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spike Jones (American football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Jones_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Spike Jones Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Jones_Jr."}],"text":"Spike Jones may also refer to:Spike Jones (American football) (born 1947), punter\nSpike Jones Jr. (born 1949), American television producer/director","title":"Spike Jones (disambiguation)"}]	[]	[{"title":"Spike Jonze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Jonze"},{"title":"Spike Jones in Stereo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Jones_in_Stereo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Spike_Jones_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Spike_Jones_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Birds_(film)	For the Birds (film)	["1 Plot","2 Accolades","3 Easter eggs","4 Releases","5 References","6 External links"]	2000 American filmFor the BirdsFilm posterDirected byRalph EgglestonWritten byRalph EgglestonProduced byKaren Dufilho-RosenStarringRalph EgglestonEdited byJennifer TaylorTom FreemanMusic byRiders in the SkyProductioncompanyPixar Animation StudiosDistributed byBuena Vista PicturesRelease dates June 5, 2000 (2000-06-05) (Annecy Festival) November 2, 2001 (2001-11-02) (with Monsters, Inc.) March 22, 2024 (2024-03-22) (with Luca) Running time3 minutesCountryUnited States For the Birds is a 2000 American animated short film produced by Pixar and written and directed by Ralph Eggleston. It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 2001. It debuted on June 5, 2000, at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival in France, and was shown alongside the theatrical release of the 2001 Disney/Pixar feature film Monsters, Inc. It is also available on home video versions of the film. In 2012, the short was re-rendered into 3D, and it was theatrically re-released alongside the 3D re-release of Monsters, Inc. The short was also released in 3D on Monsters, Inc. Blu-ray 3D, on February 19, 2013. The short was paired in theaters in front of Luca on March 22, 2024. Plot A small, egg-shaped blue bird lands on a powerline and makes himself comfortable, only for a second bird to land close by. The two birds start squabbling, and are gradually joined by 13 others of the same species, all bickering for space. A large, awkward shoebill-like bird honks and waves at them from a nearby power pole, interrupting the squabble. The 15 little stubby birds start imitating his plumage and honk, mockingly, until the big, tall, thin bird again calls to them, causing the little birds to scoot further down the line and quietly gossip about it. Undeterred, the bigger bird flies and perches between the flock of smaller birds, but his weight causes the powerline to sag almost to the ground. The smaller birds slide down and are squished together against the big bird's sides. They start chirping indignantly about the cramped space, but the big bird doesn't understand that they are angry and joins in with more squawking. After a few seconds, one little bird angrily pecks the big bird's side, making him stand up in alarm and fall over backwards, hanging upside down by his feet. Egged on by the others, the two little birds in the middle start pecking the big bird's toes, which release one-by-one from the line, though the big bird doesn't seem to be bothered by this. One little bird eventually realizes how close to the ground they are, and warns the others. They stop too late, and the last toe of the big bird releases, accidentally snapping the line like a slingshot and flinging the little birds up in a cloud of feathers. The bigger bird lands unharmed on the ground, and plays with the floating feathers until one of the smaller birds, now naked, crashes beside him. He sees the naked little bird and laughs at him, offering a leaf for coverage. Seconds later, the 14 other little birds land nearby, also naked. The big bird laughs even harder at the little birds, who quickly hide behind him in shame. Accolades For the Birds won the following awards: 2001: 74th Academy Awards—Best Short Animated Film 2001: Vancouver Effects and Animation Festival—Animated Computer 3D Short 2001: Anima Mundi Animation Festival—Best Film x2 2001: Chicago International Children's Film Festival-Short Film or Video—Animation—Second Place 2000: Annie Award—Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Short Subject 2000: Sitges—Catalan International Film Festival—Best Animated Short Film A For the Birds sculpture in Vasylkiv, Ukraine Easter eggs A reference to For the Birds was put in the 2006 Disney–Pixar movie Cars During the Life Is A Highway segment When Lightning McQueen is in the back of Mack, they drive down the freeway and pass a section of powerline with the birds resting on top, which is accompanied by the squeaks the birds made to communicate with each other. A similar appearance occurred in Inside Out, while Riley and her family are driving to San Francisco at the beginning of the movie. The birds can be found in the main hub world for the Kinect game Rush: A Disney-Pixar Adventure. Releases For the Birds is one of two short films on the DVD and VHS release of Monsters, Inc. The film was also released as part of Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 1 in 2007. The short was shown alongside the 3D re-release of Monsters Inc. on December 19, 2012. The short was also released in 3D on Monsters, Inc. Blu-ray 3D, on February 19, 2013. For the Birds was paired in theaters in front of Luca on March 22, 2024. References ^ a b "The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners". The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. March 22, 2002. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2012. ^ a b Linder, Brian (February 13, 2002). "Oscar Spotlight: Animated Short Film". IGN. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2012. ^ a b Tipton, Janelle (December 19, 2012). "Behind the Scenes of 'Monsters, Inc. 3D', 'Oz' Trailer Debut in Theaters". The Walt Disney Company. Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2013. With this release, audiences also get to see "For the Birds" the original short that ran with Monsters, Inc., take off in 3D, as well as a brand-new trailer for Disney's March release Oz The Great and Powerful! ^ a b "Monsters, Inc. 3D Blu-ray Detailed". Blu-ray.com. January 4, 2013. Archived from the original on January 7, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2013. ^ a b Moreau, Jordan (2023-12-05). "Pixar's 'Soul,' 'Turning Red' and 'Luca' Coming to Theaters After Disney+ Debuts During Pandemic". Variety. Retrieved 2023-12-05. ^ For The Birds Wins Animated Short Film: 2002 Oscars ^ Hill, Jim (December 8, 2007). "A special "Where's WALL-E" edition of Why For?". Jim Hill Media. Archived from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2012. ^ Dyce, Andrew (June 20, 2015). "'Inside Out' Easter Eggs, Trivia & Pixar References". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015. External links Official website For the Birds at IMDb For the Birds at the TCM Movie Database vtePixar Animation StudiosA subsidiary of Walt Disney Studios, a division of The Walt Disney Company.Feature films Toy Story (1995) A Bug's Life (1998) Toy Story 2 (1999) Monsters, Inc. (2001) Finding Nemo (2003) The Incredibles (2004) Cars (2006) Ratatouille (2007) WALL-E (2008) Up (2009) Toy Story 3 (2010) Cars 2 (2011) Brave (2012) Monsters University (2013) Inside Out (2015) The Good Dinosaur (2015) Finding Dory (2016) Cars 3 (2017) Coco (2017) Incredibles 2 (2018) Toy Story 4 (2019) Onward (2020) Soul (2020) Luca (2021) Turning Red (2022) Lightyear (2022) Elemental (2023) Inside Out 2 (2024) Upcoming Elio (2025) Toy Story 5 (2026) Short filmsOriginal The Adventures of André & Wally B. (1984) Luxo Jr. (1986) Red's Dream (1987) Tin Toy (1988) Knick Knack (1989) Geri's Game (1997) For the Birds (2000) Boundin' (2003) One Man Band (2005) Lifted (2006) Presto (2008) Partly Cloudy (2009) Day & Night (2010) La Luna (2011) The Blue Umbrella (2013) Lava (2014) Sanjay's Super Team (2015) Piper (2016) Lou (2017) Bao (2018) SparkShorts Purl (2019) Smash and Grab (2019) Kitbull (2019) Float (2019) Wind (2019) Loop (2020) Out (2020) Burrow (2020) Twenty Something (2021) Nona (2021) Self (2024) Feature-related Mike's New Car (2002) Jack-Jack Attack (2005) Mr. Incredible and Pals (2005) Mater and the Ghostlight (2006) Your Friend the Rat (2007) BURN-E (2008) Dug's Special Mission (2009) George and A.J. (2009) The Legend of Mor'du (2012) Party Central (2013) Riley's First Date? (2015) 22 vs. Earth (2021) Ciao Alberto (2021) Series Cars Toons (2008–14) Toy Story Toons (2011–12) Forky Asks a Question (2019–20) Dug Days (2021–23) Carl's Date Cars on the Road (2022) Compilations Tiny Toy Stories (1996) Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 1 (2007) Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 2 (2012) Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 3 (2018) Other works Beach Chair (1986) Flags and Waves (1986) Television seriesUpcoming Win or Lose (2024) Untitled Inside Out series (2025) Television specials Toy Story of Terror! (2013) Toy Story That Time Forgot (2014) Franchises Toy Story Monsters, Inc. Finding Nemo The Incredibles Cars Inside Out Associatedproductions Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins (2000; direct-to-video film) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command (2000–01; television series) Exploring the Reef (2003; short film) Planes (2013) The Dam Keeper (2014; short film) Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014) Borrowed Time (2016; short film) Weekends (2017; short film) Monsters at Work (2021–present; television series) Starling (2023; short film) Characters Luxo Jr. Toy Story Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Bo Peep Monsters, Inc. Mike Wazowski Dory The Incredibles Bob Parr Helen Parr Dash Parr Violet Parr Edna Mode Cars Lightning McQueen Tow Mater Sally Carrera WALL·E Merida Joy Documentaries The Pixar Story (2007) A Spark Story (2021) Disney attractionsand experiences It's Tough to Be a Bug! (1998) Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin (1998) A Bug's Land (2002) Turtle Talk with Crush (2004) The Seas with Nemo & Friends (2007) Cars Quatre Roues Rallye (2007) Crush's Coaster (2007) Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage (2007) Toy Story Mania! (2008) Monsters, Inc. Ride & Go Seek (2009) Toy Story Land (2010) RC Racer (2010) Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin (2010) Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop (2010) Alien Swirling Saucers (2018) Slinky Dog Dash (2018) Cars Land (2012) Luigi's Flying Tires (2012) Radiator Springs Racers (2012) Luigi's Rollickin' Roadsters (2016) Remy's Ratatouille Adventure (2014) Nemo & Friends SeaRider (2017) Pixar Pier (2018) Games of Pixar Pier (2018) Incredicoaster (2018) Pixar Pal-A-Round (2018) Jessie's Critter Carousel (2019) Lightning McQueen's Racing Academy (2019) Products Pixar Image Computer RenderMan Presto Animation System People John Lasseter Edwin Catmull Steve Jobs Alvy Ray Smith Jim Morris Pete Docter See also Awards and nominations feature films short films Film references Computer Graphics Lab Industrial Light & Magic Lucasfilm Animation Circle Seven Animation Pixar Canada Pixar Photoscience Team Computer Animation Production System A Computer Animated Hand The Works The Shadow King Rush: A Disney–Pixar Adventure Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Walt Disney Animation Studios 20th Century Animation Category Work group vteRiders in the Sky Douglas B. Green Paul Chrisman Fred LaBour Joey Miskulin Studio albums Three on the Trail Cowboy Jubilee Prairie Serenade Weeds & Water New Trails Saddle Pals Riders Radio Theater Riders Go Commercial Horse Opera Harmony Ranch Merry Christmas from Harmony Ranch Saturday Morning with Riders Cowboys in Love Always Drink Upstream from the Herd Public Cowboy #1: The Music of Gene Autry A Great Big Western Howdy! Christmas the Cowboy Way Woody's Roundup: A Rootin' Tootin' Collection of Woody's Favorite Songs A Pair of Kings Ridin' the Tweetsie Railroad Monsters, Inc. Scream Factory Favorites Riders in the Sky Present: Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier Live albums Riders in the Sky, Live The Cowboy Way Riders in the Sky "Lassoed Live" at the Schermerhorn with the Nashville Symphony Compilationalbums Best of the West Best of the West Rides Again Cowboy Songs Yodel the Cowboy Way Silver Jubilee Riders in the Sky Live from the Golden Age of Riders Radio Theater Television Tumbleweed Theater Riders in the Sky (TV series) Radio Grand Ole Opry Riders Radio Theater Midnite Jamboree Film Sweet Dreams Toy Story 2 For the Birds Awards for For the Birds vteAcademy Award for Best Animated Short Film1932–1950 Flowers and Trees (1932) Three Little Pigs (1933) The Tortoise and the Hare (1934) Three Orphan Kittens (1935) The Country Cousin (1936) The Old Mill (1937) Ferdinand the Bull (1938) The Ugly Duckling (1939) The Milky Way (1940) Lend a Paw (1941) Der Fuehrer's Face (1942) The Yankee Doodle Mouse (1943) Mouse Trouble (1944) Quiet Please! (1945) The Cat Concerto (1946) Tweetie Pie (1947) The Little Orphan (1948) For Scent-imental Reasons (1949) Gerald McBoing-Boing (1950) 1951–1975 The Two Mouseketeers (1951) Johann Mouse (1952) Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom (1953) When Magoo Flew (1954) Speedy Gonzales (1955) Magoo's Puddle Jumper (1956) Birds Anonymous (1957) Knighty Knight Bugs (1958) Moonbird (1959) Munro (1960) Ersatz (The Substitute) (1961) The Hole (1962) The Critic (1963) The Pink Phink (1964) The Dot and the Line: A Romance in Lower Mathematics (1965) A Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass Double Feature (1966) The Box (1967) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968) It's Tough to Be a Bird (1969) Is It Always Right to Be Right? (1970) The Crunch Bird (1971) A Christmas Carol (1972) Frank Film (1973) Closed Mondays (1974) Great (1975) 1976–2000 Leisure (1976) The Sand Castle (1977) Special Delivery (1978) Every Child (1979) The Fly (1980) Crac (1981) Tango (1982) Sundae in New York (1983) Charade (1984) Anna & Bella (1985) A Greek Tragedy (1986) The Man Who Planted Trees (1987) Tin Toy (1988) Balance (1989) Creature Comforts (1990) Manipulation (1991) Mona Lisa Descending a Staircase (1992) The Wrong Trousers (1993) Bob's Birthday (1994) A Close Shave (1995) Quest (1996) Geri's Game (1997) Bunny (1998) The Old Man and the Sea (1999) Father and Daughter (2000) 2001–present For the Birds (2001) The ChubbChubbs! (2002) Harvie Krumpet (2003) Ryan (2004) The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation (2005) The Danish Poet (2006) Peter & the Wolf (2007) La Maison en Petits Cubes (2008) Logorama (2009) The Lost Thing (2010) The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore (2011) Paperman (2012) Mr Hublot (2013) Feast (2014) Bear Story (2015) Piper (2016) Dear Basketball (2017) Bao (2018) Hair Love (2019) If Anything Happens I Love You (2020) The Windshield Wiper (2021) The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse (2022) War Is Over! Inspired by the Music of John and Yoko (2023) Submissions for Best Animated Short Academy Award vteAnnie Award for Best Animated Short Subject Dexter's Laboratory (1995) Cow and Chicken (1996) I Miss You (1997) Geri's Game (1998) Bunny (1999) For the Birds (2000) Hubert's Brain (2001) The Story of "The Tortoise and the Hare" (2002) Boundin' (2003) Lorenzo (2004) The Fan and the Flower (2005) No Time for Nuts (2006) Your Friend the Rat (2007) A Matter of Loaf and Death (2008) Robot Chicken: Star Wars 2.5 (2009) Day & Night (2010) Adam and Dog (2011) Paperman (2012) Get a Horse! (2013) Feast (2014) World of Tomorrow (2015) Piper (2016) Dear Basketball (2017) Weekends (2018) Uncle Thomas: Accounting for the Days (2019) Souvenir Souvenir (2020) Bestia (2021) Ice Merchants (2022) War Is Over! Inspired by the Music of John & Yoko (2023)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pixar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar"},{"link_name":"Ralph Eggleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Eggleston"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Short_Film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oscars-1"},{"link_name":"Annecy International Animated Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annecy_International_Animated_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNAnnecy-2"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_film"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Pixar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar"},{"link_name":"Monsters, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsters,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNAnnecy-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monsters_Inc._3D-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monsters_Inc._Blu-ray_3D-4"},{"link_name":"Luca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luca_2024-5"}],"text":"For the Birds is a 2000 American animated short film produced by Pixar and written and directed by Ralph Eggleston. It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 2001.[1] It debuted on June 5, 2000, at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival in France,[2] and was shown alongside the theatrical release of the 2001 Disney/Pixar feature film Monsters, Inc.[2]It is also available on home video versions of the film. In 2012, the short was re-rendered into 3D, and it was theatrically re-released alongside the 3D re-release of Monsters, Inc.[3] The short was also released in 3D on Monsters, Inc. Blu-ray 3D, on February 19, 2013.[4] The short was paired in theaters in front of Luca on March 22, 2024.[5]","title":"For the Birds (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"powerline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_power_line"},{"link_name":"shoebill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoebill"},{"link_name":"slingshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slingshot"}],"text":"A small, egg-shaped blue bird lands on a powerline and makes himself comfortable, only for a second bird to land close by. The two birds start squabbling, and are gradually joined by 13 others of the same species, all bickering for space.A large, awkward shoebill-like bird honks and waves at them from a nearby power pole, interrupting the squabble. The 15 little stubby birds start imitating his plumage and honk, mockingly, until the big, tall, thin bird again calls to them, causing the little birds to scoot further down the line and quietly gossip about it.Undeterred, the bigger bird flies and perches between the flock of smaller birds, but his weight causes the powerline to sag almost to the ground. The smaller birds slide down and are squished together against the big bird's sides. They start chirping indignantly about the cramped space, but the big bird doesn't understand that they are angry and joins in with more squawking.After a few seconds, one little bird angrily pecks the big bird's side, making him stand up in alarm and fall over backwards, hanging upside down by his feet. Egged on by the others, the two little birds in the middle start pecking the big bird's toes, which release one-by-one from the line, though the big bird doesn't seem to be bothered by this. One little bird eventually realizes how close to the ground they are, and warns the others. They stop too late, and the last toe of the big bird releases, accidentally snapping the line like a slingshot and flinging the little birds up in a cloud of feathers.The bigger bird lands unharmed on the ground, and plays with the floating feathers until one of the smaller birds, now naked, crashes beside him. He sees the naked little bird and laughs at him, offering a leaf for coverage. Seconds later, the 14 other little birds land nearby, also naked. The big bird laughs even harder at the little birds, who quickly hide behind him in shame.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"74th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/74th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Short Animated Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Short_Film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oscars-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Annie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Award"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Short Subject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Award_for_Best_Animated_Short_Subject"},{"link_name":"Sitges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitges"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Installation_of_For_the_Birds_memorial_(29).jpg"},{"link_name":"Vasylkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasylkiv"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"}],"text":"For the Birds won the following awards:2001: 74th Academy Awards—Best Short Animated Film[1][6]\n2001: Vancouver Effects and Animation Festival—Animated Computer 3D Short\n2001: Anima Mundi Animation Festival—Best Film x2\n2001: Chicago International Children's Film Festival-Short Film or Video—Animation—Second Place\n2000: Annie Award—Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Short Subject\n2000: Sitges—Catalan International Film Festival—Best Animated Short FilmA For the Birds sculpture in Vasylkiv, Ukraine","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lightning McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_McQueen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Inside Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Out_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rush: A Disney-Pixar Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush:_A_Disney-Pixar_Adventure"}],"text":"A reference to For the Birds was put in the 2006 Disney–Pixar movie Cars During the Life Is A Highway segment When Lightning McQueen is in the back of Mack, they drive down the freeway and pass a section of powerline with the birds resting on top, which is accompanied by the squeaks the birds made to communicate with each other.[7] A similar appearance occurred in Inside Out, while Riley and her family are driving to San Francisco at the beginning of the movie.[8]The birds can be found in the main hub world for the Kinect game Rush: A Disney-Pixar Adventure.","title":"Easter eggs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"Monsters, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsters,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar_Short_Films_Collection,_Volume_1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monsters_Inc._3D-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monsters_Inc._Blu-ray_3D-4"},{"link_name":"Luca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luca_2024-5"}],"text":"For the Birds is one of two short films on the DVD and VHS release of Monsters, Inc. The film was also released as part of Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 1 in 2007. The short was shown alongside the 3D re-release of Monsters Inc. on December 19, 2012.[3] The short was also released in 3D on Monsters, Inc. Blu-ray 3D, on February 19, 2013.[4] For the Birds was paired in theaters in front of Luca on March 22, 2024.[5]","title":"Releases"}]	[{"image_text":"A For the Birds sculpture in Vasylkiv, Ukraine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Installation_of_For_the_Birds_memorial_%2829%29.jpg/220px-Installation_of_For_the_Birds_memorial_%2829%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners\". The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. March 22, 2002. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/74th-winners.html","url_text":"\"The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110821041252/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/74th-winners.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Linder, Brian (February 13, 2002). \"Oscar Spotlight: Animated Short Film\". IGN. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/02/13/oscar-spotlight-animated-short-film","url_text":"\"Oscar Spotlight: Animated Short Film\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140223223141/http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/02/13/oscar-spotlight-animated-short-film","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tipton, Janelle (December 19, 2012). \"Behind the Scenes of 'Monsters, Inc. 3D', 'Oz' Trailer Debut in Theaters\". The Walt Disney Company. Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2013. With this release, audiences also get to see \"For the Birds\" the original short that ran with Monsters, Inc., take off in 3D, as well as a brand-new trailer for Disney's March release Oz The Great and Powerful!","urls":[{"url":"https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/blog/behind-scenes-monsters-inc-3d-oz-trailer-debut-theaters","url_text":"\"Behind the Scenes of 'Monsters, Inc. 3D', 'Oz' Trailer Debut in Theaters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131226211039/https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/blog/behind-scenes-monsters-inc-3d-oz-trailer-debut-theaters","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Monsters, Inc. 3D Blu-ray Detailed\". Blu-ray.com. January 4, 2013. Archived from the original on January 7, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=10191","url_text":"\"Monsters, Inc. 3D Blu-ray Detailed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130107075656/http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=10191","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Moreau, Jordan (2023-12-05). \"Pixar's 'Soul,' 'Turning Red' and 'Luca' Coming to Theaters After Disney+ Debuts During Pandemic\". Variety. Retrieved 2023-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2023/film/news/pixar-soul-turning-red-luca-theaters-1235822031/","url_text":"\"Pixar's 'Soul,' 'Turning Red' and 'Luca' Coming to Theaters After Disney+ Debuts During Pandemic\""}]},{"reference":"Hill, Jim (December 8, 2007). \"A special \"Where's WALL-E\" edition of Why For?\". Jim Hill Media. Archived from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2007/12/08/a-special-where-s-wall-e-edition-of-why-for.aspx","url_text":"\"A special \"Where's WALL-E\" edition of Why For?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180729111953/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2007/12/08/a-special-where-s-wall-e-edition-of-why-for.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dyce, Andrew (June 20, 2015). \"'Inside Out' Easter Eggs, Trivia & Pixar References\". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/inside-out-pixar-easter-eggs/","url_text":"\"'Inside Out' Easter Eggs, Trivia & Pixar References\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150630061129/http://screenrant.com/inside-out-pixar-easter-eggs/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/74th-winners.html","external_links_name":"\"The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110821041252/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/74th-winners.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/02/13/oscar-spotlight-animated-short-film","external_links_name":"\"Oscar Spotlight: Animated Short Film\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140223223141/http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/02/13/oscar-spotlight-animated-short-film","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/blog/behind-scenes-monsters-inc-3d-oz-trailer-debut-theaters","external_links_name":"\"Behind the Scenes of 'Monsters, Inc. 3D', 'Oz' Trailer Debut in Theaters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131226211039/https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/blog/behind-scenes-monsters-inc-3d-oz-trailer-debut-theaters","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=10191","external_links_name":"\"Monsters, Inc. 3D Blu-ray Detailed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130107075656/http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=10191","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2023/film/news/pixar-soul-turning-red-luca-theaters-1235822031/","external_links_name":"\"Pixar's 'Soul,' 'Turning Red' and 'Luca' Coming to Theaters After Disney+ Debuts During Pandemic\""},{"Link":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=BOO0bn8qVlU","external_links_name":"For The Birds Wins Animated Short Film: 2002 Oscars"},{"Link":"http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2007/12/08/a-special-where-s-wall-e-edition-of-why-for.aspx","external_links_name":"\"A special \"Where's WALL-E\" edition of Why For?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180729111953/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2007/12/08/a-special-where-s-wall-e-edition-of-why-for.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/inside-out-pixar-easter-eggs/","external_links_name":"\"'Inside Out' Easter Eggs, Trivia & Pixar References\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150630061129/http://screenrant.com/inside-out-pixar-easter-eggs/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pixar.com/for-the-birds","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0248808/","external_links_name":"For the Birds"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/532906/enwp","external_links_name":"For the Birds"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Celestina_P..._R...	La Celestina P... R...	["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]	1965 film La Celestina P... R...Directed byCarlo LizzaniStarring Assia Noris Beba Lončar Raffaella Carrà Marilù Tolo Venantino Venantini Piero Mazzarella CinematographyOberdan TroianiEdited byMario SerandreiMusic byPiero UmilianiRelease date 1965 (1965) LanguageItalian La Celestina P... R... is a 1965 Italian comedy film directed by Carlo Lizzani. It is loosely based on the Medieval novel La Celestina by Fernando de Rojas. The film marked the film comeback of Assia Noris after a 15 years break; it is also her last film. Cast Assia Noris: Celestina Venantino Venantini: Carlo Massimo Serato: Marcello Piero Mazzarella: Moretti Franco Nero: Fabrizio Marilù Tolo: Silvana Beba Lončar: Luisella Raffaella Carrà: Bruna Goffredo Alessandrini: Montesti Daliah Lavi: Daniela References ^ Gianni Rondolino (1996). Storia del cinema: Dizionario dei film. UTET, 1996. ISBN 8802049440. ^ Rafael Utrera Macías (2007). Literatura y cine. Adaptaciones. Editorial Padilla Libros, 2007. ISBN 978-8484344278. ^ Enrico Lancia (2003). Le attrici: dal 1930 ai giorni nostri. Gremese Editore, 2003. ISBN 888440214X. External links La Celestina P... R... at IMDb vteCarlo Lizzani Viaggio al sud (1949) Via Emilia Km 147 (1949) Nel Mezzogiorno qualcosa è cambiata (1950) Modena, città dell'Emilia Rossa (1950) Attention! Bandits! (1951) At the Edge of the City (1952) Love in the City (segment "L'amore che si paga", 1953) Chronicle of Poor Lovers (1953) Human Torpedoes (uncredited, 1954) Lo svitato (1955) La muraglia cinese (1958) Esterina (1959) The Hunchback of Rome (1960) Il carabiniere a cavallo (1961) Gold of Rome (1961) La vita agra (1963) The Verona Trial (1963) Amori pericolosi (1964) La Celestina P... R... (1964) The Dirty Game (1965) Thrilling (segment "L'autostrada del Sole" 1965) Wake Up and Die (1966) The Hills Run Red (1966) Requiescant (1967) L'amante di Gramigna (1968) Bandits in Milan (1968) The Tough and the Mighty (1969) Love and Anger (1969) Roma Bene (1971) Black Turin (1972) Crazy Joe (1973) Last Days of Mussolini (1974) Storie di vita e di malavita (1975) San Babila-8 P.M. (1976) Kleinhoff Hotel (1977) Fontamara (1980) The House of the Yellow Carpet (1983) Mamma Ebe (1985) Un'isola (1986) Dear Gorbachev (1988) 12 registi per 12 città (1989) The Wicked (1991) Celluloide (1996) Luchino Visconti (1999) Cesare Zavattini (2002) Napoli Napoli Napoli (2006) Agusta-Westland, un primato italiano (2007) Hotel Meina (2007) This article related to an Italian comedy film of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Carlo Lizzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Lizzani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"La Celestina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Celestina"},{"link_name":"Fernando de Rojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_de_Rojas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Assia Noris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia_Noris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-act-3"}],"text":"La Celestina P... R... is a 1965 Italian comedy film directed by Carlo Lizzani.[1] It is loosely based on the Medieval novel La Celestina by Fernando de Rojas.[2]The film marked the film comeback of Assia Noris after a 15 years break; it is also her last film.[3]","title":"La Celestina P... R..."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assia Noris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia_Noris"},{"link_name":"Venantino Venantini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venantino_Venantini"},{"link_name":"Massimo Serato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Serato"},{"link_name":"Piero Mazzarella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Mazzarella"},{"link_name":"Franco Nero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Nero"},{"link_name":"Marilù Tolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maril%C3%B9_Tolo"},{"link_name":"Beba Lončar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beba_Lon%C4%8Dar"},{"link_name":"Raffaella Carrà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaella_Carr%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Goffredo Alessandrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goffredo_Alessandrini"},{"link_name":"Daliah Lavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daliah_Lavi"}],"text":"Assia Noris: Celestina\nVenantino Venantini: Carlo\nMassimo Serato: Marcello\nPiero Mazzarella: Moretti\nFranco Nero: Fabrizio\nMarilù Tolo: Silvana\nBeba Lončar: Luisella\nRaffaella Carrà: Bruna\nGoffredo Alessandrini: Montesti\nDaliah Lavi: Daniela","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gianni Rondolino (1996). Storia del cinema: Dizionario dei film. UTET, 1996. ISBN 8802049440.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8802049440","url_text":"8802049440"}]},{"reference":"Rafael Utrera Macías (2007). Literatura y cine. Adaptaciones. Editorial Padilla Libros, 2007. ISBN 978-8484344278.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8484344278","url_text":"978-8484344278"}]},{"reference":"Enrico Lancia (2003). Le attrici: dal 1930 ai giorni nostri. Gremese Editore, 2003. ISBN 888440214X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/888440214X","url_text":"888440214X"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057929/","external_links_name":"La Celestina P... R..."},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Celestina_P..._R...&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottiyoor	Kottiyoor	["1 Etymology","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary","5 Biodiversity","6 Tourism","7 Pilgrimage-Vysakha Mahotsavam","8 Thruchherumana Temple (Kottiyoor Vadakkeshwaram Temple)","9 Access","10 Image gallery","11 See also","12 Bio-Diversity at Kottiyoor","13 References"]	Coordinates: 11°52′35″N 75°51′15″E / 11.87639°N 75.85417°E / 11.87639; 75.85417Township,Village in Kerala, India For Kottiyoor Festival, see Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam. Village in Kerala, IndiaKottiyoor KottiyurVillageThe New Narayana Temple, KottiyoorKottiyoorLocation in Kannur, Kerala, IndiaCoordinates: 11°52′35″N 75°51′15″E / 11.87639°N 75.85417°E / 11.87639; 75.85417Country IndiaStateKeralaDistrictKannurGovernment • TypePanchayati raj (India) • BodyKottiyoor Grama PanchayatArea • Total155.01 km2 (59.85 sq mi)Population • Total16,698 • Density110/km2 (280/sq mi)Languages • OfficialMalayalam, EnglishTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN670651Telephone code0490Vehicle registrationKL-78Niyamasabha constituencyPeravoorClimatePleasant (Köppen) Kottiyoor is a Township,Village and Grama Panchayat situated in eastern hilly area of Kannur district in Kerala state. Kottiyoor is the 23rd Wildlife Sanctuary of Kerala, located in the serene hills of Western Ghats. The ancient pilgrimage conducted here yearly, called 'Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam' attracts around 50,000 devotees every year. The Vavali river flows through Kottiyoor. Etymology "Kottiyoor" comes from Koodi(Meeting) and Uuru(Precinct); the name comes from the pilgrimage in the region. The mythology says that this is the place where the holy trinity (Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva), Veerabhadra, Bhadrakali, Shiva Bhutaganas, revered Sages and other holy men came together to complete the Daksha Yaga. It is believed that Sati Devi immolated herself here. The etymology of most of the places on the way to Kottiyoor are also related to the mythology. Sati Devi's voyage to the "Yagashala" can be understood by the names of these area. The place where she desperately felt the need of Shiva and felt sad on his absence is called "Manathana". The place where Sati Devi cried is now the name of a nearby village called "Kanneer char". Another village nearby is "Aayothumchal", this is where Sati felt tired and rested for some time. An ox was provided from a place on the way for the tired Devi to ride, this place is now known as "Kelakam". There is a place called "Neendunokki" this is the place where Sati peeped at the distant 'Yaga-shala' when she heard the noise emanating from there. The place where she had to pay taxation is called - "Chungakunnu", where she walked slowly became "Mandhemcheri". The place where she became extremely tired and fell down is "Murchilakadu". "Mutherikavu" is a temple and the name of a village, it is where the sword which decapitated Daksha, was thrown by Veerabhadra . Stone hearths used for boiling milk came to be known as "Palukachiyamala". Geography Kottiyoor is a hilly village on the eastern side of Kannur district. The terrain is undulating in nature and the extreme eastern side has forests bordering Karnataka state. Demographics As of 2011 Census, Kottiyoor village had population of 16,698 which constitutes 8,239 males and 8,459 females. Kottiyoor village spreads over an area of 155.01 km2 (59.85 sq mi) with 4,156 families residing in it. The sex ratio of Kottiyoor was 1,027 lower than state average of 1,084. Population of children in the age group 0-6 was 1,568 (9.4%) where 786 are males and 782 are females. Kottiyoor had an overall literacy of 94.8% higher than state average of 94%. The male literacy stands at 95.8% and female literacy was 93.9%. Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary in Kottiyoor is declared as a wild life sanctuary by the Government of Kerala in 2011. It is the 23rd wild life sanctuary in Kerala. The total area of the zone is 3,037.98 hectares. It is in addition to the Aralam wild life sanctuary in Kannur District. Kottiyoor Wild Life Sanctuary is adjacent to the Bandipur National Park, a tiger reserve park in Karnataka border. Biodiversity The place is a part of Northern Western Ghats, (WWF code IM0135), it is classified as a Tropical broad leaf forest. The region is a transition zone between the moist Cullenia-dominated forest in south to drier Dipterocarp forests in north. The region is classified under Critical biodiversity hot spot. The Kottiyoor forest is a part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Kottiyoor is connected to Wayanad through the Brahmagiri valley which is rich in wild flora and fauna. Tourism Kottiyoor is an exciting tourist spot for biologists, nature sight seers and mountaineering trekkers. Neendunokki, Palukachiyamala, Chappumala, pannyamal, Kelakam are all serene green places suitable for Eco tourism. The forest is serene, a large variety of birds and seasonal butterflies are seen here. Palukachipara's hilltop is a well known location for usual trekkers'. Tusker in Forest Seasonal Butterfly Pilgrimage-Vysakha Mahotsavam Main article: Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam Kottiyoor Utsavam, the yaga festival in Akkare Kottiyoor Shrine, is conducted yearly for 27 days commemorating the Daksha Yaga. The pilgrimage is on the west bank of Bavali river in a temporary shrine where the Swayambhu linga is present. During the time of pilgrimage the Ikkare Kottiyoor Temple will be closed. Thousands of pilgrims come to this place, the festival is in the rainy season of June–July. Thruchherumana Temple (Kottiyoor Vadakkeshwaram Temple) Main article: Kottiyoor Temple The Thruchherumana Temple or familiarly known as Ikkare Kottiyoor Kshetram is a prominent Shiva Temple, located on the east bank of Vavali river. It special category temple of Malabar Devaswom Board. The temple is mainly famous due to the yearly pilgrimage of Vysakha Mahotsavam in the other shrine on the west bank. The temple is closed during the Vysakha mahotsavam and open during the rest of the year. Access The national highway passes through Kannur town. Mangalore and Mumbai can be accessed on the northern side and Cochin and Thiruvananthapuram can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east of Iritty connects to Mysore and Bangalore. The nearest railway station is Kannur on Mangalore-Palakkad line. There are airports at Mangalore and Kannur. There are road access from Kannur and Thalassery. From Kannur the route is through Chalode, Mattannur and Iritty; from Thalassery the route is through Koothuparamba. Akkare Kottiyoor temple is open during the annual festival for one month whereas the Ikkare Kottiyoor temple is open for 11 months. Road-Frequent bus services are available to Kottiyoor from Thalassery and Kannur Kottiyyor is 125 km from Kozhikode Rail-Nearest railway station is Thalassery 60 km Image gallery Festival Time Ikkare Kottiyur Entry to Akkare Bamboo Flower Maker The Temple Bridge Bubble Maker Going to Akkare Kottiyur festival view Bringing Tender Coconuts Palchuram, kottiyoor The Bunyan Tree See also India portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kottiyoor. Kottiyoor Temple Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam Thalassery Mattannur Ambayathode Chungakkunnu Kottiyoor Honey Bio-Diversity at Kottiyoor Cultural depictions and Biodiversity of Kottiyoor Neendunokki town Thrichherumana Temple Paalchuram Vysakha Mahotsavam Wild Peacock Chital Indian Baur King Cobra Bavali bridge to Akkare kottiyoor References ^ "DE Status". ^ "WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS, OTHER PROTECTED AREAS AND BIOSPHERE RESERVES". forest.kerala.gov.in. ^ "Huge crowd at Kottiyur temple". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 17 June 2006. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2012. ^ "Few Facts about the temple". kottiyoordevaswom Temple Administration. Retrieved 11 August 2013. ^ Kerala, Directorate of Census Operations. District Census Handbook, Kannur (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Directorateof Census Operations,Kerala. p. 166,167. Retrieved 14 July 2020. ^ P, Aruvi (15 October 2021). "Kottiyoor Wildlife Sactuary". Retrieved 29 May 2022. ^ "WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS, OTHER PROTECTED AREAS AND BIOSPHERE RESERVES". forest.kerala.gov.in. ^ Nazeer, Mohamed (27 April 2011). "Wildlife sanctuary area in Kannur increases". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 11 August 2013. ^ "North Western Ghats montane rain forests". Retrieved 13 August 2013. ^ "Southern Asia: Southwestern India". WWF. Retrieved 12 August 2013. ^ "Biological diversity in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka". Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved 12 August 2013. ^ Sudhi, K. S. (15 June 2013). "Soon, a Kerala Red List of threatened species". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 13 August 2013. ^ "Kottiyoor". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 13 August 2013. ^ "Daksha yaga bhumiyil". Malayala Manorama. Retrieved 10 August 2013. Places adjacent to Kottiyoor Kannur Kannur district Kodagu district, Karnataka Thalassery Kottiyoor Kodagu district, Karnataka Kozhikode Wayanad Wayanad vteWestern GhatsStates Goa Gujarat Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Regions Desh Kongu Nadu Konkan Malabar Malenadu North Malabar Tulu Nadu Peaks Agasthyamalai Ambukuthi Anamudi Anginda Anjaneri Baba Budangiri Banasura Brahmagiri Chembra Devar Mala Devimala Dhodap Doddabetta Don Elivai Malai Eravimala Ettina Bhuja Gangamoola Gopalaswamy Betta Illikkal Kallu Kalsubai Karimala Gopuram Kattumala Kemmangudi Kodachadri Kodikuthi Mala Kolaribetta Kottamala Kudremukh Kumara Parvata Kumarikkal Mala Kurumbalakotta Madikeri Mahendragiri Mahuli Malleswaran Marunthuvazh Malai Meenuliyan Para Meesapulimala Mukurthi Mullayanagiri Nedumpara Padagiri Paithalmala Perumal Malai Pratapgad Purandar Raigad Rajgad Rangaswamy Ranipuram Ratangad Salher Saptashrungi Saputara Sinhagad Sispara Sonsogor Tadiandamol Taramati Torna Vagamon Vandaravu Varayadumotta Vavul Mala Velliangiri Hills Ambanad Anaimalai Biligiriranga Cardamom Nilgiri Satmala Selbari Palani Thirumoorthy Trimbakeshwar Rivers Achankovil Adan Amarja Ambankadavu Anjarakandi River Arkavathi Ayalurpuzha Banganga Bhadra Bharathappuzha Bhavani Bhima Bindusara Chakra Chalakudy Chaliyar Cherukunnapuzha Cherupuzha Cheruthoni Chitravathi Chittar Chulki Nala Chulliyar Dahisar Daman Ganga Dandavati Darna Edamalayar Gangavalli Gayathripuzha Ghataprabha Girna Godavari Gomai Gomukhi Gurupura Hemavati Honnuhole Indravati Indrayani Iruvanjippuzha Ithikkara Kabini Kadalundi Kadva Kali Kallada Kallayi Kalpathipuzha Kanjirappuzha Kannadipuzha Karamana Karanja Karha Karimpuzha Kaveri Kedaka Kodaganar Kodavanar Kokkiliyar Kolar Korapuzha Korayar Kottappuzha Koyna Krishna Kubja Kumaradhara Kumudvathi Kundali Kundalika Kunthipuzha Kurumali Kuthirappuzha Lakshmana Tirtha Madatharuvi Mahé Malampuzha Malaprabha Mangalam Manimala Manimuthar Manjalar Manjira Markandeya Maruthappuzha Meenachil Meenkarappuzha Mithi Moyar Mula Mula-Mutha Mullayar Mutha Muthirapuzha Muvattupuzha Nanganjiyar Narmada Neerppuzha Netravati Neyyar Nira Noyyal Oshiwara Pachaiyar Pahrali Painganga Palar Palar (Kaveri) Pallichelaru Pamba Pambar Pambar Panchagangavalli Panchganga Pandippuzha Panzara Papagni Papanasini Parambikulam Patalganga Pavana Payaswini Penna Perinjankutti Periyar Poisar Ponnaiyar Pranahita Punnappuzha Purna (Godavari) Purna (Tapti) Dnyanganga Savitri Shahanur Shambhavi Sharavati Shimsha Shivana Sindphana Souparnika Tansa Tapti Tasso Thamirabarani Thuppanadippuzha Thuthapuzha Tirur Tunga Tungabhadra Ulhas Vaan Vaippar Valapattanam Vandazhippuzha Varada Varahi Vashishti Vedavathi Venna Vrishabhavathi Wainganga Wardha Waterfalls Abbey Aruvikkuzhy Athirappilly Ayyanar Bandaje Barkana Catherine Charpa Chunchanakatte Courtallam Devaragundi Devkund Dudhsagar Godchinamalaki Gokak Hanumangundi Hebbe Hogenakkal Irupu Jaladurga Jog Kalhatti (Nilgiris) Kalhatti Katary Kumbakkarai Kumbhavurutty Kuchikal Kune Kutladampatti Law's Magod Mallalli Manalar Meenmutty Monkey Muthyala Maduvu Oliyarik Palaruvi Pandavgad Pattathippara Perunthenaruvi Sahasrakund Sathodi Sengupathi Shivanasamudra Shivganga Siruvani Soochipara Suruli Thalaiyar Thusharagiri Tirparappu Ulakkai Unchalli Vaideki Vajrapoha Vattaparai Vazhachal Lakes Avalanche Berijam Kodaikanal Ooty Pykara Sasthamkotta Vellayani Protected areasand reserves Anamalai Annekal Aralam Agasthyamala Agasthyavanam Bandipur Bannerghatta Bhadra Bhimgad Brahmagiri Chandoli Chimmony Chinnar Dandeli Eravikulam Grass Hills Grizzled Squirrel Kali Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Karian Shola Karnala Koyna Kudremukh Mhadei Mudumalai Mukurthi Nagarhole New Amarambalam Neyyar Nilgiri Palani Parambikulam Peechi-Vazhani Peppara Periyar Pushpagiri Radhanagari SAI Sathyamangalam Shendurney Silent Valley Someshwara Talakaveri Thanthai Wayanad Ghats and gaps Amba Ghat Amboli Ghat Bhor Ghat Chorla Ghat Goa Gap Kumbharli Ghat Naneghat Palakkad Gap Tamhini Ghat Thal Ghat Varandha Ghat Dams andreservoirs Aathupalayam Aliyar Almatti Amaravathi Basava Sagara Bhadra Dam Bhandardara Bhatghar Bhavanisagar Bhushi Chaskaman Dhom Gorur Harangi Hetwane Itiadoh Jayakwadi Kabini Kadra Kamarajar Sagar Kanher Kanva Karuppanadhi Khadakwasla Kodasalli Kodiveri Kolkewadi Koyna Krishna Raja Sagar Krishnagiri Linganamakki Manimuthar Mettur Mukkadal Mulshi Nallathangal Nilwande Orathuppalayam Panshet Papanasam Pawna Pechiparai Perunchani Raja Lakhamagouda Ramtek Renuka Sagara Salaulim Sathanur Servalar Shanti Sagara Solaiyar Supa Susri Tansa Temghar Tilari Totladoh Tungabhadra Ujjani Upper Bhavani Vaigai Vaitarna Vani Vilasa Sagara Varasgaon Varattu Pallam Veer Vihar Waghur Walwan Yeldari Related Mountains of Kerala Mountains of Maharashtra See also: Eastern Ghats vteKannur districtCorporation Kannur Municipal Corporation Municipalities Anthoor Iritty Koothuparamba Mattannur Panoor Payyannur Sreekandapuram Thalassery Thaliparamba TalukasandvillagesPayyanur Ramanthali Payyannur Korome Vellur Karivellur Peralam Kankole Alappadamba Eramam Kuttoor Vellora Peringome Perinthatta Vayakkara Cherupuzha Pulingome Thirumeni Panapuzha Kadannappalli Cheruthazham Kunhimangalam Madayi Ezhome Thaliparmba Udayagiri Thimiri Alakode Karuvanchal Vellad Naduvil Eruvassi Payyavoor Sreekandapuram Nediyanga Chengalayi Chuzhali Irikkur Malapattam Chapparapadavu Kooveri Kurumathur Panniyoor Poovam Pariyaram Kuttiyeri Taliparamba Anthoor Morazha Pattuvam Mayyil Kayaralam Kolacherry Cheleri Kuttiyattoor Maniyoor Kannur Mattool Cherukunnu Kannapuram Kaliiasseri Pappinisseri Azhikode North Azhikode South Narath Kannadiparamba Kattampally Chirakkal Valapattam Puzhathi Pallikkunnu Kannur Elayavoor Chelora Valiyannur Edakkad Munderi Kanhirode Anjarakandi Chembilode Iriveri Peralasseri Mavilayi Makreri Kadambur Muzhappilangad Thalassery Thalassery Thiruvangad Kodiyeri New Mahe Chokli Eranholi Kadirur Dharmadam Pinarayi Eruvatty Panniyannur Kariyad Peringathur Peringalam Panoor Mokeri Thrippangottur Kunnothuparamba Puthur Kolaveloor Kottayam Kuthuparamba Pattiom Cheruvanchery Mangattidam Kandamkunnu Chittariparamba Manantheri Kannavam Vengad Paduvilayi Pathiriyad Koodali Pattanur Keezhallur Malur Shivapuram Tholambra Kolayad Vekkalam Adoor Palam Iritty Kottiyoor Kelakam Kanichar Peravoor Manathana Vellarvalli Aralam Ayyamkunnu Payam Villamana Muzhakkunnu Chavasseri Iritty Keezhur Thillankeri Mattannur Pazhassi Kolari Padiyoor Kalliad Ulikkal Nuchiyad Vayathur See also Places of worship, Educational institutions	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottiyoor_Vysakha_Mahotsavam"},{"link_name":"Grama Panchayat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grama_Panchayat"},{"link_name":"Kannur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannur_district"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forest-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Township,Village in Kerala, IndiaFor Kottiyoor Festival, see Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam.Village in Kerala, IndiaKottiyoor is a Township,Village and Grama Panchayat situated in eastern hilly area of Kannur district in Kerala state.[1] Kottiyoor is the 23rd Wildlife Sanctuary of Kerala, located in the serene hills of Western Ghats.[2] The ancient pilgrimage conducted here yearly, called 'Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam' attracts around 50,000 devotees every year. The Vavali river flows through Kottiyoor.[3]","title":"Kottiyoor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Veerabhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veerabhadra"},{"link_name":"Bhadrakali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrakali"},{"link_name":"Shiva Bhutaganas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutagana"},{"link_name":"Daksha Yaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daksha_Yaga"},{"link_name":"Sati Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_Devi"},{"link_name":"Sati Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_Devi"},{"link_name":"Yaga-shala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaga-shala"},{"link_name":"Daksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daksha"},{"link_name":"Veerabhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veerabhadra"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Kottiyoor\" comes from Koodi(Meeting) and Uuru(Precinct); the name comes from the pilgrimage in the region. The mythology says that this is the place where the holy trinity (Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva), Veerabhadra, Bhadrakali, Shiva Bhutaganas, revered Sages and other holy men came together to complete the Daksha Yaga. It is believed that Sati Devi immolated herself here.\nThe etymology of most of the places on the way to Kottiyoor are also related to the mythology. Sati Devi's voyage to the \"Yagashala\" can be understood by the names of these area. The place where she desperately felt the need of Shiva and felt sad on his absence is called \"Manathana\". The place where Sati Devi cried is now the name of a nearby village called \"Kanneer char\". Another village nearby is \"Aayothumchal\", this is where Sati felt tired and rested for some time. An ox was provided from a place on the way for the tired Devi to ride, this place is now known as \"Kelakam\". There is a place called \"Neendunokki\" this is the place where Sati peeped at the distant 'Yaga-shala' when she heard the noise emanating from there. The place where she had to pay taxation is called - \"Chungakunnu\", where she walked slowly became \"Mandhemcheri\". The place where she became extremely tired and fell down is \"Murchilakadu\". \"Mutherikavu\" is a temple and the name of a village, it is where the sword which decapitated Daksha, was thrown by Veerabhadra . Stone hearths used for boiling milk came to be known as \"Palukachiyamala\".[4]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Kottiyoor is a hilly village on the eastern side of Kannur district. The terrain is undulating in nature and the extreme eastern side has forests bordering Karnataka state.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"As of 2011 Census, Kottiyoor village had population of 16,698 which constitutes 8,239 males and 8,459 females. Kottiyoor village spreads over an area of 155.01 km2 (59.85 sq mi) with 4,156 families residing in it. The sex ratio of Kottiyoor was 1,027 lower than state average of 1,084. Population of children in the age group 0-6 was 1,568 (9.4%) where 786 are males and 782 are females. Kottiyoor had an overall literacy of 94.8% higher than state average of 94%. The male literacy stands at 95.8% and female literacy was 93.9%.[5]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottiyoor_Wildlife_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bandipur National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandipur_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary in Kottiyoor is declared as a wild life sanctuary by the Government of Kerala in 2011.[6][7] It is the 23rd wild life sanctuary in Kerala. The total area of the zone is 3,037.98 hectares. It is in addition to the Aralam wild life sanctuary in Kannur District.[8] Kottiyoor Wild Life Sanctuary is adjacent to the Bandipur National Park, a tiger reserve park in Karnataka border.[9]","title":"Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The place is a part of Northern Western Ghats, (WWF code IM0135), it is classified as a Tropical broad leaf forest. The region is a transition zone between the moist Cullenia-dominated forest in south to drier Dipterocarp forests in north. The region is classified under Critical biodiversity hot spot. The Kottiyoor forest is a part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Kottiyoor is connected to Wayanad through the Brahmagiri valley which is rich in wild flora and fauna.[10][11][12]","title":"Biodiversity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2012-bandipur-tusker.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_pierrot.jpg"}],"text":"Kottiyoor is an exciting tourist spot for biologists, nature sight seers and mountaineering trekkers. Neendunokki, Palukachiyamala, Chappumala, pannyamal, Kelakam are all serene green places suitable for Eco tourism. The forest is serene, a large variety of birds and seasonal butterflies are seen here. Palukachipara's hilltop is a well known location for usual trekkers'.[13]Tusker in ForestSeasonal Butterfly","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kottiyoor Utsavam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottiyoor_Utsavam"},{"link_name":"Kottiyoor Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottiyoor_Temple"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Kottiyoor Utsavam, the yaga festival in Akkare Kottiyoor Shrine, is conducted yearly for 27 days commemorating the Daksha Yaga. The pilgrimage is on the west bank of Bavali river in a temporary shrine where the Swayambhu linga is present. During the time of pilgrimage the Ikkare Kottiyoor Temple will be closed. Thousands of pilgrims come to this place, the festival is in the rainy season of June–July.[14]","title":"Pilgrimage-Vysakha Mahotsavam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malabar Devaswom Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devaswom_boards_in_Kerala#Malabar_Devaswom_Board"}],"text":"The Thruchherumana Temple or familiarly known as Ikkare Kottiyoor Kshetram is a prominent Shiva Temple, located on the east bank of Vavali river. It special category temple of Malabar Devaswom Board. The temple is mainly famous due to the yearly pilgrimage of Vysakha Mahotsavam in the other shrine on the west bank. The temple is closed during the Vysakha mahotsavam and open during the rest of the year.","title":"Thruchherumana Temple (Kottiyoor Vadakkeshwaram Temple)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kannur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannur"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Cochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin"},{"link_name":"Thiruvananthapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram"},{"link_name":"Iritty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iritty"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"Kannur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannur_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Palakkad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palakkad"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kannur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannur_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mattannur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattannur"},{"link_name":"Thalassery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassery"},{"link_name":"Kozhikode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode"},{"link_name":"Thalassery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassery"}],"text":"The national highway passes through Kannur town. Mangalore and Mumbai can be accessed on the northern side and Cochin and Thiruvananthapuram can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east of Iritty connects to Mysore and Bangalore. The nearest railway station is Kannur on Mangalore-Palakkad line. There are airports at Mangalore and Kannur.\nThere are road access from Kannur and Thalassery. From Kannur the route is through Chalode, Mattannur and Iritty; from Thalassery the route is through Koothuparamba. Akkare Kottiyoor temple is open during the annual festival for one month whereas the Ikkare Kottiyoor temple is open for 11 months.Road-Frequent bus services are available to Kottiyoor from Thalassery and KannurKottiyyor is 125 km from KozhikodeRail-Nearest railway station is Thalassery 60 km","title":"Access"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kottiyoor_temple_festival_IMG_0030.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ikkare_kottiyur.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entry_point_to_Akkare_Kottiyoor.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bamboo_flower_maker_at_her_shop_at_Kottiyoor.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bridge_connecting_Kottiyoor_temple.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bubble_maker_at_Kottiyoor.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kottiyoor-way_to_akkare_kottiyoor.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KottiyoorView.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tender_coconut-bringing-kottiyur.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunset_at_palchuram.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Banyan_tree_at_Akkare_Kottiyoor.jpg"}],"text":"Festival Time\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIkkare Kottiyur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntry to Akkare\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBamboo Flower Maker\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Temple Bridge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBubble Maker\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGoing to Akkare Kottiyur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tfestival view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBringing Tender Coconuts\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPalchuram, kottiyoor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Bunyan Tree","title":"Image gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neendunokki_town_from_Palukachi_hills.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ikkare_kottiyur.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palchuram_curves.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kottiyoor_temple_during_Vaishakha_festival1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vysakha Mahotsavam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottiyoor_Vysakha_Mahotsavam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peacock_At_Bandipur_National_park.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2012-bandipur-chital.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bandipur_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KINGCOBRA.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kottiyur_(241658402).jpg"}],"text":"Cultural depictions and Biodiversity of Kottiyoor\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNeendunokki town\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThrichherumana Temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaalchuram\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVysakha Mahotsavam\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWild Peacock\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChital\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIndian Baur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKing Cobra\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBavali bridge to Akkare kottiyoor","title":"Bio-Diversity at Kottiyoor"}]	[{"image_text":"Tusker in Forest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/2012-bandipur-tusker.jpg/220px-2012-bandipur-tusker.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seasonal Butterfly","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Red_pierrot.jpg/220px-Red_pierrot.jpg"}]	[{"title":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"title":"Kottiyoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kottiyoor"},{"title":"Kottiyoor Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottiyoor_Temple"},{"title":"Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottiyoor_Vysakha_Mahotsavam"},{"title":"Thalassery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassery"},{"title":"Mattannur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattannur"},{"title":"Ambayathode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambayathode"},{"title":"Chungakkunnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chungakkunnu"},{"title":"Kottiyoor Honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kottiyoor_Honey&action=edit&redlink=1"}]	[{"reference":"\"DE Status\".","urls":[{"url":"https://lsgkerala.gov.in/electionupdates/deStatusLB.php?distID=13","url_text":"\"DE Status\""}]},{"reference":"\"WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS, OTHER PROTECTED AREAS AND BIOSPHERE RESERVES\". forest.kerala.gov.in.","urls":[{"url":"https://forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=205&Itemid=162","url_text":"\"WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS, OTHER PROTECTED AREAS AND BIOSPHERE RESERVES\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huge crowd at Kottiyur temple\". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 17 June 2006. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071001030606/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/17/stories/2006061708850500.htm","url_text":"\"Huge crowd at Kottiyur temple\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/17/stories/2006061708850500.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Few Facts about the temple\". kottiyoordevaswom Temple Administration. Retrieved 11 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/about.html","url_text":"\"Few Facts about the temple\""}]},{"reference":"Kerala, Directorate of Census Operations. District Census Handbook, Kannur (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Directorateof Census Operations,Kerala. p. 166,167. Retrieved 14 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3202_PART_B_KANNUR.pdf","url_text":"District Census Handbook, Kannur"}]},{"reference":"P, Aruvi (15 October 2021). \"Kottiyoor Wildlife Sactuary\". Retrieved 29 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://aranyakam.org/kottiyoor-wildlife-sactuary/","url_text":"\"Kottiyoor Wildlife Sactuary\""}]},{"reference":"\"WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS, OTHER PROTECTED AREAS AND BIOSPHERE RESERVES\". forest.kerala.gov.in.","urls":[{"url":"https://forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=205&Itemid=162","url_text":"\"WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS, OTHER PROTECTED AREAS AND BIOSPHERE RESERVES\""}]},{"reference":"Nazeer, Mohamed (27 April 2011). \"Wildlife sanctuary area in Kannur increases\". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 11 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/wildlife-sanctuary-area-in-kannur-increases/article1772084.ece","url_text":"\"Wildlife sanctuary area in Kannur increases\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Western Ghats montane rain forests\". Retrieved 13 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154889/","url_text":"\"North Western Ghats montane rain forests\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Asia: Southwestern India\". WWF. Retrieved 12 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0135","url_text":"\"Southern Asia: Southwestern India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biological diversity in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka\". Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved 12 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/51cbed197896bb431f68fadc/","url_text":"\"Biological diversity in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka\""}]},{"reference":"Sudhi, K. S. (15 June 2013). \"Soon, a Kerala Red List of threatened species\". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 13 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/soon-a-kerala-red-list-of-threatened-species/article4815253.ece","url_text":"\"Soon, a Kerala Red List of threatened species\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kottiyoor\". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 13 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/tourist_spots/places_of_interests/kottiyoor/313/","url_text":"\"Kottiyoor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daksha yaga bhumiyil\". Malayala Manorama. Retrieved 10 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/Festival/Kottiyoor-Festival13/index.html","url_text":"\"Daksha yaga bhumiyil\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kottiyoor&params=11_52_35_N_75_51_15_E_type:city(16698)_region:IN-KL","external_links_name":"11°52′35″N 75°51′15″E / 11.87639°N 75.85417°E / 11.87639; 75.85417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kottiyoor&params=11_52_35_N_75_51_15_E_type:city(16698)_region:IN-KL","external_links_name":"11°52′35″N 75°51′15″E / 11.87639°N 75.85417°E / 11.87639; 75.85417"},{"Link":"https://lsgkerala.gov.in/electionupdates/deStatusLB.php?distID=13","external_links_name":"\"DE Status\""},{"Link":"https://forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=205&Itemid=162","external_links_name":"\"WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS, OTHER PROTECTED AREAS AND BIOSPHERE RESERVES\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071001030606/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/17/stories/2006061708850500.htm","external_links_name":"\"Huge crowd at Kottiyur temple\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/17/stories/2006061708850500.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/about.html","external_links_name":"\"Few Facts about the temple\""},{"Link":"https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3202_PART_B_KANNUR.pdf","external_links_name":"District Census Handbook, Kannur"},{"Link":"https://aranyakam.org/kottiyoor-wildlife-sactuary/","external_links_name":"\"Kottiyoor Wildlife Sactuary\""},{"Link":"https://forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=205&Itemid=162","external_links_name":"\"WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS, OTHER PROTECTED AREAS AND BIOSPHERE RESERVES\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/wildlife-sanctuary-area-in-kannur-increases/article1772084.ece","external_links_name":"\"Wildlife sanctuary area in Kannur increases\""},{"Link":"http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154889/","external_links_name":"\"North Western Ghats montane rain forests\""},{"Link":"http://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0135","external_links_name":"\"Southern Asia: Southwestern India\""},{"Link":"http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/51cbed197896bb431f68fadc/","external_links_name":"\"Biological diversity in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/soon-a-kerala-red-list-of-threatened-species/article4815253.ece","external_links_name":"\"Soon, a Kerala Red List of threatened species\""},{"Link":"http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/tourist_spots/places_of_interests/kottiyoor/313/","external_links_name":"\"Kottiyoor\""},{"Link":"http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/Festival/Kottiyoor-Festival13/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Daksha yaga bhumiyil\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roni_Zeiger	Roni Zeiger	["1 Education","2 Work","2.1 Google","2.2 Smart Patients","3 Bibliography","4 References","5 External links"]	Roni ZeigerZeiger (2014)NationalityAmericanEducationStanford Medical SchoolMedical careerProfessionDoctor Roni F. Zeiger is an American physician and technologist. He is notable for his work as the Chief Health Strategist (2006–2012) at Google where he developed Google Health and Google Flu Trends. He is a co-founder of the Smart Patients project. In 2019, Zeiger announced he would be joining Facebook as the Head of Health Strategy. Education Zeiger received his medical degree at Stanford University, including a master's degree in biomedical informatics and he did his residency at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). He was an internist by training. He became interested in the application of technology in healthcare during his medical training, and noticing how difficult it was to find things in the medical records and how as time went on, the records got larger and more difficult to navigate. Work Zeiger did primary care for some time. Zeiger has been profiled for partnering tech companies to health efforts. Google Main article: Google Health Zeiger was Chief Health Strategist (2006–2012) at Google where he worked on Google Health, symptom, anatomy, and health search on Google Search, and Google Flu Trends. Smart Patients With Gilles Frydman, founder of the Association of Cancer Online Resources, Zeiger co-founded the Smart Patients project. The project is a search engine and social media platform which connects clinical trial participants in cancer studies to each other for personal conversations. Bibliography This is a select list of some of Zeiger's writings. Zeiger, R. F. (2005). "Toward continuous medical education". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 20 (1): 91–94. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30049.x. PMC 1490033. PMID 15693934. S2CID 21839149. Johnson, Christopher D.; Zeiger, Roni F.; Das, Amar K.; Goldstein, Mary K. (2006). "Task Analysis of Writing Hospital Admission Orders: Evidence of a Problem-Based Approach". AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. 2006: 389–393. PMC 1839659. PMID 17238369. Zeiger, Roni (2009-03-24). "The Last Mile Problem in Health". Huffington Post (Blog). Zeiger, Roni (2011-11-09). "Doctor's 'Worst Ever' Headache, and Learning the Patient Story". ABC News. References ^ a b "Google vet Roni Zeiger leaves Smart Patients to head up Facebook's growing health efforts". MobiHealthNews. 2019-05-28. Retrieved 2020-01-29. ^ a b "Roni Zeiger MD - Mayo Clinic". mayo.edu. Center for Transform2013. 2013. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ a b "A Chat with Roni Zeiger, MD CEO 'Smart Patients'". BlogTalkRadio (Radio recording). 24 April 2013. 2:45. Retrieved 2020-01-30. ^ Zeiger, Roni (2013). "Official Blog: Is there a doctor in the family?". googleblog.blogspot.com. Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ Heger, M. (2010). "Tech meets bio: software and technology companies have increasingly been taking a more active role in biological research: Roni Zeiger, Michael Montalto, Ajay Royyuru and Stephen Emmott" (PDF). Nature Medicine. 16 (8): 844–847. doi:10.1038/nm0810-844. PMID 20689541. S2CID 205381392. ^ Zeiger, Roni (6 October 2009). "Google Flu Trends Overview - YouTube". youtube.com. Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ "Roni Zeiger". TEDMED. Retrieved 2020-01-30. ^ Stanley, Sarah (24 April 2013). "Smart Patients: Groundbreaking Website Supports Conversations among Cancer Patients \| Cancer Commons". cancercommons.org. Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ Dolan, Bryan (23 April 2013). "Google's ex-Chief Health Strategist launches startup, Smart Patients \| mobihealthnews". mobihealthnews.com. Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ Herper, Matthew (24 April 2013). "A Former Google Exec Aims To Power A Patient Revolution - Forbes". forbes.com. Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ "Smart Patients: Groundbreaking Website Supports Conversations among Cancer Patients". cancercommons.org. Retrieved 27 April 2016. ^ Levingston, Suzanne Allard (30 November 2015). "Does your doctor listen when you talk?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 April 2016. External links personal homepage Smart Patients official website Video: Who is the real medical expert?, TEDMED Talks from TEDMED 2013 conference (April 2013) Radio: A Chat with Roni Zeiger, MD CEO 'Smart Patients', (April 2013) from This Week in Health Innovation	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Google Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Health"},{"link_name":"Google Flu Trends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Flu_Trends"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"Roni F. Zeiger is an American physician and technologist. He is notable for his work as the Chief Health Strategist (2006–2012) at Google where he developed Google Health and Google Flu Trends.[1] He is a co-founder of the Smart Patients project. In 2019, Zeiger announced he would be joining Facebook as the Head of Health Strategy.[1]","title":"Roni Zeiger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"biomedical informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_informatics"},{"link_name":"residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residency_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"University of California, San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-badreference-2"},{"link_name":"internist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_medicine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Zeiger received his medical degree at Stanford University, including a master's degree in biomedical informatics and he did his residency at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).[2] He was an internist by training.[3] He became interested in the application of technology in healthcare during his medical training, and noticing how difficult it was to find things in the medical records and how as time went on, the records got larger and more difficult to navigate.[3]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_care"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Zeiger did primary care for some time.[4] Zeiger has been profiled for partnering tech companies to health efforts.[5]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Google Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Health"},{"link_name":"Google Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search"},{"link_name":"Google Flu Trends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Flu_Trends"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-badreference-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Google","text":"Zeiger was Chief Health Strategist (2006–2012) at Google where he worked on Google Health, symptom, anatomy, and health search on Google Search, and Google Flu Trends.[2][6][7]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"search engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"clinical trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Smart Patients","text":"With Gilles Frydman, founder of the Association of Cancer Online Resources, Zeiger co-founded the Smart Patients project.[8][9] The project is a search engine and social media platform which connects clinical trial participants in cancer studies to each other for personal conversations.[10][11][12]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Toward continuous medical education\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1490033"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30049.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1525-1497.2004.30049.x"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1490033","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1490033"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15693934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15693934"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21839149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21839149"},{"link_name":"\"Task Analysis of Writing Hospital Admission Orders: Evidence of a Problem-Based Approach\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1839659"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1839659","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1839659"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17238369","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17238369"},{"link_name":"\"The Last Mile Problem in Health\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.huffpost.com/entry/the-last-mile-problem-in_b_178773"},{"link_name":"\"Doctor's 'Worst Ever' Headache, and Learning the Patient Story\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//abcnews.go.com/Health/PainManagement/doctors-worst-headache-learning-patient-story/story?id=14918566#.UbDrTJxxorU"}],"text":"This is a select list of some of Zeiger's writings.Zeiger, R. F. (2005). \"Toward continuous medical education\". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 20 (1): 91–94. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30049.x. PMC 1490033. PMID 15693934. S2CID 21839149.\nJohnson, Christopher D.; Zeiger, Roni F.; Das, Amar K.; Goldstein, Mary K. (2006). \"Task Analysis of Writing Hospital Admission Orders: Evidence of a Problem-Based Approach\". AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. 2006: 389–393. PMC 1839659. PMID 17238369.\nZeiger, Roni (2009-03-24). \"The Last Mile Problem in Health\". Huffington Post (Blog).\nZeiger, Roni (2011-11-09). \"Doctor's 'Worst Ever' Headache, and Learning the Patient Story\". ABC News.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Zeiger, R. F. (2005). \"Toward continuous medical education\". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 20 (1): 91–94. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30049.x. PMC 1490033. PMID 15693934. S2CID 21839149.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1490033","url_text":"\"Toward continuous medical education\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1525-1497.2004.30049.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30049.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1490033","url_text":"1490033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15693934","url_text":"15693934"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21839149","url_text":"21839149"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Christopher D.; Zeiger, Roni F.; Das, Amar K.; Goldstein, Mary K. (2006). \"Task Analysis of Writing Hospital Admission Orders: Evidence of a Problem-Based Approach\". AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. 2006: 389–393. PMC 1839659. PMID 17238369.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1839659","url_text":"\"Task Analysis of Writing Hospital Admission Orders: Evidence of a Problem-Based Approach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1839659","url_text":"1839659"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17238369","url_text":"17238369"}]},{"reference":"Zeiger, Roni (2009-03-24). \"The Last Mile Problem in Health\". Huffington Post (Blog).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-last-mile-problem-in_b_178773","url_text":"\"The Last Mile Problem in Health\""}]},{"reference":"Zeiger, Roni (2011-11-09). \"Doctor's 'Worst Ever' Headache, and Learning the Patient Story\". ABC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Health/PainManagement/doctors-worst-headache-learning-patient-story/story?id=14918566#.UbDrTJxxorU","url_text":"\"Doctor's 'Worst Ever' Headache, and Learning the Patient Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google vet Roni Zeiger leaves Smart Patients to head up Facebook's growing health efforts\". MobiHealthNews. 2019-05-28. Retrieved 2020-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/north-america/google-vet-roni-zeiger-leaves-smart-patients-head-facebooks-growing-health","url_text":"\"Google vet Roni Zeiger leaves Smart Patients to head up Facebook's growing health efforts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roni Zeiger MD - Mayo Clinic\". mayo.edu. Center for Transform2013. 2013. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130603155817/http://www.mayo.edu/people/roni-zeiger-md","url_text":"\"Roni Zeiger MD - Mayo Clinic\""},{"url":"http://www.mayo.edu/people/roni-zeiger-md","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Chat with Roni Zeiger, MD CEO 'Smart Patients'\". BlogTalkRadio (Radio recording). 24 April 2013. 2:45. Retrieved 2020-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blogtalkradio.com/healthtechmedia/2013/04/24/a-chat-with-roni-zeiger-md-on-smart-patients","url_text":"\"A Chat with Roni Zeiger, MD CEO 'Smart Patients'\""}]},{"reference":"Zeiger, Roni (2013). \"Official Blog: Is there a doctor in the family?\". googleblog.blogspot.com. Retrieved 6 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/06/is-there-doctor-in-family.html","url_text":"\"Official Blog: Is there a doctor in the family?\""}]},{"reference":"Heger, M. (2010). \"Tech meets bio: software and technology companies have increasingly been taking a more active role in biological research: Roni Zeiger, Michael Montalto, Ajay Royyuru and Stephen Emmott\" (PDF). Nature Medicine. 16 (8): 844–847. doi:10.1038/nm0810-844. PMID 20689541. S2CID 205381392.","urls":[{"url":"http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/people/semmott/nature_medicine_aug_2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Tech meets bio: software and technology companies have increasingly been taking a more active role in biological research: Roni Zeiger, Michael Montalto, Ajay Royyuru and Stephen Emmott\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm0810-844","url_text":"10.1038/nm0810-844"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20689541","url_text":"20689541"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205381392","url_text":"205381392"}]},{"reference":"Zeiger, Roni (6 October 2009). \"Google Flu Trends Overview - YouTube\". youtube.com. Retrieved 6 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6111nS66Dpk","url_text":"\"Google Flu Trends Overview - YouTube\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roni Zeiger\". TEDMED. Retrieved 2020-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tedmed.com/speakers/show?id=62062","url_text":"\"Roni Zeiger\""}]},{"reference":"Stanley, Sarah (24 April 2013). \"Smart Patients: Groundbreaking Website Supports Conversations among Cancer Patients \| Cancer Commons\". cancercommons.org. Retrieved 6 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cancercommons.org/2013/04/24/smart-patients-groundbreaking-website-supports-conversations-among-cancer-patients/","url_text":"\"Smart Patients: Groundbreaking Website Supports Conversations among Cancer Patients \| Cancer Commons\""}]},{"reference":"Dolan, Bryan (23 April 2013). \"Google's ex-Chief Health Strategist launches startup, Smart Patients \| mobihealthnews\". mobihealthnews.com. Retrieved 6 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://mobihealthnews.com/21808/googles-ex-chief-health-strategist-launches-startup-smart-patients/","url_text":"\"Google's ex-Chief Health Strategist launches startup, Smart Patients \| mobihealthnews\""}]},{"reference":"Herper, Matthew (24 April 2013). \"A Former Google Exec Aims To Power A Patient Revolution - Forbes\". forbes.com. Retrieved 6 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2013/04/24/a-former-google-exec-aims-to-power-a-patient-revolution/","url_text":"\"A Former Google Exec Aims To Power A Patient Revolution - Forbes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smart Patients: Groundbreaking Website Supports Conversations among Cancer Patients\". cancercommons.org. Retrieved 27 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cancercommons.org/2013/04/24/smart-patients-groundbreaking-website-supports-conversations-among-cancer-patients/","url_text":"\"Smart Patients: Groundbreaking Website Supports Conversations among Cancer Patients\""}]},{"reference":"Levingston, Suzanne Allard (30 November 2015). \"Does your doctor listen when you talk?\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/does-your-doctor-listen-when-you-talk/2015/11/30/a148a88a-6ad2-11e5-b31c-d80d62b53e28_story.html","url_text":"\"Does your doctor listen when you talk?\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1490033","external_links_name":"\"Toward continuous medical education\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1525-1497.2004.30049.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30049.x"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1490033","external_links_name":"1490033"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15693934","external_links_name":"15693934"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21839149","external_links_name":"21839149"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1839659","external_links_name":"\"Task Analysis of Writing Hospital Admission Orders: Evidence of a Problem-Based Approach\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1839659","external_links_name":"1839659"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17238369","external_links_name":"17238369"},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-last-mile-problem-in_b_178773","external_links_name":"\"The Last Mile Problem in Health\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Health/PainManagement/doctors-worst-headache-learning-patient-story/story?id=14918566#.UbDrTJxxorU","external_links_name":"\"Doctor's 'Worst Ever' Headache, and Learning the Patient Story\""},{"Link":"https://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/north-america/google-vet-roni-zeiger-leaves-smart-patients-head-facebooks-growing-health","external_links_name":"\"Google vet Roni Zeiger leaves Smart Patients to head up Facebook's growing health efforts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130603155817/http://www.mayo.edu/people/roni-zeiger-md","external_links_name":"\"Roni Zeiger MD - Mayo Clinic\""},{"Link":"http://www.mayo.edu/people/roni-zeiger-md","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.blogtalkradio.com/healthtechmedia/2013/04/24/a-chat-with-roni-zeiger-md-on-smart-patients","external_links_name":"\"A Chat with Roni Zeiger, MD CEO 'Smart Patients'\""},{"Link":"http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/06/is-there-doctor-in-family.html","external_links_name":"\"Official Blog: Is there a doctor in the family?\""},{"Link":"http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/people/semmott/nature_medicine_aug_2010.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tech meets bio: software and technology companies have increasingly been taking a more active role in biological research: Roni Zeiger, Michael Montalto, Ajay Royyuru and Stephen Emmott\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm0810-844","external_links_name":"10.1038/nm0810-844"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20689541","external_links_name":"20689541"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205381392","external_links_name":"205381392"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6111nS66Dpk","external_links_name":"\"Google Flu Trends Overview - YouTube\""},{"Link":"https://www.tedmed.com/speakers/show?id=62062","external_links_name":"\"Roni Zeiger\""},{"Link":"http://www.cancercommons.org/2013/04/24/smart-patients-groundbreaking-website-supports-conversations-among-cancer-patients/","external_links_name":"\"Smart Patients: Groundbreaking Website Supports Conversations among Cancer Patients \| Cancer Commons\""},{"Link":"http://mobihealthnews.com/21808/googles-ex-chief-health-strategist-launches-startup-smart-patients/","external_links_name":"\"Google's ex-Chief Health Strategist launches startup, Smart Patients \| mobihealthnews\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2013/04/24/a-former-google-exec-aims-to-power-a-patient-revolution/","external_links_name":"\"A Former Google Exec Aims To Power A Patient Revolution - Forbes\""},{"Link":"https://www.cancercommons.org/2013/04/24/smart-patients-groundbreaking-website-supports-conversations-among-cancer-patients/","external_links_name":"\"Smart Patients: Groundbreaking Website Supports Conversations among Cancer Patients\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/does-your-doctor-listen-when-you-talk/2015/11/30/a148a88a-6ad2-11e5-b31c-d80d62b53e28_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Does your doctor listen when you talk?\""},{"Link":"http://ronizeiger.com/","external_links_name":"personal homepage"},{"Link":"https://www.smartpatients.com/","external_links_name":"Smart Patients official website"},{"Link":"https://www.tedmed.com/talks/show?id=64613","external_links_name":"Who is the real medical expert?"},{"Link":"https://www.blogtalkradio.com/healthtechmedia/2013/04/24/a-chat-with-roni-zeiger-md-on-smart-patients","external_links_name":"A Chat with Roni Zeiger, MD CEO 'Smart Patients'"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_Closure	Timing closure	["1 Overview","2 Design automation tools","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]	This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Timing closure in VLSI design and electronics engineering is the process by which a logic design of a clocked synchronous circuit consisting of primitive elements such as combinatorial logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, etc.) and sequential logic gates (flip flops, latches, memories) is modified to meet its timing requirements. Unlike in a computer program where there is no explicit delay to perform a calculation, logic circuits have intrinsic and well defined delays to propagate inputs to outputs. Overview In simple cases, the user can compute the path delay between elements manually. If the design is more than a dozen or so elements this is impractical. For example, the time delay along a path from the output of a D-Flip Flop, through combinatorial logic gates, then into the next D-Flip Flop input must satisfy (be less than) the time period between synchronizing clock pulses to the two flip flops. When the delay through the elements is greater than the clock cycle time, the elements are said to be on the critical path. The circuit will not function when the path delay exceeds the clock cycle delay so modifying the circuit to remove the timing failure (and eliminate the critical path) is an important part of the logic design engineer's task. Critical path also defines the maximum delay in all the multiple register-to-register paths, and it must not be greater than the clock cycle time. After meeting the timing closure, one way to improve the circuit performance is to insert a register in between the combinational path of the critical path. This might improve the performance but increases the total latency (maximum number of registers from input to output path) of the circuit. Many times logic circuit changes are handled by user's EDA tools based on timing constraint directives prepared by a designer. The term is also used for the goal that is achieved, when such a design has reached the end of the flow and its timing requirements are satisfied. The main steps of the design flow, which may be involved in this process, are logic synthesis, placement, clock-tree synthesis and routing. A single reference clock is often cascaded and synthesized into many different output blocks of clocks resulting into a tree structure. With present technologies all of them need to be timing-aware for a design to properly meet its timing requirements, but with technologies in the range of the micrometre only logic synthesis EDA tools had such a prerequisite. Design automation tools Nevertheless, even if timing-awareness was extended to all these steps starting from well-established principles used for logic synthesis, the two phases, logic and physical, of the timing closure process are conventionally handled by different design teams and different EDA tools. Design Compiler by Synopsys, Encounter RTL Compiler by Cadence Design Systems and BlastCreate by Magma Design Automation are examples of logic synthesis tools. IC Compiler by Synopsys, SoC Encounter by Cadence Design Systems and Blast Fusion by Magma Design Automation are examples of tools capable of timing-aware placement, clock tree synthesis and routing and therefore used for physical timing closure. When the user requires the circuit to meet exceptionally difficult timing constraints, it may be necessary to utilize machine learning programs, such as InTime by Plunify, to find an optimum set of FPGA synthesis, map, place and route tool configuration parameters that ensures the circuit will close timing. A timing requirement needs to be translated into a static timing constraint for an EDA tool to be able to handle it. See also Design closure Electronic design automation Design flow (EDA) Integrated circuit design Physical timing closure Static timing analysis Asynchronous circuit Notes References Phy-TC.Com. This article is derived from the document Timing closure by Alessandro Uber. ^ Yanghua, Que (2016). "Boosting Convergence of Timing Closure using Feature Selection in a Learning-driven Approach" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-18.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VLSI design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration"},{"link_name":"electronics engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_engineering"},{"link_name":"clocked synchronous circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_circuit"},{"link_name":"AND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AND_gate"},{"link_name":"OR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR_gate"},{"link_name":"NOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter_(logic_gate)"},{"link_name":"NAND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND_gate"},{"link_name":"NOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOR_gate"},{"link_name":"sequential logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_logic"}],"text":"The Timing closure in VLSI design and electronics engineering is the process by which a logic design of a clocked synchronous circuit consisting of primitive elements such as combinatorial logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, etc.) and sequential logic gates (flip flops, latches, memories) is modified to meet its timing requirements. Unlike in a computer program where there is no explicit delay to perform a calculation, logic circuits have intrinsic and well defined delays to propagate inputs to outputs.","title":"Timing closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation"},{"link_name":"logic synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"placement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placement_(EDA)"},{"link_name":"clock-tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signal"},{"link_name":"routing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_(EDA)"}],"text":"In simple cases, the user can compute the path delay between elements manually. If the design is more than a dozen or so elements this is impractical. For example, the time delay along a path from the output of a D-Flip Flop, through combinatorial logic gates, then into the next D-Flip Flop input must satisfy (be less than) the time period between synchronizing clock pulses to the two flip flops. When the delay through the elements is greater than the clock cycle time, the elements are said to be on the critical path. The circuit will not function when the path delay exceeds the clock cycle delay so modifying the circuit to remove the timing failure (and eliminate the critical path) is an important part of the logic design engineer's task. Critical path also defines the maximum delay in all the multiple register-to-register paths, and it must not be greater than the clock cycle time. After meeting the timing closure, one way to improve the circuit performance is to insert a register in between the combinational path of the critical path. This might improve the performance but increases the total latency (maximum number of registers from input to output path) of the circuit.Many times logic circuit changes are handled by user's EDA tools based on timing constraint directives prepared by a designer. The term is also used for the goal that is achieved, when such a design has reached the end of the flow and its timing requirements are satisfied.The main steps of the design flow, which may be involved in this process, are logic synthesis, placement, clock-tree synthesis and routing. A single reference clock is often cascaded and synthesized into many different output blocks of clocks resulting into a tree structure.With present technologies all of them need to be timing-aware for a design to properly meet its timing requirements, but with technologies in the range of the micrometre only logic synthesis EDA tools had such a prerequisite.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Design Compiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070228233817/http://www.synopsys.com/products/logic/design_compiler.html"},{"link_name":"Encounter RTL Compiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cadence.com/products/digital_ic/rtl_compiler/index.aspx"},{"link_name":"BlastCreate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.magma-da.com/Pages/BlastCreate.html"},{"link_name":"IC Compiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070206065723/http://www.synopsys.com/products/iccompiler/iccompiler.html"},{"link_name":"SoC Encounter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cadence.com/products/digital_ic/soc_encounter/index.aspx"},{"link_name":"Blast Fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.magma-da.com/Pages/blastfusion.html"},{"link_name":"physical timing closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_timing_closure"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"InTime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.plunify.com/en/intime/"},{"link_name":"static timing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_timing_analysis"}],"text":"Nevertheless, even if timing-awareness was extended to all these steps starting from well-established principles used for logic synthesis, the two phases, logic and physical, of the timing closure process are conventionally handled by different design teams and different EDA tools. Design Compiler by Synopsys, Encounter RTL Compiler by Cadence Design Systems and BlastCreate by Magma Design Automation are examples of logic synthesis tools. IC Compiler by Synopsys, SoC Encounter by Cadence Design Systems and Blast Fusion by Magma Design Automation are examples of tools capable of timing-aware placement, clock tree synthesis and routing and therefore used for physical timing closure.When the user requires the circuit to meet exceptionally difficult timing constraints, it may be necessary to utilize machine learning[1] programs, such as InTime by Plunify, to find an optimum set of FPGA synthesis, map, place and route tool configuration parameters that ensures the circuit will close timing.A timing requirement needs to be translated into a static timing constraint for an EDA tool to be able to handle it.","title":"Design automation tools"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Design closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_closure"},{"title":"Electronic design automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation"},{"title":"Design flow (EDA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_flow_(EDA)"},{"title":"Integrated circuit design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit_design"},{"title":"Physical timing closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_timing_closure"},{"title":"Static timing analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_timing_analysis"},{"title":"Asynchronous circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_circuit"}]	[{"reference":"Yanghua, Que (2016). \"Boosting Convergence of Timing Closure using Feature Selection in a Learning-driven Approach\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170918144155/http://www.plunify.com/xj/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2017/01/intime_fpl2016.pdf","url_text":"\"Boosting Convergence of Timing Closure using Feature Selection in a Learning-driven Approach\""},{"url":"http://www.plunify.com/xj/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2017/01/intime_fpl2016.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timing_closure&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070228233817/http://www.synopsys.com/products/logic/design_compiler.html","external_links_name":"Design Compiler"},{"Link":"http://www.cadence.com/products/digital_ic/rtl_compiler/index.aspx","external_links_name":"Encounter RTL Compiler"},{"Link":"http://www.magma-da.com/Pages/BlastCreate.html","external_links_name":"BlastCreate"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070206065723/http://www.synopsys.com/products/iccompiler/iccompiler.html","external_links_name":"IC Compiler"},{"Link":"http://www.cadence.com/products/digital_ic/soc_encounter/index.aspx","external_links_name":"SoC Encounter"},{"Link":"http://www.magma-da.com/Pages/blastfusion.html","external_links_name":"Blast Fusion"},{"Link":"https://www.plunify.com/en/intime/","external_links_name":"InTime"},{"Link":"http://phy-tc.com/docs_timingclosure.html","external_links_name":"Timing closure"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170918144155/http://www.plunify.com/xj/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2017/01/intime_fpl2016.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Boosting Convergence of Timing Closure using Feature Selection in a Learning-driven Approach\""},{"Link":"http://www.plunify.com/xj/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2017/01/intime_fpl2016.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anywhere_in_the_World	Anywhere in the World	["1 Background","2 Cover versions","3 Track listing","4 Chart performance","5 Release history","6 References"]	2012 single by Mark Ronson and Katy B"Anywhere in the World"Single by Mark Ronson and Katy BReleased13 May 2012Recorded2011Length3:53LabelThe Coca-Cola CompanySongwriter(s) Mark Ronson Katy B Gordon Warren Producer(s)Mark RonsonMark Ronson singles chronology "Somebody to Love Me" (2010) "Anywhere in the World" (2012) "Uptown Funk" (2014) Katy B singles chronology "Witches' Brew"(2011) "Anywhere in the World"(2012) "What Love is Made Of"(2013) "Anywhere in the World" is a collaborative single by English DJ, guitarist, music producer, artist Mark Ronson and English singer-songwriter Katy B. It was recorded as part of Coca-Cola's Move to the Beat promotional campaign for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. The single was released as a digital download on 30 March 2012 in Belgium and it was released in the UK on 13 May 2012. Background Ronson used recorded snippets of the athletes—Mexican Taekwondo athlete Maria del Rosario Espinoza muffled punches, Russian runner Kseniya Olegovna Vdovina's heartbeat—in his anthemic instrumental. Cover versions There is also a Bulgarian version of the single, called "Навсякъде по света" (lit. 'Everywhere in the World'). It features Raffi Bohosyan, Angel & Moisey and Krisko. A Spanish version called "Únete al movimiento" was recorded by Mexican group Belanova. For Switzerland a version featuring Geneva rapper M.A.M. replacing Katy's verses was recorded. Track listing Digital download "Anywhere in the World" (radio edit) – 3:53 UK digital EP "Anywhere in the World" (radio edit) – 3:53 "Anywhere in the World" (sport-a-pella version) – 3:51 "Making of Anywhere in the World" – 2:36 Chart performance Chart (2012) Peakposition Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 68 Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) 13 Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia) 13 France (SNEP) 110 Ireland (IRMA) 95 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 84 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 40 UK Singles (OCC) 55 Release history Olympics portal Region Date Format Belgium 30 March 2012 Digital download United Kingdom 13 May 2012 References ^ Plagenhoef, Scott (12 March 2012). "Mark Ronson Discusses Recording New Song With Katy B for Global Olympic Ad Campaign". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 29 April 2012. ^ Prewitt, Alex (26 April 2012). "Mark Ronson creates Olympic 'orchestra'". ESPN. Retrieved 29 April 2012. ^ "Video: Mark Ronson, Katy B feat. Рафи, Ангел § Моисей и Криско - Навсякъде по света - Свежо • Новини • Радио Fresh!". ^ "Mark Ronson & Katy B – Anywhere In The World" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. ^ "Mark Ronson & Katy B – Anywhere In The World" (in Dutch). Ultratip. ^ "Mark Ronson & Katy B – Anywhere In The World" (in French). Ultratip. ^ "Mark Ronson & Katy B – Anywhere In The World" (in French). Les classement single. ^ "Top 100 Singles Week ending 10th May 2012". IRMA. 18 May 2012. Archived from the original on 17 November 2006. ^ "Mark Ronson & Katy B – Anywhere In The World" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. ^ "Mark Ronson & Katy B – Anywhere In The World". Swiss Singles Chart. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. ^ iTunes - Music - Anywhere in the World (Radio Edit) - Single by Mark Ronson & Katy B ^ Anywhere in the World - Single by Mark Ronson & Katy B - Preorder Anywhere in the World - Single on iTunes vteMark Ronson Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Here Comes the Fuzz (2003) Version (2007) Record Collection (2010) Uptown Special (2015) Late Night Feelings (2019) Other albums Barbie (2023) Singles "Ooh Wee" "Just" "Stop Me" "Oh My God" "Valerie" "Wake Up Call (Remix) "Bang Bang Bang" "The Bike Song" "Somebody to Love Me" "Anywhere in the World" "Uptown Funk" "Daffodils" "Feel Right" "Diamonds Are Invincible" "Nothing Breaks Like a Heart" "Late Night Feelings" "Find U Again" Featured singles "Everyday" "Easy" Promotional singles "I Can't Lose" Related articles Silk City Watch the Sound with Mark Ronson vteKaty BDiscographyStudio albums On a Mission Little Red Honey EPs Peace and Offerings Singles "Katy on a Mission" "Lights On" "Broken Record" "Easy Please Me" "Witches' Brew" "Anywhere in the World" "What Love Is Made Of" "5 AM" "Crying for No Reason" "Still" "Turn the Music Louder (Rumble)" "Who Am I" Features singles "Perfect Stranger" "Find Tomorrow (Ocarina)" Tours On a Mission Tour Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Mark Ronson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ronson"},{"link_name":"Katy B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_B"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"Move to the Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move_to_the_Beat"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"}],"text":"2012 single by Mark Ronson and Katy B\"Anywhere in the World\" is a collaborative single by English DJ, guitarist, music producer, artist Mark Ronson and English singer-songwriter Katy B. It was recorded as part of Coca-Cola's Move to the Beat promotional campaign for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.[1][2] The single was released as a digital download on 30 March 2012 in Belgium and it was released in the UK on 13 May 2012.","title":"Anywhere in the World"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ronson used recorded snippets of the athletes—Mexican Taekwondo athlete Maria del Rosario Espinoza muffled punches, Russian runner Kseniya Olegovna Vdovina's heartbeat—in his anthemic instrumental.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raffi Bohosyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffi_Bohosyan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Belanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanova"}],"text":"There is also a Bulgarian version of the single, called \"Навсякъде по света\" (lit. 'Everywhere in the World'). It features Raffi Bohosyan, Angel & Moisey and Krisko.[3] A Spanish version called \"Únete al movimiento\" was recorded by Mexican group Belanova.\nFor Switzerland a version featuring Geneva rapper M.A.M. replacing Katy's verses was recorded.","title":"Cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Digital download\"Anywhere in the World\" (radio edit) – 3:53UK digital EP\"Anywhere in the World\" (radio edit) – 3:53\n\"Anywhere in the World\" (sport-a-pella version) – 3:51\n\"Making of Anywhere in the World\" – 2:36","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Olympics"}],"text":"Olympics portal","title":"Release history"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Plagenhoef, Scott (12 March 2012). \"Mark Ronson Discusses Recording New Song With Katy B for Global Olympic Ad Campaign\". Rolling Stone. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankapasi_railway_station	Bankapasi railway station	["1 History","2 References"]	Coordinates: 23°34′12″N 88°02′14″E / 23.570124°N 88.037215°E / 23.570124; 88.037215Railway Station in West Bengal Bankapasi Indian Railways station and Kolkata Suburban Railway stationGeneral informationLocationBardhaman–Katwa Road, Bankapasi, Purba Bardhaman district, West BengalIndiaCoordinates23°34′12″N 88°02′14″E / 23.570124°N 88.037215°E / 23.570124; 88.037215Elevation22 m (72 ft)Owned byIndian RailwaysOperated byEastern RailwayLine(s)Bardhaman–Katwa linePlatforms3Tracks1ConstructionStructure typeStandard (on-ground station)Other informationStatusFunctioningStation codeBCF Zone(s) Eastern Railway Division(s) HowrahHistoryOpened1915Closed2010Rebuilt2014–2018Electrified25 kV AC overheadPrevious namesMcLeod's Light RailwaysServices Preceding station Kolkata Suburban Railway Following station Kaichartowards Howrah Junction Eastern LineBardhaman–Katwa line Shrikhandatowards Katwa Junction Route map vteBardhaman–Katwa line Legend km Bardhaman–Asansol section 0 Barddhaman Junction 6 Kamnara 7 Kshetia 10 Chamardighi 11 Karjana 12 Karjanagram Khari River 15 Amarun 19 Bhatar 25 Balgona 30 Saota 32 Nigan Mangalkot (planned) 36 Kaichar Halt 41 Bankapasi 45 Srikhanda 46 Sripat Srikhanda Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop 53 Katwa Junction Bandel–Katwa line km Sources: LocationBankapasiLocation in West BengalShow map of West BengalBankapasiLocation in IndiaShow map of India Bankapasi railway station is a railway station in Bardhaman–Katwa line under Howrah railway division of Eastern Railway zone. It is situated beside Bardhaman–Katwa Road at Bankapasi of Purba Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. History On 1 December 1915, McLeod's Light Railways (MLR) set up narrow-gauge lines in the Burdwan-Katwa Railway route. This railway section was handed over to the Eastern Railway in 1966. In 2010 the work started for conversion of 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge. Bardhaman to Balogna railway station was reopened in 2014 and Balgona to Katwa section was completed on 12 January 2018 for the public. References ^ "Howrah Division System Map". ER Railway. ^ "BCF / Bankapasi Railway Station \| Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Bankapasi". Total Train Info. Retrieved 11 October 2019. ^ Roy, Joydeep. "Bankapasi Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry". India Rail Info. Retrieved 11 October 2019. ^ Law, Abhishek (27 November 2014). "It's journey's end for these slow coaches with a long history". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 8 February 2023. ^ "Villagers stall rail project in Burdwan". The Times of India. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2019. ^ "'বড় রেল' কাটোয়ায়, জমল ভিড়". anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 11 October 2019. vteStations on the Eastern line of the Kolkata Suburban RailwayHowrah SectionMain line Howrah Junction Liluah Belur Bally Uttarpara Hind Motor Konnagar Rishra Shrirampur Seoraphuli Junction Baidyabati Bhadreshwar Mankundu Chandannagar Chuchura Hooghly Bandel Junction Adisaptagram Mogra Talandu Khanyan Pundooah Simlagarh Bainchigram Bainchi Debipur Bagila Memari Nimo Rasulpur Palsit Saktigarh Gangpur Barddhaman Junction Belur Math line Howrah Junction Liluah Belur Math Chord line Howrah Junction Liluah Belur Bally Belanagar Dankuni Junction Gobra Janai Road Begampur Baruipara Mirzapur-Bankipur Balarambati Kamarkundu Madhusudanpur Chandanpur Porabazar Belmuri Dhaniakhali Sibaichandi Cheragram Hajigarh Gurap Jhapandanga Jaugram Nabagram Masagram Junction Chanchai Palla Road Saktigarh Gangpur Barddhaman Junction Seoraphuli–Goghat line Seoraphuli Junction Diara Nasibpur Singur Kamarkundu Nalikul Maliya Haripal Kaikala Bahirkhanda Loknath Tarakeswar Talpur Takipur Mayapur Arambagh PC Sen Goghat Bandel–Katwa line Bandel Junction Bans Beria Islampara Halt Tribeni Kuntighat Dumurdaha Khamargachi Jirat Balagarh Somra Bazar Behula Guptipara Ambika Kalna Baghnapara Dhatrigram Nandaigram Samudragarh Kalinagar Nabadwip Dham Bishnupriya Bhandartikuri Purbasthali Mertala Phaleya Lakshmipur Belerhat Patuli Agradwip Sahebtala Dainhat Katwa Junction Barddhaman–Katwa line Barddhaman Junction Kamnara Khetia Chamardighi Karjana Karjanagram Amarun Bhatar Balgona Saota Nigan Kaichar Bankapasi Shrikhanda Shripat Shrikhanda Katwa Junction Sealdah SectionMain line Sealdah Bidhannagar Road Dum Dum Junction Belgharia Agarpara Sodpur Khardaha Titagarh Barrackpore Palta Ichhapur Shyamnagar Jagaddal Kankinara Naihati Junction Halisahar Kanchrapara Workshop Gate Kanchrapara Kalyani Madanpur Simurali Palpara Chakdaha Payradanga Ranaghat Junction Bankimnagar Pancheberia Aranghata Bahirgachhi Halt Shantinagar Halt Bhayna Bagula Mayurhat Taraknagar Majhdia Banpur Harish Nagar Halt Gede Ranaghat–Krishnanagar main line Ranaghat Junction Kalinarayanpur Junction Birnagar Taherpur Badkulla Jalal Khali Halt Krishnanagar City Junction Kalinarayanpur–Krishnanagar line Kalinarayanpur Junction Habibpur Phulia Bathna Krittibas Shantipur Dignagar Krishnanagar City Junction Ranaghat–Bangaon line Ranaghat Junction Coopers Halt Naba Raynagar Gangnapur Majhergram Akaipur Gopalnagar Satberia Bangaon Junction Dum Dum–Bangaon line Dum Dum Junction Dum Dum Cantonment Durganagar Birati Bisharpara Kodaliya New Barrackpore Madhyamgram Hridaypur Barasat Junction Bamangachhi Duttapukur Bira Guma Ashoknagar Road Habra Sanhati Halt Machhalandapur Gobardanga Thakurnagar Chandpara Bibhuti Bhushan Halt Bangaon Junction Barasat–Hasnabad line Barasat Junction Kazipara Karea Kadambagachhi Bahira Kalibari Sondalia Beliaghata Road Lebutala Bhasila Harua Road Kankra Mirzanagar Malatipur Ghovarash Ghona Champapukur Bhyabla Halt Basirhat Matania Anantapur Madhyampur Nimdanri Taki Road Hasnabad Kalyani Branch line Kalyani Kalyani Silpanchal Kalyani Ghoshpara Kalyani Simanta Hooghly Branch line Naihati Junction Garifa Hooghly Ghat Bandel Junction Krishnanagar–Lalgola line Krishnanagar City Junction Bahadurpur Dhubulia Muragacha Bethuadahari Sonadanga Debagram Paglachandi Plassey Siraj Nagar Halt Rejinagar Beldanga Bhabta Sargachi New Balarampur Halt Berhampore Court Cossimbazar Murshidabad Nashipur Road Jiaganj Subarnamrigi Bhagwangola Pirtala Krishnapur Lalgola This article about a railway station in the Indian state of West Bengal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bardhaman–Katwa line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardhaman%E2%80%93Katwa_line"},{"link_name":"Howrah railway division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrah_railway_division"},{"link_name":"Eastern Railway zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Railway_zone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bardhaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardhaman"},{"link_name":"Katwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katwa"},{"link_name":"Bankapasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankapasi"},{"link_name":"Purba Bardhaman district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Railway Station in West BengalBankapasi railway station is a railway station in Bardhaman–Katwa line under Howrah railway division of Eastern Railway zone.[2] It is situated beside Bardhaman–Katwa Road at Bankapasi of Purba Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal.[3]","title":"Bankapasi railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McLeod's Light Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLeod%27s_Light_Railways"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On 1 December 1915, McLeod's Light Railways (MLR) set up narrow-gauge lines in the Burdwan-Katwa Railway route. This railway section was handed over to the Eastern Railway in 1966. In 2010 the work started for conversion of 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge.[4][5] Bardhaman to Balogna railway station was reopened in 2014 and Balgona to Katwa section was completed on 12 January 2018 for the public.[6]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Howrah Division System Map\". ER Railway.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1449574460408-HWH_Map.jpg","url_text":"\"Howrah Division System Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"BCF / Bankapasi Railway Station \| Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Bankapasi\". Total Train Info. Retrieved 11 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/BCF/","url_text":"\"BCF / Bankapasi Railway Station \| Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Bankapasi\""}]},{"reference":"Roy, Joydeep. \"Bankapasi Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry\". India Rail Info. Retrieved 11 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/bankapasi-bcf/7711","url_text":"\"Bankapasi Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry\""}]},{"reference":"Law, Abhishek (27 November 2014). \"It's journey's end for these slow coaches with a long history\". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 8 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/It%E2%80%99s-journey%E2%80%99s-end-for-these-slow-coaches-with-a-long-history/article20920608.ece","url_text":"\"It's journey's end for these slow coaches with a long history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Villagers stall rail project in Burdwan\". The Times of India. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Villagers-stall-rail-project-in-Burdwan/articleshow/6021611.cms","url_text":"\"Villagers stall rail project in Burdwan\""}]},{"reference":"\"'বড় রেল' কাটোয়ায়, জমল ভিড়\". anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 11 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anandabazar.com/district/bardhaman/katwa-burdwan-broad-gauge-trains-started-at-last-1.739229","url_text":"\"'বড় রেল' কাটোয়ায়, জমল ভিড়\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bankapasi_railway_station&params=23.570124_N_88.037215_E_type:railwaystation_region:IN","external_links_name":"23°34′12″N 88°02′14″E / 23.570124°N 88.037215°E / 23.570124; 88.037215"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bankapasi_railway_station&params=23.570124_N_88.037215_E_type:railwaystation_region:IN","external_links_name":"23°34′12″N 88°02′14″E / 23.570124°N 88.037215°E / 23.570124; 88.037215"},{"Link":"http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1449574460408-HWH_Map.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Howrah Division System Map\""},{"Link":"http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/BCF/","external_links_name":"\"BCF / Bankapasi Railway Station \| Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Bankapasi\""},{"Link":"https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/bankapasi-bcf/7711","external_links_name":"\"Bankapasi Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/It%E2%80%99s-journey%E2%80%99s-end-for-these-slow-coaches-with-a-long-history/article20920608.ece","external_links_name":"\"It's journey's end for these slow coaches with a long history\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Villagers-stall-rail-project-in-Burdwan/articleshow/6021611.cms","external_links_name":"\"Villagers stall rail project in Burdwan\""},{"Link":"https://www.anandabazar.com/district/bardhaman/katwa-burdwan-broad-gauge-trains-started-at-last-1.739229","external_links_name":"\"'বড় রেল' কাটোয়ায়, জমল ভিড়\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bankapasi_railway_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsburg_Castle	Karlsburg Castle	["1 Panorama Images","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 48°59′54.61″N 08°28′25.78″E / 48.9985028°N 8.4738278°E / 48.9985028; 8.4738278The rear section, with ancient remains of the wall Karlsburg Castle in the Durlach district of Karlsruhe characterizes the history of the Baden since 1563. Only the Prinzessinnenbau ("Princesses' wing") of the historical building still stands. Pforzheim was the residence of Margrave Charles II, until he decided in 1563 to move to Durlach. What, if anything, the citizens of Durlach offered him during the negotiations is unknown. Charles decided to extend the medieval Karlsburg Castle into a palace and make it his residence. His successors further extended the castle, until the city was occupied by French troops in 1689. The French burned down the city and the castle. In 1698, Margrave Frederick Magnus returned from exile in Basel and started rebuilding the castle. Frederick had grandiose plans, but no money and the margraviate had been devastated by the war. A dispute erupted with the citizens of Durlach, who refused to support the rebuilding effort. By 1703 two wings had been completed and the margrave had moved in, when the project was suspended indefinitely. Frederick's son and successor, Margrave Charles III William, decided in 1715 to end the discussion and relocate his residence to a new palace outside Durlach. He founded the city of Karlsruhe, centered on his new palace. Charles and his court moved into the new palace in 1718. His wife, however, chose to remain in Durlach until her death in 1743. The Karlsburg was later used as an administrative office and even as a barracks. The Pfinzgau Museum has been housed in the castle since 1924. In 1964, a wing was demolished to make room for the Castle School at Durlach. The castle was extensively renovated from 1973 to 1988. Today, it houses the registry office, the Pfinzgau Museum, the Carpathian-German Museum, classrooms for adult education and the Margrave School, the historic banquet hall and the Durlach city library. 48°59′54.61″N 08°28′25.78″E / 48.9985028°N 8.4738278°E / 48.9985028; 8.4738278 Panorama Images Karlsburg, Durlach - 360 Degree View with WikiCommons equirectangular Image External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karlsburg Castle. Pfinzgau Museum vte Baden-Württemberg Castles, Fortresses and Palaces – Karlsruhe Amalienhof Amalienschlösschen Augustenburg Castle Bauerbach Castle Bruchsal Castle Bruchsal Palace Ettlingen Palace Flehingen Castle Gochsheim Castle Gondelsheim Castle Gothic Tower Gottesaue Castle Helmsheim Castle Karlsburg Castle Karlsruhe Palace Kleinsteinbach Castle Kislau Castle Langensteinbach Castle Menzingen Castle Neibsheim Castles New Castle Oberacker Castle Oberderdingen Castle Obergrombach Castle Oberwössingen Castle Old Castle Prince Karl's Palace Rentamt Ravensburg Salzhofen Castle Schmalenstein Castle Scheibenhardt Palace Stutensee Palace Unteröwisheim Castle Unterwössingen Castle Waghäusel Hermitage Waldenfels Castle (Malsch) Weiher tower house Wigoldesberg Castle Also see: List of castles in Baden-Württemberg Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karlsruhe_Durlach_Karlsburg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Durlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durlach"},{"link_name":"Karlsruhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe"},{"link_name":"Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden"},{"link_name":"Pforzheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II,_Margrave_of_Baden-Durlach"},{"link_name":"Frederick Magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VI,_Margrave_of_Baden-Durlach"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"Charles III William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_William,_Margrave_of_Baden-Durlach"},{"link_name":"Karlsruhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe"},{"link_name":"48°59′54.61″N 08°28′25.78″E / 48.9985028°N 8.4738278°E / 48.9985028; 8.4738278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karlsburg_Castle&params=48_59_54.61_N_08_28_25.78_E_type:landmark_region:DE-BW"}],"text":"The rear section, with ancient remains of the wallKarlsburg Castle in the Durlach district of Karlsruhe characterizes the history of the Baden since 1563. Only the Prinzessinnenbau (\"Princesses' wing\") of the historical building still stands.Pforzheim was the residence of Margrave Charles II, until he decided in 1563 to move to Durlach. What, if anything, the citizens of Durlach offered him during the negotiations is unknown. Charles decided to extend the medieval Karlsburg Castle into a palace and make it his residence. His successors further extended the castle, until the city was occupied by French troops in 1689. The French burned down the city and the castle. In 1698, Margrave Frederick Magnus returned from exile in Basel and started rebuilding the castle. Frederick had grandiose plans, but no money and the margraviate had been devastated by the war. A dispute erupted with the citizens of Durlach, who refused to support the rebuilding effort. By 1703 two wings had been completed and the margrave had moved in, when the project was suspended indefinitely.Frederick's son and successor, Margrave Charles III William, decided in 1715 to end the discussion and relocate his residence to a new palace outside Durlach. He founded the city of Karlsruhe, centered on his new palace. Charles and his court moved into the new palace in 1718. His wife, however, chose to remain in Durlach until her death in 1743.The Karlsburg was later used as an administrative office and even as a barracks. The Pfinzgau Museum has been housed in the castle since 1924. In 1964, a wing was demolished to make room for the Castle School at Durlach. The castle was extensively renovated from 1973 to 1988. Today, it houses the registry office, the Pfinzgau Museum, the Carpathian-German Museum, classrooms for adult education and the Margrave School, the historic banquet hall and the Durlach city library.48°59′54.61″N 08°28′25.78″E / 48.9985028°N 8.4738278°E / 48.9985028; 8.4738278","title":"Karlsburg Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karlsburg, Durlach - 360 Degree View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//panoviewer.toolforge.org/#Schloss_durlach_360pano_v2.JPG"},{"link_name":"WikiCommons equirectangular Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schloss_durlach_360pano_v2.JPG"}],"text":"Karlsburg, Durlach - 360 Degree View with WikiCommons equirectangular Image","title":"Panorama Images"}]	[{"image_text":"The rear section, with ancient remains of the wall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Karlsruhe_Durlach_Karlsburg.jpg/220px-Karlsruhe_Durlach_Karlsburg.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karlsburg_Castle&params=48_59_54.61_N_08_28_25.78_E_type:landmark_region:DE-BW","external_links_name":"48°59′54.61″N 08°28′25.78″E / 48.9985028°N 8.4738278°E / 48.9985028; 8.4738278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karlsburg_Castle&params=48_59_54.61_N_08_28_25.78_E_type:landmark_region:DE-BW","external_links_name":"48°59′54.61″N 08°28′25.78″E / 48.9985028°N 8.4738278°E / 48.9985028; 8.4738278"},{"Link":"https://panoviewer.toolforge.org/#Schloss_durlach_360pano_v2.JPG","external_links_name":"Karlsburg, Durlach - 360 Degree View"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schloss_durlach_360pano_v2.JPG","external_links_name":"WikiCommons equirectangular Image"},{"Link":"http://www.karlsruhe.de/b1/stadtgeschichte/pfinzgaumuseum","external_links_name":"Pfinzgau Museum"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4540614-5","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneille_(name)	Corneille (name)	[]	Look up corneille in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Corneille is a given name and surname. Notable people with the name include: Given name Corneille of Berghes (1490?–1560?), Prince-bishop of Liège Corneille of Burgundy (1420–1452), an illegitimate son of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy Corneille de Lyon (died 1575), Dutch portrait painter Corneille Guillaume Beverloo (1922–2010), Dutch painter Corneille Cacheux (1687–1738), French pipe-organ maker Corneille Ewango, Congolese environmentalist Corneille Heymans (1892–1968), Belgian physiologist Surname Marcelle Corneille (1923–2019), Canadian administrator and educator Mark Corneille (born 1986), English footballer Michel Corneille the Elder (c. 1601 – 1664), French painter, etcher, and engraver Michel Corneille the Younger (1642–1708), French painter, etcher and engraver, son of the above Pierre Corneille (1606–1684), French dramatist Thomas Corneille (1625–1709), French dramatist Stage name Corneille (singer), stage name of Rwandan–Canadian rhythm and blues singer Cornelius Nyungura (born 1977) See also Lycée Corneille (disambiguation), schools Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corneille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/corneille"}],"text":"Look up corneille in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Corneille is a given name and surname. Notable people with the name include:","title":"Corneille (name)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corneille of Berghes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneille_of_Berghes"},{"link_name":"Corneille of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneille_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Corneille de Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneille_de_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Corneille Guillaume Beverloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneille_Guillaume_Beverloo"},{"link_name":"Corneille Cacheux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneille_Cacheux"},{"link_name":"Corneille Ewango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneille_Ewango"},{"link_name":"Corneille Heymans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneille_Heymans"}],"text":"Corneille of Berghes (1490?–1560?), Prince-bishop of Liège\nCorneille of Burgundy (1420–1452), an illegitimate son of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy\nCorneille de Lyon (died 1575), Dutch portrait painter\nCorneille Guillaume Beverloo (1922–2010), Dutch painter\nCorneille Cacheux (1687–1738), French pipe-organ maker\nCorneille Ewango, Congolese environmentalist\nCorneille Heymans (1892–1968), Belgian physiologist","title":"Given name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcelle Corneille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelle_Corneille"},{"link_name":"Mark Corneille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Corneille"},{"link_name":"Michel Corneille the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Corneille_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Michel Corneille the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Corneille_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Pierre Corneille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Corneille"},{"link_name":"Thomas Corneille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Corneille"}],"text":"Marcelle Corneille (1923–2019), Canadian administrator and educator\nMark Corneille (born 1986), English footballer\nMichel Corneille the Elder (c. 1601 – 1664), French painter, etcher, and engraver\nMichel Corneille the Younger (1642–1708), French painter, etcher and engraver, son of the above\nPierre Corneille (1606–1684), French dramatist\nThomas Corneille (1625–1709), French dramatist","title":"Surname"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corneille (singer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneille_(singer)"}],"text":"Corneille (singer), stage name of Rwandan–Canadian rhythm and blues singer Cornelius Nyungura (born 1977)","title":"Stage name"}]	[]	[{"title":"Lycée Corneille (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Corneille_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"title":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_name"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Corneille_(name)&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Corneille_(name)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLOS_Biology	PLOS Biology	["1 Abstracting and indexing","2 References","3 External links"]	Monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal Academic journalPLOS BiologyDisciplineBiologyLanguageEnglishEdited byNonia ParientePublication detailsHistory2003–presentPublisherPublic Library of ScienceFrequencyMonthlyOpen accessYesLicenseCreative Commons Attribution LicenseImpact factor9.8 (2022)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4PLOS Biol.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusCODENPBLIBGISSN1544-9173 (print)1545-7885 (web)LCCN2003212293OCLC no.1039259630Links Journal homepage Online access Online archive PLOS Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of biology. Publication began on October 13, 2003. It is the first journal published by the Public Library of Science. The editor-in-chief is Nonia Pariente. In addition to research articles, the journal publishes magazine content aimed to be accessible to a broad audience. Article types in this section are essays, "unsolved mysteries", editorials, and synopses. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: Biological Abstracts BIOSIS Previews Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences Current Contents/Life Sciences Chemical Abstracts Service Embase Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed Science Citation Index Scopus The Zoological Record According to Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2019 impact factor of 7.076. The journal does not list this impact factor on its website. Instead, the journal promotes the use of article level metrics to provide a measure of the impact of their published articles. References ^ Crystal, Madison (31 March 2020). "Meet PLOS Biology's New Editor-in-Chief, Nonia Pariente". PLOS Biologue. Public Library of Science. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021. ^ "What We Publish". PLOS Biology. Archived from the original on 2014-04-30. Retrieved 2 April 2014. ^ "Public Library Of Science Launches PLoS Biology: New Open-Access Journal Will Increase Access To Scientific Research And Speed Scientific Discovery". ScienceDaily. Public Library of Science. 14 October 2003. Archived from the original on 2014-12-14. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ "Biological Abstracts - Journal List". Intellectual Property & Science. Clarivate Analytics. Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-14. ^ a b c d e "Master Journal List". Intellectual Property & Science. Clarivate Analytics. Retrieved 2018-12-14. ^ "Displaying Record for Publication: PLoS Biology". Chemical Abstracts Service. American Chemical Society. Archived from the original on 2020-09-22. Retrieved 22 September 2020. ^ "Embase journal titles (February 2020)" (XLSX). Embase. Elsevier. February 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-09-22. Retrieved 22 September 2020. ^ "PLOS Biology". NLM Catalog. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-12-14. ^ "Source details: PLoS Biology". Scopus. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2018-12-14. ^ "PLOS Biology". 2017 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate Analytics. 2018. ^ Taylor, Mike (21 February 2012). "It's Not Academic: How Publishers Are Squelching Science Communication". The Crux. Discover. Archived from the original on 2019-01-19. Retrieved 14 December 2018. External links Biology portal Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to PLoS Biology. vtePublic Library of ScienceFounders Patrick O. Brown Michael Eisen Harold E. Varmus People Michael W. Carroll Madhukar Pai Elizabeth Marincola Cameron Neylon Journals PLOS Biology PLOS Medicine PLOS Clinical Trials PLOS Computational Biology PLOS Genetics PLOS Pathogens PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases PLOS One PLOS Currents	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peer-reviewed scientific journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed_scientific_journal"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"Public Library of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magazine-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScienceDaily-3"}],"text":"Academic journalPLOS Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of biology. Publication began on October 13, 2003. It is the first journal published by the Public Library of Science. The editor-in-chief is Nonia Pariente.[1]In addition to research articles, the journal publishes magazine content aimed to be accessible to a broad audience. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthal_Vasantham	Muthal Vasantham	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Soundtrack","5 Release and reception","6 References","7 External links"]	1986 Indian filmMuthal VasanthamTitle cardDirected byManivannanScreenplay byManivannanStory byP. KalaimaniProduced byP. KalaimaniStarringPandiyanChandrasekarRamya KrishnanMahalakshmiCinematographyA. SabapathyEdited byK. GowthamanMusic byIlaiyaraajaProductioncompanyEverest FilmsRelease date 22 May 1986 (1986-05-22) CountryIndiaLanguageTamil Muthal Vasantham (transl. The first spring) is a 1986 Indian Tamil-language masala film, directed by Manivannan and produced by P. Kalaimani, who also wrote the film's story. It stars Pandiyan, Chandrasekar, Ramya Krishnan and Mahalakshmi. The film, released on 22 May 1986, was remade in Telugu as Asthulu Anthasthulu (1988) and in Hindi by Manivannan as Hum Bhi Insaan Hain (1989). Plot This article needs an improved plot summary. Please help improve the plot summary. (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The rivalry between Kunguma Pottu Gounder and Vettaikkara Gounder splits a village into two. A villager who runs a boat, always fights against their dictatorship and tries to protect the villagers. An innocent orphan enters the village and becomes a man servant in Vettaikkara Gounder's house. Vettaikkara Gounder's only daughter falls for him. Vettaikkara Gounder learns it, becomes furious and whips him. With the help of the boatman, the lovers elope. But they get caught, and Vettaikkara Gounder extracts vengeance by severing the boatman's arms. He also accuses his man servant of abduction and attempted rape. In the court, Vettaikkara Gounder's daughter lies under oath that the man servant is guilty of the accusations made by her father. After having served his term in jail, the man servant returns to the village seeking vengeance. At the same time, he is confronted by Vettaikkara Gounder's rival Kunguma Pottu Gounder. Will Kunguma Pottu Gounder use the man servant to settle his rivalry against Vettaikkara Gounder? Will the lovers unite? Cast Pandiyan Chandrasekar Ramya Krishnan Mahalakshmi Vinu Chakravarthy Malaysia Vasudevan as Vettaikkara Gounder Vennira Aadai Moorthy Y. Vijaya Chinni Jayanth Peeli Sivam Typist Gopu Sathyaraj as Kunguma Pottu Gounder Production P. Kalaimani approached Manobala to direct Muthal Vasantham; however the partners of Kalaimani were uninterested in having Manobala as director and replaced him with Manivannan. While filming the song "Aarum Athu Aalam Illai", Ramya Krishnan stood without moving much because her right leg had been fractured shortly before. During the completion, Pandiyan's market was allegedly dull, so Kalaimani changed the climax to show Sathyaraj as hero. Soundtrack The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. The song is "Aarum Athu Aalam Illai" set in the Carnatic raga Vakulabharanam. Song Singers Lyrics Length "Aarum Athu Aalam Illai" Uma Ramanan Muthulingam 03:30 "Aarum Athu Aalam Illai" Ilaiyaraaja Muthulingam 04:56 "Maanada Kodi" Janaki Vaali 04:32 "Ponni Nadhi" S. P. Balasubrahmanyam Gangai Amaran 04:11 "Summa Thodavum Maatten" Janaki Gangai Amaran 04:12 "Summa Thodavum Maattom" S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Malaysia Vasudevan Gangai Amaran 04:34 Release and reception Muthal Vasantham was released on 22 May 1986. Jayamanmadhan of Kalki noted that, despite infusing masala into a love story, the makers did a good execution of the story. The film ran for over 25 weeks in theatres. References ^ Arunachalam, Param (2020). BollySwar: 1981–1990. Mavrix Infotech. p. 1142. ISBN 9788193848227. ^ a b Ashok Kumar, S.R. (2 July 2020). "Remembering Malaysia Vasudevan, the singer with a unique voice". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021. ^ மனோபாலா (9 November 2015). "நான் உங்கள் ரசிகன்". Kungumam (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ "'I'd Come Home From The Set And Cry In Pain...Had Three Operations, Grafting'". Outlook. 5 February 2022. Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022. ^ "நட்சத்திரங்களுடன் ஒரு வண்ணத்துப்பூச்சி: 32- இயக்குநர் ராசி அழகப்பன் எழுதும் தொடர்". Andhimazhai (in Tamil). 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023. ^ "Muthal Vasantham". JioSaavn. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022. ^ "Mudhal Vasantham Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja". Mossymart. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022. ^ "Vakulabharanam in Flamenco music!". The Times of India. 29 December 2011. Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022. ^ "முதல் வசந்தம் / Muthal Vasantham (1986)". Screen 4 Screen. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022. ^ ஜெயமன்மதன் (1 June 1986). "முதல் வசந்தம்". Kalki (in Tamil). p. 64. Archived from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022. ^ "பாரதிராஜா படங்களில் சத்யராஜ்: கடலோரக் கவிதைகள் மூலம் கதாநாயகன் ஆனார்". Maalai Malar (in Tamil). 10 August 2016. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022. External links Muthal Vasantham at IMDb vteFilms directed by Manivannan Gopurangal Saivathillai (1982) Jothi (1983) Veetula Raman Veliyila Krishnan (1983) Ilamai Kaalangal (1983) Kuva Kuva Vaathugal (1984) January 1 (1984) Ingeyum Oru Gangai (1984) Ambigai Neril Vanthaal (1984) 24 Mani Neram (1984) Nooravathu Naal (1984) Anbin Mugavari (1985) Khooni (1985) Darja Donga (1985) Vidinja Kalyanam (1986) Palaivana Rojakkal (1986) Muthal Vasantham (1986) Ini Oru Sudhanthiram (1987) Theertha Karaiyinile (1987) Puyal Paadum Paattu (1987) Kalyana Kacheri (1987) Jallikattu (1987) Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi (1987) Ganam Courtar Avargale (1988) Ullathil Nalla Ullam (1988) Manidhan Marivittan (1989) Hum Bhi Insaan Hain (1989) Vaazhkai Chakkaram (1990) Sandhana Kaatru (1990) Pudhu Manithan (1991) Therku Theru Machan (1992) Government Mappillai (1992) Agreement (1992) Moondravadhu Kann (1993) Amaidhi Padai (1994) Veera Padhakkam (1994) Raasamahan (1994) Thozhar Pandian (1994) Gangai Karai Paattu (1995) Aandan Adimai (2001) Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA (2013)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"masala film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masala_film"},{"link_name":"Manivannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manivannan"},{"link_name":"P. Kalaimani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Kalaimani"},{"link_name":"Pandiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandiyan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Chandrasekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagai_Chandrasekhar"},{"link_name":"Ramya Krishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramya_Krishnan"},{"link_name":"Mahalakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalakshmi_(Kannada_actress)"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Asthulu Anthasthulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthulu_Anthasthulu"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Hum Bhi Insaan Hain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Bhi_Insaan_Hain_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"1986 Indian filmMuthal Vasantham (transl. The first spring) is a 1986 Indian Tamil-language masala film, directed by Manivannan and produced by P. Kalaimani, who also wrote the film's story. It stars Pandiyan, Chandrasekar, Ramya Krishnan and Mahalakshmi. The film, released on 22 May 1986, was remade in Telugu as Asthulu Anthasthulu (1988) and in Hindi by Manivannan as Hum Bhi Insaan Hain (1989).[1]","title":"Muthal Vasantham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lies under oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjury"}],"text":"The rivalry between Kunguma Pottu Gounder and Vettaikkara Gounder splits a village into two. A villager who runs a boat, always fights against their dictatorship and tries to protect the villagers. An innocent orphan enters the village and becomes a man servant in Vettaikkara Gounder's house. Vettaikkara Gounder's only daughter falls for him. Vettaikkara Gounder learns it, becomes furious and whips him. With the help of the boatman, the lovers elope. But they get caught, and Vettaikkara Gounder extracts vengeance by severing the boatman's arms. He also accuses his man servant of abduction and attempted rape.In the court, Vettaikkara Gounder's daughter lies under oath that the man servant is guilty of the accusations made by her father. After having served his term in jail, the man servant returns to the village seeking vengeance. At the same time, he is confronted by Vettaikkara Gounder's rival Kunguma Pottu Gounder. Will Kunguma Pottu Gounder use the man servant to settle his rivalry against Vettaikkara Gounder? Will the lovers unite?","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pandiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandiyan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Chandrasekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagai_Chandrasekhar"},{"link_name":"Ramya Krishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramya_Krishnan"},{"link_name":"Mahalakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalakshmi_(Kannada_actress)"},{"link_name":"Vinu Chakravarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinu_Chakravarthy"},{"link_name":"Malaysia Vasudevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Vasudevan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gounder-2"},{"link_name":"Vennira Aadai Moorthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vennira_Aadai_Moorthy"},{"link_name":"Y. Vijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y._Vijaya"},{"link_name":"Chinni Jayanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinni_Jayanth"},{"link_name":"Peeli Sivam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeli_Sivam"},{"link_name":"Typist Gopu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typist_Gopu"},{"link_name":"Sathyaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathyaraj"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gounder-2"}],"text":"Pandiyan\nChandrasekar\nRamya Krishnan\nMahalakshmi\nVinu Chakravarthy\nMalaysia Vasudevan as Vettaikkara Gounder[2]\nVennira Aadai Moorthy\nY. Vijaya\nChinni Jayanth\nPeeli Sivam\nTypist Gopu\nSathyaraj as Kunguma Pottu Gounder[2]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P. Kalaimani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Kalaimani"},{"link_name":"Manobala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manobala"},{"link_name":"Manivannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manivannan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ramya Krishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramya_Krishnan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pandiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandiyan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sathyaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathyaraj"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-andhi-5"}],"text":"P. Kalaimani approached Manobala to direct Muthal Vasantham; however the partners of Kalaimani were uninterested in having Manobala as director and replaced him with Manivannan.[3] While filming the song \"Aarum Athu Aalam Illai\", Ramya Krishnan stood without moving much because her right leg had been fractured shortly before.[4] During the completion, Pandiyan's market was allegedly dull, so Kalaimani changed the climax to show Sathyaraj as hero.[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ilaiyaraaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilaiyaraaja"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Carnatic raga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_raga"},{"link_name":"Vakulabharanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakulabharanam"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.[6][7] The song is \"Aarum Athu Aalam Illai\" set in the Carnatic raga Vakulabharanam.[8]","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jayamanmadhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subha_(writers)"},{"link_name":"Kalki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Muthal Vasantham was released on 22 May 1986.[9] Jayamanmadhan of Kalki noted that, despite infusing masala into a love story, the makers did a good execution of the story.[10] The film ran for over 25 weeks in theatres.[11]","title":"Release and reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Arunachalam, Param (2020). BollySwar: 1981–1990. Mavrix Infotech. p. 1142. ISBN 9788193848227.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788193848227","url_text":"9788193848227"}]},{"reference":"Ashok Kumar, S.R. (2 July 2020). \"Remembering Malaysia Vasudevan, the singer with a unique voice\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. 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Retrieved 29 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mossymart.com/product/mudhal-vasantham-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/","url_text":"\"Mudhal Vasantham Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220529115729/https://mossymart.com/product/mudhal-vasantham-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vakulabharanam in Flamenco music!\". The Times of India. 29 December 2011. Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/vakulabharanam-in-flamenco-music/articleshow/11290391.cms","url_text":"\"Vakulabharanam in Flamenco music!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220914112042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/vakulabharanam-in-flamenco-music/articleshow/11290391.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"முதல் வசந்தம் / Muthal Vasantham (1986)\". Screen 4 Screen. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://screen4screen.com/movies/muthal-vasantham","url_text":"\"முதல் வசந்தம் / Muthal Vasantham (1986)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220529115728/https://screen4screen.com/movies/muthal-vasantham","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"ஜெயமன்மதன் (1 June 1986). \"முதல் வசந்தம்\". Kalki (in Tamil). p. 64. 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Retrieved 30 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maalaimalar.com/amp/cinema/cinehistory/2016/08/10215425/1031875/cinima-history.vpf","url_text":"\"பாரதிராஜா படங்களில் சத்யராஜ்: கடலோரக் கவிதைகள் மூலம் கதாநாயகன் ஆனார்\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalai_Malar","url_text":"Maalai Malar"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220530045942/https://www.maalaimalar.com/amp/cinema/cinehistory/2016/08/10215425/1031875/cinima-history.vpf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muthal_Vasantham&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve the plot summary"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/remembering-malaysia-vasudevan-the-singer-with-a-unique-voice/article31971547.ece","external_links_name":"\"Remembering Malaysia Vasudevan, the singer with a unique voice\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210220171008/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/remembering-malaysia-vasudevan-the-singer-with-a-unique-voice/article31971547.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9577&id1=3&issue=20151109","external_links_name":"\"நான் உங்கள் ரசிகன்\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230221154710/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9577&id1=3&issue=20151109","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/id-come-home-from-the-set-and-cry-in-painhad-three-operations-grafting/282699","external_links_name":"\"'I'd Come Home From The Set And Cry In Pain...Had Three Operations, Grafting'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220914112905/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/id-come-home-from-the-set-and-cry-in-painhad-three-operations-grafting/282699","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230105065442/http://andhimazhai.com/news/view/rasi-azhagppan-32.html","external_links_name":"\"நட்சத்திரங்களுடன் ஒரு வண்ணத்துப்பூச்சி: 32- இயக்குநர் ராசி அழகப்பன் எழுதும் தொடர்\""},{"Link":"http://andhimazhai.com/news/view/rasi-azhagppan-32.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/muthal-vasantham/XTd7Usb3pjc_","external_links_name":"\"Muthal Vasantham\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220915035534/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/muthal-vasantham/XTd7Usb3pjc_","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://mossymart.com/product/mudhal-vasantham-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/","external_links_name":"\"Mudhal Vasantham Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220529115729/https://mossymart.com/product/mudhal-vasantham-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/vakulabharanam-in-flamenco-music/articleshow/11290391.cms","external_links_name":"\"Vakulabharanam in Flamenco music!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220914112042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/vakulabharanam-in-flamenco-music/articleshow/11290391.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screen4screen.com/movies/muthal-vasantham","external_links_name":"\"முதல் வசந்தம் / Muthal Vasantham (1986)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220529115728/https://screen4screen.com/movies/muthal-vasantham","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20220729122515/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1986/jun/01-06-1986/p64.jpg","external_links_name":"\"முதல் வசந்தம்\""},{"Link":"https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1986/jun/01-06-1986/p64.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.maalaimalar.com/amp/cinema/cinehistory/2016/08/10215425/1031875/cinima-history.vpf","external_links_name":"\"பாரதிராஜா படங்களில் சத்யராஜ்: கடலோரக் கவிதைகள் மூலம் கதாநாயகன் ஆனார்\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220530045942/https://www.maalaimalar.com/amp/cinema/cinehistory/2016/08/10215425/1031875/cinima-history.vpf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0314407/","external_links_name":"Muthal Vasantham"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Mutamayizeen_Secondary	Al Mutamayizeen Secondary	[]	Special secondary school in Baghdad, Iraq This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Al Mutamayizeen Secondary" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Al-Khadraa D.H.SArabic: ثانوية متميزين الخضراءWelcome signAddressAl-Khadhraa Quarter, BaghdadBaghdadIraqInformationTypePublic SchoolEstablished1990Age34+ Mutamayizeen Al-Khadraa (English: Khadraa Distinguished High School for Boys, K.D.H.S) (Arabic: ثانوية متميزين الخضراء للبنين) is a special secondary school located in Baghdad, Iraq. The school was established by the Ministry of Education directly for students who met high academic requirements. Along with Baghdad College. Two high schools were established (one for boys and one for girls) in 1990 in the neighborhood of Al Khadhraa. After the fall of the former Iraqi regime in 2003 and the restructuring of the Ministry of Education, the quality of education decreased significantly. Most of the professors with doctoral degrees emigrated from Iraq. For these many reasons, K.D.S hold the education to high, different level for students, and collaboration with the best teachers in Baghdad from long time ago. At the current moment, many schools have been implemented whether in Baghdad or in the provinces for the same purposes. K.D.S has earned the most efficient education award from the Ministry of Education in Iraq for the year 2020. Their graduated students are always proud of the school work around ages. Around half of the Medicine students in Baghdad’s public universities have graduated from Distinguished Schools (whether this one or other schools with similar educational systems) Prior to enrollment, students must pass academic and IQ tests to be accepted in. The students study in English rather than Arabic for scientific subjects. This matter caused polemics due to the fact that, although these students study different curriculums from those of other schools, no special procedures have been implemented to invest in their academic capacities vteSchools in BaghdadOperating Amil High School for Girls Al Mutamayizeen Secondary Baghdad College Baghdad High School for Girls (former American School for Girls) The Gifted Students' School Markaziyah High School Tigris Secondary School for Girls Closed Shamash School Deutsche Schule Bagdad École française de Bagdad Baghdad International School Baghdad Japanese School (バグダッド日本人学校) This Iraq school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Iraq)"},{"link_name":"Baghdad College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_College"},{"link_name":"IQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Schools_in_Baghdad"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Schools_in_Baghdad"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools_in_Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Amil High School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amil_High_School_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"Al Mutamayizeen Secondary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Baghdad College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_College"},{"link_name":"Baghdad High School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_High_School_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"The Gifted Students' School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gifted_Students%27_School_(Iraq)"},{"link_name":"Markaziyah High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markaziyah_High_School"},{"link_name":"Tigris Secondary School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris_Secondary_School_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"Shamash School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash_School"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Schule Bagdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Schule_Bagdad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"École française de Bagdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_de_Bagdad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baghdad International School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_International_School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Mutamayizeen_Secondary&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Iraq-school-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq-school-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq-school-stub"}],"text":"Mutamayizeen Al-Khadraa (English: Khadraa Distinguished High School for Boys, K.D.H.S) (Arabic: ثانوية متميزين الخضراء للبنين) is a special secondary school located in Baghdad, Iraq.The school was established by the Ministry of Education directly for students who met high academic requirements. Along with Baghdad College. Two high schools were established (one for boys and one for girls) in 1990 in the neighborhood of Al Khadhraa. After the fall of the former Iraqi regime in 2003 and the restructuring of the Ministry of Education, the quality of education decreased significantly. Most of the professors with doctoral degrees emigrated from Iraq. For these many reasons, K.D.S hold the education to high, different level for students, and collaboration with the best teachers in Baghdad from long time ago.At the current moment, many schools have been implemented whether in Baghdad or in the provinces for the same purposes.K.D.S has earned the most efficient education award from the Ministry of Education in Iraq for the year 2020. Their graduated students are always proud of the school work around ages.\nAround half of the Medicine students in Baghdad’s public universities have graduated from Distinguished Schools (whether this one or other schools with similar educational systems)Prior to enrollment, students must pass academic and IQ tests to be accepted in. The students study in English rather than Arabic for scientific subjects.\nThis matter caused polemics due to the fact that, although these students study different curriculums from those of other schools, no special procedures have been implemented to invest in their academic capacitiesvteSchools in BaghdadOperating\nAmil High School for Girls\nAl Mutamayizeen Secondary\nBaghdad College\nBaghdad High School for Girls (former American School for Girls)\nThe Gifted Students' School\nMarkaziyah High School\nTigris Secondary School for Girls\nClosed\nShamash School\nDeutsche Schule Bagdad\nÉcole française de Bagdad\nBaghdad International School\nBaghdad Japanese School (バグダッド日本人学校)This Iraq school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Al Mutamayizeen Secondary"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Al+Mutamayizeen+Secondary%22","external_links_name":"\"Al Mutamayizeen Secondary\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Al+Mutamayizeen+Secondary%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Al+Mutamayizeen+Secondary%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Al+Mutamayizeen+Secondary%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Al+Mutamayizeen+Secondary%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Al+Mutamayizeen+Secondary%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Mutamayizeen_Secondary&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alginite	Alginite	["1 References","2 External links"]	Alginite Alginite is a component of some types of kerogen alongside amorphous organic matter. Alginite consists of organic-walled marine microfossils, distinct from inorganic (silica)-walled microfossils that comprise diatomaceous earth. Alginite is a complex soil aggregate of algae based biomass fossil, clay, volcanic ash and calcium carbonate. This material contains a complete spectrum of minerals, biological, macro- and micro-organisms helping to turn lands fertile again in regions where soil has been severely degraded in the past. At least two forms of alginite are distinguishable, "alginite A" (telalginite) and "alginite B" (lamalginite). The "A" form contains morphologically distinguishable microfossils while the "B" form is more amorphous and film-like. References ^ a b Macauley, G.; Snowdon, L. R.; Ball, F. D. (1985). Geochemistry and geological factors governing exploitation of selected Canadian oil shale deposits. Vol. 85. Natural Resources Canada. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-660-11905-2. External links Akiko Omura and Koichi Hoyanagi (September 2004). "Relationships Between Composition Of Organic Matter, Depositional Environments, And Sea-Level Changes In Backarc Basins, Central Japan (abstract)" (PDF). Journal of Sedimentary Research. 74 (5). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-25. Simon Coxhell and Barry Fehlberg (May 2000). "Julia Creek Vanadium and Oil Shale Deposit". AIG Journal. Archived from the original on 2005-12-28. This article related to petrology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a specific mineral or mineraloid is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This microbiology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kerogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerogen"},{"link_name":"diatomaceous earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dyni-1"},{"link_name":"aggregate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_(geology)"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"biomass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass"},{"link_name":"fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"},{"link_name":"volcanic ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash"},{"link_name":"calcium carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"telalginite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telalginite"},{"link_name":"lamalginite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamalginite"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dyni-1"}],"text":"Alginite is a component of some types of kerogen alongside amorphous organic matter. Alginite consists of organic-walled marine microfossils, distinct from inorganic (silica)-walled microfossils that comprise diatomaceous earth.[1]Alginite is a complex soil aggregate of algae based biomass fossil, clay, volcanic ash and calcium carbonate. This material contains a complete spectrum of minerals, biological, macro- and micro-organisms helping to turn lands fertile again in regions where soil has been severely degraded in the past.At least two forms of alginite are distinguishable, \"alginite A\" (telalginite) and \"alginite B\" (lamalginite).[1] The \"A\" form contains morphologically distinguishable microfossils while the \"B\" form is more amorphous and film-like.","title":"Alginite"}]	[{"image_text":"Alginite","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alginit.JPG/250px-Alginit.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Macauley, G.; Snowdon, L. R.; Ball, F. D. (1985). Geochemistry and geological factors governing exploitation of selected Canadian oil shale deposits. Vol. 85. Natural Resources Canada. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-660-11905-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3kElYcMVoC&pg=PA3","url_text":"Geochemistry and geological factors governing exploitation of selected Canadian oil shale deposits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-660-11905-2","url_text":"978-0-660-11905-2"}]},{"reference":"Akiko Omura and Koichi Hoyanagi (September 2004). \"Relationships Between Composition Of Organic Matter, Depositional Environments, And Sea-Level Changes In Backarc Basins, Central Japan (abstract)\" (PDF). Journal of Sedimentary Research. 74 (5). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070325152643/http://www.colorado.edu/geolsci/jsedr/Abstracts/sept2004/OmuraAbs.pdf","url_text":"\"Relationships Between Composition Of Organic Matter, Depositional Environments, And Sea-Level Changes In Backarc Basins, Central Japan (abstract)\""},{"url":"http://www.colorado.edu/geolsci/jsedr/Abstracts/sept2004/OmuraAbs.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Simon Coxhell and Barry Fehlberg (May 2000). \"Julia Creek Vanadium and Oil Shale Deposit\". AIG Journal. Archived from the original on 2005-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051228090346/http://www.aig.asn.au/aigjournal/coxhell_and_fehlburg.htm","url_text":"\"Julia Creek Vanadium and Oil Shale Deposit\""},{"url":"http://www.aig.asn.au/aigjournal/coxhell_and_fehlburg.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3kElYcMVoC&pg=PA3","external_links_name":"Geochemistry and geological factors governing exploitation of selected Canadian oil shale deposits"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070325152643/http://www.colorado.edu/geolsci/jsedr/Abstracts/sept2004/OmuraAbs.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Relationships Between Composition Of Organic Matter, Depositional Environments, And Sea-Level Changes In Backarc Basins, Central Japan (abstract)\""},{"Link":"http://www.colorado.edu/geolsci/jsedr/Abstracts/sept2004/OmuraAbs.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051228090346/http://www.aig.asn.au/aigjournal/coxhell_and_fehlburg.htm","external_links_name":"\"Julia Creek Vanadium and Oil Shale Deposit\""},{"Link":"http://www.aig.asn.au/aigjournal/coxhell_and_fehlburg.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alginite&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alginite&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alginite&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namdeo_Jadav	Namdeo Jadav	["1 Details","2 Further information","3 References","4 External links"]	Namdeo JadhavPVSM, VCBorn(1921-11-18)18 November 1921Nimaj, Ahmednagar district, Bombay, British IndiaDied2 August 1984(1984-08-02) (aged 62)Pune, IndiaAllegiance British India IndiaService/branch British Indian Army Indian ArmyYears of service1950-1963Rank HavildarUnit5th Mahratta Light InfantryBattles/warsWorld War IIAwards Param Vishisht Seva Medal Victoria Cross 1939–45 Star Italy Star War Medal 1939–1945 India Service Medal Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal Namdeo Jadhav, PVSM, VC (18 November 1921 – 2 August 1984) was an Indian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Details Jadhav was 23 years old, and a Sepoy in the 1st Battalion, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry in the Indian Army during World War II when the following deed took place during the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy for which he was awarded the VC. On 9 April 1945 at the Senio River, Italy, when a small party were almost wiped out in an assault on the east floodbank of the river, Sepoy Namdeo Jadhav carried two wounded men under heavy fire through deep water, up a steep bank and through a mine belt to safety. Then, determined to avenge his dead comrades, he eliminated three enemy machine-gun posts. Finally, climbing on top of the bank he shouted the Maratha war cry and waved the remaining companies across. He not only saved many lives but enabled the battalion to secure the bridgehead and ultimately to crush all enemy resistance in the area. The citation reads: The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the award of the VICTORIA CROSS to:— No. 18706 Sepoy Namdeo JADHAV, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry, Indian Army. In Italy, on the evening of the 9th April, 1945, a Company of the 5th Mahratta Light Infantry assaulted the east floodbank of the Senio river, north of S. Polito. Three minutes afterwards another Company was to pass through and assault the west floodbank. In this sector the Senio river is about 15 feet broad, 4 to 5 feet deep and flows between precipitous floodbanks 30 to 35 feet high. Both floodbanks were honeycombed with an intricate system of German dugouts and defence posts, with a mine belt on the inner face of the east floodbank above the dugout entrances. Sepoy Namdeo Jadhav was a Company runner and when his Company crossed the river he was with his Company Commander close behind one of the leading sections. When wading the river and emerging on the west bank the party came under heavy fire from at least three German posts on the inner face of the east bank. The Company commander and two men were wounded and the rest, with the exception of Sepoy Namdeo Jadhav, were killed. This gallant Sepoy immediately carried one of the wounded men through the deep water and up the precipitous slope of the bank through the mine belt to safety. He then made a second trip to bring back the other wounded man. Both times he was under heavy mortar and machine gun fire. He then determined to eliminate the machine gun posts, which had pinned down the Companies, and to avenge his dead comrades, so, crossing the exposed east bank a third time; he dashed at the nearest enemy post and silenced it with his Tommy Gun. He was, however, wounded in the hand and, being unable to fire his gun any further, threw it away and resorted to grenades. With these he successively charged and wiped out two more enemy posts, at one time crawling to the top of the bank to replenish his stock of grenades from his comrades on the reverse slope. Having silenced all machine gun fire from the east bank, he then climbed on to the top of it and, in spite of heavy mortar fire, stood in the open shouting the Mahratta war cry and waving the remainder of the Companies across the river. This Sepoy not only saved the lives of his comrades, but his outstanding gallantry and personal bravery enabled the two Companies to hold the river banks firmly, and eventually the Battalion to secure a deeper bridgehead, which in turn ultimately led to the collapse of all German resistance in the area.— London Gazette, 15 June 1945.To commemorate his act of exceptional bravery a bust has been placed at the Aundh military station in Pune. Adv Mr J.S.Savant, Bombay President, Maratha Recruitment Board, felicitated him for Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Further information He later reached the rank of havildar. On 9 April 2017 the Mayor of Lugo di Romagna Davide Ranalli unveiled a Memorial dedicated to VC Namdeo Jadhav upon the Senio River eastern bank in the vicinity of San Potito. The ceremony was attended by Brigadier Yogi Sheoran, Defence Wing Attaché of the Indian Embassy in Rome. References ^ "शूरा आम्ही वंदिले! : व्हिक्टोरिया क्रॉस, नामदेव जाधव". Lokmat. 15 August 2018. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2018. ^ "The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria & George Cross - Namdeo Jadhav VC". Victoria Cross Online. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. ^ "No. 37134". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 June 1945. p. 3172. ^ "Victoria Cross awardee Jadhav's bust at Aundh military station". The Times of India. 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2019. External links Namdeo Jadhav Medal entitlement Burial location	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PVSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"}],"text":"Namdeo Jadhav, PVSM, VC (18 November 1921 – 2 August 1984) was an Indian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.","title":"Namdeo Jadav"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sepoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepoy"},{"link_name":"5th Mahratta Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Mahratta_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Indian Army during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Spring 1945 offensive in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Senio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senio_River"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"KING","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Jadhav was 23 years old, and a Sepoy in the 1st Battalion, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry in the Indian Army during World War II when the following deed took place during the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy for which he was awarded the VC.[1]On 9 April 1945 at the Senio River, Italy, when a small party were almost wiped out in an assault on the east floodbank of the river, Sepoy Namdeo Jadhav carried two wounded men under heavy fire through deep water, up a steep bank and through a mine belt to safety. Then, determined to avenge his dead comrades, he eliminated three enemy machine-gun posts. Finally, climbing on top of the bank he shouted the Maratha war cry and waved the remaining companies across. He not only saved many lives but enabled the battalion to secure the bridgehead and ultimately to crush all enemy resistance in the area.[2]The citation reads:The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the award of the VICTORIA CROSS to:—\nNo. 18706 Sepoy Namdeo JADHAV, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry, Indian Army.\nIn Italy, on the evening of the 9th April, 1945, a Company of the 5th Mahratta Light Infantry assaulted the east floodbank of the Senio river, north of S. Polito. Three minutes afterwards another Company was to pass through and assault the west floodbank.\nIn this sector the Senio river is about 15 feet broad, 4 to 5 feet deep and flows between precipitous floodbanks 30 to 35 feet high. Both floodbanks were honeycombed with an intricate system of German dugouts and defence posts, with a mine belt on the inner face of the east floodbank above the dugout entrances.\nSepoy Namdeo Jadhav was a Company runner and when his Company crossed the river he was with his Company Commander close behind one of the leading sections.\nWhen wading the river and emerging on the west bank the party came under heavy fire from at least three German posts on the inner face of the east bank. The Company commander and two men were wounded and the rest, with the exception of Sepoy Namdeo\nJadhav, were killed.\nThis gallant Sepoy immediately carried one of the wounded men through the deep water and up the precipitous slope of the bank through the mine belt to safety. He then made a second trip to bring back the other wounded man. Both times he was under heavy mortar and machine gun fire.\nHe then determined to eliminate the machine gun posts, which had pinned down the Companies, and to avenge his dead comrades, so, crossing the exposed east bank a third time; he dashed at the nearest enemy post and silenced it with his Tommy Gun. He was, however, wounded in the hand and, being unable to fire his gun any further, threw it away and resorted to grenades. With these he successively charged and wiped out two more enemy posts, at one time crawling to the top of the bank to replenish his stock of grenades from his comrades on the reverse slope.\nHaving silenced all machine gun fire from the east bank, he then climbed on to the top of it and, in spite of heavy mortar fire, stood in the open shouting the Mahratta war cry and waving the remainder of the Companies across the river.\n\nThis Sepoy not only saved the lives of his comrades, but his outstanding gallantry and personal bravery enabled the two Companies to hold the river banks firmly, and eventually the Battalion to secure a deeper bridgehead, which in turn ultimately led to the collapse of all German resistance in the area.— London Gazette, 15 June 1945.[3]To commemorate his act of exceptional bravery a bust has been placed at the Aundh military station in Pune.[4]Adv Mr J.S.Savant, Bombay President, Maratha Recruitment Board, felicitated him for Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"havildar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havildar"}],"text":"He later reached the rank of havildar. On 9 April 2017 the Mayor of Lugo di Romagna Davide Ranalli unveiled a Memorial dedicated to VC Namdeo Jadhav upon the Senio River eastern bank in the vicinity of San Potito. The ceremony was attended by Brigadier Yogi Sheoran, Defence Wing Attaché of the Indian Embassy in Rome.","title":"Further information"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"शूरा आम्ही वंदिले! : व्हिक्टोरिया क्रॉस, नामदेव जाधव\". Lokmat. 15 August 2018. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.lokmat.com/ahmadnagar/we-shouted-victoria-cross-namdev-jadhav/","url_text":"\"शूरा आम्ही वंदिले! : व्हिक्टोरिया क्रॉस, नामदेव जाधव\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191015130231/https://www.lokmat.com/ahmadnagar/we-shouted-victoria-cross-namdev-jadhav/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria & George Cross - Namdeo Jadhav VC\". Victoria Cross Online. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vconline.org.uk/namdeo-jadav-vc/4587706685","url_text":"\"The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria & George Cross - Namdeo Jadhav VC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200919065837/http://vconline.org.uk/namdeo-jadav-vc/4587706685","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37134\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 June 1945. p. 3172.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37134/supplement/3172","url_text":"\"No. 37134\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Victoria Cross awardee Jadhav's bust at Aundh military station\". The Times of India. 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/victoria-cross-awardee-jadhavs-bust-at-aundh-military-station/articleshow/67763966.cms","url_text":"\"Victoria Cross awardee Jadhav's bust at Aundh military station\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200202191131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/victoria-cross-awardee-jadhavs-bust-at-aundh-military-station/articleshow/67763966.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://m.lokmat.com/ahmadnagar/we-shouted-victoria-cross-namdev-jadhav/","external_links_name":"\"शूरा आम्ही वंदिले! : व्हिक्टोरिया क्रॉस, नामदेव जाधव\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191015130231/https://www.lokmat.com/ahmadnagar/we-shouted-victoria-cross-namdev-jadhav/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.vconline.org.uk/namdeo-jadav-vc/4587706685","external_links_name":"\"The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria & George Cross - Namdeo Jadhav VC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200919065837/http://vconline.org.uk/namdeo-jadav-vc/4587706685","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37134/supplement/3172","external_links_name":"\"No. 37134\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/victoria-cross-awardee-jadhavs-bust-at-aundh-military-station/articleshow/67763966.cms","external_links_name":"\"Victoria Cross awardee Jadhav's bust at Aundh military station\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200202191131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/victoria-cross-awardee-jadhavs-bust-at-aundh-military-station/articleshow/67763966.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061208063954/http://faculty.winthrop.edu/haynese/india/medals/VC/2NJadav.html","external_links_name":"Namdeo Jadhav"},{"Link":"http://victoriacross.org.uk/pujadhav.htm","external_links_name":"Medal entitlement"},{"Link":"http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/gginntor.htm","external_links_name":"Burial location"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anting	Anting	["1 Overview","2 Subdivisions","2.1 German Town","3 Transportation","4 Accommodation","5 Entertainment","6 See also","7 References"]	Coordinates: 31°17′18″N 121°09′44″E / 31.28833°N 121.16222°E / 31.28833; 121.16222This article is about the town. For the biological behaviour related to ants, see Anting (bird activity). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Anting" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Town in Shanghai, People's Republic of ChinaAnting 安亭镇TownAntingLocation in ShanghaiCoordinates: 31°17′18″N 121°09′44″E / 31.28833°N 121.16222°E / 31.28833; 121.16222CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaMunicipalityShanghaiDistrictJiadingVillage-level divisions20 residential communities43 villagesArea • Total89.28 km2 (34.47 sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Postal code201805Area code0021 Anting (Chinese: 安亭; pinyin: Āntíng; lit. 'Pavilion of peace') is a town in Jiading District, Shanghai, bordering Kunshan, Jiangsu to the west. It has 96,000 inhabitants and, after the July 2009 merger of Huangdu (黄渡镇), an area of 89.28 km2 (34.47 sq mi). Overview Anting is one of the centres of the Chinese automotive industry; it is home to Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation and includes the German/Chinese joint venture: Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive. This enterprise has the largest market share of passenger cars in China. The Shanghai International Circuit, China's first Formula One race track, is located near the town, a 15-minute drive away. The Shanghai Auto Museum is also located here, on Boyuan Road. Subdivisions As of 2011, Anting is divided into 20 residential communities (社区) and 43 villages, among the most well-known of which is Tamiao (塔庙村), which is nicknamed the "Auto City". In the southern part of town, an extension of "Anting Auto City" called "Anting New Town" (安亭新镇) is being built in the fashion of "Anting German Town" (安亭德国镇). German Town Anting New Town The first phase of Anting New Town construction will be completed in June 2007, with the second phase slated to begin before the end of 2007, the latter spanning three years. Upon completion the hope is that the resulting town will be a modern community, with a noticeably German urban aesthetic, with a capacity of over 50,000 residents. However, amid tentative financial troubles and poor sales of housing and retail, the phase 2 of Anting New Town may be delayed. German Town is modelled on a modern German-style town with colourful Bauhaus-type buildings. The district was designed by Frankfurt-based architecture firm Albert Speer & Partner. Speer is the son of the eponymous architect who was Hitler’s chief architect during World War II. Transportation Anting is served by Line 11 of the Shanghai Metro, connected to the Lifehub shopping center Anting Station. Anting North Railway Station is on the Shanghai–Nanjing Intercity Railway. Accommodation The first 5* International hotel, Crowne Plaza Shanghai Anting Golf, opened its doors in Anting, Jiading District on 4 September 2012. It is located at 6555 Boyuan Road. Entertainment Lifehub@Anting, an entertainment complex located just beside the Metro Line 11, provides numerous Clothing outlets, local and international restaurants and coffee shops, a supermarket, film theatre, etc. See also List of township-level divisions of Shanghai References ^ 市政府批准嘉定设立新的安亭镇，上海嘉定政府门户网，2009年7月3日，于2009年7月4日查阅 ^ "Anting New Town: Car museum, cafes and homes, but no people". . CNN. 24 September 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2013. ^ 2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：安亭镇 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-05. ^ Anting German Town: Chinas deutsche Geisterstadt, by Yang Xifan. Spiegel Online, 07.10.2011 Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anting (bird activity)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anting_(bird_activity)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Jiading District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiading_District"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Kunshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunshan"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hd-1"}],"text":"This article is about the town. For the biological behaviour related to ants, see Anting (bird activity).Town in Shanghai, People's Republic of ChinaAnting (Chinese: 安亭; pinyin: Āntíng; lit. 'Pavilion of peace') is a town in Jiading District, Shanghai, bordering Kunshan, Jiangsu to the west. It has 96,000[when?] inhabitants and, after the July 2009 merger of Huangdu (黄渡镇), an area of 89.28 km2 (34.47 sq mi).[1]","title":"Anting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"automotive industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Automotive_Industry_Corporation"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Volkswagen_Automotive"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"market share","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_share"},{"link_name":"Shanghai International Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_International_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Auto Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Auto_Museum"}],"text":"Anting is one of the centres of the Chinese automotive industry; it is home to Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation and includes the German/Chinese joint venture: Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive.[2] This enterprise has the largest market share of passenger cars in China.The Shanghai International Circuit, China's first Formula One race track, is located near the town, a 15-minute drive away. The Shanghai Auto Museum is also located here, on Boyuan Road.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anting&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"As of 2011[update], Anting is divided into 20 residential communities (社区) and 43 villages,[3] among the most well-known of which is Tamiao (塔庙村), which is nicknamed the \"Auto City\". In the southern part of town, an extension of \"Anting Auto City\" called \"Anting New Town\" (安亭新镇) is being built in the fashion of \"Anting German Town\" (安亭德国镇).[4]","title":"Subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anting_New_Town.JPG"},{"link_name":"the eponymous architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer"}],"sub_title":"German Town","text":"Anting New TownThe first phase of Anting New Town construction will be completed in June 2007, with the second phase slated to begin before the end of 2007, the latter spanning three years. Upon completion the hope is that the resulting town will be a modern community, with a noticeably German urban aesthetic, with a capacity of over 50,000 residents. However, amid tentative financial troubles and poor sales of housing and retail, the phase 2 of Anting New Town may be delayed.German Town is modelled on a modern German-style town with colourful Bauhaus-type buildings. The district was designed by Frankfurt-based architecture firm Albert Speer & Partner. Speer is the son of the eponymous architect who was Hitler’s chief architect during World War II.","title":"Subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Line 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_11,_Shanghai_Metro"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Metro"},{"link_name":"Anting Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anting_Station"},{"link_name":"Anting North Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anting_North_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"Shanghai–Nanjing Intercity Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Nanjing_Intercity_Railway"}],"text":"Anting is served by Line 11 of the Shanghai Metro, connected to the Lifehub shopping center Anting Station. Anting North Railway Station is on the Shanghai–Nanjing Intercity Railway.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crowne Plaza Shanghai Anting Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowne_Plaza_Shanghai_Anting_Golf"},{"link_name":"Jiading District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiading_District"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The first 5* International hotel, Crowne Plaza Shanghai Anting Golf, opened its doors in Anting, Jiading District on 4 September 2012.[citation needed] It is located at 6555 Boyuan Road.","title":"Accommodation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lifehub@Anting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lifehub@Anting&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Lifehub@Anting, an entertainment complex located just beside the Metro Line 11, provides numerous Clothing outlets, local and international restaurants and coffee shops, a supermarket, film theatre, etc.[citation needed]","title":"Entertainment"}]	[{"image_text":"Anting New Town","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Anting_New_Town.JPG/220px-Anting_New_Town.JPG"}]	[{"title":"List of township-level divisions of Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_township-level_divisions_of_Shanghai"}]	[{"reference":"\"Anting New Town: Car museum, cafes and homes, but no people\". [Travel CNN]. CNN. 24 September 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://travel.cnn.com/shanghai/play/anting-new-town-german-town-and-then-some-881683","url_text":"\"Anting New Town: Car museum, cafes and homes, but no people\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：安亭镇 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Naples	Catacombs of San Gennaro	["1 History","2 Types of burials","3 Oil lamps","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°51′51″N 14°14′51″E / 40.864180°N 14.247624°E / 40.864180; 14.247624Catacombs of San GennaroFresco with the portrait of San GennaroDetailsEstablished1985LocationNaplesCountryItaly Fresco in the catacombs of San Gennaro Entrance to Catacombs of San Gennaro The Catacombs of San Gennaro are underground paleo-Christian burial and worship sites in Naples, Italy, carved out of tuff, a porous stone. They are situated in the northern part of the city, on the slope leading up to Capodimonte , consisting of two levels, San Gennaro Superiore, and San Gennaro Inferiore. The catacombs lie under the Rione Sanità neighborhood of Naples, sometimes called the "Valley of the Dead". The site is now easily identified by the large church of Madre del Buon Consiglio. History One of the halls with carved loculi. Originally, there were three separate cemeteries, dedicated, respectively, to Saint Gaudiosus (San Gaudioso), Saint Severus (San Severo) and St. Januarius (San Gennaro). These catacombs in Naples are different from their Roman counterparts in that they have more spacious passageways along two levels. The lower level is the oldest, going back to the 3rd-4th century and may actually be the site of an earlier pre-Christian cemetery later ceded to the new sect. It apparently became an important religious burial site only after the entombment there of Bishop Agrippinus. The second level was the one expanded so as to encompass the other two adjacent cemeteries. The foundation of San Gennaro extra Moenia is connected with the Catacombs of San Gennaro, the largest Christian catacomb complex in southern Italy. The first structure was probably the result of the fusion of two ancient burial sites, one from the 2nd century CE that contained the remains of Saint Agrippinus of Naples, the first patron saint of Naples, and the site from the 4th century CE that contained the remains of St. Januarius, the patron saint of the city. The site was consecrated to Gennaro (Januarius) in the fifth century on the occasion of the entombment there of his remains, which were later removed to the Cathedral of Naples by Bishop John IV (842-849) in the 9th century. As the burial areas grew around the remains of Gennaro so did underground places of worship for the growing Christian faith. An early example of religious use of the catacombs is the Basilica of Agrippinus dating to the fourth century. An altar and chair are carved from the tuff creating a meeting place for worshipers. Other ritual spaces included a confessional, baptismal font, a carved tuff table used as a seat for a consignatorium (area for confirmation), or “oleorum” table for holy oils, and possibly, monastic and hermit cells. Until the eleventh century the catacombs were the burial site of Neapolitan bishops, including Quodvoltdeus, the exiled bishop of Carthage who died in 450 AD. Between the 13th and 18th century, the catacombs were the victim of severe looting. Restoration of the catacombs was made possible only after the transfer of skeletal remains to another cemetery. During WWII the catacombs were used by the local population as a place of shelter. The Catacombs were reopened in 1969 by the Archbishop of Naples and modern excavations started in 1971. Types of burials The types of tombs include loculi, arcosoli, pits dug in the ground, and less often, sarcophagi made of tuff, or recycled marble and stone from older graves. The loculi are aligned vertically and the most simple style of burial found in the catacombs but not indicative of the status of the deceased. Arcosoli, made for family funeral areas, are built into the walls of the galleries and cubicles and are more sophisticated than the loculi. Sometimes decorated with mosaics or frescoes, the burials may be stacked horizontally. This type of burial is often found in Sicilian catacombs as well, and can be described as a “Siracusa” burial and is often found in Greek areas of catacombs. Occasionally child burials are found in the bottom wall of the lunette, another example of the efficient use of space in the catacombs. Oil lamps Approximately 200 oil lamps dating from late antiquity to the Middle Ages have been found in the catacombs. Included in the findings are 54 African red slip lamps. The oldest oil lamps found date back to the second half of the third century and were made in Naples. See also Catacombs of Rome References ^ a b "Environmental Monitoring of the St. Gennaro and St. Gaudioso catacombs in Naples (PDF Download Available)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2017-12-04. ^ a b c d e f Ebanista, Carlo. "Aree funerarie e luoghi di culto in rupe: le cavità artificiali campane tra tarda antichità e medioevo, in Atti VI Convegno Nazionale di Speleologia in Cavità Artificiali, Napoli, 30 maggio-2 giugno 2008 ("Opera ipogea", 1/2, 2008), pp. 117-144". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ napoli.com - Around Naples ^ San Gaudioso di Abitine ^ "The Acoustic of The Catacombs of "San Gennaro" in Naples". ^ a b Gaudio, Antonio Del; Ebanista, Carlo. "Le lucerne di età tardoantica e altomedievale dalla catacomba di S. Gennaro a Napoli, in Isole e terraferma nel primo cristianesimo. Identità locale ed interscambi culturali, religiosi e produttivi, Atti dell'XI Congresso Nazionale di Archeologia Cristiana, Cagliari 2015, pp. 727-742". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) External links Media related to Catacombs of San Gennaro (Naples) at Wikimedia Commons Official website 40°51′51″N 14°14′51″E / 40.864180°N 14.247624°E / 40.864180; 14.247624 vteArchaeological sites in CampaniaProvince of Avellino Aeclanum Aequum Tuticum Compsa Province of Benevento Benevento Arch of Trajan Roman Theatre Caudium Ligures Baebiani Saticula Province of Caserta Allifae Ausona Calatia Cales Santa Maria Capua Vetere Arch of Hadrian (Capua) Amphitheatre of Capua Casilinum Sant'Angelo in Formis Sinuessa Trebula Balliensis Vescia Province of Naples Atella Baiae Cumae Grotta di Cocceio Herculaneum Villa of the Papyri Liternum Miseno Piscina Mirabilis Naples Aqua Augusta Bourbon Tunnel Catacombs of San Gaudioso Catacombs of San Gennaro Crypta Neapolitana Virgil's tomb Macellum of Naples Oplontis Villa Poppaea Palazzo a Mare Pompeii Pozzuoli Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli) Lucrinus Lacus Lake Avernus Macellum of Pozzuoli Portus Julius Stabiae Suessula Castello Barbarossa Villa Jovis Villa Boscoreale Province of Salerno Monte Pruno Paestum Heraion at the mouth of the Sele Temple of Athena Second Temple of Hera Tomb of the Diver Pertosa Caves Velia Villa Romana of Minori Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catacombe_Di_San_Gennaro_Fresco.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catacombe_di_San_Gennaro_059.jpg"},{"link_name":"paleo-Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"tuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff"},{"link_name":"Capodimonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capodimonte_(Naples)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capodimonte_(Napoli)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Rione Sanità","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rione_Sanit%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Madre del Buon Consiglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madre_del_Buon_Consiglio"}],"text":"Fresco in the catacombs of San GennaroEntrance to Catacombs of San GennaroThe Catacombs of San Gennaro are underground paleo-Christian burial and worship sites in Naples, Italy, carved out of tuff, a porous stone. They are situated in the northern part of the city, on the slope leading up to Capodimonte [it], consisting of two levels, San Gennaro Superiore, and San Gennaro Inferiore.[1] The catacombs lie under the Rione Sanità neighborhood of Naples, sometimes called the \"Valley of the Dead\".[1][2] The site is now easily identified by the large church of Madre del Buon Consiglio.","title":"Catacombs of San Gennaro"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catacombe_di_San_Gennaro_003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Gaudiosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiosus_of_Abitine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Saint Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"St. Januarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Januarius"},{"link_name":"catacombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs"},{"link_name":"Agrippinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippinus_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"San Gennaro extra Moenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gennaro_extra_Moenia"},{"link_name":"Saint Agrippinus of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Agrippinus_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"patron saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"St. Januarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Januarius"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Bishop John IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_IV_(bishop_of_Naples)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica"},{"link_name":"confessional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessional"},{"link_name":"baptismal font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"confirmation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Quodvoltdeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quodvultdeus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-5"}],"text":"One of the halls with carved loculi.Originally, there were three separate cemeteries, dedicated, respectively, to Saint Gaudiosus (San Gaudioso),[3][4] Saint Severus (San Severo) and St. Januarius (San Gennaro). These catacombs in Naples are different from their Roman counterparts in that they have more spacious passageways along two levels. The lower level is the oldest, going back to the 3rd-4th century and may actually be the site of an earlier pre-Christian cemetery later ceded to the new sect. It apparently became an important religious burial site only after the entombment there of Bishop Agrippinus. The second level was the one expanded so as to encompass the other two adjacent cemeteries.The foundation of San Gennaro extra Moenia is connected with the Catacombs of San Gennaro, the largest Christian catacomb complex in southern Italy. The first structure was probably the result of the fusion of two ancient burial sites, one from the 2nd century CE that contained the remains of Saint Agrippinus of Naples, the first patron saint of Naples, and the site from the 4th century CE that contained the remains of St. Januarius, the patron saint of the city.The site was consecrated to Gennaro (Januarius) in the fifth century on the occasion of the entombment there of his remains, which were later removed to the Cathedral of Naples by Bishop John IV (842-849) in the 9th century.[2] As the burial areas grew around the remains of Gennaro so did underground places of worship for the growing Christian faith. An early example of religious use of the catacombs is the Basilica of Agrippinus dating to the fourth century. An altar and chair are carved from the tuff creating a meeting place for worshipers. Other ritual spaces included a confessional, baptismal font, a carved tuff table used as a seat for a consignatorium (area for confirmation), or “oleorum” table for holy oils, and possibly, monastic and hermit cells.[2]Until the eleventh century the catacombs were the burial site of Neapolitan bishops, including Quodvoltdeus, the exiled bishop of Carthage who died in 450 AD. Between the 13th and 18th century, the catacombs were the victim of severe looting. Restoration of the catacombs was made possible only after the transfer of skeletal remains to another cemetery. During WWII the catacombs were used by the local population as a place of shelter.[2] The Catacombs were reopened in 1969 by the Archbishop of Naples and modern excavations started in 1971.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"loculi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loculus_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"arcosoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcosolium"},{"link_name":"sarcophagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"mosaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"frescoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"lunette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunette"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"The types of tombs include loculi, arcosoli, pits dug in the ground, and less often, sarcophagi made of tuff, or recycled marble and stone from older graves.[2] The loculi are aligned vertically and the most simple style of burial found in the catacombs but not indicative of the status of the deceased. Arcosoli, made for family funeral areas, are built into the walls of the galleries and cubicles and are more sophisticated than the loculi. Sometimes decorated with mosaics or frescoes, the burials may be stacked horizontally. This type of burial is often found in Sicilian catacombs as well, and can be described as a “Siracusa” burial and is often found in Greek areas of catacombs. Occasionally child burials are found in the bottom wall of the lunette, another example of the efficient use of space in the catacombs.[2]","title":"Types of burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African red slip lamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_red_slip_ware"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"}],"text":"Approximately 200 oil lamps dating from late antiquity to the Middle Ages have been found in the catacombs. Included in the findings are 54 African red slip lamps.[6] The oldest oil lamps found date back to the second half of the third century and were made in Naples.[6]","title":"Oil lamps"}]	[{"image_text":"Fresco in the catacombs of San Gennaro","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Catacombe_Di_San_Gennaro_Fresco.jpg/240px-Catacombe_Di_San_Gennaro_Fresco.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance to Catacombs of San Gennaro","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Catacombe_di_San_Gennaro_059.jpg/220px-Catacombe_di_San_Gennaro_059.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the halls with carved loculi.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Catacombe_di_San_Gennaro_003.jpg/220px-Catacombe_di_San_Gennaro_003.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Catacombs of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome"}]	[{"reference":"\"Environmental Monitoring of the St. Gennaro and St. Gaudioso catacombs in Naples (PDF Download Available)\". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2017-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259225675","url_text":"\"Environmental Monitoring of the St. Gennaro and St. Gaudioso catacombs in Naples (PDF Download Available)\""}]},{"reference":"Ebanista, Carlo. \"Aree funerarie e luoghi di culto in rupe: le cavità artificiali campane tra tarda antichità e medioevo, in Atti VI Convegno Nazionale di Speleologia in Cavità Artificiali, Napoli, 30 maggio-2 giugno 2008 (\"Opera ipogea\", 1/2, 2008), pp. 117-144\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/1477008","url_text":"\"Aree funerarie e luoghi di culto in rupe: le cavità artificiali campane tra tarda antichità e medioevo, in Atti VI Convegno Nazionale di Speleologia in Cavità Artificiali, Napoli, 30 maggio-2 giugno 2008 (\"Opera ipogea\", 1/2, 2008), pp. 117-144\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Acoustic of The Catacombs of \"San Gennaro\" in Naples\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256457813","url_text":"\"The Acoustic of The Catacombs of \"San Gennaro\" in Naples\""}]},{"reference":"Gaudio, Antonio Del; Ebanista, Carlo. \"Le lucerne di età tardoantica e altomedievale dalla catacomba di S. Gennaro a Napoli, in Isole e terraferma nel primo cristianesimo. Identità locale ed interscambi culturali, religiosi e produttivi, Atti dell'XI Congresso Nazionale di Archeologia Cristiana, Cagliari 2015, pp. 727-742\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/22133738","url_text":"\"Le lucerne di età tardoantica e altomedievale dalla catacomba di S. Gennaro a Napoli, in Isole e terraferma nel primo cristianesimo. Identità locale ed interscambi culturali, religiosi e produttivi, Atti dell'XI Congresso Nazionale di Archeologia Cristiana, Cagliari 2015, pp. 727-742\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Catacombs_of_San_Gennaro&params=40.864180_N_14.247624_E_source:itwiki_region:IT","external_links_name":"40°51′51″N 14°14′51″E / 40.864180°N 14.247624°E / 40.864180; 14.247624"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259225675","external_links_name":"\"Environmental Monitoring of the St. Gennaro and St. Gaudioso catacombs in Naples (PDF Download Available)\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/1477008","external_links_name":"\"Aree funerarie e luoghi di culto in rupe: le cavità artificiali campane tra tarda antichità e medioevo, in Atti VI Convegno Nazionale di Speleologia in Cavità Artificiali, Napoli, 30 maggio-2 giugno 2008 (\"Opera ipogea\", 1/2, 2008), pp. 117-144\""},{"Link":"http://www.napoli.com/english/sotterranea2.php","external_links_name":"napoli.com - Around Naples"},{"Link":"http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90237","external_links_name":"San Gaudioso di Abitine"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256457813","external_links_name":"\"The Acoustic of The Catacombs of \"San Gennaro\" in Naples\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/22133738","external_links_name":"\"Le lucerne di età tardoantica e altomedievale dalla catacomba di S. Gennaro a Napoli, in Isole e terraferma nel primo cristianesimo. Identità locale ed interscambi culturali, religiosi e produttivi, Atti dell'XI Congresso Nazionale di Archeologia Cristiana, Cagliari 2015, pp. 727-742\""},{"Link":"http://www.catacombedinapoli.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Catacombs_of_San_Gennaro&params=40.864180_N_14.247624_E_source:itwiki_region:IT","external_links_name":"40°51′51″N 14°14′51″E / 40.864180°N 14.247624°E / 40.864180; 14.247624"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/241252156","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7611008-4","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Murray_(Ohio_politician)	James Murray (Ohio politician)	["1 Notes","2 References"]	American politician James Murray7th Ohio Attorney GeneralIn officeJanuary 14, 1861 – January 12, 1863GovernorWilliam DennisonDavid TodPreceded byChristopher WolcottSucceeded byLyman R. Critchfield Personal detailsBorn1830ScotlandDied1879Sidney, OhioPolitical partyRepublican James Murray was a Republican politician from the state of Ohio. He was Ohio Attorney General in 1861 and 1862. James Murray was born in Scotland about 1830. In 1831, when about a year old, his family moved to Sidney, Ohio. He was educated in the public schools, and admitted to the bar in 1851. He immediately relocated to Perrysburg, Ohio. He was elected Ohio Attorney General in 1860, and served one term. He remained a resident of Wood County, Ohio until the close of his term, and then returned to Sidney, where he died in 1879. The only other political office he ever held was as mayor of Perrysburg. Notes ^ a b c Smith 1898 Volume I : 126 ^ 1860 election results Murray 215,277 Democrat David W Stambaugh of Tuscarawas County 189,999 from Smith 1898 Volume I : 128 References Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio. Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. Legal offices Preceded byChristopher Wolcott Ohio Attorney General 1861-1863 Succeeded byLyman R. Critchfield vteOhio Attorneys General Stanbery McCormick Pugh McCook Kimball Wolcott Murray Critchfield Richardson Olds West Pond Little Pillars Nash Hollingsworth Lawrence Kohler Watson Richards Monnette Sheets Ellis Denman Hogan Turner McGhee Price Crabbe Turner Bettman Bricker Duffy Herbert Jenkins Duffy O'Neill Saxbe McElroy Saxbe Brown, P. Brown, W. Celebrezze Fisher Montgomery Petro Dann Rogers Cordray DeWine Yost	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Sidney, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Perrysburg, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrysburg,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-repub-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-result-2"},{"link_name":"Wood County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-repub-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-repub-1"}],"text":"James Murray was a Republican politician from the state of Ohio. He was Ohio Attorney General in 1861 and 1862.James Murray was born in Scotland about 1830. In 1831, when about a year old, his family moved to Sidney, Ohio. He was educated in the public schools, and admitted to the bar in 1851. He immediately relocated to Perrysburg, Ohio.[1] He was elected Ohio Attorney General in 1860,[2] and served one term. He remained a resident of Wood County, Ohio until the close of his term, and then returned to Sidney, where he died in 1879.[1] The only other political office he ever held was as mayor of Perrysburg.[1]","title":"James Murray (Ohio politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-repub_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-repub_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-repub_1-2"},{"link_name":"Smith 1898 Volume I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#smith98"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-result_2-0"},{"link_name":"Tuscarawas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarawas_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Smith 1898 Volume I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#smith98"}],"text":"^ a b c Smith 1898 Volume I : 126\n\n^ 1860 election results Murray 215,277 Democrat David W Stambaugh of Tuscarawas County 189,999 from Smith 1898 Volume I : 128","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio. Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eaAFAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA126","url_text":"History of the Republican Party in Ohio"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eaAFAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA126","external_links_name":"History of the Republican Party in Ohio"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Yeldham	Ronald Yeldham	["1 Career","2 Cricketer","3 References"]	Ronald YeldhamPersonal informationFull nameRonald Ernest Stephen YeldhamBorn(1902-08-18)18 August 1902Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, IndiaDied14 August 1983(1983-08-14) (aged 80)Bodmin, CornwallDomestic team information YearsTeam1925-1927Europeans (India)1926Northern Punjab1926MCC First-class debut6 March 1925 Europeans v MuslimsLast First-class5 December 1927 Europeans v MuslimsCareer statistics Competition First-class Matches 6 Runs scored 148 Batting average 21.14 100s/50s 0/0 Top score 40* Balls bowled 30 Wickets 0 Bowling average - 5 wickets in innings 0 10 wickets in match 0 Best bowling 0/30 Catches/stumpings 7/0Source: , 8 June 2008 Colonel Ronald Ernest Stephen Yeldham CBE (18 August 1902 – 14 August 1983) was an Indian-born British Army officer and cricketer. Career He served in Africa and the Indian Ocean from 1928 to 1945. In June 1945, Yeldham was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) as temporary Colonel commanding the British troops in Mauritius. In 1949 Yeldham was a Principal in the Colonial Office, West African Department, and wrote a memorandum (16 March) on Soviet activity in Nigeria. There was MI5 surveillance of Harry Pollitt's contact with Mokwugo Okoye, a Zikist leader (Yeldham, memorandum in December of that year). During the Malayan Emergency, in 1952, he was instrumental in the use of sodium trichloroacetate as a defoliant. Yeldham then held civil appointments in Kenya, from 1954. Cricketer Yeldham played six first-class cricket matches in British India between 1925 and 1927, including one for the MCC. He later played twice for Egypt against HM Martineau's XI. References ^ "Yeldham Ronald Ernest Stephen IWM interview (3960)". Retrieved 4 July 2015. ^ Cricinfo profile ^ London Gazette issue 37119, 14 June 1945, supplement page 2942 ^ Martin Lynn (2001). Nigeria: Managing political reform 1943-1953. Vol. 1. Institute of Commonwealth Studies in the University of London. pp. 181 and 261. ISBN 978-0-11-290597-4. ^ Benjamin Grob-Fitzgibbon (3 May 2011). Imperial Endgame: Britain's Dirty Wars and the End of Empire. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-230-30038-5. ^ Kenya Gazette. 21 December 1954. p. 1322. ^ Kenya Gazette. 2 August 1955. p. 2. ^ First-class matches played by Ronald Yeldham at CricketArchive ^ Other matches played by Ronald Yeldham at CricketArchive	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"}],"text":"Colonel Ronald Ernest Stephen Yeldham CBE (18 August 1902 – 14 August 1983) was an Indian-born British Army officer and cricketer.","title":"Ronald Yeldham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Commander of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Colonial Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Office"},{"link_name":"Harry Pollitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Pollitt"},{"link_name":"Zikist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zikist"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Malayan Emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency"},{"link_name":"sodium trichloroacetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_trichloroacetate"},{"link_name":"defoliant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defoliant"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"He served in Africa and the Indian Ocean from 1928 to 1945.[1][2] In June 1945, Yeldham was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) as temporary Colonel commanding the British troops in Mauritius.[3]In 1949 Yeldham was a Principal in the Colonial Office, West African Department, and wrote a memorandum (16 March) on Soviet activity in Nigeria. There was MI5 surveillance of Harry Pollitt's contact with Mokwugo Okoye, a Zikist leader (Yeldham, memorandum in December of that year).[4] During the Malayan Emergency, in 1952, he was instrumental in the use of sodium trichloroacetate as a defoliant.[5]Yeldham then held civil appointments in Kenya, from 1954.[6][7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"MCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"HM Martineau's XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Martineau"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Yeldham played six first-class cricket matches in British India between 1925 and 1927, including one for the MCC.[8] He later played twice for Egypt against HM Martineau's XI.[9]","title":"Cricketer"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Yeldham Ronald Ernest Stephen IWM interview (3960)\". Retrieved 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80003943","url_text":"\"Yeldham Ronald Ernest Stephen IWM interview (3960)\""}]},{"reference":"Martin Lynn (2001). Nigeria: Managing political reform 1943-1953. Vol. 1. Institute of Commonwealth Studies in the University of London. pp. 181 and 261. ISBN 978-0-11-290597-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lynn","url_text":"Martin Lynn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290597-4","url_text":"978-0-11-290597-4"}]},{"reference":"Benjamin Grob-Fitzgibbon (3 May 2011). Imperial Endgame: Britain's Dirty Wars and the End of Empire. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 198. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_De_Croo	Alexander De Croo	["1 Early life and career","2 Early political career","2.1 Political crisis","3 Career in government","3.1 Part of the Di Rupo government","3.2 Part of the Michel I and II governments","3.3 Part of the Wilmès I and II governments","4 Prime Minister","5 Political views and ideology","6 Personal life","7 Other activities","7.1 European Union organizations","7.2 International organizations","7.3 Non-profit organizations","8 Honours","9 References","10 External links"]	Prime Minister of Belgium since 2020 In this article, the surname is De Croo, not Croo. Alexander De CrooDe Croo in 2023Prime Minister of BelgiumIncumbentAssumed office 1 October 2020MonarchPhilippeDeputy See list Vincent Van Peteghem Georges Gilkinet Petra De Sutter Sophie Wilmès Vincent Van Quickenborne Pierre-Yves Dermagne Frank Vandenbroucke David Clarinval Preceded bySophie WilmèsMinister of FinanceIn office9 December 2018 – 1 October 2020Prime MinisterCharles MichelSophie WilmèsPreceded byJohan Van OvertveldtSucceeded byVincent Van PeteghemDeputy Prime Minister of BelgiumIn office22 October 2012 – 1 October 2020Prime MinisterElio Di RupoCharles MichelSophie WilmèsPreceded byVincent Van QuickenborneSucceeded byVincent Van QuickenborneMinister of PensionsIn office22 October 2012 – 11 October 2014Prime MinisterElio Di RupoPreceded byVincent Van QuickenborneSucceeded byDaniel BacquelaineLeader of the Open Flemish Liberals and DemocratsIn office12 December 2009 – 22 October 2012DeputyVincent Van QuickenbornePatricia CeysensPreceded byGuy Verhofstadt (Acting)Succeeded byGuy Verhofstadt (Acting)Minister of Development CooperationIn office11 October 2014 – 1 October 2020Prime MinisterCharles MichelSophie WilmèsPreceded byJean-Pascal Labille Personal detailsBorn (1975-11-03) 3 November 1975 (age 48)Vilvoorde, Flanders, BelgiumPolitical partyOpen Flemish Liberals and DemocratsSpouseAnnik PendersChildren2EducationVrije Universiteit Brussel (MSc)Northwestern University (MBA)Websitewww.alexanderdecroo.be Alexander De Croo (Dutch: ; born 3 November 1975) is a Belgian politician and businessman who is the prime minister of Belgium. He assumed office in October 2020 and is currently acting in a demissionary capacity. De Croo was born in Vilvoorde, Flemish Brabant, and studied business engineering at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel before attaining an MBA at Northwestern University in the United States. He worked for Boston Consulting Group before starting his own company, Darts-ip, in 2006. De Croo became involved with the Belgian political party Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten (Open VLD), of which he was chairman from 2009 to 2012. From 2012 to 2020, De Croo served in the governments of Elio Di Rupo, Charles Michel, and Sophie Wilmès as a deputy prime minister of Belgium. During his tenure as deputy prime minister he served as the Minister of Pensions from 2012 to 2014, as Minister of Development Cooperation from 2014 to 2020, and as Minister of Finance from 2018 to 2020. On 1 October 2020, over a year after the 2019 federal elections, the De Croo Government was formed to replace Wilmès' minority government, with De Croo as prime minister. After the 2024 Belgian federal election, De Croo and his party suffered a major electoral defeat. De Croo announced his resignation on June 9, 2024. De Croo will remain as caretaker prime minister until a new coalition is formed. Early life and career Alexander De Croo was born on 3 November 1975 in Vilvoorde in Flemish Brabant, Belgium, and was one of two children of the politician and Minister of State Herman De Croo and his wife Françoise Desguin. In 1993, he attended the Vrije Universiteit Brussel where he graduated in 1998 in Business Engineering. He attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, in 2002, and completed an MBA at the Kellogg School of Management in 2004. Prior to his political career, De Croo became a project leader at Boston Consulting Group in 1999. In 2006 he founded a new company called Darts-ip that specialized in providing services to intellectual property professionals. Early political career In 2009, De Croo participated for the first time in politics, standing in the 2009 European elections. He received more than 47,000 votes. On 26 October, De Croo became a candidate for the presidency of his political party, Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open VLD), to succeed the transitional party president, Guy Verhofstadt. He chose Vincent Van Quickenborne and Patricia Ceysens as his running mates to compete against Marino Keulen and Gwendolyn Rutten. On 12 December, he was elected president in the second round with 11,676 votes; Marino Keulen received 9,614 votes. His election was considered remarkable as he had almost no previous experience as a politician. Political crisis Five months after being elected party leader, De Croo threatened to withdraw the Open VLD from the governing coalition if there was no solution to the constitutional dispute in the Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde voting issue. After Open VLD's deadline passed the party left the government and then Prime Minister Yves Leterme announced the government's resignation. This was accepted by King Albert II on 26 April 2010. During the elections for the Senate in 2010, De Croo obtained more than 301,000 votes, the third most in the Dutch-speaking constituency and served as a senator until 22 October 2012. Career in government Part of the Di Rupo government De Croo succeeded Van Quickenborne in the Di Rupo Government as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Pensions on 22 October 2012 after Van Quickenborne resigned to become mayor of Kortrijk. In December Gwendolyn Rutten was elected as the new chairwoman of Open VLD. Part of the Michel I and II governments After the 2014 Belgian federal election and its Federal Government formation, it was decided that he would remain Deputy Prime Minister in the newly formed Michel I Government. De Croo also became Minister of Development Cooperation, Digital Agenda, Telecom and Postal Services while Daniel Bacquelaine took over from him as Minister of Pensions. This government took office on 11 October 2014. During De Croo's time in office, Belgium became the first country to suspend official development assistance to Burundi after the beginning of violent unrest in the African country from 2015. In 2017, De Croo pledged €25 million ($26.81 million) through 2025 to eradicate African sleeping sickness. He also was one of the founders of the She Decides movement, a reaction against the re-installation of the Mexico City Policy by President Donald Trump. After a disagreement within the government over the UN Global Compact for Migration, the N-VA left the governing coalition, causing the administration to become a minority government on 9 December 2018, known as Michel II. De Croo became Minister of Finance, replacing Johan Van Overtveldt. In December 2018, De Croo took the stage during the Global Citizen Festival Mandela 100 concert in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was the final event of the international campaign #SheIsEqual for women's rights which attracted €780 million in commitments. Part of the Wilmès I and II governments Under the caretaker administration of Prime Minister Sophie Wilmès, he oversaw a financial stimulus package to tackle the COVID-19 crisis and a deal to save Brussels Airlines in 2020. He was elected joint deputy chairman of Open VLD, together with Egbert Lachaert. Prime Minister De Croo with U.S. President Joe Biden and King Philippe, 15 June 2021 On 23 September 2020, Alexander De Croo and Paul Magnette (PS) were appointed by the King to form a government. On 30 September 2020, it was announced that De Croo would take over the position of prime minister, succeeding Wilmès. The formation of the Belgian government (Vivaldi) took a considerable amount of time. The book De doodgravers van België by Wouter Verschelden states that the main reason for the prolonged negotiations was a scandal about communication between De Croo and an Italian pornographic film actress. In August 2021, Corriere della Sera quoted statements by the implicated actress, claiming that De Croo had messaged her seeking a meeting and that they had not met, but had continued to exchange messages. De Croo's government has a higher proportion of women ministers than any previous Belgian government: half of the ministers are women. In June 2021, he visited the site of the Antwerp building collapse with King Philippe of Belgium and spoke with emergency workers. De Croo with Israeli President Isaac Herzog and Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez in Jerusalem, Israel, 23 November 2023 De Croo with IAEA Director General Rafael Grossi and French President Emmanuel Macron in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2 December 2023 In February 2022, the government adopted a law to make the labour market more flexible: employees will have the possibility, provided that their company agrees, of switching to a four-day week. In return, their working days will be extended to 9.5 hours (corresponding to a 38-hour week). The law also makes working hours between 8 p.m. and midnight more flexible, as they will no longer be considered as night work and will not entitle employees to any compensation. The government wants to increase military spending to 2 per cent of GDP in order to comply with the demands of NATO and the U.S. government, which is causing tension within its coalition. The right-wing supports the plan, but the ecologists are opposed, arguing that the government should have other priorities than the military, while the socialists remain undecided. On 26 November 2022, De Croo and foreign minister Hadja Lahbib visited Ukraine, meeting president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy and pledging continued Belgian support to Ukraine. In November 2023, De Croo called the Israeli bombing campaign in the Gaza Strip "disproportionate", but said that "Belgium will not take sides" in the Israel–Hamas war. The Israeli government accused him of "supporting terrorism". De Croo with President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Kyiv, Ukraine, 24 February 2024 On 26 February 2024 DeCroo travelled to Paris, where Emmanuel Macron was holding an emergency summit over the situation in Ukraine, as they had just suffered the loss of Avdiivka. Czech PM Petr Fiala proposed to purchase 500,000 rounds of artillery ammunition for Volodymyr Zelensky's forces. This was the second time in one month the Czech government had aired the matter. The French had previously vetoed the idea to purchase the ammunition from foreign sources. The Dutch government of Mark Rutte announced, through him on that day in Paris, that it would provide €100 million for this purpose, and DeCroo announced that his government would provide €200 million. Fiala managed to attract 15 nations to his cause. The Prime Minister of Portugal, Antonio Costa, said that the group defense ministers had been tasked with a 7 March deadline to formulate and execute the plan. Following the release of the 2024 Belgian federal election results, De Croo and his party suffered a major electoral defeat. De Croo announced his resignation as Prime Minister effective on 10 June. After this, he will remain as caretaker prime minister until a new federal government is formed. Political views and ideology Like the majority of party leaders in Belgium, De Croo is in favour of greater limits on the political power of the Belgian monarch. He is of the opinion that the monarch's power should be ceremonial, similar to that of other Western European monarchs. Personal life De Croo is married to Annik Penders and they have two children. He is a keen equestrian and takes part in a formal event each year together with his father; in 2010 he broke a foot and an elbow when he fell from his horse. He is fluent in Dutch and English, as well as French, the native language of his mother. Other activities European Union organizations European Investment Bank (EIB), ex-officio member of the Board of Governors (since 2018) European Stability Mechanism, member of the Board of Governors (since 2018) International organizations African Development Bank (AfDB), ex-officio member of the Board of Governors Asian Development Bank (ADB), ex-officio member of the Board of Governors European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), ex-officio member of the Board of Governors (since 2018) Non-profit organizations World Economic Forum (WEF), member of the Europe Policy Group (since 2017) Honours Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau (2023) Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (2024) References ^ a b "Belgium's PM De Croo resigns after election defeat – DW – 06/10/2024". dw.com. Retrieved 12 June 2024. ^ "Belgian King Philippe accepts PM De Croo's resignation". euronews. 10 June 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024. ^ "De Heer Alexander De Croo" . wwwpr.belgium.be (in Dutch). 11 June 2020. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Biography". www.hermandecroo.be. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Wie is Alexander?" . www.alexanderdecroo.be (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ a b "Alexander De Croo is nieuwe premier: naast "zoon van" ook stemmentrekker en voorstander van gendergelijkheid" (in Dutch). VRT Nws. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Alexander De Croo verrassend nieuwe voorzitter Open Vld" (in Dutch). De Morgen. 12 December 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Open VLD kiest met Alexander De Croo voor avontuur" (in Dutch). De Standaard. 12 December 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Alexander De Croo". The Bulletin. 12 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2020. ^ "Belgium's Five-Party Coalition Government Collapses". The Guardian. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Opvolger Alexander De Croo legt de eed af in Senaat" (in Dutch). Het Laatste Nieuws. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Alexander De Croo is nieuwe premier: naast "zoon van" ook stemmentrekker en voorstander van gendergelijkheid" (in Dutch). Radio 1. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Vincent Van Quickenborne ruilt Kortrijk opnieuw in voor Brussel" (in Dutch). MSN. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Gwendolyn Rutten is nieuwe voorzitter Open VLD" (in Dutch). Het Nieuwsblad. 8 December 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Biografie" . www.decroo.belgium.be (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ a b "Dit zijn de ministers van de regering-Michel I" (in Dutch). Het Laatste Nieuws. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Van de regering-Michel naar de regering-Wilmès: een komen en gaan van ministers" (in Dutch). VRT NWS. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Belgium Suspends Financial Aid for Burundi Elections". Al-Jazeera. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ Stephanie Nebehay (19 April 2017), "Gates Backs Big Pharma Push to Wipe out Tropical Diseases". Reuters. 19 April 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Development Cooperation Belgium". www.shedecides.com. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Belgium's Government Loses Majority over UN Migration Pact". The Guardian. 9 December 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "De Block terug op Asiel & Migratie, De Crem en De Backer worden minister: zo ziet regering-Michel II eruit" (in Dutch). VRT NWS. 9 December 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "#SheIsEqual Campaign for Women's Rights Exceeds Wildest Expectations". www.diplomatie.belgium.be. 13 December 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Belgium Forms New Government after 16-Month Deadlock". Reuters. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Alexander De Croo eerste ondervoorzitter" (in Dutch). Knack. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Koning stelt Paul Magnette (PS) en Alexander De Croo (Open VLD) aan als coformateurs: "Uitweg uit de crisis"". VRT (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 October 2020. ^ "Flemish Liberal Alexander De Croo to be Appointed Belgium's Prime Minister". 30 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020. ^ "Analist Wouter Verschelden schetst vernietigend beeld van vorming regering-De Croo: "Ik probeer nooit negatief te zijn, maar..."". 10 July 2021. ^ "POLITICO Brussels Playbook: Slovenian takeover - Southern fiscal front - Travel reloaded". Politico. Retrieved 2 September 2021. ^ "La pornostar Eveline Dellai e la chat con il premier belga Alexander De Croo: "Sì, voleva vedermi, ma non è l'unico"" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 21 August 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021. ^ "Regering-De Croo is meest vrouwelijke ooit: tien vrouwen en tien mannen" (in Dutch). Het Nieuwsblad. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Five workers confirmed dead after school collapses in Antwerp, Belgium". South China Morning Post. 20 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021. ^ "Emploi. La Belgique s'invente une semaine de quatre jours à sa façon". 16 February 2022. ^ "In Belgium, the Greens oppose increased military spending". 16 June 2022. ^ "Belgian Prime Minister Alexander De Croo in Ukraine". The Brussels Times. 27 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022. ^ Shankar, Priyanka (10 November 2023). "'Inhumane': Top Belgium officials criticise Israeli bombing of Gaza". Aljazeera. ^ "Alexander De Croo à Rafah : de la nuance en temps de guerre". 27 November 2023. ^ "EU seeks more ammunition for Ukraine to reverse Putin's advance". luxtimes.lu. ^ "France's Macron does not rule out Europeans sending troops to Ukraine". Retrieved 5 April 2024. ^ "Belgium buys 200 million euros' worth of ammunition for Ukraine". 28 February 2024. ^ "Belgium releases €200 million for ammunition to Ukraine". ^ "Post-Belgian Elections Live: PS leader tries to resign, MR wants to form government soon". 10 June 2024. Archived from the original on 12 June 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024. ^ "Meerderheid wil macht koning inperken" (in Dutch). VRT NWS. 20 March 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Wie is Alexander De Croo, Belgiës kersverse premier? "Hij kent niks van politiek", zei zijn moeder ooit. Ze kreeg ongelijk" (in Dutch). Het Laatste Nieuws. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Alexander De Croo verlaat het ziekenhuis". Gazet van Antwerpen. 22 June 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "5 things to know about Belgium's new Prime Minister Alexander De Croo". 30 September 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2023. ^ "Board of Governors". www.eib.org. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Board of Governors: Alexander De Croo". www.esm.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "AfDB Annual Report 2017" (PDF). www.afdb.org. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Board of Governors". Asian Development Bank. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Board of Governors". www.ebrd.com/. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Europe Policy Group" (PDF). www3.weforum.org. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Image". ^ Patrick Van Kitwejk (16 April 2024). Alexander De Croo (right) at the state banquet for the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Luxembourg in Belgium. Getty Images. External links Media related to Alexander De Croo at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Alexander De Croo at Wikiquote Political offices Preceded byVincent Van Quickenborne Deputy Prime Minister of Belgium 2012–2020 Succeeded byVincent Van Quickenborne Minister of Pensions 2012–2014 Succeeded byDaniel Bacquelaine Preceded byJean-Pascal Labille Minister of Development Cooperation 2014-2020 Succeeded byMeryame Kitir Preceded byJohan Van Overtveldt Minister of Finance 2018–2020 Succeeded byVincent Van Peteghem Preceded bySophie Wilmès Prime Minister of Belgium 2020–present Incumbent Academic offices Preceded byMarcelo Rebelo de Sousa Invocation Speaker of the College of Europe 2021 Succeeded byRoberta Metsola vtePrime ministers of Belgium de Gerlache Lebeau de Muelenaere Goblet d'Alviella de Theux de Meylandt Lebeau Nothomb Van de Weyer de Theux de Meylandt Rogier de Brouckère de Decker Rogier Frère-Orban d'Anethan Malou Frère-Orban Malou Beernaert de Burlet de Smet de Naeyer Vandenpeereboom de Smet de Naeyer de Trooz Schollaert de Broqueville Cooreman Delacroix Carton de Wiart Theunis Van de Vyvere Poullet Jaspar Renkin de Broqueville Theunis van Zeeland Janson Spaak Pierlot Van Acker Spaak Van Acker Huysmans Spaak G. Eyskens Duvieusart Pholien Van Houtte Van Acker G. Eyskens Lefèvre Harmel Vanden Boeynants G. Eyskens Leburton Tindemans Vanden Boeynants Martens M. Eyskens Martens Dehaene Verhofstadt Leterme Van Rompuy Leterme Di Rupo Michel Wilmès De Croo Flag of Belgium vteEuropean Council List of meetings Parties represented 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (January–April) 2004 (May–December) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (January–June) 2013 (July–December) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Charles Michel, President (non-voting) Nehammer (AT) De Croo (BE) Glavchev (BG) Plenković (HR) Christodoulides (CY) Fiala (CZ) Frederiksen (DK) Kallas (EE) Orpo (FI) Macron (FR) Scholz (DE) Mitsotakis (GR) Orbán (HU) Harris (IE) Meloni (IT) Siliņa (LV) Nausėda (LT) Frieden (LU) Abela (MT) Rutte (NL) Tusk (PL) Montenegro (PT) Iohannis (RO) Fico (SK) Golob (SI) Sánchez (ES) Kristersson (SE) von der Leyen, President of the Commission (non-voting) Borrell (High Representative) (present non-member, non-voting) Metsola (President of the Parliament) (partially attending, non-member, non-voting) European Union Portal vteLeaders of NATO Secretary General: Stoltenberg Rama De Croo Glavchev Trudeau Plenković Fiala Frederiksen Kallas Orpo Macron Scholz Mitsotakis Orbán Bjarni Meloni Siliņa Nausėda Frieden Spajić Rutte Xhaferi Støre Tusk Montenegro Iohannis Fico Golob Sánchez Kristersson Erdoğan Sunak Biden vteCurrent heads of governmentAfrica Larbaoui Tambèla Ndirakobuca Ngute Correia e Silva Moloua Halina Tuluka Makosso Mohamed Madbouly Botey Dlamini Ahmed Sima Goumou* Duarte de Barros Beugre Mambe Dbeibeh Matekane Ntsay Maïga Ould Bilal Jugnauth Akhannouch Maleiane Kuugongelwa Zeine Ngirente Bayoun Trovoada Sonko Sengeh Barre Hussein Majaliwa Dogbé Hachani Nabbanja Asia Ankvab Akhund Al Khalifa Hasina Tobgay Billah Hun Li Gusmão Modi Mokhber* Sudani Netanyahu Kishida Khasawneh Bektenov Sabah Japarov Siphandone Mikati Ibrahim Oyun-Erdene Min Aung Hlaing* Dahal Kim Sharif Mustafa Thani Salman Wong Han Dzhussoev Gunawardena Arnous Cho Rasulzoda Thavisin Al Maktoum Aripov Phạm Mubarak* Europe Rama Espot Pashinyan Nehammer Asadov Golovchenko De Croo Krišto Glavchev Plenković Fiala Frederiksen Kallas Orpo Attal Kobakhidze Scholz Mitsotakis Orbán Bjarni Harris Meloni Kurti Siliņa Risch Šimonytė Frieden Abela Recean Dartout Spajić Rutte Xhaferi Støre Tusk Montenegro Ciucă Mishustin Vučević Fico Golob Sánchez Kristersson Rossi Shmyhal Sunak Vérgez Alzaga North America Wever-Croes Webster Browne Davis Mottley Burt Briceño Wheatley O'Connor-Connolly Marrero Cruz Pisas Trudeau Skerrit Egede Mitchell Henry* Holness Taylor-Farrell Drew Pierre Gonsalves Rowley South America Ali Otárola Oceania Albanese Brown Rabuka Adeang Luxon Tagelagi Marape Mataʻafa Manele Sovaleni Teo Salwai Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Belgium United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[aːlɛkˈsɑndər də ˈkroː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"prime minister of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Vilvoorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilvoorde"},{"link_name":"Flemish Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Brabant"},{"link_name":"business engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_engineering"},{"link_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel"},{"link_name":"MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"Boston Consulting Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group"},{"link_name":"Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Vlaamse_Liberalen_en_Democraten"},{"link_name":"Elio Di Rupo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio_Di_Rupo"},{"link_name":"Charles Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Michel"},{"link_name":"Sophie Wilmès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Wilm%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"deputy prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_prime_minister"},{"link_name":"Minister of Development Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Development_Cooperation_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Minister of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"2019 federal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Belgian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"De Croo Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Croo_Government"},{"link_name":"Wilmès' minority government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilm%C3%A8s_II_Government"},{"link_name":"2024 Belgian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Belgian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Flemish_Liberals_and_Democrats"},{"link_name":"caretaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker_government"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In this article, the surname is De Croo, not Croo.Alexander De Croo (Dutch: [aːlɛkˈsɑndər də ˈkroː]; born 3 November 1975) is a Belgian politician and businessman who is the prime minister of Belgium. He assumed office in October 2020 and is currently acting in a demissionary capacity.\nDe Croo was born in Vilvoorde, Flemish Brabant, and studied business engineering at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel before attaining an MBA at Northwestern University in the United States. He worked for Boston Consulting Group before starting his own company, Darts-ip, in 2006. De Croo became involved with the Belgian political party Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten (Open VLD), of which he was chairman from 2009 to 2012. From 2012 to 2020, De Croo served in the governments of Elio Di Rupo, Charles Michel, and Sophie Wilmès as a deputy prime minister of Belgium.During his tenure as deputy prime minister he served as the Minister of Pensions from 2012 to 2014, as Minister of Development Cooperation from 2014 to 2020, and as Minister of Finance from 2018 to 2020. On 1 October 2020, over a year after the 2019 federal elections, the De Croo Government was formed to replace Wilmès' minority government, with De Croo as prime minister.After the 2024 Belgian federal election, De Croo and his party suffered a major electoral defeat. De Croo announced his resignation on June 9, 2024. De Croo will remain as caretaker prime minister until a new coalition is formed.[1][2]","title":"Alexander De Croo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vilvoorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilvoorde"},{"link_name":"Flemish Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Brabant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Minister of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Herman De Croo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_De_Croo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"Evanston, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBA"},{"link_name":"Kellogg School of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg_School_of_Management"},{"link_name":"Boston Consulting Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Alexander De Croo was born on 3 November 1975 in Vilvoorde in Flemish Brabant, Belgium,[3] and was one of two children of the politician and Minister of State Herman De Croo and his wife Françoise Desguin.[4]\nIn 1993, he attended the Vrije Universiteit Brussel where he graduated in 1998 in Business Engineering. He attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, in 2002, and completed an MBA at the Kellogg School of Management in 2004. Prior to his political career, De Croo became a project leader at Boston Consulting Group in 1999. In 2006 he founded a new company called Darts-ip that specialized in providing services to intellectual property professionals.[5]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2009 European elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vrt-6"},{"link_name":"presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_chair"},{"link_name":"Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Flemish_Liberals_and_Democrats"},{"link_name":"Guy Verhofstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt"},{"link_name":"Vincent Van Quickenborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Van_Quickenborne"},{"link_name":"Marino Keulen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marino_Keulen"},{"link_name":"Gwendolyn Rutten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwendolyn_Rutten"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 2009, De Croo participated for the first time in politics, standing in the 2009 European elections. He received more than 47,000 votes.[6] On 26 October, De Croo became a candidate for the presidency of his political party, Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open VLD), to succeed the transitional party president, Guy Verhofstadt. He chose Vincent Van Quickenborne and Patricia Ceysens as his running mates to compete against Marino Keulen and Gwendolyn Rutten. On 12 December, he was elected president in the second round with 11,676 votes; Marino Keulen received 9,614 votes.[7] His election was considered remarkable as he had almost no previous experience as a politician.[8][9]","title":"Early political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde#Negotiations_and_attempts_to_split_BHV"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Yves Leterme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Leterme"},{"link_name":"Albert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"elections for the Senate in 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Belgian_federal_election#Senate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vrt-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Political crisis","text":"Five months after being elected party leader, De Croo threatened to withdraw the Open VLD from the governing coalition if there was no solution to the constitutional dispute in the Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde voting issue. After Open VLD's deadline passed the party left the government and then Prime Minister Yves Leterme announced the government's resignation. This was accepted by King Albert II on 26 April 2010.[10] During the elections for the Senate in 2010, De Croo obtained more than 301,000 votes, the third most in the Dutch-speaking constituency[6] and served as a senator until 22 October 2012.[11]","title":"Early political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career in government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Di Rupo Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_Rupo_Government"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kortrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortrijk"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Part of the Di Rupo government","text":"De Croo succeeded Van Quickenborne in the Di Rupo Government as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Pensions on 22 October 2012[12] after Van Quickenborne resigned to become mayor of Kortrijk.[13] In December Gwendolyn Rutten was elected as the new chairwoman of Open VLD.[14]","title":"Career in government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 Belgian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Belgian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Federal Government formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Belgian_government_formation"},{"link_name":"Michel I Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_I_Government"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10_October_2014-16"},{"link_name":"Daniel Bacquelaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bacquelaine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10_October_2014-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"official development assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_development_assistance"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"violent unrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundian_unrest_(2015%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"African sleeping sickness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Mexico City Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Policy"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Global Compact for Migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Compact_for_Migration"},{"link_name":"N-VA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-VA"},{"link_name":"Michel II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_II_Government"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Johan Van Overtveldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Van_Overtveldt"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Global Citizen Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Citizen_Festival"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Part of the Michel I and II governments","text":"After the 2014 Belgian federal election and its Federal Government formation, it was decided that he would remain Deputy Prime Minister in the newly formed Michel I Government. De Croo also became Minister of Development Cooperation, Digital Agenda, Telecom and Postal Services[15][16] while Daniel Bacquelaine took over from him as Minister of Pensions.[16] This government took office on 11 October 2014.[17]During De Croo's time in office, Belgium became the first country to suspend official development assistance to Burundi after the beginning of violent unrest in the African country from 2015.[18] In 2017, De Croo pledged €25 million ($26.81 million) through 2025 to eradicate African sleeping sickness.[19] He also was one of the founders of the She Decides movement, a reaction against the re-installation of the Mexico City Policy by President Donald Trump.[20]After a disagreement within the government over the UN Global Compact for Migration, the N-VA left the governing coalition, causing the administration to become a minority government on 9 December 2018, known as Michel II.[21] De Croo became Minister of Finance, replacing Johan Van Overtveldt.[22]In December 2018, De Croo took the stage during the Global Citizen Festival Mandela 100 concert in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was the final event of the international campaign #SheIsEqual for women's rights which attracted €780 million in commitments.[23]","title":"Career in government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caretaker administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilm%C3%A8s_I_Government"},{"link_name":"Sophie Wilmès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Wilm%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Brussels Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Egbert Lachaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egbert_Lachaert"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Part of the Wilmès I and II governments","text":"Under the caretaker administration of Prime Minister Sophie Wilmès, he oversaw a financial stimulus package to tackle the COVID-19 crisis and a deal to save Brussels Airlines in 2020.[24] He was elected joint deputy chairman of Open VLD, together with Egbert Lachaert.[25]","title":"Career in government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P20210615CS_CW23444_(51269151389).jpg"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Paul Magnette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Magnette"},{"link_name":"PS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Socialiste_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Wouter Verschelden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wouter_Verschelden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wouter_Verschelden"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Corriere della Sera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Antwerp building collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_building_collapse"},{"link_name":"Philippe of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Herzog_in_Beit_HaNassi,_November_2023_(ABG_0730).jpg"},{"link_name":"Isaac Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Herzog"},{"link_name":"Pedro Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emmanuel_Macron_(cop28_1782).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rafael Grossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Grossi"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Macron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"military spending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_spending"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Hadja Lahbib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadja_Lahbib"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Zelenskyy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Israel–Hamas war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visit_of_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_to_Ukraine,_24.02.24_(39).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ursula von der Leyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Zelenskyy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Macron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Avdiivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avdiivka"},{"link_name":"Petr Fiala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Fiala"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Zelensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelensky"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-luxt1-38"},{"link_name":"Mark Rutte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rutte"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Antonio Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Costa"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rut1-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vrt1-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bt1-41"},{"link_name":"2024 Belgian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Belgian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"caretaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker_government"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bt12-42"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"De Croo with U.S. President Joe Biden and King Philippe, 15 June 2021On 23 September 2020, Alexander De Croo and Paul Magnette (PS) were appointed by the King to form a government.[26] On 30 September 2020, it was announced that De Croo would take over the position of prime minister, succeeding Wilmès.[27]The formation of the Belgian government (Vivaldi) took a considerable amount of time. The book De doodgravers van België by Wouter Verschelden [nl] states that the main reason for the prolonged negotiations was a scandal about communication between De Croo and an Italian pornographic film actress.[28][29] In August 2021, Corriere della Sera quoted statements by the implicated actress, claiming that De Croo had messaged her seeking a meeting and that they had not met, but had continued to exchange messages.[30]De Croo's government has a higher proportion of women ministers than any previous Belgian government: half of the ministers are women.[31]In June 2021, he visited the site of the Antwerp building collapse with King Philippe of Belgium and spoke with emergency workers.[32]De Croo with Israeli President Isaac Herzog and Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez in Jerusalem, Israel, 23 November 2023De Croo with IAEA Director General Rafael Grossi and French President Emmanuel Macron in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2 December 2023In February 2022, the government adopted a law to make the labour market more flexible: employees will have the possibility, provided that their company agrees, of switching to a four-day week. In return, their working days will be extended to 9.5 hours (corresponding to a 38-hour week). The law also makes working hours between 8 p.m. and midnight more flexible, as they will no longer be considered as night work and will not entitle employees to any compensation.[33]The government wants to increase military spending to 2 per cent of GDP in order to comply with the demands of NATO and the U.S. government, which is causing tension within its coalition. The right-wing supports the plan, but the ecologists are opposed, arguing that the government should have other priorities than the military, while the socialists remain undecided.[34]On 26 November 2022, De Croo and foreign minister Hadja Lahbib visited Ukraine, meeting president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy and pledging continued Belgian support to Ukraine.[35]In November 2023, De Croo called the Israeli bombing campaign in the Gaza Strip \"disproportionate\", but said that \"Belgium will not take sides\" in the Israel–Hamas war.[36] The Israeli government accused him of \"supporting terrorism\".[37]De Croo with President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Kyiv, Ukraine, 24 February 2024On 26 February 2024 DeCroo travelled to Paris, where Emmanuel Macron was holding an emergency summit over the situation in Ukraine, as they had just suffered the loss of Avdiivka. Czech PM Petr Fiala proposed to purchase 500,000 rounds of artillery ammunition for Volodymyr Zelensky's forces. This was the second time in one month the Czech government had aired the matter. The French had previously vetoed the idea to purchase the ammunition from foreign sources.[38] The Dutch government of Mark Rutte announced, through him on that day in Paris, that it would provide €100 million for this purpose, and DeCroo announced that his government would provide €200 million. Fiala managed to attract 15 nations to his cause. The Prime Minister of Portugal, Antonio Costa, said that the group defense ministers had been tasked with a 7 March deadline to formulate and execute the plan.[39][40][41]Following the release of the 2024 Belgian federal election results, De Croo and his party suffered a major electoral defeat. De Croo announced his resignation as Prime Minister effective on 10 June. After this, he will remain as caretaker prime minister until a new federal government is formed.[42][1]","title":"Prime Minister"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Like the majority of party leaders in Belgium, De Croo is in favour of greater limits on the political power of the Belgian monarch. He is of the opinion that the monarch's power should be ceremonial, similar to that of other Western European monarchs.[43]","title":"Political views and ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"equestrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"native language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_language"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"De Croo is married to Annik Penders and they have two children.[44] He is a keen equestrian and takes part in a formal event each year together with his father; in 2010 he broke a foot and an elbow when he fell from his horse.[45] He is fluent in Dutch and English, as well as French, the native language of his mother.[46]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Investment Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Investment_Bank"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"European Stability Mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"European Union organizations","text":"European Investment Bank (EIB), ex-officio member of the Board of Governors (since 2018)[47]\nEuropean Stability Mechanism, member of the Board of Governors (since 2018)[48]","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African Development Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development_Bank"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Asian Development Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"European Bank for Reconstruction and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"International organizations","text":"African Development Bank (AfDB), ex-officio member of the Board of Governors[49]\nAsian Development Bank (ADB), ex-officio member of the Board of Governors[50]\nEuropean Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), ex-officio member of the Board of Governors (since 2018)[51]","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Economic Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Non-profit organizations","text":"World Economic Forum (WEF), member of the Europe Policy Group (since 2017)[52]","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Order of Orange-Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau (2023)[53]\n Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (2024)[54]","title":"Honours"}]	[{"image_text":"De Croo with U.S. President Joe Biden and King Philippe, 15 June 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/P20210615CS_CW23444_%2851269151389%29.jpg/220px-P20210615CS_CW23444_%2851269151389%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"De Croo with Israeli President Isaac Herzog and Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez in Jerusalem, Israel, 23 November 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Isaac_Herzog_in_Beit_HaNassi%2C_November_2023_%28ABG_0730%29.jpg/220px-Isaac_Herzog_in_Beit_HaNassi%2C_November_2023_%28ABG_0730%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"De Croo with IAEA Director General Rafael Grossi and French President Emmanuel Macron in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2 December 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emmanuel_Macron_%28cop28_1782%29.jpg/220px-Emmanuel_Macron_%28cop28_1782%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"De Croo with President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Kyiv, Ukraine, 24 February 2024","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Visit_of_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_to_Ukraine%2C_24.02.24_%2839%29.jpg/220px-Visit_of_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_to_Ukraine%2C_24.02.24_%2839%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of Belgium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/50px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Belgium's PM De Croo resigns after election defeat – DW – 06/10/2024\". dw.com. 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Retrieved 2 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Policy_Group_Members.pdf?ET_CID=2199827&ET_RID=001b000000npTqWAAU","url_text":"\"Europe Policy Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Image\".","urls":[{"url":"https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1258889970/photo/state-visit-of-the-king-willem-alexander-and-the-queen-maxima-to-belgium-day-1.jpg?s=2048x2048&w=gi&k=20&c=plAgbFd-Yt4v9YXt1stiEwnxOHh4U49TEA-AzU05NV8=","url_text":"\"Image\""}]},{"reference":"Patrick Van Kitwejk (16 April 2024). Alexander De Croo (right) at the state banquet for the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Luxembourg in Belgium. Getty Images.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.gettyimages.com/id/2148895325/photo/grand-duke-and-grand-duchess-of-luxembourg-state-visit-to-belgium-day-one.jpg?s=2048x2048&w=gi&k=20&c=RLnRFBHGoXQDN8DYPV5qoUopoDHROfu4GAxnIEFTESI=","url_text":"Alexander De Croo (right) at the state banquet for the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Luxembourg in Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Images","url_text":"Getty Images"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.alexanderdecroo.be/","external_links_name":"www.alexanderdecroo.be"},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/en/belgian-pm-announces-resignation-after-difficult-evening/a-69318069","external_links_name":"\"Belgium's PM De Croo resigns after election defeat – DW – 06/10/2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/06/10/belgian-king-accepts-de-croo-resignation","external_links_name":"\"Belgian King Philippe accepts PM De Croo's 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Balapur	Battle of Balapur	["1 Background","2 Prelude","3 At Burhanpur","4 At Balapur","5 Aftermath","6 References"]	Coordinates: 21°18′41″N 76°13′44″E / 21.31139°N 76.22889°E / 21.31139; 76.22889 18th century battle in India Battle of BalapurPart of Decline of Sayyid brothersSayyid Abdullah Khan holding the Mughal courtDate19 June 1720 to 31 July 1720LocationBalapur, Madhya Pradesh21°18′41″N 76°13′44″E / 21.31139°N 76.22889°E / 21.31139; 76.22889Result Mughal victoryBelligerents Mughal Empire(under Nizam) Sayyid Brothers Maratha Confederacy Kingdom of Rohilkhand Bundi StateCommanders and leaders Nizam-ul-MulkIwaz KhanGhiyas KhanQadar KhanKamayat KhanRao Rambha Nimbalkar Mughals allies:Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan BarhaSayyid Salabat KhanDilawar Khan †Alam Ali Khan †Rustam KhanAmin BahadurAnwar Khan Qutb ud-Daulah Maratha allies:Malhar Rao HolkarBajirao ISankarji Malhar (POW)Khanderao DabhadeSantaji SindeKanhoji Bhonsale Rohilla allies:Dost Muhammad Rohilla Rajput allies:Rao Bhim Singh † Rajah Gaj Singh †Strength 14,000 Men and additional forces from chiefs 18,000 Maratha cavalry12,000 Mughal cavalry40,000 combined Afghan and Rajput forces70,000 totalCasualties and losses Unknown 700 MarathasUnknown number of MughalsUnknown number of AfghansUnknown number of Rajputsclass=notpageimage\| Location within Madhya PradeshShow map of Madhya PradeshBattle of Balapur (India)Show map of India The Battle of Balapur marked a civil conflict among Mughal leaders, triggered by the uprising of the Sayyid Brothers. This uprising led to a decline in the status of other Mughal leaders. The conflicts unfolded in 1720, following Nizam-u'l-Mulk's triumph over the Sayyid forces, supported by Rajputs, Marathas, and Afghans. The Sayyid forces faced successive defeats at both Burhanpur and Balapur against the Nizam forces. This sequence of events culminated in the assassination of Sayyid Hasan Ali and the subsequent downfall of the Sayyid Brothers. Background The Sayyid brothers initially gained prominence due to their familial connection with Syed Abdullah Khan, who served as the Subahdar of Deccan and later Ajmer under Aurangzeb. Following the demise of Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah I, Farrukhsiyar with the help of the Sayyid brothers, orchestrated the assassination of Jahandar Shah, who was slated to succeed Bahadur Shah. Subsequently, Farrukhsiyar ascended to the Mughal throne. However, the Sayyid brothers, exercised indirect control over Farrukhsiyar's reign, effectively treating him as a puppet ruler. Farrukhsiyar met his end in 1719, as he was murdered by the Sayyid brothers. Following his assassination, Rafi ud-Darajat, Farrukhsiyar's cousin, assumed the Mughal throne. However, Rafi ud-Darajat's reign was short-lived, as he succumbed to a lung disease, adding another layer of instability to the intricate political landscape of the Mughal Empire during the early 18th century. In September 1719, Muhammad Shah ascended the Mughal throne, and the Sayyid brothers acted as regents, effectively influencing the imperial administration for a year. This period saw a notable shift in the status of other Mansabdars within the Mughal Empire, as the Sayyid brothers' influence altered the traditional power dynamics, impacting the standing of other noble officials. In a bid to diminish the influence of the Sayyid brothers, a revolt spearheaded by Mughal nobles, led by Nizam-ul-Mulk, unfolded. The Sayyid brothers had strategically relocated Nizam-ul-Mulk from Deccan to Malwa, appointing him as the Subahdar, with the intention of curbing his growing influence. Prelude In 1720, Nizam-ul-Mulk, leading a force of 8,000 cavalry, marched from Malwa to strengthen his presence in the Deccan, leveraging his network of allies. Responding to this, Dilawar Ali Khan, under the directives of the Sayyid brothers, moved to impede Nizam's progress. Additionally, Alam Ali Khan was dispatched from Aurangabad to confront Nizam, marking a significant military engagement in the ongoing power struggle within the Mughal Empire. Nizam's expedition to the Deccan was prompted by his awareness of the potential takeover of the region by the Sayyids. Suspecting Nizam's sudden deployment, the Sayyids dispatched Dilawar Ali Khan to the Deccan to monitor his movements. Dilawar Ali Khan led Mughal forces, including Rajput commanders such as Raja Bhim Singh of Bundi and Raja Gaj Singh of Narwar, and the Rohilla Afghan leader Dost Muhammad Rohilla along with other chiefs comprising a force of 40,000 men. Alam Ali Khan, the Mughal commander aligned with the Sayyids, received a warning about Nizam's march toward the Deccan. Muhammad Ghiyas Khan, a trusted officer of Nizam, advised him to abandon the campaign, emphasizing that there was no benefit in risking one's life. In response, Nizam resolutely declared: "Why speak thus! Still, I am in perplexity. that I have done no wrong is plain, nor need I feel ashamed. I have lived respected from the days of the late Alamgir until now, and for the few more days that may be vouchsafed me. I trust I may be saved from dishonour. Why do these parvenus try to harm me, merely because they are puffed up by their sudden elevation. Such an attitude is becoming in an Emperor; if others gain a little rise in life, why need they lose their heads. Thanks God on High, who is there that shall not himself receive what he has done to others? But it is not for me to begin. If in spite of my quiescence they attack me, there is no help for it. After all, I am human. What man is there. holding my high station who would not his honour? Victory lies hidden from us, it is the gift of the Most High, and not gained by the greatness of a host. I swear by the God that made me, that they may bring all Hindustan against me and I will still resist undaunted. If longer life has been decreed me, no harm will arrive, if the hour of departure is at hand. nothing can avail me."— Nizam At Burhanpur Recognizing Nizam's approach, Alam Ali Khan took preemptive action and dispatched a detachment led by Anwar Khan and Qutb-ud Daulah, the faujdar of Burhanpur, towards Aurangabad. Meanwhile, Ghiyas Khan had initiated the plunder of Burhanpur. The faujdar engaged in open battle but suffered defeat, ultimately surrendering Asigarh and Burhanpur to Nizam-ul-Mulk. This victory strategically positioned Nizam in a favorable position during the conflict. The Nizam now increased his force to 14,000, and additional supply from his chief allies. This detachment joined forces with Rao Rambha Nimbalkar, a Maratha leader. Following the initial setback, Alam Ali Khan received letters from the Sayyid brothers instructing him to collaborate with the Marathas and other faujdars. This directive signalled a shift in strategy, aiming to forge alliances with regional powers to counter the advancing forces of Nizam-ul-Mulk. Shahu I dispatched 18,000 horsemen, led by Khanderao Dabhade, Santaji Sinde, Bajirao, Kanhoji Bhosle, Malhar Rao Holkar, to reinforce the Sayyids. Thus, Alam Ali Khan managed to have a total of 30,000 horsemen. However, rather than confronting Alam Ali's forces, Nizam-ul-Mulk directed his march against Dilawar Ali Khan. Nizam established his camp near Ratanpur, under the control of the Raja of Makrai. Dilawar Khan's forces, comprising Rajputs and Afghanis, numbered 40,000 men. In 19 June 1720, the battle unfolded between the Narmada River and Burhanpur, at a location known as Pandhar. Ghiyas Khan and Iwaz Khan orchestrated a dual-sided attack on the Sayyid forces. At a crucial juncture, the Sayyid forces counterattacked the Nizam forces at the center, during which Dilawar Khan met his demise. Prominent Rajput leaders, including Rajah Gaj Singh and Rao Bhim Singh, also fell in battle. Faced with substantial casualties, the Sayyid forces were compelled to retreat from the field of engagement. At Balapur Upon learning of the defeat at Pandhar, Alam Ali Khan received advice from the Sayyids to refrain from attacking Nizam until Hussain Ali Khan's arrival. However, he decided to press forward and encountered Nizam at Balapur. Bajirao engaged the Nizam's troops on 15 July. A significant battle unfolded on 31 July 1720, where notable figures like Sayyid Wali and Sayyid Alam Barha, along with many other renowned captains, fell on the battlefield. Despite Alam Ali Khan's valiant efforts, he became surrounded and succumbed to his injuries. On the final day of the battle, 31 July, Bajirao was stationed at Nimbgaon in Balapur. Following the defeat of Sayyid-Maratha forces, Bajirao was forced to retreat through Khandesh. The disarrayed remnants of his army fled in panic, leaving their belongings to be plundered by Nizam's forces. Seven hundred Marathas were killed and Sankarji Malhar was captured alive. Nizam-ul-Mulk's Letter about the battle of Balapur: "On Sunday the 6th of the month of Shawal (31st July 1720), trusting in God, I marched to punish the Marathas and their supporters. I traversed a distance of 4 Kos. The enemy, proud of his numbers, had pitched his tents at that place. He had arranged his army and the artillery and was ready for the fight. Owing to the scarcity of bullocks our heavy artillery had remained behind. It was decided to engage the enemy in a hand to hand fight. The following were among the opposing Alam Ali Khan, Rustam Khan, Amin Bahadur, Tahawur Khan, Ali Jan, Munhe Khan, Tahawur Dil Khan, Salabat Khan, Shujat Ali Khan, Pur Dil Khan, Latif Khan, Muhammadali Beg Khan, Giyasuddin Khan, Mirza Ali Yusuf Khan, Umar Khan, Wase Ali Khan, Sirajuddin Khan, Nahar Khan Dakhni, Khan Zaman Khan, Matlab Khan, Abu Talib Khan, Mansur Khan, Gulam Rasul Khan, Muhammad Ashraf Khan, Turk Taz Khan, Haris Khan, Behramand Khan, Pimaji Shinde, Sultanji Thorat, Appaji Rustam Khani, and Pimrao were there with all their forces. Shankarji, Baji(Bajirao), the son of Balaji Vishwanath, the Peshwa of Raja Shahu I, Khandoji Dabhade Senspati, Kanhoji Bhosle, Tukoji Gurjar, Pilaji Jadhav, Devalji Somavamshi, Chimnaji Damodar, Mankoji and other Maratha chiefs were on the left wing of the army. In the battle the guns were soon given up and both sides took to swords. The enemy tried to attack from the left wing. They attacked our rear guard. But they were repulsed. Alam Ali Khan had decided to sacrifice his life. He stood his ground stoutly. Heavy fighting continued for two Gharis. Our army fought gallantly. The enemy too did not spare any effort. last the grace of God was on this servant. Alam Ali Khan with some of his chiefs and many of his colleagues was killed. Many were wounded and captured. Shankaraji Malhar was captured alive. On our side, Aiwaz Khan, Mutawassil Khan, Muhammad Giyas Khan, Qadar Khan, and Kamyat Khan exerted themselves well. By God's grace they are safe and sound."— Nizam Aftermath After experiencing two consecutive defeats, Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan personally led a march from Delhi towards the Deccan. However, on the journey, he was assassinated by Mir Haider Beg in a location between Jiund and Biund, two kilometers away from Toda Bhim. Learning of Hussain Ali's demise, the Sayyids in Delhi launched an attack on the Mughals with the intention of capturing Emperor Muhammad Shah. But they suffered a decisive defeat at the hands of the Mughal forces. As a grim symbol, the head of Hussain Ali Khan was displayed at the entrance of the market. The Emperor issued orders (farmans) to Nizam-ul-Mulk, Girdhar Bahadur, Abdul Samad Khan, and Raja Jai Singh. In these decrees, he recounted the betrayal by the Sayyid brothers, detailed the events leading to the murder of Husain Ali, and instructed them to unite in support of his throne against Sayyid Abdullah Khan. References ^ Tirmizi, S. A. I. (1968). Ajmer Through Inscriptions [1532-1852 A.D. Indian Institute of Islamic Studies. p. 79. ^ Shastri, R. P. (1971). Jhala Zalim Singh (1730-1823), the De-facto Ruler of Kota: Who Also Dominated Bundi and Udaipur, Shrewd Politician, Administrator, and Reformer. Printed at Raj Printing Works. pp. 1–3. ^ Sheth, Sudev (30 November 2023). Bankrolling Empire: Family Fortunes and Political Transformation in Mughal India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–184. ISBN 978-1-009-33026-8. ^ Cheema, G. S. (2002). The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707-1857. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. pp. 140–143. ISBN 978-81-7304-416-8. ^ a b c d e f g h Malik, Zahiruddin (1977). The Reign of Muhammad Shah, 1719-1748. Asia Publishing House. pp. 62–70. ISBN 978-0-210-40598-7. ^ Vasantha, Rangachar (2000). Penugonda Fort: A Defence Capital of the Vijayanagara Empire : History, Art, and Culture. Sharada Publishing House. p. 76. ISBN 978-81-85616-68-1. ^ Rao, P. Raghunadha (1988). History of Modern Andhra Pradesh. Sterling Publishers. p. 32. ISBN 978-81-207-0878-5. ^ a b c Sharma, S. R. (1999). Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 697–701. ISBN 978-81-7156-817-8. ^ Welch, Stuart Cary; Galleries, Asia Society; Museums, Harvard University Art (1997). Gods, Kings, and Tigers: The Art of Kotah. Asia Society Galleries. pp. 45–47. ISBN 978-3-7913-1805-9. ^ Mathur, R. S. (1985). Relations of Hadas with Mughal Emperors, 1568-1720 A.D. Deputy Publications. ^ a b Khan, Yusuf Husain (1963). The First Nizām: The Life and Times of Nizāmu'l-Mulk Āsaf Jāh I. Asia Publishing House. p. 95. ^ a b c Quddusi, Mohd Ilyas (2002). Khandesh Under the Mughals, 1601-1724 A.D.: Mainly Based on Persian Sources. Islamic Wonders Bureau. pp. 70–80. ISBN 978-81-87763-21-5. ^ Maratha History Seminar, May 28-31, 1970: Papers : Convener: A.G. Pawar. 1971. pp. 163–165. on the basis of another Persian work, states that Babaji (Baji Rao) son of Balaji Vishwanath, the Peshwa, too was present ^ Sardesai, Govind Sakharam (1957). New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707-1772. Phoenix Publications. p. 79. ^ a b Pagdi, Setu Madhava Rao (1971). Studies in Maratha History. Shivaji University. p. 68. ^ Gordon, Stewart (1 February 2007). The Marathas 1600-1818. Cambridge University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-521-03316-9. ^ Cheema, G. S. (2002). The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707-1857. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 164. ISBN 978-81-7304-416-8. ^ a b Dighe, Vishvanath Govind (1944). Peshwa Bajirao I & Maratha Expansion. Karnatak publishing house. p. 9. On 9th June Bajirao effected junction with Alam Ali's at Sawarde in pargana Undangaon. On 15th July he came up with the Nizam's troops near Pohur; on the day of the final action (a 31st July) he was posted at Nimbgaon in Pargana Balapur. Despite Maratha aid Alam Khan went down before his opponent. vte Maratha ConfederacyChhatrapatis Shivaji Sambhaji Rajaram I Tarabai Shahu I Rajaram II Shahu II Pratap Singh Peshwas Moropant Trimbak Pingle Moreshvar Pingale Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bahiroji Pingale Balaji Vishwanath Baji Rao I Balaji Baji Rao Madhavrao Ballal Narayan Rao Raghunathrao Sawai Madhavrao Baji Rao II Amrut Rao Nana Sahib Bhat family Amatya & Pratinidhi Ramchandra Pant Amatya Pralhad Niraji Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi (hereditary) Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi Women Ahilyabai Holkar Anandibai Gopikabai Jankibai Jijabai Kashibai Lakshmibai Mastani Parvatibai Putalabai Ramabai Saibai Sakvarbai Soyarabai Umabai Dabhade Baka Bai Tulsi Bai Holkar Maratha Confederacy Bhonsle of Nagpur Gaekwad of Baroda Scindia of Gwalior Holkar of Indore Patwardhan dynasty Battles Pratapgarh Kolhapur Pavan Khind Umberkhind Chakan Surat Purandar Sinhagad Salher Kalyan Bhupalgarh Bijapur Raigarh (1689) Jinji Satara Khelna Raigarh Torna Palkhed Malwa Mandsaur Bhopal Vasai 1st Trichinopoly Katwa (1st) 2nd Trichinopoly Katwa (2nd) Invasions of Bengal Burdwan Narela 2nd Delhi North-west India Peshawar 3rd Panipat Alegaon Rakshasbhuvan Capture of Delhi Pachgaon Saunshi Wadgaon Adoni Badami Savanur Gajendragad Bahadur Benda Lalsot Chaksana Patan Kharda Poona 3rd Delhi Assaye Laswari Farrukhabad Bharatpur Khadki Koregaon Mahidpur Wars Maratha-Mughal War of 27 years Maratha–Mysore War First Anglo-Maratha War Second Anglo-Maratha War Third Anglo-Maratha War Adversaries Adilshahi Qutbshahi Mughal Empire Durrani Empire British Empire Portuguese Empire Nizam of Hyderabad Mysore Forts Mangad Panhala Pratapgad Purandar Raigad Rajgad Shaniwar Wada Shivneri Sindhudurg Rajgad Torna Coins Shivrai vteMughal EmpireEmperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shahryar Shah Jahan Aurangzeb (Alamgir I) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud-Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Shah Jahan IV Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Administration Dynasty family tree Economy Flag Foreign relations Government Military Mughal artillery Provinces Agra Ajmer Awadh Bengal Berar Gujarat Delhi Hyderabad Lahore Malwa Multan Sira Conflicts Mughal-Rajput wars Mughal conquest of Malwa Gujarat conquest Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623) Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653) Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom–Mughal conflicts Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war Mughal–Maratha wars Child's war Carnatic wars Bengal war Indian Rebellion of 1857 Mughal–Sikh wars Mughal–Portuguese conflicts Battles Agra Badli-ki-Serai Bhuchar Mori Buxar Chanderi Chausa Ghagra Haldighati Karnal Khajwa Khanwa Najafgarh Panipat (1526) Panipat (1556) Panipat (1761) Plassey Raj Mahal Samugarh Sirhind Thanesar (1567) Thanesar (1710) Tukaroi Bakla Bhulua Sieges Bijapur Chittorgarh Delhi Daman Daulatabad Golconda Hooghly Jinji Kandahar Purandhar Ranthambore Sambhal Adversaries Baro-Bhuyan Isa Khan Khwaja Usman Bayazid of Sylhet Musa Khan Pratapaditya Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro ArchitectureForts and palaces Agra Fort Lahore Fort Lalbagh Fort Red Fort Jahangir Mahal Sheesh Mahal Mosques Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad Jama Masjid (Delhi) Chawk Mosque Badshahi Mosque Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta Sunehri Masjid Wazir Khan Mosque Tombs and mausoleums Akbar's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Gardens of Babur Humayun's Tomb Jahangir's Tomb Taj Mahal Tomb of Salim Chishti Tomb of Aurangzeb Tomb of Nur Jahan List of tombs of Mughal Empire Others Fatehpur Sikri Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Shahi Bridge more See also Art Cuisine Culture Fashion Gardens Language Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Successor states Sur Empire (interrupted) Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Nawabs of Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sayyid Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_brothers"},{"link_name":"Nizam-u'l-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam-ul-Mulk,_Asaf_Jah_I"},{"link_name":"Rajputs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput"},{"link_name":"Marathas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire"},{"link_name":"Afghans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghans"},{"link_name":"Sayyid Hasan Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Hassan_Ali_Khan_Barha"}],"text":"18th century battle in IndiaThe Battle of Balapur marked a civil conflict among Mughal leaders, triggered by the uprising of the Sayyid Brothers. This uprising led to a decline in the status of other Mughal leaders.The conflicts unfolded in 1720, following Nizam-u'l-Mulk's triumph over the Sayyid forces, supported by Rajputs, Marathas, and Afghans. The Sayyid forces faced successive defeats at both Burhanpur and Balapur against the Nizam forces. This sequence of events culminated in the assassination of Sayyid Hasan Ali and the subsequent downfall of the Sayyid Brothers.","title":"Battle of Balapur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syed Abdullah Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Mian"},{"link_name":"Subahdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subahdar"},{"link_name":"Deccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_Subah"},{"link_name":"Ajmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmer_Subah"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mughal Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_emperors"},{"link_name":"Bahadur Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Farrukhsiyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrukhsiyar"},{"link_name":"Jahandar Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahandar_Shah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"puppet ruler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_ruler"},{"link_name":"Rafi ud-Darajat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafi_ud-Darajat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shah"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Mansabdars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansabdar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Nizam-ul-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam-ul-Mulk,_Asaf_Jah_I"},{"link_name":"Malwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwa_Subah"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Sayyid brothers initially gained prominence due to their familial connection with Syed Abdullah Khan, who served as the Subahdar of Deccan and later Ajmer under Aurangzeb.[1]Following the demise of Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah I, Farrukhsiyar with the help of the Sayyid brothers, orchestrated the assassination of Jahandar Shah, who was slated to succeed Bahadur Shah.[2] Subsequently, Farrukhsiyar ascended to the Mughal throne. However, the Sayyid brothers, exercised indirect control over Farrukhsiyar's reign, effectively treating him as a puppet ruler. Farrukhsiyar met his end in 1719, as he was murdered by the Sayyid brothers. Following his assassination, Rafi ud-Darajat, Farrukhsiyar's cousin, assumed the Mughal throne.[3] However, Rafi ud-Darajat's reign was short-lived, as he succumbed to a lung disease, adding another layer of instability to the intricate political landscape of the Mughal Empire during the early 18th century.[4]In September 1719, Muhammad Shah ascended the Mughal throne, and the Sayyid brothers acted as regents, effectively influencing the imperial administration for a year.[5] This period saw a notable shift in the status of other Mansabdars within the Mughal Empire, as the Sayyid brothers' influence altered the traditional power dynamics, impacting the standing of other noble officials.[5]In a bid to diminish the influence of the Sayyid brothers, a revolt spearheaded by Mughal nobles, led by Nizam-ul-Mulk, unfolded. The Sayyid brothers had strategically relocated Nizam-ul-Mulk from Deccan to Malwa, appointing him as the Subahdar, with the intention of curbing his growing influence.[6][7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aurangabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangabad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"Bundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundi"},{"link_name":"Narwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narwar"},{"link_name":"Rohilla Afghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rohilkhand"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nizam-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nizam-11"}],"text":"In 1720, Nizam-ul-Mulk, leading a force of 8,000 cavalry, marched from Malwa to strengthen his presence in the Deccan, leveraging his network of allies. Responding to this, Dilawar Ali Khan, under the directives of the Sayyid brothers, moved to impede Nizam's progress. Additionally, Alam Ali Khan was dispatched from Aurangabad to confront Nizam, marking a significant military engagement in the ongoing power struggle within the Mughal Empire.[5][8]Nizam's expedition to the Deccan was prompted by his awareness of the potential takeover of the region by the Sayyids. Suspecting Nizam's sudden deployment, the Sayyids dispatched Dilawar Ali Khan to the Deccan to monitor his movements. Dilawar Ali Khan led Mughal forces, including Rajput commanders such as Raja Bhim Singh of Bundi and Raja Gaj Singh of Narwar, and the Rohilla Afghan leader Dost Muhammad Rohilla along with other chiefs comprising a force of 40,000 men.[5] Alam Ali Khan, the Mughal commander aligned with the Sayyids, received a warning about Nizam's march toward the Deccan.[9][10]Muhammad Ghiyas Khan, a trusted officer of Nizam, advised him to abandon the campaign, emphasizing that there was no benefit in risking one's life. In response, Nizam resolutely declared:[11]\"Why speak thus! Still, I am in perplexity. that I have done no wrong is plain, nor need I feel ashamed. I have lived respected from the days of the late Alamgir until now, and for the few more days that may be vouchsafed me. I trust I may be saved from dishonour. Why do these parvenus try to harm me, merely because they are puffed up by their sudden elevation. Such an attitude is becoming in an Emperor; if others gain a little rise in life, why need they lose their heads. Thanks God on High, who is there that shall not himself receive what he has done to others? But it is not for me to begin. If in spite of my quiescence they attack me, there is no help for it. After all, I am human. What man is there. holding my high station who would not his honour? Victory lies hidden from us, it is the gift of the Most High, and not gained by the greatness of a host. I swear by the God that made me, that they may bring all Hindustan against me and I will still resist undaunted. If longer life has been decreed me, no harm will arrive, if the hour of departure is at hand. nothing can avail me.\"[11]— Nizam","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asigarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asigarh_Fort"},{"link_name":"Burhanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhanpur"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Shahu I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahu_I"},{"link_name":"Khanderao Dabhade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanderao_Dabhade"},{"link_name":"Bajirao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajirao_I"},{"link_name":"Malhar Rao Holkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malhar_Rao_Holkar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pjt-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"}],"text":"Recognizing Nizam's approach, Alam Ali Khan took preemptive action and dispatched a detachment led by Anwar Khan and Qutb-ud Daulah, the faujdar of Burhanpur, towards Aurangabad. Meanwhile, Ghiyas Khan had initiated the plunder of Burhanpur. The faujdar engaged in open battle but suffered defeat, ultimately surrendering Asigarh and Burhanpur to Nizam-ul-Mulk. This victory strategically positioned Nizam in a favorable position during the conflict.[12] The Nizam now increased his force to 14,000, and additional supply from his chief allies. This detachment joined forces with Rao Rambha Nimbalkar, a Maratha leader.[5]Following the initial setback, Alam Ali Khan received letters from the Sayyid brothers instructing him to collaborate with the Marathas and other faujdars. This directive signalled a shift in strategy, aiming to forge alliances with regional powers to counter the advancing forces of Nizam-ul-Mulk. Shahu I dispatched 18,000 horsemen, led by Khanderao Dabhade, Santaji Sinde, Bajirao, Kanhoji Bhosle, Malhar Rao Holkar, to reinforce the Sayyids.[13][14] Thus, Alam Ali Khan managed to have a total of 30,000 horsemen.[15][12][16]However, rather than confronting Alam Ali's forces, Nizam-ul-Mulk directed his march against Dilawar Ali Khan. Nizam established his camp near Ratanpur, under the control of the Raja of Makrai. Dilawar Khan's forces, comprising Rajputs and Afghanis, numbered 40,000 men.[8]In 19 June 1720, the battle unfolded between the Narmada River and Burhanpur, at a location known as Pandhar. Ghiyas Khan and Iwaz Khan orchestrated a dual-sided attack on the Sayyid forces.[17] At a crucial juncture, the Sayyid forces counterattacked the Nizam forces at the center, during which Dilawar Khan met his demise. Prominent Rajput leaders, including Rajah Gaj Singh and Rao Bhim Singh, also fell in battle. Faced with substantial casualties, the Sayyid forces were compelled to retreat from the field of engagement.[8]","title":"At Burhanpur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balapur,_Akola_district"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-18"},{"link_name":"Khandesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandesh"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-18"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"Salabat Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Salabat_Khan_Zulfiqar_Jang"},{"link_name":"Bajirao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajirao"},{"link_name":"Shahu I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahu_I"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pjt-15"}],"text":"Upon learning of the defeat at Pandhar, Alam Ali Khan received advice from the Sayyids to refrain from attacking Nizam until Hussain Ali Khan's arrival. However, he decided to press forward and encountered Nizam at Balapur. Bajirao engaged the Nizam's troops on 15 July.[18] A significant battle unfolded on 31 July 1720, where notable figures like Sayyid Wali and Sayyid Alam Barha, along with many other renowned captains, fell on the battlefield. Despite Alam Ali Khan's valiant efforts, he became surrounded and succumbed to his injuries. On the final day of the battle, 31 July, Bajirao was stationed at Nimbgaon in Balapur. Following the defeat of Sayyid-Maratha forces, Bajirao was forced to retreat through Khandesh.[18] The disarrayed remnants of his army fled in panic, leaving their belongings to be plundered by Nizam's forces.[5][12] Seven hundred Marathas were killed and Sankarji Malhar was captured alive.\nNizam-ul-Mulk's Letter about the battle of Balapur:\"On Sunday the 6th of the month of Shawal (31st July 1720), trusting in God, I marched to punish the Marathas and their supporters. I traversed a distance of 4 Kos. The enemy, proud of his numbers, had pitched his tents at that place. He had arranged his army and the artillery and was ready for the fight. Owing to the scarcity of bullocks our heavy artillery had remained behind. It was decided to engage the enemy in a hand to hand fight. The following were among the opposing Alam Ali Khan, Rustam Khan, Amin Bahadur, Tahawur Khan, Ali Jan, Munhe Khan, Tahawur Dil Khan, Salabat Khan, Shujat Ali Khan, Pur Dil Khan, Latif Khan, Muhammadali Beg Khan, Giyasuddin Khan, Mirza Ali Yusuf Khan, Umar Khan, Wase Ali Khan, Sirajuddin Khan, Nahar Khan Dakhni, Khan Zaman Khan, Matlab Khan, Abu Talib Khan, Mansur Khan, Gulam Rasul Khan, Muhammad Ashraf Khan, Turk Taz Khan, Haris Khan, Behramand Khan, Pimaji Shinde, Sultanji Thorat, Appaji Rustam Khani, and Pimrao were there with all their forces. Shankarji, Baji(Bajirao), the son of Balaji Vishwanath, the Peshwa of Raja Shahu I, Khandoji Dabhade Senspati, Kanhoji Bhosle, Tukoji Gurjar, Pilaji Jadhav, Devalji Somavamshi, Chimnaji Damodar, Mankoji and other Maratha chiefs were on the left wing of the army. In the battle the guns were soon given up and both sides took to swords. The enemy tried to attack from the left wing. They attacked our rear guard. But they were repulsed. Alam Ali Khan had decided to sacrifice his life. He stood his ground stoutly. Heavy fighting continued for two Gharis. Our army fought gallantly. The enemy too did not spare any effort. last the grace of God was on this servant. Alam Ali Khan with some of his chiefs and many of his colleagues was killed. Many were wounded and captured. Shankaraji Malhar was captured alive. On our side, Aiwaz Khan, Mutawassil Khan, Muhammad Giyas Khan, Qadar Khan, and Kamyat Khan exerted themselves well. By God's grace they are safe and sound.\"[15]— Nizam","title":"At Balapur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toda Bhim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todabhim"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"After experiencing two consecutive defeats, Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan personally led a march from Delhi towards the Deccan. However, on the journey, he was assassinated by Mir Haider Beg in a location between Jiund and Biund, two kilometers away from Toda Bhim. Learning of Hussain Ali's demise, the Sayyids in Delhi launched an attack on the Mughals with the intention of capturing Emperor Muhammad Shah. But they suffered a decisive defeat at the hands of the Mughal forces. As a grim symbol, the head of Hussain Ali Khan was displayed at the entrance of the market.[5]The Emperor issued orders (farmans) to Nizam-ul-Mulk, Girdhar Bahadur, Abdul Samad Khan, and Raja Jai Singh. In these decrees, he recounted the betrayal by the Sayyid brothers, detailed the events leading to the murder of Husain Ali, and instructed them to unite in support of his throne against Sayyid Abdullah Khan.[5]","title":"Aftermath"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Tirmizi, S. A. I. (1968). Ajmer Through Inscriptions [1532-1852 A.D. Indian Institute of Islamic Studies. p. 79.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cUHRAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Ajmer Through Inscriptions [1532-1852 A.D."}]},{"reference":"Shastri, R. P. (1971). Jhala Zalim Singh (1730-1823), the De-facto Ruler of Kota: Who Also Dominated Bundi and Udaipur, Shrewd Politician, Administrator, and Reformer. Printed at Raj Printing Works. pp. 1–3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xKkBAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Jhala Zalim Singh (1730-1823), the De-facto Ruler of Kota: Who Also Dominated Bundi and Udaipur, Shrewd Politician, Administrator, and Reformer"}]},{"reference":"Sheth, Sudev (30 November 2023). Bankrolling Empire: Family Fortunes and Political Transformation in Mughal India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–184. ISBN 978-1-009-33026-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4tfbEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Bankrolling Empire: Family Fortunes and Political Transformation in Mughal India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-33026-8","url_text":"978-1-009-33026-8"}]},{"reference":"Cheema, G. S. (2002). The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707-1857. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. pp. 140–143. ISBN 978-81-7304-416-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f_RtAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707-1857"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-416-8","url_text":"978-81-7304-416-8"}]},{"reference":"Malik, Zahiruddin (1977). The Reign of Muhammad Shah, 1719-1748. Asia Publishing House. pp. 62–70. ISBN 978-0-210-40598-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S8W3AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Reign of Muhammad Shah, 1719-1748"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-210-40598-7","url_text":"978-0-210-40598-7"}]},{"reference":"Vasantha, Rangachar (2000). Penugonda Fort: A Defence Capital of the Vijayanagara Empire : History, Art, and Culture. Sharada Publishing House. p. 76. ISBN 978-81-85616-68-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8VNuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Penugonda Fort: A Defence Capital of the Vijayanagara Empire : History, Art, and Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85616-68-1","url_text":"978-81-85616-68-1"}]},{"reference":"Rao, P. Raghunadha (1988). History of Modern Andhra Pradesh. Sterling Publishers. p. 32. ISBN 978-81-207-0878-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ncxAAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"History of Modern Andhra Pradesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0878-5","url_text":"978-81-207-0878-5"}]},{"reference":"Sharma, S. R. (1999). Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 697–701. ISBN 978-81-7156-817-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4j_VLlGqVSoC","url_text":"Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-817-8","url_text":"978-81-7156-817-8"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Stuart Cary; Galleries, Asia Society; Museums, Harvard University Art (1997). Gods, Kings, and Tigers: The Art of Kotah. Asia Society Galleries. pp. 45–47. ISBN 978-3-7913-1805-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FhfrAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Gods, Kings, and Tigers: The Art of Kotah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-1805-9","url_text":"978-3-7913-1805-9"}]},{"reference":"Mathur, R. S. (1985). Relations of Hadas with Mughal Emperors, 1568-1720 A.D. Deputy Publications.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kHYtAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Relations of Hadas with Mughal Emperors, 1568-1720 A.D."}]},{"reference":"Khan, Yusuf Husain (1963). The First Nizām: The Life and Times of Nizāmu'l-Mulk Āsaf Jāh I. Asia Publishing House. p. 95.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yvi1AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The First Nizām: The Life and Times of Nizāmu'l-Mulk Āsaf Jāh I."}]},{"reference":"Quddusi, Mohd Ilyas (2002). Khandesh Under the Mughals, 1601-1724 A.D.: Mainly Based on Persian Sources. Islamic Wonders Bureau. pp. 70–80. ISBN 978-81-87763-21-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_jpuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Khandesh Under the Mughals, 1601-1724 A.D.: Mainly Based on Persian Sources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87763-21-5","url_text":"978-81-87763-21-5"}]},{"reference":"Maratha History Seminar, May 28-31, 1970: Papers : Convener: A.G. Pawar. 1971. pp. 163–165. on the basis of another Persian work, states that Babaji (Baji Rao) son of Balaji Vishwanath, the Peshwa, too was present","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UhvtzwEACAAJ","url_text":"Maratha History Seminar, May 28-31, 1970: Papers : Convener: A.G. Pawar"}]},{"reference":"Sardesai, Govind Sakharam (1957). New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707-1772. Phoenix Publications. p. 79.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sXIfAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707-1772"}]},{"reference":"Pagdi, Setu Madhava Rao (1971). Studies in Maratha History. Shivaji University. p. 68.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Srk8zQEACAAJ","url_text":"Studies in Maratha History"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Stewart (1 February 2007). The Marathas 1600-1818. Cambridge University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-521-03316-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C","url_text":"The Marathas 1600-1818"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9","url_text":"978-0-521-03316-9"}]},{"reference":"Cheema, G. S. (2002). The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707-1857. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 164. ISBN 978-81-7304-416-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f_RtAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707-1857"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-416-8","url_text":"978-81-7304-416-8"}]},{"reference":"Dighe, Vishvanath Govind (1944). Peshwa Bajirao I & Maratha Expansion. Karnatak publishing house. p. 9. On 9th June Bajirao effected junction with Alam Ali's at Sawarde in pargana Undangaon. On 15th July he came up with the Nizam's troops near Pohur; on the day of the final action (a 31st July) he was posted at Nimbgaon in Pargana Balapur. Despite Maratha aid Alam Khan went down before his opponent.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b95GAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Peshwa Bajirao I & Maratha Expansion"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Balapur&params=21_18_41_N_76_13_44_E_","external_links_name":"21°18′41″N 76°13′44″E / 21.31139°N 76.22889°E / 21.31139; 76.22889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Balapur&params=21_18_41_N_76_13_44_E_","external_links_name":"21°18′41″N 76°13′44″E / 21.31139°N 76.22889°E / 21.31139; 76.22889"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cUHRAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Ajmer Through Inscriptions [1532-1852 A.D."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xKkBAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Jhala Zalim Singh (1730-1823), the De-facto Ruler of Kota: Who Also Dominated Bundi and Udaipur, Shrewd Politician, Administrator, and Reformer"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4tfbEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Bankrolling Empire: Family Fortunes and Political Transformation in Mughal India"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f_RtAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707-1857"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S8W3AAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Reign of Muhammad Shah, 1719-1748"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8VNuAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Penugonda Fort: A Defence Capital of the Vijayanagara Empire : History, Art, and Culture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ncxAAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"History of Modern Andhra Pradesh"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4j_VLlGqVSoC","external_links_name":"Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FhfrAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Gods, Kings, and Tigers: The Art of Kotah"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kHYtAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Relations of Hadas with Mughal Emperors, 1568-1720 A.D."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yvi1AAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The First Nizām: The Life and Times of Nizāmu'l-Mulk Āsaf Jāh I."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_jpuAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Khandesh Under the Mughals, 1601-1724 A.D.: Mainly Based on Persian Sources"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UhvtzwEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Maratha History Seminar, May 28-31, 1970: Papers : Convener: A.G. Pawar"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sXIfAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707-1772"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Srk8zQEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Studies in Maratha History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C","external_links_name":"The Marathas 1600-1818"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f_RtAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707-1857"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b95GAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Peshwa Bajirao I & Maratha Expansion"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_tree	Seed tree	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Seed tree" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Seed trees (Scots Pine) on a recently logged stand in Northern Estonia Seed trees are trees left after reproduction cutting to provide seeds for natural regeneration in the seed-tree method. These trees serve as both the gene source for the new crop of regeneration and as a source of timber during future cuttings. Because of its importance, a seed tree should be carefully chosen based upon both economic and biological factors. Selected seed trees should be the desired species, phenotypically superior, prolific in seeding and flowering, sturdy and healthy, free of damage, and of good growth form. After the site has been successfully regenerated, seed trees may be commercially harvested or the trees may be retained for visual enhancement and as backup against catastrophic losses of regeneration due to agents such as fire or drought. The presence of seed trees distinguishes the seed-tree method from clearcutting. Many people consider the seed-tree method more aesthetically pleasing than clearcutting because some mature trees are retained on the site for at least until regeneration becomes well established. The seed-tree method is usually applied to plants with a wind-blown seed (Scots pine), rather not to those with hard seeds, such as oak and beech which do not travel far from the originating tree. See also Mast (botany) Shelterwood cutting References ^ "Natural Regeneration Using Seed Trees". Mississippi State University Extension. Retrieved 2024-02-06. External links Mississippi State University Extension Service: Natural regeneration using seed trees. Victoria: Australia: Department of Sustainability and Environment: Harvesting Fact Sheet: Seed trees. Forest Encyclopedia Network: The seed-tree method.	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Because of its importance, a seed tree should be carefully chosen based upon both economic and biological factors. Selected seed trees should be the desired species, phenotypically superior, prolific in seeding and flowering, sturdy and healthy, free of damage, and of good growth form.After the site has been successfully regenerated, seed trees may be commercially harvested or the trees may be retained for visual enhancement and as backup against catastrophic losses of regeneration due to agents such as fire or drought. The presence of seed trees distinguishes the seed-tree method from clearcutting. Many people consider the seed-tree method more aesthetically pleasing than clearcutting because some mature trees are retained on the site for at least until regeneration becomes well established.The seed-tree method is usually applied to plants with a wind-blown seed (Scots pine), rather not to those with hard seeds, such as oak and beech which do not travel far from the originating tree.","title":"Seed tree"}]	[{"image_text":"Seed trees (Scots Pine) on a recently logged stand in Northern Estonia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pine_stand_near_Aegviidu%2C_Jan_2010.jpg/220px-Pine_stand_near_Aegviidu%2C_Jan_2010.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Mast (botany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_(botany)"},{"title":"Shelterwood cutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelterwood_cutting"}]	[{"reference":"\"Natural Regeneration Using Seed Trees\". Mississippi State University Extension. Retrieved 2024-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/natural-regeneration-using-seed-trees","url_text":"\"Natural Regeneration Using Seed Trees\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Seed+tree%22","external_links_name":"\"Seed tree\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Seed+tree%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Seed+tree%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Seed+tree%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Seed+tree%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Seed+tree%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/natural-regeneration-using-seed-trees","external_links_name":"\"Natural Regeneration Using Seed Trees\""},{"Link":"http://msucares.com/pubs/publications/p1816.htm","external_links_name":"Mississippi State University Extension Service: Natural regeneration using seed trees."},{"Link":"http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/CA256F310024B628/0/0791836B54B97246CA2571940005F482/$File/Seed+Tree+Harvesting.pdf","external_links_name":"Victoria: Australia: Department of Sustainability and Environment: Harvesting Fact Sheet: Seed trees."},{"Link":"http://www.forestencyclopedia.net/p/p1811/?searchterm=seed%20tree","external_links_name":"Forest Encyclopedia Network: The seed-tree method."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPARGC1B	PPARGC1B	["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]	Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens PPARGC1BAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes3SP6IdentifiersAliasesPPARGC1B, ERRL1, PERC, PGC-1(beta), PGC1B, PPARG coactivator 1 betaExternal IDsOMIM: 608886; MGI: 2444934; HomoloGene: 15776; GeneCards: PPARGC1B; OMA:PPARGC1B - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 5 (human)Band5q32Start149,730,298 bpEnd149,855,022 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 18 (mouse)Band18\|18 E1Start61,431,207 bpEnd61,533,502 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inendothelial cellsecondary oocytegerminal epitheliumjejunal mucosaduodenumtesticleBrodmann area 23gonadapex of heartmonocyteTop expressed inright ventriclebrown adipose tissueciliary bodycerebellar vermisepithelium of stomachlobe of cerebellumleft coloncrypt of lieberkuhn of small intestineolfactory tuberclepyloric antrumMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function transcription coregulator activity AF-2 domain binding nuclear receptor coactivator activity RNA binding nucleic acid binding transcription factor binding estrogen receptor binding Cellular component mediator complex mitochondrion nucleus nucleoplasm Biological process mitochondrial transcription regulation of transcription, DNA-templated ossification actin filament organization positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity response to glucocorticoid bone trabecula formation positive regulation of bone resorption transcription, DNA-templated positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated cellular response to reactive oxygen species positive regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity response to cAMP positive regulation of phosphorylation negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez133522170826EnsemblENSG00000155846ENSMUSG00000033871UniProtQ86YN6Q8VHJ7RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001172698NM_001172699NM_133263NM_133249NM_001364996RefSeq (protein)NP_001166169NP_001166170NP_573570NP_573512NP_001351925Location (UCSC)Chr 5: 149.73 – 149.86 MbChr 18: 61.43 – 61.53 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPARGC1B gene. See also PPARGC1A Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma Transcription coregulator References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000155846 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000033871 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Ek J, Andersen G, Urhammer SA, Gaede PH, Drivsholm T, Borch-Johnsen K, Hansen T, Pedersen O (Jan 2002). "Mutation analysis of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) and relationships of identified amino acid polymorphisms to Type II diabetes mellitus". Diabetologia. 44 (12): 2220–6. doi:10.1007/s001250100032. PMID 11793024. ^ Kressler D, Schreiber SN, Knutti D, Kralli A (Apr 2002). "The PGC-1-related protein PERC is a selective coactivator of estrogen receptor alpha". J Biol Chem. 277 (16): 13918–25. doi:10.1074/jbc.M201134200. PMID 11854298. ^ "Entrez Gene: PPARGC1B peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 beta". Further reading Handschin C, Spiegelman BM (2007). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 coactivators, energy homeostasis, and metabolism". Endocr. Rev. 27 (7): 728–35. doi:10.1210/er.2006-0037. PMID 17018837. Esterbauer H, Oberkofler H, Krempler F, Patsch W (2000). "Human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PPARGC1) gene: cDNA sequence, genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and tissue expression". Genomics. 62 (1): 98–102. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5977. PMID 10585775. Knutti D, Kaul A, Kralli A (2000). "A tissue-specific coactivator of steroid receptors, identified in a functional genetic screen". Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 (7): 2411–22. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.7.2411-2422.2000. PMC 85422. PMID 10713165. Lin J, Puigserver P, Donovan J, et al. (2002). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1beta (PGC-1beta ), a novel PGC-1-related transcription coactivator associated with host cell factor". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (3): 1645–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.C100631200. PMID 11733490. Lacquemant C, Chikri M, Boutin P, et al. (2002). "No association between the G482S polymorphism of the proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) gene and Type II diabetes in French Caucasians". Diabetologia. 45 (4): 602–3, author reply 604. doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0783-z. PMID 12032643. Hara K, Tobe K, Okada T, et al. (2003). "A genetic variation in the PGC-1 gene could confer insulin resistance and susceptibility to Type II diabetes". Diabetologia. 45 (5): 740–3. doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0803-z. PMID 12107756. Huss JM, Kopp RP, Kelly DP (2002). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) coactivates the cardiac-enriched nuclear receptors estrogen-related receptor-alpha and -gamma. Identification of novel leucine-rich interaction motif within PGC-1alpha". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (43): 40265–74. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206324200. PMID 12181319. Hentschke M, Süsens U, Borgmeyer U (2003). "PGC-1 and PERC, coactivators of the estrogen receptor-related receptor gamma". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 299 (5): 872–9. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02753-5. PMID 12470660. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. Shiraki T, Sakai N, Kanaya E, Jingami H (2003). "Activation of orphan nuclear constitutive androstane receptor requires subnuclear targeting by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha. A possible link between xenobiotic response and nutritional state". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (13): 11344–50. doi:10.1074/jbc.M212859200. PMID 12551939. Hammarstedt A, Jansson PA, Wesslau C, et al. (2003). "Reduced expression of PGC-1 and insulin-signaling molecules in adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 301 (2): 578–82. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00014-7. PMID 12565902. Meirhaeghe A, Crowley V, Lenaghan C, et al. (2003). "Characterization of the human, mouse and rat PGC1 beta (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1 beta) gene in vitro and in vivo". Biochem. J. 373 (Pt 1): 155–65. doi:10.1042/BJ20030200. PMC 1223480. PMID 12678921. Patti ME, Butte AJ, Crunkhorn S, et al. (2003). "Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: Potential role of PGC1 and NRF1". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (14): 8466–71. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.8466P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1032913100. PMC 166252. PMID 12832613. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039. Ling C, Poulsen P, Carlsson E, et al. (2004). "Multiple environmental and genetic factors influence skeletal muscle PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta gene expression in twins". J. Clin. Invest. 114 (10): 1518–26. doi:10.1172/JCI21889. PMC 525741. PMID 15546003. Andersen G, Wegner L, Yanagisawa K, et al. (2006). "Evidence of an association between genetic variation of the coactivator PGC-1beta and obesity". J. Med. Genet. 42 (5): 402–7. doi:10.1136/jmg.2004.026278. PMC 1736055. PMID 15863669. Staiger H, Staiger K, Haas C, et al. (2005). "Fatty acid-induced differential regulation of the genes encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha and -1beta in human skeletal muscle cells that have been differentiated in vitro". Diabetologia. 48 (10): 2115–8. doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1895-z. PMID 16132959. Wirtenberger M, Tchatchou S, Hemminki K, et al. (2006). "Associations of genetic variants in the estrogen receptor coactivators PPARGC1A, PPARGC1B and EP300 with familial breast cancer". Carcinogenesis. 27 (11): 2201–8. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgl067. PMID 16704985. External links PPARGC1B protein, human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) NURSA C21 This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. vteTranscription coregulatorsCoactivators ARA (54, 55, 70) BCAS3 CARM1 p300-CBP (EP300, CREBBP) CRTC (1, 2, 3) DRIP/TRAP (MED1 Drip205/Trap220) MN1 PCAF PNRC (1, 2) PPARGC (1A, 1B) TGFB1I1NCOA1 (SRC-1) NCOA2 (GRIP1/SRC-2/TIF2) NCOA3 (AIB/SRC-3/TRAM-1) NCOA4 (ARA70) NCOA5 (CIA) NCOA6 (RAP250) NCOA7 (ERAP140) Corepressors CTBP (1, 2) Hairless homolog LCOR NRIP1 (RIP140) PELP-1 RCOR1 Rb SIN3A SIN3B Tripartite motif family TRIM (24, 28, 33)NCOR1 NCOR2 (SMRT) ATP-dependent remodeling factors Chromatin Structure Remodeling (RSC) Complex SWI/SNF This article on a gene on human chromosome 5 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11793024-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11854298-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-7"}],"text":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPARGC1B gene.[5][6][7]","title":"PPARGC1B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 coactivators, energy homeostasis, and metabolism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fer.2006-0037"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1210/er.2006-0037","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fer.2006-0037"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17018837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17018837"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/geno.1999.5977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1999.5977"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10585775","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10585775"},{"link_name":"\"A tissue-specific coactivator of steroid receptors, identified in a functional genetic screen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC85422"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/MCB.20.7.2411-2422.2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.20.7.2411-2422.2000"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"85422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC85422"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10713165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10713165"},{"link_name":"\"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1beta (PGC-1beta ), a novel PGC-1-related transcription coactivator associated with host cell factor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.C100631200"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.C100631200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.C100631200"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11733490","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11733490"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s00125-002-0783-z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-002-0783-z"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12032643","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12032643"},{"link_name":"\"A genetic variation in the PGC-1 gene could confer insulin resistance and susceptibility to Type II diabetes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-002-0803-z"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s00125-002-0803-z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-002-0803-z"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12107756","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12107756"},{"link_name":"\"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) coactivates the cardiac-enriched nuclear receptors estrogen-related receptor-alpha and -gamma. 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twins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC525741"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1172/JCI21889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI21889"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"525741","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC525741"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15546003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15546003"},{"link_name":"\"Evidence of an association between genetic variation of the coactivator PGC-1beta and obesity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736055"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1136/jmg.2004.026278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1136%2Fjmg.2004.026278"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1736055","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736055"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15863669","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15863669"},{"link_name":"\"Fatty acid-induced differential regulation of the genes encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha and -1beta in human skeletal muscle cells that have been differentiated in vitro\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-005-1895-z"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s00125-005-1895-z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-005-1895-z"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16132959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16132959"},{"link_name":"\"Associations of genetic variants in the estrogen receptor coactivators PPARGC1A, PPARGC1B and EP300 with familial breast cancer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fcarcin%2Fbgl067"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/carcin/bgl067","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fcarcin%2Fbgl067"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16704985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16704985"}],"text":"Handschin C, Spiegelman BM (2007). \"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 coactivators, energy homeostasis, and metabolism\". Endocr. Rev. 27 (7): 728–35. doi:10.1210/er.2006-0037. PMID 17018837.\nEsterbauer H, Oberkofler H, Krempler F, Patsch W (2000). \"Human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PPARGC1) gene: cDNA sequence, genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and tissue expression\". Genomics. 62 (1): 98–102. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5977. PMID 10585775.\nKnutti D, Kaul A, Kralli A (2000). \"A tissue-specific coactivator of steroid receptors, identified in a functional genetic screen\". Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 (7): 2411–22. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.7.2411-2422.2000. PMC 85422. PMID 10713165.\nLin J, Puigserver P, Donovan J, et al. (2002). \"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1beta (PGC-1beta ), a novel PGC-1-related transcription coactivator associated with host cell factor\". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (3): 1645–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.C100631200. PMID 11733490.\nLacquemant C, Chikri M, Boutin P, et al. (2002). \"No association between the G482S polymorphism of the proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) gene and Type II diabetes in French Caucasians\". Diabetologia. 45 (4): 602–3, author reply 604. doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0783-z. PMID 12032643.\nHara K, Tobe K, Okada T, et al. (2003). \"A genetic variation in the PGC-1 gene could confer insulin resistance and susceptibility to Type II diabetes\". Diabetologia. 45 (5): 740–3. doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0803-z. PMID 12107756.\nHuss JM, Kopp RP, Kelly DP (2002). \"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) coactivates the cardiac-enriched nuclear receptors estrogen-related receptor-alpha and -gamma. Identification of novel leucine-rich interaction motif within PGC-1alpha\". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (43): 40265–74. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206324200. PMID 12181319.\nHentschke M, Süsens U, Borgmeyer U (2003). \"PGC-1 and PERC, coactivators of the estrogen receptor-related receptor gamma\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 299 (5): 872–9. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02753-5. PMID 12470660.\nStrausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nShiraki T, Sakai N, Kanaya E, Jingami H (2003). \"Activation of orphan nuclear constitutive androstane receptor requires subnuclear targeting by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha. A possible link between xenobiotic response and nutritional state\". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (13): 11344–50. doi:10.1074/jbc.M212859200. PMID 12551939.\nHammarstedt A, Jansson PA, Wesslau C, et al. (2003). \"Reduced expression of PGC-1 and insulin-signaling molecules in adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 301 (2): 578–82. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00014-7. PMID 12565902.\nMeirhaeghe A, Crowley V, Lenaghan C, et al. (2003). \"Characterization of the human, mouse and rat PGC1 beta (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1 beta) gene in vitro and in vivo\". Biochem. J. 373 (Pt 1): 155–65. doi:10.1042/BJ20030200. PMC 1223480. PMID 12678921.\nPatti ME, Butte AJ, Crunkhorn S, et al. (2003). \"Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: Potential role of PGC1 and NRF1\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (14): 8466–71. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.8466P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1032913100. PMC 166252. PMID 12832613.\nOta T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). \"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs\". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.\nLing C, Poulsen P, Carlsson E, et al. (2004). \"Multiple environmental and genetic factors influence skeletal muscle PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta gene expression in twins\". J. Clin. Invest. 114 (10): 1518–26. doi:10.1172/JCI21889. PMC 525741. PMID 15546003.\nAndersen G, Wegner L, Yanagisawa K, et al. (2006). \"Evidence of an association between genetic variation of the coactivator PGC-1beta and obesity\". J. Med. Genet. 42 (5): 402–7. doi:10.1136/jmg.2004.026278. PMC 1736055. PMID 15863669.\nStaiger H, Staiger K, Haas C, et al. (2005). \"Fatty acid-induced differential regulation of the genes encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha and -1beta in human skeletal muscle cells that have been differentiated in vitro\". Diabetologia. 48 (10): 2115–8. doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1895-z. PMID 16132959.\nWirtenberger M, Tchatchou S, Hemminki K, et al. (2006). \"Associations of genetic variants in the estrogen receptor coactivators PPARGC1A, PPARGC1B and EP300 with familial breast cancer\". Carcinogenesis. 27 (11): 2201–8. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgl067. PMID 16704985.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"PPARGC1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPARGC1A"},{"title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor"},{"title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_alpha"},{"title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_delta"},{"title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_gamma"},{"title":"Transcription coregulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_coregulator"}]	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=133522","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=170826","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Ek J, Andersen G, Urhammer SA, Gaede PH, Drivsholm T, Borch-Johnsen K, Hansen T, Pedersen O (Jan 2002). \"Mutation analysis of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) and relationships of identified amino acid polymorphisms to Type II diabetes mellitus\". Diabetologia. 44 (12): 2220–6. doi:10.1007/s001250100032. PMID 11793024.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs001250100032","url_text":"\"Mutation analysis of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) and relationships of identified amino acid polymorphisms to Type II diabetes mellitus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs001250100032","url_text":"10.1007/s001250100032"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11793024","url_text":"11793024"}]},{"reference":"Kressler D, Schreiber SN, Knutti D, Kralli A (Apr 2002). \"The PGC-1-related protein PERC is a selective coactivator of estrogen receptor alpha\". J Biol Chem. 277 (16): 13918–25. doi:10.1074/jbc.M201134200. PMID 11854298.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M201134200","url_text":"\"The PGC-1-related protein PERC is a selective coactivator of estrogen receptor alpha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M201134200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M201134200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11854298","url_text":"11854298"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: PPARGC1B peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 beta\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=133522","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: PPARGC1B peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 beta\""}]},{"reference":"Handschin C, Spiegelman BM (2007). \"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 coactivators, energy homeostasis, and metabolism\". Endocr. 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PMID 10585775.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1999.5977","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1999.5977"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10585775","url_text":"10585775"}]},{"reference":"Knutti D, Kaul A, Kralli A (2000). \"A tissue-specific coactivator of steroid receptors, identified in a functional genetic screen\". Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 (7): 2411–22. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.7.2411-2422.2000. PMC 85422. PMID 10713165.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC85422","url_text":"\"A tissue-specific coactivator of steroid receptors, identified in a functional genetic screen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.20.7.2411-2422.2000","url_text":"10.1128/MCB.20.7.2411-2422.2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC85422","url_text":"85422"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10713165","url_text":"10713165"}]},{"reference":"Lin J, Puigserver P, Donovan J, et al. (2002). \"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1beta (PGC-1beta ), a novel PGC-1-related transcription coactivator associated with host cell factor\". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (3): 1645–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.C100631200. PMID 11733490.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.C100631200","url_text":"\"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1beta (PGC-1beta ), a novel PGC-1-related transcription coactivator associated with host cell factor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.C100631200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.C100631200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11733490","url_text":"11733490"}]},{"reference":"Lacquemant C, Chikri M, Boutin P, et al. (2002). \"No association between the G482S polymorphism of the proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) gene and Type II diabetes in French Caucasians\". Diabetologia. 45 (4): 602–3, author reply 604. doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0783-z. PMID 12032643.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-002-0783-z","url_text":"10.1007/s00125-002-0783-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12032643","url_text":"12032643"}]},{"reference":"Hara K, Tobe K, Okada T, et al. (2003). \"A genetic variation in the PGC-1 gene could confer insulin resistance and susceptibility to Type II diabetes\". Diabetologia. 45 (5): 740–3. doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0803-z. PMID 12107756.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-002-0803-z","url_text":"\"A genetic variation in the PGC-1 gene could confer insulin resistance and susceptibility to Type II diabetes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-002-0803-z","url_text":"10.1007/s00125-002-0803-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12107756","url_text":"12107756"}]},{"reference":"Huss JM, Kopp RP, Kelly DP (2002). \"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) coactivates the cardiac-enriched nuclear receptors estrogen-related receptor-alpha and -gamma. Identification of novel leucine-rich interaction motif within PGC-1alpha\". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (43): 40265–74. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206324200. PMID 12181319.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M206324200","url_text":"\"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) coactivates the cardiac-enriched nuclear receptors estrogen-related receptor-alpha and -gamma. Identification of novel leucine-rich interaction motif within PGC-1alpha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M206324200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M206324200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12181319","url_text":"12181319"}]},{"reference":"Hentschke M, Süsens U, Borgmeyer U (2003). \"PGC-1 and PERC, coactivators of the estrogen receptor-related receptor gamma\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 299 (5): 872–9. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02753-5. 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A possible link between xenobiotic response and nutritional state\". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (13): 11344–50. doi:10.1074/jbc.M212859200. PMID 12551939.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M212859200","url_text":"\"Activation of orphan nuclear constitutive androstane receptor requires subnuclear targeting by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha. A possible link between xenobiotic response and nutritional state\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M212859200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M212859200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12551939","url_text":"12551939"}]},{"reference":"Hammarstedt A, Jansson PA, Wesslau C, et al. (2003). \"Reduced expression of PGC-1 and insulin-signaling molecules in adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. 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(2004). \"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs\". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1285","url_text":"\"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1285","url_text":"10.1038/ng1285"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14702039","url_text":"14702039"}]},{"reference":"Ling C, Poulsen P, Carlsson E, et al. (2004). \"Multiple environmental and genetic factors influence skeletal muscle PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta gene expression in twins\". J. Clin. Invest. 114 (10): 1518–26. doi:10.1172/JCI21889. PMC 525741. 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Diabetologia. 48 (10): 2115–8. doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1895-z. PMID 16132959.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-005-1895-z","url_text":"\"Fatty acid-induced differential regulation of the genes encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha and -1beta in human skeletal muscle cells that have been differentiated in vitro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-005-1895-z","url_text":"10.1007/s00125-005-1895-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16132959","url_text":"16132959"}]},{"reference":"Wirtenberger M, Tchatchou S, Hemminki K, et al. (2006). \"Associations of genetic variants in the estrogen receptor coactivators PPARGC1A, PPARGC1B and EP300 with familial breast cancer\". Carcinogenesis. 27 (11): 2201–8. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgl067. PMID 16704985.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcarcin%2Fbgl067","url_text":"\"Associations of genetic variants in the estrogen receptor coactivators PPARGC1A, PPARGC1B and EP300 with familial breast 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmen_Point	Garmen Point	["1 Maps","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 62°59′12″S 62°35′56″W / 62.98667°S 62.59889°W / -62.98667; -62.59889Location of Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands. Topographic map of Smith Island. Garmen Point (Bulgarian: нос Гърмен, ‘Nos Garmen’ \'nos 'g&r-men\) is a point on the northwest coast of Smith Island, South Shetland Islands situated 13.65 km north-northeast of Cape James, 6.12 km south-southwest of Markeli Point and 19.65 km southwest of Cape Smith. Formed by an offshoot of Mount Foster. The point is named after the settlement of Garmen in southwestern Bulgaria. 62°59′12″S 62°35′56″W / 62.98667°S 62.59889°W / -62.98667; -62.59889 Maps Chart of South Shetland including Coronation Island, &c. from the exploration of the sloop Dove in the years 1821 and 1822 by George Powell Commander of the same. Scale ca. 1:200000. London: Laurie, 1822. L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. ISBN 978-954-92032-9-5 (First edition 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4) South Shetland Islands: Smith and Low Islands. Scale 1:150000 topographic map No. 13677. British Antarctic Survey, 2009. Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated. L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017. ISBN 978-619-90008-3-0 References Garmen Point. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English) External links Garmen Point. Copernix satellite image This article includes information from the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria which is used with permission. This Smith Island (South Shetland Islands) location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smith-Island-location-map.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smith-Island-Map-2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Smith Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Island_(South_Shetland_Islands)"},{"link_name":"South Shetland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Cape James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_James"},{"link_name":"Markeli Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markeli_Point"},{"link_name":"Cape Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Smith"},{"link_name":"Mount Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Foster"},{"link_name":"Garmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmen"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"62°59′12″S 62°35′56″W / 62.98667°S 62.59889°W / -62.98667; -62.59889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Garmen_Point&params=62_59_12_S_62_35_56_W_"}],"text":"Location of Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands.Topographic map of Smith Island.Garmen Point (Bulgarian: нос Гърмен, ‘Nos Garmen’ \\'nos 'g&r-men\\) is a point on the northwest coast of Smith Island, South Shetland Islands situated 13.65 km north-northeast of Cape James, 6.12 km south-southwest of Markeli Point and 19.65 km southwest of Cape Smith. Formed by an offshoot of Mount Foster. The point is named after the settlement of Garmen in southwestern Bulgaria.62°59′12″S 62°35′56″W / 62.98667°S 62.59889°W / -62.98667; -62.59889","title":"Garmen Point"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chart of South Shetland including Coronation Island, &c.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/540915.html"},{"link_name":"Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Livingston-Island-Map-2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-954-92032-9-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-92032-9-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-954-92032-6-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-92032-6-4"},{"link_name":"South Shetland Islands: Smith and Low Islands.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.aad.gov.au/aadc/mapcat/display_map.cfm?map_id=13677"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Digital Database (ADD).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.add.scar.org"},{"link_name":"Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Livingston-Island-Map-2010-15.png"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-619-90008-3-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-619-90008-3-0"}],"text":"Chart of South Shetland including Coronation Island, &c. from the exploration of the sloop Dove in the years 1821 and 1822 by George Powell Commander of the same. Scale ca. 1:200000. London: Laurie, 1822.\nL.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. ISBN 978-954-92032-9-5 (First edition 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4)\nSouth Shetland Islands: Smith and Low Islands. Scale 1:150000 topographic map No. 13677. British Antarctic Survey, 2009.\nAntarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.\nL.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017. ISBN 978-619-90008-3-0","title":"Maps"}]	[{"image_text":"Location of Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Smith-Island-location-map.png/220px-Smith-Island-location-map.png"},{"image_text":"Topographic map of Smith Island.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Smith-Island-Map-2010.jpg/220px-Smith-Island-Map-2010.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Garmen_Point&params=62_59_12_S_62_35_56_W_","external_links_name":"62°59′12″S 62°35′56″W / 62.98667°S 62.59889°W / -62.98667; -62.59889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Garmen_Point&params=62_59_12_S_62_35_56_W_","external_links_name":"62°59′12″S 62°35′56″W / 62.98667°S 62.59889°W / -62.98667; -62.59889"},{"Link":"http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/540915.html","external_links_name":"Chart of South Shetland including Coronation Island, &c."},{"Link":"http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/mapcat/display_map.cfm?map_id=13677","external_links_name":"South Shetland Islands: Smith and Low Islands."},{"Link":"http://www.add.scar.org/","external_links_name":"Antarctic Digital Database (ADD)."},{"Link":"https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=136699","external_links_name":"Garmen Point."},{"Link":"http://apcbg.org/gazet-bg.pdf","external_links_name":"Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer."},{"Link":"http://apcbg.org/gazet.pdf","external_links_name":"basic data"},{"Link":"https://copernix.io/#?where=-62.59270919042968,-62.986023755063734,15&?query=&?map_type=hybrid","external_links_name":"Garmen Point."},{"Link":"http://apcbg.org/","external_links_name":"Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garmen_Point&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

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